www.poultryvalley.com
May 2019
Poultry Valley RNI NO. HARENG00987
YEAR - 3 ISSUE 3
Prevents T.D. & lameness
Improves hatchability in breeders
Higher production
Reduces egg breakage
From the Editor’s Desk Global Warming: Committed to Achieve Target Chief Editor rakesh@poultryvalley.com
IPCC has come out with a clear scientific consensus that calls for a reversal of man-made greenhouse gas emissions, to prevent severe harm to humanity in the decades ahead. World leaders have been looking for greater clarity on the impact of
Editor ravi@poultryvalley.com
Renu Rahtan
accumulating emissions on climate. The IPCC's special report on global warming of 1.5°C, prepared as a follow-up to the UN Paris Agreement on Climate Change, provides the scientific basis for them to act. There is now greater confidence in
Administration administrator@poultryvalley.com
time-bound projections on the impacts of climate change on agriculture, health,
Megha Verma
water security and extreme weather. With sound policies, the world can still pull
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back, although major progress must be achieved by 2030. Governments should achieve net zero CO2 addition to the atmosphere, balancing man-made emissions
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through removal of CO2. There is public support for this and governments must go even beyond what they have committed to. The Paris Agreement aims to keep global temperature rise in this century well below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the increase even further, to 1.5°C. The IPCC
G.K.Rathinam Hatchery Specialist & Technical Consultant Palani, Tamilnadu
D. Mondal
makes it clear that the human and economic costs of a 2°C rise are far greater than for 1.5°C, and the need for action is urgent. Human activity has warmed the world by 1°C over the pre-industrial level and with another half-degree rise, many regions
Eastern Regional Station, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata
will have warmer extreme temperatures, raising the frequency, intensity and
Dirisala Venkata Sivaji
amount of rain or severity of drought. Risks to food security and water, heat
Post Graduate Scholar Teaching Assistant, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Pondicherry
exposure, drought and coastal submergence all increase significantly even for a
Tamizhkumaran. J Teaching Assistant, Teaching Assistant, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Pondicherry
1.5°C rise. India, Pakistan and China are already suffering moderate effects of warming in areas such as water availability, food production and land degradation, and these
Dr. C. Seenivasan, Ph.D will worsen, as the report says. Closer to a 2°C increase, these impacts are expected Technical, Vetline, Indore, India
Dr. Sarada Prasanna Sahoo Livestock Officer, DADF, Govt of India
to spread to sub-Saharan Africa, and West and East Asia. The prognosis for India, of annual heatwaves by mid-century in a scenario of temperature increase in the 1.5°C to 2°C range, is particularly worrying. There is evidence to show it is among the regions that would experience the largest reductions in economic growth in a 2°C
scenario. These are clear pointers, and the sensible course for national policy would be to fast-track the emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Agreement. The commitment to generate 100 GW of solar energy by 2022 should lead to a quick scale-up from the 24 GW installed, and cutting down of coal use. Agriculture needs to be strengthened with policies that improve water conservation, and afforestation should help create a large carbon sink. There is a crucial role for all the States, since their decisions will have a lock-in effect.
Editor-in-Chief
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content Year - 3 / issue 3 / May 2019
ADVERTISEMENT INDEX Globion India Pvt. Ltd.
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Automat Industries
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Gima Biotech
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IPDL
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Beijing Smile Feed
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Natural Remedies
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Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessary held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. HARENG00987 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Valley the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India. It does not imply publisher’s endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer Mr. Rakesh Kumar on behalf of Go Green Media Karnal Printed at Jai Om Pritning Press, Karnal All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction.
FEATURES
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Inclusion of KemulsiďŹ er in ...... EW Nutrition Highlights ...... Scope of Egg Powder ....... Know Your Pet Bird ......... Biomin Exhibits Strong .........
Inclusion of Kemulsifier in Digestion & Absorption of Fats/fatty Acids / Oil For Optimum Performance in Poultry in Terms of Body Weight And FCR
Article
Dr.Ramdas S. Kambale, Dr.Debajani Das, Dr. Ravikumar Meshram, Chembond Biosciences Ltd., Navi Mumbai.
Introduction : Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. Fats may be either solid or liquid at normal room temperature, depending on their structure and composition. Although the words "oils", "fats" and "lipids" are all used to refer to fats, "oils" is usually used to refer to fats that are liquids at normal room temperature, while "fats" is usually used to refer to fats that are solids at normal room temperature. "Lipids" is used to refer to both liquid and solid fats. Fats or lipids are broken down in the body by enzyme called lipase produced in the pancreas.
Fat/Oil
Saturation %
Coconut oil
90%
Palm Oil
80%
Tallow
50%
Lard
40%
Butter
51%
Fish Oil
15-30%
Soya Oil
10-15%
Corn Oil
13%
Sunflower Oil
10%
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Table 1 : Table showing the common fats/oil used in poultry feed along with their saturation percentage. Importance of fat for poultry feed Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fatsoluble, meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported in conjunction with fats. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function. They also serve as energy stores for the body. Fats are broken down in the body to release glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy. Digestion of Fat Fat in the diet is most commonly triglycerides or neutral fat found in both animals and plants. Essentially, most fat digestion occurs in the small intestine. First, the fat globules must be broken into small sizes so enzymes can act. This emulsification is accomplished under the influence of bile, a secretion of the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and drawn upon as needed. Bile contains a large amount of bile salts, the main function of which is to make fat globules break down. The "detergent" function of bile salts
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is essential to fat digestion, for the lipase (fat-splitting enzymes) can "attack" the fat globules only on their sur faces. The smaller the fat particles, the better digestion. Pancreatic lipase is the most important enzyme in fat digestion. Both lipases (pancreatic and intestinal) act to digest fat. Bile salts also form micelles, small spherical globules. These micelles help remove the end products of fat digestion so further fat digestion can continue. These little micelles transport their cargo to the lining of the small intestine, where they're absorbed. The bile salts then return for more cargo, thus providing a "ferry service." So important are bile salts that, when in adequate supply, about 97 percent of fat is absorbed. If insufficient, only 50 to 60 percent is absorbed. Absorption of Fat Upon contacting the membrane lining of the small intestine, the end products of fat digestion become dissolved in the membrane and diffuse to the interior of the cell. As the split fat molecules enter the lining cells, intestinal lipase (enzyme) helps to further digest them. Triglycerides are formed in these cells and, along with cholesterol and phospholipids (other absorbed fat), they are given a protein coat. Thus "dressed," these final fat products pass into spaces between the cells and into the villi. About 80 to 90 percent of digested
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of fat and availability of energy as it acts as a natural emulsifier. Tried & tested The experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Kemulsifier on bird's performance. The trial was conducted on 250, day
old broiler chicks for a period of five weeks. Birds were fed with vegetable oil in both the groups. Results: Table 2: Table showing performance parameters in control as well as Kemulsifier fed groups.
