Towards 100% RES Supply by Cipriano Marin

Edited by:

insula International Scientific Council for Island Development c/o Unesco 1, Rue Miollis 75015 Paris France E-mail: insula@unesco.org ; insula@insula.org Tel.: +33 45 68 40 56 - Fax: +33 45 68 58 0 and

ITER Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables Polígono Industrial de Granadilla - Parque Eólico E-38611 San Isidro - Tenerife Canary Islands - Spain E-mail: iter@iter.rcanaria.es Tel.: +34 922 391000 - Fax: + 34-922 391001 With the support of the ALTENER Programme - European Commission

The Island 2010 initiative has been developed in co-operation with: European Island OPET OPET Network

Texts and co-ordination:

Cipriano Marín - INSULA Guillermo Galván - ITER Experts: Manuel Cendagorta Galarza - ITER Pier Giovanni d'Ayala - INSULA Arthouros Zervos - NTUA-RENES Franco Cavallaro - ANCIM José Manuel Melim Mendes - AREAM Thomas Lynge Jensen - FED Joaquim Corominas - ECOSERVEIS Miguel Fraile - IVECO-PEGASO David Blackledge - TTR Julieta Shallenberg - ITC Iben Østergaard - ECD Vassilia Argyraki - ISLENET Jean-Michel sers - ADEME Daniel Satue - ICAEN Co-operating Institutions: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) ADEME (Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maitrise de l'Energie, France) ICAEN (Institut Català d'Energia, Spain) NTUA-RENES (National Technical University of Athens-Renewable Energy Unit, Greece) ANCIM (Associazione Nazionale Comuni Isole Minori, Italy) AREAM (Agencia Regional da Energia e Ambiente da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Portugal) ISLENET (European Islands Energy & Environment Network) FED (Forum for Energy and Development, Denmark) ITC (Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias, Spain) ECD (Energy Centre Denmark, Danish Technological Institute) Production coordinator: Giuseppe Orlando Graphic designer: Luis Mir Payá Printed in the Canary Islands by Tenydea Dep. Leg.: TF886/2001 January 2001

Towards 100% RES Supply Renewable Energy Sources for Island Sustainable Development Edited by

Cipriano MarĂn - Guillermo GalvĂĄn

with the support:

promoted by:

Index

Introduction - Island 2010 initiative ......................................................

Statements of island representatives .................................................. President of the Tenerife Island Government ..................................... President of the Sicilian Region ......................................................... President of the El Hierro Island Government ..................................... Vice-President of the Madeira Autonomous Region ............................ Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism - Cyprus ......................... Mayor of Samsoe ................................................................................ Province of Sassari - Sardinia .............................................................

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

European Island RES Agenda ...............................................................

Towards 100% RES strategy: A Global Model for a change ................. Towards 100% RES strategy. A Global Model for a change .................. Renewable Energies Sources and Technologies .................................. The Water-Energy binomial ................................................................ Renewable Energies for Clean Sustainable Transport on Islands ......... Sustainable Tourism and RES .............................................................

33 35 43 53 57 63

Islands 100% RES projects ................................................................... Tenerife 100: A model of Renewable Energy Sources integration ......... Sun, wind and water: The new El Hierro islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s allies ......................... Towards 100 % RES supply on Samsoe, Denmark: Three years of experiences in a planning period over ten years ........... The Municipality of Gotland: A renewable energy island in the Baltic Sea ........................................ Towards 100% RES supply in La Maddalena Island â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sardinia ............ The Pellworm experience .................................................................... Renewable Energy Park for the Island of Corfu ................................... Renewable Energy Islands - The Danish Energy Way ..........................

69 71 77 83 87 91 93 95 97

Large-scale deployment of RES on islands ......................................... 103 Unique World-wide Overview of Renewable Energy on Small Islands .. 105 Implementation Plan for the large scale deployment of renewable energy sources in Crete ................................................ 109 The Development of Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Generation: the Example of the French Overseas Departments and Corsica ............ 113 The Madeira Case .............................................................................. 119 Large Scale Utilization of Solar Energy in Cyprus ................................ 121 The Faeroe experience ....................................................................... 123 Renewable Energy Plan of the Minorca Island ..................................... 125 5

National Energy Program CROTOK Energy Development on Islands. Croatia ............................................. Renewable energy proposals on Cape Clear island, Cork County, Ireland ............................................................................ Designing the Habitat of the Future for Islands: 25 Bioclimatic Dwellings for the Island of Tenerife ............................... The Canary Islands: a world laboratory for desalination ....................... Development of RES investment projects in small-island Biosphere Reserves ..................................................... Islands, Telematics and Sustainable energy .........................................

129 135 139 143 151 155

International actions, networks ............................................................ 157 European Island OPET ....................................................................... 159 Islenet ................................................................................................ 161 Annexes ................................................................................................. European Conference on Sustainable Island Development. European Island Agenda ..................................................................... Kos resolution ..................................................................................... Palma de Mallorca Declaration............................................................. Acores Declaration .............................................................................. Cagliari Declaration ............................................................................. Declaration of Canarias ....................................................................... Barbados Action Plan ......................................................................... Charter for Sustainable Tourism .......................................................... Declaration on sustainable future for historic cities .............................. White Paper: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Energy for the future: renewable sources of energyâ&#x20AC;? The Campaign for Take-Off .................................................................

163 165 167 171 173 175 177 179 181 183 185

New winds for islands

For centuries, the sails of Lasithi's windmills caught the wind that guaranteed fertility in this part of Crete. These same winds also helped to pump water to create abundance on the plains of Palma de Majorca and brought the sea inland and, thus, with the aid of the sun, helped to crystallise the salt, bringing fame to islands like Ibiza and Lanzarote as flourishing centres on the powerful salt route. Small waterfalls were widely harnessed in remote areas of Madeira and Corsica to guarantee the survival of the local people. We also know that there were over four hundred windmills on the island of ﾃ僕und at the end of the 19th century, and that the winds of the island of Hydra milled the grain for the besieged city of Athens for decades. This is just an idea of the long adventure of survival that islands have lived, cleverly harnessing their few and fragile resources. Throughout time, all over the world, island peoples have always had to develop ingenious ways of harnessing the sun, the wind and the water at their disposal. You only have to look at any of our islands to realise that the traditional house is always an incredible compendium of passive solutions adapted to the specific conditions of each location to overcome the hardships of the climate and the isolation. That is why we hear talk of an island strategy to promote renewable energy sources on the threshold of the new millennium, and this strategy should be understood as a mere continuity of the inherent tradition of each island. But on this occasion, there is a major difference, because the dizzying advances in renewable energy technologies over the last few decades mean that, for the first time in history, the island factor does not have to be a constraining factor. The new technologies seem to have been designed by islanders. The traditional limitations in the energy field like distance from the major grids, small scale, distribution difficulties and the lack of large conventional markets, are more than off-set by the extreme abundance of renewable energy sources, and the incredible adaptability and capacity of integration of renewable energy technologies; factors that are in sharp contrast with the progressive inefficiency and high cost of conventional energy systems in island regions. In fact, we would go as far as to say that islands have become genuine laboratories of the future of energy sustainability. The weight of energy costs, along with the enormous social and environmental implications of using energy in such vulnerable regions, is clearly tipping the scales. This philosophy is shared by most islands, and was explicitly stated in the final document drawn up at the end of the First European Conference on Sustainable Island Development (Minorca, 1997), which clearly states that: "Non-renewable energy sources must be considered as provisional solutions, unsuitable as a long-term solution to the energy problem in islands". But, it is also important to highlight that this phenomenon is far from a minor one. If we consider it as a whole, we will see that both the area and population involved are far more extensive than you might think. The area in question includes a population of over thirteen million islanders and a surface area of almost 5% of the European Union. This view is of enormous importance at a time when the Green Paper "Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply" is under discussion. In this context, the subject of the islands will have to be addressed and tackled in accordance with its importance and the new requirements that define the island factor and how it differentiates islands from the mainland. The debate on sustainable energy supply is part and parcel of the new challenges that islands must face in the immediate future. Nowadays, sustainable development for European islands cannot be understood without relating energy aspects with tourism or water production. The seasonal nature of tourism and the fact that it requires services of this kind to be so much larger than those required by the resident population, however adapted their development may be, represents a serious headache for energy supply. More than fifty million Europeans choose island destinations for their holidays, thus creating scenarios that were unthinkable up until now. The data brings us face to face with a reality that cannot be hidden. This reality can be summed up by saying that the Greek islands receive more tourists than Portugal; the Balearic Islands has twice as many tourists as Brazil and the Canary Islands receive twice as many tourists as South Africa, the great emerging destination of Africa.

This same equation can be seen in the water-energy tandem. Limited water resources have forced many islands to make the leap to desalination to quench their growing thirst. Islands have started to measure water in terms of units of energy. In this extremely variable framework, energy options take on a fundamental strategic value for islands, especially with regard to the aspects of supply costs, quality and security. If we add the environmental dimension, where islands cannot afford the excessive externalities of conventional systems, in areas where the environment and the landscape are the principle factor of value added for their future survival, we come to the conclusion that renewables are not an option, they are the only reasonable path to follow in the future. Islands have made a start. In the face of this situation, overall European forecasts have been exceeded. Islands no longer talk about 12% RES; they are starting to design 100% RES systems for the future. And all of these solutions and designs are based on real projects and strategies. We have the El Hierro project, based on a wind-hydraulic system, the Samso strategy that includes generating hydrogen for clean transport in the future, the case of Gotland, the renewable island of the Baltic, Pellworm's proposal to cut the energy connection with the mainland, the Madalena project; an example of 100% RES in protected islands, or the initiatives of Aero and Corfu. These examples are merely the tip of the iceberg of a major process of deploying renewable energies in all European island territories. The islands now have a large number of plans for implementing renewable energy sources on a large scale, such is the case of Crete, the new advances that are appearing in Madeira, the Danish path to island sustainable energy supply, the development of renewables in the French Overseas Departments like Guadaloupe, the case of Corsica or the accord launched by the Italian government for the Italian Litte Islands. It is in this context that we find the Island 2010 (Towards 100% RES Supply) initiative, which, like the ALTNER project, is based on the sensible and sensitive recommendations made by the European' Commission's White Paper "Energy for the Future: Renewable Energy Sources", understanding that the islands are obviously natural candidates and toppriority partners in the key initiative "100 Communities Aimed at 100% RES supply" launched as part of the "Campaign for Take-Off" that runs from 2000 to 2003. Promoting the incorporation of new 100% RES initiatives and disseminating advanced projects is a fundamental objective of the Island 2010 idea. This is a determined response that is making a deep-felt impression in other, so-far distant fields like tourism, where we find the initiatives adopted in the island Biosphere Hotels Network and the launch of the great co-operation forum in favour of RES and alternative transports (Tech Tourism Island Forum). It is also an idea that has been taken on board the strategy of sustainable development promoted within the UNESCO's MaB programme through the World Biosphere Reserve Network, which includes a large number of island territories. These are all initiatives that have been highlighted ever since the first meetings that Insula and UNESCO held with the European Parliament's Islands Inter-Group. Unlike other regions, island action to promote renewables is not circumscribed to the field of technology or the energy market; it also involves the very political action of island regions. With regard to energy, the specificity of the Island issue has been a constant element of reflection in most European Union meetings and inter-island agreements. The declarations of Palma de Majorca (1999), Azores (2000), or the most recent one, Cagliari (2001), are systematically abundant with regard to this issue. Declaration 30 on the islands, annexe to the Treaty of Amsterdam, meant the first step towards recognition for the singularity of the island factor in a broad range of aspects, among which energy occupies an important place. This is a process in which the guidelines of the well-known Viola report have made an important contribution, as has the report on the problems of development in the ultra-peripheral regions (Fernando Fernandez Martin report). The former highlights the need for community policy on island regions to help promote the rational use of energy, along with a determined decision to opt for renewables, stressing the fact that tourism distorts the energy balance of many islands by up to 600%. The latter report emphasises the proposal to attach a protocol to the Treaty, to clearly define a policy of support for renewables, and even the development and promotion of legislative measures in this sense, for islands. European islands have, therefore, arrived at an important moment in their evolution. Political will, technological development and the terms of a sensible economic discourse based on sustainable development make it advisable to open the gates wide to this great idea of energy self-sufficiency for islands in the new millennium. Cipriano Marin INSULA International Scientific Council for Island Development

Statements of island representatives

Tenerife The challenge of island energy sustainability

There are many challenges that insular territories must face in these new times. New productive specialties, such as tourism, or the rapid growth in populations, place islands in an extremely vulnerable position. Our limited resources must be managed with extreme caution in these situations. It is essential to draw special attention to the management of renewable resources in the energetic dimension, due to the fact that energy is one of the main problems for sustainable development in island regions, because of its territorial, environmental and economical aspects. The majority of islands possess abundant natural resources, such as the wind, sun, sea and geothermal sources (in the case of islands of volcanic origins). These resources can be converted, using clean technologies, into sources of beneficial energy by transforming them into electricity, heat or motive power, with the capacity to cover actual needs of islands societies. By applying these to desalination processes, potable water can be produced without having to resort to the use of fossil fuels or nuclear energy. Through these and other techniques, the emission of pollution and damage to the environment can be drastically reduced. The Cabildo de Tenerife has been promoting projects on energy saving, efficiency and large scale implantation of the renewable energies for several years, trying to find solutions for a problematic energy consumption with the aim of decreasing the energy dependence of the island from the exterior. This is mainly due to the lack of fossil fuels in the archipelago and its service sector-based economy. In this context, we are designing ambitious policies in the tendency of a future 100 % RES, that range from the production of electricity from renewables to the design of new transport systems adapted to the needs of the island and coherent with this strategy. The Cabildo of Tenerife has bet equally for the consolidation of ITER (Technological Institute of Renewable Energies), catalogued as centre of excellence for the islands by the UNESCO, as technical and scientifical support of this great future defiance. As in many islands of the planet, the tourist activity in Tenerife represents one of the main pillars of our economy, which is due precisely to the existence of valuable environmental resources that should and must be used for clean energy generation. Over the last few years these solutions have been progressively applied, though at a much lower level than their real potential. One has to consider that it is precisely in our territories where it makes the most sense to aim for a strategy of energy based on efficiency and the maximum penetration of renewable energies. Likewise, the experiences accumulated over the years have confirmed a possible and profitable use of renewable energies against conventional solutions, besides making public opinion aware of the need for these applications. Coinciding with the moment when the European Commission launchs the Green Paper â&#x20AC;&#x153;Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supplyâ&#x20AC;?, we understand it is now the time for the islands of the Union to conclude the consolidation of their own strategy in this framework, based on their singularities and differential aspects, that is the rational use of available insular resources. The world-wide exchange of knowledge and relations between distinct insular sectors in the frame of the European Union, at all levels (political, technical, legislative, financial), is

fundamental to facilitate large scale implantation of renewable energies and to promote technological innovations for the whole exploitation of energy resources in islands. An attitude that, without doubt, will be translated into a significant improvement in the quality of life of all islanders, and in a necessary reduction of dependence on exterior sources. In this sense, the initiative ISLAND 2010 becomes a reference four our common goal, as it is orientated to promote an insular strategy based in the renewable energies, that even promotes an implication of the insular local governments, whose function is very important in the sectors of tourism, energy and water. In the framework of the campaign ISLAND 2010, specific measures related to energy aspects affecting islands have been analysed, and actions whose results should be taken into account have been identified, so that directives to implement projects and future initiatives may be determined. Energy sustainability in islands today is not a utopia for islands, it could be said that it constitutes a condition for consolidating their balanced development opposite the great challenges that should be approached in this new millennium. Ricardo Melchior President Cabildo de Tenerife Tenerife Island Government

Sicily New energies for a new future of the islands

Energy is at present at the centre of the island dilemma arising when the most adequate strategies to achieve a sustainable development have to be defined. Clear implications of energy-related decisions with other key sectors, like water and transports, and their territorial influence, oblige to reflect on our models and to plan new alternatives of future. We know that the potential of renewable energy sources of our territories is insufficiently exploited, that economic and environmental impacts deriving from the use of conventional sources are more and more increasing, and we also know that mature technologies already exist that will allow us to have clean, safe energy at bearable costs available in the next future. Renewable energy sources are undoubtedly a big islands' capital that is necessary to manage in its extent and that will contribute to the safeguard of basic objectives of our development like the environment and the cultural heritage. The position of the Sicilian Region has been clearly expressed by its support and active participation in the achievement of important targets such as the elaboration of the RES Island Agenda, as a result of the 1st Conference on Sustainable Island Development (Minorca 1997) and the Island Solar Summit held in Tenerife (1999), where it was clearly stated that renewables are the most reasonable alternative for a complete island development and not only just an option. Furthermore, the European strategy expressed in the White Paper titled "Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy" clearly reflects a need to strengthen a large scale implementation of renewables in the islands. The Whiter Paper expressly states that, on a larger scale, "solar cities" should be identified, as well as large rural areas, and administrative regions which can benefit from an existing sense of community. Large islands (e.g. Sicily, Sardinia, Crete, Rhodes, Majorca, Canary Islands or Madeira) could also be used as pilot regions. In order to foster the implementation process of the Community Strategy and Action Plan, the European Commission has launched "The Campaign for Take-Off" that runs from year 2000 to year 2003. One of the key sectors of "The Campaign for Take-Off" is the "100 Communities Aimed at 100% RES Supply". Within this context we think that islands are the scope of natural application of this strategy and that the European Commission and the national and island administrations have to support this process in all its extent. Identification of island initiatives aiming at 100% RES supply, is an excellent reference framework, under the name of "Island 2010" for our aspirations and a tangible proof that islands can advance towards sustainable development, working in tight cooperation in defence of their common interests. The fact that definite projects and objectives exist on this line gives European islands the needed experience and courage to decidedly undertake the necessary big changes.

Vincenzo Leanza President Regione Siciliana

El Hierro Building an island on a human scale

At the beginning of 2000, the island of El Hierro became the first site to be declared a Biosphere Reserve in the new millennium by UNESCO. This declaration came in recognition of a long process that was started back in the eighties when the island opted for its own development model based on respect for the environment, innovation and social cohesion. In the intervening years, a whole series of projects has been promoted, which have constituted real practical experience and an ambitious view of the future that was officially culminated in November, 1997, when the Island Cabildo (Government) adopted the island of El Hierro Sustainable Development Programme in plenary session. We understand sustainable development to be a kind of human, social and economic development taken as a whole that uses resources in such a way as not to compromise their availability for future generations. In this new approach to development, people and their quality of life are the centre and the objective of each and every one of the projects implemented, regardless on the scope and the area the project addresses. Examples of sustainable development are harnessing run-off waters, recycling solid waste, using solar and wind energy, caring for the landscape as a source of welfare and tourist income, growing natural agricultural produce, treating and re-using water, creating worthy and creative jobs, using our wells to improve water quality and prevent salinisation of the aquifer, diversifying our economy, providing channels by which the older members of our society can participate, promoting our traditional architecture, establishing fair trade and responsible consumption, disseminating the know-how of our traditions, listening to and motivating the young people, facilitating access to training and information, etc. Deteriorating our landscape, squandering raw materials and energy, neglecting and forgetting our culture, importing almost everything we consume; this is not sustainable development. It is in just this context that one of our most ambitious projects has been developed: to covert the island of El Hierro into island on which 100% of energy demand is covered by renewable energy sources. 100% RES electricity supply is guaranteed through a hybrid wind-hydraulic system consisting of a 10 MW wind farm that also uses surplus wind energy, which is free but variable, to pump water up to a tank 600 m above sea level. This water and the potential energy it contains, is fed through a turbine, thus guaranteeing a high-quality electricity supply to backup and correct the highly variable availability of wind energy. In order to close the cycle in a coherent fashion, the input of water needed in the lower tank will be obtained by desalinating sea water, which will avoid having to divert much needed water resources from farming and will even provide an input of water for areas of irrigation. The 100% renewables strategy also addresses the fields of harnessing solar thermal energy and the applications of photovoltaic energy. What is more, it also spreads to sectors like transport by promoting the use of electric and hybrid transport (zero emissions strategy) and the generalised production of water from desalinating sea water. Both these activities are also excellent storage systema for surplus energy produced by the variable forces of the sun and the wind.

For all the above, the Island 2010 initiative, which has the support of the Altener Programme, and which takes on board the main ideas laid down in the European Commission's White Paper on Renewable Energies and their campaign on 100% RES communities, dovetails perfectly with our expectations as islanders. The idea we have is to continue to move forward in this direction, within a framework of co-operation with other islands, as we have been doing with Samso, Aero and La Maddalena, where we can work together to overcome technical and management barriers. We also want to promote projects and ideas of this kind through island networks, as has been shown since the very moment that we took on the commitment to form part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

Tomas Padr贸n President Cabildo de El Hierro El Hierro Island Government

Madeira Renewable Energies for the Autonomous Region of Madeira

Along with the central objectives of the regional energy policy set out for the Autonomous Region of Madeira - secure supply, economic competitiveness and environmental protection - there are some additional, and revealing guidelines on revaluing regional energy resources and the rational use of energy. What must also be highlighted is that the particular characteristics of the energy system of the Autonomous Region of Madeira: a remote island, naturally excluded from the advantages of the Internal Energy Market; require the right approach in the light of the principles of territorial continuity and economic and social cohesion, in the national and community context. Harnessing renewable energy resources has a long tradition in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, in our traditional uses and, more recently, in the production of electricity. Hydraulic energy was first used in the fifties for producing electricity for many different purposes, associated with catching and distributing water for supplying towns and for irrigating farmlands. This first stage was taken a step further in the nineties with the appearance of the first wind farms, more specifically in 1992, which has been a determining factor in accounting for the high market share that renewable energies have in the Region, currently around 30% of electrical energy production in years of average rainfall. Despite this successful background in promoting renewable energies, new technical, scientific and economic challenges are appearing on the horizon for the Region to be able to continue to revaluate its native resources and make a contribution to consolidating energy and environmental objectives in consonance with European guidelines in these areas. Therefore, progress must continue to be made in harnessing renewable resources in fields like electricity generation, which forces us to study new scientific and technical solutions that will enable us to feed this energy into a stand-alone grid, which also currently presents enormous loading differences between peak and trough hours. We also need a new impulse for harnessing solar energy, and we must explore new possibilities like the interface of energy with the transport sector, or promoting the use of renewables in desalinating sea water, particularly on the island of Porto Santo. Finally, we also need to move forward in revaluing animal and vegetal biomass energy, studying new technologies that are currently being developed, in greater depth. We are convinced that the remote island regions of the great, continental energy networks are the best natural and human means for promoting a large proportion of the new energy technologies developed in the European Union, from an economic point of view. The Autonomous Region of Madeira will continue to develop actions in the political sphere, as we have with the 2nd Inter-parliamentary Conference held in Funchal in 2000 and the Madeira Declaration on promoting renewable energies, both on the technical plane and in promoting new initiatives. These are advances that illustrate how we are assimilating innovative technologies and how we have given our whole-hearted support to inter-regional co-operation, opting for new solutions in line with the development of island regions and of their own endogenous energy resources. Joao Cunha e Silva Vice President Autonomous Region of Madeira ~ Aut贸noma da Madeira Regiao

Republic of Cyprus

It is a great pleasure and privilege for me to prologue this important booklet "Island 2010 Towards 100% RES Supply". The importance of renewable energy sources for island countries like Cyprus couldn't be overemphasised, especially nowadays when there is a growing consensus on the need to protect the global environment. Cyprus has to rely, almost exclusively, on imported fuels to satisfy its energy needs. The primary energy consumption in the Government controlled area of Cyprus in 2000 was 2.2 millions of Tonnes Oil Equivalent (t.o.e.). Energy consumption is predominately oil based. The contribution of renewable energy sources for meeting the country's energy needs is estimated to be 4.5 %. Thus, more than 95% of total primary energy is supplied by imports. Oil imports are a considerable burden on the island's economy. Last year the cost of imported energy represented more than 70% of the country's earnings from domestic exports. The Government of Cyprus, in an effort to alleviate the problem to the largest possible extent, has formulated and implements a comprehensive energy programme. The main objective of the programme is the reduction of the country's dependence on imported energy through rational use of energy and the greatest possible exploitation of renewable energy sources. Thus, the promotion and optimum exploitation of renewable energy sources is a priority of the Cyprus energy policy. World energy demand is growing fast, the degradation of the environment from increased production and consumption of conventional forms of energy is causing global alarm. The message is clear, we have to react fast. And indeed throughout the globe, there are some unmistakable signs of leadership and initiative, like this one, that help to infuse the political process with new energies and provide the basis for the veritable eco-revolution that is required to make the transition to a sustainable future. Cyprus has a tradition in using renewable energy, their utilisation started long ago. The first application that has been historically developed in Cyprus was the use of windmills for irrigation purposes. In the early 1930?s hundreds of windmills were set up to irrigate small plots of vegetables. A second mass extended utilisation of renewable source of energy appeared in the early sixties where production of solar water heaters started on a large scale. The industry grew quickly and today more than 92% of total households, 50% of hotels and considerable number of industries are using solar water heaters for heating / preheating water. Today the contribution of renewable energy sources to the national energy balance is 4.5%, a high percentage compared with international standards. However, there is still a long way to go. Recent studies showed that there is scope for further utilisation of renewable energy sources in Cyprus. Applications like solar space heating and cooling, wind power generation, desalination and biogas production are continuously being assessed, as developments in this field are fast. Utilising renewable energy sources is a global issue and we believe that the most effective way to exploit them is through regional / International co-operation. Thus, avoiding duplication of work and taking advantage of existing know-how and experience. This initiative provides an excellent opportunity in furthering regional / international co-operation in the field. I am sure that this booklet would contribute substantially to our common striving for

energy sufficiency through maximum exploitation of indigenous renewable energy sources. Finally I would like to congratulate all those who have contributed to the preparation of this publication and at the same time I wish to every island separately to solve its energy problems by utilizing to the maximum extent the renewable sources which are indigenous and friendly to the environment, thus contributing positively to the tourism industry so important for island economy. The way to achieve this target is to join hands and work together. I am sure we shall succeed. Solon Kassinis Officer in Charge of the Energy and Environment Section of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism Republic of Cyprus

Samsoe Energy for small islands Towards 100 % Renewable Energy Supply

Small islands are often isolated and have often specific problems concerning the regional and national infrastructure in both the transport and the energy sector. Therefore it’s necessary for small islands to co-operate on a national level to meet the challenges of to morrow. To be inspired in internationally networks is necessary as well. Therefore Samsoe took part in a project to co-operate with El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain), La Maddalena (Sardinia, Italy) and Arran Islands (Eire). The aim of the project was: Developing and implementation of organisational and financial tools in network collaboration towards renewable energy systems. There is a tradition for developing networks and co-operatives on small islands – it’s necessary if you want to survey. In the project period 1999 and 2000 we have had a lot of discussions how to implement planning- and financial systems to develop renewable energy supply on the four islands. Planning for wind power and solar energy were and are common projects for all four islands. Bio-mass was items for some of the islands as well. On Samsoe we have erected 11 new wind-turbines on the island in the year of 2000, two of them owned by co-operatives. Further more we are planning for ten wind-turbines on the sea as a compensation for the energy consumption in the transport sector. From the ALTENER project we have experienced, that network co-operation is a good possibility for exchanging planning- and financing methods. Therefore we have decided to continue our co-operation in international networks.

John Sander Petersen Mayor of Samsoe www.samsoe.dk

Sardinia

Today the link between the quality of the environment and the production and use of energy it really clear. In consequence the planning of the actions and the political decisions have to take in account the problems which are in the present everywhere in the world: the fuel fossils reduction, the pollution and air warming, the necessity and the possibility to make effort in the way of the quality of the human development in a framework of sustainability and quality. Sardinia island depends from petrol for 94%, and the province of Sassari, the north part of the island, for 99%. That happens in a area with large possibilities of using renewable energy sources and especially for solar, wind and also biomass energy. It needs to change with decision in order to take the opportunities coming from the new renewable energy market, from the technological modernization of the production sectors, and not only, from the environmental and economics value of the more energetic autonomy of the island. The islands in effect can be the true laboratory for the launch in a big scale of renewable energies. The international islands conferences (Majorca 1999, Azores 2000, Cagliari Sardinia 2001) put the accent on the important role the islands can play in this sector in the future. Most of the efforts have to be made of course at local level, but an important effort have to be made from national, and especially from the european level taking in particular consideration the specialty of island conditions. Actually we are in the beginning of RES implementation and La Maddalena, a 50 Km square island, have been selected, from the local authorities, to be supplied 100% RES, but we are really involved to give an important contribution, working in cooperation with the others european island, to the achievement of common objectives.

Sebastiano Sannitu responsible of the environmental politics Province of Sassari Sardinia

European Island RES Agenda

European Island RES Agenda Introduction

tion patterns have been neglected. All too

supply or, on the other hand, in dispersed

At the beginning of the XXI century, the

often energy models and solutions have

schemes for regional power supply. These

european islands are preparing to meet the

been imported that are inflexible and

obviously have to be adapted to the

new challenges that have appeared in

inappropriate for island conditions.

conditions of each specific location, so as to

today's world. And they are doing this with

The fragile nature of the island environment

ensure reliable power supply to the required

a new mentality that is based on a common

requires ecologically rational technologies

quality and continuity standards. As part of

tie. Island societies have seen that the

that are appropriate for the characteristics

this campaign action, a number of pilot

extreme richness and diversity of their

of each area and its resources, technolo-

communities, regions, cities and islands will

natural and cultural heritage is under

gies that are within an island's carrying

be selected from those which can reason-

serious threat, and that they must become

capacity. But, we also know that the global

ably aim at 100% power supply from

the masters of their own destiny in the face

attitude of other regions toward energy

renewables. These pioneer collectivities, in

of the processes of globalisation, placing

solutions involves direct environmental

order to feature as credible pacemakers,

their confidence in the development options

risks for many islands. Eight years after the

should be of varying size and characteris-

that can guarantee a future for them

Rio Conference, Climate Change remains

tics. On a small scale, the units could be

without irreversibly mortgaging it in the

the core of international debate, especially

blocks of buildings, new neighbourhoods in

process.

after the "Third Conference of the Parties to

residential areas, recreational areas, small

Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 (Rio Conference,

the United Nations Framework Convention

rural areas, or isolated ones such as islands

1992) points out that islands are a special

on Climate Change" that was held in Kyoto,

or mountain communities. On a larger scale,

case for both the environment and for

where the islands clearly expressed the

"solar cities" should be identified, as well as

development, and that they have very

need for a change in the energy model in

large rural areas, and administrative regions

specific problems in planning sustainable

light of future risks.

which can benefit from an existing sense of

development, as they are extremely fragile

In this moment of extraordinary importance

community. Large islands (e.g. Sicily,

and vulnerable. In the context of sustainable

for islands, the European Commission's

Sardinia, Crete, Rhodes, Majorca, Canary

development, energy is the cornerstone of

White Paper "Energy for the Future:

Islands or Madeira) could also be used as

their planning strategies.

Renewable Energy Sources" sets out a

pilot regions".

Due to its territorial, environmental and

Community Strategy and Action Plan to

The idea to advance towards 100% RES

economic implications, energy is a central

increase RES market penetration, to

islands is not a utopia anymore, but it is

factor in the island dilemma. Implementing

improve security of energy supply, to

now supported by very some very sound

the wrong energy model could mortgage our

reduce energy dependency, and to reduce

bases and the projects that are arising

economies, future development options and

greenhouse gas emissions in order to meet

within this campaign. In this sense, the aim

the environment, because energy solutions

the Kyoto objectives.

of Island 2010 is to act as catalyser and

are closely related to how island resources

In order to foster the implementation process

promoter of the strategy agreed during the

are managed. This interdependence is

of the Community Strategy and Action Plan,

First European Conference on Sustainable

extremely prominent in islands, where it also

the European Commission has launched

Island Development (Minorca, 1997) that is

involves transport, water and waste

"The Campaign for Take-Off" that runs from

clearly defined in one of its agreements that

management policies, all of which are key

year 2000 to year 2003. One of the key

literally says: "Non-renewable energy

aspects of striking a satisfactory balance in

sectors of "The Campaign for Take-Off" is

sources must be considered as provisional

our area.

the "100 Communities Aimed at 100% RES

solutions, unsuitable as a long-term solution

The magnitude of per capita energy

Supply". It is precisely within this context

to the energy problem in islands".

consumption has becomean indicator of

where the island issue specificity facing the

With regard to energy, the Island issue's

progress. Therefore, energy-related matters

energy dilemma is explicitly recognised: "To

specificity has been a constant element of

and policies have been closely linked to the

optimise the available potential of renewable

reflection in most European Union's

demand for energy. This has meant that,

energy technologies requires them to be

meetings and inter-insular agreements. The

for many years, the strategic and environ-

used together wherever this is productive

declarations of Palma de Majorca (1999),

mental consequences of energy consump-

either in integrated systems for local power

Azores (2000), or the most recent, of

Cagliari (2001), are systematically abundant

Isolation and dependence

the other hand, the scale factor is also a

with regard to this issue. In particular the

One current constraint faced by islands is

serious impediment to market conditions.

aspects related with the Directive for the

their extreme dependence on imported

Small island energy markets are unattrac-

Promotion of Renewable Energy are of

energy products. This is something that is

tive and often depend on the hypothetical

particular relevance, as well as the establish-

aggravated in the fields of transport and

capacity of the public sector to cover their

ment of a policy and regulation in favour of

electricity production.

deficits.

renewables for islands. Aspects that are

In most cases, acquiring energy products

even more relevant after the appearance of

accounts for more than 15% of all island

the Green Paper "Towards a European

imports.

strategy for the security of energy supply"

Energy production is an extremely large

that should include within its development

item in GDP. A heavy burden that, in many

the particularity of islands in their energy

cases, limits the development possibilities

dimension as a basic element of sustainable

and quality of life for islanders.

development in the future. Furthermore, it is extremely significant that these positions are not a particular view of the european islands, as the fundamental role played by the renewable energy sources and the idea to tend towards 100% RES are gathered in the agreements of the Small Islands Developing States, through successive revisions of the Barbados Programme. It is clear that islands are facing, and have

Highly sensitive environment Islands are characterised by the fragile nature of their ecosystems. This can be seen from the large proportion of protected areas they have, or areas that need protection, which is much higher in proportion than in other regions of the planet.

Limited range of energy resources

In an island context, the environmental

Available conventional energy sources are

problems of energy take on extreme propor-

generally limited or none existent. Islands

tions. Furthermore, islands have to reproduce

do not have any great variety of energy

all the energy generation and storage

sources either. These factors increase

infrastructure within a small area of land,

island vulnerability and, sometimes lead to

leading to extremely high external costs.

an over-exploitation or premature exhaustion of their limited non-renewable resources.

Inefficient use of energy resources Importing rigid mainland models of production and consumption leads to energy vectors

historically faced, a broad range of con-

Specialisation of economies

being very poorly adapted to final use.

straints. It is for precisely this reason that

The over-specialisation of most island

Most prospective studies on potential energy

many of the limitations of insularity must be

economies forces them to install an over-

saving and efficiency, give reduction param-

tackled from the viewpoint of a technologi-

sized energy capacity to cover factors such

eters which exceed 20% in some cases, and

cal strategy based on the specific nature of

as prominent seasonal demand, abrupt

even more if we include transport. Rational

islands and in a re-valuing of their re-

market changes or far greater territorial

use of energy in new consumption is one of

sources. The progressive specialisation of

dispersion than in other areas.

the major issues to be tackled at the moment.

island economies forces us to deal with the

Particularly the development of the tourist

Imported modes of mobility and internal

aspects of technological qualification,

industry involves adopting behaviour

transport are usually extremely inefficient

moving away from the traditional culture of

patterns and energy needs that are difficult

too, and they are gradually pushing up the

the quantity caused by the need to cover

to bear. Island tourist destinations will have

island energy bill. On many islands with a

historic deficits in island territories.

to face the many added energy problems

strong presence of the services sector,

Nowadays, islands have to seek shared

derived from the industry, which in most

energy consumption for transport is very

solutions based on a common strategy, in

cases also implies a radical change to

often over 50% of total consumption.

which innovation and adaptation must be

traditional cultures of consumption.

In the other side of the scales islands tend to enjoy the following advantages:

the dominant factors. Scale, a technological

Energy, a new challenge for islands

and market constraint

Abundant renewable energy sources

The scale of islands generates two added

Most islands have excellent renewable

Islands are an exceptional case for

difficulties. On the one hand, their size

energy sources, which are often enough to

sustainable development, with very special

seriously limits the efficiency of conven-

guarantee ample energy self-sufficiency.

characteristics from the energy point of

tional energy systems, which have been

These are currently energy resources that

view. Most islands have a profile that

conceived and designed for other econo-

are used very little in comparison with the

presents a series of pros and cons that

mies and areas. For example, one can often

existing real potential.

must be weighed up carefully when taking

see how the cost of generating electricity in

Solar, wind, hydropower and ocean energies

the most suitable energy decisions.

small and medium-sized islands can be ten

are extremely abundant sources of energy on

Disadvantages include:

times the mainland reference figures. On

all islands. In particular cases a few islands

have excellent geothermic resources or

Growing acquisition of technology

potential of the region and the specific

biomass by-products. In general, they are

and availability of human resources.

application in question.

complementary energy sources; the lack of

The capacity of islanders to learn the new

Renewable energy technology (wind

one is usually offset by abundance of another.

energy technologies is really high. Isolation

turbines, photovoltaic systems) and the

has always generated an accentuated ability

electronics of energy and control technology

to find new solutions in an emergency.

have made enormous advances since the

Furthermore, the human resources of

80's and the time has come to make a

islands represent one of their greatest future

greater effort to push for a general applica-

assets, as they have an exceptional creative

tion of renewable energy. Energy and

capacity.

environmental problems remain the same for

If we weigh up the energy pros and cons of

islands however, but with the difference that

islands, the option of a strategy based on

current technology greatly increases the

sustainable energies is not merely a techno-

chances of achieving acceptable solutions.

logical, cultural or financial alternative, it is

The concept of renewable energies encom-

very probably the only rational choice we

passes a wide range of sources, which

face. At the present moment, other, non-

require a range of different techniques to

renewable energy sources should be

harness them. Islands generally have

considered as provisional solutions for solving

several of these sources available to

the long term energy problems of islands.

different degrees. The ones with the

Small can be an advantage Renewable energy sources have an excellent capacity for modulation to smaller scales, compared with the rigid conventional production systems. Renewable energy technologies adapt much better to island scales and needs. Integration of renewable energy sources in most island cases is an economically feasible solution despite their relatively high energy prices. New technological tendencies start to openly recognise the advantages of microgeneration as a future guarantee of quality and service security, favouring in this way the islands' position.

greatest potential are wind, solar and ocean-

Sustainable Energies for building a future for islands

related energies. The other renewable

Island economic specialities are not very energy intensive

Current trends in energy policies are aimed

on the specific case in question.

