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INTERGALACTIC
Probability Physics May Fool Itself & The Public Third Edition. Published by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Dec 5, 2019, TWITTER via ISSUU
Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or
PART 1
"EXTERNAL WORLD INDEPENDENT OF THE PERCEIVING SUBJECT IS THE BASIS OF ALL NATURAL SCIENCE"
EINSTEIN DICTUM AGAINST HEISENBERG PROBABILIY-UNCERTAINTY OF THE "PERCEIVING SUBJECT" THAT STILL RULES OVER THE
"STANDARD QUANTUM MODEL", "On the evolution of physical reality", 1931, e.g., post his neglected "BOX":
"Einstein's thought experiment involved a box with a shutter that could open and shut so rapidly that it would allow only one photon to escape at a time. The shutter is controlled by a precise clock. The box is weighed exactly. Then, at a certain specified moment, the shutter opens and a photon escapes. The box is now weighed again. The relationship between energy and mass (remember, E=mc2) permitted a precise determination ("not even wrong", "uncertainty"-"probability") of the energy of the particle. And we know, from the clock, its exact time of departing the system." --- WALTER ISAACSON, "EINSTEIN, His Life and Universe", SIMON & SCHUSTER PAPERBACKS, MAY 2008, at 348, 349, 612. "LIFE IS LIKE RIDING a BYCYCLE, TO KEEP YOUR BALANCE YOU MUST KEEP MOVING" EINSTEIN TO HIS SON, FEBRUARY 5, 1930, Id. at ix.
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Einsteinian Heritage ARMIES OF FAKE SCIENTISTS TRY IN VAIN TO REPLACE IT WITH THEIR DARK MATTER-ENERGY HOAX-CHIMERA, Awarded $-Billions and popular fame
1987 Painting by E. Katz, By permission
EINSTEIN'S INNER WORLD, by his own words: “It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. It was the experience of mystery -- even if mixed with fear -- that engendered religion.
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are only accessible to our reason in their most elementary forms -- it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude; in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man.” “I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the type of which we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should survive his physical death is also beyond my comprehension, nor do I wish it otherwise; such notions are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble souls.” “Enough for me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous structure of reality, together with the single-hearted endeavor to comprehend a portion, be it never so tiny, of the reason that manifests itself in nature.” “I gang my own gait and have never belonged to my country, my home, my friends, or even my immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties I have never lost an obstinate sense of detachment, which increases with age.”. “One is sharply conscious, yet without regret, of the limits to the possibility of mutual understanding and sympathy with one's fellow-creatures. Such a person no doubt loses something in the way of geniality and lightheartedness; on the other hand, he is largely independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his fellows.” In lieu of the aforementioned personal-life and philosophy-faith, Einstein consistently selected to protect his privacy inside his room, in his house, working in maximized-freedom, undisturbed solitude; even sleeping naked in his room while his privacy has been strictly guarded by his devoted secretary Helen Dukas, who also screened his incoming mail, deleted
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or nasty or anti-Semitic letters and politely blocking unwanted visitors. Einstein is also known for his subtle sarcasm. Before Einstein left Hitler’s Germany to the United States, a professor in Berlin was extremely nasty in targeting him. One day Einstein was informed that Professor XXX just died. Einstein’s reaction: “Everyone does something good in his life, even Professor XXX; he died.
Einstein's "Anti-Pomposity"; Anti-"Politically Correct" As a younger man he used to play his beloved violin in the homes of some German women. One day, while he was playing there, they started knitting. Einstein stopped playing, packed his violin to leave, and apologized: “I would not even dream to disturb you from your knitting work. ”On another occasion, as a celebrity living in his house near a lake outside Berlin, his wife urged him to change his simple, but comfortable home dress, to a formal one, for dignitaries are to arrive soon to visit him. His response: let them meet me as I am dressed and work in my house. If they come to see my formal dress please show them my closet.
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Theoretical Physics at its Highest Historical Level
The highest level of physics was reached post (i) The creation of the 1915 Einsteinian Gravity Physics (General Relativity) that predicts a strange, socially unwanted, world expansion (or contraction), (ii) That unwanted theory was first confirmed in 1918 by correctly predicting the bending of light by gravitation in curved space-time, (iii) Reconfirmed, before 1927, by the American astronomer Hubble: We live in an expanding world that had "beginning", as the Bible states In its first Chapter. Sitting, from left: I. Langmuir, M. Planck, Marie Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P. Langevin, Ch.E. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson 2nd Sitting: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A.H. Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr; Standing: A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. de Donder, E. Schrรถdinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin.
