POULTRY VALLEY APRIL 2019 by Poultry valley

April 2019

www.poultryvalley.com

Poultry Valley RNI NO. HARENG00987

YEAR - 3 ISSUE 2

Vist a

@VI

VA sia 2 019

Prevents T.D. & lameness

Improves hatchability in breeders

Higher production

Reduces egg breakage

From the Editorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desk Indian Democracy: A long Journey After Independence Chief Editor rakesh@poultryvalley.com

As the countdown for elections to the 17th Lok Sabha begins, the world's largest democracy has a chance to re-imagine itself. Over the last 16 general elections and numerous elections at lower levels, the resolute trust that the founding

Editor ravi@poultryvalley.com

Renu Rahtan

fathers of the Republic put in the parliamentary democratic system has been substantially proven wise. India did make some dangerous turns and show signs of fragility, especially during the Emergency in the 1970s, but in the long term it

Administration administrator@poultryvalley.com

expanded the scope of its democracy through widening representation, devolution

Megha Verma

of power and redistribution of resources. This is not to overlook the various

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maladies that have afflicted the country's democracy, such as disinformation campaigns, corruption, disenfranchisement of the weaker sections of the society,

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the corroding influence of money and muscle power in elections, and divisive majoritarian tendencies. While the representative character of institutions has in general improved, women and religious minorities are alarmingly underrepresented. The exercise of elections itself is a matter of great pride for all

G.K.Rathinam Hatchery Specialist & Technical Consultant Palani, Tamilnadu

D. Mondal Eastern Regional Station, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata

Indians. The Election Commission of India has over the decades evolved itself into a fine institution and plays a critical role in the sustenance of democracy. Its efforts to increase voter participation through a series of small steps over the years, including the use of the Electronic Voting Machines, have been praiseworthy.

Dirisala Venkata Sivaji

The vulnerabilities of Indian democracy have been pronounced in the last five

Post Graduate Scholar Teaching Assistant, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Pondicherry

years, and some of its long-term gains have been undermined. Therefore, this election is more than an exercise to elect a new government. This should also be an

Tamizhkumaran. J Teaching Assistant,

occasion to reiterate and reinforce Indian democracy's core values, its

Teaching Assistant, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Pondicherry

representative character and its promise of a constant rejuvenation of the collective

Dr. C. Seenivasan, Ph.D spirit. The ECI has announced a series of fresh measures to strengthen the integrity Technical, Vetline, Indore, India

Dr. Sarada Prasanna Sahoo Livestock Officer, DADF, Govt of India

of the electoral process and curb some rapidly growing hazards such as the spread of falsehoods aimed at creating social polarisation for consolidation of votes. Measures such as better monitoring of social media campaigns, while steps in the right direction, are not in themselves adequate to deal with the challenges of these

times. The stakes are high for all contenders this year, and Indian politicshas reached a level of competitiveness where ground rules of engagement are routinely disregarded. While furthering individual interests, all parties must realise that democracy itself is at stake if the campaign is aimed at communal polarisation. Though the promise of Indian democracy has not been fully realised, voters have remained committed to it. They turn up in large numbers to vote, and consider the very act of voting as empowerment. That trust should be upheld.

Editor-in-Chief

content Year - 3 / issue 2 / April 2019

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Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessary held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. HARENG00987 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Valley the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India. It does not imply publisherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer Mr. Rakesh Kumar on behalf of Go Green Media Karnal Printed at Jai Om Pritning Press, Karnal All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction.

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Case Study : EďŹ&#x20AC;ects of Dietary ...... Air Requirement During ...... Use of Panchagavya ........ Srinivasa Farms and Hyline ...... Thanks for Visiting AB Vista ......

Case Study : Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Previte™ Alpha-D3 in Diets of Laying Hens At Their

Press Release

Terminal Phase On Concentrations Of Vitamin D3 And Calcium In Serum,tibia Ash and Basic Egg Shell Thickness Dr. Ramdas Kambale (AVP), Dr. Debajani Das (Marketing Manager) and Dr. Ravikumar Meshram (Technical Executive), Chembond Biosciences limited Experimental design; The experimental design involved feeding the hens with a control diet according to commercial standards and the same supplemented with Previte™ Alpha-D3 at the rate of 250 mg/kg diet. General bird husbandry: At 63 weeks of age 108 BV-300 white pullets were housed in a cage facility till 78 weeks of age for the experiment. The pullets were distributed according to their body weight. A single cage held 3 pullets, and this constituted a single experimental unit.There were 3 such experimental units adjacent to each other which constituted one replicate (consisting of 9 hens) and such 6 replicates under 2 treatment groups were distributed randomly following the randomized block design. Measurement of performance traits: Egg shell thickness: It was measured at the beginning and then at 67, 71, 75 and 78 weeks of age by taking 6 randomly selected

eggs from each dietary group. Numbers of broken eggs or eggs with cracked shells were counted weekwise and expressed as percentage of the total production to ascertain if supplementation of Previte™ AlphaD3 could alleviate the age induced weakness in eggshell strength, if any. Estimation of concentrations of vitamin D3 & calcium in serum: Whole blood samples were collected from 2 randomly selected hens from each of the replicates (12 hens from a single dietary group) at the beginning (63 week), and then at 70 and 78 weeks of age.The hens selected for blood collection were marked and the same hens were used in all the occasions for collecting blood samples. Blood were collected 10 hrs after fasting for estimation of D3. Serum samples were analysed using commercial kits for determining the concentrations of total vitamin D3(25-OH-D2and 25OH-D 3 ) by an enzyme linked immune assay and calcium by photometric methodology.

