Hot Shot's Secret - Story

Founder’sStory

LubricationSpecialtiesInc.founderChrisGabrelcikwasbornin1966andraisedonthe EastSideofYoungstown,Ohioinafamilyofsevenchildren.In1973,Chris’fatherlosthisjob duetothelocalsteelmillclosing,sendingthefamilyintoalifeofpoverty.Livinginthis poverty,Chrislearnedtoworkhardataveryyoungage.

Atage18,hemovedtoColumbus,Ohioandbegansellingandinstallingwater conditionersdoortodoor.Atthistimehemethisfuturewife,TammyKennedy,marriedherand beganhisownfamily.HisfamilygrewasdidhisCatholicfaith,bothofwhichremaincentralto hislifetoday.

Eventually,ChrissettledonalocalsalesjobwithPrimroseOilCompanysellinghighend oils,additivesandgreasesintheOhioarea.WhenPrimroseaddedIndianaandMichigantohis territoryheboughtasmallpop-upcamperandbeganmakingsalestripswithhis family. Eventually,travelfromhissalesjobbecametoomuchforhimandhisgrowingfamily andChrisfoundedLubricationSpecialtiesInc.(LSI).HebecameaCertifiedLubrication SpecialistandCertifiedOilMonitoringAnalystandcontinuedsolvingproblemsinthe

automotiveindustry.BothLSIandtheHotShot’sSecretbrandgrewfromChris’loveof problemsolvingandknowledgeofoilsandfuels.Hecontinuestolearnthroughexperienceand specializedtrainingtothisday.

Heistherecipientofcountlessawardsovertheyears,bothforhisentrepreneurialand businessacumen.Chrishasaheartfortheunemployedandstrivestoprovidemorejobsto supportlocalfamilies.HepromotesaChristianattitudeinthecompanyonadailybasistreating customersandemployeeslikefamily.

Hisentrepreneurialskillskeepthecompanymovingforwardforthefutureofhisfamily, employees,andthelocalcommunitywhileprovidinghighqualityproductsforconsumers.

CompanyHistory

In1997LSIbeganinthegarageofChrisGabrelcik’shouseasaone-manindependent salescompany,specifictooilsandadditives

In2006HotShot’sSecret,laterrenamedStictionEliminator,wasdevelopedasasolution toacommonmarketproblemwithfailinginjectors.

LSImovedtoitsownbuildingbecauseofcompanygrowthin2013. In2014ourcompanyacquiredFranzFilters,acompanythatproduceshigh qualitybypassfiltersAlsoin2014weacquiredFluidRecovery,acompany thatrecyclesusedantifreeze

In2016LSIheadquarters wasbuiltinMt.Gilead,Ohio with32,000sqftofspace.

Includedinthisspaceisourownin-houseResearch andDevelopmentteamwithafullyfunctioninglab,dedicatedtofindingproblemsinenginesand researchingqualitysolutionstodevelopourproducts.

Todayin2019,thecompanyhasexpandedtheirproductlinefromStictionEliminatorto morethan35otherproducts,includingengineoils,fueladditives,andafullracingline.LSIis alsointheprocessofdevelopinganewlineofRVproductsandgunoils.

InnovationisthereasonLSIexiststoday. WhenLSIneededsomethingthatitcouldnot afford,thestaffcameupwithalternatesolutionstotheproblemsandfoundinnovativewaysto improvethecompany.Anexampleofthiswastheirwifiproblem. WhereLSIwaslocatedIn ruralOhio,highspeedinternetwasnot available. AsLSIgrew,thewebsiteneeded morereliablewifi.

Tosolvethisproblem,theLSIteam purchasedausedinternettower,repaired, painted,andinstalleditonthecompany’s property. Theytheninvitedanewinternet companytousethetowerwhichprovided internetforthelocalcounty. Thissmall businessideaprovidedLSIwithafreeand reliableinternetsourceandstillprovides thelocalneighborhoodwithhighspeed internettothisday.

TheLSIfamilyinvitesyoutobecomeapartofourinnovativewayofthinking!

Engine:PartsandProblems .

Therearemanydifferentmakesandmodelsofenginessotheexactlocationofdifferent partsisgoingtobeuniquetoeveryengine.However,thegeneralsystemsinanenginearevery similar.

Thewell-knowndifferencebetweenpetrolanddieselenginesisinthewaythefuelis ignited.Inapetrolengine,thefuel/airmixtureisignitedbyaspark.Inadieselengineignition isachievedbycompressionofairandfuel,thusnosparkplugisneeded.Compressionincreases theairtemperaturehighenoughtospontaneouslyignitethefuel,withoutthehelpofaspark.

Compressionandignitionareaccomplishedinthecombustionchamberoftheengine wherethepistoncompressesairandfuelisignited.Mostenginesoperateona fourstrokecycle composedofan intakestroke,a compressionstroke, apowerstroke,and anexhauststroke.

Inmostengines, whenthepiston reachestheeffective endofitsintake stroke,theinletvalve, whichallowed oxygenrichairin, closes.The compressionstroke thencompressesthe airinsidethecombustionchambertoaboutafifteenthofitsoriginalvolumewhichraisesthe temperaturetoaround600°Celsius.Justbeforethetemperatureisraisedtoitspeak,the injector

spraysapreciselymeteredquantityofdieselfuelintothecombustionchambercausing spontaneousignitionwhichleadstothepowerstroke.Inthisstroke,thepistonisblowndown bythepowerofthecombustioncausingtheotherpistonstocontinueintheirstrokesequence fromthemomentum.Thepistonsaresuppliedpowertomovethroughthe crankshaftwhichis attachedtoallofthepistons,convertinglinearpowertorotarypower.Asthepistonmovesup thecylinderontheexhauststroke,theexhaustvalveopensandallowstheburnedand expandedgasestotraveldowntheexhaustpipe.Attheendoftheexhauststrokethecylinderis readyforafreshairtostartitscycleover.

Thevalvetrainconsistsofthevalvesandamechanismthatopensandclosesthem.The openingandclosingsystemiscalledacamshaft.Thecamshafthaslobesonitthatmovethe valvesupanddown.Therearemanyotherpartsinanenginewhichareconnectedtospecific systemsthataregoingtobediscussedinturn.

FuelSystem

Fuelbeginsinthefueltankandispassedthroughapreliminaryfilterthatremoves larger“dirt”particles.Thereisalsoa fuelwaterseparatorthatprotectstheenginebytaking wateroutofthefuelbeforeitispassedthroughthefuelpump.Dependingonthemanufacturer, therecanbeeitheroneortwopumps.Inengineswhichhaveonlyone,thepumppushesthefuel completelythroughtheengine.Thefueltravelsthroughhoses,called fuellinesandpasses throughanother,smaller,filterwhichremovessmallerimpuritiesinthefuel.Inengineswhere therearetwopumps,thesecondpumpisoftenreferredtoasan injectorpumpandisincontrol ofsendingfueltotheinjectors.Inotherengines,thesecondarypumpcanalsobea high pressurepump,which,asitsnameimplies,pressurizesthefueltobesprayedouttheinjector. Nomatterthepump,fueliscarefullytimedforreleasetotheinjectorsinordertomaximize powerandfueleconomy.Excessfuelissentbacktothefueltanktobecycledthroughagain.

OilSystem

Oilisstoredinanoiltankorsump.Anoilpumpthenpumpsittoanoilfilterorfilters wheretheoiliscleaned.Thepressurizedoilthenflowsthroughgalleriestodifferentpartsofthe enginesuchascamshaft,valves,pistons,turbo,andcrankshaft.Theoillubricatesthroughsmall holes,calledagalleriesor channels,whicharedrilledinsideoftheengineparts.Insome engines,specialoilpumpssprayoilupwardsontotheundersideofthepiston.Afterlubricating everything,theoilflowsbackdownintothesump.

FuelSystemProblems

Specificproblemscanoccurinthefuelsystemwhichourproductsarespeciallyformulatedto fix.Theseproblemsinclude:

Moisturewhichcanblowthetipoffinjectors,striplubricantsfromtheengineleavingit moresusceptibletofrictionandwear.Moisturecanalsogrowbacteriainthefuelsystemwhich eatawayatthefuelandtank.

Rustandcorrosioncanoccurineverypartoftheengine.Rustinthefueltank contaminatesthefuelcausingblockedfiltersandharmtomultiplepartsoftheengine.Corrosion leadstorust,butitcanalsoleadtoextremedamageinyourenginesuchasburstfuellinesand brokentanks.

Frictionisahugeprobleminengines,leadingtooverheating,wear,andcontamination. Whenanenginegetstoohot,itwillspeedupcorrosionandcangeteventothepointofcracking ormelting.Wearmeansthatthepartsinyourenginewillhavetobereplacedmorefrequently. Wearalsoleadstoparticlecontaminationinthefuelwhichcanhaveeffectsvaryingfromfilter blockingtofueldestabilization.Whenfueldestabilizes,itdegradesinsludgeandmore particulateswhichclogandharmtheengine.

Acidsarepresentinfuelandneedtobeneutralizedotherwisetheywillcorrodeand destroyyourengine.

Stictionisoilthathascoagulatedduetoextremeheat.Stictioncausesfriction,clogsand partsfailure.

OilSystemProblems

Thespecificproblemsthatcanoccurintheoilsystemofanenginearesimilartothefuel system.Intheoilsystem,stiction,friction,heat,rust,andcorrosioncanalloccurandcausethe sametypeofproblemsthattheydoabove.Specificproblemsthatoccurduetostictionintheoil systemaretheblockingoftheoilgallies.Whengalliesareblocked,partsoftheenginearenot gettingoilwhichcancauseextremefrictionandpartgrinding.Oil,likefuel,candevelopsludge andparticleswhichwillplugupfilters.

EngineWear

Asperitiesarevisibleatamicroscopiclevel.Surfacesthatweperceiveassmootharenot actuallysosmooth.Atamicroscopicleveltherearesharpandjaggedprojectionswhichare calledasperities.

Frictionoccurswhentwobodiesareincontactwitheachotherandhaverelativemotion. Allthemovingpartsofaninternalcombustionenginearelubricatedwithoilsothefrictionis wet.Atamicroscopiclevel,frictioniscausedbytheasperitiesofcontactsurfaces. Evenifthere isalayeroflubricantbetweenthetwosurfaces,theasperitiesmightcomeintocontactcausing dryfrictionwhichhappensatenginestart;especiallyafteralongperiodofinactivity.This contactiscalledboundaryfriction.Withtheoilpumpinaction,thelubricantlayerbecomes thickerandthefrictionbecomeshydrodynamic.

ImplementingadvancedtribologicaltechnologiescanalsoreducetheCO2emissions globallybyasmuchas1,460MtCO2andresultin$499,968.00 costsavingsintheshortterm.In thelongerterm,thereductioncanbe3,140MtCO2andthecostsavings$555,484.45.

Theresultsoffrictionincludelesspowerandfueleconomy.Asthepartsinsidethe engineweardown,morefuelisneededtomaintainthesame horsepower.Partoftheheatfrom theexplosionisbeinglostintheoil.Increasesoperatingtemperature.Increasedfrictionequals increasedtemperatures.Asoilgetshotitoxidizesandleavesafilmonthesurfaceoftheengine parts.Thisfilmcreatesmorefriction,creatingmoreheat.Thenwehave adhesivewearcaused bystiction.Frictionshortensengine’slifeasfrictionincreasesparticlematterincreasesandadds toabrasivewear.

Wearistheremovalofthematerialfromthe surfaceofasolidbodyasaresultof mechanicalactionsofthecounterbody.Wear maycombineeffectofvariousphysicaland chemicalprocessesproceedingandduringthe frictionbetweentwocounteractingmaterials.

AbrasiveWearoccurswhenaharder materialisrubbingagainstasoftermaterial.

Twobodywearoccurswhentwopartsareinvolved.Theasperitiesofthehardermetalscause thewearonsoftermetals.

Threebodywearoccurswhenaparticleorgritistrappedbetweenrubbingsurfaces.Itmaybe freefloatingorpartially.

FactorsthatdecreaseabrasivewearincludeHotShot’sSecretproductsFR3andFrantz Filters.Filmthicknessandparticleconcentrationareotherfactorsthatdecreaseabrasivewear. Wearmaybeacceleratedbycorrosion(oxidation)oftherubbingsurfaces.Increased temperatureandremovaloftheprotectiveoxidefilmsfromthesurfaceduringthefriction promoteoxidationprocess,whenthisoccurswithis knownascorrosivewear.Frictionprovides continuousformationofnewoxidefilm.Hardoxide particlesremovedfromthesurfaceandtrapped betweentheslidingandrollingsurfacesadditionally increasethewearratebythree-bodyabrasivewear mechanism.