Islands are hardly ever the home to energy

basically at achieving greater competitivity.

intensive economic activities, as most of

For islands, however, this criterion alone is

Barriers

them tend to increasingly move toward the

not enough; a long term consensus must

Barriers to the development of island energy

tertiary sector. Intensive energy consump-

be reached on the guidelines for a common

sustainability are in general not just techno-

tion is very occasional and most demand

energy policy that considers other funda-

logical in nature. There are also political,

goes to the services sector, transport and

mental factors as well: respect for the

financial, legal and training barriers prevent-

housing.

environment, creating employment and

ing the generalisation of renewable energies,

energy sources vary in potential, depending

assuring supply. This is a scenario that

which must be overcome in order to create a

The great island RET market

should be governed by sustainable energy

favourable socio-economical and technical

Individually, islands are not very important

criteria, that is, by energy saving and

space, particularly when we compare them

energy markets with an acceptable critical

efficiency and a maximum use of renewable

with conventional sources of energy.

mass, but taken together, they are pres-

energy sources.

The main barriers include:

ently the largest niche market in the world

At the present time, however, renewable

• Lack of international and island institu-

for renewable energies.

energy sources still make an unacceptably

tional frameworks supporting energy

In recent years, the greatest relative growth

modest contribution to the islands' energy

sustainability.

in specific segments of the renewables

balance in comparison with the potential

market is to be found in islands. For

that is technically available.

example, wind energy penetration is

• Non-existence of differentiated and specific energy policies directed at insular territories. • Inappropriate legal frameworks for the

recording unstoppable growth figures in

Renewable energies within reach

islands, compared with relative stagnation

In cases such as wind, hydro or solar

• Regulatory bases or absence.

in mainland regions.

thermal energy, the renewables already

• Lack of connection with, and identification

In fact, at the present, the largest percent-

represent a real alternative to conventional

age of renewable energies in the energy

energy sources, and, moreover, they often

• Lack of sustainable energy planning.

balance are also to be found in islands, to

out-perform conventional energy sources.

• Greater environmental integration

the point that we are now seeing the

In other cases, such as photovoltaic, ocean

appearance of the first 100% renewable

or biomass energy, the future is promising

islands.

and economic viability depends on the

implementation of RE and RUE.

of potential market operators.

requirements. • Below long-run marginal cost pricing and other price distortions.

• Lack of qualified information. • Lack of trained personnel and technical and managerial expertise. • High transaction costs.

• Supporting actions aimed at improving demand management, in order to achieve

• Mismatch of the incidence of investment. • Mismatch of the incidence of investment

• Improving the efficiency of production,

a reduction in energy needs and in the

transmission and distribution of energy

related environmental costs and impacts.

and materials.

• High initial capital costs or lack of access to credit. High user discount rates.

Recommendations

• Improving energy efficiency in public,

KEY ISSUES Strategies and Recommendations

costs and energy savings.

residential and commercial buildings and in tourist infrastructures. • Address the lack of skilled human resources, public education and aware-

Energy Efficiency

ness, and develop clear appropriate

The need for an Island Strategy:

Energy efficiency improvement has been

policies, technology choices, taxes,

Instruments for change

identified as one of the most practical

duties, subsidies and rebate incentives.

Based on the need to overcome existing

measures that can be taken at this stage,

The resolution of these will contribute to

barriers to achieve island energy

since most islands are unable to make

energy efficiency, to reduction in energy

sustainability, it is necessary to start

radical shifts in their energy mix over the

demand and greenhouse gas emissions

actions tending to:

short term. There is a need to look at the

and other pollution.

• Promoting and harmonising co-operation

full range of efficiency means, with due

• Carry out power system loss assess-

both at an island and international level,

consideration to the special situations of

ments or energy audits in the power

particularly within the fields of training,

islands. Improving the efficiency of energy

utilities in islands within an appropriate

research, technological transfer and

production, distribution and utilization will

penalty regime, implement a loss

industry alliances.

lead to a reduction of the energy consump-

reduction program, and develop appropri-

tion per unit of energy service.

ate specifications for the procurement of

operation with regard to the transfer of

Many technological options exist for

power supply equipment that will not

replicable experiences and the consolida-

improving energy efficiency in residential

contribute to energy inefficiencies.

tion of service and information networks

and commercial buildings, the tourism

• Supporting regional inter-island co-

• Helping, where necessary, to draw up

sector, industry, transportation, agriculture

energy policies, rules and guidelines

and forestry. While numerous technologies

applicable to islands, as well as efficiently

to improve energy efficiency and manage

improving islands' capacity for planning,

energy demand more effectively are readily

management and supervision.

available, new developments can enhance

• Establishing energy audit mechanisms and monitoring systems. • Supporting research, development and demonstration, as well as education and public awareness programs. • Disseminating technology options for

the potential of this option further.

improving end-use energy efficiency in

possibility of developing new and

Developing techniques and procedures for

the residential, tourist and commercial

renewable energy sources on islands

increasing savings and for a more efficient

buildings sector, including wider

use of available energy is an essential

diffusion of technologies, such as more

actions that will allow the essential role of

complement to incorporating renewable

efficient equipment and appliances;

renewable energies within the energy

energy sources. Fitting energy vectors to

efficient heating and air-conditioning

supply and island environment protection

final use, choosing the most efficient and

systems; and more efficient building

framework to be strengthened.

appropriate equipment to meet the require-

envelope designs. The introduction and

• Promoting a thorough auditing of the

• Developing the necessary awareness

ments of island consumption, incorporating

adoption of tariff and customs reform to

nation of renewable energy applications

control systems and adopting good

encourage the wider utilization of energy

in different sectors of economic activity

practises are solutions that are generally

efficient appliances and equipment

and geographical situations.

within our reach already, allowing a more

through star rating programs and the

• Promoting the widest possible dissemi-

rational sizing of energy demand.

introduction of minimum energy

and the appropriate institutional and

Squandering energy, forced on us by the

performance standards (MEPS) for

regulation reforms.

scale and new models of island consump-

equipment and appliances will assist in

tion, is something that is generally inadmis-

meeting these requirements.

• Supporting appropriate funding actions,

• Developing legal and financial frameworks favourable to RES. • Identifying priority projects and imple-

sible. Suitable demand management,

• Following the recommendations of the

therefore, is vital, in order to reap the social,

Cagliari Declaration, it is recognised that

menting them by organising partnerships

economic and environmental benefits of

island local authorities can play an

between private and public sector.

renewable energy.

important role within this process,

developing active policies aimed to

• Ensuring energy supply and its quality.

Fair Access for Renewables to the

improve energy management, including

• Consolidating the use of local renewable

Electricity Market

sensitisation of island residents and visitors in favour of rational use of energy.

energy resources. • the simplification of administrative obstacles for RE suppliers.

• Get distribution system operators to accept renewable electricity when offered to them, subject to provisions on trans-

Towards 100% Renewable Energy Sources

Fiscal and Funding measures

Without any doubt European islands are

The environmental and social benefits of

paid to generators using renewable

privileged laboratories of energy

renewable energies on islands justify

sources, which should at least be equal to

sustainability. This reality is confirmed by

favourable funding conditions. Applicable

the cost of electricity that has been saved

the development of a wide range of

actions include:

on a low voltage grid of a distributor plus a

demonstration projects covering all the

• flexible depreciation of renewable energy

premium reflecting the renewables' social

aspects related with large-scale implementation of RES and by the big diversity of initiatives tending to a stronger integration

port in the internal market in electricity.

investments. • favourable fiscal treatment for third party financing of renewable energies.

• Establish guidelines on the price to be

and environmental benefits and the manner in which it is financed: tax breaks, etc.

and hybridisation of all indigenous the

• financial support for investment, start up

available, indigenous energy sources.

subsidies for new productions plants,

produced from solar radiation, biomass,

Nevertheless, if we consider the available

SME's and new job creation.

hydro-energy and wind.

RES potential, the problems derived from the use of conventional sources and the environmental impact of their infrastructures, we reach the conclusion that the present-day exploitation of RES on islands

• financial support for consumers to purchase RE and RUE equipment and services. • introduction of innovative financing measures, including micro-credits.

• Avoid discrimination among electricity

• Build the necessary infrastructure for renewable energy (planning, grid connection regulations). • Plan accumulation systems that guarantee the maximum use of RES in electricity

is a lot below its actual possibilities. Island

• guaranteed prices.

production: water desalination, pumping,

conditions advise not to put a limit to the

• grants for innovation projects and for

charging electric vehicles, etc..

network development, bringing to unjustified self-limitations. Present-day 100% RES

those of general interest. • removal of the unfair disadvantages

Market Acceptability and Consumer

projects fully justify this position.

imposed on the renewables by political

Protection

The Cagliari Declaration specifies, with

pricing, which often protects conventional

• Implement appropriate public education

regard to this issue, that a request should be

energy sources.

made to the European Parliament to prioritise a definitive takeoff of RES on

• prioritisation of public renewable energy funds over other conventional options.

islands through clear financial and fiscal General market measures

promote a specific policy and regulation

• Promote an enhancement of local

islands.

entrepreneurial and business management capacity. • Support for RES market development

Legal and Regulatory Framework Advancement of Renewables and the introduction of rational energy use generally

consumer incentives to promote energy conservation. • Enhance consumer information on quality

incentives. The same Forum requests to favourable to renewables for European

and awareness programmes, including

and commercialisation. • Develop demand-side management programmes.

goods and services for renewable energies. • Establish standards at island level, with the aim of maintaining minimum levels of guarantee and reliability, given the specific features of island requirements. • In order to respond to and mobilise the existing strong public support for renew-

require a supporting legal and regulatory

• Support for energy service companies.

able energies, products should be clearly

framework to be established.

• Enhance the institutional dialogue with

labelled as such and best practise

Regulatory tools should be promoted, allowing: • the establishment of advanced financial and fiscal measures, specific for each island reality. • the prioritisation of environmental criteria when making energy choices.

the private sector. • Create co-operation frameworks with main market actors. • Create markets through price support and regulation. • Favour inter-island partnerships, which allow better market scales.

experiences, in particular for services and system operation (a typical field for this is passive solar applications), should be collected and widely disseminated. • Set up regional focal points for information and consumer advice. Good practices guidelines - labelling

Energy Agencies

the necessary infrastructure to establish

Tourism

The creation of local Energy Agencies for

these is available.

Tourist industry emerged with an unusual

Islands is an essential step towards a rational development of island states and regions. Their creation is a necessity for studying, on the energy potential of

• Improving energy efficiency within each

strength on most islands. European islands

transportation mode, including sea

see that the tourist activity has gradually

transport.

become an important part of their GIP and

• Developing transportation management

an expectation of future development.

renewables, the economic and technical

policies that would improve the effective-

Large-scale inclusion of renewable energy

aspects of RE implantation, and its

ness and availability of public transport

sources in the tourist sector, and in the hotel

systems.

sector in particular, clearly is an already

maximum penetration in island grids, on a local scale.

• Promotion of new, zero and ultra-low

demonstrated, competitive and efficient

The agencies would play a fundamental role in:

emission transport technologies (hybrid

option. It is not hazardous to say that the

• carrying out extensive energy audits of

and electric vehicles, fuel cells, ...) that

greatest industry of our planet is one of the

can sustain themselves and allow a better

strategic sectors candidates for a large-

RES exploitation.

scale implementation of RES-based energy

the renewable energy potential of islands. • promoting demand side management aimed at reducing energy needs.

• Promotion of Targeted Transport Projects

solutions.

• evaluating technologies and markets.

on alternative vehicles, especially on

Nevertheless we must admit that penetra-

• providing assistance to island market

tourist islands.

tion of RET solutions within the European

actors. • supporting regional centres. Networks for the promotion of renewable energy technology, such as the European Island OPET, play an important role in strengthening island agencies, increasing the capacity of transfer of projects and cooperation between the different island regions.

Clean and alternative transports The transportation sector is a predominant consumer of imported energy and this is of growing concern to islands. Transportation creates special problems and concerns for islands, especially for island tourist destinations and for the most isolated ones. The urgent need to implement sustainable mobility strategies and to introduce alternative vehicles on islands is justified by the enormous weight of this sector on the

Water and energy The interdependence water-energy is increasingly evident on islands, and sometimes it even brings to a single management system for both. It is a determining factor of present development models. There is an increasing relation between energy management and water production on island territories. New energy demands have been introduced in the island water cycle, allowing a better optimisation of resources: pumping, water transfers, purification and desalination. Within this context, the mentioned insularity features are in favour of an advisable alliance between renewable energies and water production through desalination. An alliance that is still more necessary in the increasing tourist specialisation framework of many islands.

islands' tourist sector is surprisingly low.

Recommendations • The development of best practise guidelines on RUE and RES should be promoted, as well as their voluntary adoption by the different actors of the island tourism industry. Guidelines and Codes of Conduct in sectors like tourism, transport, building, small industry and services demonstrated their efficacy in many islands. Sometimes these guides are at the base of labels that differentiate services and products according to their energy quality. • Standards and labels are powerful tools that guarantee and control appropriate implementation of RES and RUE technologies. • Establishment of efficient alliances and systems of information and cooperation between technological agents and the

consumption of primary energy (up to 50%)

Recommendations

tourist sector, on the line started by the

and in the large ecologic impact of the

• Promotion of large-scale desalination

Tech-Island Tourism Forum.

present vehicles for inland transport.

projects based on RES.

• Promotion of Renewable Energy Tech-

• Support to autonomous demonstration

nologies through eco-labels and environ-

Recommendations

projects aimed to water and energy

mental management systems in hotels,

• Promoting efforts to manage growth in

production by means of renewable

following, as an example, the require-

demand for transportation in the wider

sources, in particular on tourist islands

ments developed by initiatives such as the

context of sustainable development.

and sensitive island areas.

Institute of Responsible Tourism.

• Promoting, as appropriate, alternative

• Development of desalination systems to

• Establishment by local authorities of

fuels ensuring that technologies are

be used as storing and regulating

accurate requirements in favour of RES in

proven, the costs are affordable, training

systems, for a better penetration of RES

the development of tourism planning on

and public awareness is provided, and

in islands' grids.

islands.

Towards 100% RES strategy: A Global Model for a change

Towards 100% RES strategy A Global Model for a change The energy that is consumed on an island has to be produced there as well. This on site production leads to several major logistical, economical, environmental and social constraints. As and added odd, refined oil goods have to be imported for the transport sector (cars, lorries, busses, ships, airplanes, construction vehicles, etc), which leads to special requirements for harbours (infrastructure, storage, safety, etc). Energy management is one of the more important aspects an island government has to deal with. In fact, electrification plays a major role in the development of any island. Focusing on heat and electricity, this management copes with the generation,

able supply nature, both often leading to

This leads to high energy costs when

transport and usage strategies. Three

reduce the possibilities of a more intensive

compared to centralised distribution.

energy production schemes are possible:

use.

Nevertheless, islands are a perfect scale

â&#x20AC;˘ Centralised energy production: A single

In centralised production schemes, the use

model for 100% applications of RES. In the

plant or a small group of plants produces

of renewable energy sources can produce

diagram is a previous approach to reach an

most of the energy (electrical, thermal or

grid instability as power fluctuates.

autonomous island system completely

both), which is then distributed by a

In stand-alone systems, high investments

powered with renewables, with a buffer

network to the demand sites on the island.

are made basing system dimensioning on

zone of sustainability. In the following

worst case scenarios, thus oversizing

chapters, each of the phases will be

energy production and storage elements.

explained thoroughly.

â&#x20AC;˘ Decentralised energy production: Energy is produced on site, where demanded, by a certain amount of small plants. No distribution network is present. â&#x20AC;˘ Combined centralised and decentralised:

Rational Use of Energy When substituting conventional energy for

This scheme is typical on islands where

renewable energy, it is indispensable to give

the distribution network covers the

a very high priority to increasing the overall

demand of urban population only.

efficiency of energy use. There is a large

Thermal plants or generators burning petrol

technical potential for meeting the needs of

derivatives or natural gas usually produce

island society with much less energy use.

electricity and heat.

Residential, transportation, tourism and

Renewable energies offer a clean and

power distribution sectors (and at a smaller

sustainable approach to energy production.

scale, also the small industry, excepting

The potential for renewable energy sources

very specific situations) are the areas with

is very site specific, with sun, wind,

larger possibilities for the application of

waterfalls, geothermal or biomass being the

measures relative to rational use of energy

more commonly used. However, all of them

on islands.

suffer from smaller or bigger behaviour

If we pay attention to the various plans and

irregularities as well as a quite unpredict-

studies made on energy consumption and

During the commissioning of new buildings, a number of tests and adjustments can be performed to ensure that the heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, and other mechanical systems work together effectively and efficiently. Once the systems are commissioned, their proper operation and maintenance is essential to efficient energy use. In the framework of energy rationality for the residential sector we also rely on multiple experiences of integral exploitation, such as the application of the concept "District heating from CHP plants". District heating pipework supplies heat to various sustainability on european islands, we can

Heating and cooling systems typically use

buildings by way of heat exchangers. Peak

see that the saving potential fluctuates

the most energy in a building. It is desirable

electrical demand is accommodated by

between 40 and 50% of possible reduction

the substitution of heating and cooling

importing electricity from the national grid.

of primary energy. Some of the works and

systems by bioclimatic concepts in the

At off peak times electricity is supplied into

initiatives developed in this field draw the

building's design. If it is not possible, or

the local grid from the cogeneration unit.

attention on the necessary precautions that

only a part of the demand can be substi-

Heat production plants can be both

should prevail at the time to uphold an

tuted, the addition of efficient controls, like

conventional power stations using co-

energy saving scenario, where a bigger

programmable thermostat, can significantly

generation (transitional process) and plants

energy availability, which until this moment

reduce the energy use of these systems.

based on renewable fuels.

was a barrier to a certain type of growth,

Some homes can also use zone heating

involves the development of sectors or an

and cooling systems, which reduce heating

Transport

increase in population unwished by a

and cooling in the unused areas of a home.

The enormous burden represented by

sustainable development strategy of the

And in commercial buildings, water-heating

inland transport within the island energy

island.

systems can provide the best approach to

budget suggests transforming the meas-

energy-efficient heating.

ures of rational use of transports into a key

Residential

The energy used to heat water can be

piece of the energy sustainability strategy.

In buildings, energy efficiency means using

reduced by both heating water more

New transportation technologies are

less energy for heating, cooling, and

efficiently and by reducing hot water use. A

obviously essential to improve both effi-

lighting. It also means buying energy-saving

wide variety of fixtures, such as low-flow

ciency and emissions of vehicles, providing

appliances and equipment for use in a

showerheads, can reduce hot water use. In

cleaner-burning alternative fuels, and reduce

building. An important concept for energy

a home, the water heater and hot water

the distance that individual vehicles travel on

efficiency in buildings is the building

pipes can be insulated to minimize heat loss.

the roads and highways. But together with

envelope, which is everything that sepa-

Today, most common appliances and

the introduction of LEV (Low Emission

rates the interior of the building from the

electronic devices are available in energy-

Vehicles) and ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicles)

outdoor environment: the doors, windows,

efficient models, from clothes washers and

it is necessary to adopt measures, allowing

walls, foundation, roof, and insulation. All

refrigerators to copiers and computers.

the use of transports really suitable to island

the components of the building envelope

Several energy-efficient lighting options,

realities and sustainable mobility strategies

need to work together to keep a building

such as compact fluorescent light bulbs,

that avoid absurd situations where the

warm in the winter and cool in the summer.

are also available.

increase in the ratio km of built road/number

Various approaches can help improving the

It is necessary to determine how energy

of vehicles is directly proportional to

building envelope. Insulated windows and

efficient a building really is and, if needed,

decrease in accessibility.

doors can reduce heat loss when tempera-

what improvements can be made. Home-

A variety of approaches can be employed to

tures drop. In warm regions, windows with

owners must conduct simple energy audits

slow the growth of vehicles on the road and

special glazing can let in daylight without

on their homes or have professional audits

reduce the vehicle distance travelled.

heat gain.

done.

Since most vehicle kilometers are used for

commuting, proper urban planning - for

generation, in which power is generated

consumption. Utility DSM programs offer a

instance, with centrally located services

close to where it's used, thereby reducing

variety of measures that can reduce energy

and a good public transportation system-

the strain on power transmission systems.

consumption and consumer energy expenses.

can minimize or eliminate the need to use a vehicle.

Tourist Sector

Small, modular electricity generators sited

Encouraging carpooling is an inexpensive

Energy saving and rationality measures in

close to the customer load can enable

approach to reducing vehicle traffic. One

the tourist sector started to give excellent

utilities to defer or eliminate costly invest-

incentive is to set up high-occupancy

results in the last years due to the introduc-

ments in transmission and distribution

vehicle lanes to smooth the commute for

tion of eco-labels and environmental

system upgrades, and provide customers

those in carpools.

certifications. The special management of

with more reliable energy supplies and a

Mass Transit Systems: Mass transit

high-efficient environmental management

cleaner environment.

systems are the ideal urban transportation

structure of a hotel or tourist resort allows

mode, and include bus and rail systems,

the implementation systems.

Water and Energy

among others.

This is an essential way to control and limit

Water's energy dimension is increasingly

Alternative Transportation: One way to

energy demand on tourist islands, where

getting its way within island development

reduce vehicle traffic is to encourage

the variable seasonal or punctual peaks

strategies. For many small and medium-

alternative modes of travel, including biking

deriving from tourist demand oblige to

sized islands, and in particular for those with

and walking. Bike paths and pedestrian

system oversizing and often involve

a high tourist penetration, water availability is

paths are essential components of encour-

unbearable added energy costs. For

directly related with energy availability, as

aging alternative transportation.

instance, in a few small mediterranean

energy is needed to cover desalination,

islands, tourism-related air conditioning

pumping or purification requirements.

Industry

devices can absorb in certain periods the

Therefore the water cycle can and should be

Creating industrial products is extremely

35% of the total electric sproduction.

conceived in energy terms.

energy intensive, so simple measures such

Experiences such as those carried out by

It is typical for many islands to suffer from

as optimizing and maintaining equipment

the Biosphere Hotels Network, supported

water shortage problems. The reason is

can save enormous amounts of energy.

by the Institute of Responsible Tourism,

usually one of the following:

Recent technological advances in the

demonstrated the huge number of possibili-

• Climatic reasons (low rainfall)

design of boilers and furnaces allow them

ties arising thanks to the establishment of

• Population concentration, which can be

to operate at higher temperatures while

strategic and technological alliances in the

seasonal (tourism), overwhelming local

using less energy. This technology is not

tourist sector.

production capacities.

only more efficient, but is also cleaner.

• Inefficient use of water resources.

Motors to power pumps, fans and blowers,

Power Distribution

air compressors and other mechanical

Energy storage can improve the efficiency

devices are used in nearly all types of

and reliability of the electric utility system by

A modern integral water management

industrial production. The most energy-

reducing the requirements for spinning

should base on a production-usage-

efficient motors are equipped with control-

reserves to meet peak power demands,

recycling-disposal policy. Fresh water is

lers and variable speed drives to help the

allowing greater use of intermittent renew-

produced or retrieved at some place, then it

motors match output with the energy

able energy technologies. Energy storage

is stored waiting for usage. Waste waters

necessary for the task.

technologies include utility battery storage,

are treated and recycled for agricultural

Some industries can use their waste heat as

flywheel storage, superconducting mag-

use, and final wastes are disposed with

power, which has tremendous potential for

netic energy storage, compressed air

minimal environmental impact.

energy efficiency in industry. This is called

energy storage, pumped hydropower, and

Seawater desalination, together with

combined heat and power systems, or

supercapacitors.

recycling policies, can be considered as a

cogeneration. Such combined heat and

On the other hand, the Demand Side

sustainable way of producing fresh water.

power systems achieve higher thermal

Management (DSM), carried out by the

Commonly used desalination techniques

efficiencies than stand-alone power plants.

utilities supplying electricity to consumers,

are distillation processes and membrane

Some CHP systems even generate more

can help notably to reduce the energy

processes, but from the energetic point of

power than can be used on site, and in

consumption. DSM refers to actions taken

view they can be considered as mainly heat

some cases this energy may be sold to a

on the customer's side of the meter to

consuming or mainly electricity consuming

utility. CHP is one form of distributed

change the amount or timing of energy

processes, respectively.

• Distribution losses (reaching 40% in certain areas)

Seawater desalination is a relatively high

of more energy efficient and adaptive

In the following diagram, a strategy for the

energy consuming process. Typical figures

desalination technologies, penetration of

supply of fresh water and its energy

for the production of 1 cubic meter of fresh

renewable energies can now be pushed to

requirements can be seen. If water

water are over 10 kWh for commercial

much higher levels, making water produc-

resources are scarce, desalination should

distillation processes and 4-7 kWh for

tion sites play a major role as a variable

cover water needs. The process used

commercial R.O. (Reverse Osmosis)

load, by absorbing production peaks and

depends on the type of water available and

processes with energy recovery. Anyhow,

adapting to energy demand peaks by

the available energy sources (thermal or

large per capita quantities of energy are

means of downregulating output. As water

electric). Various branches of this diagram

needed to completely supply the water

can be stored without difficulties for longer

may be used simultaneously.

demand of a given population. The typical

periods, water demand peaks do not have

In a 100% RES approach, the extra energy

water consumption is between 125 and 200

to affect water production rates, as large

requirements for desalination should be

litres per person, depending on living

reservoirs can act as buffers.

taken into account when making the energy balance for a 100% RES supply.

standards. From a sectoral point of view, agriculture normally requires a larger

There are two main desalination tech-

amount of fresh water, depending on

niques:

Transports

several factors.

â&#x20AC;˘ Thermal Processes (distillation): it is

Mobility is the reason and consequence of the

Compared to electricity or heat, water

based on heating salt water and con-

social and economical development of a

storage is a quite simple matter. Water

densing vapour, which is the salt-free.

community. The environment can be

tanks are easy to build, and the materials

There are several techniques, including

dramatically damaged if this need is irration-

and skills are worldwide available. Moreo-

Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF),

ally fulfilled or its growth in uncontrolled.

ver, they are long lasting enough to

Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and

With regard to islands, transport is nowa-

consider return of investment in the long

Vapour Compression Distillation (VC).

days a very big factor of risk, in particular for

term not being very risky. Water storage is

â&#x20AC;˘ Membrane Processes: it uses the ability

tourist islands. Imported models of non-

thus a straightforward issue for most

of the membranes to differenciate and

adapted conventional transports suppose

islands. Even more, it is a necessity

separate salts and water. These proc-

that at present 50-65% of the island energy

derived from water management policies.

esses include Electrodialysis (ED, which

is absorbed by inefficient mobility systems.

Renewable energy sources suffer from

is a voltage-driven process) and Reverse

But the big impact for island economies and

irregular energy supply, leading either to

Osmosis (RO, which is a pressure-

societies is not only reduced to the economic

oversizing systems and dumping overpro-

driven process).

and energy dimensions, which are obviously

duction, or infra-use and stronger external

important, but also affects conservation of Other processes include freezing, mem-

the scarce soil resources, with road

demand for water, as well as the developing

brane distillation and solar humidification.

densities of more than 0.60 km/km2 in some

WATER

dependency. However, with an increasing

use of public transport and the rational use

The measures under consideration to

of the private vehicle (promoting higher

advance towards rational transport

occupation rates). The advantages are

systems can be sub-divided into two broad

clearly seen in the following table and

groups:

example (Figure 1):

Transport Management Measures

Figure 1

cases, landscape and fragile ecosystem maintenance, which are at the base of many of our economies, and the quality of life in our settlements. Mobility models, both obligatory (working or studying purposes) and voluntary (for social and consuming purposes, tourism, leisure) have suddenly

A private vehicle requires between 12 and

• Area-Wide Traffic Restrictions

changed. Some European islands have

30 times more dynamical space per

• Bus Priority

reached the amazing rate of 900 vehicles

passenger than public transport. Moreover,

• Cycle Facilities

per 1000 inhabitants, without a worthy

people tend to use the car even in cases

• Information & Telematics

accessibility improvement.

where other methods are faster. In fact, car

• Integration & Image

Alliance between alternative transports and

is the fastest method only for distances

• Comprehensive mobility management

renewables is converted in this way into a

over 8 km. For shorter distances, walk,

key piece of island sustainable develop-

bicycle or tram is faster.

ment, an essential feature of the 100%

In addition, by promoting higher occupation

RES strategy.

of private vehicles, at least in peak hours,

Other regulatory measures

The main negative impacts that vehicles

traffic collapses and collateral effects would

• Pricing and taxation

have in the socio-economical aspects are:

be reduced. There are different tools to

• Land-Use and Mobility Planning

traffic jam, pollution, noise, accidents,

achieve this, like awareness campaigns

• Land-Use Planning Applications

dispersed habitat, soil waste (roads,

and exclusive fast lanes for vehicles with 3

• Policy Measures such as pedestrianisa-

dynamical space) and consumption of non-

or more passengers. Other drastic methods

renewable energy. Regarding pollutants,

include urban tolls and parking limitations.

These measures should be taken prior to

transport in private vehicles in the Euro-

In the following example it can be seen the

the progressive change to hydrogen (fuel

pean Community is responsible of 78% of

savings of 10.000 persons in a 20 km daily

cells), electrical and bio-fuel powered

CO2 emissions, 63% of NOx, 30% of COx,

transport during a year. The fist hypothesis

vehicles. In this final stage of 100% RES

and 1% of SO2, not to mention lead and

assumes the use of private vehicles (1,25

transports, we find the added advantage

particle emissions.

passengers) and the second one assume

that they can be turned into excellent

The new advances recorded in the field of

7.500 people uses the tram (Figure 2).

systems for accumulating the surplus of

schemes • Marketing

tion

Clean Vehicles and Fuel Technologies allow Figure 2

stating that it is possible to incorporate cleaner and more efficient means of transport, which can also mark a productive alliance with renewable energy sources. In the last ten years a wide range of new technologies invaded the market, support-

When translating these figures to economic expenses and savings:

ing the possibility of a change. Within this wide range of new possibilities are: Natural Gas Vehicle, Battery electric buses and vans, Clean Diesel buses, Electric trams, Hybrid Vehicles, and Fuel Cells. In a 100% strategy, the first step before converting the conventional vehicle fleet to electric, hybrid or biofuel is to promote the

sumed on islands, is used for climatisation, HWC. Bioclimatic architecture is hard to define, especially if seen not only from the structural point of view, but from its relation with the surroundings. It can even include exchanges of energy, water and wastes once the building is finished. These concepts have been known since ancient times and are found in the traditional island dwellings, which show a huge repertory of building solutions generated as a reply to an historical water scarcity. It is therefore an inspiration source for the application of new solutions that cannot be left behind. The objective of the building is to protect the inhabitant from external weather inclemency. Nevertheless buildings have been transformed to a completely closed space, without any interactions with the surroundings. Instead of taking advantage of the climate and its resources, energyconsuming devices are used to create an artificial climate. Bioclimatic buildings take into account the comfort of the inhabitant, taking maximum advantage of appropriate climate conditions, and reducing the energy consumption of the building. To meet these requirements, the following design criteria should be applied:

A new concept of sustainable mobility is essential to stop this process of degradation.

• Solar Gain Control

Building

• External Gain Control

Global demand for

• Internal Gain Control

heating or cooling of

• Use of the Thermal Inertia

island buildings for

• Natural Ventilation

residential use, tourist

• Daylighting Techniques

use, offices and public buildings, absorbs, depending on the different cases, between Fuel cells powered bus

30 and 40% of electric production and between

energy produced from renewables, since

10 and 15% of other conventional

the possibility of storing electricity directly

sources of energy (LPG, fuel-oil,

or use it for the additional production of

coal...). This involves that 15-

hydrogen.

20% of the final energy con-

An example of PV Integration in architecture. Layout of the photovoltaic tiles system. Blue Architecture 2000 - BMC Solar Industrie.

Bioclimatic building working scheme

• Materials • Vegetation • Engineering and Services As it is logical, when the repertory of passive measures is exhausted, it will be necessary to introduce active systems to fulfil the energy demand. Solar thermal applications in buildings are based on mature technologies of easy spreading. In this case, one of the building challenges that is normally posed regards the integration capacity of these elements within the design of the house. In the last years we have been witnesses of the generalisation of innovator solutions such as the inclusion of photovoltaic panels in the roofs of the houses or also the creation of very innovator elements such as photovoltaic tiles.

Tourism If the impact of eco-labels involved on many islands the start of a rational use of energy strategy in the tourist sector, especially in hotels, the same cannot be affirmed with These design aspects should be closely

wastes. Moreover, the building interacts

regard to the incorporation of RET.

related to the use of active captation

with its surroundings. Therefore the

Except for a large number of isolated

elements for the production of clean energy,

following aspects should be studied:

realisations, especially in the fielsd of solar

as well as an overall policy of the building

• Building Adaptability

thermal, the average use of renewables in

for the recycling, reuse and reduction of

• Location

this sector does not exceed 3-4% of the energy required. This is particularly important for mass tourist island destinations where the energy demand from tourism can reach up to 40% of the total energy demand of the island (excepting transport). This low level of penetration is surprising, if we think that the tourist industry normally is an extraordinarily active sector open to innovation. Only a few hotel chains started a serious process of RES incorporation in their activity. That is the reason of the evident division between the different actors. Among the detected measures that are being carried out to cover this big deficiency we emphasize:

As seen in the diagram, energy expenses in a house or building usually go to lighting, appliances, water heating and air heating and cooling. First of all, rational use can severely reduce energy expenses, together with devices to reduce consumption (see RUE section).

• Inclusion of bioclimatic criteria by local authorities among the building require

ments of the tourist activity planning.

no need to build big power plants nor big

sable quality and security conditions of

• Inclusion of requirements regarding the

supply networks, diminution of losses and

supply.

maximum use of RES in eco-labels and

connections, local and Community control,

Now new micro-energy technologies exist

voluntary standards of the tourist

diminution and sometimes elimination of

having powers on the range of one millionth

industry.

emissions and environmental impacts.

of conventional thermal plants and propor-

Nowadays it is not possible to justify big

tionally produce a lot less pollution than

alliances between tour operators and

power plants on islands, either being them

them, or are no-polluting at all. They open

energy operators.

combined cycle ones (more efficient than

the door to energy production in the same

conventional thermal plants), or including

place where it is needed, avoiding to build

co-generation (which better utilize the

big thermal plants and huge supply

• Establishment of strategic and investor

• Application of fiscal criteria favourable to the incorporation of RET in the sector.

primary energy source), unless their

systems. 'Gen-sets', micro-turbines and

channels that allow covering the informa-

building and functioning allows to close

Sttirling engines, are some examples of

tion deficiencies and supporting the

similar, more polluting plants, such as

modern technologies that generate

replication of successful projects. A good

thermal plants using fossil or liquid fuels or

electricity by burning biologic or fossil fuel,

example is being developed through the

nuclear plants.

which should be implemented in the

Tech-Island Tourism Forum.

Today there is no need to increase central-

transition process towards the 100% RES

• Establishment of new communication

ised generation capacity, as technologies

on large and medium islands. They are a

the destination's image, transforming this

exist to do it in a distributed way, decreas-

possible transition towards the generalisa-

factor into an added value for tourist

ing the vulnerability of present centralised

tion of solar roofs, aero-generators and fuel

marketing, as it has already been done

systems. This vulnerability is put into

cells, which are the actual option to

with eco-labels.

• Incorporation of Renewable Energies in

evidence as liberalisation moves forward,

produce energy without 'burning' anything.

· Promoting tourist centres and cities as

pressing only on generation and forgetting

But on most islands macro-generation is

preferential objectives of the Targeted

distribution. This vulnerability has already

still preferred, and distribution is neglected.

Transport Projects on alternative

been made clear in mainland's advanced

Therefore the possibilities of a maximum

transports. This preference is justified by

areas. The present problem is not to

development of distributed micro-generation

two basic reasons. The first is that the

generate enough energy, but to be able to

and clean and renewable energies are

incorporation of non-polluting and silent

make it reach the consumption areas under

restricted. If we maintain inefficient energy

transports greatly improves the tourist

acceptable conditions. Energy for islands is

systems we risk missing the train of the

destination's quality and can be even

already a "service" that must fulfil indispen-

newborn energy revolution.

turned into a new attraction. The second is the demonstrative character of the actions, as we don't have to forget that some 50 million Europeans spend every year their holidays in island territories.