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or NONE OF CONTEMORARY PHYSICISTS, INCLUDING the GREAT CONTRIBUTORS to physics, and NOBEL LAURATES, have reached the historic standing of most of these creative scientists.
Perfection of means and confusion of goals, seem – in my opinion – to characterize our age. ----- Albert Einstein Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.----- Albert Einstein The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, an almost fanatical love of justice, and the desire for personal independence--these are the features of Jewish tradition which make me thank my stars that I belong to it. ----- Albert Einstein Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds ----- Albert Einstein INFINITIES? -- the universe and human stupidity, and am not sure about the universe. ---- Albert Einstein Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.----- Albert Einstein Do what you feel to be right, for you'll be criticized anyway ----- Eleanor Roosevelt Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. ------ Margaret Mead
Nobel Laureate RICHARD FEYNMAN “The first principle is that you must not fool yourself – and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way.” “You should not fool the layman when you’re talking as a scientist."
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PART 2
GRAVITISM TABLE OF CPP (Ref.
5) CONTENTS
Preface SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….………..……..… xx SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….……......... xxi Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..….... xxii
Introduction 1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy 1.1.1 Science Order: Cosmology to Quantum or in Reverse?... 3 1.1.2 How did all start? v. Science teaching of that Order….....5 1.1.3 The first seven stages v. tradition ……….....…............... 7 1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era by Astronomy........... 11 2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark ..... 11
From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics 1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure of Earth v. Cosmos ...80 A fallacy associated with current Education ...………...........80 1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………............. 81 1.2 Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russel Central Diagram ……….. 88 1.3 Supernova, Gravitational Collapse, Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….......…92 1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and... Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………......... . 100
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or 1.5 Black Holes …………………….…………………….….… 106 1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ............113 1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ……………….….. 116 1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………….... 130 1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ………….…... 132 1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space by Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………..............…. 134
From Old Physics to Particle Physics-I 2.1 Aim and Scope ……………………………………………. 138 2.2 Limitations of Theory ……………………………….….… 140 2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation ………………….….... 142 2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………..... 146 2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.…………. 147 2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ……………….. 149 2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields …................... 152 2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy Conservation Equation …………………….....................… 154 2.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….... 156 2.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field …………….…. 157 2.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 159 2.12 Beyond Classical Physics:...............…………………...…. 160 2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum)........ 163
General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology Should Rule Particle-Quantum Physics, Not the Other Way, Not by Quantum Axioms 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………....... 167 3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ………..…….… 169 3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation …………..... 172 3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology ………………...……….……..............… 191 3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe, And “Equivalent Local Cells” ………...………….……............... 200
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or 3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the Principle of Equivalence …………………………...............…... 204 3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………….…. 205
From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back The Arrows of Time 4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215 4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and The Unification of the Laws of Physics ……………….....……... 216 4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217 4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219 4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222 4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226 4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227 4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230 4.9 A Few Concluding Remarks ………………….……...………...... 232 4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236 4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240 4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242 4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243 4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246 4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247 4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247 4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249 4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250