Factorsthatdecreasecorrosivewear includeHotShot’sSecretproductFR3.Other factorsincludecoatingthemetalsurfacesinaprotectivebarrierwhichcanbedonefromsurface treatmentsandotherthings.Corrosivecontrollingadditivesinclude rustinhibitors,metal deactivatorsandoverbaseadditive.

Fatigueofamaterialiscausedbyacyclingloadingduringfriction.Fatigueoccursifthe appliedloadishigherthanthefatiguestrengthofthematerial.Fatiguecracksstartatthematerial surfaceandspreadtothesubsurfaceregions.Thecracksmayconnecttoeachotherresultingin separationanddelaminationofthematerialpieces.

FactorsthatdecreasefatiguewearincludeHotShot’sSecretproductFR3.Otherfactors includeincreasingthefilmstrengththicknessandhavingahighpressureviscositycoefficient.

WhatareDPFRegens?

Inordertocutdownonemissions,thegovernmentregulatedthatalldieselengineshave aDieselParticulateFilter(DPF)startingin2007.TheDPFcutsdownonexhaustemissionsso much,thatyoucouldplaceawhitecloth overyourexhaustwhilerunningandit wouldstillbewhiteafterwards.TheDPFis awall-flowfilterwhichhasmanysmall channelsforexhausttoflowoutofaswell asmanyporesinthechannelswhichtrapthe particles.TheDPFismadeofahard, non-flammablesubstanceusuallycordierite orceramic.

ThefunctionofaDPFisto filtersootoutoftheexhaustin ordertoprotecttheenvironment, collectingmorethan85%of particlesfromtheexhaust.Likeanyotherfilter,theDPFgetspluggedandhastobecleanedout periodically.InordertocleantheDPF,theexhaustmustgetsohotthatalloftheparticlesinthe filterareburnedout,thisprocessiscalledregeneration.Regenscantake20 minutestoanhourandcanbemonitoredindifferentways.Themost efficienttriggeringprocessisadifferenceofpressuredetector.

Thefirstwaythataregencanoccurispassivelywheretheexhaust temperatureissohighfromwhateverthevehicleisdoingthattheparticles areburnedoutofthefilterasquicklyastheygetthere.

Thesecondwayaregencanoccurisactively,whereanenginechanges thewayitnormallyoperatesspecificallytoburntheparticlesoutoftheDPF.Thereareafew

differentmethodsofactiveregenwhichincludeacatalystbeingaddedintotheexhausttoburn theparticles,exhausttemperaturebeingincreased,andfuelbeingaddedtotheexhaust. Active regenscanoccurwhiledrivingorparkeddependingonthevehicle.

Thelasttypeofregenisforcedregenwhichrequiresadiagnostictooltobeactivated. Forcedregensoccurwheneitherthefilteristoodirtyortherequirementshavenotbeenmetfor anactiveregentooccur.Continuingtooperateavehiclethatrequiresaforcedregencancause manyproblemstotheengineandmuchdamagetotheDPF.

ManydieseldriversarefrustratedwiththeadditionoftheDPFsystembecausethe systemcankickintoregenmodeataninopportunetimeforthedriver.Andsadly,oncearegen hasbegunthereisnotawaytocancelit.Thiscanleavepeoplestuckonthesideoftheroad, unabletoleavebecausetheirvehicleisinthemiddleofaregen.

BaseOils

Oilisoneoftheliquidsusedinanengine.Fuelprovidespowertotheenginebutoil keepstheengineupandrunning.Withoutittheenginewouldquicklyweardown,overheat, corrodeandexperienceamultitudeofotherproblems.

Oiliscomposedof70-90%baseoilandtheremaining10-30%additives.

Therearefivecategoriesofbaseoilasdefinedbythe AmericanPetroleumInstitute (API).GroupI-IIIarerefinedfromcrudeoil,oftenreferredtoasmineral-basedoils.GroupsIV andVarereferredtoassynthetic-basedoilsbecausetheyarescientificallyengineered. Thesebaseshavevaryingdegreesofqualitywiththecheapestbeing GroupIandthe bestbeingGroupIII.Thedifferencesbetweenthesegroupsistherefiningprocesswhich ultimatelyaffectsthestructureofthemolecules.GroupIgoesthroughasimplerefiningprocess whereasolventismixedwiththeoil.GroupIIgoesthroughaprocesscalledhydrotreatingor

lighthydrocrackingandGroupIIIgoesthroughalongerandmoreintensehydrocracking whichchangesthemolecularstructureresultinginbetterfunctionality.Hydrocrackingisa processbywhichthehydrocarbonmoleculesofpetroleumarebrokenintosimplermoleculesby theadditionofhydrogenunderhighpressureandinthepresenceofacatalyst.

GroupIViscomposedcompletelyofPAOs,polyalphaolefins.PAOsarefully synthesizedoilsresultinginmanybenefitsforfunctioning.Oneofthesebenefitsisauniform molecularweightwhichallowsformorestandardizedandfunctionalviscosity.

GroupVisthecatchallforbaseswhichdonotfitintothefirstfourcategories.GroupV containsesters.EstersaresynthesizedbaseoilsthatcanbecombinedwithPAO’sormineraloils toimprovesealswell,solubilizeadditives,reducevolatilityandimproveenergyefficiency. Manyestersareusedinenvironmentallyacceptablelubricantsduetotheirbiodegradabilityand lowtoxicity.

Nanotechnology

WhenscientistsandengineersatLSIlabsbegantheirquestforexcellence,theysought outnewtechnologiestoreformulatethealreadyexistingproducts.Togatherdataandtesttheir theories,thecompanydevelopedavarietyofin-housetestingprocessesincludingasimulationof thestandardizedASTM4172four-balltest.

InLSI’s4-BallWeartest,asteelballisrotatedinbetweenthreeotherstationarysteel ballsfor60minutes.Foreachtestallaresetinrotationalmotionunderaspecifiedload,speed, temperatureandtime.EachtestintroducesavariableASTMD-2266(grease)orASTMD-4172 (oils)asthelubricantprotectionbetweeneachofthefourballsunderscrutiny.Attheconclusion ofthetest,techniciansreporttheaveragemeasurementsofthethreewearscars.The coefficient-of-frictionresultsandthepreventionofweararedeterminedbythemeasurementof thewearscarsoneachrotationalball.Thesmallerwearscarsacrossthethreestationaryballs indicateahigherleveloflubricitywithinthelubricantandthereforeaddedprotectionofpartsin frictionagainsteachother.

Threeclassesofmaterialswerechosentotest.

1. Nanocarbons

2. Group5esters

3. Baseoils

Nanotechnologyisthebranchoftechnologythatdealswithdimensionsandtolerancesof lessthan100nanometers,especiallythemanipulationofindividualatomsandmolecules.A nanometeris1billionthofameter.Nanocarbonsaresphericalinshapelessthan10NM(3-4)in diameter.Becausetheyarecarbon,theyareaveryecofriendlymaterialandareproventohavea higherthermalconductivity,highloadcarryingcapacityandwearresistancealongwith increasedfilmstrengthandheattransfer.

Nano-carbonsworkedwellontheirownbutwereexpensive.Theyworkedevenbetter withsynergywithothercomponents,reducingthecostoftheoverallformula.

ThenanocarbonmaterialcomesfromacompanyinKorea.TheydidatestonaSonataIII thathad112,000milesonit.Theyaddednanocarbontotheengineoilandthendrovethecar19 miles.Afterwards,alltheengineoilwasdrainedfromthecar.Thecarwasthendrivenatotalof 813milessuccessfullyat62to75MPH.Oilwaspouredbackintotheengineandisstill functioningtoday.ThistestwascertifiedbytheKoreanRecordInstituteattheKorean PolytechnicsCampus.

Thenanocarbonmaterialhasfourpatentsandisthefirstproductthatstaysinsuspension aspartoftheoilsolution.Theparticlesformachain-like linkthatincreasesthemolecularstructureoftheoilthat behavessimilarlytohigherviscosityoils.Italsostrongly adheresonthemetalsurfacesandformsathickerlubricating oilfilm,improvingpower,fuelefficiency.Exhaustgas emissionsandoilconsumptionarereduced.

ExtensiveTestingwasdonewiththenanocarbonmaterialandthefollowingeffectswere documented:

1. Nanocarbonsreducethetemperatureintheenginebyabsorbingtheheatcreatedby frictioninsidetheengine.

2. Increasesringsealingandcombustionefficiencythatlowerstheamountof blowby.

3. Itreducesvibrationandnoiseandincreasedoillife.

4. Itreducesfriction. Over40-55%ofmechanicalfrictionlossescomingfromthepiston ringandcylinderwall.

5. Oiltreatedwithnanocarbonsprovidesastrongadhesiontothemetalsurfacesincylinder thatformathickertribolayer.

6. Duringengineoperation,nanocarbonsdispersedinoilarecompressedbetweensliding surfacesandactlikeballbearings,inducingtheabrasivewearbyanaverageof70%and reducingfatigueandheatcausedbyfriction.

7. Nanocarbonshaveverygoodthermalconductivityanddelaytheriseofoiltemperature bydistributingwarmertemperaturestowardtheoutsidequickly.

8. Nanocarbonsactasantioxidants,reduceoilbreakdownandmaintainviscosityoftheoil.

9. Nanocarbonhaveathermalconductivitiy5timeshigherthancopper,siliconcarbide.

10.IncreasesTorqueandhorsepower.

OilAddi i

It’scrucialtounderstandtheroleofadditivesandtheirfunction(s)withinthelubricant. Lubricantadditivesareorganicorinorganiccompoundsdissolvedorsuspendedassolidsinoil.

Additiveshavethreebasicroles:

● Enhanceexistingbaseoilpropertieswithantioxidants, corrosioninhibitors,anti-foam agentsanddemulsifyingagents.

● Suppressundesirablebaseoilpropertieswithpour-pointdepressantsand viscosityindex (VI)improvers.

● Impartnewpropertiestobaseoils withextremepressure(EP)additives, detergents,metaldeactivatorsand tackinessagents.

PolarAdditives

Additivepolarityisdefinedasthenatural directionalattractionofadditivemoleculesto otherpolarmaterialsincontactwithoil.

PolarMechanisms

Thereareafewpolarmechanisms suchasparticleenveloping,water emulsifyingandmetalwettingthatare worthyofdiscussion.

Particleenvelopingmeansthatthe additivewillclingtotheparticlesurfaceand envelopit.

Wateremulsifyingoccurswhenthe additivepolarheadclingstoamicro-droplet ofmoisture.Thesetypesofadditivesare emulsifyingagents.

Metalwettingoccurswhenadditivesanchortometalsurfaces,whichiswhattheyare supposedtodo.

Additivesthatperformthisfunctionarerustinhibitors, anti-wearandextremepressure additives,andcorrosioninhibitors.

Anti-wearadditivesworkspecificallytoprotectmetalsurfacesduringboundary conditions.Underboundaryconditions,anti-wearfilmshearsinsteadofsurfacematerial.

Onecommonanti-wearadditiveiszincdialkyldithiophosphate(ZDDP).Itreducesthe riskofmetal-to-metalcontact,whichcanleadtoincreasedheat,resultin oxidationand negativelyaffectthefilmstrength

TypesofLubricantAdditives

Therearemanytypesofchemicaladditivesmixedintobaseoilstoenhancetheproperties ofthebaseoil,tosuppresssomeundesirablepropertiesofthebaseoilandpossiblytoimpart somenewproperties.

ConventionalLubricantAdditives.Theseincludethefollowinggeneraltypesof additives:

Anti-oxidants

Oxidationisthegeneralattackofthe weakestcomponentsofthebaseoilbyoxygen intheair.Itoccursatalltemperaturesallof thetimebutisacceleratedathigher temperaturesandbythepresenceofwater, wearmetalsandothercontaminants.

Itultimatelycausesacids(whichproduce corrosion)andsludge(whichresultsinsurface depositsandviscositytoincrease)toform. Theseadditivesreduceoreliminateinternal rustandcorrosionbyneutralizingacidsandformingachemicalprotectivebarriertorepel moisturefrommetalsurfaces.