Energy Centralization or Distributed Energy Systems Nowadays planet Earth is gestating a true energy revolution, very similar to the one of informatics that made big central computers disappear to give place to distributed networks of microcomputers in a very short time. Nowadays people start to be aware of the added economic and environmental values given by the Distributed Energy Systems, based on small-scale installations: modularity, shorter delivery terms, diversity of fuels and diminution of vulnerability with regard to prices, reliability and resistance,

Renewable Energies Sources and Technologies Electric supply Application of the different types of renewable energies strongly depends on the resource available on site. Neverthe-

On islands, the electric power demand fluctuates between 30 and 40% of the total primary energy, even within a scenario of rational use of energy. That is the reason why one of the fundamental objectives of the 100% RES strategy is to guarantee, under optimal conditions, electric supply starting from renewable energies.

less, economics is also a crucial factor. By the end of the XX century, the average TYPE OF ENERGY

EURO cent per kWh

appears to be the most rational option if External Costs

Coal

3.70

5.40

Gas

4.00

1.70

Biomass

5.30

0.60

Wind Energy

5.33

0.25

Geothermal Energy

7.00

Small Scale Hydro Power

8.25

Photovoltaics

30.00

Source: DG TREN, 2000 - EC

time of evaluating the possibilities of

compared with other conven-

penetration of the different renewable

tional energy sources, logically

energy sources to guarantee energy

if we include their external

electric supply.

costs. In fact, most islands

The machines that transform wind energy

have plenty of wind resources

in a usable one are called wind turbines or

available.

generators, and their power ranges from a

Some islands have, however,

few watts to megawatts. The main gener-

features that allow important

ated energy is mechanical, but it can be

exploitations of other renew-

transformed to electrical with a gearbox and

able energy sources

an electrical generator.

costs for kWh produced were:

(geothermic, hydraulic or from biomass),

Wind systems available commercially at

Taking a close look at this table will give us

sometimes concomitant to the lack of wind.

present are reliable intermediate size, two-

a clue on the profitability of each RES. As

As a rule, these energy sources are

or three-blade horizontal axis turbines, with

we can observe, wind power has a

implemented as a complement of wind-

rotors diameters in the range of 30 to 60

prevailing position with regard to its large-

powered electricity production. Figure 1

meters and with power ratings in the range

scale implementation in terms of costs, and

shows the typical decision diagram at the

of 300 to 1,500 kW. 2; MW machines are also commercially available. They

Figure 1

are cost competitive if operated under a suitable wind regime (sites with over 2700 equivalent hours), with amortization periods of approximately five years. Even though wind turbines in the MW range are proportionally more expensive than medium sized machines, they have made a breakthrough in the wind energy market nowadays. The generation costs of wind energy are determined by the investment cost, economic parameters, system efficiency, wind speed, annual average power output, technical availability, O&M costs and lifetime. Present machine costs are 300-600 Euro per m2, and infrastructure costs (foundation, transport, etc.)

will add 30%, giving an average installed cost of 600 Euro per m2. In order to minimize the impacts and rationalise costs and maintenance, wind turbines are grouped together in wind farms, with very variable power according to requirements and resources of each island or island region. Under determinate

Vindeby offshore wind farm (Denmark)

PV Solar roof

marine installations and good sea condi-

factors to be considered at the moment to

The lifetime of crystalline silicon is at least

tions, offshore wind farms achieve an

select the most appropriate location.

twenty years, and the limits are established

conditions, when we rely on appropriate

by the corrosion of the module material

excellent exploitation of wind power, at the expense of a much higher infrastructure

Photovoltaic Energy

glass, metal and plastics. Monocrystalline

and maintenance costs.

Regarding solar energy, two devices can be

silicon cells are the most used and its

When a wind farm has to be to set up,

mentioned: solar collectors and photovoltaic

efficiency in commercial modules ranges

some environmental impacts should be

cells.

from 15 to 16%. The module replacement

taken into account, and are basically related

Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of

rate is about 0.2% per year. When talking

with the effects on bird populations, the

sunlight into electricity using devices made

about amorphous silicon modules, the light

noise generated by blades and generators,

of thin semiconductors layers; these

induced degradation reduces the efficiency

and the impact on landscape. All these are

devices are called solar cells and a PV

of 5% approximately after the first few

module consists of a number of cells

hundred days of operation, which restricts

connected together. The peak output power

the application in large stations.

of a module, defined as the power delivered

Profitable features of photovoltaics are the

at an irradiance of 1000 W/m2 at 25째C,

easy assembly, maintenance and long life,

ranges from 5 to 120 W. The PV modules

all facts that make it competitive under

can form PV systems when they are

severe conditions.

connected together.

Beside this proven usefulness of photo-

There are two types of PV modules: the flat

voltaic energy for small-scale electric

plate module and the concentrator module (it concentrates the incident light onto a small area). The materials used for the manufacturing of commercial solar cells are crystalline silicon (mono or poly crystalline) and amorphous silicon. There are other materials in a pre-commercial phase: CdSCuS and AsGa. View of a wind farm (Tenerife)

A. Photovoltaic installation with storage in batteries and AC/DC converter Diagram of a wind turbine (Bonus)

B. Photovoltaic installation - converter and connection to grid

supply in isolated areas, large-scale

wastes. Direct combustion power plants

applications start to arise, such as photo-

burn the biomass fuel directly in boilers that

voltaic stations supporting wind-power

supply steam for the same kind of steam-

generation, or connection to the grid of

electric generators used to burn fossil fuels.

several small systems located on house or

With biomass gasification, biomass is

hotel roofs. Inclusion of photovoltaic cells in

converted into a gas - methane - that can

house building elements will allow a sudden

then fuel steam generators, combustion

jump in the generalised exploitation of

turbines, combined cycle technologies or

photovoltaics, in spite of the barriers

fuel cells. The primary benefit of biomass

imposed by their price.

gasification, compared to direct combustion, is that extracted gasses can be used

Hydropower

dams, they tend to affect upstream water

in a variety of power plant configurations.

Hydropower facilities intercept the water on

levels and downstream stream flow less

Because biomass technologies use

its downward path, converting its mechani-

than storage projects. Electricity

combustion processes to produce electric-

cal energy into electricity.

generation from these plants will vary

ity, they can generate electricity at any time,

There are several types of hydropower

with changes in the amount of water

unlike wind and most solar technologies.

facilities: â&#x20AC;˘ Storage projects impound water behind a

flowing in the river. â&#x20AC;˘ Pumped-storage projects use off-peak

This high NOx rate, an effect of the high nitrogen content of many biomass fuels, is

dam, forming a reservoir. Water is

electricity to pump water from a lower

one of the top air quality concerns associ-

released through turbine-generators to

reservoir to an upper reservoir. During

ated with biomass.

produce electricity. The water storage

periods of high electrical demand, the

Carbon monoxide (CO) is also emitted -

and release cycles can be relatively

water is released back to the lower

sometimes at levels higher than those for

reservoir to generate electricity.

coal plants.

short, for instance, storing water at night for daytime power generation. Or, the

The small hydropower plants normally have

Biomass plants also release carbon dioxide

cycles can be long, storing spring runoff

a very low environmental impact and are

(CO2), the primary greenhouse gas.

for generation in the summer when air

easy to be integrated. Hydropower is a

However, the cycle of growing, processing

conditioner use increases power

proven mature technology and its operation

and burning biomass recycles CO2 from the

demand. Some projects operate on multi-

has been competitive with other commercial

atmosphere. If this cycle is sustained, there

year cycles carrying over water in a wet

energy sources for many years.

year to offset the effects of dry years.

is little or no net gain in atmospheric CO2. Biomass, while one of oldest fuels known to

Biomass

humankind for basic cooking and heating,

relatively low dams where the amount of

The term "biomass" refers to organic matter

has been underutilized in recent years as a

water running through the powerhouse is

which can be converted into energy, either

modern energy source in an economic

determined by the water flowing in the

as electricity or liquid fuels, such as

climate favouring fossil fuels. Yet improved

river. Because these plants generally do

ethanol. Some of the most common

production methods, technological ad-

not hold back water behind storage

biomass energy sources are wood,

vances, and political accommodations have

agricultural residues, and crops grown

allowed biomass power to reappear on the

specifically for energy. In addition, it is

radar screen as a viable energy alternative.

possible to convert municipal waste, manure or agricultural products into valuable fuels for transportation, industry, and even residential use. At present, most

Biogas

â&#x20AC;˘ Run-of-river projects typically use

biomass power plants burn lumber, agricultural or construction/ demolition wood

Today, biomass is poised to make a major

to generate electricity:

contribution to domestic and international

• Closed-cycle plants

electricity and fuel needs while providing

circulate a working fluid in a

substantial environmental benefits.

closed system, heating it

Unfortunately, most biomass users today

with warm seawater,

rely on inefficient and sometimes highly

flashing it to steam, routing

polluting devices. In the future, modern

the steam through a turbine,

technology for using biomass and farms

and then condensing it with

cultivating high yield energy crops,

cold seawater.

including many varieties of trees and

• Open-cycle plants flash the

grasses, will significantly expand the

warm seawater to steam

available supply of biomass energy, driving

and route the steam through a turbine.

to extract energy directly from tidal flow

prices down and helping to create an

• Hybrid plants flash the warm seawater to

streams. Tidal energy systems can have

economically competitive alternative

steam and use that steam to vaporize a

environmental impacts on tidal basins

energies market.

working fluid in a closed system.

because of reduced tidal flow and silt

OTEC systems are also envisioned as

buildup.

Ocean Energy

being either land-based (or "inshore"), near-

Oceans store two types of energy: thermal

shore (mounted on the ocean shelf), or

Wave Energy

energy from the sun's heat, and mechanical

offshore (floating).

In favourable locations, wave energy

energy from tides and waves. They cover

density can average 65 Mw per mile of

more than 70% of Earth's surface, making

coastline. Three approaches to capturing

them the world's largest solar collectors.

wave energy are:

The sun warms the surface water a lot

• Floats or Pitching Devices. These

more than the deep ocean water, and this

devices generate electricity from the

temperature difference stores thermal

bobbing or pitching action of a floating

energy.

object. The object can be mounted to a floating raft or to a device fixed on the ocean floor.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems

• Oscillating Water Columns (OWC).

Each day oceans absorb enough heat from

These devices generate electricity from

the sun to equal the thermal energy

the wave-driven rise and fall of water in a

contained in 250 billion barrels of oil. OTEC

cylindrical shaft. The rising and falling

systems convert this thermal energy into

water column drives air into and out of

electricity - often while producing

the top of the shaft, powering an air-

desalinated water.

driven turbine.

Three types of OTEC systems can be used

Tidal Energy Tidal energy traditionally involves erecting a dam across the opening to a tidal basin. The dam includes a sluice that is opened to allow the tide to flow into the basin; the sluice is then closed, and as the sea level drops, traditional hydropower technologies can be used to generate electricity from the elevated water in the basin. Some researchers are also trying

therefore less energy to 'lose' within the

are referred to as Binary Cycle. This

shoreline devices, also called "tapered

turbine and will require higher flow rates to

method has the advantage that relatively

channel" or "tapchan" systems, rely on a

achieve the same power.

impure sources may be exploited. Such

shore-mounted structure to channel and

Water stored in aquifers where the

waters may contain dissolved gases or

concentrate the waves, driving them into

temperature is above its boiling point at

have a high salt concentration which may

an elevated reservoir. Water flow out of

atmospheric pressure, may exist as liquids

be detrimental to either the turbine or the

this reservoir is used to generate

at the pressures experienced a few

environment. The fluid may be pumped

electricity, using standard hydropower

kilometres into the earth's crust. When they

straight back down a return borehole upon

technologies.

rise up the borehole the reduction in

leaving the heat exchanger, forming a

pressure can induce boiling and steam

closed system.

Geothermal Energy

generation (called 'flashing') within the bore.

Direct Use. Low Enthalpy sources (below

Geothermal Energy relies on the existence

This is not desirable and under these

100ยบC) are unsuitable for electricity

of a very high temperature source (of the

circumstances, flashing is suppressed by

generation but may be used as a means to

order 7000ยบC) within the earth's core. This

pressurising the bore. Upon reaching the

provide space (and, perhaps water)

creates a flow of heat from the centre to the

surface, steam is allowed to form which

heating either to homes and places of

earth's surface. The use of this energy is

can be fed into the turbine. Such plants are

work or for industrial and farming applica-

based on conventional steam turbine

referred to as Single Flash.

tions. Here, the final application helps

technology.

Typically, 80% of the energy remains stored

determine the technology necessary. One

Dry steam requires no treatment before

as fluid which is effectively waste if no

problem with such installations is that the

entering the turbine. These plants are

suitable direct heating application exists

pressure within the borehole may be

referred to as Dry Steam Power Plants.

locally. Though adding a significant cost to

inadequate to bring the water to the

Wet steam has lower enthalpy and

the installation, the waste heat is best fed

surface and pumping may be necessary.

โ ข Wave Surge or Focusing Devices. These

down a second

Where the temperature is inadequate for

borehole back to the

the application, heat pumps may be used

reserve. This helps

to upgrade the heat content.

extend the life of the

Hot Dry Rock. The enthalpy and therefore

resource. Double Flash

the application of Hot Dry Rock sources will

installations can be 20 -

depend on the depth of drilling. To extract

25% more efficient.

the heat from this source it is necessary to

Here, the waste hot

drill two wells and set up a pathway

water is depressurised

between them at their base which will act

to create more steam

as a heat exchanger. The pathways are

which is then mixed

best achieved by enlarging the natural

with exhausted steam

fracturing of the rock.

from the first turbine.

One of the best-established applications is

The mixture is fed into

in agriculture where geothermal heat may

a second turbine.

be useful for producing crops out of season

Where temperatures

or high value crops which are usually

are too low to induce

imported and which therefore are usually

significant flashing

associated with high energy costs due to

(around 100ยบC), a fluid

this transportation.

with lower boiling point (e.g. Pentane or

Storage

Butane) may be used

Since the variable character of renewable

to power the turbine.

energy sources, one of the key aspects of

The heat of the

the 100% RES strategy is to find efficient

geothermal waters is

and low-cost energy storing systems. Their

transferred to such

dimensioning will depend on the right

fluids via a heat

hybridisation of the different sources

exchanger. Such plants

according to the curves of electric demand.

There are several types of batteries, depending on their composition: Characteristics

Operation Temperature (ºC)

Energy Efficiency (%)

Energy Density (Wh/Kg)

Power Density (W/Kg)

Auto Discharge (%/Mes)

Lyfe Cycles (Cycles)

Lifetime (Years)

Electrolyte H2SO4

Performance

Acid Pb

Ambient

50 - 60

150 - 200

2 - 15

1500 - 2000

5 - 10

Ni - Cd

Ambient

60 - 75

40 - 60

150 - 300

3 - 10

1500 - 3000

5 - 15

KOH

Solid

Ni - Fe

Ambient

55 - 70

45 - 60

100 - 150

40 - 80

1500 - 2000

7 - 12

KOH

Electrodes

Ni - Zn

Ambient

60 - 65

60 - 70

150 - 300

300 - 1000

5 - 10

KOH

Zn - Cl2

30 - 60

65 - 70

80 - 140

100 - 300

200 - 900

ZnCl 2

Zn - Br2

50 - 60

70 - 75

600 - 1500

ZnBr2

Electrolyte Circulation

Redox

Ambient

65 - 80

1000 - 5000

HCl

Na-S Aluminium

300 - 400

70 - 75

90 - 250

150 - 250

200 - 1500

Ceramic

High

LiFeS

425 - 500

100 - 220

120 - 220

<10

200 - 1000

Meted Salts

Temperature

Source: ITER

Batteries

proton and an electron, which

The electrochemical cells are devices that

take different paths to the

transform the chemical energy in electric

cathode. The proton passes

power and vice versa. The electrochemical

through the electrolyte. The

accumulators or batteries are

electrons create a separate

electrochemical cells where the reactions

current that can be utilized

produced in the electrodes is reversible.

before they return to the

Therefore, electrochemical accumulators

cathode, to be reunited with the

can be used to accumulate energy, that at a

hydrogen and oxygen in a

later time may be supplied to the network.

molecule of water. The reactions on a fuel cell are

Fuel cells

chemical, no combustion needed. There-

a truly zero-emissions way of producing

Fuel Cells are like batteries, but they can

fore, fuel cells running on hydrogen derived

hydrogen for a fuel cell.

produce energy as long as fuel is supplied,

from a renewable source will be completely

There are several types of cells:

without recharging or exhaustion. A fuel cell

clean. By harnessing the renewable energy

• Phosphoric Acid (are commercially

consists of two electrodes sandwiched

of the sun and wind, researchers are able

around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over

to generate hydrogen by using power from

one electrode and hydrogen over the other,

photovoltaics, solar cells, or wind turbines

generating electricity, water and heat.

to electrolyze water into hydrogen and

• Molten Carbonate

Hydrogen fuel is fed into the "anode" of the

oxygen. In this manner, hydrogen becomes

• Solid Oxide

fuel cell. Oxygen (or air) enters the fuel cell

an energy carrier - able to transport the

• Alkaline

through the cathode. Encouraged by a

power from the generation site to another

• Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

catalyst, the hydrogen atom splits into a

location for use in a fuel cell. This would be

• Regenerative Fuel Cells

available, with more than 40% efficiency) • Proton Exchange Membrane or Solid Polymer

At present the cost per kilowatt of a fuel cell plant is more than 3400 Euro. Therefore its large-scale incorporation in island regions

Schema - Fuell Cells

will depend on the evolution of technology and market in the forthcoming years. It is anyway a basic reference in the long-term strategy. Other Storage Solutions Small Scale Hydropower storage A hydro plant turbines falling water from a reservoir to another at different heights. The turbine is connected to a generator to

tric, solar, wind, geothermal - provides the

to generate heat. Electromagnetic radiation

electricity to split the gasses. Nevertheless,

from the Sun, including visible and infrared

it should be clarified that in a first phase

wavelengths, penetrates into the collector

this system of accumulating energy as

and is absorbed by the surfaces inside the

hydrogen is more operative when the

collector. Once radiation is absorbed by the

recuperation is made to fuel islands'

surfaces within the collector, the tempera-

transports of the future based on fuel cells.

ture rises. This increase in temperature can be used to heat water, dry food and crops,

Water Production

desalinate water and cook food.

This is evidently not a solution to accumu-

Useful heat ranging from 20oC to 100oC is

late energy for its posterior use as electric-

collected. This is commonly used for

ity but, since the desalination systems are

domestic hot water or for heating outdoor

produce electricity. One of the biggest

progressively incorporated in the island

swimming pools. There are a number of

advantages of a hydro plant is its ability to

grid, especially on southern tourist islands,

different general designs and systems

store energy.

desalinated water production can be a way

which can be used for solar water heating.

Water can be stored in a reservoir and

to exploit, regulate and store the energy

The following types of collector are

released when needed for electricity

surplus.

currently marketed on islands:

production. During peak demands, water

• evacuated tube collectors

Solar power

can be turbined to produce electricity. During periods with lower consumption and

• flat plate collectors with selective surface • flat plate collectors without selective

exceeding energy production, water in the

Taking advantage of islands' sun

lower reservoir is pumped to the upper one.

Islands' heating needs to cover the Domestic Heat Water (DHW) or space

surface • unglazed polypropylene collectors (for outdoor swimming pools)

Combined Systems RES

heating demands greatly vary between 7%

Evacuated tube collectors use metal plate

and water pumping

and 20%, in relation to climatic conditions.

collectors running through vacuum tubes.

Under appropriate morphological, climatic

Technologies that allow the exploitation of

The vacuum acts as insulation preventing

and geological conditions, accumulation of

solar energy, through both active and

convective heat loss. Flat plate collectors

surplus electric production from renewables

passive systems, are highly evolved and

use a metal absorber plate, often coated

as kinetic energy, pumping water to higher

with a high maturity degree. Their large-

with low-emission black paint. They are

levels to turbine it afterwards, is an

scale implementation does not have to face

usually single glazed but can have a

extremely reliable and simple storage.

considerable technological barriers,

secondary glazed layer (sometimes made

excepted when we deal with big installa-

of plastic) allowing higher temperatures to

Flywheels

tions, according to the Cyprus example, an

be achieved.

A wheel winds up through some system of

island where 92% of houses are equipped

The area taken up by a solar water collector

gears and then delivers rotational energy

with solar water-heaters.

will vary according to its design and the hot

until friction dissipates it (they are about

New technological challenges of solar

water needs of the house concerned.

80% efficient).

applications on islands are centred in the

Typically it could be anywhere between 2

Active Solar Cooling and Refrigeration

m2 and 7 m2.

Production of hydrogen.

systems, of great importance in

Hydrogen has been an important industrial

southern islands and in particular in

gas for nearly a century on islands. It is

tourist islands, which drastically

manufactured by electrolysing water into its

increase their electric demand up to

component hydrogen and oxygen gases.

35% due their cooling and refrigeration

Any kind of electrical generator - hydroelec-

needs.

Flywheels

Solar Thermal Low temperature solar thermal technologies, especially those that do not generate electricity, rely on the scientific principles behind the Greenhouse Effect

expensive to purchase than either the close coupled or gravity feed systems, and electricity is required to provide power for the circulating pump.

Three types of storage tanks are commonly

Swimming Pool Heating

used with Flat Plate Collectors. The most

Solar pool heaters are one

common tank in new systems is the close-

of the simplest methods of

coupled system, where the storage tanks

solar heating. A large area of unglazed

mechanically pressurize the refrigerant.

are mounted with the collector on the roof.

pipes, usually black to increase adsorption

Instead, the absorption device uses a heat

Tanks are located above the collectors to

of solar energy, is positioned on the north

source, such as natural gas or a large solar

take advantage of thermosyphoning. The

facing side of the roof. Pool water is

collector, to evaporate the already-pressu-

density of water changes with respect to

pumped through the collector gaining heat

rized refrigerant from an absorbent/

temperature. Generally, water is less dense

as it travels through the piping. A relatively

refrigerant mixture. This takes place in a

at higher temperatures than at lower

large area of piping, typically half the

device called the vapor generator. Although

temperatures. Thermosyphoning uses this

surface area of the pool, is required due to

absorption coolers require electricity for

principle to circulate water through the

the low thermal efficiency of the unglazed

pumping the refrigerant, the amount is

collector, as cooler water from the mains

piping. Glazing the pipework, whilst

small compared to that consumed by a

will be drawn through the collector as the

increasing the thermal efficiency, is not cost

compressor in a conventional electric air

heated water is removed from the storage

effective as only a small temperature rise is

conditioner or refrigerator. When used with

tanks. For thermosyphoning to be success-

required.

solar thermal energy systems, absorption

Storage

ful, it is essential that a constant rise in the

coolers must be adapted to operate at the

pipe work is maintained and that the correct

normal working temperatures for solar

diameter pipes are used as risers and

collectors: 180째 to 250째F (82째 to 121째C). It

headers. Two significant advantages exist

is also possible to produce ice with a solar

with the close coupled system: this

powered absorption device, which can be

arrangement is the most cost effective

used for cooling or refrigeration.

system for people to install and heated

Desiccant cooling systems make the air

water is provided at mains pressure.

seem cooler by removing most of its

Gravity feed systems can also be used to

moisture. In these systems, the hot, humid

store water from flat plate collectors. In this

outdoor air passes through a rotating,

arrangement, the tank is installed in the roof

water-absorbing wheel. The wheel absorbs

cavity, with only the collector exposed to the

most of the incoming air's moisture. This

Sun. Positioning of the panels must be so

"desiccates" (heats and dries) the air. The

that natural thermosyphoning can occur.

heated air then passes through a rotating heat exchanger wheel, which transfers the

Whilst these systems are usually the

heat to the exhaust side of the system. At

must be suitable for gravity feeding, that is,

Active Solar Cooling and Refrigeration

larger pipes in the ceiling and down to the

It is possible to use solar thermal energy or

an evaporative cooler, further reducing its

taps.

solar electricity to power a cooling appliance

temperature. The heated exhaust air

Less popular are the forced circulation

or refrigerator. The types of cooling/

continues through an additional heat source

systems, in which a mains pressure tank is

refrigerating devices that can be used with

(e.g., a solar heat exchanger), raising its

located at ground level with the collector on

solar energy are described below.

temperature to the point that the exhaust air

the roof. In these systems, a pump is

Absorption cooling is the first and oldest

evaporates the moisture collected by the

activated when the sun shines and cold

form of air conditioning and refrigeration. An

desiccant wheel. The moisture is then

water is pushed through the collector.

absorption air conditioner or refrigerator

discharged outdoors. The various system

Forced Circulation systems are more

does not use an electric compressor to

components require electricity to operate,

cheapest to purchase, house-hold plumbing

the same time, the dried air passes through

but they use less than a conventional air

natural properties of salt water to collect

each of the layers of the pond. Heat is

conditioner. Most desiccant cooling

and store heat energy. Two main types of

removed from the pond using the same

systems are intended for large applications,

solar pond exist: salt gradient and mem-

technology as salt gradient ponds.

such as supermarkets and warehouses.

brane ponds.

They are also ideal for humid climates.

Salt Gradient Ponds. The most common

Biomass for heat production

Heat Engine (Rankine cycle). Heat engine

example of a solar pond is the salt gradient

The biomass resource can be considered

cooling is similar to that of conventional air

pond which consists of three differing

as organic matter in which the energy of

conditioning systems, except that solar

concentrations of a salt solution, usually

sunlight is stored in chemical bonds. When

collectors are used to heat the working

sodium or magnesium chloride. Heat is

the bonds between adjacent carbon,

fluid. This heated working fluid is then used

extracted from this layer by pumping the

hydrogen, and oxygen molecules are

to power a Rankine cycle heat engine.

salt solution from the bottom layer through

broken by digestion, combustion, or

an external heat exchanger. Alternatively, a

decomposition these substances release

heat transfer fluid may be used pumped

stored energy. Biomass is made available

through a heat exchanger placed on the

on a renewable basis through natural

bottom of the pond.

processes, or it can be made available as a

Membrane ponds behave in a similar

by-product of human activities. Biomass

fashion to salt gradient ponds, except a thin

energy is generated when organic matter is

transparent membrane is used to separate

converted to energy. Biomass can be converted to energy by three conversion processes: Combustion,

Solar Ponds

Dry Chemical Processes, and Aqueous

When large amounts of low temperature

Processes.

heat is required other forms of solar

Biomass applications for heat generation

heating, such as flat plate collectors, are

are centred either in direct combustion,

too expensive. For example, many industrial

both of processed elements and their

and agricultural applications requiring either

derived fuels, or indirect, taking advantage

low temperature heat or steam could utilise

of the heat produced by power stations that

solar pond technology. Solar ponds use the

use it as fuel.

The water-energy binomial

Energy and water, because of their territorial, environmental and economic implications, have always represented a central element of the insular dilemma. The interdependence waterâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;energy is increasingly evident on islands, and sometimes it even brings to a single management system for both. It is a determining factor of present development models.

The problem of freshwater supply affects small islands more than big ones, as they have a large part of the water-related problems. According to the works developed within the UNESCOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s International Hydrological Programme, these difficulties are specially expressed by islands smaller than 1,000 km2 and narrower than 20 km. Local hydrological values are also very

island with an area of 900 km2 where water

different from one island to another. The

supply for its more than 70,000 tourist

most frequent values for the Mediterranean,

places and 90,000 inhabitants comes

for instance, are between 400 and 600 mm.

almost exclusively from desalination. These

But the worst is that the largest differences

are extreme cases but they clearly show

can appear in successive years or on two

the current trend of a large part of the

different sides of the island or even at

Mediterranean and European islands, and

different altitudes.

exemplify possible risks and dependences

To overcome these difficulties the small

of the future.

islands have developed a very complex

Nevertheless, the growing water deficit on

culture of water to take maximum advan-

islands generates new risks. It is evident

tage from their scarce resources: tanks,

that new demands in island economies

rainwater reservoirs, impluvia, etc..

introduce a factor of competition with the

Furthermore, we know the need to use

traditional agricultural activities. It is also

solutions as the water transportation in tank

serious that vital water supplies are diverted

ships employed from long time to bring

from fragile ecosystems and high-value

water to small Italian and Greek islands, or

wetlands, and we know well the risks

Hybrid systems based on wind power offer multiple

submarine water conducts bringing water

derived from water extractions in the coast.

possibilities and great versatility. Modularity is one

from the continent to the islands of Elba,

To these new needs of the tourist demand,

of their most attractive characters. In the image, some of the projects developed by ITER.

Tabarca or to some Dalmatian islands for

problems caused by seasonality must be

example. An extreme example of this last

added. In Majorca water consumption is

French island), for example, has a domestic

case can be found in the island of Djerba:

estimated in 90,000 cubic metres in winter

water daily consumption of 150 m3 in winter

in 1966 began the rapid tourist growth and

and rise to 130.000 in the tourist season.

that in summer increases to 600 m3.

the authorities had to mobilize on a large

This effect of tourism is even more obvious

Within this context, the mentioned insularity

scale the water resources of the near

in small islands: Porquerolles (a little

features are in favour of an advisable alliance between renewable energies and

continent, and the situation has not The Porto Santo solar distillation plant constructed

changed until today. There are several

by GTZ, Germany, and LREC, Portugal

water production through desalination. An

cases showing the extreme water-depend-

alliance that is still more necessary in the

ency of islands.

increasing tourist specialisation framework 2

Malta, for example, has an area of 246 km

of many islands.

and a population density higher than 1,200

There are many economic and technological

people/km outside the tourist area. The

reasons supporting this idea. Typical data

island is in reality a great calcareous slab,

per cubic meter of fresh water are 8-15 kWh

fissured and therefore with little capacity to

for commercial distillation (heat consuming

retain water. Or Lanzarote, an Atlantic

processes) and 4-7 kWh for commercial

reasonable solution for the next future.

RES Desalination Desalinisation with renewable energies offers an interesting possible solution in those places with wind and/or solar energy resources or any other renewable energy source and problems with fresh water supply in coastal areas (seawater). These kinds of systems are the best way to provide water to areas isolated from the grid or to small islands (weak grid). Renewable energy sources are by their nature characterised by intermittent and Schematic Presentation of an Intergraded Electricity and Water Production System for Remote Islands

variable intensity. Desalination processes are designed for continuous steady state

Source: TEI Piraeus

operation. This appears to be the main membrane systems (electricity consuming

already know that renewable energy

problem concerning the interfacing between

processes). These numbers show the large

sources suffer from irregular energy supply.

the two technologies. Two approaches have

amount of supplementary energy needed by

But with an increasing demand for water,

been identified to resolve this problem.

certain islands in order to secure themselves

the penetration of renewable energies can

These are modulating the process to cope

a sufficient water supply.

be supported.

with variable energy input, or by including

But we also know that wind energy is a

Water production plants may play a major

an energy storage buffer to even out the

high competitive form of producing energy,

role as variable loads for any system,

energy supply.

even in islands with a low average wind

helping to absorb production peaks. As

RES or Solar desalination processes can

speed. The usage of wind turbines to power

water can be stored without difficulties for

also be devised in two main types: The

medium sized desalination plants is perfect,

longer periods, water demand peaks do not

“direct method”, which involves the creation

and several pilot plants are being devel-

affect water production rates.

of a single unit incorporating both solar

oped, as well as hybrid systems using PV

This shows us that this alliance is efficient

energy and energy collection in one device.

panels and wind generators to produce

for all schemes featured on islands.

They have a simple structure and do not

fresh water.

• Centralised production and distribution

require a sophisticated technical, construc-

We should also take into account that water

• Decentralised production

tion and operational procedure. The second

storage, compared to electricity or heat,

• or Combined centralised and decentral-

type, the “indirect method” involves two

has the added advantage of being quite a

ised production

separate systems: the collection of solar

simple matter. Desalinated water storage is

Under these circumstances, the combina-

energy, by a conventional solar converting

a simple issue for most islands, and it is an

tion of RE and desalination is viable end

system, coupled to a conventional

excellent solution to technologically

effective for small and medium-size islands.

desalination method. Both systems require

harmonize the use of renewable energy

This is therefore a right solution for the

a higher degree of technical skill.

sources on a large scale and guarantee

management of electricity and

freshwater supply under small islands’

water demand.

variable consumption conditions. We

On a small scale several important mixed projects have

PV desalination plant on Lampedusa

already been carried out, and demonstrate both technical and economical viability of these solutions. As things stand, desalination strategy through renewable energies is an option of sustainable development not only for islands. It is the only

Interior of the RO container for the pilot plant on Siros.

The direct solar energy method uses a

type of plants offer little design freedom and

variety of simple stills; indirect methods use

future improvements are limited. Neverthe-

thermal or electrical energy and can be

less they are almost the perfect solution for

classified as follow:

poor and very small communities having

â&#x20AC;˘ distillation methods using solar collectors

lack of water and more important, lacking

â&#x20AC;˘ electrodialysis: using high concentration

financing means.

solar collectors, photovoltaics and/or

Indirect desalination methods have a very

wind energy for power generation

recent historical background. Started over

â&#x20AC;˘ reverse osmosis: using photovoltaic or wind energy for power generation

the last three decades when desalination methods were mature and solar energy

Solar distillation is a very old procedure

plants, due to the oil crisis, were in

known from the oldest times as a concept,

intensive experimental stage. In any case,

but though the first practical, large scale,

applications for small island communities

application was about 125 years ago, no

up to 1000 people, already have a large

may be more reliable and in many cases

important or sophisticated improvements

experimentation and can be satisfied with

more costeffective than water transport

have been achieved since because this

small units say 10 to 100 m3/day which

from long distance.

Prototype solar thermal desalination

Renewable Energies for Clean Sustainable Transport on Islands The transport sector, because of its close links with development and Man's capacity to communicate, demands to devote a large effort to maintaining its technologies up to date, in order to provide transport that is not incompatible either with mobility or with the environment. Awareness of the need to respect the environment in recent years, has led to significant developments in legislation (EURO2, EURO3, EURO4, etc.) and to a parallel development in transport vehicle technology. In the space of a decade, the most significant pollutant emissions, such as Nitrogen Oxide NOx, Carbon Monoxide CO, unburned Hydrocarbons HC, particles,

Most European islands are experiencing ever growing traffic conditions leading to increasing problems of congestion and emission levels with a consequent loss of quality of life. This is particularly true for tourist destinations most of which suffer from seasonal peaks in their traffic levels. Energy importance of island inland transport has been rapidly increasing during the last years, as it took over the 50-65% of primary energy, on average. One of the most effective ways of tackling this problem is to start an integrated approach by introducing more environmentally friendly vehicles and at the same time encouraging a modal shift from private to public transport. Renewable energy for public transport can contribute on both fronts providing a sustainable, clean and attractive alternative. The renewable options considered fall into the two broad categories of bio-fuels and electric vehicles powered by renewable energy sources. In an intermediate category we find hybrid and high energy efficiency vehicles which create a transitional area towards the 100% RES.

etc. have been reduced by over 80%. In spite of these measures and improve-

the technology, but also on the contribution

Alternative fuels

ments that affect transport as a whole, the

of all the other agents involved: Institutions,

Biofuels

environmental problem continues to exist

Local Administrations, users, etc., who

Biofuels can be divided primarily into

and is becoming more serious on islands, or

have a fundamental role to play in the

biodiesels (70 to 80% coming from organic

it represents an objective in terms of mobility

success of implementing environmentally

oils and sunflower, etc.) and alcohols

and the environment in natural or tourist

friendly vehicles.

coming from beetroot, wheat, sorghum, etc.

areas wishing to offer high levels of environ-

Technological innovation strategy in the

Numerous production options are available,

mental quality. In fact, the future quality of

island transport sector are mainly centred in

preference being given to high-yield crops

many town centres, or even tourist resorts,

two lines: development and inclusion of

with low intermediate input and no effect on

will depend on their future capacity to solve

alternative fuels, given the availability

biodiversity. Biodiesel could be used without

the transport problems that directly affect

conditions, and large-scale introduction of

any major technical problems to replace

their quality and competitiveness.

vehicles based on clean technologies, in

normal diesel. As for alcohols, these can be

Low or zero-emission transport (CNG,

particular those whose energy vectors are

mixed with conventional petrol up to a level

Hybrid, Electric, etc.) can provide clear

obtained from

environmental benefits in built up or island

Renewable Energy

territories, as they help to diminish the

Sources. To be

effects that pollution has on both people

environmentally

and our historic heritage.

coherent and for their

But, despite the promising results obtained,

commitment to

these vehicles continue to represent a very

sustainable develop-

small proportion of total transport. Although

ment, new vehicle

there are solutions and they have proved

clean technologies are

their feasibility, we do not think that mass

preferably developed

application of this kind of vehicles will be

in the area of collective

either simple or quick, and their success

transports (buses and

will not only depend on the manufacturer of

trains).

of around 15% without any technical

Natural Gas Vehicles

whilst the addition of catalytic particulate

modifications having to be made to the

These vehicles are externally different from

traps increases them further. This solution

vehicle fleet. In terms of environmental

conventional vehicles, because they are

offers considerable short-term environmen-

impact, biofuels are very attractive, emitting

equipped with a series of gas tanks, but

tal benefits; including the option to retrofit

between 40 and 80% less in the way of

internally they offer a very similar level of

existing vehicles.

greenhouse gases than other fossil fuels.

service to a diesel bus. CNG offers a clean

Ethanol is a petrol alternative which is

fuel for use in urban areas. Buses are

Battery electric vehicles

being used in various forms such as E85 (a

Electric vehicles offer a low-noise, emission-

blend of 85% ethanol and 15% petrol), E10

which is broadly similar in operation to a

free operation, which is ideal for congested

and E5.

conventional engine. The buses emit,

urban areas, historic centres and very

Methanol is an alcohol fuel. Today most of

however, far less of the emissions of

sensitive natural areas. The vehicle can only

the world's methanol is produced through a

particulates which are damaging to public

operate a restricted range, but this may not

process using natural gas as a feedstock.

health. Whilst the vehicles have a lower

be a difficulty for many urban tasks. The

However, the ability to produce methanol

range than a conventional vehicle, and

vehicles are particularly suited to journeys

from non-petroleum feedstocks such as

perform less effectively when accelerating,

which involve considerable congestion that

coal or biomass is of interest to reducing

this technology is eminently suitable as a

would lead to significant pollution if operated

petroleum imports. The alternative methanol

means to reduce urban air pollution.

by a conventional vehicle. The overall

fuel currently being used is M-85. In the

In general, these vehicles have proved

benefits of the vehicles must, however, be

future, neat methanol, or M-100, may also

popular with users and they are clean and

offset against the costs and impacts of

be used. Methanol is also made into an

quiet. Emissions of noxious gases are

generating and supplying electricity.

ether, MTBE, which is blended with

generally reduced, but the impact on

Electric and electric hybrid vehicles are

gasoline to enhance octane and to create

greenhouse gas emissions and energy

offering the best possibility for the use of

oxygenated gasoline.

consumption are variable, suggesting that

new energy sources, because electricity can

great care should be taken with the

result from a transformation with high

Biogas

selection of such vehicles. Greater

efficiency of these sources and is always

Is produced from organic waste (waste

establishment of CNG technology in the

used with the highest possible efficiency in

water methanisation) as a by-product of

mainstream should ensure that perform-

systems with electric drives or components.

sewage treatment and has similar proper-

ance improves with time.

