THE NEW VERIFIED COSMOLOGY Prof.-Dr. Benjamin
Gal-Or
Published Reviews and comments Organized AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: “Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism. His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially 1
the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government. One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry. His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations. The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales. The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion. He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries. The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life. He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.
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Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events. The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.” AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS "Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena! Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology. He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself. Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics
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"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.” Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Science "This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening." Sir Karl Popper, the Greatest Philosopher of Science "I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." HaAretz Daily "We are all Gal-Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics "Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.” Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of" "This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read." Outstanding Books List "Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work! Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy." A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University 4
"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”. The New Scientist Magazine "Evokes a person heart !! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power." Chinese Academy of Sciences "A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics "The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences “I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it. I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them! Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and 5
fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more! I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time. What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”! I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences. I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task. That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a pacackage that I personally have found most thought-provoking.” Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University ___________
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DEFINITIONS
Dark cold* SPACE-"2" wraps all non-expanding galaxies. Non-expanding SPACE-"3" (red indicated), harbors interstellar winds (marked) flowing to SPACE-"2", and finally dissipating in intergalactic voids defined as SPACE-"1" (FIG. 2). Voyagers 1 and 2 exploration of SPACE-"2" is indicated vis-Ă -vis the various shocks generated by interstellar winds impacting the solar system. ____ * About 270 degrees C below zero. cf. FIGS 1 and 2.
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FIG. 1: The "100 MILLION LIGHT YEAR" SCALE is indicated at the top of this NASA MAP OF THE VISIBLE, EXPANDING UNIVERSE. Integrated STELLAR-GALACTIC WINDS (YELLOW ARROWS) ENTER EACH VOID FROM OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS (FIG. 2). These flow-in and finally dissipate in each void, which, collectively, become the largest "Thermodynamic Sink" (''cemetery") of the universe. The "WINDS" "flow" into each void only from nearby "SUPER-CLUSTERS" of NONEXPANDING GALAXIES ("filaments"). Subject to momentum conservation the clash of 8
opposing winds ("adiabatic locations", FIG. 2) generate back thrust that (a) compact all non-expanding galaxies first into clusters (FIG. 2) next into superclusters ("filaments" in FIG. 1), (b) move all non-expanding galactic filaments away from each other, THUS PROVIDING EXTRA COLLECTIVE EXPANSION of ALL INTERGALACTIC VOIDS THAT GRADUALLY REVERSE THE SLOWING-BY-GRAVITATION EXPANSION-OF-THE-UNIVERSE SINCE THE 'BIG-BANG', INTO A SLIGHTLY ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE, AS VERIFIED BY THE 1998 DISCOVERY.**, ***, **** ______ ** THIS "EXTRA EXPANSION" HAD STARTED TO BE "SIGNIFICANT" ONLY AT A LATER AGE OF THE UNIVERSE, WHEN THE NUMBER AND INTENSITIES OF "WINDS EMITTERS" HAS BECOME STRONG ENOUGH TO REVERSE THE INERTIA of the WORLD EXPANSION. *** THIS SECOND, SIMULTANEOUS EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE WAS PREDICTED IN 1964 [1-4] AND PUBLISHED AS FIGURE 2 THAT IS REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE 5.
**** The "yellow arrows" depicted should be "inserted" into each void to illustrate "opposing, rocket-typejet-winds" that compact galaxies from opposing sides of each filament, ("ours" is "VIRGO" (FIG. 1)), while accelerating the expansion of the universe. And the net result is thrusting away all "filaments" from each other, and merging galaxies in each.
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FIG. 2: "CLUSTER I" and "CLUSTR II" represent "mid-compacting stages" during the "2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe", namely, prior to being further compacted into the verified superclusters and filaments (FIG. 1). (+) ______________
(+)
"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW" as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", which generates energy-density gradients that lead to the "2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that leads to the emergence of life, [5], and comments cited above.
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Concluding Remarks This verified cosmology refutes: (a) Mysterious, "no-show", anti-gravity dark energy and dark matter as causing the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. and confirms: (b) The gravitational thermodynamics, [1-5], which controls all macro evolution post the Big-Bang, (c) Einstein's heritage. (d) Published comments provided above.
References 1. Gal-Or Benjamin, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the Einsteinian New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972). Gold Medal Award.
2. Gal-Or Benjamin, cosmological origin of thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971);
3. Gal-Or Benjamin, The Origin of Irreversibility in nature, Science, 176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972);
4. Gal-Or Benjamin, On modified Foundations of Physics, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977);
5. Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987, and reprinted unchanged to present. 11