Parameters
Kemulsifier group
Control Group
Body Weight (g)
1410.78
1315.78
FCR
1.78
2.1
Conclusion : From above study it is concluded that compared to control group, Kemulsifier has shown the better 1600
results in performance parameters like Body weight and FCR. Hence, Kemulsifier proves to be an ideal biosurfactant in digestion & absorption of fat /oil in poultry feed.
Body Weight
Body Weight (grams)
1400 1200 1000 800
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
600 2.2 400 2.1200
2 0 Kemulsifier group
Control Group
1.9 FCR
Article
fat is absorbed in this manner. Small amounts of fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood going to the liver. Chembond presents Kemulsifier, a latest and high energy Biosur factant which contains phospholipids (Lecithin), Lysophospholipids, Sodium Steroyl Lactylate and Lipase. Function of different components present in Kemulsifier are:1) Phospholipids (Lecithin) – HLB 4 :-Phospholipids are emulsifiers with low HLB which aids in the conversion of large fat globules into smaller fat droplets. 2) Lysophospholipids (lipase treated lecithin) – HLB 7.58.5 :- Promotes the conversion of fatty acids into micelles. 3) Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate – HLB 10-12 :- SSL stabilizes the micelle formation and thus decreases the rearrangement of micelles to separate out. Helps to better absorb emulsified fat. 4) Lipase Enzyme :- Hydrolyses the triglyceride molecules into monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Main advantages of Kemulsifier :1. Increase utilization of fats by promoting stable emulsion and micelle formation. 2. Promote absorption of fat soluble vitamins and other nutrients. 3. Lipase incorporation ensures better fat metabolism. 4. Improves liver metabolism, prevents excess fat build up, minimizes abdominal fat and promotes lean meat. 5. It ensures excellent digestibility
1.8 1.7 1.6 Kemulsifier group
Control Group
Formation of Micellae Phospholipid
Lysophospholipid
SSL
Stable micelle formaton is an essential prerequisite for a faster, more effective absorption of fat.
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Press Release
EW Nutrition Highlights Optimization of Feed Cost in Challenging Period Today, poultry industry is facing a major challenge in terms of rising prices of feed ingredients and limited availability of quality raw material. EW Nutrition India hosted a technical seminar in Jabalpur on 29th March, 2019 to discuss on the optimization of feed cost through nutritional intervention in this challenging period. The key speaker in the program was Dr Mahendra Chaudhari who is leading poultry consultant with over 26 years of experience in the industry. The program was jointly inaugurated byMrSumit Kalia andMrsGaura Dubey, Director, Phoenix Poultry. The event was kick started by a welcome address delivered by Dr. Sadanand Karale, Zonal Business Manager (West). Dr. Chaudhari with vast experience and nutritional expertise deliberated on the choice of right ingredients, replacement options and suggested nutritional interventions for enhanced performance to keepthe feed cost under control. Thiswas followed by question and answer session. The audience enquired about feed optimization and nutritional manipulations during heat stress. This was explained and resolved by the technical team of EW Nutrition. Dr Shirish Nigam, Managing Director, EW Nutrition South Asia,infused confidence in the audience by addressing them as “Partners in Progress�. He highlighted the importance of services offered by EW Nutrition likeRoutine Technical Services in Field, Audit of farm, hatchery audits, disease diagnosis, Mycotoxin risk assessment at doorsteps and also other services including Gut Health Surveillance- FITC markers etc. He assured that EW Nutrition would always stand in thick and thin situation with its customers and work towards achieving the goal, thus achieving a win-win situation for all. Another major highlight of the event was the discussion on the importance of probiotics in early
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life of chicks, whichwas explained by Dr Amrita Singh from the Product Management Team. Apart from this, an innovative and advanced probiotic applicatorrecently developed by the EW Nutrition was also showcased. The delegates included technical staff and members from Phoenix Poultry Jabalpur includingDr S.C Mishra, Mr Bharat Lal Patel and Mr Prabhakar Ayer.Mr Jayant Chaudhary fromJoy Poultry farm,Mr Raj Kumar Bajaj from Bajaj poultry farm and MrPravesh Verma of Jabalpur region were also a part of the esteemed gathering. The event was fur ther enlightened bythe presence of dignitariesfrom Jabalpur Veterinary College Dr J.L Vegad and Dr R.P.S Baghel.Mycotoxin Analytical Reader was also displayed and was a center of attraction for customers.Mr Sunil Bhindwale from Phoenix group extended the vote of thanks to the distinguished guests before concluding the event.