The electric parts: battery, motor and controller were also used for general

ties to compressed natural gas (CNG) as a vehicle fuel. The use of biogas is particu-

Clean Diesel

purpose and the mechanical transmission

larly attractive from the point of view of

Clean Diesel vehicles use a number of

with gear, shaft or chain were used also in

greenhouse gas abatement as no net CO2

techniques to optimise the performance of

common machinery applications. Today's

is produced and would have potential

conventional engines. The use of ultra-low

technology includes modern motor design

applications in many tourist locations.

sulphur diesel offers immediate benefits,

influenced by power electronics and

In cases when biogas is freely available or for small-scale applications, this fuel can be

One example is the photovoltaic (PV) recharging station for electric vehicles in Palermo where 95 electric

used in hybrid transport systems as a

vehicles were purchased under ZEUS Project. The PV modules form the roof of a cantilever structure which

substitute of CNG. Biodiesel fuelled cruiser on the Shannon

shades the electric vehicles while they are charging and keeps them cool. The plant produces enough electricity each year to drive the vehicles about 90,000 km.

Hybrid vehicles

Los autobuses eléctrios han demostrado ya su eficacia en ámbitos especiales como los centros de las ciudades históricas

• connections of high powered electrical

electric vehicles do not share an electric

ing better and better to match acceptable

devices (washing machines, water

vehicle's main drawback of limited range

vehicle performances and performance

heaters, cookers, ovens) are made only

and the need for a fixed infrastructure. A

control and data acquisition. Some basic

once when the machine is installed, often

hybrid-electric vehicle can have the best of

considerations about electric and hybrid

by a qualified electrician; electrical

both worlds; it can function as a pure

vehicles today and in a mid and long-term

vehicles however are daily on the move;

electric vehicle (for relatively short dis-

automotive views, energy sources perform-

perspective, are presented together with

• the use of electrical equipment in

tances) while retaining the capability of a

the infrastructure developments.

outdoor, all-weather conditions is

conventional vehicle to make long trips. The

Nevertheless, as a matter of fact, generali-

normally not performed in an ordinary

electric option allows zero-emission

sation of the use of electric vehicles at a

household environment;

operation in sensitive areas.

domestic scale must face some barriers

• potential electric vehicle drivers, which

The implementing range of an electric

put by users. The wholesale introduction of

are members of the general public,

vehicle can be extended by an additional

electric vehicles and their acceptance by

including specific groups such as elderly

energy source, i.e. an internal combustion

members of the public will lead to a

people, disabled people and mothers with

motor/generator group or fuel cell. In

situation which is unique with no historical

small children, usually have not received

colloquial language the vehicle is named

precedent: a high-power connection (3 kW

a specific training about dealing with high

hybrid vehicle, more precisely hybrid

for normal charging, up to 25 kW or more

power electrical equipment; the idea

electric vehicle (HEM and according to the

for fast charging), made daily, in outdoor

alone of "high electric power" may

international standards thermal electric

conditions, members of the general public

actually frighten them off from electric

hybrid vehicle TEHV). Two main structures

which are not electrically trained. One may

vehicles.

are defined in hybrid electric vehicles: series hybrid and parallel hybrid.

think that the public has learned to live with electricity which has been our major source

Hybrid Vehicles

The series hybrid is a combination of

of energy for over 100 years now, and such

A hybrid-electric vehicle is an electric

energy sources. The traction is obtained by

power levels are quite common in house-

vehicle that also has an internal combustion

only one central electric motor or by

hold installations, but the conditions of use

engine and an electric generator on board

wheelhub motors.

here are quite different:

to charge the batteries. Thus, hybrid-

The parallel hybrid is a combination of traction systems. Several electric motors or internal combustion engines, being part of two or more driveshafts, perform the traction. Each driveshaft has to be associ-

Electric Bus

ated with an energy source. The parallel hybrid drives realise a purely mechanical power addition; an internal combustion engine and an electric motor can be coupled directly or via a gearbox.

Trams Trams are an ideal mode of transport for urban areas where the infrastructure exists

Fuel cell development is being driven by public concern about environmental degradation and energy security. The technology is uniquely able to address these issues as it converts fuel directly, without combustion, by combining hydrogen and oxygen electrochemically to produce water, Ultra Light train

electricity and heat with zero or negligible

Fuell cells vehicles

pollutant emissions at high efficiency and or can be provided. Some among the main

with low CO2 emissions.

vehicle manufacturers have either launched

European demonstration projects developed

The theoretical efficiencies of

prototype vehicles or intend to do so.

an energy-efficient and therefore reasonably

electrochemical combustion of hydrogen

Demonstrations of the technology in bus

priced (low-cost) tram. The concept is based

may exceed 90%, depending on the cell's

fleets are currently being launched.

on the use of lightweight composite material

operating conditions. Practical efficiencies

The main advantages of fuel cell buses are

form the aircraft industry.

have been demonstrated to be high as well,

no exhaust gas emissions, lower noise levels and expected higher energy

The CyberTran system is an exemple of

efficiencies during operation in comparison

projects in this line. It is based on the use of large numbers of small vehicles as opposed

to CNG and even diesel buses. Additionally

to the conventional concept of small numbers

the long-term perspective to produce

of large vehicles. The system operates on

hydrogen on a regenerative basis ad-

elevated guideways under complete computer control (no drivers). CyberTran is

dresses the undeniable need for the

designed to operate at speeds up to 150

reduction of fossil fuel usage.

mph, depending on application. The vehicles'

The island strategy "Towards 100% RES"

steel wheels ride on ultra-light rail. Rolling friction is lower than road vehicle tires.

has an important allied in these new technologies, in particular in electric

Fuel Cells

typically ranging from 45?65%. If run on

vehicles (battery electric vehicles, trams or

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy

pure hydrogen fuel cells only release water,

trains) or in those based on fuel cells

conversion device. Fuel cells produce

electricity and heat. If a reformate gas used

technology, as we don't have to forget that

electricity from the electrochemical reaction of

it is expected that less CO2 will be emitted

storing electricity produced from RES in

hydrogen and oxygen. It is two to three times

per KWh and other emissions will be

electric vehicles or its conversion in

more efficient than an internal combustion

greatly reduced, compared to most

hydrogen is an added value, being a

engine in converting fuel to power.

conventional engines.

system that regulates, through its storing,

â&#x20AC;˘ A fuel cell produces electricity, water, and

There are several different types of fuel

the variable production of RES.

â&#x20AC;˘ Water is the only emission when hydrogen is the fuel.

cells, but the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is now being developed by many companies, for transport, portable

As hydrogen flows into the fuel cell on the

and stationary power.

anode side, a platinum catalyst facilitates

Fuel cells are a fundamentally new

the separation of the hydrogen gas into

technology, and will require extensive

electrons and protons (hydrogen ions). The

demonstration, covering a wide variety of

hydrogen ions pass through the membrane

very different operating and climatic

(the center of the fuel cell) and, again with

conditions on European islands. All major

Fuel cell

heat using fuel and oxygen in the air.

with oxygen and electrons on the cathode

Transport Management Measures

side, producing water. The electrons, which

Implementation strategies of new clean

cannot pass through the membrane, flow

transport and RES-based technologies

from the anode to the cathode through an

would not be really effective if at the same

external circuit containing a motor or other

time the adequate management measures

electric load, which consumes the power

are not established. These measures can

generated by the cell.

be grouped as follows:

the help of a platinum catalyst, combine

cycling and walking also provide a benefit in terms of personal health. Information & Telematics New technologies of the information society will allow a better integration, information and management of all means of transport. Favouring intermodality, that is the ad-

Electric free cars. An excellent solution to improve

equate integration between the different

the interface between energy and transport.

• Area-Wide Traffic Restrictions

modes of transport is a big challenge

• Bus Priority

whose present-day barriers can be

• Jupiter and Jupiter-2

• Cycle Facilities

overcome through massive use of telematic

• EVD-Post

• Information & Telematics

solutions.

• NGV-Europe

• Integration & Image

New technologies bring every day more

• Sagittaire

• Comprehensive mobility management

useful solutions to start advanced traffic

• Zeus

control systems, real-time Information

schemes

projects or integrated ticketing projects.

• Marketing

Examples of EU funding directed at projects aimed at promoting public

• Pricing and taxation • Land-Use and Mobility Planning

The European Experience

transport are PIRATE and GUIDE. PIRATE

• Land-Use Planning Applications

During the last seven years the European

(Promoting Interchange Rationale, Accessi-

• Policy Measures such as pedestrianisation

Commission's Directorate-General for

bility and Transfer Efficiency) and GUIDE

Energy (now DG TREN) has supported a

(Group for Urban interchanges, develop-

Area-Wide Traffic Restrictions

number of Targeted Transport Projects

ment and Evaluation), both projects that are

Generalisation of these restrictions in urban

(TTPs). These are large-scale demonstra-

designed to make different types of public

areas, historic centres and tourist cities, is

tion projects implemented in over 70

transport more integrated and accessible to

being imposed as a logical consequence of

places. The TTPs have provided a flagship

the public. In order to encourage local

the urgent need to improve environmental

for the development of sustainable policies

authorities to adopt cleaner fuels the

quality conditions.

in transport, by implementing measures

Committee of the Regions has established

focusing on:

the Alternative Traffic in Towns (ALTER)

Bus Priority Measures

• rational use of energy

project led by local authorities it encourages

Bus priority measures allow buses to make

• reduced emissions of CO2 and local

the use of clean and low emission vehicles

the best use of the available road space, and thereby to avoid congestion.

pollutants • improved quality of urban life • use of alternative fuels • a modal shift towards public transport,

Cycle Facilities Some cycle facilities fully segregate cycles from general traffic, whilst others allocate cycle space within the carriageway. The increase in interest in cycling in all cities and

throughout Europe.

cycling and walking • an economic framework for clean and efficient commercial transport • reducing the need to travel

References Taking advantage of energy-efficient transport technologies - experience from European research and demonstration programmes. David Blackledge, Corporate Director, Transport & Travel Research ltd. United Kingdom.

tourist areas offers great potential to reduce the volume and impact of vehicle traffic.

Based on the experience of the TTPs and

Moreover, urban cycling can often allow

other innovative projects, a number of

2000/2010 perspective. Prof. Dr. G. Maggetto. Vrije

faster

lessons can be drawn that are relevant to

Universiteit. Brussels, Belgium.

access

all cities.

around

The THERMIE Programme, promoted by

The Management of Urban Fleets: Key to Success.

congested

the European Commission, supported 10

Miguel Fraile. Iveco-Pegaso, Spain

city centres

Targeted Transport Projects (TTPs) from

than

1994 to 2000:

Renewable energy for clean sustainable transport,

vehicular

• Antares and its follow-up Centaur project

Pat Bell, Jim O'Malley. Entrac - Energy Transport

traffic, whilst

• Entrance and the following Entire project

Actions. Ireland.

Electric and Electric Hybrid Vehicle Technology: A

Sustainable Tourism and Renewable Energy Sources Tourist industry emerged with an unusual strength on most islands. European islands see that the tourist activity has gradually become an important part of their GIP and an expectation of future development. To get an idea of the island tourism importance in developed destinations, if we compare usual tourist island densities within the European Union we find densities reaching 50 rooms per square kilometre, higher in many cases than density in many

Furthermore, if we take into account the

100% RES for tourism

populated areas of the mainland. But in

increasing relationship between energy

Large-scale inclusion of renewable energy

terms of tourist flow, the results are even

features and island water policies, we can

sources in the tourist sector, and in the

more striking: Greek islands receive more

reach the conclusion that tourist activity

hotel sector in particular, clearly is an

international tourism than Brazil, the

should be conceived and designed taking

already demonstrated, competitive and

Balearic Islands host as many tourist as

into account the particular island energy

efficient option. It is not hazardous to say

Portugal and the Canary Islands duplicates

features, establishing new alliances

that the greatest industry of our planet is

the 6 million of international tourists that

between tourist agents and energy and

one of the strategic sectors candidates for

receives South Africa, the great emerging

market operators.

a large-scale implementation of RES-based

destination.

The necessary co-operation between the

energy solutions.

tourism sector and sustainable develop-

Every day more renewable solutions are

ment, as a way and condition for industry

found. With regard to solar applications, the

survival, has been emphasised in several

possibilities are more and more evident.

international meetings and agreements, and

Nowadays we own a wide experience,

clearly expressed by the World Charter of

accumulated for almost two decades, on hot

Sustainable Tourism, adopted on the island

water production, and on applications such

of Lanzarote in 1995 (see annex).

as swimming pool heating. New projects

Destination Corfu

Area

Accommodation Capacity

592 km 2

70.000

Minorca

720 km 2

82.000

Elba

223 km 2

21.000

Rhodes

1.398 km 2

80.000

Tenerife

2.036 km 2

170.000

These numbers belonging to high-density destinations clearly outline a tendency and warn us about the need to sensibly face one of the most important challenges for islands in the forthcoming years. Tourism therefore, in its energy dimension, is playing a role of increasing importance. This new situation is not only determined by the direct rise of tourism activity within the energy demand, but also by additional factors like seasonality, which involves an oversizing of energy capacities, an effect of the new induced consumption patterns and the scattered distribution of new tourist settlements.

aiming to solar cooling are now appearing,

economical question, although often this is

used in the hall and common areas is

meeting an essential demand of warm

the reason given, as it was emphasised in

sometimes higher than it.

destinations, and, more recently we are

the ICAEN works, since the energy costs

These data indicate that beside purely

Figure 1: Energy forms used on average in the Mediterranean hotel sector

Figure 2: Energy consumption per use in the Mediterranean Hotel Sector

fluctuate between 3%

financial features, we are facing a problem

and 10% of the costs of

of generalised ignorance about RET

an hotel and, at the same

possibilities, together with an absence of

time, they are the highest

co-operation on this subject of the main

budget head after staff

actors: architects, engineers, consultants,

and food costs. Also in

promoters and hotel managers. All this in

studies carried out by

spite of the fact that, according to several

Insula for European

works on tourist expectations on islands,

tourist islands it was

tourists start to ask for more environmen-

made clear that the first

tally-friendly behaviours in island destina-

necessary investments

tions.

for energetically sustain-

The actual lack of alliances in favour of

able hotels, being they

RES in such an important market favoured

new or on the occasion

the consolidation of the Tech-Island Tourism

of renovation works,

Forum, in the framework of the Island 2010

range between 5 and 8%

initiative started from the Maspalomas

of the total inversion,

Conference (Sustainable Hotels for

while the surplus cost of

Sustainable Destinations). Its aim is to

embellishment materials

break the information barriers and promote

seeing how the generalisation of photovoltaic

sustainable tourist initiatives within the

applications allow power production directly

100% RES strategy.

in the same building, with the possibility to

designed and built to take

Role of environmental labels, standards and certifications in the promotion of the sustainable technologies.

advantage to the maximum of the

In the last years we could see an unusual

environment energy, saving in power

flourishing of initiatives in favour of

production through the use of bioclimatic

sustainability within the tourist industry.

architecture criteria.

Therefore today we can rely on an exten-

Nevertheless we must admit that penetra-

sive range of tools that underpin this

tion of RET solutions within the European

initiative: international cooperation agree-

islands' tourist sector is surprisingly low.

ments, legislative actions, planning and

reach the total supply and even transfer the surplus to the electric grid. Furthermore, tourist establishments or resorts can be

Works developed, for instance, in the Mediterranean area (CRES, ICAEN; SOFTECH, ADEME), show a very low present contribution of renewable energies in the hotel sector (Figure 1), although the diagram of its energy needs makes this option easier (Figure 2) and the estimated potential is certainly high (Figure 3). It is necessary to analyse in detail the reason why the most innovating industry of the planet hasn't been able to generalise the methods of exploitation of Renewable Energy Technologies. It is not only an

Figure 3: Estimated potential energy savings from the implementation of efficient energy technologies and R.E.S.

development of local Agendas 21, codes of

Within this context, environmental labels

conduct, eco-labels, best-practice guide-

and standards (EMAS, ISO 14000,

lines and environmental management

Biosphere Hotels..) played an important role

systems. The accommodation sector

in the systematic implementation of best

stands out within this context, as it

practices in the hotel sector. Most of the

generates a great portion of resource

achievements reached by hotels that

consumption and is one of tourist's basic

adopted any environmental label or

expectations.

management system regard the efficient

However, within the complex transfer of

use of energy and water and implementa-

theory into practice, enough attention is not

tion of renewable energies.

UNESCO (Lanzarote, Minorca, Galapagos,

usually paid to the new role of technology in

It is therefore necessary to take a step

EL Hierro) and whose objective is the

the XXI century. In the first stage it is

forward with the help of tourist eco-labels

inclusion of RES within the destinations'

logical to emphasise greatly all the aspects

with the aim to incorporate renewable

image.

related with management. But when it is

energies in the certification systems'

time to pass to the implementation of

requirements and destination's market

sustainable development policies in tourist

strategy.

Building in favour of climate, a rational option for hotels

destinations, it is worth remembering that

A good example of the first case is given by

A great portion of the energy consumption

scientific and technological innovations of

the integration of the island 2010 initiative's

of tourist islands is due to the tourist activity

the last twenty years bring us a sound

criteria in the standard revision of the

itself, and in particular to hotels. Hotels, like

basis for change that we need to consider

Responsible Tourism System (Biosphere

any other building, aim to protect people

thoroughly.

Hotels), in cooperation with the IRT (an

from external weather inclemency. Never-

organisation associated to the UNESCO),

theless, tourist buildings have in many

which gave, as a result, a new system of

cases suffered a process that transformed

requirements applicable to certified hotels

them in completely closed spaces, with

that include the maximum use of RES

scarce exchanges with the surrounding

together with the traditional criteria of

environment. As a result, instead of taking

Rational Use of Energy.

advantage of the weather and the external

Another example, corresponding to the

resources, it has been decided to create an

second case, could be the development of

artificial environment, using energy-

a sensitisation and marketing campaign

consuming elements.

that already started for islands that have

Replication of non-updated urban and

been declared biosphere reserves by the

building criteria in island hotels and resorts

Manual of recommendations for the hotel industry, which includes RES-related criteria, developed by Insula.

Sustainable hotels Attractiveness

Global style hotels

Based on local environmental features Based on heavy interventions on local enand local cultures

vironments (e.g. amusement parks)

Energy

Strongly reduced by use of solar and wind High levels of energy consumption due to

consumption

power and passive solar architecture

Natural resources

Low impact constructions, sustainable Large urban interventions and land exploi-

(water, soil)

use of scarce water resources

Waste

Recycling, sustainable treatment of or- Unsafe disposal of solid and liquid

unsustainable use of limited local energy resources

ganic waste trough composting Local biodiversity

vironments

Maintained as part of tourist attractiveness Sacrificed, in name of the universal "tourand means for cultural exchange

Local economy

wastes. Contamination of coastal areas

Preservation of local biodiversity as im- Exploitation and depletion of natural enportant and attractive features

Local culture

tation. High level of water consumption.

ist entertainment model"

Boosted by the full involvement of local Seriously affected by the massive presindustry, art and crafts, and labour

ence of imported goods and labour

Source: Paola Deda

represents an added risk to energy waste. We are taking over a high risk by using unapt buildings, by promoting a uniform, and therefore not competitive in the long term, tourist product. We must take into account that energetically sustainable architectures, beside the evident environmental cultural and energy advantages, a basic added value with regard to qualification of destinations, as the quality of accommodation is in the first place of tourists' expectatives.

A curious, autonomous tourist information centre developed by the ITC of the Canary Islands (Julieta Shallenberg)

Bioclimatic architecture takes into account

import of inappropriate infrastructure

guarantee an evident improvement of

the dweller's comfort and requires greater

models contributed to unbearable traffic

environmental quality of tourist destinations

imaginative amounts, which improve the

increases, which are reflected by figures

and resorts.

cultural quality of the building. But it also

such as road density, higher than 0.5 km/

Nowadays, new transport technologies

aims to take the maximum advantage of

km in many cases, and the number of

favourable climatic conditions and reduce

private vehicles, which is often twice the

allow taking care of environmental aspects in tourist destinations without decreasing 2

energy consumption of the building. To

European average, 51.5 vehicles per km .

mobility, being supported by complemen-

achieve this objective, we must take into

In fact, inappropriate inland transport

tary measures such as the creation of

account the following energy rules:

policies are seriously endangering the

pedestrian areas, the limitation of use of

â&#x20AC;˘ Use of on-site energy

fragile and rich tourist resources available

private vehicles, promotion of public

â&#x20AC;˘ Use of natural energy flows

on islands.

transports, telematic assistance and

â&#x20AC;˘ Making thermal use of building

One of the most effective ways of tackling

intermodality. But we should also consider

this problem is to take an integrated

that alternative transport strategy is strictly

Tourism, New transports and sustainable mobility

approach of introducing more environmen-

connected to the development of Renew-

tally friendly vehicles and simultaneously

able Energy Sources. Some of the most

Islands, characterised by high tourist

encouraging a modal shift from private to

advanced, under the way projects for

densities and rapid growth, are starting to

public transport. Renewable energy for

tourist islands show scenarios where

suffer the phenomenon of degradation of

public transport can contribute on both

transport is transformed in a regulator and

their tourist product due to the impacts

fronts providing a sustainable, clean and

accumulating system for surplus electric

caused by traffic. In the long run it will be

attractive alternative.

energy obtained from RES.

extremely contradictory to choose a holiday

Nowadays it is technologically feasible to

For island tourist destinations this is an

destination with equal or higher traffic-

change towards sustainable mobility in

excellent possibility to qualify their offer,

related environmental problems than those

tourist destinations. Ultra-low or zero

taking advantage of the experiences

existing in the tourists' areas of origin.

emission transport (CNG, Hybrid, Electric,

accumulated by several projects. As a

Lack of tourist planning in transport and the

etc.) can clearly benefit the environment in

matter of fact, it is really inconceivable that

Inclusion of photovoltaic roofs in hotels, an option for this sector that can be brought into general use on islands.

urban and tourist areas, as

none of the main European demonstration

they contribute to lessen

projects of alternative transports has

the effects produced by

focussed on strictly tourist areas (except

pollution to the environ-

for a few historic centres) or more specifi-

mental quality of tourist

cally on island areas. There is an essential

destinations, particularly in

need for large-scale demonstration projects

sensitive areas and historic

in this field, since within island tourist

centres. Solutions such as

destinations three distinctive factors are

hybrid and electric vehicles

combined: the need for an environmental

show us also operability

qualification of the destination, the presence

and benefits of these non-

of nimble market actors and economies and

polluting transports, and

a strong demonstration effect on the

their low-noise emissions

population. We don't have to forget that

islands receive every year more than 40 million European visitors.

Telematics for RES applications in the hotel sector On islands, the hotel sector is usually separated from the centres of information. That is why telematics are often a very advantageous tool, to achieve updating about new issues of relative restricted distribution as sustainable applications often are. We all would like to obtain more information, but many of us have several motives to postpone it continually. Lack of time,

References

other priorities directly related with the daily

and time of redemption. If it is interested in

issues, and also fear of facing the public

sustainability, it would like to know if it can

Definition of a Strategy for Energy Efficiency and

are important factors that help to postpone

use renewable energy sources. Then, if it is

Use of RES in the Mediterranean Hotel Sector.

the beginning of a training that we esteem

intentioned to change its infrastructures,

Center for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) in

convenient.

will ask for people who can make it.

collaboration with ADEME (France), ICAEN (Spain),

Maybe the first question asked by an hotel

Finally, having realised that there is a lot of

SOFTECH (Italy) and CINAR (Greece) has carried

with regard to energy, is whether it can

work to do and that it is worth doing it, in

out a study in the framework of THERMIE B Pro-

save energy or not. In case of affirmative

order to work better and to be better

gramme entitled: "Definition of a Strategy for En-

answer, which immediate measure can be

situated in this emerging market, it will

ergy Efficiency and use of Renewable Energy

taken without requiring any investment?

decide that training cannot wait anymore,

Sources in the Mediterranean Hotel Sector"

Afterwards it will analyse which equipments

and would need to know the offer and

Tourism and Sustainable Development: The island

can be changed or acquired to increase its

obtain a service adapted to its needs and

experience. Ed. By INSULA. Cipriano Marin-Luis

energy saving, which would be their cost

expectatives.

Gortรกzar. 1999.

Islands 100% RES projects

Tenerife 100 A model of Renewable Energy Sources integration The scenario chosen derives from the actual situation of the island of Tenerife, in the Canary Islands. Tenerife and the whole archipelago of the Canary Islands have been very conscious on environmental concerns and the reduction of pollutants and dependence on imported fuels, mainly by the use of renewable energies. Nevertheless, only 1.4% of the energy consumed in the archipelago during 1997 was produced with clean energy sources; the rest was generated mainly in steam, diesel and gas plants. The annual consumption of

To establish a general guideline for the integration of RES on any European island is a complex task. Resources vary in a large amount, as well as needs and island characteristics. Obviously, the approach for powering with RES an island with 10,000 inhabitants is completely different than one with half a million. Therefore, to cover the widest possible range of applications, it has been decided to study the case of a large island, where more difficulties come together. Afterwards, the method can be easily simplified locally, as an extreme example is given a solution, even though local parameters affect the results in a large extent. Nevertheless, the methodology will be similar, and as many technical challenges are addressed when approaching autonomous applications in a large scale, this example could be the basis for future studies.

the Canary Islands reaches 6,000 GWh. ITER Pol. Industrialde Granadilla Parque E贸lico 38611, San Isidro. Tenerife. SPAIN Tel.: +34 922 391000 / Fax: +34 922 391001

allowing higher densities of installed power.

being made on the environment. It is

This will enable a more efficient use of

essential that a higher effort be made to

areas with the required natural resources.

reduce this impact, increasing the penetra-

The most important technical challenge is

tion rates of RE technologies.

the assessment on regulation, integration

For an appropriate integration scheme,

and storage solutions, which are surely

strategies should be developed for a

bottlenecks for the large-scale implementa-

substitution of traditional vehicles to the use

regional high-level water and energy

tion of renewables. Several approaches

of fuel cells, electrical or hybrid vehicles

production with RE and desalination

should be considered, including for example

with batteries or natural gas.

systems, taking into account local charac-

the use of fuel cells, hydrogen solutions,

The overall approach, as already men-

teristics. They must specifically reflect the

batteries, hydro power storage, thermal

tioned, includes the application of RUE

needs and behavior of consumer daily and

storage, etc. For a complete approach of a

regulations to reduce consumption. The

seasonal patterns, taking into account the

100% RES island, solutions for transports

diagram with the process to evolve from

economic development and human needs

should also be studied, like the progressive

conventional to renewables is the following:

Contact

These figures clarify the pressure that is

that have an impact on energy consumption. Moreover, the challenge of supplying a vast area with renewable energy in an autonomous mode is a technical, human and decision-making challenge. The large scale installation of renewable energy generation plants, together with the appropriate policies and regulations on energy savings and rational use of energy, is important for a sustainable development, as pollutants are not produced like when using conventional fuels. The tendency of the RE market and operators is the increase on the RE installed power,

The strategy for the 100% RES must be based on the energy demand and the conventional powered groups used in the island. Several steps have to be taken prior to the complete supply with RE sources. But two scenarios should be analysed: â&#x20AC;˘ RES with Constant Energy Output: Large hydro, geothermal or biomass resources â&#x20AC;˘ RES with Variable Energy Output: Wind, Solar, etc.

RES with Constant Energy Output: Large hydro, geothermal or biomass resources RES can be installed to reach 75% of conventional groups working in the lowest consumption hour. For example, in an

For a 100% supply, a progressive substi-

insular network with 100 MWh consump-

tution of conventional groups to RE is

RES with Variable Energy Output: Wind, Solar, etc.

tion in the valley hour, with three vapour

made, until peak demand is supplied with

The main difference for variable energy

turbines of 40 MW each, 70 MW of RES

RES (396 MW in this example). Adding

output RES integration is that storage is a

may be installed. This will ensure that the

storage to our equation may flatten the

must, and it should be able to supply peak

conventional turbines keep working at a

energy production curve, but it will

energy demands for an estimated period

minimum, without having to turn them off,

significantly increase costs. No special

when the resource is scarce. Moreover, in a

and afterwards requiring a fast turn on that

integration requirements exist in this

first step, RE production in optimum

may not be possible.

scenario, as we are simply replacing fossil

conditions should not exceed 25% of the

The next diagram will be the scheme of the

fuels powering the turbines with biofuels

conventional power in use for valley energy

1 integration step, with 115 MW RES

(biomass), heat (geothermal) or waterfalls

demands.

installed:

(hydropower).

Integration for this scenario should follow

the next step: 1 No regulation: RE power lower than 25% of power of operating conventional groups 2 With regulation (both RE and conventional) and RE requiring external excitation (wind energy with asynchronous generator): RE power up to twice the power of operating conventional groups 3 With regulation (both RE and conventional) and RE not requiring external excitation (wind energy with synchronous generator): same RE power of power of operating conventional groups 4 With RE Park disconnection: RE power not limited In a next step, RES power may be installed

5 With conventional plant disconnection

up to 75% of conventional groups working

and RE not requiring external excitation:

in the peak consumption hour. Regulation is

RE power up to five times the power of

required in this step, switching off RES

operating conventional groups

groups to limit its power to the mentioned 75% for each hour.

6 100% RES: no conventional plants + synchronous control + storage.

Estimated increase of Energy Needs

Regarding storage, it should be noted that it must be dimensioned to meet remaining energy requirements for peak hours after deducing constant energy output RES (e.g. cogeneration or hydro plants) for adverse climatologic conditions (no generation from RE variable sources). That is, if we have a peak demand of 296 MWh at a certain time, and 100 MWh are guaranteed with constant energy output RES, our system should have a storage capacity of 196 MWh. The diversity of resources available, depending on the island, makes it extremely difficult to outline a model that covers all existing possibilities. In previous chapters, assessment on the available technologies depending on the resource has been given,

The curves on power demand for our case study, both in winter and in summer, are:

as well as required changes in policies and regulations and the "obligation" of RUE as a

Average Power Demand during the day

previous and continuing step to implement islands 100% RES. An example on a real case scenario will help the understanding of the approach. We will gather the information for the real island network of Tenerife Island. The power demand curve of the island is highly foreseeable, like in other insular contexts with long period data available, and there are no unexpected changes in consumptions. Additionally it is important to take into account that there are consumptions associated to the generation plants (7,4%) and losses in the distribution and transport system (7,46%). The increase in the demand was 7,7% during 1999. If the percentage of increase

In our case scenario, we have a population

The average consumption per client/family

is maintained, the consumption figure will

of 692.366 inhabitants and the following

in the island is 468 kWh per month. The

reach 3 millions of MWh per year in 2010.

conventional groups for energy production:

highest hour demand during 1999 was 396 MWh and the lowest demand 173 MWh.

Nevertheless, taking into account that RUE

If we have available RES with constant

requirements should be followed for a 100% approach, this figure can be reduced to approximately 2 millions.

Technology

Power

Number TOTAL of Turbines

energy output, that will reduce energy requirements of other RES. For example, in

Vapour

160

Vapour

Tenerife there are installations for small

Diesel

hydro systems. Photovoltaics is an

Gas

37,5

expensive alternative for a centralized

Gas

17,2

energy production plant, so the energy

Vapour

160

percentage obtained from PV panels in

Diesel

buildings is negligible for our purposes.

37,5

Gas Cogeneration

Biomass could be an alternative if soil is available for energy crops and there are no

non-polluting natural resources. The same applies to geothermal energy, but Tenerife geothermal resources are not appropriate. Nevertheless, the island has excellent wind resources that could provide the required energy for island consumption, complemented with a small percentage of small hydro, photovoltaics, thermal collectors for DHW, cogeneration and maybe biomass. The next graph illustrates which generation groups are in operation in a standard winter working day, where V means Vapour, D Diesel, G Gas, and CO Cogeneration. The adjacent number is the rated power in MW. Hourly Power Demand

Installed Power and Annual Production in Tenerife

Energy Consumption per sector

The southern coast of the island has a wind

Nevertheless, peak power demand should

diesel or biofueled turbines may be used for

resource with 3000 equivalent hours. That

be taken into consideration. Up to now, we

consumption peaks.

means that, if supplied only with wind

have considered only energy supply in

A different path for the dimensioning of the

power, the island would require 794 MW

rough figures, but the peak power demand

storage is required, balancing powers to be

installed. But that is a rough figure, as it

(396 MW) is an important matter. Let us

able to supply the peak demand. Moreover,

only takes into account the energy needs

assume we have that peak consumption

costs for each vector should be analysed to

over the year. But wind resources are

simultaneously to a scarce wind resource.

balance the total investment. It may be

climate dependant, which means that it is

Our storage system should be dimensioned

wiser for some scenarios to increase

not adaptable to the energy demand. Taking

for that power. That means that the power

installed wind power even at the cost of

into account daily average wind speeds, the

from batteries + pumping station from

losing energy, but reducing storage costs

energy generated for 794 MW wind power

hydropower + turbines powered with

significantly.

and the consumption of the island is the

biofuels + flywheels should equal the power

The evolution for a 100% RES is not lineal,

following:

of consumption. To avoid excessive costs,

it should be done in progressive steps, each of them at a higher cost. The last step

Demand vs. Wind Energy Production

for 100% RE is extremely expensive, as we have to guarantee a small energy percentage that will occur during days only throughout the year. A global approximation of the cost evolution without figures is given below.

Therefore, the period where wind resource exceeds demand will charge the storage system, which will supply the required energy where wind resource is low: Starage: Charging and Discharging Periods

Sun, wind and water The new El Hierro island's allies The Island Government of El Hierro (Cabildo de El Hierro), UNELCO (local utility) and ITC (Technical Institute of the Canary Islands) are collaborating in a project whose objective is to cover the energy demand of the island with 100% RES by 2005. The first phase of the project has been carried out with the support of the Altener Programme. Actually, it is a very pondered project, whose first works go back to 1986, when a first proposal was elaborated: it was really a pioneer project if we take into account the absolutely different technological conditions. At that time the commercially available aerogenerators were in the rank of 300 kW,

El Hierro has been the first island that has been declared a Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO in the new millennium. This acknowledgement was basically due to the need to preserve the particular natural and cultural values of the island, but it involved the support to the island's Sustainable Development Plan that had been officially approved in 1997, where an ambitious and innovator strategy of future already endorsed by several sustainable development projects started since the 80's was defined. Both the basic objectives of the island's declaration as a Biosphere Reserve and the Sustainable Development Plan contain the commitment to turn El Hierro into one of the first islands of the world that is completely 100% RES. In fact, it is at present the only case which recognises a strategy in favour of large-scale use of renewables that is contemplated by the sustainable development and conservation forms supported by the United Nations. It is therefore an innovator project sponsored by the local Island Council with the support of the Canary Islands Government.

and did not obviously exist yet high-power

Contact

Javier Morales Cabildo de El Hierro C/ Doctor Quintero Magdaleno, 11 38900 Valverde El Hierro, Canary Islands. SPAIN E-mail: cabildohierro@cistia.es Tel.: +34 922 550101

Project

machines with synchronous generators.

ITC - Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias C/ Cebrián, 3 E-35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands. SPAIN

• 1 wind farm connected to the grid of 280 kW • Stand alone photovoltaic systems with a total capacity of 6'5 kW • 362 m2 of installed solar thermal panels The evolution of energy consumption and generation are:

Evolution of Energy Consumption in El Hierro (MWh)

Present situation The island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, has an area of 276 km2 and a population of approximately 6,500 people. Nowadays the electricity supply is covered through a conventional thermal power station (diesel system). The power installed is 8'285 MW. The contribution of renewable energies was the following (data from 1998):

Evolution of Energy Consumption in El Hierro (MWh)

The actions will take place in parallel to awareness campaigns, dissemination events and training courses in order to ensure the adaptation of the population to new technologies and organisational structures and to prepare the island population to be responsible for the maintenance of the systems. Based on the preliminary design already mentioned, the objective is to design, develop and install a wind-hydro system capable of supplying 100% of the island's energy needs. Regarding natural resources, the island has an excellent wind potential. There are two wind turbines installed near the capital (100 and 180 kW rated power). Actually they supply 5% of the energy needs of the

Description of the 100% RES electricity supply project The Canary Islands Government, through the Industry and Trade Ministry, has a

• High penetration of solar thermal

island. The consumption in the island is

systems for hot water by promotion,

quite reduced (22 GWh per year) due to its

dissemination and financing campaigns;

low population. Moreover, it has a small and

• Introduction of PV systems and hybrid

isolated electric system.

special interest to develop this project on

systems (PV-Wind) for houses con-

When considering storage solutions, the

the island of El Hierro as a demonstration

nected to the grid by promotion, dissemi-

abrupt orography offers advantages for the

case for a 100% RE supplied community,

nation and financing campaigns;

installation of a hydro plant, due to the height

one of the most outstanding initiatives of the Island 100% RES. When successful results and experiences have been obtained it is the objective of the Canary Government to implement such systems in other

• Implementation of an energy saving and energy auditing programme;

islands in Europe and if possible in Africa and Latin-America. As demonstrated with the performance of wind turbines installed in the island for several years, El Hierro has enough wind potential to cover all its electrical demand.

desalination plant is introduced for filling the

sector from petrol and oil power;

reservoirs that will form the hydro plant and

• Introduction of biomass systems.

