The city below the hill by Propos Montréal

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THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES

(^X^ c/Cfl

/7^^;^-t^-T-^t-.-<--tr--5'

"The City Below the

Sociological

Study

a portion of

Hill

the City

of Montreal, Canada.

HERBERT BROWN AMES,

B.A.

/IDontreal:

THE BISHOP ENGRAVING 169 St.

^"^

PRINTING COMPr

James Street.

128946

-lY,

HN \

CONTENTS.

Introduction,

Employment,

III

V VI VII VIII

-----------------------.-.----

The Composition

of the Family,

Family Incomes and Workers Wages,

The Homes

of the Wage-Earners,

Comparative Rentals,

Density and Overcrowdinir,

The Poor

of the

The Death

Rate,

Nationalities Statistics of

city

below the hill" 1896

8 15

49 59 65

--------

West End,

and Religion,

"the

AGE

Introduction The situation and boundaries of ''The City above the obtained

— IVhy

'''The

HiW'

district

this

sociological investigation

City be/ow the Hiir''

— How

the figures

— Comparison with

for

has been pursued

were

these articles

was selected— Lines upon

wiiich

— Purpose of these

this

articles.

one were to draw a line across the map of a portion of the cit}- of Montreal, following Lagauchetiere street from its junction with Hleury street to the Windsor Station and thence along the tracks of If

the C.P.R. as far as the city limits, he would divide the south-western half of our

One

cit\'

into

two occupied

The former above the

hill."

region, for

hill,"

the latter,

hill

contrast therefrom,

pass from the former

descend a considerable

marked change

of nearly equal extent.

upon high ground the is in the main but little above the river level. lack of a better name, we shall call " The city

other, that to the east,

districts

of these districts, that to the west,

into

and with

;

The

the latter

this

city

below the

necessary to

descent becomes noticeable

the character of the inhabitants and

the

Looking down from the mountain top the former is seen to contain many spires, but no

nature of their surroundings.

upon these two tall

areas,

chimneys, the latter

thickly sprinkled with such evidences of

industry and the air hangs hea\y with their smoke. "

The

city

above the

hill"

well-built residences will be

the

home

of the classes.

found the captains of

Within its owners

industr\-. the

of real estate, and those I

lere in predominating"

sional

and the salaried

indeed rare, the

home

who

rather than hand.

brain

hibor witli

proportion reside the emplo\-inij^, the profes-

The manual worker

classes.

in this district is

of the poor cannot there be found.

It is

the

and of the well-to-do. on the other hand, is the dwelling below hill," the "Thecit)Here it is the rich man that one finds it place of the masses. Salaried and professional men are not entirely difficult to discover. lacking, but even when to their number are added the shop-keepers and exclusi\-e hal)itat of the rich

hotel men, these together rei)resent but

"The

below the

cit\-

hill"

home

the

per cent, of

manual wage-earner, of the mechanic and the of

its

population belong to

not without present with

its

this,

poor, and, as

other

cities,

population.

of the

and three-quarters

clerk,

the real industrial class. in

This area

city

know

little-

to care lessâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; regarding their fellow-men in the

man\- of the former the condition of the that of natives in

latter

cit\-

and

Ujcated either

their daily business onl\-

well

track the\'

ordered

the section wherein

transacted.

thoroughfares

the\-

little

known

pass from the one

are

no knowledge.

time

the world's

this

more to realize what when those w ho study

meant

b\-

From

travelled.

honest thinkers

cit\- all

life

reside or that wherein

seldom wander and of other regions

observers and

times

below.

With man}- of the upper

Central Africa.

that they regard as of interest to or w ith effect uj)on their dail\is

submerged tenth

claims upon neighborly sympath}'.

Most of the residents of the upper seem

its

craftsman,

of the

\.o

the other

this

beaten

the\' possess little or

when careful coming more and

histor\-,

cry

land are

the

interdependence of society

day more full)- persuaded that ordinar}- urban conditions are demoralizing and that no portion of the communit)' can be allowed to deteriorate without danger to the whfjjc, when it is being |jro\en o\er and o\er again b)- enlightened cit\- life

are each

that the |)ublic healtli can be con.serxed, morals improved and li\es saved by a right knowledge of local conditions and tlu- proper use of measures for their amelioration, it is o|)portune that the citizens of Montreal should, for a tiiiu-, ct ase discussing the slums of Lf)ndf)n, the beggars of I'aiis and the tenement house ex'ils of New \'ork and endeavor to learn something about themselves and

municipalities

Liiulcrstand

perfectly the cfjnditions present in their

very

midst.

During the autumn and early wmter of 1896,

an endeavor to

obtain accurate information along certain sociological lines for at least a limited portion of the city of Montreal, a house-to-house canvass

was made of the

district

unofficial industrial

already entitled "the city under the

census was taken by experienced

area K'ing within the following boundaries tiere street

and the Canadian

Pacific tracks,

men

hill."

of the

the west Lagauche-

on the north

St. xAlex-

ander and McGill streets, on the east Centre street and a line extended in the same direction as far as the river, and on the south If one were to take a city map and describe thereon an oblong by means of lines connecting the following points, viz., intersection of the C.P.R. by the city limits, St. I^atrick's church, the middle of the guard pier, and St. Gabriel church, he would fairly enclose the area selected for examination. This district, including part of the canals and wharves, parks, streets, etc., is about a square mile in extent and includes 475 acres dedicated

the city limits and Laprairie street.

purposes

business

Since

residence.

nearly

thirty-eight

thousand persons dwell and about seventeen thousand persons labor therein,

able

we have here

averages

sufficient material to

and form

enable us to strike reason-

conclusions.

fair

instructed to obtain information

The enumerators were

upon the following points

regarding

each place of employment, the number of workers and their division into

men, women, and children

of families therein, in

;

regarding each residence the number

number of rooms

per family,

number of persons

family and the proportion thereof of adults, school children, young

and lodgers, the rental paid, the wages earned, the sanitary accommodation, the nationality, the religious belief and other similar matters. The figures thus gathered were then carefully combmed " and tabulated. For purposes of comparison " the city below the hill was also divided into thirty sections and the averages for each section worked out. This material forms the basis of the series of articles which, accompanied by illustrative maps appear in this pamphlet. There are reasons why the region selected is especially adapted to sociological investigation. It is naturally homogeneous, not as to

children

nationalities, but as to the social scale of

its

residents.

It is

a district

Chnib the and one emerges at once into the habitat of the upper middle class. Cross McGill street and one is forthwith among warehouses and oftice buildings, wherein no the boundaries of which conform witli natural conditions. hill,

crossing-

an\-where our western

residential population

b\-

itself,

J^e}-ond Centre street lies that

can be found.

which

special district of Point St. Charles,

suburb

limit,

being sustained

b)-

is almost an independent emplo\-ment furnished in the

offices and workshops of the Cj. T. R. Onl\- to the southward, as one crosses Laprairie street, or that imaginary line in the vicinity of Fulford and Dominion streets which separates the cit\' from St. Cunegonde, does one ask wh\' our census stopped here rather than at

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

a point be)'ond.

One more

consideration gi\es to the study of this section an

interest. The wage-earners among our ]jcople are drawn almost exclusi\el\- from three nationalities, the I-'rench-Canadian, the

added

Irish-Canadian, and the British-Canadian.

and

In this district,

other considerable area throughout the entire

cit\',

are these three

nationalities blended together in not ver}- unequal proportions.

The

study of any other working-class region wxnild be the study of but

one predominating

nationalit)-.

Here we can

stud\- a class rather

than a race. Satisfied then that the district to gi\e

returns which

ma\-

fairl\-

selected

Montreal and ma\' be used when comparing let

will

figin-es

made

axailable

Emplo\-ment, where furnished and

The composition

what extent.

of the t\'pical famil\-.

Famil)' incomes and workers' wages.

The homes

Comparative

Density of population and over crcjwding

10.

cities,

this census.

with other

closing this introductor\' outline gi\e the topics under which

be treated the material

few,

one especially adapted

be taken to represent industrial

of the industi'ial

class.

rentals.

The poor of the " West ImkI." The fieath rate and some of its Nationalities, their location

and

the home.

lessons.

distribution.

There are among the dwt-llers of "the we belie\e, who ha\e the wellfare of

cit)-

abo\e the

their

hill "

not a

fellow-men at heart,

Map A.. r c/7-y y3£-£. =

f^opui-A T/of^

Map A. 'T^/e:

c/TY S£^^oyy the

hh-L-

who realize that there is no influence more elevating than tlie proper home, who acknowledc^e that there is need for improvement in the matter of housing- the working;' chisses of tliis cit}-, and wlio woiikl be

williiv^"

to assist an\'

moxement

of a semi-philanthropic character

homes for the families of These persons are business men. They are not those who take things for granted. They require to have demonstrated to them in black and white the local need for action and the conditions â&#x20AC;&#x201D; changing with every locality â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to which it would be needful to conform to meet the needs of the case, and, at the same

having

for its object the erection

of proper

working men.

time, \'ield reasonable financial returns.

For such as these this series of articles is especial 1\' intended. hope before many months to be able to supplem^ent it with still another paper, demonstrating, from actual experiment, that " Philanthrop\- and 5 per cent." in Montreal, as elsewhere, can be combined. I

Employment JV/n

this

— The — As

should be the first matter considered

— The four

fi^tires

Map

what portions 2nd : Where oj the lower city are enploving and what residential the chief industrial establishments are located and the amount of employment they furnish : 3rd: As to the character of the 7Vflrk. the proportion of ivomen and children and the kinds of laiwr upon which explained

(juestions considered

ist.

they are employed all

tlu'rei;i

4th:

employed

whether the

— Conclusion:

Why

district furnishes

homes for

this section is eminently fitted

Jor philanthropic investment.

One "

of the

first

and character of the learned

that

the

matters worth}- of consideration hill " is

the city below the

how

homes

fui-nishes

nin\

for

ha\e already-

further desire

thirty-eii^ht

to ascertain

where and

these residents secure that emploxnient whereb\- the\- are enabled

to subsist.

In choosint^ a

home,

other circumstances bein<^ equal,

all

the wa^e-earncr prefers to locate

and, therefore, unless counteractiuL;

the xicinit)- of his dail\- work,

conditions are foinid to exist, the

l^revalence of centres of lar^e emploxinenl

an abundance of

ill

l^e

accompanied

l)\-

dwellini,^s not far distant.

Map H shows sections for will

our stud}- of

nearly

enij)l<))incnt therein furnished.

district

thcnisand persons, and

the location and distriljution, the quantit\-

the area

under

con>idL'rati<»n

di\ idcd

|)urposes of comparati\e examination.

into thirty-

Certain

fii;ures

be notici'd inscriln-d within the limits of each section and these

demand

first

designate

explanation.

the

section

the

forth

set

abr)\c

Just

Roman

the

number

which

letters

of places

therein

employment. Every establishment, from the lari^e factory with several hundred workmen to the corner grocery which employs but one clerk, is here included as a place of employment. To the

furnishini;-

left

number

of the section

employed, to the right

the

found the totality of persons therein number of " labc^r units* " thereby

In the centre we have the number of " labor units " per and below this again the average number of " labor units " for each place of employment. Finally in the lower right hand corner of the section is a plus or minus quantity representing the excess or lack of wage-workers employed compared with wage-earners resident within the given section. The meaning of the figures on the map can be made clearer by illustration Take section I as an example. We find that there are within its boundaries 60 places of employment, wherein 1698 persons, represented b}- 1465 "labor units" are employed

represented. acre,

;

employment

that this section gives

at the rate of

12^ f^

labor units

per acre of territory; that on an average 24j\ "labor units" are

assignable to each establishment;

work within

earners obtain

From

these data

its

1st. "

employing

that

lastly

1441

wage-

/;wr^^

by comparing the corresponding draw definite conclusions upon the

are enabled,

figures of the several sections, to

following matters

and

limits than reside therein.

what sections thnnighout the district may be termed and what " residential " and the location of these in

groups. 2nd. As to the location and distribution of the larger industrial establishments and the amount of emplo)'ment furnished throughout the

employing

"The term "

Where

able extent

;

between the find

work.

one man, one

obvious that

and

right

children

units," as in section

woman and is

A man

thus understood:

lie

woman and two

when, however, as left

regarded as representinE;

number of "labor

the

employed,

labor unit "

A woman

nie.Tsuremertt.

four ])ersons,

belt."

j/i

and a child

taken as the unit of of this unit.

Thus

would represent two " labor units." lo,

nearly ecjual to the

child labor in this section

the case in section 2, there

hand numbers,

this signifies that

here

e.xist

number

to a very inconsider-

apparent a great difference

many women and

children

—

3rd.

tionate

4th.

than

employment and the propor-

to the character of the

amount

therein of

woman and

whether the

cit\-

child labor.

under the

emplows more persons

hill

supplies with homes.

The

1st.

area of "the

number of

total

places of labor throut;hout the entire

below the hill"

cit\-

reckoned at 1442.

these

establishments 16,237 persons find work, a fi^au'e represented b)This does not include the employers, who 14,289 " labor units."

would probablx' number 2000 more. the (jucstion,

ment and those of within the district the

amount may

in section 9.

we arrange :

find

sa}',

the

that

(alone excluding section \y to

— 24

first

upon

map

all

The The\'

will

the emplo\ nient furnished. the

number of persons

of sections therefore, which ha\-e been distinguished

means of parallel broken "employing" and the latter as

b}-

characterized as

sections above quoted

than the number of wage-earners resident therein.

The former group the

si.xteen

pro\ide eniplo\'iTient for 14,000 persons,

contain 90 per cent, of

less

8— 4—8— 2—25—7—

In each of the fourteen remaining sections

emplo)-ed

section 16 to 3 units

the sections in their order between these

— — 21 —4— 29 — 27 — — 23 — 2 — 22 — 20

aspect of

some employment, though

least

from 1588 units

9_5_3o— 7—28—26—3—

that

first

observe at once that no section

furnish at

\ar\' greatl}'

residence,

fails to

extremes as follows

— 6 — 15^9,

Comin<;- to the

the separation of the sections into those of employ-

\i/..,

lines,

ma\' rightly be

"residential" localities.

location of these "emplox'ing" sections

readily apparent.

be found to occup)- the northern and eastern portions of

band of territory n(jt unlike a broad fish-hook, Windsor street, its back at McGill street, and its shank ffjllowing the banks of the canal, will include the "employing" sections of the district. There are a few places of employment lying outside of this belt, but onl)- four of these pro\-ide work for o\cr lOO employes, not more than twent)' emplo\- o\er 25 persons, and. \vith ex" cci)tion of sections 24 and 6, nowhere outside of the " enipl()\ing belt " " will the establishments of any .section average 5 labor units each.

our lower with

its

city.

point at

2nd.

And

now, secondly, as to the location and distribution of

the industrial establishments throughout tile

amount of employment by them

the

furnished.

employing

belt "

and

The streets,

which lies between La<Tauchetiere and Notre Dame from St. Alexander to Windsor streets, com-

district

stretching

prising sections

and parts of

2, 4,

and

(but not including

Windsor Station) in proportion to its extent furnishes more employment than any other throughout the lower cit)\ Here are emplo^-ed 4927 persons, equi\alent to 4160 "labor units," whicli gi\cs an average of 80 " labor units " per acre. In this group of sections are situated no less than 40 places of considerable employment, establishments credited with at least 25 "labor units." are E. A.

shoe factories of

The Ames-Holden

confectionery,

etc.,

in section

Chief

among

these

wholesale clothing establishment, and the

Co.'s

Sons and A. H. Sims

Geo. T. Slater l^ros.