ViscosityImprovers

Viscosityimproversareverylargepolymeradditivesthatpartiallypreventtheoilfrom thinningout(losingviscosity)asthetemperatureincreases.TovisualizehowaVI-improver additivefunctions,thinkoftheVIimproverasanoctopusorcoilspringthatstayscoiledupina ballatlowtemperaturesandhasverylittleeffectonthe oilviscosity.

Then,asthetemperaturerises,theadditive(oroctopus)expandsorextendsitsarms (makingitlarger)andpreventstheoilfromthinningouttoomuchathightemperatures.

Anti-wear(AW)Agents

Theseadditivesaretypicallyusedtoprotectmachinepartsfromwearandlossofmetal duringboundarylubricationconditions.Theyarepolaradditivesthatattachtofrictionalmetal surfaces.

Theyreactchemicallywiththemetalsurfaceswhenmetal-to-metalcontactoccursin conditionsofmixedandboundarylubrication.

Theyareactivatedbytheheatofcontacttoformafilmthatminimizeswear.Theyalso helpprotectthebaseoilfromoxidationandthemetalfromdamagebycorrosiveacids. Theyaretypicallyphosphoruscompounds,withthemostcommonbeingzinc dialkyldithiophosphate(ZDDP).

Detergents

Detergentsperformtwofunctions.Theyhelptokeephotmetalcomponentsfreeof deposits(clean)andneutralizeacidsthatformintheoil.Detergentsareprimarilyusedinengine oilsandarealkalineorbasicinnature.

Theyformthebasisofthereservealkalinityofengineoils,whichisreferredtoasthe basenumber(BN).Theyaretypicallymaterialsofcalciumandmagnesiumchemistry.

Adetergentadditiveisnormallyusedinconjunctionwitha dispersantadditive.

Dispersants

Dispersantsaremainly foundinengineoilwith detergentstohelpkeep enginescleanandfreeof deposits.Themainfunction ofdispersantsistokeep particlesofdieselengine sootfinelydispersedor suspendedintheoil(less than1microninsize). Thecombinationof detergent/dispersant additivesallowsmoreacid compoundstobe neutralizedandmore contaminantparticlesto staysuspended.

Anti-foamingAgents

Thechemicalsinthisadditivegrouppossesslow interfacialtension,whichweakensthe oilbubblewallandallowsthefoambubblestoburstmorereadily.Theyhaveanindirecteffect onoxidationbyreducingtheamountofair-oilcontact.

FrictionModifiers

Frictionmodifiersaretypicallyusedinengineoilsandautomatictransmissionfluidsto alterthefrictionbetweenengineandtransmissioncomponents.Inengines,theemphasisison loweringfrictiontoimprovefueleconomy.

Intransmissions,thefocusisonimprovingtheengagementoftheclutchmaterials.

Frictionmodifierscanbethoughtofasanti-wearadditivesforlowerloadsthatarenotactivated bycontacttemperature

PourPointDepressants

Thepourpointofanoilisapproximatelythelowesttemperatureatwhichanoilwill remainfluid.Waxcrystalsthatforminparaffinicmineraloilscrystallize(becomesolid)atlow temperatures.Thesolidcrystalsformalatticenetworkthatinhibitstheremainingliquidoilfrom flowing.

Theadditivesinthisgroupreducethesizeofthewaxcrystalsintheoilandtheir interactionwitheachother,allowingtheoiltocontinuetoflowatlowtemperatures.

Emulsifiers

Emulsifiersareusedinoil-water-basedmetal-workingfluidsand fire-resistantfluidsto helpcreateastableoil-wateremulsion.Theemulsifieradditivecanbethoughtofasaglue bindingtheoilandwatertogether,becausenormallytheywouldliketoseparatefromeachother duetointerfacialtensionanddifferencesinspecificgravity.

Content from: MachineryLubrication.com

Author: Noria Corporation and Machinery Lubrication Magazine

ViscosityandOilGrade

Simplyputviscosityisthemeasureofresistancetoflow.

Thinoilshavelowerviscosityandpourmoreeasilythanthickeroilsthathaveahigher viscosity.Thinoilshelpenginesstartquicklyduringcoldweatherduetothefactthattheyflow easier.Thickoilsarebetteratmaintainingfilmstrengthandoilpressureathightemperaturesand loads.Thinoilallowstheenginetooperateathigherpowercomparedtothickoils.Imaginethe differencebetweenmovingthroughwaterandmovingthroughmolasses.Movingthroughwater takesalotlessenergythanmovingthroughmolasses,however,thickeroilprovidesmore protectionformovingengineparts.Findingtheperfectviscosityforyourengineisabalancing actbetweenprotectionandpower.

TheSocietyofAutomotiveEngineerscameupwithascaleofmeasured viscosity grades.Viscosityisnotatedusingthecommonclassification “#W-##”.Thenumberpreceding the“W”(winter)ratestheoil’sflow(viscosity)atzerodegreesFahrenheit(-17.8degrees Celsius).Thelowerthenumber,thelesstheoilthickensincoldweather.

Thenumberswithoutthe“W”indicateviscosityat100degreesCelsiusandrepresentthe oil’sperformanceattheengine’shighoperatingtemperatures.

Forinstance,oilwitha5W-30gradethickenslessthanoilwitha10W-30gradeincold weather.Oilwitha5W-30gradethinsoutmoreathightemperaturesascomparedtooilswitha 5W-40grade.

Incoldertemperatures,yourenginewillbenefitfromusingoilwithlowwinterviscosity. Inhottertemperatures,theambienttemperaturewillneverriseabovetheenginetemperature andthereforedoesnotgreatlyaffectthefunctionoftheoilatoperatingtemperature.

Ifyouwanttomaximizeyourvehicle’sperformanceandprovidethebestprotectionfor yourengine,youneedtoconsiderwhattypeofenvironmentyouoperateinandwhatyourengine ismadeoutof.Dependingonwhatmaterialtheengineblock,connectingrods,bearing clearances,andthehighestoiloperatingtemperature,youcancalculatetheoptimalviscosityfor yourneeds.

OilAnalysis

InstructionsforTakinganOilSample

1. Takesampleswhiletheequipmentisrunningandatnormaloperatingtemperatureandload ifpossible.Ifthisisnotpossible,samplesshouldbetakenassoonaftershutdownaspossible. Samplestakenfromequipmentthathasbeeninactiveforlongperiodsarenotrepresentative.

2. Takesamplesfromthesamepointandusingthesameprocedureeachtime.Thiswillhelp insurerepeatability.

3. Don’tsampledirectlyafteranoilchangeor afteralargequantityofmake-upoilhasbeen added.

4. Cleanaroundthesamplepointandflushan adequatequantityofoilthroughthesamplepiping toinsurearepresentativesample.

5. Usethesamplingmaterialssupplied.They arecleanandholdtheproperquantityforthe requiredanalysis.Don’tusewaterorsoftdrink bottles,jellyorbabyfoodjars.

6. Ifsamplesaretakenusingavacuumpump,usenewhoseforeverysampletoavoidcross contaminationbetweensamplepoints.Itisalsoadvisabletoflushthehosebyfillingthesample bottletwotimesanddiscardingtheoilthenusethethirdfillingasyouractualsample.This processwillflushanydebristhatmayhaveenteredthesamplehoseasittraveleddownthe dipsticktubeandalsorinsesthesamplebottle.

WhatYourOilAnalysisWillTest

ASpectrometalAnalysisisusedtodeterminethetypeandquantityinpartspermillion(ppm) ofwear,contaminantsandadditivemetalsinlubricants,fuels,coolantsandgreases.

ADirectReadFerrographytestgivesameasureof howmanyparticlesofferrousmetalthereareina givenoilsample.Theseparticlesareseparatedinto largeandsmallparticles.Smallparticlesarelessthan 15micronsinsizeandaretheresultofnormalwear.

Largeparticlesarethosegreaterthan15micronsinsizeandaretheresultofabnormalwear.

Viscositytestmeasuresresistancetoflowofalubricantatagiventemperature.Thisisimportant tocheckiftheviscosityoftheoil hasstayedthesameorifshearing hasloweredit.Thiscanalso indicatethatsomethinghas contaminatedtheoil.

TheVarnishtest,testshowlikely a varnishistoformusingascaleof goodtocriticalcondition. Varnishisasoft,insolublefilm whichdevelopsfromoxidationof oilanddestabilizationofadditives. Varnishcanincreasefrictionand operatingtemperatures,while decreasingoilflow.

Glycolcancorrodebearings,plugfiltersanddepositsonwearingsurfacescausingcatastrophic failure.Glycolisthemainingredientincoolantandsothepresenceofglycolinoilindicatesthat thereisacrosscontamination.

FT-IRusesinfra-redanalysistodetectoxidationandnitrationrates.Thistestalsodetects water,glycol,fueldilution,sootandsulfation.Itcanbeusedasaqualitycontrolcheckto monitorantiwearadditivelevels.

ParticleCountrecordsthenumberofparticles inoilbasedonarangeofsizes.Itisusedasa measureofoilcleanlinessandfiltereffectivity.

ASpecificGravitytestteststhegravityrange oftheoil,whichshouldbe700-950km/m3 in ordertoensurethatitcanfunctionproperly.

AKarlFischertestisawatertestwithextremeaccuracyfromppmto100%.Theequipment canalsotestfluidsthatnormallycausesidereactionswithKarlFischerreagentssuchasengine oils,cuttingfluids,tractorhydraulicfluids,etc.

BNtest(FormerlyTBN)determinestheBaseNumber(TotalBaseNumber)ofalubricantwhich isitsabilitytoneutralizeacids.WhenBNislow,thisindicatesthattheadditivesinyouroilare low.

ATolueneInsolublestestisusedtodeterminesootlevelsindieselengines.

AFlashPointtestdetectsthepresenceoffuelorsolventwhichthinstheoilandthusreducesits loadcarryingabilityandincreaseswear

FrictionReducer3

HotShot’sSecretFR3FrictionReducerisanoiladditivethatistrulyaone-of-a-kind.It containsthemosteffectivenanolubricantavailableknownasnanocarbons.Nanocarbon particlesaresphericalinshapeand arelessthan10nanometersin diameter.Ananometeris1billionth ofameter.

Thisallowsthelubricantto findthevoidsandblemishesona machinedsurface,calledasperities, andfillthesemicroscopicgapsto provideasmoothersurfacefora lubricatingfilmtoform.

Thepatentednanoparticlescrosslinkatthesurface,whichincreasesboundary lubrication.Boundarylubricationinvolvesasinglelayeroflubricantmolecules,whichadhere ontoeachofthebearingsurfaces.Thisavoidssurfacewearbyimpedingthedirectcontactof metalsurfaces.

Whilenanocarbonsarehighlyeffectiveontheirownasafrictionreducer,FR3also containstwootherpatentedmoleculesblendedintotheformula.Thesynergybetweenthese patentedmoleculeshaveuniquelubricatingproperties,evenabovePAOormPAOsyntheticoils. FR3isapolaradditiveandhasanaturaldirectionalattractiontootherpolarmaterialsincontact withoil.FR3isnegativelychargedallowingittosecurelyattachitselftothepositivelycharged oil-wettedcomponentsinsideyourengine.

FR3alsocontainsesters.Esteroilisasyntheticbaseoilthathasbeenchemically synthesized.Thisisusedasaswellagentandincreasestherubberseallubricationaswellas causingaslightswellingofsealsforlessoilleaks.Becauseestershavemanyuniqueproperties, oneofthembeingsolubility,theybringadditivesbackintosolutionwiththeoil.

Wearrateswerereducedby43%ontheASTMG-133testwhenusingFR3.Thistest reproducedthelinearreciprocatingmotionfoundinmanyreal-worldmechanisms.Aflat,pinor balltipwasloadedontoatestsamplewithapreciseforce.Astheteststarted,thetipcreateda linearweartrack.Thefrictioncoefficientwasaccuratelymeasured.Wearratesforthetipandthe samplewerecalculatedfromthevolumeofmateriallost.Thepatentednanoparticlescrosslinked atthesurfacewhichcausedthemeasured43%reductionofwear.

FR3alsoincreasesfilmstrengthandboundarylubricationwhichenhancedtheresultsof thefrictiontest.TheASTMG-133weartestprovedthatthesynergyofthesecomponents extendsthebaseoilperformanceinshearstability,whichis ameasureoftheresistanceofanoil tochangeinviscosity,causedbytheoilbeingsubjectedtomechanicalstress.