100% RES WIND - HYDROPOWER SYSTEM Accumulation system. Storage of wind energy in a reservoir for its posterior

However, the Canary Islands' law has

transformation through

established a limit on the penetration of

hydropower turbines.

wind energy into the grid of 12% in order to avoid imbalances in the electricity system. Alternatives to increase the RE utilisation

Pumping station Hydropower station Desalinating plants

are therefore looked at. In this context the following actions to supply 100% of the electricity demand with RE are in focus: • Implementation of a combined wind energy and hydroelectric power station where water comes from a pump station pumping water from and to levelled artificial lakes;

meters) of this relatively small island. A

• Gradual conversion of the transport

Canary islands and participate in dissemination and implementation activities in other

(1500 meters with unevenness of 1200

Wind Farm

replace water losses due to evaporation.

Figure 1 summarily describes the scheme of the system. The wind park supplies energy for consumption, and the energy surplus is used to pump desalinated water from the lower reservoir to the upper one, which is placed at 600m a.s.l. When wind resource is scarce and does not reach consumption levels, the water from the upper reservoir is turbined to the lower one. If a large period without adequate wind has exhausted the water in the upper reservoir, the thermal plant will supply the necessary energy for the island consumption.

Decision-making diagram to choice the most adequate configuration

Moreover, there should be confirmed if corrections in the actual electrical grid were needed. Therefore, the most viable configurations were tested in the following scenario:

Figure 1

The different performance stages of the system are as follows (Figure 2):

Two different solutions were appropriate, one with 660 kW wind turbines, and another with 850 kW wind turbines. 15 MW Figure 2

of wind power are needed for the system.

A new alliance to relieve island's thirst

The evolution of the investment for both configurations, as well as the technical data are the following:

The history of El Hierro has been determined bay water and a fear of water shortage. The geological characteristics of the island are a serious constraint on the island's ability to harness water, forcing the inhabitants to develop a rich and complex culture. Water has always been collected in a thousand different ways on the island, and this is reflected by the fact that Garoe or Holy Tree, which used capture abundant water by distilling the Trade Wind mists, is still a local emblem. This extreme relationship with water together with the integral character of the Sustainable Development Plan contributed to establish a tight relation between water and energy resources within the framework of the 100% RES project. Seawater desalination imposes itself as a need to permanently feed the wind-powered hydraulic system, but it is evident that another way to accumulate the windgenerated energy surplus is desalinated water production. Within this context the final implementation of the 100% RES project includes an

PO W EN ERE ER D GY

CL IM

WI ND

IC AT

turbines are installed, considering it the best site after a careful study of wind resources on the island. The the unevenness of the terrain is also adequate in the area.

Demandside management

Source BIOMASS S

to the wind-hydro plant.

SOLAR

Savings expected from the replacement of the conventional system

Source

SOLAR THERMAL

A BIOG

Rational use of energy

ACS-cooling Warm air

reservoirs and generation plants will be placed nearby, as

Source

WIND

BIO

The wind turbines will be installed where the actual

DESALINATION SOLA R PO WE ENERRED GY

Water production

gramme has been concluded when the

promoting the Solar Thermal Systems for

digesters installed in the experimental farm

hot water mainly for individual household-

sponsored by the local Island Council

ers.

started to be operative.

From the financial point of view this programme provides a subsidy per square

Transport

meter and a subsidy to the rate of interest.

Transport's energy dimension could not be

But this programme consists not only on

left out within a sustainable development

financial measures but also on technical

important increase in the desalination

integrated project that aims to become a

measures in order to assure the quality of

capacity and, as a consequence, a signifi-

working model for other island regions of

the installations. In this sense 3 items have

cant increment in irrigation water availability

the world. The Island Council in cooperation

been taken into consideration:

and the local water table upkeep to levels

with the local transport co-operation started

• Guarantees for the installation operation

that avoid its deterioration and salinisation. In

to take the first steps to consolidate an

• Guarantees for the solar collectors

this way new projects of biological agricul-

alternative transport system.

• Guarantees for the installation mainte-

ture join up with renewable energy.

The first demonstration projects are based

R.O Desalination plant

nance

on:

Biomass

• Incorporation of a hybrid bus to the local

The programme became very effective in

One of the basic features of the island's

fleet. At the beginning its use will be

almost all the islands. But it was not very

sustainable development strategy is the

limited to the airport-capital transfer. One

effective in some of the small islands,

group of actions generated under the slogan

among the various options involves the

particularly on El Hierro, where in the year

"El Hierro - zero waste". Biogas production through valorisation of stockbreeding

use of biogas as fuel. • Incorporation of an electric, battery-

effluents and sewage by means of

powered minibus in the El Golfo

methanogen fermentation is an essential

area, for a mixed tourist-public use.

part of the outlined strategy based on matter

It would rely on a photovoltaic

re-utilisation and scarce water resources.

station for its recharge.

Since many years several experiences are being carried out in combined bio-gas production and water bio-recycling sys-

• Development and consolidation of an extensive pedestrian network. • Incorporation of advanced informa-

tems. Being good islanders, El Hierro

tion and management systems

people managed to get international

within the framework of the sub-

cooperation from another island, Cuba. This

programme "El Hierro- Digital

is an island with enough technical experience and human training and can therefore

Island". • Development of an ingenious

transfer low-cost technologies to places

ticketing system for the optimisation

with similar-featured places like El Hierro.

of displacements in rural scattered

The first phase of this ambitious pro-

areas, occasionally turning the private

Solar heating panels used in the greenhouses at El Golfo. The 100% renewables strategy not only concerns electricity production. At the same time, El Hierro has started to develop an ambitious programme to harness solar-thermal energy for producing hot water, and, in the near future, for cooling, and for implementing stand-alone photovoltaic systems in isolated ones and others that are connected to the grid.

vehicle into collective transport,

1.999 there were almost no panel installed.

supported by electronic systems for

Some of the problems were the lack of

the payment of displacements.

information and dissemination, the distance to the promoters and that there was no

Visit of the representatives of UNESCO, European Commission and other international organisations to the experimental farm where the methane digesters and sewage biodepuration systems have been installed.

Solar energy perspectives

official installer for solar thermal panels in El

The solar thermal market was

Hierro (the panels installed under this

actually decreasing since the 80's

programme were installed by companies

in the Canary Islands: that is why

from another island), and that means

the Canary Islands Government

distance and maintenance problems and

promoted the PROCASOL pro-

lack of trust.

gramme (this programme has been

Therefore, thanks to this project, a big

defined and managed by ITC). The

effort has been done in order to promote

PROCASOL is a programme for

solar thermal systems in the island of El

Hierro. The financial scheme used was the

For El Hierro, the benefits of the 100%

PROCASOL programme because it has

RES strategy, in quantitative terms, are the

been very effective, but a big effort has

following:

• New opportunities for sustainable tourism. In these terms, the model of El Hierro is

been done in promotion, information, • To reach a high independence from

awareness campaigns, explanation to the

considered crucial for the establishment of

local institution and to the local population

imported conventional energy resources

criteria to replicate it in other islands,

and training.

(today the Canary Islands are totally

preferably within the same archipelago. The

Another big success was the creation of a

dependent on imported oil);

incorporation of 100% RES in its institu-

• Energy will be produced and sold by

local company in charge, among other matters, to install solar thermal systems. Attending to this new situation, a high solar

tional image, together with the application of

Canary companies like the local power

best-practice guidelines, allow to

utility;

strengthen the new way towards a sustain-

thermal panels demand is expected in the

• Training for local craftsmen;

able tourism on which we have been

next years.

• New possibilities for employment which

working for several years.

A study about the estimated market for

is of crucial importance for the island;

solar thermal systems on El Hierro has

• Important local market for thermal

been carried out by ITC. The conclusions of

systems with new opportunities for the

the study are the following:

island community;

References Towards 100% Renewable Energy on Small Islands. Development and Implementation of Organi-

Householder

Tourist

Swimming-pool

Sector (Hotels) Estimated market (in m2)

1.024

TOTAL

Heating

115

1.420

sational and Financial Tools in a new Network Collaboration. ALTENER Project 350/99.

2.559 First steps. The El Hierro project has been devel-

This is of course an estimation that tries to

oped on the basis set on the simulation and sizing

cover all the potential market, the objective,

made in 1986 under the supervision of the research-

within this project, was to install 500 m 2.

ers Mr. Cardona and Mr. Cendagorta. In the origi-

The timetable in order to fulfil this objective

nal concept, the configuration was:

is the following:

• Wind turbines of 300 kW rated power • Hydro generators of 1,5 MW

Estimation of m2 to be installed

2.001

2.002

2.003

2.004

TOTAL

120

140

150

500

• Diesel generators of 3,8 MW • 250 and 500 kVA water pumps • Upper & Lower reservoirs.

Landscape conservation has been included as a basic premise in the development of the 100% RES global project. The picure shows the moment when a high-tension cable is taken down because it crossed the El Hierro giant lizards' habitat, one of the most emblematic and endangered species of the Canary Islands. These works started on the same day when the UNESCO officially declared the island a Biosphere Reserve.

Towards 100 % RES supply on Samsoe, Denmark Three years of experiences in a planning period over ten years Energy objectives Samsoe has the long-term objective that island heating and electricity needs be met solely by renewable energy sources in the

Samsø was in the fall of 1997 appointed by the Ministry of Energy as "Denmarks Renewable Energy Island". The Objective is, that Samsø will be self-sufficient with Renewable Energy within a decade

course of a ten-year period. Another more efficient, thus reducing fossil fuel energy consumption in this sector. The various possibilities for a partial transition to renewable energy sources in the transport sector will also be explored. The energy island project has the explicit objective to create an appreciable number of new jobs. The ten-year period of transition to 100% renewable energy in the heating and electricity sectors will create about 30 permanent new jobs in the island energy sector. The potential for new jobs in the service trades due to energy island tourists and guests in the important spring and fall seasons have not been examined.

New district heating areas By the fall of 2000, the utility Energy Company NRGi had made so much progress in the Nordby/Mårup area that the final contracts with the interested homeowners are signed. The heating plants in the villages Nordby and Mårup are based

Contact

objective is to make the transport sector

Sør en Hermansen Søren Samsoe Energy- and Environmental Office samso@sek.dk Aage Johnsen Nielsen Samsoe Energy Company energiselskabet@samso.com www.veo.dk

on wood chips and other available biomasses as well as a solar heating 2

ment contacted the local citizen group in

system with 2500 m solar heaters. The

Onsbjerg in the fall of 2000 to raise the

construction of the system will begin in

issue of a local district heating scheme in

June 2001. NRGi will then continue the

the village. Onsbjerg has decided to

implementation of the district heating

establish a straw-based district heating

scheme in the villages Ballen and Brundby.

plant, and a local farmer have been invited

Samsoe Energy Company and the Samsoe

to make the construction and operation of

Association for Energy and the Environ-

the plant.

Initial steps have been taken to found an Energy Academy that can develop and organise educational courses for interested guests from Denmark and abroad. The Academy will be run as an independent institution.

The organisational framework The Municipality of Samsoe (representing the 4,300 inhabitants), the Samsoe Association for Energy and the Environment (representing the consumers), the Samsoe Agricultural Society and the Samsoe Chamber of Commerce nominate a number of persons to the Board of Trustees of Samsoe Energy Company. This Board appoints an Executive Committee that also involves representatives from all four organisations.

In the year 2004 biogas plants shall be established, producing hot water for district heating and electricity.

Energy crops 20 - 30 hektars of Elephant grass will be

The village Tanderup seen from "dyret", ("the animal") a rise on the south of the island

planted in 2001. 12 farmers have agreed to grow these new crops on their marginal

and 2000. The campaigns in concert with

donations from the windmill owners. These

acreage. The Elephant grass will be used

the ongoing efforts of NRGi and the local

funds will be made available for public

as biomass fuel in the district heating

tradesmen has sustained a strong rate of

energy projects on the island.

plants.

growth. 70 thermal solar systems, approx.

Lower heating costs in subsidised pensioner homes

80 biomass boilers and 30 heat-pump

Sea-based windmills

systems have been established in most

The first planning phase for a 22.5 MW

private homes.

sea-based windmill park south or west of Samsoe began in the autumn of 1998. The

In the spring of 1999, the 440 pensioners who receive municipal heating subsidies

Land-based windmills

Danish Energy Agency conducted a

were mailed campaign material that

The 11 land-based 1 MW windmills were

hearing that reduced the three potential

suggested they consider energy conserva-

installed in March and August 2000. This

sites to one sole site, an area south of the

tion initiatives in their homes. A national

means that roughly 100% of Samsoe's

island called Paludans Flak. The second

programme reimburses pensioners up to

electricity consumption is now covered by

phase of this process entails detailed

50 % of their energy conservation invest-

windpower. Two of the windmills are owned

planning of the actual site, the exact

ments (up to a maximum reimbursement of

co-operatively by Samsoe Vindenergi, while

windmill placements, environment impact

25,000 Danish crowns). 62 island pension-

local farmers privately own nine. A planned

studies, etc. This phase started in spring

ers have participated in this programme in

Energy Foundation will receive annual

2000 with funding from the Agency.

'99, resulting in insulation work and the installation of new windows, etc. for more than two million crowns. The mailing campaign was not followed up in 2000. The good results in 1999, and the fact that the local carpenters and plumbers could still refer to the national programme has meant that 31 new energy conservation projects for pensioners for the total sum of 815.000 crowns have been carried out in 2000.

Individual renewable energy systems (for homes outside district heating areas) The Danish Energy Agency subsidised a new campaign for the promotion of RE energy installations in the spring of 1999

With the erection of 11 new 1 MW wind turbines, the island has taken a great step towards beging self sufficient with renewable electricity

The phase 2 study will place 10 windmills oriented in a straight line from north to south, with the first windmill about 3½ km. south of Samsoe. Three turbine sizes are examined, 2-, 2½- and 3 MW. The hearing of all implicated parties will take place in the spring of 2001. If the Agency then approves the project, the final specifications and organisational preparations can begin in the summer of 2001 and the windmills can be erected in the fall of 2002.

Disposal site methane gas In the spring of 2000, the energy organisations and a local farmer began to investigate the possible exploitation of methane gas from a closed landfill site. With financial support from The Danish Energy Agency, the installation was established in autumn 2000. The farmer invited other islanders to

In the year 2005 a hydrogen plant will be established (to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen). The plant will be powered by electricity from the offshore wind turbines. The hydrogen will then supply the transport sector.

join him in this economic venture, and a cooperative was born - Samsoe Deponigas I/

the site is filled. The utilisation of the

(Italy) and Aran Islands (Ireland) collabo-

S. The methane gas runs a 15kW motor/

methane gas will depend on its volume and

rated on a series of projects on their

generator. The excess heat is not (as yet)

quality, but the second phase will heat site

respective islands. Samsoe participated in

utilised. The electricity is sold to the grid .

buildings and/or generate electricity.

this 1½ year programme with campaign initiatives about the new district heating

The installation is still being adjusted, but

areas, the promotion of single home

Island officials have taken note of the

Renewable energy islands in Europe

positive results in this process and started

The European Union ALTENER project

operative windmills, both land- and sea-

another feasibility study, a larger installation

"Towards 100% Renewable Energy on

based. Some time was also invested in the

at the present disposal site. The gas

Small Islands" terminated in June 2000.

exchange of experiences and reciprocal

chimneys and piping can be established as

Samsø, El Hierro (Spain), La Maddalena

visits to energy project sites on the islands.

has operated satisfactorily to date in 2001.

renewable energy systems, and for co-

Samsoe as an exhibition window The office staff has considerable representative and public service functions: receiving guests, participating in conferences, writing articles, answering general questions about the project, the periodic update of our home page. There is a great deal of focus on the project both nationally and internationally, and this interest is expected to increase as the specific projects are realised on the island.

The transport sector is very difficult to convert to renewable energy. To compensate for that, offshore wind turbines will produce the same amount of energy as consumed in the transport sector. This energy can later on supply electric cars and hydrogen fuel cell cars.

The Municipality of Gotland: A renewable energy island in the Baltic Sea Partnership Declaration for Gotland's "Renewable Energy Island Programme". The Municipality of Gotland hereby declares its ambition to contribute to the aims of the Campaign for Take-off (CTO) and to act to achieve a RES supply equivalent to 100% of the island's energy needs. This will contribute to achieving the municipality's already identified goal of the island becoming a sustainable society by 2025.

sustainable society within the course of a generation'. The programme includes conditions for achieving these overall aims. Those related

Contact

'Gotland is to become a ecologically

Mr KKeith eith Boxer Energibyran Municipality of Gotland Box 2067 - 62156 Visby. SWEDEN Tel.: +46 498 38380 / Fax: +46 498 38300 E-mail: keith.boxer@telia.com

to energy are included below:

Buildings Facts about Gotland: Area

3140km2

Population

58 000

% of region

100%

Geography

40% forest 27% arable 4% grazing 1% lakes 28% other

Annual energy demand:

Fossil Fuels

"Buildings shall be designed in such a way

"Gotlandic dependence upon fossil carbon

that the need for energy supply for heat and

resources shall decrease to a level

light be minimised. The Gotlandic renewable

compatible with long term climate stability.

energy shall suffice for all household needs."

Fossil fuels shall be replaced with renewable energy."

Energy "Gotlandic renewable energy shall be developed until it suffices for all the necessary functions of society."

GWh Transport Industry

950 2100

Agriculture

200

Public sector

200

Buildings

200

Total

Sustainable school architecture at Hansahuset in Visby

Technical equipment "Equipment shall be selected so as to minimise the need for energy supply for technical purposes. The Gotlandic renew-

4425

able energy shall suffice for all necessary RME bio-diesel filling station in Hemse

operations of tools, machinery and produc-

Gotland's "Renewable Energy Island Programme"-

Transport

tion processes."

On 14th October 1996 The Municipal

that the need for transport energy supply

Council of Gotland passed the Eco-

be minimised. The Gotlandic renewable

A participatory process involving stakeholders

programme for Gotland which identifies the

energy shall suffice for all necessary

Work towards the realisation of Gotland as

municipalities goal that the island should

transports of people and goods on the

a renewable energy island is already

become a Zero-Emission Zone and that

island as well as to and from the island."

underway. In order to achieve the above

"Society shall be organised in such a way

1 Share of renewable electricity; share of

develop energy crops, wind, solar and

renewable and recovered heat supplied to

Solar energy

biomass sources in order to meet the

municipal departments

island's energy needs from renewable 1,0 0,86 0,8

Electricity

sources.

0,76 0,68 0,62

Energy from biomass

0,6 0,45

0,39

0,36

0,4

The use of district heating plant is already

0,44

well developed on the island with district heating systems in the communities of

0,2

Solar energy is used to heat pool water at Suderhälsan spa

Hemse, Slite, Klintehamn and Visby. These

Solar energy is largely unexploited today

heating plants are fuelled to 90% by

apart from a small number of projects using

amount of renewable electricity/

renewable resources. The district heating

pool heating and domestic hot water

total amount of electricity

system in the mediaeval centre of Visby is

systems. Due to the fact that Gotland has

amount of renewable recovered

currently being expanded. This system

the most sun hours in Sweden and a large

makes use of wood-chip fuelled boilers

summer population from tourism the

combined with heat from a sea-based heat

potential for using photovoltaics and solar

conditions participation is required from

pump and gas from landfill and a sewage

thermal installations in buildings is great. The

every level of society.

treatment plant.

municipality has an energy advisor, finan-

heat/total amount of heat

The overall aim to develop an ecologically

cially supported by the Swedish national

sustainable society has been reflected in

Energy Administration, who can advise the

many of the municipalities other plans and

public on solar energy installations.

documents such as Vision Gotland 2010,

The municipality and university are

the Agenda 21 plans, the regional develop-

currently developing a demonstration

ment programme and Energi 2005- the

project to use solar energy to drive a sea-

municipality's energy plan

water based cooling system for the new

These plans have been approved by the

public library and university buildings in

elected representatives and were developed

Visby. This system could have widespread

in consultation with local actors and the

Windpower

applications in other public buildings in

population at large.

The development of windpower on the

Visby if proved viable.

island began in the late 1980's. Through

An island rich in natural resources

the establishment of wind energy co-

The municipality's objectives relating to

operatives the widespread ownership of

Gotland's renewable energy island programme

The island of Gotland has more sun hours

wind energy plant has increased so that

Strategy for the Inner City of Visby, 1993

per year than any other county in Sweden. Its

today around 15% of the island's electricity

• Replace oil fired heating with district heating

long coastline and location in the middle of the

comes from windpower.

Vision Gotland 2010, 1995

Baltic sea means that Gotland has also

The municipality has taken a active role in

• Produce an up to date energy plan for Gotland

some of the best locations for establishing

the promotion of wind power and has

• Stimulate the use of alternative energy sources

wind power both on land and offshore.

developed a plan for wind energy exploita-

• Develop a strategy for siting windpower on land

The island is 40% covered in forests and

tion for the southern half of Gotland. The

31% of land area is used for grazing and

amount of electricity generated by wind

arable land. These natural resources mean

power is expected to at least double within

that the island has a large potential to

the next 5 years,

and offshore • Support local projects for low energy housing and consider energy issues in land use planning Agenda 21 plans, (Eco-programme 1996 & Kretsloppsplan 1998) • Reduce Gotlands vulnerability through an increasing energy self-sufficency • Support energy efficiency with energy advisory services • Produce short and long term plans with analyses for large-scale renewable energy use • Secure the possibilities for a continued expan-

Näsudden windfarm on the south of Gotland

sion of wind power.

Gotland Energy Projects

Gotlands Tillväxtavtal 1999 (Agreement for regional growth between the mu-

Achieved:

nicipality and the national government)

• Bio-fuelled district heating systems in Visby,Slite, Klintehamn and Hemse

• Increase the use of renewable energy

• 117 Wind turbines installed by 1999 producing

• Increase heat production from forestry residues,

62 GWh/yr

bio-gas and re-cycled energy • Develop techniques for electricity production from

• Energi 2005, an energy plan for Gotland approved RME is used in the municipality's vehicle fleet

biological material. • Increase use of ethanol and RME in transport

procured 90 new vehicles many of which

• Develop techniques for using biogas in transport

can run on RME. The rest can operate with

Objective 5b Gotland 1996 - 1999

upto 15% bio-ethanol mixed with petroleum.

by the municipal council October 1999. • Development plan for windpower on southern Gotland, approved by the municipal council December 1999. • Sweden's first 2.5MW offshore windfarm com-

• Increase energy efficiency

Investigations are currently under way into

• Stimulate alternative energy solutions

the establishment of a bio-ethanol produc-

• Gotland's Energy Agency established 1996

• Increase the use of Information Technology in the

tion factory at Roma where the existing

• Free energy advisory services introduced 1999

plant that previously produced sugar from

• Conversion of oil fired burners to wood chips in

energy sector

pleted at Bockstigen

• Work long term for the establishment of R&D

sugarbeet is now being closed down.

• Support projects for low energy housing and con-

Should this prove viable then the municipal-

• Small scale hydro-electric installation

ity will increase its use of Bio-ethanol in the

• Demonstration of RME in vehicles

transport sector. Exporting bio-ethanol will

• Energy use monitoring in buildings by Agenda 21

sider energy issues in planning of buildings. • Increase the knowledge about an electricity net-

Municipal properties.

group

work with a large amount of generation from

help to compensate some for the islands fossil fuel consumption that cannot be

• Biogas production at the waste tip in Visby

renewables.

replaced by renewable sources.

• HVDC light cable installed for 50MW windpower transmission from Näsudden to Visby

Recycled energy

Biogas has been considered for use in

Reducing energy consumption through

public transport and in agriculture. A bio-

energy efficiency measures is an essential

gas demonstration plant is currently under

element in developing a sustainable energy

construction at Lövsta agricultural college

system. Re-using excess heat from industrial

to assess the possibilities for biogas use

processes is one way that the overall energy

and production in connection with farming.

demand on the island can be reduced.

This project has been supported by an

One of Europe's largest cement factories is

investment grant from The Swedish

located on Gotland at Cementa in Slite.

Ministry for the Environment

In progress:

Cementa is responsible for over 1/3 of the

Local companies and organisations such as

• The expansion of the district heating network in

energy consumption on the island. Excess

Hassela Gotland have vehicle fleets running

heat is already being used to supply the

on RME. RME filing stations have been

district heating system in Slite. In 1999

established in Hemse, Klintehamn and Visby.

Cementa were awarded a grant from the

Planning and the development of infrastruc-

Swedish Ministry for the Environment for

ture that can reduce the need for vehicles

an installation for converting excess

is an important element in the municipality's

industrial heat into electricity.

strategy for reducing Co2 emissions.

On the waste tip in Visby landfill gas is extracted by GEAB and used to provide heat for the district heating system in Visby.

Regional Development Programme, 1998 • Work for energy efficiency and rational energy use • Support renewable energy sources

Alternative Vehicle Fuels The municipality has been investigating the possibilities to replace fossil fuels in the transport sector on Gotland. Biogas, ethanol, electricity and rapeseed oil (RME) are some of the areas currently under evaluation. The municipality recently

• Implement strategic energy planning. • Work to increase competence in the energy sector • Work to increase R&D in energy related issues (The university should have a central role) • Support and participate in international networks in the energy sector. • Work for competetive energy prices and for the "export" of wind energy.

• Construction of school building at Säveskolan in Visby demonstrating natural ventilation and solar energy use • The use of sea based heat pumps to supply the district heating network in Visby • Energy audit of 98 of Gotland's Churches • Suderhälsan in Hamra, a health centre and spa supplied from wind, solar and geothermal energy

Visby inner city. • New public library and university buildings in Visby with 100% renewable energy supply. • The construction of a biogas demonstration plant at Lövsta agricultural college • Testing of RME fuelled vehicles in the municipality's fleet • The conversion of excess heat into electricity at Cementa's factory in Slite • The conversion of the sugar factory in Roma into ethanol production. • The construction of cycle paths in and around Visby • The installation of a "solar-roof " at Gråbo school in Visby • Monitoring of energy usage in the municipality's buildings • Construction of a 42MW demonstration offshore windfarm at Klasorden

Energi 2005, Energy plan for Gotland 1999

able development. The university under the

• Reduce the use of fossil fuels

guidance of Dr. Tor Broström is currently

• Increase the use of renewable energy

establishing a centre of competence in wind

• Expand the district heating networks.

energy development. The university co-

• District heating shall be at least 90% bio-fuelled

operates with the municipality and local

• Increase windpower installations upto 120MW by 2005 • Reduce the amount of electricity used in heating buildings • Implement energy efficiency measures and the rational use of energy • The municipality shall be a role model in regard to rational energy use and the use of renewable

companies in energy related projects. Most recently the co-operation between the university and the municipalities property

Bockstigen Valar 2.5MW offshore windfarm outside Näsudden

department has focused on the design of

Energy Management

the universities new buildings on sustain-

In 1996 the municipality established

able architectural principles with 100% of

Gotlands Regional Energy Agency with

energy supply from renewable sources.

support under the EU´s SAVE programme. The agency's aim is to increase awareness

energy sources.

Research, development and demonstration

and stimulate the development of renew-

• Monitor progress and update the energy plan

Research, development and demonstration

efficient energy use. The agency works

• Produce a long term energy plan to achieve an

of energy technologies is another area

closely with the municipality, the university

where the university has been co-operating

and private companies in order to identify

• Use solar energy in buildings that have a large hot water requirement in the summer.

ecologically sustainable society by 2025

able energy sources and encourage

with local companies. One success has

opportunities for RES development and to

In order to reduce traffic and pollution in the

been in the development of offshore wind

work towards the realisation of a sustain-

historic inner city of Visby car bans are

power installations off the islands coast.

able energy system. The agency has been

inforced during the busy summer period.

This project developed by a local company

active in developing the regional energy

Vägverket (The Dept for Roads and

Vindkompaniet AB received investment

plan and assisting local companies in

Transport) has been expanding the cycle

support from the EU's THERMIE pro-

participating in national and European

route network on Gotland and improving

gramme.

energy R&D programmes.

cycle connections from the surrounding districts to the main town of Visby.

Declaration of intent:

Monitoring

The Municipality of Gotland (Gotlands Kommun)

By becoming one of the first 100 Renewable Com-

The municipality has established an

hereby declares it's willingness to contribute to the

munities in Europe we hope to be able to share our

Agenda 21 Co-ordination group which is

implementation of the Campaign for Take-Off in the

knowledge and experience in the field of renew-

responsible for producing an annual

programme "Gotland a renewable energy island in

able energy sources and serve as a benchmark for

environmental report for the municipality.

the Baltic Sea" by :

other communities who are also working towards

Statistics relating to energy use and

• Contributing to developing and implementing a

100% renewable energy supply.

emissions are collected and compared with the previous years performance. The municipality also has a current energy plan that is required by law in Sweden. This plan sets targets for overall energy consumption and includes an environmental impact assessment of energy use and production.

strategy and action plan aiming at an equivalent

We also expect to gain from the experiences of

100% RES supply. Ie. Energy will be produced

other organisations in the network in terms of in-

on Gotland from renewable sources to match the

creased technical know-how and understanding of

total amount of local energy consumption.

the socio-economic impacts of implementing a

• Taking action to decrease C02 emissions annu-

100% RES strategy.

ally and work towards Gotland becoming an eco-

We feel sure that participating in the 100 Com-

logically sustainable society by 2025.

munities programme will assist Gotland in is aim

The municipality of Gotland, when requested will

of becoming an ecologically sustainable society

The current energy plan which was approved

keep the European Commission informed on the

by 2025.

by the municipal council in October 1999 has

implementation of the above actions.

We hereby declare our willingness to contribute to

set a target of 40% of the island's total energy

The following organisations have declared their

the implementation of the EU's whitepaper on re-

needs to be supplied by RES and recycled

support for Gotland's Renewable Energy Island

newable energy sources by participating in the

energy sources by year 2005.

programme and its nomination to the 100 RES

Campaign for Take off.

Communities programme.

Co-operation

Gotland University College

The University College of Gotland has

Gotland's Regional Energy Agency

courses in engineering, energy technology,

The Swedish National Energy Administration

ecological building techniques and sustain-

The Swedish Ministry of Environment

Visby 2000-04-03

Mr Hans Klintbom Mayor of Gotland Mr Johan Träff Director of the Municipality

Towards 100% RES Supply in La Maddalena Island - Sardinia The Archipelago of La Maddalena is compounded of seven islands and various islets that constitute administratively the La Maddalena Municipality. La Maddalena isle is 19,6 square Kilometers area, 43 coast

La Maddalena archipelago project represents the typical case of many islands that have been declared protected areas because of their environmental values and that must face the challenge to combine energy self-sufficiency with the conservation of their natural and landscape values.

line and it is the only one with a populated ancient Garibaldi residence place is a little

precious area of La Maddalena, have been

and beautiful island linked to the La

for the local institutions a good suggestion

Maddalena by a bridge. The other small

to select to be supplied, even in the long

islands are uninhabited except for Santa

period, 100% for RES. The project for

Maria which is populated by tourists in the

energy innovative exploitation in La

Summer time. La Maddalena archipelago is

Maddalena is harmonized with a specific

a National Park (Law 10/94, and DPR 17/5/

scopes:

Antonio Giovanni Rassu Punto Energia Provincia di Sassari Strada Provinciale La Crucca 5 7100 Sassari. ITALY Tel.: +39 079 30 26 031 Fax.: +39 079 30 26 212 energyss@tin.it

contribution in term of money is available

96) with provisional land and sea Zones with different barriers. Currently the

Contact

town, 12.000 inhabitants. Caprera, the

1 To comply the measure as large as

from the former source. The technical

archipelago depends for energy from the

achievable with main constraints

solution to the problem can suggest typical

mainland Sardinia and the electricity is

imposed by Natural Park Authority

arrangement valid also for other applica-

"imported" by using sea cables ( up to a

existing on the archipelago;

tions having similar strong limitations like

total per year of 41.841 MWh).

2 To introduce and increase the use of

those emerging from La Maddalena.

The interest but also the necessity for local

renewable sources in view of performing

In this contest the local authorities of La

realities to participate, in the short period, to

the energetic autonomy to be reached in

Maddalena have already indicated, in the

the deep modifications of energy market,

a moderate period of time.

programs and in the development strategic

supported by the law innovations, and in

These two aspect are developed in parallel,

lines, a coherent way, also in the matters of

particular the interest in realizing sustain-

because do not allow the completion of the

energy and environment, with the European

able development, especially for the

whole program it both purposes with not be

and national indications, anticipating for

contemporary exhausted.

many aspects, the regional actual situation.

For a region like that of La

Among the actions carried out from La

Maddalena it is strictly

Maddalena Community Board for energy

necessary to conform the

and environmental and sustainable

RES plants with the charac-

development there is an important town

teristics of natural park. The

council decision which states in an official

point consisted on the

decision the fundamentals guide lines for

investigation of which kind of

the future. The plentiful renewable energy

energy was prevalent and

sources potential existing in the archipelago

which mutual extent among

(1880 KWh/m2/year from the solar energy

different sources of renewable

and the aeolian wind data verified from

energies were applicable to a

Marina Militare Italiana, confirmed from

community living near a

ENEA and Bologna University) lead the

natural park, but not of it. If we

authorities to take in examination the

compare the revenues coming

opportunity of exploitation for energetic

from the tourism and from the

scopes. The local administration examined

natural park, the largest

the compatibility of RES exploitation with

environmental restrictions. They are so

Maddalena archipelago (stand alone

many important because the surrounding

systems). The main task is the technologi-

areas have to be protected from possible

cal modernizement of services and the

renewables oriented to improve the

pollution and preserved, improving if

supply and use of energy. For this scope

technological and physical parameter,

possible, the quality standards for inhabit-

the energetic question has been tightly

with the aim to make the applications

ants and visitors.

linked with the :

more competitive in the market.

La Maddalena took part at a European

a) constitution of a Consortium for the

tial utilization of electric traction means; c) the realization of a research program on

project, in the framework of Altener

Technological Services Management of

In the actual phase the political decisions

Program (1998-2000) with the island of

the whole archipelago, concerning in

have to be better defined also because it is

Samsoe (Dk), El Hierro (Sp), Aran (Ir), with

particular the production and the

necessary to plan the actions and the

the objective of pursuing the energy

distribution of the energy (electric en.

utilization of financing, oriented to

autonomy from RES.

Prevalently), the aqueduct and the water

renewables implementation existing in

At the end of the feasibility phase the local

treatment management, the wastes

structural founds, but also in national and

board accepted two engagements in two

collection and treatment, the quality of

regional programs. The initiative constitute

environment monitoring services;

an important occasion not only for La

official acts: to reach in a medium long period 100% RES supply; to ask the italian government to select the island for this scope. The work carried out in that phase includes the following objectives: to set up 1 MWp from solar PV and 3-4 MWp from wind energy to locate in selected places and considering the main productive services of La Maddalena isle (e.g. water cycle, drinkable water, water treatment) together with the new planned structures of the island (e.g. New tourist port, street illumination) and finally the planned restoration buildings, monument (e.g. fortress, many structures) and, of course, the energy supply for the small isles of La

b) the transport improvement, oriented to the pollution reduction and the preferen-

Maddalena archipelago but also for the whole Sardinia island.

The Pellworm experience

The present primary energy consumption of the island is 7,940 MWh in electricity and 21,897 MWh in fuels. On the other side of the balance, the island generates 15,000 MWh a year from wind power.

Renewable Energy Plan In 1997, a renewable energy plan for Pellworm was drawn up. The title of the plan is â&#x20AC;&#x153;Energy Supply on the Basis of

The island of Pellworm, with an area of 32 km2 and a population of 900 inhabitants, is an excellent case of an energy 100% RES project. The island economy is based on farming and tourism, with an overwhelming predominance of the services sector. Because of the acute seasonality of the tourist industry, its energy needs are one of the major conditioning factors of the energy self-sufficiency project. Another essential aspect that defines the case of Pellworm is the fact that the island is currently connected to the mainland electricity grid in Germany via submarine cables. The idea is to break this connection in the immediate future and create a self-sufficient, 100% RES system.

Renewable Energy Sources Using the Example of the North Sea Island Pellworm -

for the island is 91,500 MWh, which leaves

A Local Development Planâ&#x20AC;?. The goal of the

a wide enough margin for the projects of

development plan was to present model

the future.

concepts for energy supply based on

With regard to becoming self-sufficient in

renewable energies and to access a broad

energy, and for the purposes of calculating

spectrum of applications. Special emphasis

storage margins, studies carried out indicate

was given to wind power and biomass and

that the longest periods of recorded calm

to ways of storing energy.

(with no wind) do not exceed 74 hours.

Pellworm's strategy for the future is based on fully exploiting its main sources of

Wind power for Pellworm

Biomass resources

renewables: wind, sun and biomass.

Wind power has, by far and away the

Basic biomass resources are focussed on

greatest potential of the island's renewable

harnessing energy from straw and manure

energies. In the late

to offer a perfect energy complement to

70's, experiments were

cover the eventuality of variable winds. The

started on Pellworm

inventory of available biomass even

with wind generators.

includes harnessing grass cuttings from

There are presently 16

the edges of the roads. The renewable

wind generators on the

energy plan calculates biomass potential at

island, which represent

7,000 MWh/year, which could be used for

an installed power of

producing moderate heat and for supplying

5.9 MW. These give an

electricity. The proposal is based on a

annual output of 15,100

power station with a capacity to produce

MWh. The estimated

around 1 MW of heat and 200 kW of

potential of wind power

electricity.

Photovoltaic Energy

requirements could be met by solar thermal

The island also has a long tradition of

energy. This evidently means an increase in

harnessing photovoltaic solar energy: there

the number of solar installations. There are

are currently nearly 8,000 m2 of photo-

28 at the moment, with a total area of 318

voltaic panels installed. In 1983, the first

m2. By producing hot water this way, there

plant was installed (300 kW). This photo-

would be an approximate energy saving of

voltaic field stopped operating in 1989 and

127 MWh/year. The Plan intends to install

is presently undergoing re-organisation. In

solar thermal energy in 270 of the 674

1992, the new photovoltaic plant was

buildings on the island, which would provide

installed. This has exactly the same power

390 MWh/year in heat.

and records an annual production of 225 MWh.