Small

;

Co. (Ltd.), J as. Linton & Co., and also the shirt factories of Tooke

Co., with the

section

firms of roofers, plumbers,

Lang Manfg

Besides

makers of

makers of prominent supplies, etc., employCo.,

these, several

electrical

ing considerable labor, are to be found in this locality.

That next

district

which

made up

of sections 16, 21 and 22 ranks

importance, judged by the number of

This group

may

be credited

with

3428

labor units" per acre.

units,

or 61

Herein the nature of the employment varies greatly. the wholesale clothing factory of are the

establishment of H. Shorey

The Whitham Manfg

most important.

Co.,

and

to the acre.

In section 16

Co., the

shoe

Fortier's cigar factory

In section 21, along McGill street, are to be

& Co., and Tasse, Wood & Co., candy manufactory, the establishment of the Montreal Hiscuit Co., and G. H. Harrower's shirt factor)^, all emplov-ment centres of considerable importance. Southward from McGill street are Watson, Foster & Co.'s wall paper factory. Miller Bros. & Toms' machine shop, Ives & Co.'s foundry, and the several works of the Royal Electric Co., with a number of lesser foundries and machine shops. Esplin's box factory on Duke street, and Davis' tobacco factory on Dalhousie street, are the last outposts of considerable employment as one penetrates the residential portion of "Grififintown." Sections 23 and 27, which enclose the canal basin, furnish emplo)'ment to the amount of 1579 " labor units," but owing to the

found the cigar factories of Jacobs Tester

Co.'s

extent of these sections the axerage

will

not e.vceed 25 units per acre.

Section 23 contains the machine shops and metal wcM-king establish-

meiits of

Peck.

&JR. Weir, Robert Gardner

He\-ond the canal

others.

Henn\'

Co.,

Merse\-

Pillow,

Sons,

White, and

27 are the extensive nail works

in section

and

Co.,

tlie

Canada

Horse Nail Conipanw Oij;ilv)''s Ro\-al flour mills, the Malleable Iron Company's works, and the headc|uarters of the Sicily Asphalt Co. In sunnner time one hundred men are are also to be found here. employed about the locks and the canal basin, enLjaged in unloading the (iovernment dry dock and the various the regular ri\er boats along the canal also are considerable employers of companies coal labor. (The G. T. R. offices and shops, although these employ about 2000 men e.xclusixe of trainmen, etc., are omitted from this calculation.) Continuing along the east bank of the canal one finds half a dozen e.\tensi\e establishments between Wellington and Laprairie streets. In this district the Canada Sugar Refiner)- is the largest empUn'er of labor. Next in order come Pillow, Hersey & Co.'s ;

Belding,

rolling mills,

Paul

Co.'s silk

mills,

rope-walk of the

the

Consumers' Cordage Co., the works of the Canada Switch and Spring Co., J. W. Windsor's camiery, and the James Shearer Co.'s sash and door factory. this district,

These, t(jgether with will

aggregate 1779

se\'eral

lesser

establishments

labor units," or 23 to each acre

in (jf

territorx.

The prising

last

for

district

sections

26,

Wellington bridge to the

exann'iiatioii

and

20,

Ixing

cit\' limits.

this

manner of

west

the

The northern

that

canal,

comfrom

portion of this

and planing mills, and the newStandard Light and Power Co. In the \icinity of the Seigneurs street bridge are AlacDougall's foundry and Ogilvy's

district contains sexeral bo.x factories

station of the

Scnithwest of these are the Montreal woollen of works mills, the the Canada Paint Co.. (irier's kunber \ar(ls, and on the St. Cunegonde boundary line, the factor)- of the Singer Sewing Gleiiora flour mills.

Machine

i'o.

This district claims in

all

1392

labor units

or 25 to

the acre. 3rd.

will

next in\estigate the matter of

amount of woman and and

where and

child labor throughout "the

tlu>

cil)-

proportionate

below the

hill,"

what purposes this labor is emplo)'ed. Of the total number of persons to be found in its industrial establishments of ~â&#x20AC;˘ni. are men, 3266 or 20 per cent, are women all kiiuN. 12^11 "r a-.k

for

>'-i-

and 460 or

per cent, are boys and

sections wherein

women and

note where there

ha\e

onl\' to

total

number employed and

upon the map. this difference

the

In sections

labor

larger proportion

of "labor imits

as set forth

28 and 30 where are the clothing of those employed are women

16, 17, 18, 20, 22, ly,

2, 3,

most noticeable.

considerable disparity between the

number

In order to discover those

girls.

child

In section

and shoe factories, about 25 per cent, and children. In section 2, which contains the shirt factories, 75 per cent, of the workers are of this character. Section 16, because of the clothing, shoe and cigar factories within its boundaries, will be found employing, out of 1957 persons, 730 or 37 per cent, that are women and child workers. That section 21 and 22 contain 13 per cent, and 28 per cent. respecti\eK' of labor other than adult male, is due again to the presence of cigar and shirt factories. In the sections between William street and the canal female labor is rare owing to

Beyond the

the hea\')' nature of the employment.

canal, out of 3052 253 are women and 270 are This is about 17 per cent, of the whole number Both women and children may be found in consider-

persons employed

boys and

girls.

there at work.

sections

27 to

30,

numbers in the nail works. The silk manufactory, the canner\' and the bag works emplo)' man\' w omen the sugar refiner)- employs bo\'s and the rope walk and the paint works many bo}'s and girls. able

;

The

only

establishment

immediatel}'

west of

canal

the

largel\-

employing this kind of labor is in section 20, \'iz. the Montreal Woollen Mills, where 100 women are to be found. Several other sections, such as 17 and 18, contain a high comparative percentage of :

this labor,

but the

number

the industrial census,

of persons in reality

upon which these

When

not great.

articles are based,

was taken,

were counted as men e\en iKjt yet of age. This needs to be borne in mind as these have been excluded from among the child workers. Our " cit\' below the hill," then, taken as a representative localit)-, goes to pro\e that in

grown

lads capable of doing a man's work,

though

Montreal the proportion of high as

industrial justl}-

the old land.

woman and

But a

workers belong to

proud.

little

this

child workers

not nearl}- so

over one out of every

five

category and of this fact we

of our

may

14 4th. Our fourth theme is worth}- of consideration before we close this stud)- upon eniplo\-ment in the district of our selection. When our special census returns were totalled, it was found that while 16,237 persons secured rey,'ular work in the industrial establishments of the district, onl\- 10,853 wage-earners were reported as be-

longing to the 7671 families therein resident. The inference from this fact is that at least 5384 wage-earners of the district with their families have homes outside of it. To ascertain the correctness of this hypothesis, the main axenues leading north, east and south were watched for .se\eral exenings at about six o'clock and those passing each way were counted. The contents of the West Ward debouches into McGill street, passes up Beaver llall or Windsor street, and but little I^^our of it remains far the night within " the city below the hill." people come u|) .McCiill street and turn north for e\er}- one that comes down on his way toward " Griffintown." Three persons turn north along Craig street for e\-ery one who goes south. Standmg at the intersections of St. Antoine, St. James or Notre Dame streets by the cit\- limits, one remarks that a constant stream pours outward towards Ste. Cunegonde and St. Henri, w liile few are those who are inward bound. The travel across Wellington bridge is nearly the same both wa\s, though there is a slight exxess of inward bound. The employes of the G. T. R. shops going northwest from Centre street are counterbalanced by those going southeast. There can, therefore, be little doubt but that, for reasons which we ma)- later on consider, /////v one third of those employed diiriih^ the day withi?i our district pass out of it when the day's ivork is done. Is it w ise to endeaxor to keep these persons within the district, near to their work, or sliall we encourage them to become citizens of outlx'ing municipalities ? We shall in future articles learn something regarding the residential conditions which obtain throughout " the city below the it is sufficient, howexer, for our present purpose to have shown hill." that the district is capable of sustaining, by means of the industries therein operated, a much larger number of families th.m it at present contains, and to affirm that, w ith suitable dwellings and proper civic regulati(jns, every x\age-xvorker cinplo\-ed therein might also lixe in comfort and health witliin ea.sx- walking distance of his dail>^ xvork. This conclusion w(juld seem to indicate that, if some central spot were chosen fas that starred njxin ihe ina]). which is within half a mile or ten minutes' walk of industrial establishments emplo)ing oxer 12,000 persons;, buildings thereon erected, if suitable and of reascjiiablc rental, xvould not long want for occupants, could not fail to be a benefit to the xvorkingmen and should form an inxestment for the capitalist at once safe antl profitable. This starred spot has been chosen and here the (.x]jLM-iment will haxe a fair trial. Of the result

xvill

haxe more to

sax' later.

A\ap D.

The Composition The

subject outlined

Statistical presentation of available data

family— Explatiaiion of Map most

?uejne>ous -

Variation

The

C — The

typical family,

lodgers,

and

without the

of family — Possible cause for — How ivealth regarding

in size

popular ideas the size

of the Family.

tested

The average

tvhere they are

lodger

element

this variatio)i

--Tivo

and poverty

affects

of families— The larger family in the real industrial class

The value of

this

and

—

^similar inforiiuition.

Having investigated, in the previous article, the subject of the employment furnished throughout the district under examination, we next turn from the study of the workshop to the study of the home, and

few considerations upon matters affecting family life. phases of this subject naturally present themselves, since

offer a

Two

two things are necessary to every home, the examination of the famil)' occupying and of the habitation occupied. This article is on the former theme and is to treat of the composition of the famil\- as it will More full\- explained our be found to exist in "the city below the hill." task is to ascertain, ist, the size of the average family and the local variations from this standard

;

2nd, the

component

parts of the average

family and the greater or lesser proportion of the several elements in certain localities. will also incidentally endeavor to discover and

trace the operation of several natural laws

;

the object of the whole

study being to guide us to a right appreciatioji of jjropcr residential requirements for families according to the several

localities.

In the hrst place

below the

city

persons.

hill

make

will

which we are

available data from

a statistical presentation of the

draw our conclusions. In the These families include 37,652

dwell 7671 families.

these persons, 25,051

upwards and ma\- be by us regarded are divisible into three classes

are from

sixteen years of age

as adults.

These 25,051 adults

the wage-earners, male and female,

numbering 10,853; the home-tenders reckoned at 11,720; and the lodgers, who either ma\- or ma\' not be wage earners, in number 2478. If

subtract the adults

amounting in and this number

remainder, children,

age of

whom

from

the

number is

number

total

12,601,

of persons, the

will

represent

the

again dixisible into children of school

there are 6948 and \-onng children of

whom

there are

5653-

What then is the composition (jf the t\pical famil}-? Though it may appear strange to the eye, this can best be accurately expre.ssed in terms of decimals. The a\erage famih' contains 4.90 persons. Of this number i.41 work for wages and arc the family's support To 1.53 remain at home and contribute more or less to its care. every third famil)- there is assignable one lodger, who helps to swell ;

the family income, but who, further than

The average h(jmc

calculations.

school age, while .73

an infant

does not enter into our

this,

contains

1.64

chiklren;

These {proportions ma>' perhaps be expressetl more imagine then

block

-e.xpect

would

these

in ;

thirty

such

\i\ idl}- if

fanu'lies.

should

147 persons, 42 of whom whom would be home-tenders 49 of whom would be children,

block

this

be lodgers

;

27 being of school age and 22 being infants at might carry the analysis of the wage-earning portion further. We noted in our stud}^ on employment that j"] cent, of those employed were men and grown bo\-s 20 per cent, latter

home. j)er

find

wage-earners

whom would

still

contain

.91

the hou.se.

;

children.

the 42 wage-earners abo\e cited

expect that 33 would be grtnvn

male.s,

we might

would be

reasonably

women and one

a child.

That famil)-.

there

will

when we come

be considerable variation to

from

the

average

a Cfjmparative examination of the figures

peculiar to the several sections,

clearK' e\ ident.

These

differences

arc

shown

By way

b\-

Map

be sturlicd

connection w

map

then of explainmg the accompanyint^

Roman

that the figures directly over the

the second

decimal

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the

denote

letters

average family

ith this article. it

be stated

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

carried to

let

that section

for

;

that the

figures to the left represent the adult portion of this average famil\',

number above signifying the proportion of wage earners, the that the figures to the the number of home-tenders right show, when totalled, the entire number of children in the average famil\-, the number above representing the proportion of school children and that below the proportion of young children the

figures belcn\-

;

that the figures immediatel}' under the

proportion of lodgers which would

were

fall

Roman

letters

indicate the

to each family of the section

possible for these to be e\enl\- distributed

and

;

that

finall}',

the figures at the very bottom, within each section, express the typical

family of that locality after the "lodger element" has been eliminated.

We persons.

have seen that the average family,

Upon examining

several sections

spicuous sections contain

very in this

numerous

included, contains 4.90

all

are struck by the fact that

The

considerably exceeds this figure. regard are

boarding

population are lodgers.

map we

the

Now

2, i, 5, 3

and

houses, it

and

con-

These sections

11.

20 per

cent,

their

obvious that the presence in certain

sections of such a considerable proportion of an element not trul\- an famil)', and the absence of this element in comparisons unfair until the lodgers have, This accomplished, the.se calculations, been eliminated.

integral part of the real

other sections, renders

from

all

unusually large families,

several sections, prex'ioush' accredited with will

not

now be found

typical family

greatly to differ from

group will contain ^.6

0117-

( 4.jg) souls.

and extent of the variation between the readily apparent, b\- the aid of the map, in respect

Now, while the several sections

the others, while

fact

to such matters as the size of the family, the

the increase or decrease in

prevalence of lodgers,

the wage-earning as well as the home-

tending element, the number of the children and the relati\e proportion of school

to point out is

infant population,

task

far

difficult

any reasonable explanation for these divergencies.

probably due to the fact that our

population which,

city

below the

hill "

the matter of social condition,

This

contains a in

the main

homogeneous. W'c real " slum district

find here "

no \\cahh\- section, nor do we with

cfjinpare

and

axerage for the

real famih',

some

surpass, while others

sections

now lead the

three sections which

and

with

all

eas\- b\-

over fixe persons.

persons per famil\-

extremes are ranged the other

little

by way

this standard.

Nos.

for large families are

list

the.se

4.6

the

comparison to note how-

below

fall

other

the

where families are the smallest are

localities

an average of

Take then

it.

find a

22,

13,

rarelx'

secticMis,

The 8,

hand, the four

and

exceeded.

where Between

but the order suggests

of a reason.

comparison, howexer, of the figures of. the sexeral

.sections

some preconceixed notions and may

indicate,

max' cau.se us to modify dimlx' shadoxxed. the

working of certain

natiu'al

laws w hich, though

subject to constant exception, appear to ojjerate

the main with

tolerable regularitx'.

are accustomed to sax' for exam])le that certam nationalities,

especiallx' the

hrench-Canadian. are remarkable

This ma}' be true to be <S.

.so

other parts of the

for the district noxx-

and

which rank

first

under

citx',

but

The

studx'.

for it

large families.

does not seem

three sections, Nos.

matter of large families arc peopled

almost equal proportions by h^ngiish,

and l^'renchCanadians. is mainly Irish, section 13 is four-fifths b^'ench, whilst in sections 21 and 5 the nationalities are nearl)- exenl)- dixided. Again sections 17 to 20, immediately beUnv Notre Dame street, shoxx' much larger families than do .sections 12 to 15 just aboxe it, yet all these sections arc alike preponderatingl)' French-Canadian. The size of the funilx' in this part of the citx' does not then ap]>ear to depend upon nationality. W'e haxe also been accustomed to think that the poorer the localitx' the larger the fmnlw The poor man's chief wealth is said to consist in abundance of children. Doubtless manx' indixidual instances max'

the four sections which bring

be cited ajjle

in su[)jjort

lend to tlisproxe this theory.