Crisis in the Standard Quantum Model Gravitation & Cosmology v. Quantum Model 5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……...... 255 5.1.1 The three main schools of thought ……………………............. 261 5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………........... 262 5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics ………………………….…......... 265 5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………...…....... 265 5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time Asymmetries.......267 5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics and Super-Symmetry ……………………………....................…272 5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics ……….......... 272
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or 5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to Quantum Chromodynamics ……………………….................. 273 5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles; and vice versa ... 273 5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic and SU(3) symmetries 274 5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge theories ……............... 276 5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom in gauge theories 276-1 5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry principles ……... 276-2 5.6.3 Quantum Field Theories, Super-Symmetry & Super-Gravity... 276-3 5.6.3.1 Limits of quantum gravity and ‘Unified Field Theories’ .......276-4
From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back Assessed by Physics and Philosophy 6.1 FIRST: Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ...,... 277 6.1.1 Intergalactic voids rule 2 Expansions of the Universe....,..277 6.1.2 Gravitation as super-structuring of matter and All Life.....279 6.2 The Earliest Observational Evidence. .…...………...........279 6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …...….......... 282 6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence …….......284 6.4 Can Inter-cluster Voids Be Saturated with Radiation? .........287 6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry from our Gravitational School of Intergalactic Voids v. life........ 290 6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational. Cosmological Thermodynamics ………………................. 293 6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ……..….......… 297 6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ……………………..……..... 299 6.9 Connections with Classical and Continuum Thermodynamics …………………………..…..…............. 301 6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility v. Master Asymmetry....... 303
The Cosmological Base of Time Arrow 7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………................. 309 7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ……………………….................. 310 7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s Laws of Motion …... 314 7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .……................ 316 7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into Un-Saturable Space 322 7.6 Stellar Evolution …………………………………….................. 324
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or 7.7 Terrestrial Evolution …………………………..............……...... 325
Black Holes v. Unattainable Theory of Everything 8.1 Introduction ………………………………………...… 330 8.2 Observational Evidence ………………………….….....331 8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………...... 332 8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ………………..... 340 8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………...... 341 8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………........ 341 8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………........ 341
Beyond Present Knowledge 9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers …………………...... 349 9.2 An Example in Havaism ……………………..….........… 350 9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures and Memory 365 9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…...… 415
VOLUME II Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420 A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437 The Philosophy of Time & Change: Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455 Structuralism and the Divided American Thought: A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467 Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483 Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………..... 495 Critique of Western Methodology ………...………………………. 530
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Published Reviews CPP of
"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics "Evokes a person heart ! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power." Chinese Academy of Sciences "Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work! Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy." A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University "Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. New Scientist (Magazine) "Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.” Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences "This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening." Sir Karl Popper, one of the Greatest Philosophers of Science, "I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." HaAretz Daily "We are all Gal-Orians ! Editor, Foundations of Physics "Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.”
Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of" "This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read." Outstanding Books List
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"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences "Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena! Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology. He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself. Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics
“I have in the meantime studied your (unclassified, theoretical-philosophical) book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it. I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them! Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more! I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time. What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”! I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences. I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task. That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-provoking.”