Objectives: The study was designed with the hypothesis that supplementation of P r e v i t e ™ A l p h a -D 3 , b e i n g a modulator of the absorption pathway of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine should improve the basic egg shell thickness, better tibia strength (expressed through a better tibia ash content) and an elevated serum activity of the active form of circulatory vitamin D 3 concentration in the hens approaching their later stage of production. Materials and methods: Table 1 : Weekly egg shell thickness in the control and the treated groups Age of the Hens (Weeks) 63 67 71 75 78 Mean

Control Mean 0.33 0.3 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.29

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PreviteTMAlpha 3 D Mean 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.3

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Article

Figure 1 :- Percentage of broken egg shells in the control and the treated groups during 63-78 weeks

Tibia ash analysis: At the end of the experiment 6 hens were selected at random from both the groups for analysis of tibia ash content. The hens were euthanised and their whole left was removed from the carcass. The tibia was separated from the leg, de-fleshed, boiled in water to remove the traces of muscles and cartilages, soaked in ether and then dried at 90oC for 24 h o before being put for ashing at 600 C for 6h. The ash was weighed and the expressed in terms of the dry weight of the tibia as percentage. Results: Egg shell thickness and percentage of broken shell eggs: Egg shell thickness measured at the beginning of the experiment and then at every 4 weeks intervals (Table 1) did not show significant effect of dietary supplementation of Previte™ Alpha-D3 at any given point of measurement (P > 0.1).

Percentage of broken egg shells (Figure 1) was similar 66 week of age and then it was numerically decreased in the Previte™ Alpha-D3 group. During the period of ex p o s u re t o h i g h e r a m b i e n t temperature at 74-75 weeks of age the percentage of broken egg shells increased identically in both the groups though during 76-77 weeks the percentage of broken egg shells decreased substantially in the Previte™ Alpha-D3group. Tibia ash, serum Vitamin D3 and Ca concentrations: The data related to the concentrations of vitamin D3 at the beginning and then at 70 and 78 weeks of age as well as circulatory Ca concentration at the end of the experiment are presented in Table 2 along with the concentration of tibia ash content measured at the end of the experiment. The data revealed subtle effect (P > 0.1) of

supplementation of Previte™ AlphaD3 on the above-mentioned parameters except tibia ash content which was numerically better in the Previte™ Alpha-D3 supplemented group as compared with the control group. Concentration of Ca in serum in the Previte™ Alpha-D3 group was tended to be better (P< 0.1) as compared with the control group which definitely indicated towards a better Ca bio-availability in the latter group that took place under the influence of Previte™ Alpha-D3. Conclusions: It was concluded f r o m t h e p re s e n t s t u d y t h a t supplementation of Previte™ AlphaD3 causes an increase in the tibia ash content and this indicated towards a better metabolism of Ca and P in the hens. Moreover, a numerically lower number of broken egg shells was also achieved with Previte™ Alpha-D3 which supports the above hypothesis.

Table 2 :- Concentrations of circulatory vitamin D3 and calcium in serum and tibia ash content in the control and the treated groups at different periods of the experiment Age of Hens (Weeks) Vitamin D 3ng/ml 63-w 70-w 78-w Ca mg/dL 78-w Tibia ash % 78-w

Control Mean

Previte TMAlpha D3 Mean

68.95 82.14 71.23

68.34 80.85 70.3

50.28

58.95

55.79

57.13

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Article

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Air Requirements During Incubation

Article

G.K.RATHINAM Hatchery Specialist, Technical Consultant The main components of air are oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapour (H2O). Free movement of these gases through the shell and shell membranes is important as the developing embryo must receive a constant supply of oxygen and must eliminate carbon dioxide and moisture. Oxygen in the Air: The oxygen content of air at sea level is about 21%. It is impossible to increase this percentage appreciably in incubators unless pure oxygen is introduced. Generally, the oxygen content of air in the setter remains at about 21%, but there may be some variation in the hatcher where large amounts of carbon dioxide are produced by rapidly developing chicks. Hatchability will decrease about 3 to 5% for each 1% that the oxygen content of the air drops below 21%. The main danger in these cases is that high levels of carbon dioxide become toxic. Air Supply is Generally Adequate: As the embryo ages, its oxygen demand increases and more carbon dioxide is given off to the environment. Each process grows approximately 100 times between the 1st and 21st day of incubation, as shown in the table given below. 1. On the 18th day of incubation, 1,000 eggs require 143 ft3 of fresh air per day (oxygen in the air at 21%). 2. An incubator holding 40,000 eggs would need 5,720 ft3 of fresh air per day, or approximately 238 ft3 per hour. Based on expected O2 requirements for a hatch, air in most incubators needs to be changed about eight times a day or once every 3 hours. This rate of air exchange is the minimum required. Air exchange rates in most machines are usually more than adequate. In some cases, care must be taken to ensure that excessive loss of moisture due to over-ventilation does not become a problem. TABLE. Gaseous Exchange during Incubation (per 1,000 eggs) Carbon Dioxide Tolerance: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a natural by-product of metabolic processes during embryonic development whichbegins during gastrulation. In fact, CO2 is being released through the shell at the time the egg is laid. Carbon dioxide levels increase within the setter and