Indeed,

appears to be nearer the truth. for the

Irish

the rear section 22

of such an hx'pf)thesis but axerages for a consider-

luunber of families, at least

remarkable

u\)

the district it

are exann'ning,

the contrar}', rather that

Three out of four of the sections

smallness of their familx' axerages, are at the same

time localities wherein the ax'erage fann'ly incomes are

among

the

Extrcmch' low income seems an accompaniment of especially small families. The belt below Notre Dame street, where families are lars^e, is a region of better average incomes and fewer poor than the belt above Notre Dame street, where the families are lowest to be found.

not large.

Nor, on

sections, such as

the

even falling below

it.

be dimh' apparent

other hand, does the family

the best

exceed the average size, sometimes Hence the law which appears to the writer to in effect that neither wealth nor po\erty is likely

2, 3, 6,

and

on the whole to be accompanied by large average families. These are rather to be expected among the middle industrial class, and the average number of persons per household decreases as the social

above or falls below this level. Another matter which invites examination is the adult element of the axerage famih' and its occupation. Our average family was found to contain 2.94 persons no longer children. Of these 1.41 work to support the family, while 1.53 are supported at home, where probably in most cases by the performance of household tasks they contribute their part. Here a law seems fairh- apparent in that the proportion of wage-earners seems gradually to diminish and the proportion of home-tenders gradually to increase as one passes from an examination of the poorer to that of the more well-to-do sections.

status of the residents rises

probabl)- a fact that the poorer the locality, the greater the

pressure to increase the

number

of contributors to the family purse,

while the richer the locality the larger the

number of those who may

be allowed to remain at home.

most numerous in the sections below Notre Dame street and least numerous in those above As to the division into children of school age St. Antoine street.

to the children, they are

relativel\-

and infants, be>-ond noting the fact that the poorer the section the more nearly equal are these two portions, and the better the section the more the former exceeds the latter, we venture no conclusions.

The by the

child element, in the typical family,

figures

1.64.

In an examination,

we found to be expressed made in connection with

400 families among the very poor, this child average was exactly maintained. This fact furnishes additional corroboration of our claim that it is not among the very poor that the average this census, of

number of

children will exceed the standard.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

has been asked

"lias information such as

lias

just

been

presented an\- value other than as matter of sociological interest

Should the

Its practical value appears to the writer to be time come when capital shall be read\- to be invested in the erection of im]:)ro\ed industrial tl\\ellini;s, it is evident that for its intelligent this.

knowledge must be in and composition of the average family The number and size of the rooms to be of the section selected. pro\ided. in the improved dwelling for the average family, will depend not onl)- upon the size of the family, but also upon its composition, since the larger the proportion of the adult or school-child element expenditure,

hand

in this

as to the

the more the

To make allow no facts

or that localit)-, definite

])crsonnel

amount of space and air that will need to be a success of this work of improvement we can to be overlooked. Hence this endeavor.

allowed. afford to

XVIII a.7

v^ ^/ap C.

IV.

Family Incomes and Workers' Wa^es. 77/1?

D—

separation of these two topics —Exptanatioti of Map The family income, all classes included How localities vary in this The individual income, all classes included ^ Some noticeable respect variations The minimum and where it is found The " Real

unify, yet

—

Industrial Class"

7vho

cojnpose

it,

how

large

— The

family

income in this stratum of society —The wage of the indiindual worker therein

— An

attempt

average

sexes

— Real

value of this

investigation.

Kxamination

into the question

of the

fainil)'

income and the

remuneration of the wage-earner, when resident within " the city below the hill," will form the subject of this, our fourth sociological stud}-.

Although

allied

considered separately and in

will first

istics

survey the

these two themes may best be With regard to each order. above the

topics

field as a

whole, then consider the character-

of certain localities and finally offer some suggestions regarding

the utilization of information of this nature.

Let us turn first then to Map D. and familiarize ourselves with meaning of its figures in order that comparative examination may become possible. Abo\e the Roman characters, by which each section is designated, is the amount of the average family income Immediately below the therein per week, all classes included. Roman letters is the average weekly income per individual for all persons of the given section. To the left is shown, by percentages, the

the

cllx'ision

above

of the residents of that

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the well-to-do

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the poor. which we

between

;

In this article

will

lent to the a\-erage weekl)- fann'h-

class

" ;

while to the right

among

per wage-worker

terms

at the bottr^m

income amont;' the

" real

equiva-

industrial

expressed the average weekly earnings

The meaning

same order. we proceed.

this

Ijecomc clearer as

will

viz.

and below be mainly the middle class of real industrial class,

The amount specified

shall treat.

three chisses,

into

section

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the

of these

ha\e alread\" learned that there are 7671 families resident hill." As near as can be ascertained these

within "the city below the

aggregate amount of not

families recei\e, each week, an

thousand

eight\'-fi\'e

than

less

This means eleven dollars per week to

dollars.

have also found that these families include 37,652 on an a\erage, an allowance of two dollars and Eleven dollars per family, a quarter per week to each indi\idual. hvo and a c/itar/er dollars per individual, Ihese the?! are the slandards oj each famih'.

This

persons.

gi\'es,

average living in "the

Some income. another,

city

below the

sections exceed, while others

Turning to the

we note

that, as a rule, the famih-

the ten sections, Xos. 5

8 falling

average

f)f

below

fall

map and comparing

group of sections north of

and

hill.'''

below

St.

to 10, this

James

I'he

highest

a\erage

two

list

of the

si.x

the

liere for

sections, viz

Section 9 leads the

nearh- $16.00 while sections

order mentioned, complete the

income

street.

$12.64, with onl\-

figure.

average

this limit of

the localities with one

list

and

best sections

with an the

within

f)f merit for generous incomes and William streets, sections 16 to 20, where the average fami!)- income is $1 1.41, and below the canal, Nos. 28 to 30, showing a combined a\erage of $1 1.42. Then follows the strijj between St. James and Xc)tre IJame streets, sections to Finallx' there is that group lying between 15, averaging $10.59. William street and the canal, where the lowest group axerage of $9.26

the entire nether

cit\'.

Ne.xt

are the belts between Notre

order

Dame

found.

There

are

six

sections,

with reference to belts,

where the average family income falls below $10.00. 'I'here are Nos. 12, 13, 24, 22. 21 and 23 with a range from $9.87 in the first to $8.03 in

the last ineationed.

As we

shall

see

when we come

to study

povert}-,"

poor which

absence of the well-to-flo and pi'e\alencc of the \ery

these localities so reduce the average family income.

Two dollars and twenty-five cents, it will be remembered, was amount determined upon as the average share per individual of weekly income. Comparison of family with individual incomes

the the

Arranging the sections

brings out several noticeable facts.

of merit, the northern strip

axerage per person, but sections the lower end of the

list.

bring up

still

and 8 have slipped down towards make a better showing

the rear, and

cents

per

week, or

iwenty-five cents a day,

which the average resident finds Hut class.

this

It is

paper

to deal

necessar}- to

Among

the

and seventy-

amount upon

live.

especially with the real industrial

then necessary that we determine

to this order.

Sections 21

these sections, com-

prising the major part of old Grififintown," one dollar fi\e

order

Sections 12 and 13

here than they did in the matter of the family incomes. to 24, however,

found as a whole to give the best

still

the families below the

who belong hill

less

properly

than 1176,

per cent, of the total number, were classified by the canvas-

sers either in accord

ÂŤ'ith

their

own

information or because of their

obviously comfortable surroundings, as

" well-lo-do,"

that

in receipt

of an axerage income of not less than $20.00 per week, or a thousand

This number included proprietors, managers, promen, store-keepers and a few families wherein the combined income of several workers yielded a generous income. It is plain,

dollars a year. fessional

howe\'er, that to include these, together with their profits or salaries, to ascertain the income of the real .industrial class would undul)' elevate the figures. On the other hand there were discovered by the canvassers families to the number of 888 which, f >r reasons to be studied later, were living upon incomes not exceedThese latter families and their meagre ing five dollars per week. earnings should also be deducted from the original figures in order to prevent them from being unduly depressed by the presence of an clement ncjt properh' belonging to the class now under stud}-. The " well-to-do " and the " submerged tenth," which together constitute twenty-sexen per cent, of the whole number, having been deducted,

when seeking

there remains 5607 families to be by us regarded as the real industrial When then we ascertain that these and as such examine:!.

class

5607 families liaxe an aggregate weekh" income of $57,139.00, we conclude that $10.20 per famih', or eight}- cents less than the amount established as the axerage income when all classes were included, expresses the axerage weekl\- income of the nether

By way

city.

among

the real industrial class

of further \eritication, were

the sixteen sections, designated by

inner

broken

lines

upon

to select

Map

w herein 75 per cent, ov more of the inhabitants are of the class in ^row question, we would find that the axerage for these x\as $10.07.

$10.00

per

$10. 2j

industrial

e/ass.

week,

then,

income of the real of the sex'eral localities

the faintly

to xariation on the part

this standard, an examination of Map D. xxill make apparent to such as care to pursue their researches further.

from

One

final

matter requires consideration before

What

subject. industrial

axerage

the

wage-earner

the

prexiouslx- specified as receixable class

was earned

b)-

citx'

below the

weekh-

b}-

all

x\e

of hill ?"

abandon

the

Taking

referred to

onlx'

this

indixidual

The amount

the families of this

7794 persons gixing an average of $J.^^

earnings of each worker. sections before

remur.eration

the.se

for the

the sixteen tx'pical industrial

and submitting

their figures to a similar

We are safe then in concluding that between $7.20, and $/.^S pc week, or about S/-20 per day, is the a7'eragc 7vage per 7vorker, taking as a xxhole the real industrial class of the west end. We haxe not accurate data upon which to determine the approximate wage of the sexes, but since in test the result

or twelxe cents

$7.21,

less.

our second paper

xxe learned to expect to find in each group of xxage20 per cent, of them to be women, and 3 per cent, to be children, this proportion being maintained, there xxould be, among

earners

the 7794 mixed workers, 6000 men, 1560 women, and 234 children, if the men eari^.cd $8.25 per week, the women $430 per week, and

the children $3.00 per xxeek, total

xxould account for the $57,139.00. the aforesaid 7794 mixed workers. This but conjectural, xet it does not .seem likelx- to be far xx-ide it

amount earned by the

estimate

of the mark.

This axerage per xvagc-earner of %7.li is not maintained in all This is apparent bx- a glance at Map D. In this calculati(jn. howexer, it is the axerage for the largest number

parts of the nether city.

that

to [us of

most

xahic and

therefore

will

not

here

call

attention to the deviations }'et to follow, will

will

The

\arious sections.

stud\- of poverty,

bring out local differences to better adxantage.

not undertake a comparison of wages between Montreal

and other cities. Nowhere else do I know of a study worked out upon exactly similar lines. We may be able, however, when the next Dominion census is taken, to compare results with results, and ascertain

to-do

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; what

of greater \alue

increasing, the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; whether the

number of poor

number

axerage wages of the real industrial class throughout the

hill "

we may

consider that our

wealth)'

condition

an)'

cit_\-

the city below

If these conditions be then found present,

are advancing.

of ad\ance

of the well-

diminishing, and whether the

cit)-

has

trul\-

The real measure the number of verj'

prospered.

not the increase

men, nor of handsome residences, but of the middle

industrial

class.

Increase

the improved in

ability

surround themselves with influences which improve the mind, morals

and health of this part of the communit)' means elevation for society from its foundations, whereb\' all above is also raised. For signs of such advancement we w

ill

all \\'atch

with eagerness.

fn-V /AfCO/^£S

//VcoAf^ PEfi" rue wrfr/zy rH£ Secr/o/y

S^/tae I

fct^

/^e.v HS/ro o^/=ot,t_,^,

Map D.

/^^sw/z-K

//vcoMCJ "o Workers Wmcbs

—

The Homes The theme outlined

and

of the

— Wliat the — ist

illustrated

ideal

The

and

tenements per house here

of the small house— 2nd dangers

arising fi'om

The privy disappear.

4th

The

variations.

between the

pit.

Why

home should provide - Map E explained numher of persons per biiildin^^ and

elsewhere.

The

and

Wage=Earners.

rear

the

way

Advantages and disadvantages tenement. to secure

Where most numerous. there

Hozv

excuse for

its

Its

prevalence,

its

abolition

may

the

— jrd

he caused to

continued presence

—

numher of rooms in the average tenement. Local Comparison with Glasgow —Conclusion — The diference average and the ideal home should constitute a summons

action.

are

now come

to the point

as to residential conditions

where investigation

necessary

we we must kncnv someaccommodation which the se\'eral

"the city below the

hill."

Before

can take up the study of comparative rentals thing

regarding

the

localities proxide.

series

have then as our present task to answer a

of questions as these

Does the

1st.

lofty

differing

industrial class of the west-end, as a rule, occup\-

tenement houses or small dwellings ? Is any considerable portion of our people to be found tenements ? 2nd.

rear

What

3rd.

provide

sanitary

accommodation do the

scxeral

localities

How

4th.

how

on an a\erage, constitute a

nian\- rooms,

does this number

_L;rcath-

\ar}-

with different sections

home and ?

home is one where the where the house faces upon a through street, where water-closet accommodation is provided, and where there are as man\' rooms allotted to a family as there are That this ideal is b\- no means universally persons composing it. B\' means of the accompanying map attained goes w ithout saying. how far different localities fall short of this desired the we can note standard and, haxing thus acquainted ourselves w ith the extent of the deficiency of each we can more intelligentl\- consider in our next article the matter of comparati\e rentals. A few words of explanation, howe\ er, are here necessary with regard to map E. The figures aboxe the section number denote the axerage number of think \\e will

door

front

used

agree that the ideal

all

b\'

but one

famil)-,

The

tenements per dwelling house.

jjercentage to the right indicates

the relative proportion of front and rear tenements, the percentage to the

the proportionate sanitar\- equipment, while the figures below

left

axerage number of rooms to a

the

signify

under consideration.

If,

number of tenements,

(families

be seen to be 1.46

will

and tenements

street

for exam):)le, )

section

the

section

the average

each residential building therein,

;

per cent, are pro\ ided ;

of these tenements 89 per cent, front on the of the occupied on lanes or rear courts

;

pcv cent,

cent, with prixics

we take

famih'

while there are

6.2cS

with water closets and 19 per rocmis on an ax'erage for each

famil}-.

commencement of our enquir\- to of ])ersons per dwelling house, as ascertained number compare the for several large American cities, with our figures in this regard for It

the

ma\' be of interest at the

According to the United States

under consideration.

district

census, the

number of

a dwelling house in

])ersons to

Philadelphia

Chicago 8.6 and in New \'ork Taking into consideration the poor districts onlx' in these 18.52. same cities these figiu'cs were adxanced in Philadel]jhia to 7.34

was

5.6, in

Baltimore

was

persons per dwelling house,

and

scared}for

New York in

36.78.

6.2,

Baltimore to 7.71, in Chiceigo to 15.51, our " cit\' below the hill" can

Now

fairness be contrasted with the former series

floes not contain the usual prop* iiiion

ot larger

of averages

residences occupied

29 it be justl\- compared above cited cities it would need then to be compared with a mean between the two series, and so, when the average dwelling house is found to contain eight persons, this figure proves that " the city below the hill," is rather one of small residential buildings like Philadelphia and Baltimore, than of In fact, the average lofty tenements like New York and Chicago. house throughout " the cit\- below the hill," accommodates two families, one being above the other below, as may be proven not only by observation but also by our special census which showed 4709 separate buildings to contain 8390 tenements, or on an average 1.78 There is much \ariation between sections as to the per building. number of tenements which the average house in each contains. The

by single

families, nor,

on the other hand, can

with the so-called "poor districts" of the

seven sections wherein this

and

ranging from

street.

number

1.25 to 1.58

the other

number of tenements

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; are

lowest,

viz.,

to be

all

hand the seven per building

;

Nos.