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Press Release
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Scope of Egg Powder Entreprises in India Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh, (Livestock & Poultry Consultant), Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India Changing food habits have increased egg and egg products consumption in India, leading to an increase in the domestic market for both. This will be further increased in coming period as egg is the cheapest source of protein for the masses and its consumption has become common. Increasing number of nuclear families in India, particularly in urban and semi urban areas, and increasing number of working women in the country has increased demand of Egg powder. India, the world's third largest producer of eggs, currently exports table eggs, egg white powder and egg yolk powder to about 30 countries, and had been in talks with the government of Russia to facilitate their export. Indian egg powder is comparatively cheaper than the product made in other countries. There are five egg powder manufacturing plants in the country with total capacity of 15000 tons per annum. A major market promotion effor t is needed to encourage use of egg powder in Bakery products. In India look for more diversified and value added products from processed eggs. An egg consists of 3 main par ts: the shell (10%), the
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albumen or egg white (60%) and the yolk (30%). An average egg weighs about 55-60 gram. Egg, in full or parts, is used to prepare powder used in different industries: Whole egg powder (WEP) is used in classical food applications where rising qualities are not essential, such as crackers, cookies and pasta. Egg yolk powder (EYP) is used as a substitute for fresh egg yolk to obtain colour, texture, and emulsion capacity. Egg yolk powder is most frequently used in mayonnaise, dressings, sauces and croissants. Egg albumen powders (EAP) is used in a range of items from fish, meat, and potato preparations to bakery and pastry products. Egg processing : Manufacture of dried egg powder starts with breaking of eggs and removing egg-shells. After removal of shells, the mixture is filtered and stored in storage tanks at about 4o C and then it is taken to tabular heater, wherein it is dried at about 65o C for 8 to 10 minutes and it is filtered and passed to high pressure spray drier with the help of high pressure pump. The material which comes out of high pressure spray drier is not only in dried form but also in powder form, which is then packed in
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Article
The egg is the most nutritious natural product. Eggs are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. The poultry industry in the India has made remarkable progress and grown into an organized and highly productive industry. Dried egg powder can be stored and transported at room temperatures. It is quite stable and has long shelf life. There is enough scope of an egg powder manufacturing plant, with a suitable capacity. Whole egg powder is consumed in hotels, hospitals, restaurants, and militar y establishment etc. Transportation of eggs is difficult as chances of breakage during transportation are higher and it is costly also. Egg powder is comparatively easier to transport and there is no question of any breakage during the transit. Egg powder is one of the most common products in poultry industry in the country. Powdered eggs are fully dehydrated eggs. They are made in a spray dryer in the same way that powdered milk is made. It is used in fast food preparations, ice-creams, cakes, cookies, noodles, doughnut etc. In fact it can replace the use of fresh eggs in these food items, which would offer convenience and ease of handling as against s h e l l e g g s .
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Egg Rate Apr. 2019
Article
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Article
polylined boxes. The average yield is around 80%. Global market overview : Asia dominates the global egg production, accounting for around 60% of the total, followed by Americas and Europe. Asia encompasses five of the top 10 national producers of eggs, with India and Japan at third and fourth positions in the world ranking. Country wise, China leads the egg production globally, followed by the US and India. However, China's growth rate was slow as compared to the growth achieved by other Asian economies - India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Malaysia. Around the world, consumption of eggs is also increasing. This increase is particularly notable in developing countries where changing diets have people consuming a greater number of calories from protein sources like poultry meat and eggs. Indian market overview : Egg is a highly nutritious product. Eggs are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. The poultry sector has made tremendous progress in the last decade. It has grown into an organized and highly productive industry. Fresh eggs have a very limited shelf life. To improve the shelf life and for ease of storage and usage egg powder is very convenient. It is quite stable at room temperature and can be stored over longer period. The manufacture of egg powder is an
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important segment of egg consumption. Egg powder is one of the most common products in poultry industry in the country. India's egg products industry relies almost completely on exports of egg powder, with the main markets being Europe and Japan. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu account for almost half of the country's egg production. The largest producer of egg is Andhra Pradesh (Including Telangana) which produces 30.5% of the total egg production in the country. Tamil Nadu ranks second, producing 18.9% of the egg production. Maharashtra, West Bengal and Haryana hold the next three ranks producing 6.5%, 6.4% and 5.8% of the total production respectively. Gujarat ranks 11th in the country in terms of egg production, contributing about 2.1%. India – 2nd largest poultry market in the world : World's 2nd largest poultry market with an annual growth of more than 14% Poultry - the most organised sector in animal agriculture - valued at about INR 350 billion 3rd largest egg producer after China and USA, producing around 3.6% of global egg production Annual growth rate of egg production between 58% Lowest cost egg producer in the world – an estimated production cost of INR 1.1 per egg makes it much lower than all the other major producers.
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Acceptability & Perception In India For Egg Powder : Broadly speaking eggs are now considered as a vegetarian diet. It is consumed by both the nonvegetarians as well as moderate vegetarians. Eggs find their adoption in regular diet because of its nutritional qualities. Transportation and storage of fresh eggs is problematic. The conversion of eggs into dried egg powder takes care of both these drawbacks and is economical also. Egg powder has a major market in Defense organizations, Bakeries, Government canteens and in such areas where transportation is difficult such as hills. Manufacturing Process & Know How : T h e p r o c e s s o f manufacturing is simple and standardized. Manufacture of dried egg powder starts with breaking of egg and removing of shells. The mixture is then filtered and stored in tanks at about 4* C. The mixture is then taken to tubular heater system wherein it is dried at about 65*C for 8 t0 10 minutes and it is filtered and passed to high pressure spray drier with the help of high pressure pump. The resultant material is dry and and in the form of powder. This is then packed in poly lined boxes. The average yield is around 80%. Know how is available with Central Government research
On an average the raw material cost has been estimated to be Rs.67.20 lakhs at rated capacity. At 65% capacity in 1st year the cost works out to Rs 43.68 lakhs. Land and Building : For smooth operation of the unit, it will require 800 sq. mts of open land and a built up area of 500 sq. mts. The total cost of land and building is estimated at Rs. 14.90 lakhs. M a n p o w e r : For smooth functioning of the unit the requirement of man power is expected to be around 1 8 p e r s o n s . Sales person self Skilled Workers 4 Semi skilled workers 4 Helpers 8 Machine Operator 2 The annual salary bill is estimated to be around Rs.5.58 lakhs. Sales Revenue: (100% capacity) : Selling price varies depending on the product mix quality. An average price of Rs 65,000/- per tonne has been taken the annual income at installed capacity of 240 tonnes is Rs 156.00 lakhs. Cost of Project Sales Rs. lakhs Land & Building 14.90 Plant & Machinery 10.00 Other assets 0.70 Contingencies 8.00 P & P expenses. 10.00 Margin money 3.40
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Total 111.30 Means of Finance Promoters Contribution 35.30 Term Loan 76.00 Total 111.30 Profitability: (60%capacity) Rs. lakhs Sales 101.40 Raw material 43.68 Salary 5.58 Utilities 3.90 Stores & Spares 1.80 Repairs & Maintenance 2.40 Selling expenses 10.14 Administrative expenses 2.50 Depreciation 12.50 Interest on T.L 9.80 Interest on W.C 0.84 Cost of production 93.14 Profit 8.26 Requirement of Working Capital : Margin W.C Margin Money Raw material & packing 15 days 30% 1.80 0.55 Stock of finished goods 15 days 25% 2.40 0.60 Working expenses 1 month 100% 1.25 1.25 Sale on credit 15 days 25% 3.90 1.00 Margin money for W.C 3.40 Break Even point 48.75%
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Press Release
Laboratories CFTRI Mysore. The machinery is all indigenously a v a i l a b l e . The production capacity envisaged is 240 MTA per year 300 days and two shifts basis working. Plant and Machinery The main plant and machinery required comprise Egg Breaker. -4no. Centrifuge - 2nos. Filter. - 2nos Storage Tanks - 4 nos Feed Pump -2nos. Tubular Heater. - 1 no Balance Tank - 4 nos Feed Pump - 2 nos High Pressure Pump - 2 nos. High Pressure Spray Drier - 1 no. Cyclone with exhaust and Fan 1no Packing unit - 1 no. The total cost of machinery is estimated to be Rs.65.00 lakhs. The unit will also require miscellaneous assets such as fu r n i tu re , fi x tu re s, sto r a g e facilities etc. the total cost of these is estimated to be Rs. 10.00 lakhs. The total requirement of power shall be 75 HP, the unit will need 2500 lits of water daily. Raw material and Packing Material : The basic raw material for the unit is fresh eggs and the daily requirement is 20,000 nos. Packing material like poly lined boxes, polythene sheets; box strapping's etc shall also be r e q u i r e d .