Thebaseoiloxidationstabilityalsoincreased.Oiloxidationhappenswhenachemical reactionoccurswithacombinationofthelubricatingoilandoxygen.Therateofoxidationis

acceleratedbyhightemperatures,water,andacids. Oxidationwillleadtoanincreaseintheoil's viscosityanddepositsofvarnishandsludge.

FilmstrengthisalsosubstantiallyimprovedwithFR3.Filmstrengthis theoil’s abilitytonotbreakunderpressure.

Lostdynamiccompression, whichistheoperatingpressureof theengine,isrestoredbyFR3 cleaningdepositsontheringsand pistons.Italsoprovidesa smoothersealingsurfaceforthe rings,whichresultsinbetterring sealing,lessblow-byand increasedcombustionefficiency. Thereductioninthe coefficientoffrictionreduces operatingtemperaturesand improvestheoxidativestability ofthehostoilensuringlongerlife foryourengine.Fuelmileageand horsepowergainsof5%arenot uncommonwiththeuseofFR3 asbackedbydynoandroad testing.

StictionEliminator

Stictionisourtermforthestickyfrictioncausedbybyproductsofoilthatisboiledaway fromtheadditive.Highpressurecausesextremetemperaturesandinanenginemanypartsare underhighpressure,especiallyintheinjectorsandcombustionchamber.Thisextremeheat causestheoiltothicken,oxidizeandcreatelayersofsludgeanddeposits.Stictionsludgeand depositscausepoorturbospooling,cloggedoilpickupscreen,cloggedoilgallies,and numerousproblemswithHEUIstyleinjectors.Theseproblemsinturndecreasepower,increase engineoperatingtemperature,increaseenginewear,anddecreasefueleconomy.

StictionEliminatorwasoriginallydesignedtocleantheoilsideofHEUIinjectorsand doessobydissolvingthestictionandbringingthedissolvedmaterialsintosolution.Removing stictionfromHEUIinjectorseliminateshardcoldstarts,bucking,chugging,missingandblack smokebyrestoringtheflowandpressureofoil.Byrestoringoilpressureandflowyourengineis rejuvenatedtooptimalperformancethroughwhichcorrectingHEUIinjectortiming,fuelflow andthespraypatternofyourinjectors. Throughextensivetesting,ourscientistsfoundthatthechemistryofStictionEliminator restoresmanyenginecomponents,notjustHEUIinjectors.BecauseStictionEliminatorcleans thegum,varnishandstictionwhilealsolubricatingalloilwettedsurfacesinyourengine,many partsoftheenginearecleaned.Onespecificpartthatacquiresstictionaretheturbocharger bearingswhichoperatewithtighttoleranceandextremeheat.StictionEliminatorcleansthe stictionfromturbobearings,whichreducesspooltimeandhelpsyoubuildmaximumboost

soonerintheRPMrange.

StictionEliminatoriscomposedofasafebuteffectiverenewablesyntheticcleanerthat dissolvesthestictionfoundonoil-wettedcomponents.Thisproductreceivedaratingof92% cleanintheASTMD4828scrubtest.Astandardizedtestwhichmeasureshowwellaproduct cleansacontaminant.Inordertotestthis,platesarecontaminatedwiththechosensubstance(in thiscasestiction),andscrubbedwiththechosencleaners(inthiscaseStictionEliminator).The numberofscrubs andthepressure scrubbedisheld constantinorderto haveaccurate resultswhichcan becomparatively assessedagainst otherproducts.

AGroupVester assistsindissolving thedepositsand additivesbackinto solutionwiththe oil.Oncestiction hasbeenbroken

backdownintotheoilitoriginallywas,frictionisreducedandyouroilsystemisabletoprovide betterlubrication.AddingStictionEliminatortoyourengineoilresultsina62%decreasein wearoveroilaloneasverifiedbyASTMG-133ThirdPartytesting. AndnotonlyisStictionEliminatoradetergent,itisalsoalubricityadditive.Patented carbonnanoparticlesareblendedintoStictionEliminator,fillinginmicroscopicirregularitieson themachinedsurfacetoprovideasmoothersurfaceforthelubricatingfilmtoform,which reducesfrictionandwear.

Nanocarbons fill in the asperities of the metal.

Oilpassagesarekeptclean,restoringtheoilflowthroughyourengine.Pistons,ringsand oilpumpsarealsocleanedandlubricated.Dynamiccompressionisrestoredbyincreasedring sealing,providingimprovedcombustionefficiencywhichtranslatestobetterfueleconomy, powerandabetterrunningengine.StictionEliminatorhasbeentestedandprovenonthousands ofgasolineanddieselengines,fromsmalllawnmowerenginestolargediesels.

Metal asperities: microscopic irregularities on machined surface

TBNBooster

Engineoilservesmultiplepurposes:lubricatingmovingparts,coolingtheengine,and cleaningtheengine.Inordertocleantheengine,oilcontainsdetergentsanddispersants. Detergentsperformtwofunctions.Theyhelptokeephotmetalcomponentsfreeofdeposits (clean)andneutralizeacidsthatformintheoil.Detergentsareprimarilyusedinengineoilsand canbeeitheralkalineorbasicinnature.Themainfunctionofdispersantsistokeepparticlesof dieselenginesootfinelydispersedorsuspendedintheoil(lessthan1microninsize).

Anengineoil’sTotalBaseNumber(TBN)isthemeasureofdetergentsanddispersants thatarepresentintheoil.TheTBN(detergentsanddispersants)isnaturallydepletedovertime, asitisdesignedtobeself-sacrificialtoprotecttheoilandthecomponentsinsidetheengine. Thesedetergentsanddispersantsbondwithacidstoneutralizeandpreventthemfromcorroding yourengineandbreakingdownoilintosludgeandsediment.

Knowinganoil’sTBNwillhelpin determiningtheremainingusefullifeoftheoil. Therefore,oilanalysisisalwaysrecommended.An oilanalysisisusedtodeterminethetypeand quantity(inppm)ofwear,contaminantsand additivemetalsinlubricants,fuels,coolantsand greases.

Acidsareformedinyourenginefromthe combustionprocess.SomeoftheSulfur componentsinyourdieselfuelareconvertedto metalsulfatesandSulfuricDioxide(SO2)duringdiesel combustion.ThisSO2reactswithoxygenandwatertoform SulfuricAcid(H2SO4).Theseacidicconditionsareharmfuland corrosivetoallmetalsurfacesinsideyourengine.Thehigherthe TBNvalueofyouroil,themorethisacidcanbeneutralizedandslowtheoxidationrate.

TBNBoosterneutralizestheseacidicconditionsinsideyourenginebyreplenishingthe detergentsanddispersants.Thishelpskeeptheenginecleanandsafefromcorrosionbyreducing theharmfuleffectsofthecombustionprocess.TBNboosterisalsoinfusedwithourFR3Friction Reducer,whichhelpsfortifytheoilandincreaselubricity:addedprotectionforyourengine.A cleanengineallowsforextendedoilchangeintervals,savingyoutimeandmoney.

Inapplicationswhereextendedoilchangeintervalsareneededoroilqualityneedstobe improved,theTBNratingoftheoilmustbereplenishedinordertoprotecttheengine.Hot Shot’sSecretTBNBoosterdoesthiswithaCK-4packageandoverbasedcalciumsulfonates, whichraiseTBNlevelstoeffectivelyneutralizetheharshacidsanddispersethesootproduced bydieselcombustion.

Manyoil"stabilizers"or“fortifiers”aresimplythickbaseoils.Whiletheseproductsfix theproblemsassociatedwithalossofviscosityduetoshearingandpotentialoxidationofoil, theyactuallydiluteyouradditivepackages.ShearStabilityisameasureoftheresistanceofan oiltochangeinviscosity,causedbytheoilbeingsubjectedtomechanicalstressorshear.The resultofthismechanicalstressisareductioninviscosity,orthinning.

TBNBoosteristheonlyproductavailablethataddressesalltheissuesassociatedwith agingoilandtheonlyproductthatraisesTBN.

TBNBooster’sformulacontains100%activeingredients,aTBNBooster,CK-4additive package,andHotShot’sSecretFR3FrictionReducerwhichprovidesincreasedfuelmileage, reducedwearanddecreasedoxidation.ForafulllistofbenefitsprovidedbyFR3Friction Reducer,pleasevisittheFR3productpage.

CK-4isthecurrentrequirementsentoutbytheAmericanPetroleumIndustry(API)for oilquality.Inorderforanoiltomeetstandards,itmusthaveallofthespecifiedadditives. Becauseadditivesaresacrificial,theadditivesinanoilcanbeusedupresultinginanoilthat doesnotmeetAPIratings.TBNBooster’sCK-4packagereplacestheseadditives,returningyour oiltoperformingatgovernmentspecifications.

HotShot'sSecretTBNboosteriscompatiblewithallsyntheticandconventionalengine oils,althoughahighqualityPAOoilisrecommendedforyoutoexperiencethemostmileageon asingleoilchange.

OilFiltersshouldbechangedatnormalmaintenanceintervalsandanoilanalysis programshouldbeusedtodeterminethepropertreatmentrateandschedule.

Note: Thisisnotneededingasolineengines.

DieselFuelBasics

Germaninventor,RudolfDiesel,patentedhisdesignforcompressionignitionin1892. Thenewdesignrequiredapetroleumdistillatethatjustlikeanyfuel,originatesfromcrudeoil.

DistillingOilfromCrudetoFuel:

Fuelsareproducedbydistillingcrudeoil. Oncethebarrelsofunrefinedoilaresentto therefineries,thebarrelsarepouredinto tankswherethethick,sticky,unrefinedoilis heatedtoover400degreesCelsius.Indoing so,eventhelongesthydrocarbonchainsof crudearevaporizedandbegintorise.The vaporsfromtheunrefinedoilentera fractionaldistillationtowerwherethe vaporsbegintocoolintemperature.Once thevaporcoolsbackdowntoaparticular temperature,theoriginalhydrocarbon compoundsreturnfromvaporintoaliquid.

Varyingtemperaturesinthecooling processcausedifferentsubstancestoemerge. Thesesubstancesarethencapturedonavarietyof distillationplateswithinthetowerwhichseparate thevariousproducts.Thelongerhydrocarbon chainshavealongercoolingprocessemergingat thebottomoftherefineryasasphaltorbitumen. Theshorterhydrocarbonchainscoolquickerand begintoliquifyat370Celsiusandarecollectedat thetopofthetower.Fuelsaredistilledfroma varietyofhydrocarbonlengthsandcollectedthe entirelengthofthetower.

Whenthevaporscooldownbelow350 degreesCelsius,theybegintoconvertintodiesel fuel.Thisfuelissiphonedfromthetowertodiesel

holdingtanks.Each42-gallonbarrelofcrudeoilisconvertedintoapproximatelyadozengallons ofdieselfuel.

In2018,dieselfuelaccountedforapproximately20%oftotalU.S.petroleumconsumption.

CombustionProperties:

Powerinbothdieselandgasolineenginescomesfromignitionofthefuelwhichprovides movementtotheengine.Bothalsoutilizeratingstoindicatetheeaseofignitionandforhow longthefuelwillburn.Dieselcombustionisratedbyitslevelof cetane.

Thebiggestdifferencebetweenthetwofuelshoweveristhatdieselenginesrelysolelyon compressionforignition,insteadofusingasparktobeginignition. Cetaneignitesfareasieras dieselfuelvaporsarecompressedwithinthecylinderstroke. Withtheeaseofignitionwithinthesecircumstances,cetaneisassignedavalueof100, therebyservingasabaselinereferenceforotherfuelmixtures.

Ultra-LowSulfurDiesel(ULSD)

Sulfurfoundindieselfuelprovidesanaturallubricantwithinthefuel.Itprovidesan addedlayerofprotectiontothehigh-tolerancemachinedpartsandlubricatedmetal-on-metal frictionofmoderndieselengines.

Inadditiontothelubricity,sulfuralsoproducesaheightenedamountofexhaust particulatesandemissions,whichovertheyearshavedrawnaddedscrutinyandgovernmental regulations.Hardparticulatesfromunburneddieselfuelcancauseprematurepartsfailurein equipmentofanyage.Whendirt,rust,corrosion,carbons,wearparticlesandcondensationfuel passesthroughthefuelsystem,thefuelisunabletoburncompletelyinthecombustioncycleand theunburnedparticulatespassthroughtheexhaustandstaythere.Notonlycantheparticulates

damagetheinternal,highpressurepartsofadieselengine,buttheyalsoclogavarietyoffilters alongthewaythatcouldeventuallyshutdownthevehicle.