Prof. John Wheeler Inst. of Advanced Studies Princeton University
“Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists (and technologists) operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion.
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Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism. His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government. One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry (in science and defense). His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations. The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales. The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion. He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries. The expansion provides, among other things, an UNSATURABLE SINK for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life. THE BOOK "criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in 'information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries. Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events. The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions 'as Gal-Or describes them', but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.� " AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
AUTHOR AT HOME IN PALM BEACH, FLORIDA, U.S., 2003.
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PART 3
WHY "ANTI-GRAVITY-DARK-ENERGY" is NOT EVEN WRONG
Figure 1: 1968 PREDICTION, DISCOVERED IN 1998: STELLAR-GALACTIC WINDS, (FIG. 3), DISSIPATING IN EACH DARK-COLD-VOID, (FIG. 2), CLASH (UNDER MOMENTUM CONSERVATION IN PHYSICS AS TWO OPPOSING ROCKETS-JETS IN SPACE) THUS THRUST-AWAY AND COMPACTING NON-EXPANDING GALAXIES AROUND EACH, INTO CLUSTERING "FILAMENTS" (FIG. 1) PROVIDING BOOSTING EXTRA EXPANSION THAT ACCELERATES
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or THE (SLOWING DOWN BY GRAVITATION), EINSTEIN-HUBBLE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE (SINCE THE "BIG BANG"). FIRST NOTE THE 100-MILLION-LIGHT-YEARS-SCALE ON THIS NASA MAP OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE. This scale Identifies the size of the voids, (which ''today'' are the coldest in the universe: 270 degrees C below zero). Some of the expanding-cooling VOIDS, are marked in pink, some are closed, some open SECOND NOTE WHERE WE ARE: SOMEWHERE INSIDE THE "VIRGO FILAMENT", BETWEEN "OUR" ATTACHED VOIDS, Figure 2: - 1968 PREDICTION, DISCOVERED IN 1998: TWO INDEPENDENT, SIMULTANEOUS EXPANSIONS OF THE UNIVERSE: (a) THE FAMILIAR, EINSTEIN-HUBBLE EXPANSION SINCE THE "BIG BANG", (b) THE 1968 PREDICTION: STELLAR & GALACTIC "RADIATION FLOW", (FIG. 2), OR "WINDS", (FIG. 3), THAT HAVE BEEN INTENSIFIED SINCE ABOUT 10 BILLION YEARS AGO, DISSIPATE IN ALL INTERGALACTIC VOIDS (FIG. 1, YELLOW ARROWS), OR
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or UNSATURABLE, EXPANDING SPACE "1", (OR THE "WINDS CEMETARY"), (FIG. 2), CLASHING, AS INDICATED, THUS THRUSTING-PUSHING-COMPACTING NON-EXPANDING GALEXIES FIRST INTO CLUSTERS, (FIG. 2), THEN INTO SUPER-CLUSTERS IN THE FORM OF FILAMENTS, (FIG. 1), THUS REVERSING THE SLOWING DOWN BY GRAVITATION EINSTEIN-HUBBLE EXPANSION INTO ACCELERATED LATE EXPANSION AS DISCOVERED, WITH GREAT SURPRISE, IN 1998. CONCLUSION 1: THERE IS NO NEED TO SPECULATE ABOUT A MISTERIOUS, UNDETECTABLE, ANTI-EINSTEINIAN-GRAVITY TO EXPLAIN THE 1998 DISCOVERY.
EINSTEIN'S DICTUM: "INFINITIES? --- THE UNIVERSE AND PEOPLE STUPIDITY, AND I AM NOT SURE ABOUT THE UNIVERSE."
Figure 3: SPACE-2 wraps all non-expanding galaxies [Fig. 2] and all non-expanding SPACE3, where super-fast, interstellar winds, flow out to SPACE-2 and next, irreversibly dissipate in cold, EXPANDING-VOIDS/SPACE-1, composed of expanding VOIDS located between all Super-Clusters of galaxies, [FIGS. 1 & 2]. Images from author's book, Ref. 5 and Wikipedia (NASA).
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Support Einstein Neglected-Abused Key Dictums Prof.-Dr. Benjamin. Gal-Or A Thought Experiment: "Tomorrow" the voids expansion stops. The temperatures in SPACES 3 to 1 gradually rise to those in the center of stars or galactic centers. Eventually, thermal equilbrium is reached by which all processes stop. CONCLUSION 2: The expanding, intergalactic SPACE-1/Voids form the largest
thermodynamic sink of the universe, as a sort of "radiation cemetary". CONCLUSION 3: THE SINK causes gradients, (FIG. 2) from emitters to absorber,
as the driving force of outflowing energy from all active stars and galaxies. CONCLUSION 4: STELLAR EVOLUTION IS IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT THIS intergalactic
SPACE-1/Voids SINK. CONCLUSION 5: STELLAR EVOLUTION INCLUDES SUPERNOVA EVOLUTION-EXPLOSION THAT SPREAD INTO SPACE-3 THE ELEMENTS OF LIFE, [REFERENCES 1 TO 5].
References 1. Benjamin Gal-Or, Cosmological Origin of Thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971); 2. Benjamin Gal-Or, The Origin of Irreversibility, Science, 176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972); Partly based on Benjamin Gal-Or, editor, "Critical Review of the Foundations of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics", Pittsburgh Confference, Pa. April 7-8, (1969), Mono Book, (1970). 3. Benjamin Gal-Or, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972) (Gold Medal Award). 4. Benjamin Gal-Or, on the New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977).
5. Benjamin Gal-Or, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and II, Springer Verlag, New York,
1981, 1983, 1987, Volumes I and 2 in 522-page, Hard-Cover worldwide acclaimed book, Expanding and updating Refers. 1 to 4 and adding "Einsteinian-Induced-Physics and philosophy of Physics" and 'Gravitism' to "The New Astrophysical School"
6. Benjamin Gal-Or, TWITTER via ISSUU ONLINE published on the HOAX-CHIMER "Dark
Energy" v. No stellar evolution, planets and life, can emerge without the 1998-re-verified EXPANDING-VOIDS/SPACE-1. The new discoveries from 1998 to 2016 promote updating of the "New Astrophysical School of Classical and Relativistic Thermodynamics." [1-5].
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