Know Your Pet Bird - Cockatiel K.Premavalli, S.Prakash and S.T.Selvan Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam,
Article
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Cockatiels are one of the smaller species of pet parrots, are the first bird for new pet owners. The cockatiel also known as miniature cockatoo / weero / quarrion. It is the smallest of the Cacatuidae (cockatoo family). Cockatiels are native to Australia. They are prized as household pets and companion parrots throughout the world and are relatively easy to breed. Cockatiels are best suited for cage rearing second in popularity only to the budgerigar.Cockatiels are famous among pet bird owners for their lovable nature. They are small bird, requires less space easy to breed, gentle, and love to be handled and stroked, make soft chirping sounds than larger parrots. Cockatiels can be taught to sing specific melodies and speak many words and phrases. Cockatiels are easy to tame, inexpensive and simple to maintain, and thus make an excellent choice for a beginner. Biological Facts Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) Weight: 80-120 gm Sexual maturity: 6-12 months Avg. life span: 6 years Maximum recorded life span: 32 years. Diet and exercise are major determining factors. They are the only cockatoo species which can sometimes reproduce in the end of their first
Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Psittaciformes Sub Family Nymphicinae Genus : Nymphicus Species : N. hollandicus
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year. Cockatoo family's biological features The erectile crest, a gallbladder, powder down, suppressed cloudylayer (which precludes the display of blue and green structural colours), and facial feathers covering the sides of the beak, all of which are rarely found outside the family Cacatuidae. Description Crest Erectile crest expresses the animal's emotional state Tail feathers In contrast to most cockatoos, the cockatiel has long tail feathers roughly making up half of its total length- 30 to 33 cm (12 to 13 in), Body size Cockatiel is the smallest of the cockatoos which are generally larger at between 30 and 60 cm (12 and 24 in). Plumage colour - normal grey" or "wild-type have Grey with prominent white flashes on the outer edges of each wing. Sexual dimorphism Colouration The colour in cockatiels is derived from two pigments: melanin (which provides the grey colour in the feathers, eyes, beak, and feet), and lipochromes (which provide the yellow colour on the face and tail and the orange colour of the cheek patch). The grey colour of the melanin
overrides the yellow and orange of the lipochromes when both are present. Colour mutations Currently 22 cockatiel colour mutations have been established in the species which enable the production of many different combinations. Some of them are listed below 1) A n t i - D i m o r p h i c ( A D M ) Pied/Recessive /Pied(grey blotch on a yellow cockatiel) 2) Ashen fallow, incorrectly known as either Recessive Silver and/or Silver Fallow in the past 3) B r o n z e f a l l o w / B r o w n fallow(cinnamon colouring with yellow sections) 4) C i n n a m o n ( v e r y s i m i l a r i n appearance to the grey; however, these birds have a warmer, browner colouring) 5) Dilute, incorrectly known as Pastel Silver in the past 6) Dominant Silver/Ashen Dilute 7) Edge dilute, incorrectly known as Spangled Silver in the past 8) Faded 9) Sex-linked Ino/ Lutino/ Albino (lack of pigment, white with red eyes) 10) Pale faced Ino/Creamino 11) Non-sex-linked ino/Recessive Ino 12) Opaline/Pearl(feather of one colour with a different coloured edge, such as grey feathers with yellow tips on a bird's wings or back.) 13) Pale faced, often incorrectly
Erectile crest Vertical Gently oblique Flattened close to the head Flat but protrudes outward in the back POULTRY VALLEY
Emotional state startled or excited neutral or relaxed angry or defensive trying to appear alluring or flirtatious
known as Pastel faced
silver)
14) Pallid, often incorrectly known as
Platinum White-faced
7) Australian yellow cheek. Complex /multiple mutation one bird can have multiple colour mutations.
6) Silver spangle (edged dilute), 7) Platinum 8) Suffused (Australian olive)
Double- a yellow lutino cockatiel may have pearling – white spots on its back and wings.
9) Pewter. Other mutations such as face altering mutations include;
known as Emerald and/or Olive
Quadruple mutation-Cinnamon cockatiel with yellowface colouring with pearling and pied markings.
1) Whiteface
Australian mutations 1) Emerald/olive
2) Pastelface,
2) Dominant and recessive silver
3) Dominant yellow cheek
3) AUSTRALIAN fallow
4) Sex-linked yellow cheek
4) Faded (west coast silver)
5) Gold cheek
5) Dilute/pastel silver (east coast
6) Creamface
Cockatiel Facts Cockatiels make great first pets — feathered or otherwise.