4, 3, 2,

found above

sections,

St.

5, 7,

James

wherein the average

the greatest

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

viz.,

Xos.

12, 13,

and 20 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; lie on both sides of Notre Dame street between Nowhere, however, do we find Chaboillez square and the cit\' limits. a section averaging more than 2.15 tenements per building, the case in section 13. The fact that the wage-earner of western Montreal dwells in a small building is not without its effect upon him and his family. It tends to make him independent and self-reliant, pre.serving 14, 15,

does

affairs is

than

all

that pertains to separate familx-

life.

This state of

without doubt more conduci\e to health and good morals

the man)- were herded together in huge cara\ansaries where

There are also, however, some disadvantages. means but few ratepayers per acre, and this on expensive land, means high rentals or mean accommodation for those who occupy. Small houses mean enhanced cost of heating, and since it is easier to inspect a limited number of large dwellings than many

privacy was impossible.

The

small house

small ones, insanitary conditions are permitted to remain, tion with small houses in out-of-the

and abolished

b}-

way

connec-

places, w hich would be noticed

the authorities did they exist on a larger scale.

the whole, however,

inclined to

regard the advantages of the

small house, occupied by few families, asoutweighing the disadvantages

attendant ujjon this condition of lixing.

30 211(1.

The second

task set for us

answer the

considerable i)roportion of our people to be found

ciuer)'

an\-

tenements?

in rear

somewhat difficult to define just what constitutes a rear tenement. Those buildings facini; u|)on back \ards or courts, to It

which entrance from the main street is b\' a coxered passa<.^e or a narrow lane, where the buildings are so concealed by those in front as scarcely to be \isible from the thoroughfare without, such are rear in our inxestigation, however, we have tenements without question, also come to regard man\' dwellings, facing upon a pas.sage-way b\- the title of " A\enue " or " Terrace "), so narrow and so remote from the street that the disadxantages of the rear tenement were all present, as entitled to be classed in the same categor}-. Including such the total number of rear tenements disco\'ered, in the course of our special census of the district, was 86o or an axerage, if e\enl\- distributed, of about one in ten homes for

(perchance dignified

every section.

Certain sections

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; see map E â&#x20AC;&#x201D; such

greath' exceed this average, the

as 13,

and

ii,

with 39 per cent., the second The cent, of rear tenements.

first

with 29 per cent, and the third 23 ]jer neighboring .sections to these in the same lateral

belt,

\iz.,

and

15,

exceed the average, as also do sections i, 2 and 16. Section 9 is absolutely free from this e\il, while sections 6 and 10 are nearly so. The presence of the rear tenement alwaxs renders a neighborhood also

less desirable for

residence.

not onl\- bad

but

in itself

takes

up the space, light and air which ])roperl\- belong to the house in front of it. The rear tenement is rarel\- well built, and, being hidden from the public eye,

oftimes permitted to be occupied long after

has fallen into such a state of deca\' that

one desires to

habitation.

disease and

death,

jjoxerty

find

and

western Montreal, he has only to

The txpical rear tenement rural

no longer

fit

forhuiii.m

where di'unkenness and crime, are most in evidence in

distress

out

either an ancient

the

rear

tenements.

wooden cottage of the

hahitaui tx'pe or a tw(j-st(jre)' building encased in refuse bricks

and reached in

b\'

rickety

Montreal that

wooden

stairs

and

galleries.

the majorit\- of these ho\els were

It is

high time

condemned

and that our ('it\- Council were empowered by legislature to confiscate and demolish such as were not, within a is reasonable period, torn down or removed b)- their owners. It unfit for habitation,

31 alrcad}' within

power of the

tlic

of further builfh'nj^s of this

Council to prexent the erection we are to keep pace with the

municipahties of the old land we must

achancecl

and

C"it\-

t_\]K\ anfl if

a ste]J further

i^n

to the ci\ic authority, as representing^- the public welfare, the

i4i\-c

right to interfere e\en with w hat arc

vested rights,

when

The

welfare of the communit)'.

3rd.

known

private interests and

these latter are, as in this case,

now come

rear

tenement must

menace

to the

go.

a consideration of the sanitary

accom-

will doubtless

It modation to be found in the cit\- below the hill." be unexpected informaticjn to man}- of the citizens of the upper city "

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; where such a conditions,

ground our

thing

that

privy,

unknown

insanitar\-

is still

be found

That the privy

cit}'.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to

learn

that that relic of rural

abomination, the out-of-do(jr-pit-in-the-

pit

the densely populated heart of

a danger to public health and morals

needs no demonstration, and \et

"the city below the hill" ;/irire than half the households are dependent entireh' upon such accommodation. This evil is naturally greatest in the older residential cjuarters

where man\- of the dwellings were erected before the day

of proper drainage, and where the ideas of their owners, upon what constitutes proper their

accommodation for tenants, are There is a map in my

crumbling properties.

colored

)'ellow

all

blocks

as antiquated as office

of buildings containing

whereon are only

proper

whereon the presence of the privy abomination is designated by shades of purple from violet to nearly black according to its prexalence. The sections above St. Antoine street are upon this map mostly yellow. Between Mountain and Richmond streets this favorable color comes down as far as St. James street Beyond Canning street it again creeps down to Dominion sanitary accommodation, and

This irregular strip and occasional faces along St. James and Notre Dame streets, are the onl\' considerable patches of )'ellow color upon the entire map, are in fact the onl\- neighborhoods of any extent throughf>ut the nether cit\' where water-closet accommtjdation is universal. Turning to map K we note that the belt composed of .sections to locontams but 22 per cent, of prixies, although 4 and 5 greatly exceed this average. Section 9 alone is wholh- e.xcmjii, though section 6 is nearl}- so. The second belt, made up of sections II to 15, contains proper and improper sanitary accommodation in avenue.

The

about equal proportion. inferior

having

water-closet

predecessor,

its

only

one family

certain sections

there

is slightl)'

20,

here

families

however,

fsuch as 22,

(jf it

unenxiable pre-eminence

map

most advanced

25 and 26) the proportion with

but one tenement

every

Nor

five.

the canal for the percentage of

thrcnighout sections 28 to 30 reaches 72 per

|jrivies

then the localities above

this score

old

for

belt (see sections 21 to 26 on have water-closet accommodation.

four

much improvement below

families using cent.

cent, of the

reserved,

other localities

all

proper sanitary ecjuipment is

44 per It

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Throughout that

in this regard.

onl\'

prix'ileges.

Griffintown to surpass

third belt, sections

the

process of ridding

St.

James

arc

street

themseh-es of this

evil,

those sections bcn'dering the canal anrl within the limits of GrififintowMi are

most backward and

great need of attention and ameliorating

effort.

The number

of privies, throughout the entire city of Montreal,

has considerablv diminished during the

jjast

fi\e years.

Although

them than in 1891, the total number at was still nearly 5800. It certainly does not seem to me that the work of eradicating this evil is being pushed forward with the energy and despatch which the urgency of the case demands. The e\il is still so wide-spread and abundant that only

there are to-day 3000 less of

the beginning of 1896

drastic measures, b(jrn of persistent agitation, will suffice to extirpate it.

It is

now

quite in order to prohibit the erection of further privies

and it would not be going too far were our t(j provide, by b)-la\\, that, if, after a reasonable period had elapsed say two or three years from date an\' landlord within tlie cit)' limits shall thereafter continue to be the owner of a privy, within the

cit)'

limits,

corporation

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

he shall be taxed for

at the

thus forced to al)ate the

rate of $10.00

same

as a

per

e.xcuse for permitting this evil longer to

annum

e.xist.

There

he be

until

There

nuisance.

))ul)lic

not a street

Only a few Not one house in twenty

or lane in our nether city which has not a water service.

small allcNs are without a drainage s\'stem.

could plead exemption u])on this score. in

every

home

a thing as yet

necessary, adopt the is

cc^llected

Birmingham

and renifjved once

Hut e\cn

unattainable, ])ail

in e\er\'

we can

a water-closet least

system, whereby

where

all night-soil

twent\'-four hours.

Even

this

improvement would remove many of the most objectionable features we know it. This much of an advance we might It least make. Would that Montreal might enter the twentieth

of the privy pit as

century with this reform an accomplished

Our

4th.

end

with reference to

how

occupies and

rooms.

The

follows

the city below the is

The

different sections.

showed

to,

hill "

occupied 38,543 a trifle over five (5 -02)

This indeed compares favorably with other cities. in Glasgow averages but a trifle over four rooms

best district

which boasts

varies with

be seen that the average

rooms per home. per family.

number

this

families in

It will

homes of the westaverage family rooms the the number of

census, alread}' so frequently referred

special industrial

that the 7671

fact.

consideration in regard to the

last

locality

rooms

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Sections

which makes the best showing

The

for ever\^ family.

9, 3, 2, 6,

8, 4,

10,

section 9

order of merit

11,5, 19, 14, 17,

then

16, 29, 7.

20, 23, 22, 30, 12, 21, 15, 25, 18, 28, 24, 27, 13, 26.

be seen that, with the exception of No.

It will

above

James

St.

family.

In fact,

rooms per

shows an average of at least the combined average of sections i street

every section

5^ rooms

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 10

per

over six

This high average, however, does not characterize " the city below the hill." Four and a half

family.

the remaining portion of

rooms per famiiy seems elsewhere about the usual rule. In the belt between St. James and Notre Dame streets the average is 4^ rooms. In <:hat belt which lies between Notre Dame and William streets it is In old Griffintown it is 4^%, while across the canal it is 4I 4| rooms. rooms. There are in all these sections a certain number of homes

occupied by families hardly belonging to the real industrial class

probably

these were deducted from the calculation

the average

home

of the west-end industrial worker

we would

still

;

find

to contain at

least four rooms.

Dr. is

Russell,

responsible for

Glasgow Health Department, the published statement that of every one hundred the

head

the

families in that city 30 per cent, live in

rooms,

per cent,

one room, 44 per

three rooms, and only

cent, in

per cent,

two

in four

rooms and upwards. How far superior are the conditions which we have been examining ? This can be demonstrated by comparing with the above figures those of that section of the nether city most

approximate similar conditions. Take, therefore, section 13, where the a\erage number of rooms reaches the lowest limit known to our limited experience -a little under four (3.99) rooms per fanu'l\and we find that in this sectitjn there is not a family living in a single room, but 14 per cent, of the families ha\ing onl\- two rooms, likel}' to

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

three rooms, 31 per cent, with four rooms, 9 j^er rooms, while 15 per cent, with six rooms or more. comparison is overw helmmgl}' in our faxor.

31 percent, with cent,

The

with

fi\e

And now we have present stud}-.

settle within " the cit}'

among them

about covered the ground

we could imagine below the

ten

hill "

set

apart for the

axerage families coming to

the division of accommodation

ma\' be expressed as follows

One

family might secure

but nine families must needs share theirs' Nine families might dwell facing the street, but one would ha\e to li\e in the rear. Fi\e families might have ])ro]jer sanitar)- accommodation, but as man\- more would ha\c to [)ut up with the ])it pri\\-. Three families might have six rooms, four families might ha\e five rooms, while the homes of the remaining three would

an entire house to

itself,

with another.

contain four r<joms.

This, then, rej^resents the

dwellers of the west-end.

the

home

a7<erai^e

There

still

need

can be brought up to the

ideal set forth in the introduction to this article.

home average for the much effort before standard of the home for

GE-EARNERS. /E^AvERACE Number Above = Percentage of tenements fronting on streets PER DWELLING H BELOW PERCENTAGE FRONTING ON LANDS AND IN REARS. = PERCENTACE OF TENEMENTS WITH WATEK-CLOSETS. )W— AVERAGE NUMBER ^BOVE BEL0W = PERCENTAGE of tenements HAVING PRIVIES.

V^( THE HOMES

Map of the

E. WAGE-EARNERS.

Comparative Rentals. lV//d/

rc/z/a/

and

its

map

by blocks unll show

explanation

— The

Variations according to situation eqnipinent

income

avoid

rental values

ajfects

— Some

few

— The

belts

— JVhat

Map

gcnernlizafions

rental Jar

compared

proportion

common

mistake

home

typical

the

—

— How sanitary rental

instances of very low rentals— Recapitulation

most

the

—A

average

of philanthropic

takes of

— Ho7v

investment

workiiiQmen's homes.

In our preceding article

below the

hill."

family offered by

space.

are

now this

way

noted also the local variations from the standard.

room \\ e

upon a consideration of the (2nd) to examine the average family

accommodation to amount varies according

how

A map It

city

therefore prepared (ist) to enter

earner finds

wall.

homes of "the

of situation, sanitary convenience and

certain other conditions

ascertain

the

learned what the dwelling place of the average

cost of such

how

we considered

;

to the localit)^

which influence

large a proportion

;

(3rd) to consider

rental \-alucs, and, (4th), to

of his income the average wage-

necessary to set aside for rent.

of the district under examination hangs upon

shows by graduated colors how

rental values var\-

study with

every block. Where the average family rental for a block reaches or exceeds $20 per month a light lemon color is used where the average falls below $5 per month a deep chocolate tint renders this fact apparent. From lemon to chocolate are nine shades of color. ;

each representing a lower rental as the color deepens. at

map

this

suggests a few generalizations.

glance that

noticeable

the bands of lighter color as a rule border the streets which run

of our nether

/e/igfh

average

for

especialK- iVom

Lagauchctiere street shows a high rental

city.

within

portion

that

Mountain

the

district.

the

cit\-

lined with residences of the better class.

St.

streets,

street

The

predominate.

darkest

lowest rentals, will be found

cit)-

occur

the\^

Map

J',

in localities

accompanying

b}'

spots

upon

streets

representing the

all,

dark spots grow more

shall see,

nearer to the

cit}'

less

ominous than

centre.

this article, regards oin- district as dixidcd

not into blocks, but into sections. groujjing together a

thoroughfares that lower

limits these

frequent, but their presence here, as

when

block or two,

tint for a

short side streets, or blind alle}-s

u|:)on

Near the

anfl in rear courts.

street,

also evidently

James and Notre Dame

ordinary rental average.

running at right angles with these main rentals

Antoine

.St.

limits,

though occasionally showing a darker

indicate a higher than

the

number

(jf

deals with a\'erages

obtained

Consequently

ctjntiguous blocks.

the higher rentals of the main thoroughfares are neutralized by those of the less frequented streets, gi\ing a resultant not either class, but

still

representing

fairl}-

of \-alue for purposes of general com]:)arison.

An explanation of this maj) is therefore next Roman letters, designating the number of the

in order.

Above

the

section, will be found

the average rental throughout this group of blocks, together with the

number of rooms which

sum

that

average rental \alue per room.

will

here procure.

tlic left is

Below

the

indicated the grade of

accf)mmodation, estimated upon the proportion of families in every hundred that have water-closet acconnnodatitjn. (Thus .section 9, e\er)-

dwelling therein being properly equipped,

graded

at 100,

while section 22, with but one properh- equipped dwelling out of is

rated at 20. j

the right

average family income before us I

will

shown how

required to pay the rent.

With

the.se

data

take up our four points.