hatcher when there is insufficient air exchange. Younger embryos have a lower tolerance to CO2 than older ones. The tolerance level seems to be linear from the 1st day of incubation through the 21st day. During the first 4 days in the setter, the tolerance level to CO2 is about 0.3%. Carbon dioxide levels above 0.5% in the setter reduce hatchability. CO2 levels above 1% reduce hatchability significantly, and levels above 5% are lethal. ď&#x201A;&#x; Hatching chicks give off more CO2 than embryos in eggs, and their tolerance level in the hatcher is about 0.75%. Recording devices are available for measuring the CO2 content of the air, and some incubators have them as standard equipment. The best place to measure the CO2 is in the exhaust duct coming out of the setter or hatcher.Measurements taken inside a machine are not as accurate because opening the door will change the environment in the machine. Speed of Airflow: The most important aspect of airflow in an incubator is to ensure proper mixing of temperature andhumidity throughout the incubator cabinet while bringing in fresh air for oxygen and exhausting stale air to reduce carbon dioxide, moisture, and heat. Different incubator manufacturers have different means of circulating air: paddles, blades or fans. In most cases, it is the pattern of airflow that is most important. Air, like water, follows the path of least resistance. An incompletely closed baffle door, a poor door seal, or a fan out of alignment will negatively affect air flow patterns. In a poorly maintained machine, insufficient air is circulated through the mass of eggs resulting in hot and cold spots, which in turn creates slow hatches, reduced hatchability, and poorer chick quality. Incubator maintenance is critical to achieve optimum air flow. OBSORBPTION EXPULSION OF DAY OF OF OXYGEN CARBON DI INCUBATION (Ft3) OXIDE (Ft3) 1 0.50 0.29 5 1.17 0.58 10 3.79 0.92 15 22.70 11.50 18 30.00 15.40 21 45.40 23.00

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Use of Panchagavya In Poultry Production

Article

K.Premavalli, S. Prakash and S.T.Selvan Poultry Breeding Unit, Post Graduate Research Institute In Animal Sciences, TANUVAS, Kattupakkam In India, poultry faming has transformed from backyard keeping to commercial industry due to advancements in various spheres like, genetics, nutrition, health, post harvest technology, overall production and marketing technologies. Poultry farmers are choosing poultry germplasms which possess higher production potential with superior feed conversion ratio with minimal production cost without compromising general health condition for egg/meat/dual purposes. The intensively reared birds are being constantly exposed to various stressors at various stages of its growth from day old to marketing age. In general, antibiotic/antimicrobials feed additives are being used to reduce/ eliminate pathogenic microorganism in the gut, to improve growth/ production performance and to reduce the occurrence of diseases. European countries have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry because of the residues in products, environmental contamination and development of resistance in bacteria. Alternatives to antibiotics namely, organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phytobiotics etc. ,are being tried in many poultry research as growth promoters. Use of organic products over synthetic compounds are safer in promoting growth of poultry because of zero/less side effects, residues, toxic effects with low

cost. Among various organic products, Panchagavya or panchakavyam is a mixture used in traditional Hindu rituals that is prepared by mixing five products of cow. The three direct constituents are cow dung, urine, and milk; the two derived products are curd and ghee. These are mixed in proper ratio and then allowed to ferment. The Sanskrit word panchagavya means "mixture of five cow products". Panchagavya, has the potential to promote growth and provide immunity in plant/animal system. Panchagavya consists of nine products out of which, five are from cow viz. cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, ghee and jaggery, banana,Tender coconut and water. These products can be used singly or in mixer form to cure many diseases. Panchagavya formulation is used in many medicines o f Ay u r v e d a i n t r e a t i n g m a n y disorders. Panchagavya has following properties 1. Antioxidant 2. Antimicrobial 3. Antibacterial 4. Antifungal 5. Anticancer 6. Feed additive 7. Growth promoter 8. Immunomodulater 9. E n h a n c e s l y m p h o c y t e proliferation in the developmental stages of chicks. It is a common belief that Panchgavya from younger cows is more effective

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than the older, but it is not true. All the products from older cows or young cows are equally effective. Method of Preparation All the above items can be added to a wide mouthed mud pot, concrete tank or plastic can as per the above order. Sufﬁcient shade is usually provided. The content is to be stirred twice a day both in morning and evening. The Panchagavya stock solution will be ready after 30 days. Care should be taken not to mix buffalo products. The products of local breeds of cow is said to have potency than exotic breeds. It should be kept in the shade and covered with a wire mesh or plastic mosquito net to prevent houseﬂies from laying eggs and the formation of maggots in the solution. It is sometimes diluted before use. If sugarcane juice is not available add 500 g of jaggery dissolved in 3 liters of water. Physico-chemical properties of Panchagavya revealed that they possess almost all the major nutrients, micro nutrients and growth harmones (IAA & GA) required for crop growth. Predominance of fermentative microorganisms like yeast and lactobacillus might be due to the combined effect of low pH, milk products and addition of jaggery/sugarcane juice as substrate for their growth. The low pH of the medium was due to the production of organic acids by the fermentative

Ingredients of Panchagavya

Article

Cow dung

Cow urine

Cow curd

Cow ghee

Jaggery

Milk

Water

Tender Coconut

Well ripened poovan banana The following process should be conducted stepwise to get good quality panchagavya in 48 days.

Name of the material Cow dung Cow ghee Cow Urine Water

Quantity 7 kg 1 kg 10 liters 10 liters

Cow milk Cow curd Tender coconut water Jaggery Well ripened poovan banana

3 liters 2 liters 3 liters 3 kg 12 nos.

Method Mix these two ingredients thoroughly both in morning and evening hours and keep it for 3 days After 3 days, mix cow urine and water and keep it for 15 days with regular mixing both in morning and evening hours. After 15 days mix these ingredients and panchagavya stock solution will be ready after 30 days.

Physico chemical and biological properties of Panchagavya Chemical composition pH EC dSm2 Total N (ppm) Total P (ppm) Total K (ppm) Sodium Calcium IAA (ppm) GA (ppm)

: : : : : : : : :

4.52-5.45 10.22 229 209 232 90 25 8.5 3.5

Microbial Load Fungi Bacteria Lactobacillus Total anaerobes Acid formers Methanogen

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: : : : : :

38800/ml 1880000/ml 2260000/ml 10000/ml 360/ml 250/ml

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Egg Rate Mar. 2019

Article

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Article

microbes as evidenced by the population dynamics and organic detection in GC analysis. Lactobacillus produces various beneﬁcial metabolites such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and antibiotics, which are effective against other pathogenic microorganisms besides its growth. GC-MS analysis resulted in following compounds of fatty acids, alkanes, alconol and alcohols. The Total volatile fatty a c i d s ( T V FA ) v a l u e w a s 154.87mmol/litre. Panchagavya for Poultry production 