Type Cockatiel chicks and juveniles
Appearnce Male Female Virtually indistinguishable from the time of hatching until their first moulting. They display horizontal yellow stripes or bars on the ventral surface of their tail feathers, yellow spots on th e ventral surface of the primary flight feathers of their wings, a grey coloured crest and face, and a dull orange patch on each of their cheeks.
Adult cockatiels
Evident after the first moulting ie., six to nine months after hatching. Face Yellow or white Grey or light grey Cheddar cheeks" - Brighter and more Dull and less distinct. round orange area distinct. on both ears Orange colouration Vibrant Quite muted Vocal calls More varied Less varied Feathers-tail feathers Loses the white or Commonly retains the and wings yellow barring and spots horizontal barring on the on the underside underside of her tail feathers. Feathers- cheeks and The grey feathers are crest replaced by bright yellow feathers, Melanin content Decreases in the face of Darker as they mature the males as they mature, allowing the yellow and orange lipochromes to be more visible An increase in melanin Darker as they mature content in the tail causes the disappearance of the horizontal yellow tail bars. Vocalisation
Wild cockatiels
heads
typically louder and more complex yellow
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Soft and less complex grey
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15) 16) Dominant Yellow cheeks 17) Sex-linked Yellow cheeks 18) Yellow-suffusion, incorrectly
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o
o
o
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They are extremely social and love spending time with their human flock mates. They clearly recognize their caretakers and are responsive to their voices. Cockatiels are extremely smart and can be taught to talk and do tricks. Treat them with rewards right after they complete a behavior, repeatedly over time, and this becomes the habit. Cockatiels are relatively long lived. The longevity of these birds (2032 years) makes them attractive as pets for people who want a long-lived pet with whom they can bond like a family member. Cockatiels come in a variety of feather patterns and colors. The variety is due to genetic mutations of the gray wild type. Thay have varied feather, eye and skin colors. Cockatiels need preventive medical care, just like dogs, cats and people. As they age, birds develop conditions like kidney failure, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries with fat deposits) and arthritis. Many of these conditions can be prevented or at least treated when caught early with diagnostic testing, such as blood analysis and X-rays. Housing Management Cockatiels acclimate well to average household temperatures of 65°F to 80°F. The habitat should be placed off the floor in an area that is well-lit and away from drafts. A habitat approximately 24"W x 24"D x 30"H, with metal bars spaced no greater than 1/2" apart, makes a good home for one cockatiel. It is best to provide the largest habitat possible. Perches should be at least 5" long
and 1/2" in diameter; a variety of perch sizes to exercise feet and help prevent arthritis is recommended. A metal grate over the droppings tray will keep the bird away from droppings; line the droppings tray with habitat paper or appropriate substrate for easier cleaning. To avoid contamination, do not place food or water containers under perches. Cockatiels can be kept alone to bond with pet bird owner or in pairs to bond with each other. Different types of birds should not be housed together. Birds should be socialized daily by the pet bird owner. Clean and disinfect the habitat and perches regularly with a 3% bleach solution Replace substrate or habitat liner weekly or more often as needed. Replace perches, dishes, and toys when worn or damaged Rotate new toys into the habitat regularly. Ensure that there are no habitat parts or toys with lead, zinc or lead-based paints or galvanized parts as these can cause serious medical issues if ingested by your bird. Do not use a lot of cleaning agents around your bird as the fumes can be harmful. It is recommended to use a natural cleaning product. Behavior Relatively quiet bird. Better known for whistling ability than for talking. Cockatiels that are parent-raised, but also exposed to regular human handling through weaning, grow to be tamer and better adjusted than those that are entirely handfed or parent-raised. Tamed birds readily adapt to new surroundings and activities – expose early to daily activities in
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your household as well as to other pets Are intelligent, curious, and easily amused with simple toys. They love to explore their surroundings Cockatiels are very social and require regular interaction with people in order to satisfy their sociable nature. Cockatiels may bond with humans, cage mates, toys, or other cage furnishings. Courtship, mating behavior and egg-laying commonly result. Foraging stations, puzzle-feeders, and “busy” toys provide necessary environmental enrichment and reduce the chance of feather picking, aggression, or other problems Birds with unrestricted access in the home will encounter numerous dangers: drowning, toxin ingestion, electrocution, injuries, etc. Cockatiels should be confined to their cage or housed in a “bird friendly” safe room when not under direct supervision. Enclosures should be as large as possible, with the bird able to fully extend it's wings and flap without touching the sides of the enclosure Cage should be clean, secure, safe and constructed of durable, nontoxic materials, with perches of various sizes. Avoid placing perches directly over food or water to prevent contamination Access to natural light is preferred, drafty areas should be avoided. Some birds will require a night light in order to prevent episodes of “night fright” - frantic flapping and vocalization that can occur without provocation Birds outside of cages need constant supervision to avoid access to other pets, small
within a few hours should be discarded. Health Signs of a Healthy Animal Active, alert, and sociable Eats and drinks throughout the day Dry nares and bright, dry eyes Beak, legs and feet normal in appearance Clean, dry vent Smooth, well-groomed feathers Red Flags Beak swelling or accumulations Fluffed, plucked, or soiled feathers Sitting on floor of habitat Wheezing or coughing Runny or discoloured stools Favoring one foot when not sleeping Eye or nasal discharge red or swollen eyes loss of appetite Common Health Issues Preventive Care Physical examination every 6-12 months Annual fecal examination for parasites, yeast, and bacteria Vaccination for Polyomavirus, as directed by your veterinarian Blood work annually, as directed by your veterinarian Wing or nail trimming as needed Consult a veterinarian with experience in avian medicine if you have any questions or
concerns about your bird's health. Common Medical Disorders Obstetrical problems (excessive egg-laying, egg-binding, eggrelated peritonitis, yolk emboli) Liver disease Kidney disease Internal parasites Bacterial and yeast infections Obesity Feather picking Broken blood feathers Grooming & Hygiene Provide filtered, chlorine free, lukewarm water regularly for bathing; remove the water when done. As an alternative, mist the bird with water. Clipping flight feathers, when done correctly, can help prevent injury or escape; consult an avian veterinarian on what is best for your bird. Nails should be trimmed by a qualified person to prevent injury to the bird. Conclusion
Pet bird owners should follow the scientific managemental practices namely choosing of good, health cockatiel, proper housing, nutrition and health. They should be screened annually for disease in order to keep the birds in happy and healthy condition, so that these small birds can make lovable and long-standing companion pet bird bonding.