If the rental for ever)- famil\-

si.

fi\e,

large a jjroportion of the

of the 7671

within the "city

amount would be about $8.75 ])er month. In return for this sum, as we ha\-e seen, fi\e rooms might be expected there would be m'ne chances out of ten that the home

below the

hill,"

;

were

e(|ual,

the

would be contain

an open street and one chanee

ui)()n

con\eniences.

sanitary

[)ropcr

this

two gives

tliat

would

an average

were a family to need only four rooms rooms $10.50 would seem quite aware that averages, obtained by

rental value of $1.75 per room,

the rental should

fall

to $7.00, while for six

a reasonable charge.

combining the

much

real

figures of sections so different in character, are not of

value, yet

worth while noticing that

industrial sections these general estimates

for the real

do not come very wide of

the mark.

Great indeed

is the variation from the average standard in For instance we ha\e in section 3 an average rental almost reaching $16.00, while in section 26 it is but $6.30 per month. Location is a most important factor in determining rental

2nd.

this

matter of rentals.

and by grouping sections according to natural affinities we may measure the popular estimate of certain neighborhoods on this score, (a) Considering as a whole that group of sections which lies above St. James street, we find that here the highest amounts are paid for rent. Sections to 10 combined show a rental average of In sections 2, 3, 6 and 9, $12.30 per dwelling or $1.94 per room.

values,

about $15.00 per month is the ruling figure, while only in sections 5 Equally good and 10 does the a\erage rental fall below $10.00. accommodation is of higher cost in the northern than in the southern

Thus, though only 81 percent, and 84 per cent, of ;> and 3 ha\e water-closet accommodaticMi, while every residence in section 9 is suitably equipped, rents are proportionately higher near Windsor street than the\- are in the

end of

this belt.

the dwellings in sections

neighborhood of the city limits. (i>) With the exception of sections 1 and 16 which, because of the hotels they contain, do not present fair comparative averages no section below St. James street, exhibits a Taking that group of rental standard exceeding $8.50 per family.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

between Chaboillez square and the city limits, 17 to 20, the average rental is slightly under As this is an industrial section par excellence this

eight sections which

Nos.

12 to

$7.50 per famil}-.

estimate

may

lie

and Nos.

be taken as

fairl\-

indicating the average rental for

Between William street and the canal the average rental falls to $6.67 per family, though it is just possible that our figures hardly do this localit\' justice owing to the custom. families of the

working class,

(c)

128946

somewhat

prcxalent, of paying;' lower rentals in winter

and higher

summer.

( d) l^clowthe canal therental average falls yet lower to $6.57, for this amoimt, however, more room space being here gi\en than in "

Griffintown."

room

within our iiether city.

costs less in section 30 than an)-\\hcre else

ma\- be laid

down

as a rule that therental

value per room will steadih- decline as one draws awa\' from the

employing centres and towards the outskirts of the that the wage-earner

pay but moderate

who

withdraws to

rent,

It is

cit\-.

blessed with a large family, and tlie

evident

who can

suburbs where alone he can

obtain the room space which his famih- demands.

doubtless,

This,

accounts for the nighth' exodus southward across the

cit}' line

into St.

Cunegonde, noted in our second article. 3rd. But location and room space are not the only matters which affect rental values, the cliaractcr of the accommodation also exerts upon them a great influence. It is difficult in this respect to compare the houses of one localit)- with those of another, but know of no better method than to rank the sections according to the I

proportion privileges;

of for

residences this

that

can

test

the\-

contain,

taken

fairly

ha\-ing as

water-closet

indicative of the

percentage of dwellings which arc of recent and impro\ ed construction. It

by applying

this test that

are enabled partial 1}-, at least, to

between such sections as 18 and 25. There is not much difference between them as to location. In both sections A^y^ rooms constitute tlie axerage home, }'et tliis accommodation costs $7.14 in section 18, and $6.43 in section 25. The cause is apparent when it is noted that in the former section 53 per cent, of the tenements ha\e water-closets, w hile in the latter section this is true of but 20 per cent, of the dwellings. Further comparisons ma)' interest the reader. Take sections 13 and 26. i^ach supplies 4 rooms to the average famil)\ but the cost per room in the former is $1.80, explain the difference

while in

but $1.57

rentals

the latter.

Now

section

sanitary accommodation, while section 26

13 grades

reckoned

49 points only 19.

(jf rental \alue between them is in part at Again, contrast sections 12 and 30- The room A room in the former costs $1.79, in the 4I. latter $1.42. In sanitary accommodation section 12 is reckoned at Both situation ami accommoda42 and section 30 at but 22 jjoints.

B\' this fact

the difference

accounted for. average fcjr each is least

tion here

and

in Lrencral

influence rental

alues.

39 4th.

income,

Taking

interesting

how

anrl

this

nearly one dollar

note what proportion rental takes of

proportion

with

varies

(h'ffercnt

as a whole, i8 per cent, of the

district

tlie

e\ery

t(jtal

reaches the pocket of the landlord.

fix^e,

the better sections of the upper belt this percentage

sections

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,

Between

exceeds 20 per cent. average about 16 per

exceeding the

9 and

James

St.

street

equals or

and the canal

will

near McGill street considerably

cent., the sections

while those near the city limits falling below

figure,

Nowhere

exceeded.

the proportion

For the combined s2ctions below the canal the average cent.

sections.

earnings, or

our district does

else, in

rental

it.

but 13 per

take so small a

proportion of income as beyond the canal.

The

real industrial class cannot, as a rule, afford to pa)'

20 per cent of

among

wages

their.

for rent.

It is

among

more than

the well-to-do and

the very poor that a proportion higher than this will be most

frequently found.

There were some limited extent within for

three or e\cn

When, howc\er, dollars

surprisingi)' "

rooms

four

the district

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; we

are

furnished

of the poorest quality.

cit\'

limits,

in several

now

Five dollars a month is

not

uncommon.

considering, \\e find four

dollars for

cit\-

rooms was

certain quarters of

two rooms

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; unless

ma}' be certain that the accommodation

close to the

limits

hill."

a rear tenement

rooms or three

for three

low rentals

the city below the

Yet c\en as low as $2 for two One whole block, near the

instances reported.

contained 57 families, each occup}'ing three rooms, their

average rental being but $4.33 per month. In closing, let me re-state some of the more important conclusions which we have arrived at as a result of this study. 1. fhs average rental in "the city below the hill," is $1.75 i)er for m v.ith each room, and since fi\'e rooms constitute the average

hijmc, our average family will pa)' $8.75 per 2.

Rental values are higher

month

for rent.

the belt above St. James street

than elsewhere throughout the nether

cit)'.

The

value

per

room

gradually diminishes as one passes southward from McGill street and

approaches the Gabriel 3.

cit)'

limits.

Ward will be )-ct Where location

Rents

lower than is

in in

Ste.

Cunegonde and in St. we have examined.

the districts

of equal desirabilit)' the rental value will

depend upon accommodation, and this may be best tested by ascertaining the sanitary equipment of the liouscs of the neighborhood. For the district, as a whole, the ijroportion which rental 4. For families of the real industrial takes of income is 18 per cent. Towards the city limits the class 16 per cent, is a fair average. It is among the well-to-do and the proportion still further decreases. largely

poor that rental

vcr\-

perniiltcd to absorb from 20 to 25 per cent,

of earnings. of the mistakes most frec]ucntl\' made, in semi-phihmthropic

One efforts

provide homes for working people,

dwellings

too high priced for

benefit the locality,

the neighborhood.

though only those already

take advantage of this better value. before.

such experiments the

the

building

Incidentally this fairly well

The bulk

first

may

housed can

of the people live as

question should alwa}'s

be:

the next, what is can the people of the district afford to pa\the best \alue which philanthropic investment can furnish for this, These questions well considered in advance will the current price?

What

mininu'/.e the risk of financial failure.

.-'

LSy^r =

C.^ADsr

A/ap r.

VII.

Density and Overcrowding. TJie difference in

iiteaning of the terms

Density^ Overcroivditig

compared

—

TJie three points

and Vacant Properly

tvith other cities.

— The

—

ist

compared

ivestern

considered

"Density

— Montreal

tvith other ivatds

— Comparison of groups of — 2nd Overcrowding — The standard J-Iow density should — — The densest comexceeding for pared— Instances of overcrowding— A remedy proposed—jrd Amount The "city

belotv the

hill,'' its

be relieved

this

the

density.

sections.

Localities

7tether city

regiotts

it.

of vacant residential property

The small percentage

— Various

causes for lack

of tenancy.

— Proof

that suitable

working-class sections

dwellings for zvorking people are not too nuineri>us

Density and overcrowding, by which different matters, are

to-day regarded

ercising so great an influence

demand

our hands

full

b\'

— Conclusion.

we mean two

entirely

medical authorities as ex-

upon public health that these subjects and careful consideration. Density of

Overis usually expressed in terms of persons to the acre. crowding has come to be regarded as referring to the number of i)er-

population

sons per occupied room.

Were we

neighborhood alone by the former

to estimate the condition of a

test

we might be drawn

into quite

erroneous conclusions, since of two localities, having the same density per acre, one may be occupied by three-storey dwellings with abundant room space for all, while the other may be covered with

low-builthovelswhereinthe roomspaceiswhoUy inadequate. in

such a case the former locality would be far less

Evidentl\-

need of attention

Density and o\ercrowding

a id reformator}^ efforts than the latter.

must therefore be considered article,

while

to<^ether,

and such

will also deal, in conclusion,

the purp(jse of this

with a third topic,

viz.

the proportion of \acant residential propert}'.

Let us it

first

explain the accompanying

map

G., to

enable

us, as

were, to take inventory of the information at our disposal for a

comparative examination of the nether city upon these three points.

Roman

In each section the figures above the

per acre which this represents.

This material

The

parative study regarding densit}'.

number

This data

of the subject of overcrowding. ner

the number of persons when we come to the stud\' Finally in the lower right hand cor-

Xo\cmber

mining whether there

These

last.

left

will aid us

to be found. the proportion of

unrentcd

will

figures to the right denote the

of rooms per family, those to the

per occupied room.

show the total number of persons serxe us for a com-

letters

population of the section, and the figures below the

demand

tenements that were found to be statistics

will assist

us in deter-

accommodation in the section indicated. By means of broken diagonal lines the more thickl}- inhabited portions are indicated upon the map, the greater the density the closer being these lines. A dotted line marks off such is

for additional

portions as are non-residential, though the space

is still

included

the calculation of the sections. St. Haxinglearned howtoutilizethe information set forth upon the map, we are nf)w prepared to take up the subject of density. Judged b\- (;ld-w(M-kl standards, Montreal is not a densely peopled city. It will a\'erage throughout its entire extent about forty perscjns to the Neither are St. Antoine and St. Ann's wards which are in acre. included part within "the city below the hill" among the more dcnsel)' populated of (jur cit}'. While .St. Louis Ward axerages 117 to the acre, St. James Ward, 96 .St. Lawrence, 67 St. Mary's, 61 and St. Jean Baptiste, 56; St. Antoine Ward will onh- average about 47 and St. .Ann's Ward 35 persons to the acre. Our "city below the hill," which contains, over all, about 700 acres, a little o\cr a square I

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

mile, averages

abfKit 55

distributed could

deduct, as streets,

ntjt

t(j

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

the acre and were the iJo])ulation e\enly

be regarded as thickly inhabited.

we reasonabh-

ma}-, the canal

and wharx

cs,

But when we the parks and

Botiax-enture station and the non-residential section

No.

2~,

find a total population of 37,6^,^, persons

an average of 94 persons to the acre. density of the "cit\' below the hill."

upon about 400

acres, or

This expression represents the

Takin^^ one hundred persons per acre, as a standard by which to naturally

comparisons, we will examine the groups of sections which make belts of territor\'. (a) Least densely populated of allis

the belt

made up

institute

numerous

of sections 28 to 30.

Owing

to the presence of

industrial establishments along or near the east

bank of do not, as a rule, commence to appear until the second or third block back from it. Consecjuently for the territory between Centre street and the canal the population will not exceed 65 per acre, while the only locality more densely populated the canal, the residences here

than the standard (having an average of 153 to the acre)

and Island streets. between Notre Dame and W illiam

No section

that

situated between Shearer

(^)

the belt

streets, sections 16 to

throughout 20,

exceeds or even reaches a densit\' of ico per acre, i^etween Rarre and Notre Dame streets there is a thickl\- peopled strip of limited extent averaging 160 to the acre

just

below Chaboillez square

lies

half acre on which reside no less than 174 persons and the northern corner of section 20 exhibits a density of 190 per acre, but the rest of ;

the territory in this belt does not exceed the adopted standard,

low William

however, throughout sections 22, 24 and average density exceeds the standard, reaching 120 per acre, street,

one wishes to

(c)

Be-

25, the l^ut

most densely populated neighborhood in " Griffintown " he will find it within the bounds of William, Colbornc, Smith and McCord streets, where an axerage of 173 per acre is attained.

The

visit

the

single block with highest record

that wherein

situated No. 6

Police station, where 498 persons occujjy less than 2j^ acres, giving a density of 2 17 per acre.

The sections nhoxe

(</)

St.

James

street,

Nos.

average 104 per acre taken as a whole. Sections 6, 8 and 10 show highest averages, with 140, 134 and 147 respecti\el\'. Section 1 appears to have a dense population, but the I

to 10, var}' considerabh- but

presence of several large hotels therein, with transient occupation, prevents us from being certain in our calculations regarding (e)

But

it is

the zone

known

as the

"Swamp"

that

it.

find the

15, which contain about 54 acres upon wk.ich buildings ha\e been or might be erected, ha\e a joint

greatest density.

Sections 12 to

population of 8863 souls, or an average throughout of 163 to the acre.

Some

areas of limited extent far exceed this belt average.

the most densel}' populated localities to be found in

the

all

Here arc " cit)-

be-

low the hill." One of these special districts lies belo\\' the railway track, between Mountain and Lusignan streets, where, in less than

two thousand people. Another densely populated from locality stretches St. Antoine to Notre Dame streets, between Richmond and Seigneurs streets. St. Martin street runs through the centre of it, and here a density of 230 per acre is reached. The densest block an\'\vhere discovered within the nether city lies between St. Martin and Seigneurs streets, below the track, a blind alley called Leroux street tra\ersing the middle of it. Here in a trifle over three acres can be found 955 persons, or over joo to the acre. Think of it, a thousand people residing upon a space the size of one portion of Dominion scjuare. If the residents of this block stood in a row, allowing ab(jut twenty inches to each person, they would form one solid line completely enclosing the block on its four sides. It becomes no longer a matter of surprise that upon election da}% a single block in the southern corner of St. Antoine Ward should be able to produce ten or exen twent\' times as many voters as an equal area above Sherbrooke street. Two hundred persons per acre throughout an}' considerable extent of territory is not an average which can be permitted, in a city 10 acres, dwell

of small all

homes

Montreal, without special vigilance

that affects the public health.

mands

district thus

u})on the civic chest for expenditure

regard to

congested has de-

upon ameliorating and

preventative measures, not to be considered merely upon the basis of the proportion of taxation which

With

bears.

fifteen

our fellow-citizens (between Mountain street and the

Notre

Dame

acre, called

street),

thousand of

limits above having as their only breathing space scarcely an

Richmond

square, w hat

the approaching anniversary of our noble

fitting

cit}'

way

of celebrating

Queen can be devised than

open and equi]) w ithin this densel}- populated area a public park in dimensions and adornnicnt worth}- the (occasion ? Another means of relieving the congesti(jn would be td extend Albert street, as homologated, fi-niii P)ona\cnturc station to Canning street, opening a to

thoroughfare below the railway track. be done to give the residents of the

The second phase

2nd.

now claims

Something certainly should

Swamp " more

breathing space.

of our question, the subject of

overcnnvdiui:;.