Panchagavya is a living elixir of many micro organisms, bacteria, fungi, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, known and unknown growth promoting factors micronutrients trace elements antioxidant and immunity enhancing factors. When taken orally by birds, the living micro organisms in the panchagavya stimulate the immune system and produce lot of antibodies against the ingested microorganisms. It acts like vaccine. This response of the body increases the immunity and thus helps to prevent illness and cures disease. The other factors present in Panchagavya improve apetite, digestion and assimilation and elimination of toxins in the body. When mixed with the feed or drinking water at the rate of 1 ml per bird per day, the birds became disease-free and

Fatty acids

Alkanes

Oleic acids Palmitic acid Myristic Deconore

Decane Octane Heptane Hexadecane

Deconomic

Oridecane

Alconol and Alcohols Heptanol Tetracosanol Hexadecanol Octadeconol Methanol, Propanol, Butanol and Ethanol

Octanoic Hexanoic Octadeconoic Tetradeconoic Acetic, propionic, butyric, caproic and valeric acids healthy.

direction to an optimum level.



They laid bigger eggs for longer periods. In broiler chickens the weight gain was impressive and the feed-toweight conversion ratio improved.



E n h a n c e s t h e immunocompetence of birds and provides better protection along with vaccination

Garg et al. (2004) reported beneﬁcial effects of cow urine on serum biochemical proﬁle (total serum protein, glucose, calcium, and cholesterol) of laying birds. The cow urine has capabilities to potentiate the egg production of the birds and it can be used as a feed additive for layer birds in order to get good quality eggs.



Increases egg production and egg quality.

Research highlights of the use of Panchagavya for Poultry production Prabhakar (2004) reported that the cow urine had protective effect on lymphocytes of birds undergoing apoptosis and suggested the exploitation through experimental trails for speciﬁc use of cow urine as an adjunct to vaccination. It enhances the activity of macrophages and reduces apoptosis in lymphocytes, thus is helpful in prevention and control of bacterial infections. Thus not only maintain the immunity of body but also modulate it in the positive

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Garg et al. (2005) reported that the cow urine at 1mi/bird resulted in better feed conversion ratio. Ambwani et al. (2005) reported that the cow urine at 1mi/bird resulted in better feed conversion ratio. Mathivavan et al. (2005) reported that the panchagavya at th 7.5g/kg diet resulted in higher 6 week body weight, weight gain and better feed conversion ratio. It is recommended that the panchagavya can be easily prepared with available cow products at low cost at the farm level itself. Judicious use of panchagavya is essential for reaping higher proﬁt in poultry production.

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Applications Animal meal feed | Feed additives | Trace elements | Calve feed

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Press Release

Powder mixing is a critical process, in feed premix

Role of Poultry Sector in Indian Economy M. Prabu and J. Shilpa Shree Dept. of Animal Husbandry Economics, Faculty of Basic Sciences,

Article

Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 7 Poultry farming in India has

unemployed youth in particular can

time, the growth rate analysis was

grown rapidly in the last 20 years

take up this profession easily. The

carried out using the following

from backyard farming activity to

inputs required for poultry farming

exponential function.

highly scientific commercial

are available locally in rural areas.

Y = AB U

enterprises. It has registered

Land required for starting poultry

Where, Y = Milk production

maximum growth rate among all the

units is small. Women are also

A = Intercept i.e., Y in the base year

sectors of agriculture and has been

engaged in decision-making related

t = Time period (Variable)

recognised by the government as

to poultry production. According to

Ut = Disturbance (Error) term

one of the growth engines of the

the ICAR Vision- 2025, an increase

Poultry Population

Indian economy. This sector has

in per capita availability of one egg

The poultry population in

shown phenomenal growth

will generate 50,000 more jobs.

both India and Tamil Nadu has

averaging about 10 per cent in egg

Similar increase in employment

increased continuously since 1950's

production and 15-20 per cent in

generation is anticipated due to

and the growth was more prominent

broiler production annually. Over 90

acceleration in broiler production,

during the inter census period of

per cent of the poultry production

marketing of eggs and meat,

1977-1982 and 1997-2003. In,

comes from small poultry farmers,

processing, etc. Poultry sector can

India the poultry population was

who are located in rural areas.

absorb competent manpower at a

73.5 million in 1951 which had

Growing human population,

rate of above 6.5 per cent per

increased to 138.5 million in the year

increasing urbanisation, rising

annum.

1972, 307.07 million in 1992 and

domestic incomes and changing

Methodology

729. 21 million in 2012. In case of

lifestyles in the country have led to

The present research paper

Tamil Nadu, the poultry population

increasing demand for livestock

is descriptive and based on

was 15.12 million in 1977, 30

products. The development of

secondary data. The secondary data

million in 1992, 128.11 million in

livestock sector leads to many other

has been obtained from various

2007 and 117.35 million in 2012.

socio-economic spin offs like

sources such as Economic Survey,

slowdown of rural-urban migration,

Ministry of Finance, Government of

mitigation of farmers' suicides,

India; Basic Animal Husbandry

empowerment of rural women and

Statistics (BAHS), Ministry of

protection of environment. Animal

Agriculture, Government of India

production contributes about 40 per

and Integrated sample survey

cent of the total value to agriculture

report, Directorate of Animal and

globally. Poultr y far ming has

Veterinary services, Government of

tremendous potential for expansion

Tamil Nadu.

and employment generation. Youth in general and educated

To study the changes in the milk production over a period of

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Poultry Production Poultry development is one of the important activities in livestock sector. The total egg production in the country was at 1832 million in the year 1950-51 and since then the production of egg continues to rise over the period. As can be observed in the graph, there is a steady increase in production of egg upto the year 1999-2000. From the year