Common Diseases/Signs
Symptoms or Causes
Suggested Action
Chlamydiosis
Appetite loss, fluffed feathers, nasal discharge, lime green feces and conjunctivitus.
Seek immediate avian veterinary attention.
Conjunctivitis
Red eyes, tearing; closed, puffy eyes.
Consult your veterinarian and wipe eyes with warm water.
Diarrhea
Fecal portion of stool not formed. Multiple causes, from change in diet to internal parasites
Consult your veterinarian and ensure proper diet.
Polyoma virus
Anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, sudden death.
Seek immediate avian veterinary attention.
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children, and hazards in the home. Diet A well-balanced cockatiel diet consists of: Clean, fresh, filtered, chlorinefree water, changed daily. Do not feed birds avocado, fruit seeds, chocolate, caffeine or alcohol as these can cause serious medical conditions. Avoid sugar and high fat treats. They often eat cultivated crops. Seeds are high in fat and low in many essential nutrients. When offered a seed mixture, cockatiels usually chose the seeds with the highest fat content, and selectively pick those from the mix. “Vitamin enriched” seeds have a coating on the hulls, which is usually discarded by the bird. Formulated diets, on the other hand, are complete. Each pellet contains balanced nutrition, preventing a bird from feeding selectively. Cockatiels should be fed a diet consisting of 70-80% formulated pellets Dark green vegetables or fruits can be 10-30% of diet Treats (including seeds) should be limited to only 5% of the diet Fresh food and water should always be available. Vegetables and fruits not eaten
Press Release
BIOMIN Exhibits Strong Presence at Kolkata Poultry Expo Animal nutrition and health company BIOMIN
“Kolkata fair has thus provided an excellent
displayed strong presence at the Kolkata
opportunity for BIOMIN to have follow-up
International Poultry Expo, which was held
meetings with the prospective customers from
between February 19 and 21 at Eco Park in Kolkata. This regional level expo created an ideal
Nepal,” he added. In the backdrop of growing awareness in the
platform for customers and stakeholders in West
poultry industry to reduce antibiotic usage,
Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and other neighboring
BIOMIN showcased its combination of feed
states, as well as from Nepal, to visit the booth
additives i.e. Biotronic® acidifier, Digestarom®
and to gain further understanding about the
DC phytogenic, PoultryStar® probiotic and
products and services of BIOMIN. Dr. Sujit Kulkarni, BIOMIN India Managing
Mycofix®, the mycotoxin risk management product line, which can help poultry producers
Director said: “This expo provides us the
achieve their antibiotic reduction goals
opportunity to be in the midst of regional level poultry integrators and farmers, which help them
successfully. Visitors at the booth were explained about the
in getting our solutions on mycotoxin risk
services offered by BIOMIN through sister
management and improving gut health.” He underlined that the presence of sales,
company Romer Labs such as feed sample analysis, where the raw material/ feed is sent to
technical and marketing team at the BIOMIN
Romer Labs in Singapore, which offers the most
booth in Kolkata made a great impression in the
comprehensive portfolio of mycotoxin test kits
market. “We had good discussion with the key customers and stakeholders and informed them
for detection of mycotoxins. With the poultry industry in West Bengal,
about various knowledge sharing initiatives from
Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh
BIOMIN like World Nutrition Forum, Mycotoxin
states continuing to grow at a rapid pace, fueled
Academies, etc.,” he added. It may be noted that on February 12 and 13,
by increase in consumption of eggs and chicken meat, the mood at BIOMIN booth was
BIOMIN conducted Mycotoxin Academies in
encouraging as good number of customers and
Chitwan and Kathmandu in Nepal, respectively,
potential players showed interest in BIOMIN
with focus on increasing the awareness of
products and services.
mycotoxins and the innovative solutions from BIOMIN on mycotoxin risk management. “We were happy to receive poultry farmers from Nepal, who attended the Academies, at our booth,” said Bubun Mukherjee, Technical Sales Manager based in east India.
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Biomin Accelerates Growth With New Office Space In India To enable and accelerate growth in India, global animal nutrition firm BIOMIN has moved to a new office space in Chennai, which will facilitate in extending excellent professional services and customer support.
Trade Centre, an important landmark in the
BIOMIN recently moved to a new and
city.
spacious office in Chennai in India. The new
Sujit Kulkarni in his comments said that it is a
office space, which also includes a pre-
proud moment for all on this special day. “The
screening lab facility will accommodate the
bottomline for our growth in India is our
growing workforce, especially since the
strong team of people and it is amazing to see
company is expanding its presence in India.
how quickly we are growing,”he said and
BIOMIN Asia-Pacific Regional Director
added that the new office will provide the
Edward Manchester, BIOMIN India Managing
employees an even more comfortable
Director Sujit Kulkarni, BIOMIN India Office
working environment.
Administration Manager Nanda Kumar and
Office Administration Manager Nanda Kumar
an array of employees celebrated the
informed that the new office space is not only
opening with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on
attractive but also highly functional. “This
May 4.
creates a wonderful working environment for
This was followed by lighting the traditional
all of us and encourages collaboration and
oil lamp by Lab Support Specialist Pavithra
innovation, which is an important part of
Ramalingam, Data Analyst Jeyabalaji
BIOMIN culture,” he said.
Durairaj and others, as per the Indian
To facilitate learning and development and to
custom.
promote the habit of reading, a library has
“The new office space is very much part of
been established within the office with a small
our expansion and we look forward to
collection of books. “The collection ranges
continuing growth at an even faster rate,”
from technical & management books,
Edward Manchester said and pointed out that
magazines, journals, and self-development
BIOMIN believes in growing together with the
books,” BIOMIN India Technical & Marketing
employees and investing in them.