This study deals with the matter c;f loom space, and examines into the number of occupied rooms per As has been demonstrated, a section may family and per individual. brief consideration.

high density yet ample individual room space, so that the danger arising from the former cause ma}- be neutralized by the latter condition. The number of occuj^ied rooms throughout "the city besliow

low the hill"

almost identical with the number of persons.

the average would be about iJâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;

one room,"

may

rooms per

indixidual.

then be regarded as the standard.

In fact,

"One

person,

Where, as

accommodation exceeds five sections to II, the average rooms, there are as a rule fewer persons than rooms. Ikit where the home contains less than five rooms then more than one person is the a\ crage for each room. Two sections, such as lo and 25, may rank when tested according to density nearly upon an equality, but when it is noted that in the former locality nine persons would have the use of ten rooms, while in the latter eleven persons would occupy the same number, it is evident that in the former section the congestion When comparison was made is far less dangerous than in the latter. " and the "Swamp" upon the " Griffintown between what are called matter of density, the latter was found to contain a considerably If, however, the two localhigher average per acre than the former. ities be tested by the number of rooms per individual which each alfamily

lows,

will

be found that while the

"Swamp"

(sections

to 15)

averages 1.08 souls per occupied room, the more thickly populated

show an average of 1.13 Evidences of overcrowding are more apparent than in the " Swamp." The locality which surpasses

sections of "Griffintown" (Nos. 24 to 26)

persons per room. in " all

Griffintown

others in the

number of persons per occupied room

section 24,

average but four rooms. We also noted that, as the city limits were approached, the density increased the number of persons per room, however, generally grows less, .so

where a family of

five

persons

will

;

that the evil effects of the former condition are largely neutralized

the latter.

Instances of overcrowding were not infrequently discovered

course of the Industrial census, but their

number was

the

than

far less

had been expected. In less than two per cent, of the families visited was an average of two persons per room reached, although cases, where five, six, seven or c\'en eight persons were huddled together in two rooms, were discovered. Seven persons to three rooms was the con-

more than a score of families. Eight, nine, ten, or even eleven persons for three rooms nine, ten and eleven persons for four rooms were found. The worst group of oxercrowded homes was located on St. James street, just beyond Fulford, where 41 persons occupied 20 There is reason to belie\e that other parts of our city in this rooms. dition of

;

we have studied, but for make no comparisons. The laws of health

matter are greater transgressors than those

lack of data

demand

can

that in Montreal, as

crowding be prohibited 3rd. The third and

alread}- the case in

b\- civic

Glasgow, over-

enactment.

last point to

in this article

considered

the

proportion of \acant residences throughout our nether city and what is

demonstrated

Out of

thereb}-.

CS390 places of residence, 719, or

about 8)4 per cent, were noted to be unrented and unoccupied in Noxembcr last, when our census was made. This means one dwelling out of ever)' twelve, and appears at first glance to be a large proportion.

Local causes, however, accounted for lack of tenants

many

was uncertainty regarding the widening and 8, where the vacant houses are nearly all above St. Ant(M'ne street, the vacancy was occasioned by their undesirable position, in that they were oxcrshadowed b\- the Thus,

cases.

in section 2

of St. Antolne street.

Were

C.P.R. track.

In sections 7

possible to deduct sucji residences as are ten-

antless on account of similar local causes, such as were not erected

with projjer judgment

making the

rental

fit

the locality, such as

are very undesirable on account of extreme dilapidation sible to

house

deduct these,

every

Ordinarih'

ed dwellings

twenty,

is in

will

that inoccupancy

probable that not be

unoccupied

pos-

per cent., or not one

from

other

causes.

the well-t(j-do sections that the percentage of unrent-

run highest is

;

less frequent.

the latter order, could be the

would

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;were

where the working people

score of blocks, in localities of

named wherein

thickl}- i)opulatcd

In room is vacant. ".Swamp" and "Griffin-

not a

portions of the

live

47 " onl}'

town

here, the ity

are

from

to 7 per cent, of

number of

the rule.

so great that sixteen out of e\er}' seventeen

regularly

rented,

modern dwellings

want

available dwellings

assume that were meet the needs and inhabitants, such buildings would rarely, if reasonable

quite

we would

affirm that "the city below the

There

not o\er populated.

that might be built

upon

we found

which, as

for tenants.

In conclusion,

a whole,

When,

erected, carefully adapted to

the incomes of the local ever,

vacancy

person.s desirous of residin^^ within a ^iven local-

accommodate

in article

now

II,

densely inhabited localities are

still

much

hill,"

available land

that excess of wage-earners

find

homes

outside.

Certain

be found, and such congestion

t(j

and parks. There does not appear to be great cause for alarm as to overcrowding at least, not in this portion of Montreal but even here cases are sufficiently frequent to demonstrate the necessity for regulations by should be relieved

b}-

the opening of

new

streets

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

the civic authorities upon this matter.

It is

well that

the situation of the more densely peopled and

crowded

districts, in

greatest

dwellings, to

among

comparati\"el}'

those suitable

t(j

over-

small

"the

cit\'

to earn reasonable di\idends.

percentage of unrented

the real industrial class, leads us

conclude that capital judiciously in\ested

working people

learned

order that these localities ma}' be watched with

The

care.

we have

more frequently

below the

hill"

providing homes for

would be almost certain

Mcip

M&p

VII

The Poor IP7/0

of the

West End

— How numerous are they? — Where are they — Location and distributian — Explanatioft of Map If— How reckon comparative poverty — JVide distribution ofpoverty ''Griffintowii' and the — Other — smaller area Where poverty frequent of Do the move out — Causes ofpoverty — Irregularity of work,

are the poor

^''Sivanip''

like localities

ivell-to-do

where most

—

The relation of the saloon to idlejtess and Composition of the group of (f special families

in evidence?

— Examination family — Summary. ivant

less

—

It is difficult to determine what siiall constitute the low water mark of decent subsistence in our "city below the hill." Since a dollar a day is regarded as the minimum wage for an unskilled laborer, it would seem that $6.oo per week might be taken as the Hut a point below which comfort ends and poverty commences. since icw dollar a day is by no means equivalent to $6.00 per week, are those, among this class of laborers, who can count upon regular

work throughout the year. are

frugal

households,

not

few,

also an undeniable fact that there

wherein

$6.oo per week

means

Below $5.00 ]jer week, howe\cr, it is hardly possible for the weekly income to fall and yet permit of proper provision being made for a growing family, and although there are those who do this al. ^, and all honor to such as can, yet we ma}safely fix the limit of decent subsistence at $5.00 per week and regard such families as, throughout the \-ear, earn no more than $26o.CO, as properly to be termed " the poor." independence and comfort.

5°

Now that first is:

ha\c determined upon astandard of measurement, the question to be asked the statistician of the " cit)' below the hill"

— How

\\c

families are there in this district that

mail)-

standard,

other words what

families,

the

November

under exammation, 888 or

area

last, in

This

then

examination The accompan\-ing map

7,671

stated in

the.'^b lines.

whole, did not

}-ear as a

"submerged tenth

the

form the subject of

will

its

comparison along

response to the inquiry of our cainassers, that their

average weekl}' famil}- income taking the

exceed $5.00. Montreal and

below the

fall

the extent of |)o\ert\-?

designed

of western

this article.

explanation thereof

data for

furnish

then of

first

The figures directh' above the Roman letters represent the total number of poor families within the boundaries of the specified section. The figures directh' below the Roman letters, signif}' the necessit}-.

proportion of poor families within the boundaries section, that is

be noted the percentage of families whose

regular

throughout the year. families

-sA'cllto-do

dollars a year

— and

to the whole.

distribution

of the specified

— whose

the

left

below that again

proportional

ascertain

correspond.

because

the

thinl)-

other

t(j

These,

may

district

the location and

hand

|)opulatC(l,

percentage

for

also

comparison

the numerical and

no means, of

]iresent a high

wherein

section

b\-

\i/.: -

can

necessity

contain but few poor families and yet,

pojuilated, ma}-

because densely according

in respect to their povert}*,

statement.

number thousand

the percentage of this class

we can

of the poor, likewise of the well-to-do.

between sections

the

incomes reach or exceed

B)' these figures

the right

incomes are not

shown

examine the relative ]jro]jortion of irregular incomes. There arc two sets of data furnished b}- ma]) II., the

the percentage of poor families therein.

ma\'

onl\-.

not

arc

po\erty man_\-

prominent

])crcentage.

poor

fmiilies,

when ranked

In determining then what districts are

of most unen\'iable pre-eminence as the hahilat of ])overty, attention

must be

The

[)aid

both

families of the

the ]:)oor

numerical and

pri ipoi-tiona!

statement.

are widcK' distributed throughout the

We do not here, find them as in man)- other imder the hill. grouped together in a localil)- with clearly determinable limits; on the cfmtrar)-, but one of cjur residential sections. No. 9, contains cit\-

cities,

none of this class among its inhabitants. The presence of the poor is not always apparent. Sections generall)' considered to be whollyconsecrated to the well-to-do, contain, in out-of-the-way alleys and in rear tenements, a small proportion at least of

Two

needy

families.

however, those indicated by broken

considerable areas,

upon the map, contain over half the poverty of the "city below the hill." These districts are "Griffintown" and "the Swamp." "Griffintown," or rather that part of it which lies between William and Brennan streets, from Grey Nun to Young streets, is the home lines

of nearly one thousand families, twenty-four per cent of out

four sections,

Nos. 21

whom,

or one

The $S-00 per week or eveti less. included between these boundaries,

upon

are living

of every four,

to 24,

contain 233 poor families or about one-fourth of the whole number resident within our nether city. No other district of equal extent can surpass this either

The

Swamp "

amount

or proportion of poverty.

from Chaboillez Square to the cit\' limits, and between St. James and Notre Dame streets, comprising sections 12 to 15 upon our map, contains in all 191 5 families, of whom 221 arc " )ioor."

district,

Although the number nearly equals that

the pre\ iously

be seen that the poor families of the " Swamjj" constitute but ii^%, or one-eighth part of the whole population, so described district,

that the proportion districts

will

only half as large as

when taken

above described,

location of

Two

more than half the poverty of the lower other sections,

of considerable

The two

in Griffintown.

account

together,

for

the

city.

extent,

may

be further

more than the average proportion of povert)-. Section 16, which includes St. Maurice street, contains 40 poor families about 17% of the residential population, and section 8, owing to the rear tenements off St. Martiii and Seigneurs streets, mentioned

also

containing

contains forty poor families or 15% of those dwelling therein. for one-eleventh of the total amount, and

These two sections account together with

Griffintown

Swamp," only 40% of

and the

or ten sections

in all,

be the povert}', 354 poor families or distributed among the twenty sections that remain. The two belts wherein poverty is of least frequent occurrence are: that above St. Antoine street, where a large proportion of the residents are well-to-do, and that between Notre Dame and William leave

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

but

south of Inspector, which

streets,

street

and

section,

industrial

class,

almost exclusivel}-

occupied

with few

well-known

includes the

among them

falling

Harre

the

b)'

real

below the standard.

Section 9 alone, as prexiousK- stated, has no poor whatever. It has often been affirmed regarding old "Griffintown," and similar

another

moves

the case appears to be corroborated

that as soon as a family

districts,

locality.

That

this

the evidence of our census,

becomes well-to-do one hundred

l^arely

families, or but

income exceeding grocers number fully one-half are and saloon$20 per week. Of this keepers whose business binds them to the locality. This fact is unfortunate since it tends to reduce the general scale of living by removing from a neighborhood such aineliorating influences as can only be sustained where at least a fair proportion of the community of the

are

}:)resent

of the

eleven

residents of "Griffintown," have an

well-to-do

class.

In the

"Swamp,"

sections

per cent, of the families are of the $20 class, while

12 to in

15,

the belt

In no other district above St. James street 25% belong to this order. so well-to-do as poor few in "Griffintown." does one find so many and This region a]:)pears to have been by the latter class abandoned to its fate.

Few

are the families where nothing

there are such subsisting

without

among them

to the causes of poverty, chief

employment.

more or

less

exce[)tion each family has

insufficient

earned, although

worthily upon charity. its

Almost

wage-earner, often more than

upon the regularity with which the wage-earner secures employment depends the scale of li\ing for the family. One of the inatters investigated in our special census was this Although as families in receipt of regular irregularit)' of work. incomes were regarded such as possessed at least one worker employed without intermission, and also all families which receiving ten dollars or more [:)er week for part of the year, might be reasonably expected to ]nit aside sufficient to enable them to get through the one, and

remainder without hardship, }et even with these regarded as "regular" there still reinained 1724 families, or 23% of the total number, whose small inouK's could nut he depended upon as constant and regular

throughout

the

\-ear.

course

altcrnati\c trades, as for c^xample,

this included

when

man

man}- instances of a brick-la\-er in

sum-

mer and

a furnace-man in winter,

family

every

four

-tvithoi/f

steady

but

still

the ratio of nearly one

seems

7vorl\

alarming;!}' high

and

much of the po\"ert}'. The relatixe proportion of irregularity employment varies greatly with the locality, but increases as one

explains in

approaches the water

front. In the belt above St. James street, the one family in eight, between St. James and William streets it is one famil}- in e\ery five, beyond the canal it is one family in four, while between William street and the canal the proportion is i-ni>o families out of every five. Think of it. of fifteen hundred families in all "Griffintown," six hundred do not know what it is to have a regular income and steady work. It is not at all improbable that these six hundred families could furnish nearly an equal number of able-bodied men to any local enterprise which, during the winter, w<juld offer a living wage. With most of

proportion

the is

but

wage-earners of follows

these

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Work

families

upon

the

programme for the year summer and odd in

wharves

the

When during during five long winter months. overdue rent and debt at the corner grocery have so mortgaged the coming summer's earnings that saving becomes

jobs

spring

any

sort

arrives,

impossible.

This

irregularity

cause of poverty, for the prolonged

steady work even

when he

irregular always irregular ization

and poverty

work

main

the

doubtless

idleness unfits man}' a

at length succeeds in getting

man

for

Once

it.

apt to be true, and irregularity, demoral-

the order of descent.

may

not be at this point out of place to consider briefly the liquor question in its bearing upcjn the subject under examination. It

Whether the

.sale

of intoxicants

the cause of irregular

employment

and poverty, or whether idleness and want bring into being and maintain the liquor stores

will

not attempt to decide.

This

fact

i.s,

however, apparent to the (observer, that wherever poverty and irregularity are most prevalent, there the opportunities for drunkenness are most Throughout "the city below the hill," there are, all freque7it. told, 105 licensed saloons

and 87 liquor

.selling groceries.

these,

28 saloons and 9 groceries are to be found in sections 3, 5 and 11, in close proximity to the ^^indsor and Bonaventure stations, where it is apparent that they are sustained more by the travelling public than

by the

residential

population.