1999-2000 onwards the production

periods. There has been sudden

of egg improved substantially and it

jump in the per capita availability of

reached 69731 million numbers in

egg in the year 2000-01 which

Poultry meat contributes 40

the year 2012-13. The annual

registered 36 eggs per annum from

per cent of the total meat production

compound growth rate for the

30 eggs per annum in the year 1999-

and accounts for nearly 8.6 per cent

period 1983-84 to 1992-93 was

2000.Thereafter from 2000-01 to

of the value of the output of the

6.35 and was 5.68 for the period

2003-04, there is a marginal increase

livestock sector's contribution to the

1993-94 to 2002-2003 and was

in the per capita availability of egg

n a t i o n a l G D P. L i k e w i s e , e g g

6.28 for the period 2012-2013 to

and further there is a substantially

contributes 4 per cent of the value of

2016-2017. The per capita

increasing trend has been observed

the output of the livestock sector's

availability of egg was 5 eggs per

in the per capita availability of eggs

contribution to the national GDP.

annum during the period 1950-56.

from 2004-05 to 2016-17. As a

The value of output from Poultry

There has been steady increase in

result, the per capita availability of

sector is more than Rs. 931billion

per capita availability of egg since

eggs reached 69 eggs per annum in

and accounts for 11.85 per cent of

then till 1979-80 with marginal

the year 2016-17.

the value of the livestock sector

Poultry Contribution to the National Economy

output in the year 2015-16. Table -1 Poultry Population in India

Year 1951 1956 1961 1966 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2003 2007 2012

Poultry (in millions) 73.5 94.8 114.2 115.4 138.5 159.2 207.74 275.32 307.07 347.61 489.01 648.83 729.21

Percentage change 128.98 120.46 101.05 120.02 114.95 130.49 132.53 111.53 113.20 140.68 132.68 112.39

Table 2- Egg Production Trend in India

Year 1950-51 1955-56 1960-61 1968-69 1973-74

Egg Production (in Million Numbers)

Percapita Availability 1832 1908 2881 5300 7755

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5 5 7 10 13

Article

fluctuations in the intermittent

Article

Table 2- Egg Production Trend in India

Year 1973 74 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Egg Production (in Million Numbers) 7755 9523 10060 10876 11454 12792 14252 16128 17310 17795 18980 20204 21101 21983 22929 24167 25975 27198 27496 28689 29476 30447 36632 38729 39823 40403 45201 46235 50663 53583 55502 60267 63024 65480 69731 74752

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Percapita Availability 13 14 15 16 16 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 29 29 29 30 30 30 36 37 38 38 42 42 45 47 48 51 53 55 58 61

Table 2- Egg Production Trend in India

Egg Production (in Million Numbers)

Year

78484 82929 88139

63 66 69

Article

2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 ACGR for the period 1983-84 to 1992-93 ACGR for the period 1993-94 to 2002-2003 ACGR for the period 20022003 to 20122013 ACGR for the period 20122013 to 20162017

Percapita Availability

6.35

5.68

6.00

6.28

Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4 Value of Output from Poultry Sector - At Current Prices

Year 2004-05 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Value of Poultry Meat produced in Crores 12118 23002 27768 34839 35125 42041 59308 65243 69888

Percentage share of Poultry Meat in Livestock Sector 6.73 7.87 8.02 8.48 7.47 7.82 9.21 8.80 8.60

Value of Egg produced in Crores 5850 10445 13373 15493 17739 20251 22705 24404 26430

Percentage share of Egg in Livestock Sector

3.25 3.58 3.86 3.77 3.77 3.77 3.52 3.29 3.25

Value of Output from Livestock Sector 180034 292146 346147 410937 470182 537535 644256 741774 812352

Source: National Accounts Division, Central Statistical Office, M/O Statistics & Programme Implementation

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Press Release

BIOMIN Exhibits Strong Presence at Kolkata Poultry Expo By consecutively recording its presence at Kolkata International Poultry Expo for the fourth straight year, BIOMIN became a pioneer to accord importance to east region in India and reiterated its commitment to the customers and stakeholders in this part of the country.

Animal nutrition and health company BIOMIN

Nepal, who attended the Academies, at our

displayed strong presence at the Kolkata

booth,” said Bubun Mukherjee, Technical Sales

International Poultry Expo, which was held between February 19 and 21 at Eco Park in

Manager based in east India. “Kolkata fair has thus provided an excellent

Kolkata. This regional level expo created an ideal

opportunity for BIOMIN to have follow-up

platform for customers and stakeholders in West

meetings with the prospective customers from

Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and other neighboring states, as well as from Nepal, to visit the booth

Nepal,” he added. In the backdrop of growing awareness in the

and to gain further understanding about the

poultry industry to reduce antibiotic usage,

products and services of BIOMIN. Dr. Sujit Kulkarni, BIOMIN India Managing

BIOMIN showcased its combination of feed additives i.e. Biotronic® acidifier, Digestarom®

Director said: “This expo provides us the

DC phytogenic, PoultryStar® probiotic and

opportunity to be in the midst of regional level

Mycoﬁx®, the mycotoxin risk management

poultry integrators and farmers, which help them

product line, which can help poultry producers

in getting our solutions on mycotoxin risk

achieve their antibiotic reduction goals

management and improving gut health.” He underlined that the presence of sales,

successfully. Visitors at the booth were explained about the

technical and marketing team at the BIOMIN

services offered by BIOMIN through sister

booth in Kolkata made a great impression in the

company Romer Labs such as feed sample

market. “We had good discussion with the key

analysis, where the raw material/ feed is sent to

customers and stakeholders and informed them

Romer Labs in Singapore, which offers the most

about various knowledge sharing initiatives from

comprehensive portfolio of mycotoxin test kits

BIOMIN like World Nutrition Forum, Mycotoxin

for detection of mycotoxins. With the poultry industry in West Bengal,

Academies, etc.,” he added. It may be noted that on February 12 and 13,

Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh

BIOMIN conducted Mycotoxin Academies in

states continuing to grow at a rapid pace, fueled

Chitwan and Kathmandu in Nepal, respectively,

by increase in consumption of eggs and chicken

with focus on increasing the awareness of

meat, the mood at BIOMIN booth was

mycotoxins and the innovative solutions from

encouraging as good number of customers and

BIOMIN on mycotoxin risk management. “We

potential players showed interest in BIOMIN

were happy to receive poultry farmers from

products and services.