Priorto1993,mostdieselfuelsoldatthepumpscontainedsulfurlubricitymeasuring 5000ppm.GovernmentalpoliciesfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA) eventuallycamealongphasingoutthehigherlevelsofsulfuremissions.Overtime,the decreasinglevelsofsulfurhavenowresultedinwhat’sknownas Ultra-LowSulfurDiesel (ULSD).

ThestandarddieselfuelavailableatthepumpsisULSDwithasulfurcontentof15ppm orless.Approximately97%ofdieselfuelconsumptionconsistsofULSD.

DieselFuelContaminates

Moderndayfuelsareeasilycontaminated,betweentherefineriesandavehicle’sfuel tank,byforeigncontaminantstypicallyfoundinfuelandoil:

Wateramountshaveincreasedindieselfuelsincethe2006regulations.Whilelesssulfur indieselemissionsisagreatbenefittotheplanet,increasesinfuelwatercontenthascausedan increaseinthenumberofmicrobesinthefuel.

Microbialcontaminationissometimesmistakenasdieselfuelalgae.Themisconception

occurswhenconsideringthefactthatalgaerequires light togrow,whichisrarelyavailablein storagetanks.Microbesthatdonotrequirelighthowever,veryoftencontaminateholdingtanks causingvariousamountsofcontaminationinfuelsunderlongerdurationsofstorage.These microbesincludebacteria,moldsandfungus.

Anotherorganicdebrisproblemoccursfromtheseparationofmolecules,whichisknown ashydrocracking.Hydrocrackingtakesplacewhenthelargermoleculesfoundincrudeoilare brokendownintosmallermolecules.Withmoremoleculesavailableforgasolineanddiesel,the samebarrelofcrudeoilproducesahighervolumeoffuel.Theamountofhydrocrackinghas beenincreasedinordertodoubletheoutputvolumefromtherefinery.Manyrefineriesare continuallyscrutinizedandpressuredtoproducemoreresultantproductfromthesameamount ofcrudeoil.Withconsumerdemands,profitsandlessresourcestoutilizeinternally,new processeshavebeendevelopedtomaximizetheyieldfromthebarrel.Thehydrocrackfuels however,originatewithalargerratioofunstableprecursors,producingmoremoleculesthatturn intoharmfulsludge,gums,depositsandvarnishcontaminates.

Contaminatescanalsobedetectedwithasimplereviewofyourfuelcoloring.Ifthefuel

appearsdarkerthannormal,orifblackspecksareabletobeseenwithinthefuel, Asphaltenes, maybetheculprit.Asphaltenesareinherenttomostcrudepetroleummaterialsandcause problemsinengines,especiallywiththecommonrailinjectorsystem.Asphaltenesarelarge moleculeswhichcanclumptogether,andwhentheydotheycreatelayersoftough,thicksludge whichblockupengines.OthersymptomsofasphaltenesincludealossofMPGandcloggedfuel filters.

TheoveralllevelsofcontaminantshasrisensincethedemandsofULSD,with modern-daydieselfuelfarmoresusceptibletosludge,microbes,biomassandwater.Allof whichprovidetheoppositepropertiesrequiredofcleanandcompletefuelcombustion.

WaxinDieselFuel

Dieselfuelalsocontainsvaryingamountsofparaffinwax.Thiswaxistypicallyina liquidform,whichundernormalcircumstances(temperaturesabovefreezing),flowsthroughthe fuelsystemwithoutharm.Justasacandleburns,theflamecausesliquidwaxandthecooling resultsinsolidwax.

InDieselfuel,thesametransformationtakesplace.Whentemperaturesdipbelow freezing,thefuelwaxbeginstocrystalizeandthesolidwaxisunabletopassthroughthefuel system.Thefiltersbecomecloggedandsludgy,eliminatingthepassageofignitablefuel.When fuelcannotgetthroughyourenginethemotorisshutdownorpreventedfromstartup.Cold weatherclimatesrequireextraattentionandadditivestothawoutthefuelandreturnthewaxtoa liquid.

DieselExtreme

TheintroductionofUltra-LowSulfurDieselcoupledwithtoday’shighlyengineeredfuel systemsarecreatingnewproblemsfordieselowners.Sulfurwasaverygoodlubricant.The removalofsulfurcausesallthemovingpartsinyourfuelsystemtosuffer.Waxysoapdeposits thatweresolubleinhighersulfurcontentfuelsarenowbeingformedandaredifficulttofilter.

FuelsystemsincorporatingHighPressureCommonRailInjectorsoperateathigher pressureswhichcreatehighheat.Thisheatchemicallychangesthehydrocarbonsinthefuelto longerchainhydrocarbonscalledasphaltenes,whichcanblockfuelfilters.Thetolerancesforthe CommonRailinjectorsareverytight,sometimesaround1-3microns.Thismeansthateven smalldepositscancauseaninjectortostick.

Severalsourcesofsodiumandcalciumcontaminationoccurfromresidualrefinerysalts, storagetanks,shipballastsandbiodieselcatalysts,tonameafew. Dodecenylsuccinicacid (DDS)andhexadecenylsuccinicacid(HDS)arecommonlyfoundincertainpipelinecorrosion inhibitors,refineriesandaftermarketadditivepackages.Whenthecontaminationfromthe sodiumorcalciumreactswiththeDDSorHDS,carboxylicsaltsareformed.

ThesecarboxylicsaltshaveverylowsolubilityinULSDandareverydifficulttofilter. Theyendupdepositingontheinternalsofyourfuelinjectorscausingwhatareknownas InternalDieselInjectorDeposits(IDID's).

HotShot'sSecretDieselExtremewasformulatedtoresolvetheseissues.DieselExtreme isfullyformulatedwithapowerfulinjectorcleaner,cetaneimprover,neutralandsulfurfree lubricityagent,waterdispersant,rustandcorrosioninhibitorandfuelstabilizer.DieselExtreme's injectorcleanerspecificallycleansIDID'saswellastheoriginalcarboncoking ExternalDiesel InjectorDeposits(EDID's)andwaxysoapdeposits.DieselExtreme'spowerfulinjectorcleaner willalsocleanallcomponentsofyourfuelsystem,includinguppercylinders,fueltank,fuel pumpsandlines.

Theinjectorcleanerisalsoresponsiblefordissolvingandbringingasphaltenesand glyceridesbackintosolution. Carboxylicsaltsandwaxydepositsarepreventedfromforming. Withasphaltenesandglyceridesinsuspension,theproblemswithfilterpluggingandinjector depositsaresolved.DDSandHDSacidsareneutralizedbytheinjectorcleanertokeepmore carboxylicsaltsfromforming.Independenttestinghasshownthatpowerlossisrestoredupto 87%inthePeugeotCECF98-08DW-10test,withthecleanuplevelofinjectorcleanerfound inDieselExtreme.ThePeugeotCECF98-08DW-10testisspecificallydesignedtotestthe effectivenessofinjectorcleaningadditivesbydirtyinganinjectorandusingastandardized proceduretoruntheadditivethroughit. ItalsopassestheASTMD2068FilterBlockingTest A filterblockingtestdetermineswhetherfuelcanpotentiallyblockfiltersduringuseinavehicle

Cetaneratingisameasureoffuelcombustibility.Cetanelevelsfoundindieselfuelin moststatesarebetween42to45.TheminimumratingrequiredbytheAmericanSpecifications forFuel(ASTMD975)is40.However,mostdieselenginesoperatemoreefficientlywithfuel thathasacetaneratingof48to50.Fuelswithhighercetaneburnmoreefficientlyand completelythanthosewithlowercetaneratings,increasingenginelifeandfueleconomy.

DieselExtremecontainsacetaneimproverthatwillraiseyourcetanenumber7points. Cetaneimproversraisethenumberbyhavingalowerauto-ignitiontemperaturethandieselfuel, socombustionstartssooner.Thelowerauto-ignitiontemperatureoftheimproverlowersthe ignitionrateofthefuelwhichthenincreasesthecetanerating.

Therearemanyadvantagestohavingincreasedcetanenumbersinyourfuel,including improvedcoldstartingandlessblacksmoke.Increasedcetanelevelshavealsobeenshownto improvefuelmileageandpower.FleettestswithDieselExtremehaveshownanimprovementin fuelmileageupto7.3%andupto12.3%increaseinpowerduetothecombinationofour

injectorcleanerandcetaneimprover.Thiscombinationisalsoresponsibleforrestoredthrottle response.Lesshydrocarbonsandparticulatematterinyourexhaustreducetheblockingofyour DieselParticulateFilterandusingDieselExtremeinyourfuelhasbeenshowntoreduceDPF regens83%,savingyoutimeandmoney.

DieselExtremecontainsalubricityadditivethatprotectstheenginefromharmfulmetal tometalcontactwhichpreventsextremeheat,wear,andfuelcontamination.Lubricityisthe abilityofaliquidtopreventfrictionbetweentwosurfaces.Forexample,thereneedstobe enoughwateronaslip-n-slidebetweenyouandtheplastictoprotectyoufromgettingarug burn.Inthesameway,ourspeciallubricityformulaattachesitselftothemetaloftheengine throughapolarbond.Unlikemostotherlubricityadditives,HotShot’sSecret’slubricityadditive isneutral,notacidicwhichmeansthatitdoesnothavetheharmfulsideeffectsofcorrosion. It hasaprovenwearscarreductionof121µminASTMD6079.

TheASTMD6079was specificallydesignedtoimitatethewearof aninjector.Inordertotestthe performanceofalubricityadditive,aplate iscoveredintheadditiveandrepeatedly scratchedbyamachineneedle.Thescar leftbytheneedleismeasuredandthe smallerthescar,themoreeffectivethe additive.

Rustandcorrosionarebyproducts ofoxidationandarebadforyourengine firstandforemostbecausetheycaneat throughyourlinesandtankeffectively destroyingyourengine.Secondly,therust andcorrosionparticlescanbuildupinthe fuel,cloggingfiltersandinjectors.Our rustandcorrosioninhibitorformsathin filmaroundthesurfaceofthemetalinside theenginethatprotectsitfromoxidation

DieselExtremecontainsapackage thatinhibitsrustandcorrosionintankand linesandhasaNationAssociationof CorrosionEngineers(NACE)corrosion testratingofA,whichisthehighestrating aproductcanreceive.

EverydayDieselTreatment

Changestotheindustryhavebroughtaboutauniquesetofproblemsfordieselowners. Ultra-LowSulfurDieselalongwithHighPressureCommonRailInjectors(HPCR)arethemain culprits.ThetolerancesfortheCommonRailInjectorsareverytight,sometimesaround1-3 micronslarge,meaning:smalldepositscancauseaninjectortostick.Althoughithadmany harmfuleffectstothe atmosphere,sulfurwasavery goodlubricant.Theremovalof sulfurcausesallthemoving partsinyourfuelsystemto sufferduetothedecreased lubricityanddeposits.Waxy soapdepositsthatweresoluble inhighersulfurcontentfuels arenowbeingformedand cloggingfilters.

EverydayDieselTreatment(EDT)addressestheseproblemsbybeingafully-formulated 6-in-1fueladditive,solvingthemajorissuesthatplaguedieselengines.Itcontainsapowerful cetaneimprover,whichimprovescombustibility,increaseshorsepowerandfueleconomy,and reducesregenerationcycles.Italsocontainsatop-tierlubricityenhancertoprotectagainst excessivewearandscarringoffuelsystemcomponents,includingfuelpumpsandinjectors. EDTwasformulatedwithaninjectorcleaneraswell,tolimitandremovethebuild-upofvarnish anddeposits.Issueswithmoistureformation,rustandcorrosionandfuelstabilizationarealso resolvedwithEDT.

CetaneLVL

Cetaneratingisameasureoffuelcombustibility.Cetanelevelsfoundindieselfuelin moststatesarebetween42to45.TheminimumratingrequiredbytheAmericanSpecifications forFuel(ASTMD975)is40.However,mostdieselenginesoperatemoreefficientlywithfuel thathasacetaneratingof48to50.Fuelswithhighercetaneburnmoreefficientlyand completelythanthosewithlowercetaneratings,increasingenginelifeandfueleconomy.