Director Rajan Seralathan, who took the
According to him, the decision to move to a
initiative to set up this library said.
new and spacious office was necessitated
The BIOMIN library was inaugurated on the
due to the growing workforce in office
same day. According to him, more collections
supporting the business, which in turn is a
will be added gradually and steps will be taken
testimony to the increasing presence of
to send books to field sales personnel for their
BIOMIN in India.
reading and reference if required.
The office is positioned in the prime location
The new office has a full-fledged conference
in Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu. It is
room facility, amenities, and parking facility
located less than a kilometer from Chennai
for the benefit of employees and visitors.
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Press Release
– Innovative animal nutrition company
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Press Release
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Know Your Pet Bird - Conure K.Premavalli, S.Prakash and S.T.Selvan, Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam,
Article
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Conures are large parakeets or small to medium-sized, long-tailed parrots which are color ful, intelligent, noisy and excellent affectionate pets. The word "conure" means cone tail. Conures are enjoyed for their delightful personalities, high energy, and comical antics. Conures have an average lifespan of 20 - 30 years. They make excellent pets as they are very intelligent, social, and attractive. Conure parrots have been kept as pets for over a hundred years, and possibly longer. They belong to several genera within a long-tailed group of the
New World parrot subfamily Arinae. The American Ornithologists' Union uses the generic term parakeet for all species elsewhere called conure. All the living species of conures are found in Central and Southern America. Despite being large for parakeets, conures are lightly built with long tails and small (but strong) beaks. Conure beaks always have a small cere and are usually horncolored (gray) or black. Most conure species live in flocks of 20 or more birds. many Conure species are successfully bred in captive and readily available. Conures often eat grain, and so are treated as
Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Psittaciformes Superfamily Psittacoidea Sub Family Arinae Genera Major Genera Aratinga Pyrrhura Other genera Conuropsis: Carolina parakeet (extinct) Cyanoliseus: Patagonian conure Enicognathus: austral and slender-billed conures Guarouba: golden or Queen Of Bavaria conure Leptosittaca: golden-plumed conure Nandayus : nanday conure —no longer in its separate species ( Nandayus)—but now an Aratinga species Ognorhynchus: yellow-eared conure POULTRY VALLEY
agricultural pests in some places. Different Species of Conures Conures have all the great qualities of the larger parrots and in many ways are like miniature versions of the Macaws. They are found in many sizes and colors. Their beaks are powerful, they have large heads, and they are adorned in bright colors. They are delightful comics, acrobatic, very social, and having talents for mimicry. A Conure parrot is a good choice for those wanting to step up from a Budgie or Cockatiel but not quite ready for the commitment of a large parrot like a Macaw, African Grey, or Cockatoo.There are many different types of conures found in this vast region, and they live in a diverse range of habitats from the tropical to the subtropics. Body Between the different species of conures, there is a moderate span of size and weight. Fully grown, conures can reach a length of 9 inches to 21 inches with a weight of between 55 grams and 390 grams. Coloration Within the conure species there is a wide variety of feather colors, but they are often monochromatic, ranging... Interesting Facts 
Conures make excellent pets. They are very friendly birds who love to play around. It is very important for a pet conure to spend some time with the family members.
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All conures are noisy! Greencheeked conures are quieter (relatively!) than other conures. They may not be suitable as pets for people living in apartments. You don't want all your neighbors complaining w h e n y o u r c o n u re s t a r t s screeching at dawn.
If trained, conures can speak some words. But they are not great speakers; they usually make different calls.
The largest conure is the Patagonian conure, which is around 18 inches. The Painted conure, which hardly grows up to 9 inches is the smallest. General Characteristics of Conures In general, conures have Slender bodies and long, tapered tails. Some varieties have short tails that become narrow at the tip, while others
have long, slender tails. Ver y rich colors with the plumage of each species having its own color palate. Colors can range from rich greens to brilliant yellows, reds and oranges, and into the whites and browns. Broad heavy beaks of black or light horn color. Use of their beak is multi-faceted. They have a hooked upper bill that they use to climb, hold things, or to dig. They also use their beak to chew, break seeds, and peel fruit. Fairly broad cere at the base of the beak. Clearly defined eye ring, with the females generally having a somewhat narrower ring than the males. its own set of calls, but they are generally harsh and can be loud. These are all fairly intelligent parrots and many can learn to "talk". Many are quite adept at mimicking sounds they hear and some will repeat words, phrases and even whistle. Biggest capacity for speech. On average, conures are able to learn between five and ten
Different Species of Conures 1 Brown-headed Conure 2 Brown-throated Conure 3 Cherry-headed Conure 4 Green-cheeked Conure 5 Nanday Conure 6 Mitred Conure 7 Patagonian Conure (or) Burrowing Parrot 8 Sun Conure 9 Red-masked Conure 10 Black-capped Conure 11 Blue 12 Blue 13 Crimson
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14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
words. Naturally active and will stay very busy. They will always be climbing and flying from perch to perch. They will intently chew on toys and anything else that they can reach. General Behavior of Conure They are very social birds Conures love being pampered and cuddled. They are called "clowns of the parrot world" due to their attention-seeking behavior.
Very social, active, outgoing birds and develop deep bonds with humans.
Adapt well to captivity and will adjust easily to their cage or aviary.
Intelligent little birds and are generally easy to tame.
Enjoy interaction with people and they also enjoy the companionship of other birds.
Very popular pet birds because of their incredible beauty and personable behaviors. What a joy it is to watch these active, playful creatures.
Fiery-shouldered Conure Dusky-headed Conure Green-cheeked Conure Gold-capped Conure Jenday Conure (or) Jandaya Parakeet Maroon-bellied Conure Painted Conure Orange-fronted Conure Red-fronted Conure Peach-fronted Conure Pearly Conure White-eared Conure
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Article
They need big cages and a variety of toys for enrichment. Wooden toys, strings, hanging toys, and cotton ropes can be very useful toys to keep them busy. Mirror toys can cause behavioral problems in conures.
Article
Everything in their cage becomes an object for their pleasure, from pulling up the paper on the bottom of their cage to playing hide-and-seek under it. Then they'll move on to rearranging their perches and toys.
Live in flocks or family groups and are very friendly and peaceful birds.
Love attention and make wonderful pets, but can be very vocal.
Although they can be noisy, they are highly intelligent and so are quick to learn tricks and to talk.