Biogas

Understanding the photovoltaic plant as a

Available liquid manure (slurries), based on

combined system with a wind farm, we

the possibility of concentrating the effluents

have one of the largest hybrid systems installed in Europe.

of 70% of the livestock holdings, is around

Solar thermal

11,000 m3/year. Cost analysis suggests

Advances in the studies done for Pellworm

that the generation of biogas would only be

suggest that almost half of the hot water

feasible with a centralised system using methane digestors. Within the context of the concept of 100%RES for Pellworm, two biogas production scenarios have been analysed (46 kWel and 200 kWel). The smaller version gives better continuous performance, whereas the larger version would provide greater stored power, with

Heat pumps and the increase in energy efficiency One of the aims of the plan is to bring heat pumps into general use in at least 500 of the 674 residential buildings of Pellworm, which consume 13,000 MWh/year in heat. By generalising the use of heat pumps, electricity requirements could be cut drastically, bringing it down to around 4,300 MWh/year; an essential step in the design of a model of energy self-sufficiency.

sufficient capacity to cover windless days.

Renewable Energy Park For the Island of Corfu Objectives The objectives of the "Renewable Energy Park' programme are: 1. Introduce the contribution of renewable energies in the power consumption of the local population and industry. The Municipality is committed towards demonstrating the availability of renewable energy technologies, in order to stimulate further private initiatives and projects in the island of Corfu. 2. Exploit the energy potential of biomass, wind and solar energy. 3. Provide with 100% renewable energy the communities of Acharavi, Perithia, Palea Peritheia, Laffi and Klimatia, by the year 2004-5.

Corfu is an island located at the north-west borders of Greece, between Greece, Albania and Italy The Municipality of Thinalli was formed in 1990 by the merging of the 12 pre-existing communities of the region. It covers an area of 8,000 hectares, with a permanent population of 5,500 people, which is tripled in the summer months (March-October), due to tourism. In 1995 the Municipality of Thinalli started an initiative aiming the establishment of environmental protection projects and policies. In spring 1999 the Technical Services of the Municipality started a programme for the next 5 years. The programme is concentrated on actions that have to be taken by the Municipality and private bodies, in order to increase the Renewable Energy penetration to the local consumption of energy. The reason for this action was the fact that the electricity produced in Greece is generated by the coal-fired stations of PPC and heating is supplied by petrol-fired boilers as the natural gas introduced lately to the Greek market will not be supplied to island regions such as Corfu.

4. Use of facilities for research purposes (applicable only in the case of biomass reactor for bio-oil production).

7. Stimulate the market of liquid bio-fuels in the island of Corfu. Contact

5. Introduce renewable energy technology to the local professional human re-

Actions

sources (training of engineers and

Recording of loads

technicians).

The first action to be taken is the recording

6. Increase awareness of local population

of all municipal, citizens and industrial loads

Mr ar ginos Mr.. Nikos PPar arginos Technical Services Department Municipality of Thinalion 49100 Acharavi , Corfu - Kerkyra GREECE Tel: +30 663 64420 / 63668 Fax: +30 663 63669 e-mail: rathiothi@otenet.gr

and tourists upon renewable energy

in the area. This will help in calculating the

sources and their benefits through

yearly energy consumption of the area, and

Energy efficiency

information (advertising) campaign.

therefore the requirements for installed RE

The engineers of the Technical Services

power will be

Department of the Municipality have already

quantified and

started considering the implementation of

determined. This

various solutions, in order to reduce the

will help the

energy consumption and achieve rational

Municipality to set

use of energy in installations and buildings

yearly targets for

owned by the Municipality (Municipality

installation of RE

building, schools, athletic centre, water

systems, for the

pumping stations etc). Such actions include

next 5 years, in

the replacement of all the incandescent

order to achieve the

lamps with electronic, high-efficiency ones,

100% RE supply.

the implementation of double glazing, the

This process has

installation of capacitors at the large

already started, and

pumping stations, etc. These measures

will be ended by

have already Started being applied and will

December 2000.

be ended by late 21M, they are aiming in

reducing the energy consumption of the municipality by 40%, in yearly basis.

Biomass The main objective of the project is to build a biomass plant, for municipal and agricultural waste combustion, using advanced combustion technique for the production of bio-oil. The Municipalities covering the north part of the Wand have merged together, in order to implement an action plan, targeting the construction of the plant. using municipal and agricultural waste as combustion RW. The local authorities participating on the action are the Municipalities of Esperion, Thinalli Kassiopi, Agios, Georgios, Feakes and Palaiokastritsa, all

in order to cover the energy needs of the

Management

located in the north of Corfu. The action is

communities belonging to the municipality.

The installation will be directed by the

included in the target for "5 M tonnes of

It is estimated that a plant generating an

Technical Services Department of the

liquid bio-fuels" in the campaign for take-off.

approximated of 5 M kWh/annum will be

Municipality of Thinalli. The engineers of

The plan is to start construction of the plant

required. Installation is expected to

this department will also contribute to the

by 2001.

commence by early 2003 and will be

workload to be undertaken by the Develop-

directed by the Development

ment Company of Thinalli. The decision

Company of Thinalli.

making for all the actions will be undertaken by the Mayor of the Municipality of Thinalli,

PV Systems

excluding the biomass plant, where all 6

A demonstration installation of

Mayors will contribute; it is expected that

a PV system to supply

after finishing the preliminary design study

electricity for the Municipality

of the plant, a company will be formed to

building will be achieved,

undertake the project Special attention

within the year 2000. This is to

should be given to the participation of the

promote and introduce the

Development Company of the Municipality

use, effectiveness and

of Thinalli (AN.THI). which will undertake a

reliability of PV technology, in

large stake of the projects, in order to

Anaerobic digester

order to be adopted by citizens and

achieve a flexible platform, where a mixture

The Municipality of Thinalli has recently

industries as well.

of private and public investments could be exploited, for developing the renewable

started a project consisting of the installation of a wastewater network and a

Solar Thermal collectors

biological wastewater treatment plant,

A number of solar

together with a anaerobic digester unit for

collectors will replace

methane production. The project started in

the existing electric

1999 and it will be concluded by late

boilers of the sports

2002.The Municipality achieved public

centre of the municipal-

financing for this project of 6,060,606 Euro.

ity, in order to provide the centre with hot

Wind power

water. The installation

After measurements of the region's wind

will take place in

power have been completed (by early

Autumn 2000 and will

2002), a decision will be made upon the

be directed by the

potential of the wind turbines to be installed,

Municipality of Thinalli.

energy projects in the region.

Renewable Energy Islands The Danish Energy Way Samsø-100% RE island In the Danish Action Plan, Energy 21 from 1996 it was decided that the government should work on the designation of a local area which should change its supply of energy to local RE sources. As a result of this commitment the Danish island Samsø was chosen in 1997 among five competing islands, to be powered and fuelled by renewable energy only - including the transport sector-within the next decade. On Samsø they are busy planning and carrying through the ideas, in order to provide the island with renewable energy sources and to live up to the expectations involved in the appointment. Being chosen as a renewable Energy Island does not mean that the energy agency/ Government decides and pays

In 1999 Denmark covered approximately 10% of its energy consumption (840 PJ), with renewable energy (80 PJ). These 80 PJ were originated as follows: 317 TJ solar energy, 10.9 PJ wind energy, 20 PJ bioenergy wood, 13.7 bioenergy straw, 2.6 PJ biogas, 29 PJ waste, 3.6 PJ heat pumps. Denmark has one officially nominated Renewable energy island, Samsø, a county in Jutland that is covering more than 100% of its electricity consumption with wind, and several other renewable energy societies and RE-technologies are flourishing in the backgarden. Of course, the RE island Samsø will be of interest in this matter and so will our other self-grown RE societies such as Ærø. We find information and dissemination of results of great importance, and we have already had a European RE island conference on Samsø in 1998, with representatives from 14 countries and presentations from 10 islands all over Europe. A global conference with focus on RE in island states took place on Ærø in September of last year. Both conferences were supported by the Danish Energy Agency and the EU Commission. The island of Læsø is also working with RE-plans for the future energy solution.

everything. Without the contribution of the population, there will be no RE island. Iben Øster gaar Østergaar gaardd Energy Centre Denmark, Danish Technological Institute, P.O. Box 141, DK 2630 Taastrup. DENMARK Iben.ostergaard@teknologisk.dk Phone + 45 7220 2446

The Samsø plan

projects. For instance, local workshops

Samsø is an island of 114 km² with a

have been set up in the district heating

population of approx. 4,400 people. There

areas. Working groups use their influence

are ferry routes to Sealand and Jutland,

on the projects concerning ownership.

and the island is visited by a large number

Also in relation to wind turbines, citizens

of tourists. Total energy consumption is

meeting are being held concerning

about 900 TJ/year, corresponding to about

to renewable energy is therefore a big task,

ownership, visual impact on offshore wind

4.8 tonnes oil equivalent per person per

and success depends on the use of many

farms, etc.

year. Converting the energy supply system

different technologies.

Contact

There has been local involvement in all the

Roughly 340 TJ of energy consumption is used to heat buildings. Intensive cuts involving additional insulation and renovation of buildings, as well as the introduction of energy control in companies and public buildings, will make it possible to reduce the heating requirement by 20 %. Before the plan, 13% of the heating requirements were covered by a collective strawfired heating plant in the main town, Tranebjerg. Establishing 4 new plants would make it possible for collective plants to cover 65% of the islands heating requirements.

The plan consists of five cornerstones:

A public campaign for the promotion of RE

chips and other available biomasses as well

1) Energy saving and increased efficiency:

energy installation together with ongoing

as a solar heating system with 2500 m2

(20% cut in the 340TJ for heating in

local efforts has resulted in a strong rate of

solar heaters. NRGi will continue the

buildings)

growth. About 100 thermal solar units have

implementation of the district heating

been installed on private houses and there

scheme in Ballen and Brundby.

systems with 4 locally based systems

are solar installations in the ports, on a

Samsø Energy Company and the Samsø

fuelled with RE (wood chips, central

youth hostel, campsite, and a holyday

Association for Energy and the Environment

solar, biogas)

camp. More than 20 households have

contacted local citizen groups in Onsbjerg

2) Expansion of collective heating supply

volunteered to be hosts for a new concept

and Kolby/Kolby Kås to raise the issue of

using heat pumps, solar heating,

of combined room and domestic hot water

local district heating schemes in each

biomass, etc.

heating from a solar heating plant. 75

respective area. Onsbjerg has decided to

biomass boilers/ovens for wood logs,

establish a straw-based district heating

wind power plants to cover the electricity

pellets, wood chips or grain, about 20 heat

plant. NRGi and a local entrepreneur have

consumption and to compensate for use

pumps, mostly soil heat pumps, have been

been invited to make bids on the construc-

of fossil fuels in the transport sector.

installed. More plants are to be installed in

tion and operation of the plant. In Kolby and

"the open land" in the year to come.

Kolby Kås the current question is whether or

3) Expansion of individual heating systems

4) Establishment of land based and offshore

5) Savings in the transport sector and

not excess heat from the Sealand ferry can

gradual conversion of the transport sector from petrol and oil to electrical power. (5%

Energy conservation

reduction of traffic, 15 % reduction of

A national programme reimburses pension-

energy consumption by using electric

ers up to 50% of their energy conservation

Disposal site methane gas

vehicles. Still this leaves 250 TJ fossil

investments (up to a maximum reimburse-

Samsø Energy Company and a local farmer

fuels. (1/3 for the ferries). 75 % should be

ment of 25,000 Danish crowns). After a

have investigated the possible exploitation

produced by wind turbines the rest by

direct mail campaign 92 island pensioners

of methane gas from the recently closed

biomass and solar cells.

have participated in this programme,

landfill site. With financial support from The

be used for district heating purposes.

resulting in insulation work and the

Danish Energy Agency, the installation was

It will take app. 600 mio. DKK to carry out

installation of new windows, etc. for almost

established in autumn 2000. The farmer

the plan over a 10 year period, and it will

3 million crowns in 1999 and 2000.

invited other islanders to join him in this economic venture, and a co-operative was

create 45 fulltime job in this period and 30 permanent new jobs in the island energy

District heating plants

born - Samsø Deponigas I/S. The methane

sector.

Citizen groups from two of the district

gas runs a 15kW motor/generator. The

heating areas have decided that the

excess heat is not (as yet) utilised. The

Status of the activities and furhter

electricity ulility ARKE (now NRGi) is going

electricity is sold to the grid (NRGi). The

activities

to establish the two plants. Market analysis

installation is still being adjusted, but has

Individual solutions outside district heating

on the local interest for joining a district

operated satisfactorily to date in 2001.

systems

heating scheme has taken place, because

Island officials have taken note of the

Maarup port: Solar heating plant at the harbour of Maarup, Samsø.

an important factor will

positive results in this process and started

be the amount of

another feasibility study, a larger installation

interest from

at the present disposal site. The gas

houseowners when

chimneys and piping can be established as

they are asked to sign

the site is filled. The utilisation of the

up. The Municipality of

methane gas will depend on its volume and

Samsø guarantees the

quality, but the second phase will heat site

necessary loans.

buildings and/or generate electricity.

In 2000 the final

contracts with the

Energy Crops

interested homeowners

20-30 hektars of Elephant grass will be

could be signed in

planted in 2001. 12 farmers have agreed to

Nordby/Mårup area.

grow these new crops on their marginal

The heating plant here

acreage. The Elephant grass will be used as

will be based on wood

biomass fuel in the district heating plants.

Wind turbines. The enormous local interest of establishing wind turbines on Samsø has been significant for the rest of Denmark: 40 private people have applied for permit to establish solo - wind turbine on their own land, but only 15 wind turbines was allowed by the planning authorities. One could expect this matter to end up in a dogfight. But after a public hearing and a successful citizens meeting and negotiations, the final result is 11 wind turbines of each 1 MW innstalled in 2000. The

WT SAmsø: 3 of the 1 MW wind turbines erected at Tanderup, Samsoe in 2000.

turbines are a mixture of single owned and cooperative owned. This ownership model

The offshore wind turbines will produce the

has been the driving force in the diffusion

same amount of energy as consumed in the

Ærø - tradition with RE

of wind turbines in Denmark. Two of the

transportsector, and thus compensate for this

Ærø is an island of 90 km² with a popula-

windmills are owned co-operatively by

consumption. This energy can later on supply

tion of approx. 7,600 people.

Samsø Vindenergi, while local farmers

electric cars and hydrogen fuel cell cars.

Ærø has traditionally been a RE island in

privately own nine. A planned Energy

Denmark, as it has worked with RE since

Foundation will receive annual donations

Future plans:

the early 80s, and covers 56% of its energy

from the windmill owners. These funds will

In 2003 a local heating network in Ørby is

with RE in 2001. Ærø, of course, joined the

be made available for public energy

planned to be supplied from an existing

competition but did not receive the honour,

projects on the island.

strawboiler at the estate of Brattingsborg.

and one could have expected that they

The plan was to cover approx. 75% of

In the year 2004 biogas and biomass plants

would disregard it; but on the contrary: it

electricity with RE, however, with the new

shall be established producing hot water for

seems as if the Government support for

turbines Samsø covers roughly 100 % of

district heating and electricity. The district

Renewable Energy Islands gave them a

its electricity consumption with RE.

heating areas are Besser, Langemark,

new start, so they continued their work with

Torup and Østerby.

even more effort. Ærø is approx. 4 times

Offshore

In 2005 a hydrogen plant will be established

as densely populated as Samsø - with

The first planning phase for a 22.5 MW off

to separate water into hydrogen and

small farms and not much surplus

shore wind farm south or west of Samsø

oxygen. The plant will be powered by

biomass. On the other hand there is a lot of

began in the autumn of 1998. The result of a

electricity from the offshore wind turbines.

wind and solar energy.

hearing is a suitable area south of the island,

The hydrogen will then supply the transport

The project Ærø - a renewable energy

Paludans Flak. The second phase started in

sector. There shall also be a filling station,

island - runs from 1998 to 2008. The plan

April 2000 including detailed planning of the

and the plan is to convert petrol cars to be

is to cover the islands energy consumption

actual site, the exact wind turbine siting,

driven by hydrogen.

80 - 100% with renewable energy.

environment impact studies, etc. The work is

Neighbourhood district heating uses

funded from the Danish Energy Agency. The

smaller plants for villages, usually supplied

The plan is:

study will place 10 windturbines oriented in a

from neighbour farms with existing boilers

1) Wind to cover 100% of the electricity

straight line from north to south, with the first

and a surplus of biomas production. Such

consumption (5- 6 x 2 MW wind turbines

windmill about 3½ km. south of Samsø. The

plants are planned for Tanderup, Hårdmark

= 40 mio kWh, owned by private

choice is between 2-, 2½- and 3 MW

and Pillemark.

individuals and shareholders)

turbines. The hearing of all implicated parties

Farmers will begin to deliver wood-chips

will take place in the spring of 2001. If the

from their own energy willow areas.

Agency then approves the project, the final

The objective for 2007 - after 10 years with

specifications and organisational prepara-

the plan: 100% renewable electricity. 60-

tions can begin in the summer of 2001 and

80% of heatings produced with renewables

the windturbines can be erected in the fall of

and 15-20% of transportation supplied

2002.

directly by renewables.

2) Three district heating plants with some RE (Solar, straw, wood chips) 3) Neighbourhood heating (Solar - wood pellets) 4) Increasing amount of biomass (new hedges, fences energy crops) 5) Energy savings. (Visits to private

households, energy audits) Status on Ærø: In 2000 Ærøskøbing District heating was able to supply its 550 customers with 100 % RE. The last phase of the 4,900 m2 solar collectors array was opened in May 2000, and a 950 kW wood pellet boiler was installed. Together with the existing straw boiler there is no need generally for for the use of oil.

be worked out. However, the county has

inspiration from a national competition,

Marstal District heat was promised a grant

given Ærø priority as one of the places

encouraging people to commit themselves

of Euro 810,400 in order to double the area

where large wind turbines may be erected

to become 100% renewable - (by joint

of solar collectors to 19,000 m and to build

so even if it has taken a long time with the

forces in order to reach the goal) with all

another underground storage tank - this

planning, the wind turbines will probably be

the local contribution and cooperation that

time a pitstore of 10,000 m . The consum-

erected.

takes.

ers have approved the project, and with the

Summing up: How close are Ærø to cover

And Ærø, where governmental policy

extension the RE share of Marstal District

80 - 100% of its energy consumption with

supports already ongoing initiatives - and

heating Plant will reach 30%.

RE? The share of RE installations in the

the support to Ærø has not been decreased

In Rise Mark 3,600 m solar collectors and

open country covers approx. 21% of the

even though Samsø is the official RE island

a wood pellet boiler in conjunction with a

islands total energy consumption of

- neither has the local engagement.

4,000 m storage tank will supply 100%

115,000 MWh. This coverage will reach

A third island, Læsø, might become more

renewable energy to St. Rise and Dunkær,

24% when the Rise District Heating Plant

engaged with renewable energy if self

two villages. Rise District heating plant has

is up and running. With the extension of the

sufficiency with RE turns out to be a better

now 197 members of which the school and

solar field in Marstal RE will cover 27%.

solution than a new electricity cable to the

the old peoples home will be the main

The new wind turbines, which will cover

main land.

consumers. The procedure with the Danish

100 % of the electricity production will

Energy Agency took approximately one year

mean that 56 % of the energy consumption

Information - dissemination

on Ærø comes from renewable energy. At

Samsø was chosen as host for the first

Wind turbines

the moment effect are made to improve

European Seminar on Renewable Energy

EEI report is expected in April 2001. The

energy efficency in buildings, and thereby it

islands because the island in 1997 was

plan is that 5 - 6 large wind turbines shall

is expected to add yet another couple of %.

selected as the Renewable Energy Island in

cover 100% of the amount of the electricity

This is the most conservative guess, as

Denmark: The project will be a showroom

needed. After the EEI report the county of

there are probably more individual RE

to the many challenges which are facing

Funen has to consider the project, and an

plants than the ones registered.

the authorities, planners, and not at least

the inhabitants of such comunities. Being

additional clause to the regional plan has to Aero-wvc: Solar panels of the 9,000 m² solar heating plant in Marstal, Ærø.

100

Starting new initiatives and supporting ongoing activities

on the doorstep to this project - with

These two islands can be

Energy Agency and the EU ALTENER

seen as examples of the

programme and it was an excellent playfield

different types of contribu-

for the 80 participants from 14 countries to

tion from the Danish

get more information about renewable

Energy Ministry in order to

energy islands and to exchange experience.

support and create RE

Several contacts was established and the

islands:

seed was put in the earth for establishment

The Samsø case, where a

of networks and further development of

more or less virgin island

existing contacts and networks between the

as to renewables gets the

islands.

several possible ways to go - Samsø was the perfect host for this seminar. The seminar was supported by the Danish

Renewable energy islands in Europe

Much attention to Ærø

their experience with windmills, wood

The European Union ALTENER project

Much attention has been paid to the

furnaces etc. The young ones contributed

"Towards 100% Renewable Energy on Small

initiatives on Ærø from people outside the

with their enthusiasm and newly acquired

Islands" terminated in June 2000. Samsø, El

island - also in the last year. Ærø partici-

knowledge from the educational institutes.

Hierro (Spain), La Maddalena (Italy) and

pates in EU´s Campaign for Take Off and

But another very important thing, without

Aran Islands (Ireland) collaborated on a

has in this way been chosen as one of the

which we would not have been where we

series of projects on their respective islands.

100 regions in Europe transferring to RE

are today, is the government and official

Samsø Energy Company was the official co-

before 2010, the socalled Flagship Commu-

bodies caught the public opinion very soon,

ordinator. Samsø participated in this 1½ year

nities. In September 2000 Ærø was chosen

and the policy of supporting the RE

programme with campaign initiatives about

as the Solar Town of the Year, in this case

development in different ways has survived

the new district heating areas, the promotion

Solar Island 2000 by the Danish Energy

changing governments throughout all the

of single home renewable energy systems,

Agency. A considerable amount of people

years. And without this governmental

and for co-operative windmills, both land-

on Ærø have been most appreciative of this

support carried out as direct subsidies,

and sea-based. Some time was also

recognition. The latest prize which once

research and development programmes,

invested in the exchange of experiences and

again put Ærø on the map of the energy

information and dissemination services,

reciprocal visits to energy project sites on

world was when Ærø won 1st prize in

without this, we would not have come so

the islands.

February 2001 at the Energy Globe Award

far. This dynamic Danish government

in Austria.

policy has been successful because it

A European Award

At Marstal District Heating Plant they have

supported the diversity of activity. Just as

At an ALTENER conference in Toulouse in

throughout the years put much energy into

well as we can say that the wind turbine

October, Samsø received an Award as "the

information, among others they were

industry would probably not have become

best renewable energy island in Europe in

represented on EXPO 2000. The plants has

anything if the first early entrepreneurs had

the year 2000". This energy award is a new

had visitors from all over the world. One of

not bought the windmills even though the

institution in the European Union's efforts to

them was His Royal Highness Prince

blades flew away and the investment was

promote renewable energy in Europe. The

Henrik, and others were a delegation from

more than doubtful. Just as well we can say

award will be acclaimed biannually.

the Conference EuroSun 2000.

that the wind industry in the entire world

Samsø Energy Company has participated

As a follow ut to the European seminar, a

would probably not have become what it is

in exhibits and trade exhibitions on the

Global Conference on Renewable Energy

today, if the Danish Government had not

island, in Copenhagen and in Toulouse.

Islands was held on Ærø, Denmark, in

subsidised the investment in wind turbines

Some of the posters can be seen at the site

september 1999. The aim of this global

from 1979 to 1989.

www.veo.dk

conference was to bring together relevant

Danish energy politics has generally been

Samsø is an exhibition window which gives

actors from all over the world to exchange

based on a large amount of contribution

special responsibilities in receiving guests,

experience, to increase awareness on RE

from the population, as well savings as

participating in conferences, etc. For

islands and to establish a platform for future

investment in RE, so for instance there has

instance "Samsø - a Renewable Energy

cooperation and networking. The confer-

been investment subsidies for wind

Island" participated in the World Exhibition in

ence was very succesfull, and it was

turbines, solar energy, heatpumps and

Hannover, 2000. About 2.7 million guests

supported by the Danish Energy Agency,

biomass. And private people own more than

visited the Danish pavilions. There is a great

DANIDA and EU commission energy

80% of all wind turbines.

deal of focus on the project both nationally

programmes Synergy and

and internationally, and this interest is

ALTENER.

sni-stort.sol: Participants from the Global RE ISland conference visit Ærøskøbing Energy Plant, Ærø.

expected to increase as the specific projects are realised on the island. In the spring of

How did Denmark

2000, Samsø Ecomuseum opened a

reach this stage

Welcome Center where tourists can explore

When the oil crisis came to us

the cultural history of the island. These

in the 70s it was a natural

island guests are also introduced to the

continuation of old traditions

energy island project at the center. Thus

with renewable energy when an

Samsø is being visited by many people

enormous activity started in all

every year who wants to see the RE

corners of the country with the

installations and hear about the plans.

old people delivering gently of

101

The Danish RE development is characterized

Commission), bringing Danish and EU

manufacturers etc. and vice versa. This

by numerous technical universities and other

policies together. Participation in this

combined with the right people on the right

institutions which have given room for the

international network has led to invaluable

time and place has after all made a

development of RE for 25 years - which have

experience and dissemination.

difference.

allowed the forward-looking and enthusiastic

Another example of governmental

engineers to work with this interesting niche

subsidiation of RE is RISØ National

even though it was not the most profitable

Laboratory. As for the other test stations

niche. Danish Technological institute has

and laboratories: Their importance for the

been among the technological leaders within

development of wind turbines in Denmark

Søren Hermansen, Samsø Energy and environ-

the areas of biomass, heatpumps and not the

and thereby for the whole world is recog-

mental office

least solar energy. During the last 15 years

nised all over the world. - And without

Ide Seidelin, Renewable Energy Organisation, Ærø.

the finest goals for the test laboratories here

governmental subsidy in different forms it

Reports: Annual report 2000, Samsø Energy Com-

have been to ensure the performance and

would not have had the same strength.

pany.

quality of the RE plants as well as in the

The Danish results are based on a dynamic

Final report, Ærø, a renewable energy island,

production as in the installation phase. At

energy policy where governmental bodies

part 2.

Solar Energy Centre Denmark the relevant

inspire, provoke, listen to, and support a

WEB-sites:

solar energy partners are joining forces, and

broad diversity of RE-activity all over the

www.veo.dk

the Energy Centre Denmark carries out

society, ranging from grassroots, research

www.solarmarstal.dk

OPET activities (also supported by the

and technical institutes, consultants,

www.aeroe-varme.dk

102

Sources, Interwievs:

Large-scale deployment of RES on islands

Unique World-wide Overview of Renewable Energy on Small Islands Introduction The last few years has shown an increased focus on renewable energy on islands. A few examples: in 1997, Samsoe was announced the official Danish Renewable Energy Island (REI); in 1999, two global

A world-wide overview of renewable energy utilisation on small islands was published in August 2000 by the Danish non-governmental organisation Forum for Energy and Development (FED). The study shows that islands are evident targets for renewable energy. Below Mr. Thomas Lynge Jensen, Global Secretariat for Renewable Energy Islands located at FED, presents major findings from this study

conferences on Renewable Energy Islands Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Blegdamsvej 4B, 1st Floor 2200 Copenhagen N DENMARK Tel: +45 35 257700 - Fax: +45 35 247717 E-mail: inforse@inforse.org

High Visibility:

Tenerife (Spain) and Aeroe (Denmark); in

Islands are land areas surrounded by water.

1999, the Global Secretariat on Renewable

This means they are well-defined entities not

Energy Islands was established at FED and

only in terms of geography, but also in terms

in 2000, four Small Island Developing

of energy production, population, economy

States (SIDS) - St. Lucia, Dominica,

and so forth. They can be seen as closed

Vanuatu and Tuvalu - announced their

systems where input, output and outcomes

intentions of becoming renewable energy

can be easily controlled and observed. Thus,

More Positive Attitudes:

nations.

islands can become highly visible laborato-

Many islands take a sympathetic attitude

However, among almost islands around the

ries for renewable energy technology,

to the utilisation of renewable energy also

world the potential for renewable energy is

organisation, and financing. REI's provides a

at the political level. One reason being the

by far yet tapped. For the majority of islands

useful way to make future energy-systems

threat from global warming. Even though

expensive and environmentally damaging

visible and concrete.

islands contribute only negligible to global

Contact

took place respectively in the islands of

emission of greenhouse gasses, many

fossil fuels are still the only or major energy sources utilised. One of the major reasons

Large Scale Demonstration Possible:

islands around the world are among the

for the under-exploitation of renewable

A dramatic large-scale shift to renewable

immediate victims of climate change and

energy is lack of knowledge and awareness

energy on continents/mainlands is unrealistic

instability caused by fossil fuel consump-

on islands among key energy decision-

in the short and medium term. Both with

tion in industrialised countries. Islands

makers on governmental and utility level and

regard to technology, financing and organi-

thus have a strong interest in changing

the public in general. Consequently one of

sation. If decision-makers world-wide are to

energy patterns for instance by demon-

the objectives of the study Renewable

be inspired to aim at a broader use of

strating new sustainable ways of satisfying

Energy on Small Islands, is to document that

renewable energy as part of sustainable

energy needs. Another reason for the

renewable energy on islands is a feasible

development, it is necessary to demonstrate

more positive attitude found on islands is

option in regard to technology, economy,

renewable energy in a large-scale, integrated

the near total absence of fossil fuel

environment and organisation.

and organised form, and situated in a well-defined

Why Small Islands are Very Important in a Renewable Energy Perspective

area - i.e. a REI. Islands can

One of the main findings is, first of all, that

renewable energy in its

islands are evident targets for renewable

energy balance than a much

energy secondly, they can be marvellous

bigger mainland. The very

front-runners and show-cases on a

smallness of the islands, so

national, regional and global level for

often viewed, as a disadvan-

renewable energy technologies. Why is this

tage, is in this context

the case?

actually an advantage.

cheaper, faster, and easier reach a higher share of

105

La Desirade (France), Fiji, Samsoe, Pellworm and Reunion (France) are currently producing more than 50% of their electricity from renewable energy sources. Please be referred to table 1 for detailed information about these and other islands with a very high utilisation of renewable energy for electricity production. 21% of the islands in the overview that utilise renewables for electricity generation produce between 25-50% of their electricity from renewable energy sources. Nearly 70% of the islands in the overview that utilise resources. In many mainland countries,

communities, not only in developed

renewables for electricity generation

developing as well as industrialised, one

countries, but also in developing countries.

produce between 0.7-25% of their

major barrier for promotion of renewable

There are about 2.5 billion people living

electricity from renewable energy

energy resources is the presence of an

outside a national grid in developing

sources. A few islands are using solar

economic and political elite that has very

countries. These people also need

water heaters on a very large scale

strong interests in the utilisation of fossil

electricity services and experiences from

(Barbados and Cyprus).

fuels either for export or domestic pur-

REI's are highly relevant in this context.

poses. Most islands' main resources are

Furthermore, through concentrated efforts

the oceans, the population and geography

some small island states can serve as

renewable energy for electricity produc-

(tourism). Next to none have fossil fuel

demonstration nations. Despite their size

tion are mainly utilising hydropower.

resources.

small island states could set an example to

In the overview more than 50% of the

the world's nations.

islands with more than 25% of the

Competitive Advantage:

c) Islands with very big utilisation of

electricity generated from renewable energy resource are utilising hydropower.

are dependent on imported fossil fuels for

Islands with high Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources

their energy needs, especially for transport

The study shows that there are today

of electricity from wind power all (but

and electricity production. Because of the

islands that have utilised modern renewable

one) are connected by sea cable to

small size and isolated location of many

energy technologies - also on a large-scale.

another electricity grid.

islands, infrastructure costs such as energy

The following can be concluded regarding

are up till three to four times higher than on

the islands in the overview.

the mainland. The high price for fossil fuels

a) Around the world a few islands have

Most small islands around the world today

Of the islands producing more than 25%

d) Wind power is by far the most utilised renewable energy resource in electricity

combined with the limited demand in-

already decided to become Renewable

production.

creases the unit cost of production for

Energy Islands (REI) in the short or

Over 50% of the islands in the overview

conventional power production. This

medium term. An REI is an island that is

that have utilised renewables for

creates a competitive situation for renew-

100% supplied from renewable energy

electricity generation have used wind

able energy technologies on islands.

sources.

power. Over 25% and nearly 10% of the

Furthermore, most of the islands are

Samsoe (Denmark), Pellworm (Ger-

islands in the overview utilising

endowed with good renewable resources,

many), Aeroe (Denmark), Gotland

renewables for electricity generation use

primarily sun and the wind.

(Sweden), El Hierro (Spain), Dominica

hydropower and biomass respectively.

and St. Lucia have an explicit target of Experiences Applied

becoming 100% self-sufficient from

in non-island Areas:

renewable energy sources.

Experiences gathered on islands can be used, not only on islands, but in principle

e) Most islands are situated in the North Atlantic Ocean. Just over 40% of the islands in the

b) Around the world a few islands have

overview using renewables are situated

everywhere. REI's can serve as demon-

already some of the characteristics of a

in the North Atlantic Ocean. Around 12-

stration projects for mainland local

Renewable Energy Island (REI).

14% of the islands in the overview using

106

Only 25% of the islands in the overview that

http://www.energiudvikling.dk/

Ocean, South Pacific Ocean and

have utilised renewables are politically

publikation.php3

Caribbean Sea respectively.

independent islands - they are all develop-

or forwarded by e-mail (as an PDF-

ing countries.

attachment) or in print by request to FED

renewables are situated in the North Pacific

f) By far the majority of islands are non-

on the following address:

sovereign.

Report Available on the Internet,

Forum for Energy and Development (FED)

Nearly 75% of the islands in the

by e-mail and in Print

Blegdamsvej 4B, 1st Floor

overview that have utilised renewables

The report can be downloaded for free in

2200 Copenhagen N. Denmark

are connected formally to a country from

PDF-format on the Internet at the

Tel: +45 35 25 77 00 - Fax: +45 35 24 77 17

the developed world.

homepage of FED:

E-mail: inforse@inforse.org

Table 1: Renewable Energy Share of Electricity Production for some of the Investigated Islands

Island

Total Percentage

Percentage of

of Electricity

Electricity

Renewable Energy Goal/

Production from

Production by

Renewable

Type of Renewable

Energy Sources

Energy Source

La Desirade

100%

Wind:

100%

Year

Plan/Strategy

1998

There is a renewable energy plan for the

(Guadeloupe, France)

Guadeloupe archipelago - 25% of the electricity consumption from renewable energy in 2002

Fiji

79.6%

Hydro: 79.6%

1997

There is a national energy/renewable energy policy

Samsoe (Denmark)

75% 2

Wind:

2000

100% of energy consumption from renewable

75%

energy sources by 2008 Pellworm (Germany)

65.93%

Wind: 64.96%

1998

100% of energy consumption from renewable

PV: 0.97% Reunion (France)

56.1%

Hydro: 39.6%

energy sources 1998

Bagasse: 16.5% Dominica

48%

Hydro:

48%

100% of energy consumption from renewable

1998

energy sources in 2015. A national energy policy

Hydro: 42.6%

does not exist today 42.6%

Hydro: 38.5%

1999

Samoa

38.5%

Geothermal: 30.6%

1997

Sao Miguel Island

37.6%

Hydro:

1999

35.1%

Hydro: 34.9%

1999

There is no energy plan for the Faeroe Islands

Hydro: 32.8%

1997

The is no national energy policy

Wind:

1998

There is a renewable energy plan for the

Flores Island (Azores, Portugal)

Samoa does not have a comprehensive energy policy

(Azores, Portugal) Faeroe Islands (Denmark)

Wind: St. Vincent and the

32.8%

0.2%

Grenadines Marie Galante Island

30%

Guadeloupe archipelago - 25% of the electricity

(Guadeloupe, France)

consumption from renewable energy in 2002 Corsica (France) Miquelon (St. Pierre and

30%

Hydro:

30%

1999

30% 3

Wind:

30%

2000

50% of electricity consumption from renewables by 2003

Miquelon, France) 1

A blank cell means that information is not available.

Estimation from July 2000 and onwards.

Estimation.

107

Global Sustainable Energy Islands Initiative (GSEII) Where Island 2010 aims to develop and promote 100% renewable energy initiatives on islands in the European Union, the Global Sustainable Energy Islands Initiative (GSEII) focuses on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) world-wide. The Initiative is made by a consortium consisting of Forum for Energy and Development (FED) and the four other international nongovernmental organisations Counterpart International, Climate Institute, Winrock International and the Organization of American States. The GSEII has been organised to support the interests of all SIDS and potential donors by bringing renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, models, and concepts together in a sustainable plan for SIDS. The GSEII seeks to display national efforts to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Global Objectives • To develop SIDS as sustainable energy nations. • To establish donor support and private sector investment for this sustainable development. • To increase awareness of experiences, potential, and advantages of renewable energy utilisation and energy efficiency on SIDS and other island nations. Regional and Island Nation Objectives The Caribbean: • To develop St. Lucia into a sustainable energy nation, thereby fulfilling its commitment made at COP5. • To further develop sustainable energy plans for one or more Caribbean SIDS to become sustainable energy nations. • To develop regional energy efficiency and renewable energy private business activities, including solar thermal, photovoltaics, biomass, and wind turbines. • To establish funding schemes for large-scale dissemination of sustainable energy. The Pacific Region: • To develop wind energy activities on Niue and one more island nation as regional door-opener projects. • To develop sustainable energy plans for one or more SIDS to become sustainable energy nations. • To develop regional energy efficiency and renewable energy private business activities, including solar thermal, photovoltaics, biomass, and off-gird wind turbines. • To establish funding schemes for large-scale dissemination of sustainable energy. The Indian Ocean: • To develop a sustainable energy plan for one SIDS to become a sustainable energy nation.