EDTcontainsacetaneimproverthatwillraiseyourcetanenumber4to7points.Cetane improversraisethenumberbyhavingalowerauto-ignitiontemperaturethandieselfuel,so

combustionstartssooner.Thelowerauto-ignitiontemperatureoftheimproverlowersthe ignitionrateofthefuelwhichthenincreasesthecetanerating. Therearemanyadvantagestohavingincreasedcetanenumbersinyourfuel,including improvedcoldstartingandless blacksmoke.Increasedcetanelevels havealsobeenshowntoimprove fuelmileageandpower.Fleettests withEDThaveshownan improvementinfuelmileageupto 6.8%andupto12.3%increasein powerduetothecombinationofour injectorcleanerandcetane improver.Thiscombinationisalso responsibleforrestoredthrottle response.Lesshydrocarbonsand particulatematterinyourexhaust reducetheblockingofyourDieselParticulateFilterandusingEDTinyourfuelhasbeenshown toreduceDPFregens50%,savingyoutimeandmoney.

Lubricity

Lubricityistheabilityofaliquidtopreventfriction betweentwosurfaces.Forexample,thereneedstobe enoughwateronaslip-n-slidebetweenyouandtheplastic toprotectyoufromgettingarugburn.Inthesameway, EDTcontainsalubricityadditivethatprotectstheengine fromharmfulmetaltometalcontactwhichprevents extremeheat,wear,andfuelcontamination.Ourspecial lubricityformulaattachesitselftothemetaloftheengine throughapolarbond.Unlikemostotherlubricityadditives, HotShot’sSecret’slubricityadditiveisneutral,notacidic whichmeansthatitdoesnothavetheharmfulsideeffects ofcorrosion.Ithasaprovenwearscarreductionof121µm inASTMD6079.TheASTMD6079wasspecifically designedtoimitatethewearofaninjector.Inordertotest theperformanceofalubricityadditive,aplateiscoveredin theadditiveandrepeatedlyscratchedbyamachineneedle. Thescarleftbytheneedleismeasuredandthesmallerthe scar,themoreeffectivetheadditive.

Injectorcleaner

Injectorcleanersareresponsibleforbringingasphaltenesandglyceridesbackinto solutionandpreventingfurtherasphaltenesandglyceridesfromforming. Whendieselfuelisclearedofcarboxylicsalts,waxydeposits,asphaltenesandglycerides,the problemswithfilterpluggingandinjectordepositsaresolved.DDSandHDSacidsare neutralizedbytheinjectorcleanertokeepmorecarboxylicsaltsfromforming.Independent testinghasshownthatpowerlossisrestoredupto67%inthePeugeotCECF98-08DW-10test withthekeepcleanlevelofinjectorcleanerfoundinEverydayDieselTreatment.Italsopasses theASTMD2068FilterBlockingTest.

EDT’sinjectorcleanerspecificallycleansIDID'saswellastheoriginalcarboncoking EDID'sandwaxysoapdeposits.EDTcleansthesedepositsbybreakingdownthemoleculesand bringingthembackintosolution.EDT’sinjectorcleanerwillcleanallpartsofyourfuelsystem, includinguppercylinders,fueltank,fuelpumpsandlines.

MoistureDispersant

Whenwatergetsinfuelitcausesmanyproblemsfortheengine,especiallyrustand corrosion.Mostdieselengineshaveawaterfuelseparator;however,thewaterseparatorcannot workifthefuelandwateraremixedintoonesolution.Ourmoisturedispersanttakesthewater outofsolutionwiththefuelsothatitcanbeclearedbythewaterseparator.Itdoesthisby chemicallytellingthewatertobondtogetherwhichformslargewaterdroplets,becausewateris heavierthandieselitsinkstothebottomwhereitcanbeseparated.

AMilitarygradenon-alcohol-basedwaterdispersantlowersthefreezepointofwaterin fuelmorethan30°Fovercompetitorswaterdispersants.Withthecondensedwaterinthefuel removed,themajorcauseofrust,icingincoldweatherandthegrowthofmicroorganismsin warmweatherisinhibited.

RustandCorrosionInhibitor

Rustandcorrosionarebyproductsofoxidationandarebadforyourenginefirstand foremostbecausetheycaneatthroughyourlinesandtankeffectivelydestroyingyourengine. Secondly,therustandcorrosionparticlescanbuildupinthefuel,cloggingfiltersandinjectors. Ourrustandcorrosioninhibitorformsathinfilmaroundthesurfaceofthemetalinsidethe enginethatprotectsitfromoxidation

EDTcontainsapackagethatinhibitsrustandcorrosionintankandlinesandhasaNACE corrosiontestratingofA,whichisthehighestratingaproductcanreceive.

FuelStabilization

Stablefuelisimportantforthehealthofyourengineandrecentlyduetochanging refinerypractices,fuelisbecomingmoreunstableandthusfuelstabilizersmoreimportant. Whenafuelisunstableitwilldegradeintosludgeandparticulatesthatclogandharmyour engine.TherearemanydifferentwaysinwhichafuelcandestabilizeandsoEDThasmany differentstabilizersincludinganantioxidanttoprotectagainstfueloxidation.Anotherimportant stabilizeristhemetaldeactivatorwhichprotectstheengineagainstmetalparticlesthatcanbe present.Thesemetalparticleswillspeedupotherchemicalreactionsthatdestabilizefuelourfuel stabilizercontainsametaldeactivatortopreventthemetalparticlesfromcausingthefuelto destabilize.

DieselWinterAnti-Gel

Coldtemperaturespresentquiteafewproblemsfordieselowners.Atlowertemperatures, dieselfueldoesnotigniteeasilycausingstartingproblems,roughrunningenginesandexcessive blacksmoke.Dieselfuelcontainsbothwaxmoleculesandwater.Astemperaturesdrop,these waxmoleculesbegintocoagulate(thickenorgel)cloggingfuellinesandfilters.These moleculesalsosettletothe bottomofthefueltankwhere theyendupcloggingthefuel filterandfuellines.Thewater thatispresentindieselfuelwill alsofalloutofsuspensionand canfreezecausingbreaksand erosiondamageintheengine andfuellines.Whenthefuelis thickenedduetowaxorice,the engineisstarvedoffueland willnotoperate.

HotShot’sSecretDiesel

WinterAnti-Gel(DWAG)improvesenginewinterperformance.Duetoaspecialwaxmodifier inDWAG,thetemperatureatwhichwaxcrystalsformisloweredprotectingyourdieselfrom gelling.Waxparticlesindieselfuelthatis treatedwithDWAGwillnotgelat temperaturesthattheynormallywould. Instead,temperaturesmustreach20° lowerthannormaltogel.Eveniftheydo reachthatlow,DWAGalsochangesthe waythatthewaxmoleculesform.Wax willformmuchsmallercrystalsthatdonot clogfiltersasquicklyoreasily.Awax anti-settlingagentalsokeepsthewax dispersedoncethecloudpointisreached. Cloudpointiswheresomanylargewax crystalshaveformedthattheliquidis cloudy.DWAGhasamilitarygrade de-icertopreventmoisturefromfreezing

andpluggingupfuelfiltersattemperaturesasextremeas-40°F.

Byloweringthetemperatureatwhichwaxcoagulates,reducingthesizeofthecrystals formed,dispersingthecrystalsoncetheyareformed,andincludingade-icerthechanceoffuel filters,linesandpumpsfailinginsubzerotemperaturesaregreatlyreduced.Duetothewax modificationchemistry,DWAGmustbeaddedbeforethecloudpointtobeeffective.

NotonlydoesDWAGprovidewinteroperability,butitalsogives“premiumdiesel” qualitiestostandarddieselfuelsintermsofcetane,detergency,stabilityandlubricity.

PartofthechemistryofDieselWinterAnti-Gelissimilartoourpopularandeffective dieseladditive,EverydayDieselTreatment,whichcontainsaninjectorcleaner,cetaneimprover, neutralandsulfurfreelubricityagent,waterdispersant,rustandcorrosioninhibitorandfuel stabilizer.Thecetaneimproverraisesthecetanenumberbyfivepointswhichcreatesquicker coldstarting,lessemissionsandexhaustparticulates,lessblacksmokeandamoreefficientand completeburningofthedieselfuel.Ourinjectorcleanercleansallpartsofyourfuelsystem includinguppercylinders,fueltank,fuelpumpsandlines.Aneutrallubricityadditivereduces wearforfuelpumpandinjectors.DieselWinterAnti-Gelalsocontainsapackagethatinhibits rustandcorrosioninthefueltankandlinesandhasa NACEcorrosiontestratingofA.

DWAGcontainssomeEveryDayDiesel Treatmentfuelstabilizercontainingantioxidants, whichprotectagainstrustandcorrosionthatare byproductsofoxidation.

Thefuelstabilizeralsocontainsmetal deactivators,whichprotecttheengineagainstmetal particlesthatcanbepresent.Thesemetalparticles willspeedupotherchemicalreactionsthatdestabilize fuelanddeactivatingthempreventsthemetal particlesfromcausingthefueltodestabilize.

Finally,DWAGcontainsadispersant.The moisturedispersanttakesthewateroutofsolution withthefuelsothatitcanbeclearedbythewaterseparator.Itdoesthisbychemicallytellingthe watertobondtogetherwhichformslargewaterdroplets,becausewaterisheavierthandieselit sinkstothebottomwhereitcanbeseparated.

TransmissionStictionEliminator

Transmissionfluidbreaksdownovertime,creatingvarnishandastickyresidueinside thetransmission.Thisvarnishandstickyresidueiscalledstictionandpreventsthetransmission fluidfromperformingtospecifications.Stictioncreatesseveralissuesforthetransmission, includinginconsistentshifting,overheatingandexcessivenoise.

Therequirementforhigherperformancetransmissionlubricantshasincreased considerablyinrecentyearsduetotheintroductionofnewandsophisticatedtransmission systems.Asthegovernmentrequiredmoreefficientfueleconomyinengines,theyalsorequired increasedefficiencyintransmissionswhichiswhymoreefficientlubricantsareneeded. Transmissionfluidservesmanypurposes,includingalubricant,coolant,andhydraulicfluid. Overtime,varnishandstickyresidue(stiction)canforminsideatransmission,inhibitingthe performanceofthefluid.

Ourhigh-performanceesterformulainTransmissionStictionEliminator(TSE)isa uniquecombinationofcleaningandlubricityenhancingchemicalswhichbondtothemetal surfacesinsidethetransmission.Thisbondingoccursbecauseofthepolarityofthemolecules.

Themetalsinsideatransmissionarepositivelycharged,whileTSEisnegativelycharged.This strongpolarityofthemoleculespullsthevarnishanddepositsoffthemetalsurfacesandputs thembackintosolutionastheoriginaltransmissionfluid.TheattachmentofTSEtoallmetalsis naturalandnotdependentupontemperature,pressureoranyotherfactor.Becauseitisnot dependentonanyfactorotherthanpolarity,TSEwillworkinanyandallweatherand performanceconditions.

Thiscleaningalsohelpsremedyandpreventcommonissuesrelatedtostictionbuildup insideatransmissionsuchasstickingvalvesinthevalvebody,hardshifting,noshifting, overheating,inconsistentdownshiftingandnoisytransmissions.Theincreaseinthetransmission fluid’slubricationpropertiesreducewearinsidethetransmissionandincreaseenginelongevity. TransmissionStictionEliminatoralsoreducesoperatingtemperatureofthetransmission duetoreducedfriction.ThisisbecausetheTSEFormulaismadeupofesters,whichmovemore freelythanoilalone.Estersarepolar,whichgivestheman electrostaticattractionandtheyare 10timessmallerthannormalmoleculessotheymovemorefreelyinthetransmissionfluid. Whenasufficientamountofestersareaddedtooil,theoilbecomesasslipperyastheesters themselves,resultinginextraprotectionandincreasedlongevityofthetransmission.

Studieshaveshownthata5%concentrationofTSEisneededtoreachmaximumfriction reduction.Whichmeansthatonly1.6ozperquartofTSEisneededtoachievethisbenefit.An additionalbenefitissealandringprotection,whichprotectstherestoftheenginefrom contaminationduetoblowby,isachievedwhentheamountofTSEisraisedto7.5%or2.4 ouncesperquart.

Abrasivewear:occurswhenahardermaterialisrubbingagainstasoftermaterial.