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Thanks For Visiting AB Vista @VIV Asia 2019 leadership of Dr. Dinesh Bhosale welcomed

Asia @Bangkok this time. AB Vista had grand

customers and consultants from India, Nepal,

booth to welcome customers not only from India

Bangladesh and Sri Lanka at the booth. Mr. Ari

but from other Asian countries also. AB Vista also

Kiviniemi, Director – ASPAC and New Business

conducted housefull technical seminars at

Development said“The Asia Pacific region is the

BITEC. Drs. Carrie Walk and Usama Aftab

biggest feed producer globally. VIV Asia is a

talked about how feed enzymes can help

multi-species event and is a key event in the Asia

customers to make more profits. Alejandro,

Pacific region bringing together producers,

Rahul and Li Jing demonstrated how to use NIR

processors, suppliers and advisors. Our

and about Feed Quality Service offered by AB

activities this year enabled us to meet with key

Vista. AB Vista South Asia team under

customers and showcase our latest research, products and services”.

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More than 5000 Indian customers visited VIV

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Essential Oils - Setting New Benchmark in Poultry Production Compiled by: Dr. Sekhar Basak, Managing Director, Innovista Consulting, New Delhi

Article

Introduction The recognition of microorganisms being responsible for a variety of diseases in the late half of the 19th century ushered in the discoveries of antibiotics, which saw its golden era between 1950s and 1970s. But since then, no new classes of antibiotics had been discovered (Aminov, 2010 ). Meanwhile, the improper use of antibiotics resulted in the selection of bacteria resistant to antibiotics. One of the solutions is to implement bans of using antibiotics as antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) for farm animals, which makes it imperative to find effective alternatives to antibiotics to sustain the efficiency of current livestock production. Among the alternatives, essential oils have a great potential. The essential oils are generally considered natural, less toxic, and free from residues when compared with antibiotics (Gong et al., 2014). Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds produced by living organisms and isolated by physical means only (pressing and distillation) from a whole plant or plant part of known taxonomic origin (Franz and Novak, 2009). The term “essential oils” emerged because “oils” were wishfully believed to be “essential” to life, and have a long history of being used by human for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The development of essential oils, however, was delayed by the advent of antibiotics in the middle of the 19th century, and was renewed recently. It was estimated that, out of 3,000 known es sential oils, 300 were recognized as commercially important and mainly used in the flavors and fragrances market ( van de Braak and Leijten, 1994). The global essential oil market is expected to reach 11.67 billion USD by 2022. The aim of the current review was to identify the well-recognized efficacy of essential oils for poultry as well as the conflicting research findings, whereupon more research efforts could be directed to the inconclusive area to facilitate a better understanding of essential oils. 2. Basics of essential oils Essential oils are a sum of constituent volatiles, and thus the effects of essential oils should be a totality of effects of all components and their interactions. However, 2 or 3 components could account for up to 85% of the total mixture compared with the minors (Miguel, 2010), and thereby contribute to the primary property of the mixture. For example, the phenols (thymol and carvacrol) constitute about 8 0% of the essential oils of oregano, the most widespread species of Lamiaceae family, and are mainly responsible for its antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Besides thymol and carvacrol, ρ-cymene was found as another dominant component of oregano (Bouhaddouda et al., 2016). Although the ρ-cymene is not an effective antimicrobial agent by itself, it could facilitate the transport of carvacrol across the cytoplasmic membrane (Oke et al., 2009). The composition of essential oils is primarily determined by the homogeneity of the starting materials, whose characteristics could be influenced by a plethora of factors. For example, the total content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (mostly γ-terpinene and ρ-cymene) and phenol terpenes (mostly thymol and carvacrol) ranges from 57.3% to 62.5% of the essential oils from a Thyme (Thymus pulegioides L.), relatively constant over different harvesting times, but the phenol content starts to increase at the beginning of the flowering and reaches its greatest value during the full flowering period of the plant (Senatore, 1996). The biological activities in in vivo trials largely depend on the chemical profile of essential oils. Essential oils account for only a small proportion (usually less than 1%) of the wet weight of plant materials, which makes it imperative to improve the yield of essential oils by continuous developments in relevant fields such as genetic engineering and extraction methods. These developments presented