Because of their social disposition, many can become finger tamed in just a few weeks.
Housing Conures acclimate well to average household temperatures, not to drop below 65°F or to exceed 80°F; be cautious of extreme temperature changes. The habitat should be placed off the floor in an area that is well-lit and away from drafts. A habitat approximately 24"W x 24"D x 30"H with strong metal bars spaced no greater than 1/2 to 3/4" apart makes a good home for a small conure. It is best to provide the largest habitat possible Perches should be at least 9" long and 1/2" in diameter; a variety of perch diameters to exercise feet and help prevent arthritis is recommended. A metal grate over the droppings tray will keep the bird away from droppings; line the droppings tray with habitat paper or appropriate substrate
for easier cleaning. To avoid contamination, do not place food or water containers under perches. Conures can be kept alone to bond with pet parent or in pairs to bond with each other. Different types of birds should not be housed together. Birds should be socialized daily by the pet parent.
Habitat Maintenance Clean and disinfect the habitat and perches regularly with a 3% b l e a c h s o l u t i o n ; re p l a c e substrate or habitat liner weekly or more often as needed. Replace perches, dishes and toys when worn or damaged; rotate new toys into the habitat regularly. Ensure that there are no habitat parts or toys with lead, zinc or lead-based paints or galvanized parts as these can cause serious medical issues if ingested by your bird. Do not use a lot of cleaning agents around your bird as the fumes can be harmful. It is recommended to use a natural cleaning product.
Breeding Conures are very hardy in nature and will breed fairly easily in captivity. They do well when kept in pairs or groups. They live in colonies in the wild, but form monogamous pairs. Once a pair is harmonious, many types of conures will bond with their mate for life. A single bird can become restless or distressed
Appearnce Body tail Body size Space requirement Expensive
without companionship, and may start demonstrating undesirable behaviors like feather plucking or become depressed. Keeping them with a companion can help avert such behaviors. Diet for Conure pet In the wild, conures usually eat wild berries, fruits, nuts, and insects. Pet conures mostly eat parrot pellets, seeds, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Coffee, chocolate, or other sweets can be dangerous for your bird. Dietary needs of conure will vary for individual birds according to the level of activity, physiological condition, growth, breeding, egg-laying, rearing youth, and molting. Other than pellet mixes and seed mixes there are fresh foods that are for Conures to consume. Conures need a wide variety of fresh food including fruits and vegetables. A prescription diet of high-quality pellets can be used to supplement the fruits. Pellets are the ideal diet. A well-balanced Conure diet consists of specialized pellets should make u p 6 0 - 7 0 % o f d i e t , f re s h vegetables and fruits and small amounts of fortified seeds. Clean, fresh, filtered, chlorine free water is needed and water should be changed daily. Fresh food and water should always be available. Vegetables and fruits not eaten within a few hours should be discarded.Treats should not exceed 10% of total food intake.
Conure Slender bodies Tapered Small to medium less less
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Larger parrots Stockier bodies More square-shaped Medium to large More More
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Article
Provide filtered, chlorine-free, lukewarm water regularly for bathing; remove the water when done. As an alternative, mist the bird with water. Health management Clipping flight feathers is not necessary, but when done correctly it can help prevent injury or escape; consult an avian veterinarian on what is best for your bird. Nails should be trimmed by a qualified person to prevent injury to the bird. Conures are susceptible to a few diseases, including Aspergillosis and Erythremic myelosis. Aspergillosis, a fungal infection caused by molds, is often the result of poor cage hygiene or food storage. Conures with Aspergillosis display labored breathing and rasping. It can be
Category Greens Vegetables Fruits Pasta Grains Nuts Protein Dairy Greens Vegetables Fruits Pasta Grains Nuts
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avoided by maintaining a high level of cage hygiene, but can be cured with antibiotics if contracted. Tr i g g e r e d b y c a l c i u m deficiencies and a lack of vitamin K and other nutrients can trigger erythremic myelosis. Erythremic myelosis is characterized by nosebleeds, breathing difficulties, severe weakness, an intermittent increase in urination, and diarrhea. The administration of calcium can prolong the conure's life and stabilize their condition. Signs of a healthy bird Active, alert, and sociable Eats and drinks throughout the day Dry nares and bright, dry eyes Beak, legs and feet normal in appearance
Clean, dry vent Smooth, well-groomed feathers Signs of a un healthy bird beak swelling or accumulations fluffed, plucked, or soiled feathers sitting on floor of habitat wheezing or coughing runny or discolored stools favoring one foot when not sleeping eye or nasal discharge red or swollen eyes loss of appetite Common Diseases/Signs Conures are very inquisitive birds who make great companions as pets when sufficient attention and love is provided to them. Pet bird owner's should understand this and should give their time and love with these pet birds to get relief from their day today stress conditions.
Acceptable fresh food items Chard, mustard, sorrel, cilantro, parsley, kale, collards, carrot tops, rapini, endive, arugula Pepper, squash, cauliflower, cabbage, carrot, beet, yam, pumpkin, snow pea, broccoli, kohlrabi, potato, cooked beans (e.g., garbanzo, kidney, peas, limas, black-eyed peas) Apple, lemon, orange, grape, berries, banana, pear, plum, mango, cantaloupe, melons, papaya, fig Various shapes, whole grain (wheat, spelt, etc.) brown rice, barley, millet, amaranth, quinoa, farina, oats, corn Brazil nut, almond, walnut, pine nut, filbert, cashew, nut butters Tofu , chicken, salmon Yogurt, cheese (small amounts) Chard, mustard, sorrel, cilantro, parsley, kale, collards, carrot tops, rapini, endive, arugula Pepper, squash, cauliflower, cabbage, carrot, beet, yam, pumpkin, snow pea, broccoli, kohlrabi, potato, cooked beans (e.g., garbanzo, kidney, peas, limas, black-eyed peas) apple, lemon, orange, grape, berries, banana, pear, plum, mango, cantaloupe, melons, papaya, fig various shapes, whole grain (wheat, spelt, etc.) brown rice, barley, millet, amaranth, quinoa, farina, oats, corn Brazil nut, almond, walnut, pine nut, filbert, cashew, nut butters
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