ActiveRegenerations: Ifthedutycycledoesnotproducehighenoughexhausttemperatures, theDPFbecomesloadedwithsoot,whichisindicatedbyitspressuresensors.Duringactive regeneration,rawfuelisinjectedintothedieseloxidationcatalyst(DOC)toachieveappropriate regenerationtemperaturesintheDPf.

Additivepolarity:thenaturaldirectionalattractionofadditivemolecules tootherpolar materialsincontactwithoil.

Adhesivewear:aresultofmicro-junctionscausedbyweldingbetweentheopposingasperities ontherubbingsurfacesofthecounterbodies. Theloadappliedtothecontactingasperitiesisso highthattheydeformandadheretoeachotherformingmicro-joints. Themotionoftherubbing counterbodiesresultin ruptureofthemicro-joints. Theweldedasperityrupturesinthe non-deformedregions.Thussomeofthematerialistransferredbyitscounterbody. Thisis calledscuffingorgalling.

Ambienttemperature:theairtemperatureoftheenvironment.

AmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)istheonlynationaltradeassociationthat representsall aspectsofAmerica'soilandnaturalgasindustry.

AmericanSpecificationsforFuelASTMD975:ASTMD975istheStandard Specification forDieselFuelOils.Itisnotonetest,butrather,itisaspecificationthatdescribes13testsand theiracceptablelimits,whichadieselfuelmustmeet at the time of delivery

Anti-foamingagent: Chemicalsinthisadditivegrouppossessalowinterfacialtension,which weakenstheoilbubblewallandallowsthefoambubblestoburstmorereadily.

AntiwearAdditives: Polaradditivesthatareusedtoprotectmachinepartsfromwearandloss ofmetalduringboundarylubricationconditionsbyattachingtofrictionalmetalsurfaces.

Asperities:Surfacesthatweperceiveassmootharenotactuallysosmooth.Ata microscopic leveltherearesharpandjaggedprojectionswhicharecalledasperities.

Asphaltenes: arelargemoleculesofhydrocarbonswhichcanclumptogether,andwhentheydo theycreatelayersoftough,thicksludge.

ASTM4172FOURBALLTEST: Ina4-BallWeartest,asteelballisrotatedinbetweenthree otherstationarysteelballsfor60minutes.Foreachtestallaresetinrotationalmotionundera specifiedload,speed,temperatureandtime.EachtestintroducesavariableASTMD-2266 (grease)orASTMD-4172(oils)asthelubricantprotectionbetweeneachofthefourballsunder scrutiny.Attheconclusionofthetest,techniciansreporttheaveragemeasurementsofthethree wearscars.

ASTMD2068FILTERBLOCKINGTEST: Afilterblockingtestdetermineswhetherfuel canpotentiallyblockfiltersduringuseinavehicle.

ASTMD4828SCRUBTEST:Astandardizedtestwhichmeasureshowwellaproductcleansa contaminant.Inordertotestthis,platesarecontaminatedwiththechosensubstance(inthiscase stiction),andscrubbedwiththechosencleaners(inthiscaseStictionEliminator).Thenumberof scrubsandthepressurescrubbedisheldconstantinordertohaveaccurateresultswhichcanbe comparativelyassessedagainstotherproducts.

ASTMD6079: specificallydesignedtoimitatethewearofaninjector.Inordertotestthe performanceofalubricityadditive,aplateiscoveredintheadditiveandrepeatedlyscratchedby amachineneedle.Thescarleftbytheneedleismeasuredandthesmallerthescar,themore effectivetheadditive.

ASTMG133TEST:Thistestreproducedthelinearreciprocatingmotionfoundinmany real-worldmechanisms.Aflat,pinorballtipwasloadedontoatestsamplewithapreciseforce. Astheteststarted,thetipcreatedalinearweartrack.Thefrictioncoefficientwasaccurately measured.Wearratesforthetipandthesamplewerecalculatedfromthevolumeofmaterial lost.

BasenumberorTotalbasenumber: isthemeasureofdetergentsanddispersantsthatare presentintheoil.

BaseOil: BaseOilisthenamegiventolubricationgradeoilsinitiallyproducedfromrefining crudeoil(mineralbaseoil)orthroughchemicalsynthesis(syntheticbaseoil).

Blowby: leakageofcombustiongasesbetweenapistonandthecylinderwallintothecrankcase inanautomobile.

BoundaryFriction:occurswhenasurfaceisatleastpartiallywet,butnotsolubricatedthat thereisnodirectfrictionbetweentwosurfaces.

Camshaft: Thecamshaftisamechanicalcomponentofaninternalcombustionengine.Itopens andclosestheinletandexhaustvalvesoftheengineattherighttime,withtheexactstrokeand inapreciselydefinedsequence.Thecamshaftisdrivenbythecrankshaftbywayofgearwheels, atoothedbeltoratimingchain.

Carboxylicsalts: Acarboxylicacidsaltisthesaltformedwhenacarboxylicacidreactswitha base.

Cetane: Cetaneratingisameasureoffuelcombustibility.Cetanelevelsfoundindieselfuelin moststatesarebetween42to45.TheminimumratingrequiredbytheAmericanSpecifications forFuel(ASTMD975)is40.

CK4:IstheAmericanPetroleumInstitute(API) latestoilratingforCompressionengines (dieselengines)

Cloudpoint: thetemperaturebelowwhichwaxindieselformsacloudyappearance

Coefficientoffriction: theratiobetweentheforcenecessarytomoveonesurfacehorizontally overanotherandthepressurebetweenthetwosurfaces.

Combustionchamber: isthatpartofaninternalcombustionengine(ICE) inwhichthefuel/air mixisburned.

Commonrailinjectorsystem:

Common-raildirectfuelinjectionisadirectfuelinjection systemfordieselengines.Ondieselengines,itfeaturesa high-pressure(over100baror10MPaor1,500psi)fuelrail feedingsolenoidvalves,asopposedtoalow-pressurefuel pumpfeedingunitinjectors

Compressionstroke:compressestheairinsidethecombustionchambertoaboutthefifteenthof itsoriginalvolumewhichraisesthetemperaturetoaround600’Celcius.

Corrosivewear: Corrosive wear occurswhenthecomponentoperatesincorrosivemedia, liquidorgas.Inthistypeofwear,thetribochemicalreactionbetweencorrosiveagentandthe bulkmaterialgeneratesareaction(protective)layeronthesurface.

Crankshaft: Thecrankshaftisanenginecomponentthatconvertsthelinear(reciprocating) motionofthepistonintorotarymotion.Thecrankshaftisthemainrotatingcomponentofan engineandiscommonlymadeofductileiron.

Crudeoil: unrefinedpetroleum.

Cylinder: Acylinderisthecentralworkingpartofareciprocatingengineorpump,thespacein whichapistontravels.Multiplecylindersarecommonlyarrangedsidebysideinabank,or engineblock,whichistypicallycastfromaluminumorcastironbeforereceivingprecision machinework.

Detergents:Detergentsperformtwofunctions.Theyhelptokeephotmetalcomponentsfreeof deposits(clean)andneutralizeacidsthatformintheoil.

Dieselengine: Anenginethatignitionisachievedbycompressionofairalone.

DieselParticulateFilterDPF: Adieselparticulatefilter(DPF)isadevicedesignedtoremove dieselparticulatematterorsootfromtheexhaustgasofadieselengine.

DirectReadFerrography:Atestthatgivesameasureofhowmanyparticlesofferrousmetal thereareinagivenoilsample.

Distillationplates: Atheoreticalplateisonecycleofevaporationandcondensationina distillation.Themoretheoreticalplatesthebettertheseparation.Fractionaldistillationshave manytheoreticalplates;truesimpledistillationshaveonlyonetheoreticalplate.

Dodecenylsuccinicacid,DDS: Acommoncorrosioninhibitorusedbyoilrefineries.

Dynamiccompression: istheoperatingpressureoftheengine.

Electrostaticattraction:Electrostaticattractionisjustanelectrostaticforcethatunlikecharges exertoneachother.

Emulsifiersareusedinoil-water-basedmetal-workingfluidsand fire-resistantfluidstohelp createastableoil-wateremulsion.Theemulsifieradditivecanbethoughtofasagluebinding theoilandwatertogether,becausenormallytheywouldliketoseparatefromeachotherdueto interfacialtensionanddifferencesinspecificgravity.

ExtremePressureAdditives(EP): Extremepressureadditives,orEPadditives,are additives forlubricantswitharoletodecreasewearofthepartsofthe gearsexposedtoveryhigh pressures

Esters: Esteroilissyntheticbaseoilthathasbeenchemicallysynthesized. Estersarestable molecules,providegoodsolvency,andprovideverygoodlow-temperatureandhigh-temperature performanceinengineoils.

Exhauststroke: themovementofanenginepiston(asofa4-stroke-cycleengine)thatforces theusedgasorvaporoutthroughtheexhaustports.

Exhaustvalve: Themainfunctionoftheenginevalvesistoletairinandoutofthecylinders. Thatairisusedtohelpignitethefuelwhichwilldrivethepistonsupanddown.Therearetwo typesofenginevalves;intakeandexhaustvalves.Theintakevalvesofcourseletairin,andthe exhaustvalvesletexhaustairout.

ExternalDieselInjectorDepositsEDID: Thereappeartobeatleasttwodifferenttypesof internalinjectordepositsreported.Thefirstcomprisesof`waxy’or`soap’deposits,whilethe secondtypeappearstobecarbonaceous,orofalacqueredappearance.

Fatiguewear: Fatiguewearisatypeofwearwhereanumberofcyclesisneededtogenerate debris.Thefatigueprocessinmetalsmayinducethegenerationofsurfaceandsubsurfacecracks, whichafteracriticalnumberofcyclesresultsinseveredamage,suchaslargefragmentsleaving thesurface

Filmstrength: istheoil’sabilitytonotbreakunderpressure.

Filmthickness: Filmthicknessisthedepthofthecoatingapplied.

Flashpoint: Theflashpointofavolatilematerialisthelowesttemperatureatwhichvaporsof thematerialwillignite,whengivenanignitionsource.

ForcedRegeneration: Aforcedregenoccurswhensootbuildsupinsidethedieselparticulate filter(DPF)tothepointthatthevehicleisnolongeroperable.Whenthishappens,adriverhasto pulloverandinitiateaself-cleaningprocessthatcantakeupto40minutes.

Fourstrokecycle: composedofanintakestroke,acompressionstroke,apowerstroke,andan exhauststroke.

Fractionaldistillationtower: Fractionaldistillationistheseparationofamixtureintoits componentparts,orfractions....Itusesdistillationtofractionate.Generallythecomponentparts haveboilingpointsthatdifferbylessthan25°C(77°F)fromeachotherunderapressureofone atmosphere

Friction: Frictionoccurswhentwobodiesareincontactwitheachotherandhaverelative motion.

Frictionmodifiers: Frictionmodifiersaretypicallyusedinengineoilsandautomatic transmissionfluidstoalterthefrictionbetweenengineandtransmissioncomponents.Inengines, theemphasisisonloweringfrictiontoimprovefueleconomy.

Fuellines:Afuellineisahoseusedtobringfuelfromonepointinavehicletoanotherorfrom astoragetanktoavehicle.

Fuelpump: Afuelpumpisamechanicalorelectricalpumpthatdrawsfuelfromatankto providethefuelsupply.

Fueltank: Partofanenginesysteminwhichthefuelisstoredandpropelled(fuelpump)or released(pressurizedgas)intoanengine.

Fuelwaterseparator: Afuelwaterseparatorisadevicethatworkstoensurecleanfuelis deliveredtotheengine.Fuelseparatorsprovideeffectiveprotectionforenginesusedin automotive,industrial,andmarineapplications.Theseparatorremoveswaterandsolid contaminantsfromthefuelbeforeitreachesthefuelpump.

Galleriesorchannels: Passagewayinsideawallorcasting.

Glycol: acolorlessviscoushygroscopicliquidusedasanantifreeze.

GroupIBaseOil: GroupIbaseoilsareclassifiedaslessthan90percentsaturates,greaterthan 0.03percentsulfurandwithaviscosity-indexrangeof80to120.Thetemperaturerangefor theseoilsisfrom32to150degreesF.GroupIbaseoilsaresolvent-refined,whichisasimpler refiningprocess.Thisiswhytheyarethecheapestbaseoilsonthemarket.GroupIBaseoilsare notusedformotoroil.