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3. Essential oils for poultry 3.1. Growth performance Essential oils are perceived as growth promoters in poultry diets (Zhang et al., 2014). Animal trial results, however, are considerably variable 3.1.1. Feed intake Recently-published reviews (Brenes and Roura, 2010, Bozkurt et al., 2014, Franz et al., 2010, Hashemi and Davoodi, 2010, Hippenstiel et al., 2011) reported that feed intake in chicks was unchanged or slightly reduced by dietary inclusion of essential oils. For the decreased feed consumption, one possible explanation is that essential oils possess an irritating smell, which renders the palatability of diet disagreeable to birds. Amad et al. (2011) and Halle et al. (2004) reported that daily feed intake of broilers was numerically decreased by increasing the dietary level of a blend of thyme, star anise, and origanum leaves, and its associated essential oils compared with control. Similarly, Cabuk et al. (2006) noted a significantly reduced feed intake of broilers from young breeders by graded inclusion of a cocktail of essential oils (oregano oil, laurel leaf oil, sage leaf oil, myrtle leaf oil, fennel seed oil, and citrus peel oil). In contrast to pigs, information of poultry concerning feed preference was scarce. Moran (1982) reported that poultry might not be sensitive to flavor as pigs, and Roura et al. (2008) reported that birds are more tolerant to exposure of moderate levels of essential oils than pigs. 3.1.2. Feed utilization Unlike feed intake, improvements in weight gain and feed conversion ratio dominate the observations. Two well-accepted mechanisms are the stimulation of digestive enzyme secretion and the stabilization of ecosystem of gut microflora, leading to improved feed utilization and less exposure to growth-depressing disorders associated with digestion and metabolism (Bento et al., 2013, Franz et al., 2010, Kurekci et al., 2014, Lee et al., 2003, O'Bryan et al., 2015, Williams and Losa, 2001). The positive effects of essential oils on digestive enzyme secretion from pancreas and intestinal mucosal have been reported in many broiler studies (BasmaciogĚ&#x2020; lu MalayogĚ&#x2020; lu et al., 2010, Jamroz et al., 2006, Jang et al., 2007). These effects were confirmed by the increased digestibility of nutrients, but did not translate into improvement in growth performance (Amad et al., 2011, Botsoglou et al., 2004, Garcia et al., 2007, HernaĚ ndez et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2003). It is noteworthy that there is an inadequate description of the environmental conditions under which these trials were conducted, and poor hygienic conditions might be instrumental for essential oils to favorably affect the growth performance of broilers. 3.2. Antimicrobial and anticoccidial activity The antimicrobial activity of essential oils has been explored in many in vitro assays which showed that thymol, eugenol and carvacrol have high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, both of which are potential risk factors of enteric infections

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Article

challenges to the concept of essential oils as well as the knowledge of biological activities of essential oils. For example, the steam-distilled essential oils from Origanum vulgare showed a great antibacterial activity against reference strains with a moderate antioxidant activity, while the methanolic extract exhibits no antibacterial activity but a high antioxidant activity (Bouhaddouda et al., 2016), which suggests that the bioactivity of essential oils is indeed based on the method of extraction (Vigan, 2010). In addition, there is a growing part of chemically-synthesized essential oils used in feed industry. Most constituents of essential oils are terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. Phenylpropanoids occur less frequently and less abundantly than terpenoids (Hammer and Carson, 2011). The well-known plant families for producing essential oils with medicinal and industrial valuesinclude Alliaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae,Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, and Rutaceae (Raut and Karuppayil, 2014). Some representative essential oils include, but not limited to, anise(Apiaceae), oregano (Lamiaceae), cinnamon (Lauraceae), garlic (Liliaceae), thyme (Myrtaceae), black pepper (Piperaceae), and Turmeric (Zingiberaceae).

Article

(Bassolé and Juliani, 2012, Franz et al., 2010, Hippenstiel et al., 2011). Thymol, eugenol and carvacrol are structurally similar, and have been proved to exert synergistic or additive antimicrobial effects when it is necessary to unravel the combined at lower concentrations (Bassolé and Juliani, 2012). Therefore, synergistic mechanism to optimize their formulation. Different in vitro methods as well as different capacity pathogens exist for ranking the antimicrobial of essential oil components, which could vary either individually dramatically as shown in the table below. In in vivo studies, essential oils used or in combination have shown clear growth inhibition of Clostridium perfringens and E. coli in the hindgut and lesions and ameliorated intestinal weight loss than the challenged control birds (Jamroz et al., 2006, Jerzsele et al., 2012, Mitsch et al., 2004). One well-known mechanism of antibacterial activity is linked to their hydrophobicity, which disrupts the permeability of cell membranes and cell homeostasis with the consequence and of loss of cellular components, influx of other substances, or even cell death(Brenes Roura, 2010, Windisch et al., 2008, O'Bryan et al., 2015). It is Soló rzano-Santos and Miranda-Novales, 2012, of note that Gram-negative bacteria are more tolerant to the actions of essential oil than Gram-positive bacteria due to their hydrophilic constituents in the outer membrane (Brenes and Roura, 2010, Giannenas et al., 2013, Seow et al., 2014).

Rankings of in vitro antimicrobial capacity of some essential oil components.

Reference

Pathogens

Rankings

et al., Disk diffusion method Kim 1 1995

E. coli

> geraniol Citronellal > perillaldehyde > citral > linalool > eugenol > terpineol > carvacrol

et al., Disk diffusion method Kim 1 1995

S. typhimurium

Citronellal > citral > geraniol > perillaldehyde > linalool > eugenol > terpineol > carvacrol

Disk diffusion method

S. enteritidis

Carvacrol > terpineol > linalool

Ait-Ouazzou et al., 2011

Disk diffusion method

E. coliO157:H7

Carvacrol > terpineol > linalool

Frideman et al., 2002

Microdilution + agar culture

E. coli

Carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde > thymol > eugenol > Geraniol

Frideman et al., 2002

Microdilution + agar culture

S. enterica

Cinnamaldehyde > thymol > carvacrol > eugenol > Geraniol

Ait-Ouazzou

Test methods

et al., 2011

Frideman et al., 2002

Microdilution + agar culture

C. jejuni

Cinnamaldehyde > carvacrol > eugenol > thymol > Geraniol

Si et al., 2006 2 Microdilution + optical density

E. coli K88

Thymol, carvacrol > cinnamon oil > clove oil > Eugenol

Si et al., 2006 2 Microdilution + optical density

E. coliO157:H7

Cinnamon oil > thymol > geraniol, clove oil, carvacrol > eugenol

Si et al., 2006 2 Microdilution + optical density

S. typhimuriumDT 104

Cinnamon oil > carvacrol > thymol > clove oil

Van 2006 3

Zyl., Microdilution + piodonitrotetrazolium violet

S. aureusATCC 25923

Carvacrol > geraniol > linalool > citronellal > Eugenol

Van 2006 3

Zyl., Microdilution + piodonitrotetrazolium violet

B. cereusATCC 11778

Eugenol > carvacrol > geraniol > linalool > Citronellal

Van 2006 3

Zyl., Microdilution + piodonitrotetrazolium violet

E. coli ATCC 11775

Michiels et al., Simulated stomach

Total

Eugenol > carvacrol > geraniol > linalool > Citronellal anaerobic Carvacrol > thymol > eugenol >