These sections can then

fairl\-

—

eliminated from the calculation, thus leaving 155 liquor stores to provide for the remaining 27 sections, which means on an average one

This is an exact for every 45 families or one for every 219 persons. though startling average for the " cit}^ below the hill," Turn now to an examination of the localit}- between William \\'here street and the canal, and what do we find in this regard? ever}^ fifth famih' is in poverty, where t\\o out of ever)' five families are but irregularly employed, the population sustains one licensed

—

and no one knows how many unlicensed liquor store to every Look now, by way of comfamilies, or one for ever}' 160 jjersons. parison before leaving this subject, at the district beyond the canal, t,;^

sections 28 to 30, with a population similar in respect to nationality

Here one liquor store is deemed sufficient one for ever)- 240 persons, and here but //r?// the irregularity in employment, and but two-fifths

to that of "Griffintown". for

each group of

also

one

the

proportional

finds

fift}'

families,

amount of poverty Let

district just across the canal.

that drink It will

existent in the "Griffintown"

this stand as

evidence sufficient

inseparable from idleness and poverty and vice versa. be remembered that, according to our industrial census,

the total

number of poor

low the

hill."

families was reckoned at 888 in "the city beHalf of this number were by the writer selected as material for a second and more searching investigation, with a \iew of more fulK' examining the characteristics, conditions and causes of I'^)ur hundred and thirty-six families were our west-end povcrt}'. first fact that was brought to the notice of the sought for, and the of the abo\e number, had investigator was that 46 families, or ioV^° left their former abodes, within the two months between the first and second canvass, drawing attention to one of the sad features of ,,

poxerty's

lot, viz.,

the constant necessit\- to

ability to satisfy the claims of the landlord,

tained,

and each month saw

5°

mo\c on because if this

ratio

of in-

were main-

of the poor e\ icted, in a year not

half these families could be found at the former addresses.

made apparent by

the special inxestigation, was was nf)t the result of recent immigration. Quite the reverse frcjm what would ha\e Ijcen the case in New \\)rk or Chicago, hardly a dozen families were discovered that had not been residents of the cit\' for at least three \cars. The vast maiorit\' were

second

fact,

that our west-end po\crt\'

—

lives.

who had lived in Montreal The presence of poverty, then, in

able to

any considerable

for the greater part of their

old residents

the nether city

In the case of 323 families inquiries were

assigned

not charge-

influx of foreign elements.

made

as to the causes,

the people themselves, for their indigent condition.

b}-

109 families, or

34%

With

The wage-

the reply was "irregularity of work."

vocations but their employment was work ceased altogether for considerable periods. With 87 families or 28% the answer was that the wage-earners had no work whatever, nor did there seem to be any immediate prospect of getting any. With 27 families, or 9^, old age had unfitted and with a like number sickness had prevented the worker from earning the requisite support. Out of these 323 families, among the poorest

were

earners

not without

intermittent and often

of the poor,

employment

62^ claimed

to be able to better their condition

regular and abundant.

answers given did not state the

That a

were

certain percentage of the

real facts of the case

quite probable.

P'ew are the families that will admit to a stranger that drink, crime or voluntary idleness

the cause of their misery, though in 7°/ of

the cases visited drunkenness was clearly at the bottom of the trouble. Still

it is

the belief of the investigator that the undeserving

poor form a *The

far smaller

proportion than

following clipping from "

The Outlook"

among

the

generally imagined.*

May

8th, 1897,

of value for pur-

poses of comparison:

"The American Orgini/.ation Societies of of need

among

Statistical

New

Association

the

records

York.

p^^

^^^^^

1.-

ij Baltimore. p^^ ^^„,

Charily

In a condensed

Smaller „;.:„.

Sickness

Intemperance or shiftlessness.

iS 18

18 13

Miscellaneous causes

notable about this table

the

P^Tcent.

Lack of employment

smaller cities respecting the cause

vT New

^i,- c Chief cause ofc need.

What

six

the families whose condition was investigated last year.

form the results reached were as followed

was believed

puljlishes

York, Baltimore, and

that in all these cities the

to be the cause of distress in as

many

35 17

want of employment

cases as sickness, intemperance, and

must be rememliered, was among the families which Among those which have been aided l)y the tradesunions and by their own relatives, the proportion of those whose need was due to the want of regular work was doubtless much larger. One labor union in this city paid " out-of-work

shiftlessness

combined.

This, too,

applied to public charities for aid.

benefit

to over

one thousand families during the greater part of the recent winter."

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

As to the c()ni])()sition of tlic famil\', out of 390 families, 8 were found wherein the head of the househcjld wasawidow.and 54cases where the husband was too old or too

36y

ill

to work, makint^ in all 140 families,

of the whole, that mi^ht be called "decapitated" famil\- i^roups.

In about two-thirds of the families, or in 64/ of the cases examined,

man

there was an able-bodied

man

able to

the house, oftimcs

work and professing

to be willing' to

more than one, a do so. If these

proportions ma}' be taken as fairh' indicating the average the families of the poor,

among

are in indigent circumstances through no fault of their own.

or disease hax'e so crip]:)led the famih' group that

unaided keep up

must come

effort

cases, howe\er,

the fierce struggle

to the relief of such.

not charit)- that

Were emphn-ment

work.

If prix'ate enterprise

carefull}-

Still

among these "poor"

classified as

does

to prox'ide for their

considered relief works

should come to

another matter, examined into

scale of lix'ing

were

wage,

b}'

men

during the four cold winter

life,

months, then the municipalit}-,

minimum

Charitable

obtainable these families would soon be

families the absolute necessities of

Death

can no longer

With nearl}- two-thirds of the is demanded but a chance to

not furnish sufficient opportunit}" for willing

subsistence.

ffjr

able to adopt a comfortable scale of li\ing.

conducted

the

evident that at least one-third of them

assistance.

the in\-estigator, was the

b}'

families.

their

39ofamilies\-isited, 19/'

"comfortable" even upon slender means; 40% were

regarded as "poor but sdf-supp(jrting," that

sa\-,

able to subsist

without outside help; 30/ were considered as "\er}- poor" and likeh' were, without question, to need aid before the winter ended; while i

immediate charitable assistance. If this and we ha\e e\-er}- reason to expect that it projiorticjn be constant would be so throughout the inn isited balance of the 888 poor families then there are in "the cit\' below the hill" nearly one hundred families in a condition of al>solute destitution, while not less that 250 will need

"destitute" anc'

rcciuiring

helped before the arriwil of sjjring.*

estimate, the actual destitution

\W df)iie

\\a\-

This

])robabl\- greater,

of acquainting myself

in a

was prepnied

a conser\ative

canhardh'be

less.

measure with what was being

through our \arious charitable institutions *Tliis siaiemeiU

l-'elniiaiy

(or the relief of the

1S97.

sent to se\er;il of them a list containing the names and addresses of needy families belon^jing to that speeial race or creed which each society represented. asked that the organization should I^'rom the indicate what names were alread)- upon its relief roll. suffering poor,

replies obtained

gathered that a

families knov\'n to me, J^oards.

ver}' consideral)le ])roportion

of the

were already being cared for by our charitable

The House of

Industr)'

and the National Societies aided

Protestants. The St. Vincent de Paul Societies assisted French-Canadian families in distress, especially the widows. The parish authorities seemed well acquainted with, and in many instances were assisting the worth)- poor among the Irish Catholics. Ikit besides these there are also many independent organizations,

the needy

the

minded groups and sympathetic

benevolently

tributing to assist their suffering fellow-men.

are not lacking to prove that this benevolent

individuals, all con-

luidences, however,

work frequently over-

tendency to pauperize the recipients. This is a result am strongly ol I that should be guarded against with greatest care. the opinion that our great weakness in the work of assisting the worthy poor lies in lack of organized effort among the charitable bf)dies. Some Central Charit)' I^oard, upon which representatives of laps with a

every race and creed might

sit,

should be here established.

joint

There should be a sort of clearing house in respect to relief effort, where every need}' case could be assigned to the organization responsible for it and whereb\' a famil}- already in receii)t of help from one source should not be further assisted from others. There is in Montreal abundant willingness to help those who cannot help themselves, but it wants proper guidance and direction. roll

should be kept.

What now have we endeavored in this article to set forth on the With regard to the district as subject of the poor of the west-end ? a whole we have shown who are the poor, how numerous they arc, have also indicated where their location and their distribution. poverty was most frequent and the proportion of well-to-do to be found in working class sections. As to causes we have considered irregularity of work, intemperance, decapitation and other factors, and, by a more careful stud)- of a grouj:) of p(K)r families, brought out

and conditions. We have advocated municipal and charity organization in dealing Here then ma\- |)roperl\- be incapable of self-support.

certain characteristics relief

work

for the able-bodied

M'ith families

brought to a close the present

article.

MapH. Tlf£

foo/f

„- V.I yv£'S7-

EUD

IX.

The Death

Rate.

— can lowered— A high — rate means unwholesome conditions here and Comparative death — The rate for below alnwe'' and for — The four hilV — Comparison by nether with highest death rate — Summary of conditions therein —

Afi accepted

test

of progress in sanitary

science

rates,

elseivhere

''''the

the

belts in

city

''''the

the

city

localities

city

the

Conclusion.

"The closer people live to one another" says Dr. Russell of Glasgow, the "shorter their lives are." This statement needs no proof,

for

universally admitted that urban conditions are less

conducive to general sound health and long ings.

With

life

than rural surround-

natural conditions against the city,

only

b\-

the

exercise of additional precautions that this handicap can be overcome.

Now

the test to which the cities of the civilized world by

consent annually submit successful

natural disadvantages,

means of

themselves,

or otherwise each is

has been

in in

order to

common

determine how

the struggle against these

a determination of the local death rate.

B)'

knowledge of the mortality of the municipalit\- as a compare itself with its neighbors and thus note its By remarking what relative advance along lines of sanitary science. regions within its borders show a death rate higher than the ordinar>-, that city can ascertain the sections that are lagging behind and in need of special attention. Thus a high death rate for any city, or for a

whole, a city can

any particular region within

it,

has

come

to be regarded as a

danger

warning jjointing

signal, a finger of

to that

l()calit\-

and declaring that

there must therein exist conditions detrimental to the public health,

demand

conditions which

improvement. centur\-,

lowered, can

real

state

eradication

has been, during the past quarter of a

proven, that the death

be even reduced

conditions,

local

the

x\nd since

repeated!}'

increased effort for their

half,

b)-

rate can

be materially

thnjugh the amelioration of

gives us an added impulse for examination into

of our

own

case,

the

hope that

know our

deficiencies ma}' be a step in the path towards their remo\al.

In this article

purpose, after a few comparative figures,

compare the death rate of "the below the

hill,"

2nd, to critically

cit}-

abo\e

examine

ist,

with that of "the

cit}-

certain localities within the

which the test of high death rate brings into unenviable prominence and finalh' to review the conditions of life which, in pre\ious articles, we found existent in those sections where the rate of For the entire Dominion, during the year 1893, mortality is high. fourteen persons out of ever}' thousand was the proportion of deaths.

latter region

Quebec this was higher, viz, 19 to the thousand. about twenty-five (24.91) per thousand died same year During the Quebec province exceeds of Montreal. cit}' within the limits of the shows a record less creditable the Dominion rate, and Montreal cit}In the Proxince of

than that of the provmce. official

record for the entire

1895, the

cit}' is

last

}-ear

for

which the

as }-et obtainable, the death rate

Montreal was 24.S1 to the thousand. Onl}' twice before in our civic histor\- has it been so low, and we ma}' congratulate our.sehes upon the fact that since 1873 our ci\ic death rate has fliminished no Vet cfjmparcd with other cities we ha\e as less than fort}- per cent. in

yet

little

cause for boasting.

and Birmingham could show

1894, the cities of

London, Paris

that the}' had reduced their death rate

Boston and Brus.sels to 18.1. in 1893, had a death rate of 24.02 and New \'ork of 23.52 and a What has been done steady decrease in the.se cities is also apparent.

to 20,

Rome had

reduced hers to

19.4,

el.sewhere in the lowering of the death rate should

also

be possible

expected and demanded. (ireat are the \ariations of the several wards from the axerage In St. Jean Bai)tiste ward the death rate death rate (jf Abjiitreal. thousaufl, in .St. Mar}-'s ward it was 33.20, in per was 35.51 for 1895

{ )}

Montreal and a further reduction

6i St.

dabriel

ward

was

below the

"cit\-

not

present

Our nether

noticeable elsewhere. beloni^infj to St.

C(Mnpared with these locahties, our

])2.},2.

does

hill"

city

the

alarming'

s\-niptonis

made up

of territor\'

mainl\-

Antoine and St. .Ann's wards, and of these the death a whole is but iH.[3, and for the latter 16.83.

rate for the former as

E\identl)' the conditions for the locality which

not so severe upon

human

life

we ha\e

studied are

as they are elsewhere, althou<j^h even

we found many matters demanding impro\ement. Through the of the Civic Health Department Ihave been enabled to ascertain the number of deaths ^'not including those which occurred

here

courtes)'

and the

hospitals, institutions

which took place, during the

like)

year just closed, for each separate block within the

Having

hill."

the

of ever)' block,

])opulation

became

possible

not only the death rate per block but also for

Map

or section.

Avhereon the territory

sections with which

thirt}'

we have become

Here we

limits

determine,

group of blocks

divided into the

alread}' familiar,

number

during the

jDersons per

(jf

below the

in institutions

Though

thousand.

being omitted

)

among

this rate

Ann's Wards, a rate of 22.47

does not equal that of the

higher than need be, as this

1893, had

may

be shown by a comparison w hich

is still

we can

regard between "the city below the hill" and "the city St.

hill."

Antoine ward, according

a population of 50,607. this,

In that part of St.

startling.

according to

to the health report of

probabl)- has to da)' a larger

which ca>e our contrast would be

population than

reside,

P^^'

at large,

cit)-

does not approach that of certain previously cited wards,

ab()\e the

within "the

giving for this district a death rate, exceeding

hill,"

that of either St. Antoine or St.

closed.

just

)'ear

1896 there were 832 deaths recorded

])uring the )'ear

make

same

shows

ha\'e material sufficient to afford man)- comjjarisons.

population of 37,021 (those cit\-

its

e\'er\"

the population for each section and also the

thousand who died within

below the

"cit\'

through our industrial census,

learned,

pi'eviously

all

the

Antoine ward below the our census, 21,482 souls. Then abo\e the

hill,

hill

about 30,000 persons will be found. Now the death rate for the whole ward is usually about 17 per thousand. But the death rate for that part which

thousand.

lies

below the

follows ihcrefcire

hill,

that

sections

inasmuch

22^4'

per

15,

the rate for the

lower portion of the ward will

than the average,

hi<jher

b)-

much

the rate for the upper portion of the ward be lower than the

average. In fact, the rate for the "city above the hill" will not exceed 13 per thousand. If then a rate as low as 13 per thousand has been reached for a locality in Montreal occupied by 30,000

why can not the same be obtained elsewhere ? But returning to our study of the lower city let us see if the average rate of 22.47 holds good throughout. This examination may best be conducted by belts. Sections to 10 above St. James street show a rate of 19.75 pci' thousand; sections 11 to 15, between St. James and Notre Dame streets, a rate of 26.41 per thousand sections 16 to 20, just below Notre Dame street, a rate of 23.32 per thousand and Griffintown or sections 21 to 26, a rate of 24.62 per thousand people

;

the belt beyond the canal, sections 28 to 30, a rate of 14.41

The most

thousand.

above "

St.

per

showing is made beyond the canal and the most ominous indications are those of the

creditable

James street, and of " Griffintown."

Swamp "

The

near the

localities

cit\'

limits,

notwithstanding the density of their population, seem especially hsalthy and scarcely a block, beyond Seigneurs

street,

shows a death

rate equal to the average. I

will

have chosen four

districts,

of limited extent, whose boundaries

we have much above

not correspond w^'th those of the sections with which

grown

familiar, but

the average as to

The

which present a

demand an

local

death rate so

exainination into the attendant con-

lies between Wellington, Grey the second between William, Nun, Common and Brennan streets Young, Wellington and McCord streets the third between St. James, Richmond, Basin and Seigneurs streets and the fourth between the Bonavcnturc Station and track, Chaboillcz Square, Notre Dame and b\' broken diagonal Versailles street. They arc shown u])on Map lines. Here are the mortalit\- statistics fur these localities together

ditions.

first

of these regions

;

with

certain

Along u

data usual 1)^ regarded

ith lliese figures

taken as a whole,

ha\'ing

effect

thereon.

are given the average of our nether city

order that the (lifferences ma)- be a])])arcnt.