GroupIIBaseOil: GroupIIbaseoilsaredefinedasbeingmorethan90percentsaturates,less than0.03percentsulfurandwithaviscosityindexof80to120.Theyareoftenmanufacturedby hydrocracking,whichisamorecomplexprocessthanwhatisusedforGroupIbaseoils.Since allthehydrocarbonmoleculesoftheseoilsaresaturated,GroupIIbaseoilshavebetter antioxidationproperties.Theyalsohaveaclearer colorandcostmoreincomparisontoGroup Ibaseoils.Still,GroupIIbaseoilsarebecomingverycommononthemarkettodayandare pricedveryclosetoGroupIoils.

GroupIIIBaseOil: GroupIIIbaseoilsaregreaterthan90percentsaturates,lessthan0.03 percentsulfurandhaveaviscosityindexabove120.Theseoilsarerefinedevenmorethan GroupIIbaseoilsandgenerallyareseverelyhydrocracked(higherpressureandheat).This longerprocessisdesignedtoachieveapurerbaseoil. Althoughmadefromcrudeoil,GroupIII baseoilsaresometimesdescribedassynthesizedhydrocarbons.LikeGroupIIbaseoils,these oilsarealsobecomingmoreprevalent.

GroupIVBaseOil: GroupIVbaseoilsarepolyalphaolefins(PAOs).Thesesyntheticbaseoils aremadethroughaprocesscalledsynthesizing.Theyhaveamuchbroadertemperaturerange andaregreatforuseinextremecoldconditionsandhighheatapplications.

GroupVBaseOil:GroupVbaseoilsareclassifiedasallotherbaseoils,includingsilicone, phosphateester,polyalkyleneglycol(PAG),polyolester,biolubes,etc.Thesebaseoilsareat timesmixedwithotherbasestockstoenhancetheoil’sproperties.Anexamplewouldbea PAO-basedcompressoroilthatismixedwithapolyolester. EstersarecommonGroupVbase oilsusedindifferentlubricantformulationstoimprovethepropertiesoftheexistingbaseoil. Esteroilscantakemoreabuseathighertemperaturesandwillprovidesuperiordetergency comparedtoaPAOsyntheticbaseoil,whichinturnincreasesthehoursofuse.

HEUIinjectors: It'scalledHEUIanditstandsforhydraulicallyactivatedelectronically controlledunitinjector.Aninterestingyetcomplicatedinjectionsystemthatfunctionsbyusing pressurizedengineoiltofireitsfuelinjectors.

HexadecenylsuccinicacidHDS:Acommoncorrosioninhibitorusedbyoilrefineries.

Highpressurepump: Thekeytodirectinjectionisahigh-pressurefuelpump.Thispumpis precision-machinedtogeneratefuelpressuretotherailupto2,500psi.Thesehigh-pressurefuel pumpsaretypicallydrivenbyacamshaftandareabletovarytheirdisplacementandoutputto matchtheneedsoftheengine

Horsepower: (HP)-Aunitofpowerequivalentto33,000fNbofworkperminute(75kg.m/s).

Hydrocracking:Hydrocrackingisaprocessbywhichthehydrocarbonmoleculesofpetroleum arebrokenintosimplermolecules,asofgasolineorkerosene,bytheadditionofhydrogenunder highpressureandinthepresenceofacatalyst.

Hydromaticfriction: Frictionproducedbytheviscosityofaliquidinmotion

Hydrotreating: Lighthydrocracking.

Infra-redanalysis: infra-redanalysisisusedtodetectoxidationandnitrationrates.Thistest alsodetectswater,glycol,fueldilution,sootandsulfation.Itcanbeusedasaqualitycontrol checktomonitorantiwearadditivelevels.

Injector: Adeviceusedtobringfuelintothecombustionchamber.

Injectorpump: Ahigh-variable-pressurepumpdeliveringfuelintothecombustionchamber.

Interfacialtension: Interfacialtensionoccursattheboundaryoftwoimmiscibleliquidsdueto theimbalanceofintermolecularforces.Interfacialtensionisthetendencyofaninterfaceto becomesphericaltomakeitssurfaceenergyaslowaspossible.

InternalDieselInjectorDepositsIDID: Unlikeconventionalcokingdepositswhichformon thetipsoffuelinjectorsandwithinthefuelsprayholes,internaldieselinjectordeposits(often abbreviatedto“IDID”)arefoundwithintheinjectorbodyitself,suchasatthearmaturegroup, onthepistonandnozzleneedleandinsidethenozzlebody.

KarlFischer:AKarlFischertestisawatertestwithextremeaccuracyfromppmto100%.

Linearpower:powercreatedbyanupanddownmotionasintheenginepistons.

Lubricantadditives: Therearemanytypesofchemicaladditivesmixedintobaseoilsto enhancethepropertiesofthebaseoil,tosuppresssomeundesirablepropertiesofthebaseoiland possiblytoimpartsomenewproperties.

Lubricity: Lubricityistheabilityofaliquidtopreventfrictionbetweentwosurfaces.

Metalwetting: Metalwettingoccurswhenadditivesanchortometalsurfaces.

Microbes: Microbesthatdonotrequirelight,veryoftencontaminateholdingtankscausing variousamountsofcontaminationinfuelsunderlongerdurationsofstorage.Thesemicrobes includebacteria,moldsandfungus.

Micron:Amicronisaunitofmeasureinthemetricsystemequalto1millionthofameterin length.

NACECORROSIONTESTANDRATING: aMaterialsStandardissuedbytheNational AssociationofCorrosionEngineers. ItisoriginallyaUSstandardintendedtoassessthe suitabilityofmaterialsforoilfieldequipmentwheresulphide(sulfide)stresscorrosioncracking maybeariskinhydrogensulphide(sour)environments.

Nanocarbons: Nanocarbonsaresphericalinshapelessthan10NM(3-4)indiameter.Because theyarecarbon,theyareaveryecofriendlymaterialandareproventohaveahigherthermal conductivity,highloadcarryingcapacityandwearresistancealongwithincreasedfilmstrength andtransferheat.

Nanometers: Ameasurethatis1billionthofameter.

Oil: Aviscousliquidderivedfrompetroleum,especiallyforuseasafuelorlubricant

Oilfilter:Adeviceforremovingimpuritiesfromoil.

Oilpump: Amechanicaldevicetopumpoil(underpressure)intothevariousoilgalleries.

Oxidation: Oxidationisanychemicalreactionthatinvolvesthemovingofelectrons.Wheniron reactswithoxygenitformsachemicalcalledrustbecauseithasbeenoxidized

Polyalphaolefins,alsoknownasPAOs: PolyAlphaOlefinorPAOisa100%syntheticbase oilstockusedintheproductionofhighperformancelubricants.PAO'stypicallyhaveahigher viscosityindexthanmineraloilsandbetteroxidativestability-i.e.theyarelesslikelyto breakdown.

Paraffinwax:aflammable,whitish,translucent,waxysolidconsistingofamixtureofsaturated hydrocarbons,obtainedbydistillationfrompetroleumorshale.

Particleconcentration: Theparticleconcentrationwithinasolutiondescribesthenumberof particlesdissolvedinthesolvent.

Particlecount:ParticleCountrecordsthenumberofparticlesinoilbasedonarangeofsizes.It isusedasameasureofoilcleanlinessandfiltereffectivity.

Particleenveloping: Particleenvelopingmeansthattheadditivewillclingtotheparticle surfaceandenvelopit.

Petrolengine:Anenginethatthefuel/airmixtureisignitedbyaspark.

PeugeotCECF98-08DWTEST:Dieselfuelinjectorcokingtest. Ithasbeenusedasan importantmeasureofbasefuelandadditiveperformanceinmoderndirectinjectioncommonrail equippedvehicles.

Piston: Acylindricalplugwhichslidesupanddowninthecylinderandwhichisconnectedto theconnectingrod.

Pourpointofoil:Thelowesttemperatureatwhichanoilwillflow.

Powerstroke: Inthisstroke,thepistonisblowndownbythepowerofthecombustioncausing theotherpistonstocontinueintheirstrokesequencefromthemomentum.

Preliminaryfuelfilter: Afilterthatremovesthelargerdirtparticles.

Regeneration: Adieselparticulatefilter(DPF)isafilterthatcapturesandstoresexhaustsoot (somerefertothemassoottraps)inordertoreduceemissionsfromdieselcars.Butbecausethey onlyhaveafinitecapacity,thistrappedsootperiodicallyhastobeemptiedor'burnedoff'to regeneratetheDPF

Rotarypower: Powerthatiscreatedbyacircularmotionsuchasthecrankshaft.

RudolfDiesel: AGermaninventorandmechanicalengineer,famousfortheinventionofthe Dieselengine

Rustinhibitors: additivesthatanchortometalsurfacestoprotectitfromtheeffectofmoisture.

Shear: shearingoccurswhenamoleculeisbrokenintosmallermoleculesduetoanoutside force.

Specificgravity: theratioofthedensityofasubstancetothedensityofastandard,usually waterforaliquidorsolid,andairforagas.

Spectrometalanalysis: ASpectrometalAnalysisisusedtodeterminethetypeandquantityin partspermillion(ppm)ofwear,contaminantsandadditivemetalsinlubricants,fuels,coolants andgreases.

Stiction:stickyfrictioncreatedfromoilthathasbeenunderextremeheatorpressure

Sump:tankwhereoilisstoredinanengine

Threebodywear: Threebodywearoccurswhenaparticleorgritistrappedbetweenrubbing surfaces.Itmaybefreefloatingorpartially.

TolueneInsolublesTest: Isatestusedtodeterminesootlevelsindieselengines.

Torque: Aforceorcombinationofforcesthatproducesortendstoproduceatwistingorrotary motion.

Tribology:Tribologyisthescienceandengineeringofinteractingsurfacesinrelativemotion.It includesthestudyandapplicationoftheprinciplesoffriction,lubricationandwear.

Turbo: asuperchargerdrivenbyaturbinepoweredbytheengine'sexhaustgases.

Turbospooling: Turbospooltimeisthetimeittakesfortheturbochargertostartspoolingup untiltheenginereachesthefullturbopressure.

Twobodywear:occurswhentwopartsareinvolved.Theasperitiesofthehardermetalscause thewearonsoftermetals

UltralowsulfurdieselULSD: Ultra-low-sulfurdiesel(ULSD)isdieselfuelwithsubstantially loweredsulfurcontent. Themovetolowersulfurcontentallowsfortheapplicationofadvanced emissionscontroltechnologiesthatsubstantiallylowertheharmfulemissionsfromdiesel combustion.

Valves: Anydeviceorarrangementusedtoopenorcloseanopeningtopermitorrestrictthe flowofaliquid,gas,orvapor.

Valvetrain:Avalvetrainorvalvetrainisamechanicalsystemthatcontrolsoperationofthe valvesinaninternalcombustionengine,wherebyasequenceofcomponentstransmitsmotion throughouttheassembly.

Varnish: referstothehard,oil-insolubleorganicresiduethatcannotbeeasilyremovedfrom mechanicalcomponentsbywipingaway.

Viscosity: Engineoilviscosityreferstohoweasilyoilpoursataspecifiedtemperature

ViscosityIndex: Theviscosityindex(VI)isanarbitrary,unitlessmeasureofthechangeof viscositywithtemperature,mostlyusedtocharacterizetheviscosity-temperaturebehaviorof lubricatingoils.ThelowertheVI,themoretheviscosityisaffectedbychangesintemperature.

Viscosityindeximprovers: Viscosityindeximproversareverylargepolymeradditivesthat partiallypreventtheoilfromthinningout(losingviscosity)asthetemperatureincreases.

Wateremulsifying: Theemulsifieradditivecanbethoughtofasagluebindingtheoiland watertogether,becausenormallytheywouldliketoseparatefromeachotherduetointerfacial tensionanddifferencesinspecificgravity.

Wear:Wearistheremovalofthematerialfromthesurfaceofasolidbodyasaresultof mechanicalactionsofthecounterbody.Wearmaycombineeffectofvariousphysicaland chemicalprocessesproceedingandduringthefrictionbetweentwocounteractingmaterials

ZincdialkyldithiophosphateZDDP: ZDDPsareafamilyofunchargedcompoundscomposed ofzinc,phosphorusandsulfurtracesthatareprimarilyusedasantiwearadditivesinlubricants, suchasgreases,gearoils,andmotoroils

Published: August20,2019

WrittenandCompiled by AaronDarnell,LenaHerterandTammyGabrelcik