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Reference

Test methods

Pathogens

Rankings

2009 4

bacteria

trans-cinnamaldehyde

Michiels et al., Simulated jejunum 2009

Coliform bacteria

Trans-cinnamaldehyde > carvacrol > thymol > Eugenol

Michiels et al., Simulated jejunum 2009

E. coli

Trans-cinnamaldehyde > carvacrol > thymol > Eugenol

Article

1 The ranking was based on 5% concentration. 2 The ranking was based on minimum bactericidal concentrations. 3 The ranking was based on the concentration that resulted in complete growth inhibition of 107 cfu/mL. 4 The ranking was based on the concentration that gives a reduction of 0.5 log 10 cfu/mL compared to control. Coccidiosis, a common parasitosis disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria, leads to malnutrition and performance depression in poultry. There is an increasing interest in using essential oils against coccidiosis infection. The supplementation of essential oils led to a significant reduction of coccidian oocyst excretion and an alleviation of intestinal lesions in chicks (Alp et al., 2012, Bozkurt et al., 2014, Barbour et al., 2015). However, the underlying mechanis ms still need to be elucidated. 3.3. Anti-oxidative activity and carcass hygiene Chicken body antioxidative stability could be improved by essential oils. Karadas et al. (2014) fed a blend of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and capsicumoleoresin to Ross 308 broilers, and found a significant increase in the hepatic concentration of carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 at d 21 of age. Habibi et al. (2014) and Placha et al. (2014) observed that malondialdehyde concentration in liver, duodenal mucosa, and kidney was significantly decreased by supplementing ginger power and thyme oil to broiler diet. Poultry products are particularly prone to oxidative deterioration due to their high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The reviews by Lee et al. (2003) and Khan et al. (2012) showed that thyme oil is effective in retarding oxidant degradation in poultry-derived products, such as meat and eggs. The possible reason might be the antioxidant activity derived from the phenolic OH group which acts as a donor of hydrogen interacting with peroxy radicals during the initial process in lip id oxidation and thereby inhibiting or retarding the hydroxyl peroxide formation ( Lee et al., 2003). There was a linear relationship between the amount of total phenols and antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants (Fig. 1). Rosemary, oregano, and sage of the Labiate family were also reported for their effective antioxidant activities in broiler meat (Brenes and Roura, 2010, Franz et al., 2010, Windisch et al., 2008). Regarding the metabolic fate of essential oils in poultry, the research is still lacking. Kohlert et al. (2000) reported that the metabolic fates of essential oils are chemical structure depended; essential oil components are quickly eliminated; and accumulation is unlikely due to the high clearance and short half lives in human, which lends support to no residue of essential oils in animal products.

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Fig. 1. Linear relationship between the amount of total phenols and antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) of infusates of 70 medicinal plants, r = 0.9825. (Source: Katalinic et al., 2006; reprinted with permission from authors).

3.4. Future research for poultry Environmental conditions play a key role in poultry husbandry. The interaction between environment and the effects of essentials oils should be more researched. Detailed description of the hygienic conditions is necessary for better interpretation of the experimental results and variations. The anticoccidial and immunomodulatory properties of essential oils in poultry have gained interest and require more in-depth research. The metabolic fates of essential oils in poultry should be studied, and the corresponding analytical methods should be established to track the active compounds and their metabolites. Research on the interactions among individual essential oils and with other categories of feed additives should be explored for identifying practical applications. 5. Summary The success of essential oils depends on whether our knowledge of their actions is based on a solid scientific ground. This review shows that the positive effects of essential oils on the growth performance of poultry and pigs exist both abundantly and controversially, which makes the speculated underlying mechanisms further questionable. Firstly, more attention should be paid to dietary characteristics and experimental environments, and the description of the tested essential oils should be stricter. The description of the starting materials and extraction methods cannot guarantee the stable chemical composition of essential oils in animal trials, which should be further disclosed by analytical methods. These analytical results are essential for congregating the animal trial results and reconciling the conclusions. Secondly, the metabolism of essential oils should be better understood, which could cast light on the chemical forms and the locales in the animal body for the essential oils per se or their derivative metabolites to present themselves, and consequently to connect to their declared benefits. Lastly, the evidence for the link between essential oils and animal health is not robust yet. Anecdotal evidence and in vitro studies could not warrant the in vivo effects of essential oils. The direct effects on gut microflora and the indirect effects via the gut-associated immune system should be further explored. Bookmark: Innovista Consulting is a pioneer company in the livestock industry known for introducing novel formulations in the essential oils space. Curcumol, Allivis, EssBee, Garcin are some innovations from Innovista Consulting that have contributed significantly to the poultry and aquaculture industry in the region. For more information on Innovista products please feel free to contact: Dr. Sekhar Basak .

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Article

Carcass hygiene could be improved by essential oils, which should be attributed to their reducing the load of pathogens. Alali et al. (2013) reported that a blend of carvacrol, thymol, eucalyptol, and lemon might reduce the Salmonella heidelberg-positive crops and subsequently reduce the cross-contamination in carcass processing. Venkitanarayanan et al. (2013) reported that a blend of caprylic acid and essential oils (trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol) reduced Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter Jejuni in cecal contents of birds, which indicates a less likelihood of microbial contamination of poultry meat and eggs. An interesting study by Witkowska and SowinĚ ska (2013) showed improvement in hygiene conditions in poultry house via air disinfectants using thyme and peppermint oilsindividually as primary components.

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