64 In conclusion

would again draw attention,

the death rate for "the city below the hill"

ist,

abo\e the hill" 2nd, that certain specified our nether cit\', which combined contain one fifth of "

the

cit\-

;

tion, exibit a

death rate exceeding ^4 persons

to the fact that

far higher

to the

than

for

localities within its total

popula-

thousand ; 3rd, that

these and other similar localities exist conditions which are undoubtedly

responsible

great measure for this excessive death rate, and finally

that these conditions can be improved and ought to be mipro\ed since thereb)- a saving

cjf

valuable H\es

may

result.

7-Wf

a£:A 7-H/?A

7~£r

Nationalities and Religions. General

city

— The nationalities of the ^''S^vainp — Considering the nether — The three main elements of our population — The "'

statistics

I'elts

numerical race

streui^th

characteristics

and

of the foreign

distribution

noted

— Figures

relating

element

religious

Some

beliefs

—

Conclusion.

previously stated, "the city

Considered

population. resident

may

below the

be classified as follows:

—

hill"

has a mixed

therein 7670 French-Canadian, 321.S Irish-

whole,

families

the

;

Canadian, 2614 British-Canadian, 1596 all others, 242. Thus it will be seen that 42 per cent, of the population (taken by families) is French;

;

34 percent, is Irish-Canadian; 21 percent, is BritishCanadian, and 3 per cent is of other nationalities. That portion of the lower city which lies above Notre Dame

Canadian

street Its

;

and belongs to

population

St.

Antoine ward is the home of 4307 families. The French-Canadians number 2155

thus divided:

—

families or 50 per cent; the British-Canadians

number 1079

number 916

families or 2

25 per cent, the Iri.sh-Canadians

families or 1

per cent.,

and other nationalities compri.se 157 families or 4 per cent. Thus it will be seen that in this part of the ward the French-Canadians form one-half of the population, being equal to

all

other nationalities

combined. (Grouping the .sections into previous articles,

belts,

as has been

our custom

find that the strip of .sections, Nos.

to 10, Ixing

James

abo\-e St.

street,

has a population more evenly divided

the \arious nationalities than any other region.

among

the 2183 families

cent, arc British-Canadian; 659 or 30 per 628 or 29 per cent, are French-Canadian, and 105 or 5 per cent, belong to other nationalities. The BritishCanadians ha\e a majorit}' in section No. 9 alone, as is indicated upon the map J. b)- means of crossed diagonal lines. This element has a pluralit)- in sections 2, 6, 7 and 8. The Irish-Canadians are nowhere in a majoritv but are in a pliu'ality at the extremities of this

here resident, 791 or 36

strip,

namel\-

and

lo, in

The French-Canadians

though more numerous than

majorit}-

4 and

Upon map

strongest element

placed over the

The 20,

;

sections

parish church.

j)er

Irish-Canadian

cent, are

strip

between

nowhere

far

from

their

in this belt in a

an)- other natifjnality in sections

these variations can be noted, as the

each section

Roman

each case not are

that for which the figures are

letters.

St.

James and William

through the centre of which runs Notre

streets, s'^ctions

Dame

street, contains

3217 families. Of this number 2190 or 68 per cent, are FrenchCanadian; 510 or 16 per cent, are Irish-Canadian, and 41O or 13 per cent,

British-Canadian, with

are

107 families or 3 per cent, of other

Here the F'rench-Canadian is almost universally the does this nationalit}' predominating element. Only in section fall short of being more numerous than all the others combined, and although in sections 16 and 17 the majority is narrow, it soon becomes o\'erwhelming as one passes to sections southw ard. Between William street and the canal, sections 21 to 26, the IrishCanadian is the most important element. Here are to be found 15 17

nationalities.

families,

of wliich

l)ritish-Canaclian

strength

1047 or 69 per cent, are of Irish extraction. and P'rench-Canadian elements are of nearl}-

in this district,

The e(]ual

the former numbering 239 families, or 16 per

cent, of the resident population, the latter 215 families, or I4])ercent.

of the

whole.

population. b\-

Other elements here form but

dwellings, onl\- 220 families being

Nun and {"(jinmon Canadian families. section

Sections 21 and 23 of this belt are but

atid

streets there

In fact, this

per cent, of the s])arsel\-

found therein.

occupied

Along Grey

a consitlerable group of 1^'rench-

clement

the jircdominating one

fonn^ inore than one-fifth of the pf)pulation of

23.

Elsewhere

tlirout^hcnit

majorit}-, the proportion

Griffiiitown

Irish-Canadians

the

arc

one approaches

increasing- as

stea(hl\-

St.

Ann's Parish Church.

Beyond the Irish-Canadian

canal, sections

majority

over

28 to 30, taken as a whole, shcn\ an

The population

others.

all

here

numb.;rs 734 families. Of these 398 or 53 per cent, are of Irish descent; 185 or 24 per cent, of French extraction, and 156 or 21 per

Only

cent, are British-Canadians.

among

hs included

15 families or 2 per cent. ma\- not

these three nationalities.

be noted that

It is to

the French-Canadian element, with a strength of but

per cent

section 28, claims 24 per cent, of the families in 29 and, in section 30,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; which

partly in St. Gabriel ward

comprising here 41 per cent, of the Street,

the most powerful element,

Beyond Laprairie

number.

that part of St. Gabriel

ward which

the large majorit}\

Hax'ing dealt with the three briefly

French-Canadains are

track, the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

total

number and

the

b2lovv the

hill."

mam

west of the railwa}'

nationalities, let us

now

consider

location of the foreign elements in "the

cit)-

These are here but

numbering in Dutch number 94

tion,

all

3 per cent, of the total populaonly 242 families. Of these the German and

Negro, 24 Russian and Polish, 70 Scandinavian and Danish, 17 Spanish and Belgian one each. The Germans are to be found in almost every The Russians and section, especially along the a\enues of trade. Chinese, 18

Poles,

who

;

families

Italian, 17

are nearly

;

all

;

Jews, are found mainly along St. Maurice

The negro element is street in section 16 and also in section 11. nowhere numerous, but is to be found in greatest number above Bonaventure Station in sections 5 and 6. The Chinese are mainly to They have 14 laundries, a hotel be found above St. James street. and a mission within the low'er city and are usually located upon the main streets. Owing to our inabilit\' to obtain definite information regarding them, the Chinese have been generall>' omitted from There are but few Italian families; section 16 previous calculations. Fhc has two. contains six, section 5 includes three and section merged rule, as become, a ha\-e Scandinavians are scattered. They 1

into

the English Protestant element.

foreign

lineafje,

within "the

cit\-

ffict,

below the

the

hill,"

few families of exclusive of the

Chinese, cannot identified w

Perhaps

fail

soon to

be,

are not

thc\-

already,

full}-

our natixe population as to be essentially Canadian.

ith

nia\-

not be out of place,

view of the

fact that

possess considerable data regarding the \arious localities within the low cr

cit}'

we here see

and now know the predominating nationality

be borne

for

us,

such, through our series of articles, have been

an\-

apparent.

Let

in each, that

turn our attention to a consideration of race characteristics

trust

mind

ma\' offend no one

that

so doing and that

not giving opinions but stating

made it

will

facts.

purposes of such comparison, regard sections 12 to 20 as

the topical h^rench-Canadian belt, since o\-er two-thirds of the families

These sections are shown by horizontal broken district made up of sections 21 to 30 we will

are of this race.

call

map

lines

the Irish-Canadian belt, as here two-thirds of the population are

containing as 9,

The average "Mixed"

belt,

the will in

size

b\'

the

perpendicular

"mixed

belt,"

nearK' equal proportions-

subjects

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the

French-Canadian, the Irish-Canadian

i)rc\ious articles,

will

of the famil\' (after deducting the lodgers)

the

belt

4.67 persons.

Irish-Canadian

4.57

h'rench-Canafliaii

4.52

the Irish-Canadian

of wage-earners per famil)-

bell

1.43 pers(jns.

"Mixed"

1.41

I-^XMich-Canadian

1.40

'I"he

map call

many

ill

compare with each other upon these matters.

The average number in

extent to be ccjmpared with the other areas.

have treated of

and the "mi.xed"

does the three elements

see hcjw these three belts:

the onl\- section occupied in majorit\' by British-Canadians>

hardl}' of sufficient

indicated

Sections

lines.

Section

being

descent,

Irish

broken

The

average number of honic-icndcrs

the "Mi.xed"

belt

1.72 persons.

I'Vench-Canadian

1.4^

Irish-Canadian

1.48

famil)-

The

proportion

under

of children

five

the

p.c.

jj.c.

16 p.c.

Irish-Canadian

"Mixed"

The percentage

of school children

of the French-Canadian belt "

Irish-Canadian

Mixed

The proportion " " Mixed

"13

the average famih-

among

the population

12 p.c.

Irish-Canadian

Mixed"

The proportion " Mixed "

p.c.

-4

|).c.

p.c.

of regular and irregular incomes

Regular and

p.c.

French-Canadian

p.c.

"21

jj.c.

Irish-Canadian

79 64

p.c.

The proportion of families, among the total number, in the

marked

incomes.

living

French-Canadian

Mixed

difference between

13 p.c. Irregular.

upon $5.00 per week

Irish-Canadian

which compose our population \ery small

p.c.

belt

There

p.c.

of families belonging to the "real industrial class"

the

French-Canadian

Irish-Canadian

The proportion

i6 per cent.

belt

the French-Canadian belt

}-e<u-.s

of well-to-do families

of the

of a^c

average family of the French-Canadian belt

belt

or less,

|).c.

p.c.

the several

8 p.c.

nationalities

comfortabl)' subsist upon

in ability to

the poor families especially iinestigated,

among

the French-Canadians 62 per cent, were comfortable and mdependent even upon $5.00 per week, 58 j^er cent, of the HritishCanadians were in similar condition, but onl\' 51 per cent, of the Irish-Canadians of this grade were not in need of assistance.

The average " " Mixed

famil)-

the " "

French-Canadian Irish-Canadian

income belt is.

for all classes ..

.$12 54;

"".... ""....

10 73

;

10 00;

per infh\ " "

icUial

" .

$2 36 2

7°

The a\cra<^c Mixed "

the

amount

belt

French-Canadian

Irish-Canadian

The average " the " Mixed "

earnings per wage-earner

belt

French-Canadian

Irish-Canadian

The a\erage wage " the " Mixed

belt

Irish-Canadian

lOoms

real inchistrial class onl}-

9 9^ 9 ^7

among

the

" real

The axerage number

the

Mixed"

belt

Mixed

4.33

belt

09 04 86

$12 19 per month.

Irish-Canadian

the

The jjroportion which rental " Mixed " belt is I'^'ench-Canadian

Irish-Canadian

7 56 6 64

" "

takes of income

p.c.

17)^ p.c. 16 p.c.

erage death rate

throughout the

per famiU'.

French-Canadian

4-50

room

of persons per occupied

The

fami]\- rental

for the "

is 6.

The average " Mixed

belt

F^rench-Canadian "

industrial class

6 89

Canadian Irish Canadian

the Irish-Canadian

$7 9- per week. 7 26

Fr.

$10 92 per week.

per worker

F'rench-Canadian

The axerage number

income of the

fEiniilx"

$8 89 per week. 7 62

l''rench-Canadian belt was. .2^

Irish-Canadian

Mixed

" ••

])cv

..21 .

to the sale of into.xicants.

Irish-Canadian belt there are 26 saloons and 34 one licjuor shop for e\ery 179 persons.

thousand

1896

In the li({uor groceries, or

In the

71 "

Mixed for

" belt are

40 saloons and 24 liquor

groceries, or

liquor shop

In the

every 198 persons.

French-Canadian belt are 39 saloons and 29 liquor <^rocerics, or liquor shop for every 208 persons. On the whole the " mixed " belt, frcnn these comparisons, makes Incomes and wages, rentals and accommodation, the best showing. are all upon a better scale there than elsewhere. The size of the family and the proportion of the elements which compose it are ver)' nearly the same in the French-Canadian and in the Irish-Canadian belts. Among the French-Canadians is to be found the largest proFor portion of families belonging to the " real mdustrial class." density and high death rate the French-Canadians take undesirable precedence for overcrowding and povert)' the Irish-Canadian sections make the least creditable showing. Upon other points the comparison i

;

between these two belts

as a rule,

is,

more favorable

to the former

than to the latter nationality. It

has frequently been asked

why

a location

should be selected as the spot upon which should for the

working

classes.

Grififintown

first

Montreal the experiment of philanthropic investment

improved dwellings

â&#x20AC;˘'

be tried

the form of

think the foregoing

comparisons have already given the answer. It is because in this region the need at the present time is greater than in any other locality within our nether city, and because will

success can be here attained

be certain elsewhere. In closing this article, the figures of our census respecting the

religious beliefs of the families in "the city

below the

hill"

may

also be

given without comment. Belt

i-io contain 1237

Sections

Roman

893 Protestant, 41 Jew, 11 Pagan. Belt II. Sections 11-15 contain 1790 302 Protestant, 31 Jew,

285 Protestant,

Jew,

Catholic families,

Roman

Catholic families,

Pagan.

Sections 21-26 contain 1229

Belt IV.

Belt V.

Roman

Pagan.

Sections 16-20 contain 915

Belt III.

135 Protestant, 42 Jew,

Catholic families,

Roman

Catholic families,

Pagan.

Sections 27-30 contain 600

152 Protestant, o Jew, 2 Pagan.

Roman

Catholic families,

By the above it will be seen that 75 ^/^ per cent, of the families of "the city below the hill" are Roman Catholic, 23 per cent, are Protestant, .01^ per cent, are Jewish, and about .0O7 jjer cent, are Except in Belt I, where 41 per cent, are Protestant, this Belt II element nowhere exceeds one-fifth of the population. Pagan.

contains

14 per cent..

and Belt

20 per

Belt

ceTit.T)f

III

per cent.,

Belt

18 per cent,

families belonging to the Protestant

faith.

hill "

knowledge of "the city below the result in the putting forth of more earnest and effective efforts improvement of this district. I

trust that a fuller

may

for the

This portion

has

investigation

of our

our population.

cit}-, If,

necessarily

with

dealt

but

limited

has considered the case of barely one-sixth of

however, besides

calling

attention

certain

local deficiencies the publication of this series of articles shall have accomplished anything by wa)- of impressing upon the main body of

our citizens the immense importance of collecting and interpreting similar figures for the city as a whole, my main object shall have

been attained. It is unwise, even if it were possible, for private undertake duties properly belonging to the municipality It is the duty of our civic and provincial authorities to or the State.

enterpri.se to

B}'

means

Departments and

at the

secure for us similar data with respect to the entire city.

of our civic servants, in the Police

and

P'ire

City Hall, a civic census Could be annualh" taken within at most The task of obtaining accurate sociological three days time. statistics

might be accomplished with

coiTnection

with their regular annual

less ha.ste

rounds,

by our As.sessors

or should

special

department be required, an annual expenditure of a sum not exceeding $5000 would suffice to secure this much needed information. Were we by such means enabled each year to accuratel\determine what progress was being made in improving the general condition of society, were we able every twelve months to place the finger upon every district which exhibited unhealthy symptoms, I

have

faith to believe that

the necessar)'

ste])s

our citizens

would not be unwilling

towarfis betterment.

to take

/,C =

//r'/i/-/-

CA/VAO

Map J /VA r/o/vA£./7~/£r s

E.MPLOVMEJ

STATISTICS OF "THE CITY BELOW THE HILL." EMPLOYMENT.

1JM96

•i\'i-l[

i;>

9-5:

(1896.)

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