108

Implementation Plan for the Large Scale Deployment of RenewableEnergy Sources in Crete-Greece Introduction Crete is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean, with a population marked in recent years by a net increasing trend and economic growth rates double the national average. The existing autonomous electrical system faces a chronic problem caused by the high rates of increase in electricity demand and the

The perspectives of RES in Crete are analysed and an Implementation Plan for their exploitation for the period 1998-2010 is defined. The plan is focused on the exploitation of RES for electricity production. The rationale used in the formulation of the Implementation Plan and the proposed actions are detailed. The impacts of RES integration into the electrical system are considered. Finally, a special emphasis is given to the definition of the necessary investment costs for the realisation of the plan and the related socio-economic and environmental benefits.

installation of new thermal power stations.

Thus, the Implementation Plan provides the

Innovative solutions are needed, which should

framework for the potential "optimum"

provide both a sustainable development and a

development of RES in Crete taking into

high standard of living. The use of RES can

consideration the investors interest.

become the basis of a new alternative energy

Formulating a scenario for the maximum

policy for the island RES harvesting and the

possible penetration of RES into the

use of appropriate commercially available

electrical system of Crete, the assumption

technologies can have multiple direct and

that RES will be used to cover 100% of the

indirect impacts on the local development, the

new - after 1998 - electricity demand was

employment, the environment and the

considered. The objectives of the Imple-

transfer of know-how for local production.

mentation Plan are:

The objective of this work was to analyse

a to cover the additional electricity demand

the perspectives of RES in Crete. The defined Implementation Plan for the period 1998-2010 is focused on the exploitation of RES for electricity production since the major problem of Crete's energy system is the inability of the existing electrical system

in a sustainable way, b to cover the maximum average net hourly production, c to provide the electrical system with an adequate safety margin,

In formulating the Implementation Plan, a detailed analysis of the energy system of

Ar thour os Zervos, Geor ge Caralis Arthour thouros George NTUA - National Technical University of Athens RENES - Renewable Energy Sources Unit 9, Heroon Polytechniou str. Zografou-Athens GR-15780. GREECE Tel.: +30 1 7723272 / Fax: +30 1 7721738 E-mail: zervos@fluid.mech.ntua.gr Nikolaos Zografakis Regional Energy Agency of Crete Kountourioti Sq. Heraklion - Crete GR-71202 GREECE

systems should not be expected to operate before 2005 due to technical difficulties. • Although RES technologies proposed in this report are mature enough, technical risks still exist.

d to require the minimum interventions to the existing grid, and

to meet the increasing demand.

Contact

reluctance of the population to accept the

e to use the most mature and costeffective RES technologies

Operational and management constraints • Harvesting of agricultural by-products for bio-electricity production could face several difficulties as it has not been

Crete, carried out within past studies , is

tested before in Greece.

considered. A general description of Crete's

Technical and financial constraints, as well

electrical system and a forecast of the

as operational and management problems,

island's electricity demand was carried out1.

which could have an effect on the Imple-

existing electricity grid could postpone

mentation Plan are also considered:

their exploitation.

• Compatibility of RES plants with the

An implementation plan for res in crete

Technical constraints:

Financial constraints

Objectives and constraints

• Wind farms, photovoltaic and solar thermal

• The significant existing grant policy as far

The Implementation Plan was formulated on

systems can not reliably cover maximum

as RES exploitation is concerned (40%

the basis of the available RES potential, the

loads due to their intermittent operation.

on the total investment cost), is unlikely

technical constraints for the RES penetra-

• Although large Pumped-Storage systems

tion and the existing legislative framework.

can store wind and solar energy, such

to continue indefinitely due to limited budgets.

109

Presentation of the plan

and 2010 are presented in Figure 1. The

selection is the output of the implementation

There are two general groups of actions

contribution of the conventional fuels (diesel

of several considerations and restrictions

differentiated by both the time that can be

and fuel oil) decreases from almost 100% in

over the region under examination:

applied and by their significance. Short-

1997 to 81% in 2000, to 61% in 2005 and to

• RES potential (wind speed, biomass

term actions refer to the period 1998-2005

55% in 2010. The total renewable electricity

and medium-term actions to the period

production will reach 19% of the total in

2005-2010 (see table I). The plan promotes

2000, 39% in 2005 and 45% in 2010. The

electricity production by exploiting several

annual electricity demand increases from

RES technologies (Wind farms, Biomass,

1078 GWh in 1990, to 1815 GWh in 2000,

(archaeological sites, airports, urban

Small Hydroelectric Units, Photovoltaic

2484 in 2005 and 2700 GWh in 2010.

districts, etc.).

installations, Pumped Storage Units) at a

Energy savings due to additional Solar Hot

maximum possible penetration rate in order

Water Systems utilisation are considered

to cover the increase of electricity demand.

(52.5 GWh in 2000, 218 GWh in 2005 and

Moreover, it suggests additional actions

300 GWh in 2010).

potential, streams, etc.). • The topography of the region (altitudes, terrain slopes, etc.). • Subregions dedicated to special activities

• Difficulty of access and energy transportation. • Balanced distribution of the plants (leads to a stable electrical system, reduces

aiming at electricity savings (solar hot-

electrical losses, leads to balanced local

water systems, replacement of incandes-

Location of Sites

cent bulbs, passive and hybrid systems for

The exact location of the RES plants is

• Existing electrical grid

cooling, time-zone pricing system etc.).

crucial both from the economic and the

• Environmental impacts

development)

technical point of view. The selection of

Figure 2 presents the proposed sites for all

Contribution to the energy supply

suitable locations was made via a general

the plants.

The contribution of various sources to the

methodology of resource assessments

electricity supply for the years 2000, 2005

supported by a GIS program. In general, site

Economic evaluation of the implementation plan The economic evaluation of the proposed

Wind (MW)

Biomass (MW)

Hydro (MW)

PSU (MW)

PV (MW)

SHWS 1000m2

1998

17.3

0.6

0.07

the implementation plan as a whole during

1999

55.45

0.6

0.1

the period 1998-2010 has been evaluated.

2000

89.3

0.6

0.2

87.5

The basic output of this analysis is the Net

RES investments has been carried out and

2001

115.2

1.01

0.3

125

Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate

2002

124.8

1.56

0.8

175

of Return (IRR) of the total investment.

2003

134.8

2.15

1.4

225

The RES installations expected during the

2004

140.5

3.99

1.7

287.5

period 1998-2010 and data used, are

2005

200

125

362.5

presented in Table 2.

2010

250

125

500

The financial parameters required for the economic analysis have been set, accord-

Table I. Time schedule of RES installations in Crete

ing to the law 2601/98 and the require4000

ments of the Operational Program for Energy (OPE) of the Ministry of Develop-

3500

ment, as follows: 3000

• Grants: 40% of the total investment (in Pumped Storage Unit

Gwh

2500

Photovoltaic

2000

case of SHWS the grants are assumed the 15% of the total investment), • Own capital: 60% of the total investment,

1500

Small Hydro Units

1000

Biomass Units

• Exchange rate: 350 drachmas/EURO, • Price of the electricity sold to PPC: 0.0714 EURO/kWh

500

Wind Farms

Considering the above parameters, a discount rate of 8% and a 15 years lifetime,

Conventional Units 1997

2000

2005

2010

Figure 1. Contribution of various sources to electricity supply (year 2000, 2005 and 2010).

110

the indexes Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV) of the

Figure 2. Existing and future electricity production units and the electrical grid of Crete.

Implementation Plan of RES in Crete for the

RES projects on the economic

3000

period 1998-2010 are:

development of the region,

2500

NPV=289 MEURO

regional employment and the

2000

IRR=17.6%

environment. The present

1500

analysis examines the impacts

1000

Small Hydro

PV Solar Hot Water

500 0

Crete.

ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION

Biomass

PSU

that only affect the region of

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND

Wind Farms

EURO per kEURO invested

Net incomes Cost of avoided Public inflows distributed fuel

Regional benefit

Methodology Figure 3. Regional benefit created by 1 kEURO investment of various RE technologies.

RES investments create new jobs and local

Comparison of RE

income and have benign environmental

technologies

effects. In this chapter the socio-economic

Considering the various RE technologies to

and environmental aspects of the Implemen-

be used, indicators that quantify the socio-

1.8 1.6 1.4

tation plan are presented. The methodology

economic and environmental impacts have

adopted for the assessment of the relative

been calculated. The indices are then used

30 Permanent Jobs per kEURO invested

1.5

Man-years per kEURO invested

25 20

1 15 0.8

impacts is mainly based on the existing

for the evaluation of the Implementation

0.6

assessment tools and methodologies3, 4.

Plan, considering in parallel the technical

0.2

0.4 5 0

In addition, actual data about RES projects

aspects that the large-scale development of

that have been launched in Crete have

RES entails.

0 Employment during operation

Wind Farms

Biomass

Employment during manufacturing and installation

Small Hydro

PSU

Total Employment

Solar Hot Water

been collected, analyzed and used to adapt Figure 4. Employment effects in the region created by 1 kEURO investment of various RE technologies

the above-mentioned theoretical input to the

In Figure 3 the Regional Benefit created by

specific aspects of the Implementation

the various technologies is compared. The

Plan. The tool was applied to the different

indexes are reduced per unit cost of

operation, the creation of regional perma-

sectors of the Implementation Plan and to

investment. Figure 4 shows the employ-

nent jobs is important for combating

the Plan as a whole, assessing the socio-

ment effects due to RES investments. For

unemployment.

economic and environmental impacts of

most of the RES employment effects during

RES development in Crete.

manufacturing phase are limited. An

Evaluation of the Implementation Plan

The methodology that supports the

exemption exists in the case of SHWS, as

In the diagrams 1 and 2 the detailed

Assessment Tool estimates the effects of

local industry employs local people. During

application of the aforementioned methodology is presented for the short-term actions (period 1998-2010).

Actions

Installed

Energy Produced

Investment

Maintenance and operation

(1998-2010)

Capacity

or saved (GWh)

cost (MEURO)

cost (MEURO /year)

In Diagram 1 the employment effects of the

Wind Farms

250 MW

625

280

5.7

Implementation Plan during manufacturing,

60 MW

355

95.5

13.3

6 MW

8.42

0.092

In Diagram 2 the assessment of the Socio-

125 MW

212

157

2.4

Economic evaluation of the Implementation

Biomass Small Hydro PSU PV SHWS TOTAL

4 MW

5.5

27.2

0.14

500,000 m2

300

171.6

1.7

1,524 GWh

740 MEURO

23.3 MEURO/ year

Table 2. Data used for the RES economic analysis - period 1998-2010.

installation and operation are presented.

Plan is presented. With regard to the socio-economic evaluation of the implementation plan we can note:

111

• The implementation plan during 1998-

Total Subsidies: 253 MEURO

Total Investment Cost: 740 MEURO

2010 requires an investment of 740 MEURO and a total subsidy of 253

Total R.A.V.: 511 MEURO

MEURO. On the other hand it creates

Total Employment: 8,467 man-years

Non-renewable energy avoided: 1,640 GWh/year in 2010

V.A.T. 18%

511 MEURO Regional Added Value and returns a Regional Benefit of 1226

Consumers Net Incomes: 25,4 MEURO

Net Incomes Distributed in the region: 107 MEURO

MEURO (Total net income distributed in

Regional Benefit: 1226 MEURO Regional Internal Rate of Return: 18%

the region is 107 MEURO, the cost of avoided fuel is 872 MEURO and the

Public Inflows: 247 MEURO

Cost of avoided CO2 conventional fuel reduction: 1238 103 for the whole tn/ year lifetime: in 2010 872 MEURO

Diagram 2 Socio-Economic evaluation of the Implementation Plan - Period 1998-2005

public inflows are 247 MEURO). The Regional Internal rate of return is 18%

economic, ecological and socially accepted

demand by 218 GWh (approximately 10%)

and the pay back period of the subsidy to

way. The implementation plan:

by 2005 and 300 GWh by 2010.

the public receipts is 11.6 years.

• may partly cancel or delay future

With regard to the socio-economic evalua-

• 315 new permanent jobs will be created

installations of conventional units. The

tion of the implementation plan we can note:

due to the operation of the plan in the

construction of new thermal plants in

• the Implementation Plan as a whole is a

region. The total employment during the

Crete to fully cover future demand raises

manufacturing, installation and operation

significant objections due to public

phase is 8467 man-years.

opinion reactions and environmental

production is less than the mean cost of

impacts,

conventional units' electricity production,

• Significant fuel substitution is expected due to the Implementation Plan and

quite attractive investment, • the mean cost of RES electricity

• covers the maximum average net hourly

• the implementation plan creates signifi-

pollution is avoided. The avoided CO2

production, provides the electrical system

cant economic regional benefit, local

emission is 976,000 tn per year 2005

with an adequate safety margin, and

employment and considerable amounts

and 1,238,000 tn per year 2010.

uses the most mature and cost-effective

Conclusions

of CO2 emissions reduction. • The island of Crete may and should

RES technologies,

constitute a preferential area for the

• improves the operation of the electrical

The proposed Implementation Plan is

system of Crete, minimizing the transmis-

extensive deployment of RES. It could

realistic, feasible and economically viable. It

sion losses due to their local character.

become a pilot region in the Mediterranean and one of the first "100 Communi-

takes into consideration all the technical, social and legislative issues. It is in

With the realisation of the Implementation

ties" to realise the goals and objectives of

accordance with the priorities of the EC

Plan the contribution of RES will reach

the EC White Paper. The results and the

White Paper for RES and the targets of

39.4% of the total annual electricity demand

experience gained should be dissemi-

CO2 emissions reduction. Thanks to the

of the island by 2005 and 45.4% by 2010.

nated to other Regions. The methodology

implementation plan the installed electrical

In addition hot water solar heater utilisation

of the socio-economic evaluation of RES

capacity in Crete will be increased in an

will contribute to reduce the electricity

in Crete, can also be used in other regions to support their energy policy.

Direct Employment

Turnovers of Local Firms: 49.8 MEURO

Employment during Manufacturing and Installation: 3736 man-years ○

○

Indirect Employment

References 1 NTUA (GR), "Implementation Plan for the Large Scale Deployment of Renewable Energy Sources in Crete-Greece",

○

Manufacturing and Installation Phase ○

○

Direct Employment 226 permanent jobs

○

Turnovers of Local Firms: 823 kEURO

Final Report, Altener project XVII/4.1030/Z/96-0139, November 1998. 2 NTUA (GR), "Developing Decision Support Tools for the utili-

Spin-off Effects: 73 permanent jobs

Indirect Employment 16 permanent jobs

zation of Renewables Energies in Integrated Systems at the local level (DRILL)", Final Report, Joule project JOU2-CT92-

Employment during Operation: 315 permanent jobs ○

○

0190, March 1996. 3 FEDARENE, "Evaluation Guide for Renewable Energy ○

○

Phase of Operation

○

Total Employment: 8467 man-years Diagram 1. Calculation of employment effects of the Implementation Plan - Period 1998-2005

112

Projects in Europe (ELVIRE)", ALTENER publication. 4 EEE and ENCO, "Methodology for the assessment of employment benefits and local economic effects of a RES installation", EXTERNE, Vol.6, European Commission, 1995.

The Development of Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Generation: the Example of the French Overseas Departments and Corsica Hydroelectricity Historically, the use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation in the French Overseas Departments first concerned hydroelectricity: developed everywhere today except in Martinique, it provides more than 25% of the total output. As all of the major sites have already been harnessed, the recent facilities (Corsica, Guadeloupe and French Guyana) are mini hydro power plants with a capacity of a few MW and having a limited impact on the environment. New minihydro plants are forecasted for an estimated total of 20 MW, mainly in Corsica.

Biomass energy generation, bagasse as a fuel Bagasse: an abundant and advantageous fuel, which is generally under-utilised

Compared with the major interconnected power systems such as those in Europe, the systems of the French Overseas Departments and Corsica are quite different: from the electrical standpoint, they concern small isolated networks, because of their location on islands (Guadeloupe and Martinique, in the Caribbean, Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean) or not connected to neighbouring countries (French Guiana). The peak loads barely exceed 340 MW in the largest of these Departments (Corsica). As a result, the conventional generating facilities which may be used are costly (these facilities are mainly large diesel sets consuming heavy fuel oil). Furthermore, the late character of electrification and the fairly large dispersal of dwellings have still left a relatively high number of homes not connected to the power network. Finally, the potential of renewable energy sources in these territories situated in tropical regions and almost always volcanic is remarkably high, whether it involves hydroelectricity, wind, sun, biomass or geothermal energy. The interest of electricity generation sources calling upon these energies has thus increased considerably. Their development, in which ADEME (French Agency for the Environment and Energy Management), EDF (French Electricity Board), Groupe Charbonnages de France (CDF) and Compagnie Française de Géothermie (CFG) have taken part in particular, has been sustained and diversified.

One of the main activities of the French and processing of sugar cane. The sugar

bagasse, which is the fiber of the cane after

cane industry produces a residue called

sugar has been removed. One metric to of cane produces about 320 kg of bagasse.

Bois-Rouge plant

Bagasse has a Net Calorific Value of 7900 kJ/kg which is greater than the NCV of many lignites mined in the world very

Contact

Overseas Departments is the cultivation JL. Bal (Ademe) - M. Benar Benardd (EDF) ober obertt (CDF) M. LLee Nir (CFG) - B. RRober ADEME - Agence de l'environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'énergie 27, Rue Louis Vicat. FR-75015 Paris. FRANCE Tel.:+33 1 47652331 / Fax:+33 1 46455236 E-mail: Jean-Michel.Sers@ademe.fr

expensively. Besides, compared to fossil fuels burned in conventional power plants, bagasse

• bagasse is sulfur free, no sulfur dioxides are produced when bagasse burns.

presents several substantial advantages: • bagasse is a by-product, its use as a fuel

Traditionally, in most sugar cane mills of the

would therefore seem economically more

World, bagasse is generally burnt in boilers

desirable than the use of fuel oil, natural

in order to produce only the steam and the

gas or coal

electricity needed by the mills. The least

• bagasse is issued from biomass; it is a

efficient sugar mills require yet another fuel

renewable fuel and the CO² emissions

(usually fuel oil) to meet their own energy

from its combustion are offset by

needs, more efficient ones generate

photosynthesis when sugar cane grows

surpluses of bagasse (which then have to

113

steam extraction system, two generators

be disposed of), and the more modern ones

• two boilers producing each 130 tons of

generate surpluses of electricity exported to

steam at 80 Bars abs 520°C, the two

the grid, most of the time however the

boilers can burn either bagasse or coal

energetic efficiencies reached for the

exclusively as well as any combination of

combustion of bagasse are modest

the two fuels. Switching from one fuel to

compared to the results which could be

the other can be done on line automati-

• ash handling system

obtained with more elaborated solutions.

cally. The boilers are of the two drum

• two water demineralisation units

Bagasse is therefore an under-utilised

multipass spreader-stoker type, with a

resource of the planet. Every year 230

two-stage superheater. Bagasse firing

The plant was commissioned in August

Million tons of bagasse are produced which

equipment is made on bagasse feeders

1992 and has achieved excellent results

are the energy equivalent of 45 Million tons

that allow bagasse extraction and feed

thence it was decided to build a second

of fuel oil or 75 Million tons of coal.

regulation from feed chutes. Coal feeders

plant of the same type near Le Gol sugar

include slat conveyors and projecting

mill. This plant was commissioned in the

drums located at the bottom of the coal

last quarter of 1995.

The Bois-Rouge Concept In order to maximise the use of bagasse, a new type of Power Station was designed

and two condensers • two cooling towers aimed at cooling down the condensers, the lube oil plant and the generators

chutes • flue gas cleaning equipment made of two

Bois Rouge and Le Gol Results

and built in Bois-Rouge (La Reunion). It

distinct dedusting systems: one me-

The main technical challenges faced by the

was based on the application of the

chanical deduster designed to collect

engineers and the operators delt with:

following principles:

large particles which will be reinjected

• the size of the plants (circa 60 MWe

• the Power Station in built next to the

into the furnace, the second stage

sugar mill in order to minimise transportation of bagasse • the Power Station supplies process

consisting of an electrostatic precipitator • bagasse handling system which includes an indoor storage of capacity 1000 tons

each) compared to the overall size of the island grid (260 MW) • the necessity to switch automatically from one fuel to the other

steam to the sugar mill and exports

needed to accommodate the different

electricity to the grid

operating rates of the sugar mill and the

the demand from the grid and the

Power Station, a set of conveyor belts

demand from the sugar mill which could

% thermal efficiency) high characteristics

and slat conveyors whose function is to

vary in totally different directions

steam (80 bars, 520°C)

carry an even quantity of bagasse to the

• The plant boilers generate efficiently (90

• in order not to store large quantities of bagasse, the Power Station burns all of

boiler house • coal handling facility including truck

• the necessity to meet at the same time

These challenges were brilliantly met. BoisRouge and Le Gol power plants provide

the bagasse as it is produced by the

weighting, unloading, screening,

today 44 % of the total electricity produced

sugar mill

grinding, two storage silos and a set of

on La Reunion Island, with an average

conveyor belts

availability of 90 %

• when bagasse is not available (mainly during the intercrop season which lasts

• two turbo-generator sets of capacity 30

six months) a second fuel is used, and

MWe each, consisting of two steam

Le Moule project

the Power Station is operated as a

turbine each comprising a high pressure

A third plant of the same type and of size 2 x

conventional Power Station producing

body and a low pressure body and a

32 MWe has been commissioned in 1999 in

electricity for the grid • the impact of the Power Station on the

La Guadeloupe near the town of Le Moule. With this project, bagasse available in the

environment would have to be minimal (in

French Overseas Departments will be

particular as far as emissions are

almost totally used to produce electricity

concerned)

and steam.

• the plant would be operated by a company owned by SIDEC (subsidiary of

Geothermal

Charbonnages de France), Industrielle

Geothermal production of

Sucrière de Bourbon (sugar mill owner)

electricity - Generalities

and Electricité de France

The production of electricity by geothermal energy demands high-temperature

The Bois-Rouge Power Station is made of

resources, essentially associated with

the following equipment:

current volcanic activity.

114

The world conference on Geothermal

which must be able to intervene rapidly

Energy at Florence in May 1995 reviewed

upon request. It intervenes in the same

the evolution of the production of electricity

way for other geothermal sites elsewhere,

using geothermy on the whole planet.

also external. • integration in a difficult environmental

This represents a significant market with a

setting.

present installed power of 7045 MW and more than 700 MW under construction each year, which represents over a billion

these two points and on the successful

This plant is sufficiently soundproofed that

dollars in new projects annually world-wide.

installation of 40 MWe. The drilling phase for

normal operation is imperceptible outside

Despite a high investment of between 1200

the extension to 20 MW of the pilot plant will

the plant site, even though this plant,

and 2000 US$ per kW, operation and low-

begin during the 2nd semester of 1999.

originally built on the urban outskirts, is now

maintenance costs, generally representing

contained within the built-up-area. Total

between 10 and 20% of the kWh produced

Martinique: 5 MW could be installed in a

steam condensation also removes any

and a high availability of about 8000 h per

first phase at the Lamentin site with, if

visual impact of the plant's operation. A

year, make this form of energy extremely

possible, 10-20 MW during a second

return of sea water at 40°C in an area of

competitive at between 5 and 8 US cents

phase. Three zones show promising

natural, major and very hot (70°C) subma-

per kWh for a minimum installed capacity

indications. Development includes an

rine springs completes this environmental

of 10-30 MW.

exploration drilling phase that is scheduled

integration, assisted by the fact that the

to begin in 1999.

geothermal fluid at Bouillante (and that of its springs) is a 50-50 mixture of sea water

Geothermal Production of electricity in the French Overseas Departments:

Reunion: 20 MW could be installed when

and meteoric water infiltration without

Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion

the demand currently met by the bagasse-

specific chemistry. The H2S content is very

The production of electricity by geothermal

coal plants need the installation of supple-

low and a trapping system is currently

energy in the French Overseas Depart-

mentary production means (2006). Two

being installed.

ments presents certain advantages:

deep exploration boreholes were drilled in

• an attractive production cost: an island

1985 at the Grand Brûlé and Salazie sites.

Other projects in the Caribbean

context means that geothermal energy

Although non-productive, these boreholes

The Caribbean basin is an area of active

production costs compare advanta-

and associated studies have shown that

volcanism that, since the 1950s, has

geously with those of standard produc-

potential exists for discovering exploitable

enabled the production of electricity by

tion, even for small installed capacities,

high-temperature resources, especially at

geothermal energy to be developed along

Salazie. It should be noted that in Hawaii, six

the western margin: 1039 MWe are already

boreholes were put down before a resource

installed, including 793 MW in Mexico, 105

of 358°C was found at 2100 m depth.

MW in Salvador, 70 MW in Nicaragua and

• geothermal energy uses local resources and has no greenhouse effect, • geothermal energy is a significant potential

70 MW in Costa Rica.

resource at regional-demand scale: The Bouillante plant in Guadeloupe: an

The eastern margin, constituted by the

Guadeloupe: a 5 MW pilot geothermal plant

example reproducible in the Caribbean

Caribbean volcanic island arc, was subject

was constructed and brought into operation

The original specifications drawn up at the

to an inventory that revealed several areas

in 1986 by EDF. Following recent renovation

start were retained during the renovation

of interest, the main ones being the islands

work, it is now operated by a private

work. They are based on:

of Nevis, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Domi-

company, combining CFG (subsidiary of the

• automation enabling the plant to be

nica, Martinique, Saint Lucia and Saint

BRGM [Bureau de Recherches Geologiques

operated by five people that permanently

Vincent. Drilling was carried out in Saint

et Minières]) and Charth (EDF subsidiary).

monitor the smooth running of operations

Lucia and Guadeloupe in the 1970s

via an assistance network.

following work carried out by BRGM.

An availability rate of around 90% over the first years makes this plant highly promising.

• daily remote transmission of the main

The Bouillante plant in Guadeloupe is an

A minimum of 20 MW can probably be

operating data to a dependable, but

example of the integration of a small

installed at the Bouillante site, i.e. 12 % of

external, technical unit, located in this

electricity production unit and demonstrates

the island's peak demand, 15 % in produced

case more than 5000 km away. This unit

that geothermal energy is a mean of

energy (base operation), and exploitation of a

periodically interprets the operating data. A

producing electricity in the Caribbean and in

further site seems foreseeable. CFG has

permanent dialogue thus exists between

volcanic islands in general, specific areas

been carrying out research since 1995 on

the plant and the external technical unit,

that have in common:

115

â&#x20AC;˘ a favourable geological setting for

major technological breakthroughs on the

significant geothermal resources,

wind power front with the development of

â&#x20AC;˘ relatively high costs for conventional production methods, â&#x20AC;˘ a favourable environmental setting for the

low or medium power wind machines which are perfectly adapted to the Caribbean context: the wind generators produced by

siting of small electricity production units

VERGNET CARAIBES.

with low impact.

No particular equipment is needed for the

Realisations

installation and maintenance of these

The first wind power station, on Desirade

Wind Energy

machines: they are mounted on post that

island (off Guadeloupe) up and running

Specific technological difficulties

can be lowered with just a winch or a

since 1992 shows VERGNET CARAIBES'

in the Caribbean islands

"tirfor" that is motorised hoisting gear.

Guadeloupean technology potential for

Although the wind resource (trade winds) is

These machines have been designed in

adaptation and competitiveness.

quite high in the Caribbean islands, the use

such a way so that a locally trained

In the beginning the Desirade wind power

of wind power to produce electricity has not

mechanic can maintain them.

station's capacity was 140 kW, this has

been developed in these islands until very

The maintenance of the Guadeloupean

been increased to 500 kW which covers all

recently. It is mainly because in the past a

equipment is made so easy by the original

of the island's energy needs.

certain number of technological difficulties

technology behind the mechanical speed

A second wind power station with a 1.5

have inhibited any real development of this

control mechanism.

MW capacity has been commissioned at

source of energy.

Their exceptional ability to withstand high

the end of 1997 on Marie-Galante Island

The logistics and technology of the wind

winds and sea spray and the possibility to

(also off Guadeloupe).

power stations in the Caribbean have

lower them if a violent hurricane is on the

The other projects for Antilles (Martinique

nothing in common with what exists in

horizon means that their permanent

and Guadeloupe) with a total capacity of 12

Europe or the State. It seems difficult to get

installation can be envisaged in the

MW have been approved for financement in

a 40 to 60 metre high crane carrying

Caribbean.

the frame of the Eole 2005 Programme.

several tons around the islands where the

Lastly, the technology developed by

This new wind energy technology from and

access roads often have a limited capacity.

VERGNET CARAIBES for Guadeloupe's

for the Caribbean is of interest for all the

The Caribbean is often hit by hurricanes,

wind turbines allows them to coast along

region and some projects are already

which could up beyond repair the type of

which means that they can contribute

underway in Santo Domingo, studies are

machines designed for the milder climates

relatively highly to to energy produced on

being carried out in Haiti and the

in Europe or the States.

the diesel grids, even if they are of medio-

Grenadines and Cuba has already shown

The maintenance and up-keep of the wind

cre quality. Up to 60 to 70 % of energy can

an interest. The studies of this natural

machines must be possible without any

be generated by wind turbines.

resource, the manufacture, installation,

special equipment and with properly trained

This technology, perfected in Guadeloupe,

training and maintenance, even the

local workers.

with materials manufactured here following

management of the power station are all

Even more restricting is the fact generating

studies carried out by VERGNET

available in Guadeloupe.

wind energy on a diesel grid is only of

CARAIBES, is behind the development of

interest if it represents a major part of the

low and medium powered wind power

Development under progress: Corsica

energy consumed altogether. However, the

stations, that is with turbine units of

The technical potential of wind energy in

machines on offer from the main builders

between 10 to 60 kW and soon with 200

Corsica has been identified: 433 MW for

only allow between 10 to 15 % of the petrol

kW turbines units.

annual average wind speed higher than 7

consumed to be replaced by wind energy.

The price per kWh is already competitive

m/s. On this base the economical potential

Furthermore, the diesel grids in the Carib-

compared to the price of a kWh produced

is estimated at the level of 100 MW. In the

bean islands often work in a rather haphaz-

from fossil fuels.

frame of the Eole 2005 programme, 11

ard manner with frequent power cuts.

projects have been approved for a total of 52 MW. The first realisation is planned for

Wind machines adapted to the

the end of 1999.

Caribbean context If the machines on offer from the European

Solar Energy

of American constructors are not adapted

There are several thousands of dwellings

to this context, they have nonetheless led to

which are located in remote places in

116

More than 10 000 solar water heaters have

and their economical competitivity, notably

been sold during the last two years. In this

with the concept of long period plant

field too, a great emphasis has been put on

management by private operators and

quality and reliability, with maintenance

energy sales to the users.

contracts up to 10 years.

Considering these results, ADEME has proposed to the French Government a

Conclusion

Renewable Energies Development Program

Renewable energies provide about 35% of

1999 - 2006 adapted to the continental

Corsica and in the French Overseas

total electricity generation in the French

context.

Departments, and therefore not connected

Overseas Departments and 40% in

The energetic targets for 2006 are the

to the grid.

Corsica. Combined with major electricity

followings:

A very significant number of these dwell-

demand side management programmes in

• Biomass:

ings, and also farm installations, pumping

these Departments, their use makes it

stations... have been fitted with photovoltaïc

possible to substantially reduce electricity

systems: at the end of 1998 their total

generation based on petroleum products in

number reaches almost 4000 and the total

conventional thermal plants, with a triple

installed capacity is about 4 MW. It is worth

benefit:

noting that the "PV density" of the French

• from the environmental point of view, a

• + 200.000 tep in collective dwellings and tertiary sector • stability at 8 Mtep in individual dwelling sector with efficiency improved by 10 %. • Electricity from renewable energy

Overseas Departments, defined as the

substantial reduction of global (CO2) and

sources

number of Wc per inhabitant is probably

local (SO2, NOx, dust...) pollutants

Wind:

one of the highest in the world. The

• from an economic point of view, a

population of these Departments being

significant reduction of generation costs

close to 1.5 millions, their PV density is

(partially due to the tax exemptions

about 2.5 Wc per inhabitant.

schemes which exist in these Depart-

The unit installed PV capacity is quite high (about 1 kWc). Even when excluding

ments in favour of renewable energies) • from a societal point of view, the use of

professional uses, the unit installed PV

renewable energies instead of imported oil

capacity in each dwelling is still high

provides more jobs locally, in Departments

especially when compared with Solar Home

which are heavily struck by unemploy-

Systems in developing countries, the unit

ment. Besides that, people living far from

capacity of which is typically in the order of

the electricity grid can now benefit from

magnitude of 50-100 Wc. This high unit

electricity services provided by the above

capacity is necessary because of the

mentioned PV-electrification programs.

• + 500 MW (1.2 to 1.5 TWh/ky) • + 3.000 MW in 2010. Small hydro: • + 100 MW (0.5 TWh/y). Photovoltaïc (grid-connected and off-grid): • + 10 MW Geothermy: • + 25 MW (0.150 Twh/y) • Heating and hot water: Geothermy: • + 10.000 equivalent dwellings

substantial amount of electricity services

All the corresponding techniques have been

necessary for relatively high-income

adapted to the difficult climatic characteris-

populations. It in turn necessitates high

tics of these Departments (hurricanes,

quality installations, sophisticated energy

substantial rainfall, air that is hot, salty and

management and very good reliability. The

extremely damp, and therefore very

• + 35.000 m² in collective/tertiary

main operators in this field are the compa-

corrosive in the islands), and are available

• + 1.500 Solar heatings of individual

nies Solelec-Caraïbes and Solelec Reunion,

locally, which means they can be readily

subsidiaries of Total-Energie. CHARTH

used without additional adaptation in other

acquired a 35% stake in the share capital of

tropical or Mediterranean regions, in

The targets are also to enhance the

this firm in 1996.

particular those in the area of the French

economical competitivity of Renewable

Solar energy is also used on a large scale

Overseas Departments, where electricity

Energies technologies and to support the

in its thermal form, for the production of hot

supply is provided under similar conditions:

development of a strong professional sector,

water in solar water heaters as a substitu-

islands of the Caribbean and the Indian

industrialists, engineering companies,

tion for the use of electricity. At the end of

Ocean, and the Amazon region.

installers…

1998, the total number of solar water

The Renewable Energy development in the

To reach these objectives, a set of financial

heaters reaches 40.000 compared to a total

island's context is a real success story. The

measures will be notified in the next weeks

number of dwellings of about 650 000.

RE technologies have proved their reliability

to the European Union Commission.

(5.000 tep). Solar thermal: • + 85.000 Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems

dwelling.

117

118

Insular Context of Renewable Energies the Madeira case The ultra-peripheral insular regions present some specific problems concerning energy supply and the major energy networks (natural gas and electricity) are not

Madeira is a representative case of ultra peripheral region. In the 50's the first steps are taken to exploit hydroelectric power. At present an ambitious strategy of RES valorisation has been designed, embracing all the renewable energy sources available on the island.

available and are not expected to be. As J. M. Melim Mendes AREAM Regional Agency for Energy and the Environment Madeira Tecnopolo. P-9000 Funchal Madeira. PORTUGAL Tel.: +351 91 723300 / Fax: +351 91 720033 E-mail: aream@mail.telepac.pt

represents about 2,5% of the national

insular regions are typically very dependent

population, with an additional non-resident

on oil products and have additional costs

population of about 11000 people, during

for similar quality of energy supply, namely

the year. In 1998, the resident population is

the electricity supply, due to maritime

estimated in about 260000 inhabitants.

transport of oil products and relatively small

Concerning primary energy, the local

dimension of the energy systems.

resources represent about 8% of the global

In these insular regions, major oil alterna-

demand and the remaining is imported oil

tives are usually not feasible. However,

products.

renewable energies and rational use of

The local energy resources with higher

energy are frequently attractive in these

expression in the regional energy balance

regions, due to over-costs and higher

are the hydroelectricity and forestal

prices of energy supply and the availability

biomass (firewood), which is essentially

of natural conditions. Insular regions seem

used to produce heat in the residential and

to have ideal conditions for some demon-

industrial sectors.

stration programmes for new energy

Both wind and solar energy, which expres-

technologies.

sion is not so high, are also of considerable

Regi茫o Aut贸noma da Madeira (Autonomous

importance, among the renewable energy

Region of Madeira) is an archipelago

sources available in Madeira. These energy

composed by two inhabited islands

sources present a relatively high potential

(Madeira and Porto Santo) and the

and can have an important development in

and the remaining was produced by Diesel

Desertas and Selvagens islets, which do

the future. The energy valorisation of solid

power plants using fueloil. The annual peak

not have a permanent population. In 1991,

waste by incineration is envisaged in the

of demand in Madeira island was 100 MW

it had 253426 resident inhabitants, which

future waste treatment plant to produce

in 1997, occurred in December, that is

electricity.

5,4% superior than in 1996. The peak in

Local energy resources are very important

Porto Santo was 4 MW, that is 5,3% more

Contact

consequence of the isolation and distance,

Madeira Renewable energy sources 1999

to reduce energy importation, as well as

1991

1994

1997

the rational use of

Regional energy sources

24387

25401

30570

energy. A large potential

Biomass Hydro

17539 4274

16533 4515

15581 9744

of energy savings is

Wind

1054

978

estimated in the

Solar

2550

3299

4267

residential, buildings,

Oil products Fueloil

156036 65123

185841 78964

211626 78474

transports and industry.

Diesel

48237

54549

70918

Referring to electricity

Petrol

24314

31320

38867

production in 1999, the

LPG (propane and butane) Kerosene

17545 379

20180 326

22613 176

hydro contribution was Madeira Primary energy sources 1997

16%, the wind was 2%

Jet A1 (Madeira-Porto Santo) TOTAL

438

503

578

180423

211241

242195

119

Hydro capacity: 50 MW Perspectives

Perspectives • Waste treatment plant will include

• Small hydro valorisation integrated in water supply systems (production almost constant during the year) • Increase of water storage capacity • Demand-side management to optimise the load diagram

incineration with energy recovery (project) • Production of biogas from animal waste and slaughter houses (study) • Use of forest residues in industrial installations to produce heat and electricity • Methanisation of agriculture and forest residues

Wind

Madeira Electricity production 1999

• Wind measurements programme

Solar

• Two sites in Madeira were selected for

• Potential evaluation:

wind production and one in Porto Santo

than in 1996, in August due to the tourism

5 340 kW in Madeira island (private)

demand. The total electricity consumption

450 kW in Porto Santo island (utility)

by final users was 418,08 GWh, being

Constraints

405,02 GWh in Madeira and 13,06 GWh in

· Uncertain availability of wind

Porto Santo, showing an increase of 4,5%

· Investment in conventional production is

in Madeira and 9,9% in Porto Santo, comparing with 1996.

still necessary to ensure the supply · Load diagram of electricity (Madeira island) Peak: 100 MW

was very high mainly due to the residential

Hydro capacity: 50 MW (utility)

and the tertiary sectors. In 7 years, the

Wind capacity: 5,34 MW (private)

Off-peak: 35 MW

electricity demand increased from 261,30

Perspectives

GWh in 1990 to 418,08 GWh in 1997. This

· In the end of 2000, it was initiated the amplification of wind park :

an average growth of 7% per year.

in Madeira with 5 turbines of 660MW

essentially based on the thermal production. It is not forecasted a large development on renewable energies for the near

in Porto Santo with one turbine of 660MW · Demand-side management to optimise the load diagram the participation of Diesel-hydro-wind

• Water is also used for other purposes (potable water and agriculture) • During Winter water is used for energy before it is rejected to the sea • Actual capacity: 50 MW (Madeira island)

• High initial investment (solar+backup) • Long-term payback for small installations • Space availability to install the collectors and architectural integration project and installation (including architectural integration) • Uncertainty due to unsuccessful experience in the past (project, material, installation, assistance) • Lack of information and awareness of designers and promoters promoters

• Uses of firewood and forest residues:

m) and is needed at low altitude (<600m)

heating in greenhouses) Constraints: Thermal solar

• Additional investment discourages the

Biomass • Water is available at high altitude (>1000

99 toe (hot water) + 1 150 toe (space

Constraints: Passive solar

· Integrated resources planning to optimise

future to follow the increase of the demand.

Hydro

• Area of thermal collectors: 3500 m2

• Lack of local qualified personnel for

is an increase of 60% that corresponds to

capacity during the next decade will be

(December) kWh/(m2.day) • Estimation of energy valorisation:

The growth of the electricity in this decade

The growth of the electric power supply

Sun availability: 2400 hr/year Average radiation: 6,4 (July) ~ 2,2

• Actual capacity

• Lack of local qualified personnel for

Heating space

project and implementation of bio-

Hot water

climatic solutions

Cooking and baking

• Municipalities don't have qualified person-

• Quantities of firewood and forest

nel to apply the legislation in this field

residues:

Constraints: Photovoltaic

Residential: 30 000 t (mainly in rural areas)

• High investment per kW

Industry: 9 500 t

• Visual and ecological impact on Natural

Other: 2 500 t

Constraints

• Seasonal availability of water

• Firewood supply is not guaranteed

Perspectives

• Low capacity of water storage

• Firewood needs space for storage

• Thermal solar: hot water for hotels,

(large water reservoirs are too expensive

• Electricity and LPG are easier to handle

due to relief and soil permeability)

• In residential sector biomass is being

• Load diagram of electricity demand Peak: 100 MW

120

Off-peak: 35 MW

changed by LPG and electricity due to improvement in purchasing capacity

Reserves

sports facilities, swimming pools • Passive solar: new hotels, residential • Photovoltaic: communications, remote houses, fire surveillance, remote controls

Large - Scale Utilization of Solar Energy in Cyprus Introduction The island of Cyprus is situated in the eastern Mediterranean, at the geographical latitude of 35Â°N and has an area of 9,251

Cyprus is one of the island States that most decidedly staked on a future based on Renewable Energy Sources. A clear indicator of this decision is that 92% of all island dwellings are fitted with solar water heating systems.

square Kilometers. The population in the government-controlled area, in 1998, was Ioannis Chrysis Applied Energy Centre Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism Republic of Cyprus Araouzos 6 - 1421 Nicosia - Cyprus Tel.: (357-2) 867140 - Fax.: (357-2) 375120 E-mail: mcienerg@cytanet.com.cy

Solar energy is also used in non-thermal

Cyprus is prosperous, driven by tourist and

applications. Photovoltaic cells are in

services sectors. The final energy con-

systematic use by the Cyprus Telecommu-

sumption per capita in 1998 was 1.56

nication Authority and the Cyprus Broad-

millions of Tones Oil Equivalent (TOE).

casting Corporation to power telecommuni-

Cyprus does not have any indigenous

cation receivers and transmitters in remote

fossil-fuel resources. It is almost totally

areas. It is also important to note that the

dependent on imported energy products,

Electricity Authority of Cyprus is now

Progress was slow, during the first years,

mainly crude oil and refined products. Solar

committed to purchasing electricity

on account of the defects in design, which

energy is the only indigenous source of

produced from renewable energy sources

led to low efficiency, high cost and opera-

energy in Cyprus. The contribution of solar

at relatively high prices in order to boost the

tional difficulties (e.g. leakage). With

energy to the energy balance of the country

development of these sources.

engineering developments and rationaliza-

Contact

663,300 inhabitants. The economy of

tion of production, the defects were

is about 4%.

Progress

eliminated to a large extent and the cost

Solar Energy

Solar water heaters were first fabricated

kept at constant level, witnessing an

Solar energy is utilized extensively by

and installed in 1960. Since then a

impressive increase in production.

households and hotels for the production of

remarkable expansion in the utilization of

Today, there are about ten major and

hot water. Indeed, Cyprus is a leading

solar water heaters has taken place

twenty manufacturers of solar water

country in installed solar collectors per

rendering the country among the leaders on

heaters in Cyprus, employing about 300

capita (0.86 mÂ˛ of solar collector per capita,

the basis of total number of solar water

people and producing about 35.000 mÂ˛ of

Sun in Action, Altener, February 1996).

heaters in use per person.

solar collectors annually. The estimated penetration of solar water heating systems in the different categories of buildings as on 1.1.1999 was for houses 92% and for hotels 50%. The estimated current area of solar collector in working order in Cyprus is 600.000 square meters, and the annual solar thermal energy production is 336,000 MWh/year. As a reusable of the extensive use of solar heaters 10% of total CO2 emissions are avoided (285.600 tones CO2/year).

Technology The majority of solar domestic hot water heaters, put up on individual houses are of thermosyphon type. Two solar collectors,

121

with a total glazed area of 3 square meters,

Euro 700. The payback period depends on

are connected in series to a hot water tank,

the price fuel displaced; in the domestic

placed at a height, just above the top of

sector it is electricity where as in the other

collectors. Since the city water supply is

sectors it is fuel oil. In accordance with

not continuous, a cold-water storage tank is

1998 prices the payback period of a typical

located above the hot water storage tank.

solar system, displacing electricity is

The hot water tank is also fitted with an

estimated to be about four years.

auxiliary electric 3 kW heater, which can be solar collectors are invariably of the flat

Reasons for widespread use of solar energy in Cyprus

plate type glazing.

A number of factors have contributed to the

operated manually or automatically. The

wide scale use of solar energy in Cyprus.

Economics of solar heating in Cyprus

The most important factor, contributing to

The average daily solar radiation falling on a

industry. The industry identified correctly

collector installed at an angle of 35° ? to the

the prime application of solar water heaters

horizontal in Cyprus is 5.4 kWh per square

and boosted the improvement of technology

meter. From test carried out at the Applied

and promotion of product with vigor. Hot

Energy Center of Cyprus the annual

water is a primary need and solar water

technical support is necessary because

savings per square meter of installed

heaters can meet the need economically

most local solar water heater firms on

collector area in Cyprus are 550 kWh.

with an investment, which most Cypriot

account of their size cannot support

The extra total cost required to install a solar

house owners can make, with out any

research activities.

water heating system on a house is around

significant inconvenience.

this phenomenon is the enterprising

The sunny climate has tended to make solar heating more competitive. In hotels the maximum demand in summer matches very well with the flux of solar radiation,

• Making the material used for fabrication of solar water heaters duty free. • Providing technical support for the preparation of relevant standards. • Making the installation of solar water

which makes water-heating systems more

heaters compulsory on state-built

efficient and economic.

Housing.

The government through the Applied

122

Energy Center of the Ministry of Com-

The government has given no subsidies

merce, Industry and Tourism has helped

and the growth of solar energy industry is in

the promotion of solar energy by:

conformity with natural laws of economics

• Providing technical support, consisting of

and, hence, reasonably stable.

testing of collectors, advice to industry

The main lesson to be learnt from Cyprus is

for improvement of products and to

that nothing succeeds like the exploitation

consumers for efficient utilization. The

of a properly identified application of solar

provision of technical support to industry

energy, in this case solar water heating, by

proved to be very critical at the initial

an enterprising industry, backed up a co-

stages, but even now, the provision of

operating government.

The Faroe Islands

The Energy Sector Household heating and the fishing fleet consume the major share of gas and diesel oil, while most of the fuel oil is used to produce electricity.

The Faeroe Islands are located in the Atlantic Ocean, almost midway between Norway, Iceland and Scotland. The Faeroe Islands are part of the kingdom of Denmark. There are 18 main islands separated by narrow sounds and fiords and a few small, uninhabited islands.

The dominant form of space heating is traditional oil stoves. Electric heating is

population until 1995, followed by growth in

scarcely used at all, due to the relatively

both the economy and the population.

high power prices. Surplus heat from the

Slightly less than 90% of the inhabitants are

thermal plants is not utilised, with the

supplied by an integrated electricity net,

exception of heating at the power stations

while Suderoe Island, with just under 5,000

themselves.

residents, and five small islands with

District heating is available in Thorshavn to

populations totalling approximately 150, all

only a limited area. The area is supplied

have their own island power stations. A very

with surplus heat from the local waste

large percentage of electricity is produced

incineration system, and supplies approxi-

at hydroelectric plants as can be seen in

mately 250 houses.

the table below.

S.E.V S.E.V.. Landavegur 92 P.O. 319. FO-110 Torshavn Faeroe Islands. DENMARK Tel.: +298 31 1366 Fax: +298 31 0366 E-mail: sev@sev.fo

There have been discussions on expanding the district heating system to a far larger

Electricity Capacity

part of Thorshavn during recent years. But

Installed Capacity by Source, in 20001:

as this is not financially viable under the current circumstances, it would not be

Source

Installed Percentage of Total Capacity Installed Capacity

Hydropower The power company, SEV, is currently

possible for the district heating company to

Thermal Plants

53.4MW

62.9%

carry out this project alone at present.

Hydropower

31.4MW

37%

expanding with hydroelectric power. When

Electricity consumption fell from 1989 to

Wind

0.15MW

0.1%

the present expansion phase at Eysturoy

1995, but has since risen slowly. The fluctuation in consumption is mainly due to the economic decline and the fall in

Source: The Government of the Faeroe Islands, 2000 1 This includes the islands that are part of the integrated electricity net and Suderoe Island (on Suderoe Island there is installed 7.4MW thermal and 3MW hydropower).

Island is completed in the spring of year 2000, the hydroelectric share of total power production will be approximately 50%. In addition to this, the power company has

Electricity Production

specific plans to continue expansion of 2

Electricity Production by Source in 1999 : Source

Percentage of Total Production

hydroelectric power on Eystruroy Islands with what will correspond to approximately 19 GWh annually.

Thermal Plants

64.9%

It is expected that hydroelectricity will be

Hydropower

34.9%

expanded during the coming years.

Wind Renewables Total

0.2% 35.1%

Source: The Government of the Faeroe Islands, 2000 2 This includes the islands that are part of the integrated electricity net and Suderoe Island.

Minimum load on the power net is approximately 14 MW in the main area, and approximately 1.5 MW on Suderoe Island.

123

Wind Power Since 1993, the electricity company, SEV, has had a trial wind turbine in operation. The turbine has been reinforced to enable it to withstand the high wind speeds. Operational experience was so good, that it was decided in 1998 to purchase an additional wind turbine. The extreme wind conditions mean that suitable turbines are more expensive than standard models, but they are also able to produce more electricity per unit in comparison to wind turbines in, e.g., Denmark.

References Renewable Energy on Small Islands. Second edition, august 2000. Forum for Energy and Development (FED)

124

Renewable Energy Plan of the Minorca Island Two years afterwards a Sustainable Development Plan establishes an island strategy with aims in the medium and long term. Drafting of a Renewable Energy Plan that marks the lines of energy action in the island with the perspective of the maximum penetration of renewable energies was one of the basic elements. The need to provide to the islands of a framework for future developments in renewable energies was already highlighted in the European Commission's White Paper on Renewable Energy Sources, United Nations Conference on

The island of Minorca with a population of 65000 inhabitants and 720 km2 of territory, is a prototype of insularity. It is a complex territory where many economic activities converge, among which it emphasises the tourist activity, as with what it occurs in a large part of the European islands. The protected areas from the island occupy 46% of the surface and an another large proportion is represented by the singular agricultural landscape that deserves its consideration as cultural landscape according to the terminology of the World Centre of Heritage. Furthermore, the island lodges about 1500 megalithic monuments of large interest. UNESCO declared in 1993 Minorca as a Biosphere Reserve. Such a nomination converts the island into an international reference for sustainable development. It's an important challenge for an island which receives more than one million visitors per year and whose natural and cultural heritages are among the most interesting in the Mediterranean.

Islands and Small Island States (Barbados 94) and the 1st European Conference on

One of the most important aspects of the

Island Sustainable Development, which

Minorca Plan is given by the present

give the general principles that inspire the

situation, characterised by a very low

present Plan.

renewables penetration (~ 1% of the primary

The Renewable Energy Plan, developed

energy).

within the framework of the Altener

• First forecast of the degree of mobilisation and the interest of the actors concerned. • Identification of political priorities for the renewables in the context of island sustainable development.

operation between the Consell Insular de

Objectives and development of the project

Menorca and INSULA, with the technical

The Plan has complied with the following

Planning and prospective Major aspects

realisation of the Institut Menorqui

objectives:

Wind energy

d'Estudis, is inserted in the general

• Identification of the energy economy

The model made from the data available of

Program and implemented in close co-

sustainable development strategy of the European islands and in the specific lines of action that the Sustainable Development Plan marks for Menorca.

potential and the sources of renewable

wind has permitted identifying the usable

resources to mobilise.

wind sites in the island. These activities

• Identification of the economic and technical potential to develop.

indicate us that it is possible, in function of the grid stability, to reach an objective of 9 MW for the production of electrical energy connected to the grid. The technological recommendations point at the creation of parks based on 500-600 kW machines of, and even larger. Solar Thermal In this field there is an innovating aspect for the islands, applying a more precise research methodology in order to determine the solar actual potential in the tourism sector. There is a replacement potential, only in this sector of 1060 toe/year, on the

125

basis of an installed panel surface of 15100

Biomass

The Plan develops the following aspects on

m2. The medium term objective is of 8000

This is the chapter of the Plan that has

an horizontal approach:

m of solar panels.

shown lesser possibilities of development.

• Specific information to the market actors

Similar work has been carried out for the

The maintenance of a dispersed agricultural-

• Join the renewable energy component to

domestic sector and small industries.

forest system that produces a singular

Minorca's institutional logo.

landscape and the low density of urban and

• Establishment of a service of guidance

Solar Photovoltaic

industrial biomass waste, make practically

and support on renewable energies.

The current high costs limit the possibilities

non-viable new energy valorisation systems

of grid-connected systems. However, there

of biomass. The study made on forest

is already in the island an experimental 42

biomass has shown its energy and commer-

kW plant and it is proposed a comprehen-

cial impossibility. In the aspect of animal

Wind Energy

sive long-term strategy to allow more

biomass low density is also detected.

• To take measures for at least 1 year from

market penetration when the conditions of

As specific activities per renewable source the Plan foresees:

40-45 m over ground level in the area, in

Regarding small scale facilities, where the

Renewable and environment sustainability criteria

quality of service predominates over the

The special consideration of Minorca as a

cost, prospective for new applications has

Reserve of the Biosphere of UNESCO has

been made, especially in protected areas,

brought about that the resolution of the so-

dispersed archaeological monuments and

called eco-dilemmas in implementation of

Thermal solar energy

the traditional applications to the rural world

renewable energy sources has occupied a

• To favour specialised training for thermal

and the communication.

preferential place in the Plan.

market permit.

Possible environmental impacts caused by

the selected sites, as a step previous to the introduction of the windfarms. • Viability and environmental impact study of the sites.

solar system installers. • Training and information actions for

Solar Passive

the incorporation of renewables have been

designers and architects, as well as for

Minorca traditional architecture offers

analysed in detail, on the basis of the

the building sector on the possibilities of

passive solutions of great interest. In the

existing regulatory packages and the

solar thermal techniques and their

tourism sector it is seen as one of the fields

directives from the Reserve management

integration potential in buildings.

for the incorporation of solar solutions with

board.

greater future. The need for systematic

The planning criteria have included also

refurbishing of the premises introduces the

other also important aspects in the field of

possibility of attacking these solutions to a

sustainable development:

certain scale. The work was made on the

• Employment creation according to

scope of application of 51 000 conventional tourist beds that exist in the island.

• To exemplarise, from the public institutions, by means of incorporating solar concepts into new public projects. • Concerted action with the hotel sector aiming to reach an 8 000 m2. Objective

potential by sources. • Promotion of the small and medium-sized local business. • Qualification of the business and labour staff. • Strengthening capacity of the image of joint responsibility that implies the Reserve.

Photovoltaics • To launch as a pilot project the integration of photovoltaics into the rehabilitation strategy for dispersed archaeological and historical heritage into the island (illumination, communications, traffic signs and didactic systems). • Actions of training and information

Action strategies

towards the designers

Any activity that is framed within the sustainable development mandate inherent

Passive Solar

in the Reserve of the Biosphere must

• Actions of training and information on the

primarily have the perception and active

traditional solutions and on new solutions

collaboration of its inhabitants. The

aimed towards designers.

widespread recourse to renewable energy

126

• Preparation of a catalogue of accessible

sources is deemed a capital vector for the

solutions and typological recommenda-

establishment of solid sustainable develop-

tions that considers as a common factor

ment strategies in Minorca.

formal solutions

Energy Saving and Efficiency An additional strategy to the Renewable Energy Plan The Renewable Energy Plan of Minorca is

• To incorporate renewables as guidelines of action with the support of environmental management systems and Bio-hotel labels.

conceived in the framework of an integral energy efficiency and saving are additional

Sources and technological availability

objectives to the strategy for the penetra-

Wind

d'Estudis), Socio-environmental Ob-

tion of renewables. Given the impact and

• To establish a concertation scheme

servatory of Minorca and the Biosphere

sustainable development policy where

Reserve Board.

relevance that the public initiatives have in

between potential wind operators, upon

the island, the municipal public lighting

the initiative of the Consell Insular and

system has been chosen as object of

with the support of the competent

The body's tasks are the following:

analysis and proposal regarding energy

departments in the Govern Balear.

• To bring about the necessary concerted

saving, taking into account that the electrical consumption in this sector

• To establish, in the island and regional legal frameworks the environmental and

actions between public and private actors. • To identify immediate opportunities for

represents 6% of the total.

technological requirements for the use of

This demonstration action is completed with

wind energy in accordance with the

renewable energy implementation in the

the proposal of incorporation of rational use

directives of the present Plan.

different sectors, especially in those

of energy criteria to the Code of Good

• To contribute the necessary logistics that

Practice and Renewable Energies of

permits the best identification and

Minorca.

characterisation of the sites. • To consolidate the viable sites in the

where sufficient potential has been identified. • To facilitate technical and procedural assistance.

Prioritising activities actors and sectors

framework of the territorial management

• To identify additional financial resources.

instruments, via municipal planning and

• To co-ordinate promotion and information

Major sectors and actors

inclusion in Special Plans that regulate

campaigns on the possibilities of

Town Councils and Consell Insular

the uses in ANEI (Natural Areas of

renewable energies in Minorca.

The model nature of the municipal activities

Special Interest).

Other measures

and of the ones financed by the Consell Insular suggests that it is in this area where

Solar

Implementation of the plan has foreseen the

the first steps of the Plan implementation

• To consolidate and disseminate the

adoption of accompanying measures such

are taken.

current grant scheme, implementing

as:

• Integration thermal solar applications into

Guarantee of Results approaches.

• The creation of the Code of Renewable

the principal public buildings. • Photovoltaic installations in monuments and tourist centres in natural areas. • Passive solar design for new public constructions. Tourism Sector • To launch a campaign aiming to install 8

• To identify the fields of application of isolated photovoltaic projects and of small scale (rural services, archaeological heritage and tourist sites).

Energies and Energy Efficiency of Minorca. • The necessary regulatory and legal actions.

• To provide guidelines

• Deepening of specialised training.

Management and co-ordination of the Plan

• Inclusion of the renewable energy

000 m2 of solar panels in the island's

The Consell Insular de Minorca is the

tourist buildings.

principal actor for articulating the promotion and implementation of the Plan. It is proposed to consolidate this figure as: • Local group of the Balearic Energy Agency. • Group of Energy within the Consell,

Regulatory and legal actions concept in Minorca's institutional logo. • Analysis of the creation of a specific label that awards investors. • Specific consideration for renewable energies in future management plans of the territory. • Negotiation with large hotel workers

capable of putting together and of driving

established in the island for the imple-

the efforts and supporting itself in the

mentation of mechanisms of 'technology

existing bodies: IME (Institut Menorqui

procurement' in Minorca.

127

128

National Energy Program CROTOK Energy Development on Islands Historical development of the islands and

The islands of the Croatian coast enclose a complete compendium of insularity-related problems of energy supply. Of the 717 islands distributed along the coast, all the inhabited ones are the subjects of this ambitious programme

their present situation can be clearly observed at Figure 1. showing the changes in demographic pattern in the last hundred years. The diagram shows that the decreasing trend is linear and very steep. If the emigration and mortal trends are not changed, the population shall drop very quickly and in 2005 it would be just a half of

Alenka Kindermann Energy institute Hrvoje pozar Ul. grada Vukovara 37 10000 Zagreb. CROATIA Fax: +385 1 6118401 E-mail: akinderm@sunce.eihp.hr

11 0

1 89 6. 16

150000

detailed studies considering Croatian

11 4

100000

Number of inhabitants on islands

Contact

200000

the year 1921-population level.

development both globally and by sectors. During 1996 seven studies were finished

50000

analysing future energy demand in industry, services, transport, building construction, 1980 1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010 Years

forestry, agriculture as well as global economic development.

Figure 1: Number of inhabitants on islands (1900-1991)

In March 1997, Government of the

The upgrading and improvement of living

development of the Croatian islands.

Republic of Croatia and all competent

conditions on the islands, economic growth

The Program has been started with the aim

ministries and other state institutions and

and preservation of environmental values,

to improve energy economy of the islands,

companies signed the agreement to

were the motives to introduce the National

use of renewable energy sources, preser-

manage ten national energy programs with

Program of Development of Islands. The

vation of the environment, and to mobilize

the Energy Institute "Hrvoje PoĂžar". The

Program is coordinated by Ministry of

experts in accomplishing the tasks within

program's objectives are to develop a

Reconstruction and Development of the

the Croatian energy supply sector.

number of measures to overcome existing barriers for wider implementation of energy

Republic of Croatia and it systematically

Institutional framework of Energy Planning in Croatia

efficiency and renewable energy sources.

related to the islands. The Program recognizes the energy supply

At the beginning of 1994 the Government of

lasted about one year and preliminary

of the Croatian islands as a very important

the Republic of Croatia adopted a new

results published in the summer of 1998,

infrastructure component, which must be

research project in the energy field called

served as a basis elements for the Draft

observed in the context of viable growth.

PROHES - Development and Organization

study Energy Sector Development Strategy

That was the reason that the Energy

of the Croatian Energy Sector. The

of the Republic of Croatia.

Institute Hrvoje PoĂžar started a specific

preliminary results of the project's imple-

The eleventh National Energy Program-

national program CROTOK. The Program

mentation which were published in 1995.

CROTOK was started in 1999 as a part of

elaborates different aspects of energy

have showed that there is a need for more

the PROHES project. It is particular

takes care of all segments of the problems

The first phase of research on the projects

129

organization of ten others national energy

to ensure all institutional, organizational and

potential in agriculture, hospitals, hotels,

programs whose goals is to provide

expert prerequisites for increasing energy

residential buildings, etc. The amount of

conditions for increasing energy efficiency,

efficiency in industry, service and public

geothermal energy resources of the known

alternative energy use and environment

sector, based in experiences of developed

deposits in Croatia is 812 MWt and 45,8

protection on croatian islands.

countries.

MWe.

MAHE-Small Hydro Power

KUENzgrada- Building Energy

Plants Construction Program

Efficiency Program

This program aims to provide all conditions

The program of energy efficiency in building

for a great number of small plants construc-

construction includes the changes of

tion. total amount of the installed power in

regulation in order to favor increase of

small hydro power plants is 24 MW and

thermal insulation and reconstruction of

technical potential is estimated at around

existing residence buildings.

PROHES DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANISATION OF CROATIAN ENERGY SECTOR • • • •

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM NATURAL GAS NAPHTHA DERIVATIVE COAL

150 MW KUENcts-Energy Efficiency in

11 NATIONAL ENERGY PROGRAMS

REGIONAL ENERGY PLANNING

SUNEN - Solar Energy Use Program

Centralised Thermal Systems Program

This program objective is to give all legal,

The aim of the program is to define all

incentive, promotional and other prerequi-

conditions for energy efficiency increase,

sites for significant solar energy use. At the

ranging from thermal consumption measur-

present level, total potential of solar energy is

ing to the overall situation in the energy

estimated at 1,4 PJ in 2000, about 5 PJ in

sector in therms of ownership and economy.

2010 and about 15 PJ in 2020. The potential

Figure 2:

of passive solar architecture is estimated at

CROTOK- Energy development on

about 350 TJ in 2000 and 6430 TJ in 2020.

islands

Organization of activities in the project PROHES

The goal of the program of energy developBIOEN- Biomass and Waste Use

ment on islands is to ensure institutional,

National Energy Programs in Croatia

Program

organizational and expert prerequisites for

The program plans to use waste-wood,

increasing energy efficiency and alternative

PLINCRO-Gasification program in

straw, biogas , and other waste, and

energy use on islands.

Croatia

conversion from biomass to liquid fuel

Program objective is to increase use og gas

(ethanol, methanol). The total energy

n energy consumption structure as whole as

resources of biomass in Croatia are at about

Energy planning on Croatian islands

a prerequisite for gas network expanding to

50 PJ whereby 39 PJ makes technical

Regarding to the specific climate, economy

all until now non-gasified regions. Currently,

energy resource that can be used today.

and energy supply system in particular

about 15% of Croatian households are

areas in the Republic of Croatia it is

connected to gas pipeline system and until

ENWIND- Wind Energy use program

necessary to organize regional energy

2025 the expected increase is about 40 %.

The program has shown that the yearly

planning. The basic administrative unit of

electric energy production from wind energy

the regional planning of energy sector in

KOGEN-Cogeneration Program

could be between 380 and 790 GWh on 29

Croatia is a county. In addition to that, the

Currently, cogeneration plants contribute to

locations analysed. apart from production of

area of planning may include more counties

almost 10 % of the Croatian electric

electric energy the wind generators can be

at the regional level or certain specific parts

consumption. Program objective is to obtain

used in water supply systems (desalination)

of some counties, as for example, the

all preconditions and take off the obstacles

what is also interested for the Adriatic islands.

Croatian islands. However, regional development of energy

for increasing cogeneration plants construction, everywhere where heat and electricity

GEOEN - Geothermal Energy

sector must be in co-ordination with

are used in technological processes.

Use Program

development on national level, especially

In Croatia there is e hundreds years old

with electric power and gas system as well

MIEE Network of Industrial

tradition of using geothermal energy from

as with system for oil derivatives production

Efficient Use of Energy

natural resources for medical and bathing

and distribution.

The network installing program objective is

purposes. It is also possible to use thermal

Energy offices will undertake the responsi

130

opinion polls with the authozised GOVERNMENT

institutions furnishing some general data.

MINISTRY OF ECONOMY

• Renewable energy potential is elaborated

ENERGY INSTITUTE “HRVOJE POZAR”

based on the location records of all possible renewable energy resources. • Housing potential data review the existing buildings according to their purpose, type, age, heating conditions etc., and

ENERGY CENTERS RIJEKA

SPLIT

are also gathered through opinion polls. OSIJEK

• Pollutant emissions with the existing energy consumption result from the present records and measurements. • Analysis of current consumption and future needs of useful energy in all consumption sectors is performed by

COUNTIES ENERGY OFFICES

means of several scenarios. It is based on the main economic development guidelines and some other elements such as demography, climate, technological progress, etc.

Figure 3: Relations between the country energy offices and regional energy centres

• Possible renewable resource utilisation and energy efficiency enhancement in

bility for the duration of the process of

Least-Cost Planning and Demand Side

order to meet future needs: The competi-

energy planning in the counties and for the

Management methods. In Croatia, such

tiveness of the renewable energy

implementation of the plans. Those offices

experiences were achieved through the

potential is compared to the classical

will be given expert and scientific support

project Regional energy planning in Istria

supply systems in time sequence.

for their activities by the Energy institute

(Sinergy, Exergija, EIHP). The development

Improved energy efficiency in hotel

"Hrvoje Poþar" and regional centres in Split,

plan evolves in two phases. The first phase

business, industry and building construc-

Rijeka and Osijek. Basically, a necessary

is the elaboration of the starting points

tion also affects future supply and

level of uniformity in the methodological part

followed by the definition of the develop-

profitability of investments.

of the co-operation between certain centres

ment plan for the improvement of energy

and offices would be in charge of Energy

efficiency and renewable resource utilisa-

energy consumption and supply, pollutant

institute.

tion. Both phases, including the individual

emissions create a limiting factor which

Croatian islands are a specific natural

steps, are shown in figure 4:

will bear influence on the structure of the

resource of the Republic of Croatia and

• Economic development of the island

energy consumed.

their geographic and economic characteris-

determines its energy system develop-

tics demand a special approach in manage-

ment, therefore it is necessary to

ment of energy generation and consump-

conduct an analysis of all available

tion. Therefore, they are organized as separate regional entity and corresponding

resources. • Energy data base shows the current

• According to the foreseen scenarios of

Preliminary results of investigation on the project CROTOK The preliminary results of investigation on

Counties and their energy offices will take

state of affairs of the energy consumption

the program CROTOK show present

responsibility of energy development on

and at the same time creates the basis

energy consumption and predictions of

islands.

for further planning of the island's energy

future energy demands until 2020. The year

system development. It consists of

1996 has been taken as a reference year

Methodological concept of energy planning on islands

individual consumer categories and

for which detailed energy consumption data

energy consumption according to

by energy form and energy use are

The methodological concept of the island's

structure and purpose (heating, non-

available. Projections of future energy

energy system development is based on

heating, cooling). Most of the data

demands have been made according to the

the regional energy system planning in the

necessary for the elaboration of the data

general development projections, infra-

countries of the European Union using the

base can be gathered through public

structure development, the protection of the

131

Total thermal energy consumption on islands in 1996 Figure 4 shows total thermal energy consumption on islands according to their geographical position and consumer category in 1996. Total amount of used energy was 1206 TJ, 74 percent belonging to households, 16 percent to services and 10 percent to industry.

Prediction of future energy demand on islands until 2020 Base year energy consumption is the main prerequisite for the elaboration of energy balances. The table 1 and figure 5 show increasing trends for all three categories of human environment, the development of

energy source is fuel wood and its share in

consumption: households, industry and

the economic activities as well as the

overall consumption is 50 percent. Electric-

services.

development of social activities.

ity has very high share of 36 percent as a

Total end-use energy demand on islands in

Energy system on islands is analysed

result of its intensive use for thermal

2020 will be 2,38 times bigger than in 1996.

through three consumer categories:

purposes (heating, cooling and hot water).

The highest increase will have the service

households, services and industry.

Light oil and LPG have shares less than 10

sector because of the planned intensive

Agriculture is not developed, so its con-

percent.

development of tourism as a leading economy branch on islands.

sumption, compared to others sectors, is Services

With that the share of service sector will

The service sector on islands comprises

increase in total consumption. Energy

Energy consumption on islands in 1996

tourism and catering, trade, health,

consumption in households will also rise.

education public administration and others.

Until 2020 their demand will increase about

Households

Regarding to the fact that tourism is the

twice. It is predicetd that the number of

Among 717 islands in Croatia 66 of them

most developed branch on islands this sub-

inhabitants on islands will rise. Also, a

are inhabited, and 110953 inhabitants live

sector is the largest energy consumer in

better living standard is predicted, so the

on them. The majority of the population

service category. Total accommodation

average yearly consumption per house-

lives on 15 islands while less than 5

capacity on islands is 129 305 beds, and

holds will grow up as well.

percent live on others. The total number of

29 percent of that number belongs to the

Also, energy consumption in industry and

households is 39643, but this number is

primary capacities (hotels). Total energy

agriculture will rise, however their share in

bigger during the summer period when

consumption in services in 1996 is 477 TJ,

total energy consumption will stay the

people form mainland come to their holiday

54 percent of that energy is used for

same.

houses.

thermal purposes, 38 percent for non-

Households are the major energy consum-

thermal purposes and the rest for cooling.

Conclusion

ers on islands. Concerning the energy

Mostly fossil fuels are used for thermal

Croatian islands present an enormous

structure and needs they are in comparison

purposes while other demands are covered

natural resource which requires a special

to the continental part of Croatia. Average

by electric energy.

attention and care on the state level. The

not significant.

purpose of the program CROTOK is to help

annual energy consumption in a household is calculated from the data obtained from a

Industry

energy system development on the islands

questionnaire which was conduced on

Industry on islands is very poorly developed,

in order to create conditions for a high-

several islands. Results show that one

but there is shipbuilding, textile industry,

quality management of energy generation

household needs 46,43 GJ per year for its

plastic production, salt industry and

and consumption. Owing to specific

thermal and non-thermal purposes as well

arhitectural and building stones extraction. In

geographical and climatic conditions the

as for the cooling and overall consumption

1996, 250 TJ, mostly fuel oil and electricity,

renewable energy resources and energy

on islands is 1842,17 TJ. The most useful

in this sector was consumed.

efficiency measures are going to play a

132

2500

References 1 Graniæ, G., et al.: Energy Sector Strategy Devel-

2000

Ministry of economic affairs & Energy institute

1500

opment of the Republic of Croatia, Draft proposal,

2 National program for islands development, Pro-

"Hrvoje Poþar" Zagreb, 1988

SERVICES 1000

ceedings of the Symposium on National program for Island Development, Ministry of Development and Recovering, Krk 22.-24. February 1996

INDUSTRY

500

End use energy TJ

HOUSEHOLDS

3 Regional Energy Planning for Istra, Sinergy Pro-

gramme: Regional Energy Planning in Istra, Exergia & Energy Institute Hrvoje Poþar, Athens 1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020 Years

1997 4 Majstoroviæ M., et al.: Energy Balances and Energy Demand Forecasting up to 2020, Project

crucial role when defining future develop-

is expected to have a wide social and

Energy Sector Development of Splitsko-

ment tendencies. They will help develop a

economic influence such as an improved

dalmatinska County, Faculty of Electric, Mechanic

system which meets all world standards

standard of living, employment,

and Naval Engineering -Split and Energy Insti-

and regulations in relation to environmental

infrastructural development and modernisa-

tute Hrvoje Poþar-Zagreb, 1998

protection and preservation. Apart from

tion and the enhancement of agriculture,

positive environmental effects, the program

industry and tourism.

KVARNER ISLANDS TJ

300,80

350

Basic information on Croatian islands

300 250 200 87,36

150 KRK

Croatian Islands are the second largest archi-

100

16,77

pelago of the Mediterranean Sea. They encom-

INDUSTRY

pass all islands of the Adriatic East Coast and its

50 HOUSEHOLDS

CRES

SERVICES

RAB

central zone. There is a total of 1185 islands, including 718 islands, 389 sounds and 78 reefs.

PAG

MALI LOSINJ

CENTRALDALMATIAN ISLANDS TJ

OLIB VIR

300

250

DUGI OTOK

PASMAN

territory. The total surface of the archipelago is

35,55

100

CIOVO

264,59

50 HOUSEHOLDS

300

SERVICES

INDUSTRY

They are situated in the area with Adriatic type of Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry,

250

tional land territory.

70,22

150

NORTHDALMATIAN ISLANDS TJ

3300 km2, which is 5.7 per cent of the total na-

135,02

200

MURTER

350

of Croatia, which makes 37 per cent of its overall

350 UGLJAN

They determine the territorial sea of the Republic

SOLTA

winters are mild and wet, and the insolation de-

BRAC

200

gree is high. July average temperature range from

150

51,66

100

HVAR

15,19

areas in Europe most exposed to the sun, the an-

23,7oC to 25,6oC. Croatian islands are among the

VIS HOUSEHOLDS

SERVICES

KORCULA

INDUSTRY

LASTOVO

SOUTHDALMATIAN ISLANDS 350

nual average of insolation ranges from 2200 to 2650

of sun daily. The regime of precipitation is typically

300

Mediterranean. There are 266 to 1141 mm of pre-

196,85 250

cipitation. Adriatic Sea belongs to the group of warm

200 150

seas. The sea surface temperature in winter pe-

100

26,73

23,80

SERVICES

INDUSTRY

50 0

MLJET

hours of sunny weather, which means over 7 hours

HOUSEHOLDS

riod does not drop bellow 10oC and during summer season it can reach up to 25oC.

133

Renewable Energy Proposals on Cape Clear Island Cork County, Ireland This Project came about as a result of a successful application to the European Commission in 1994 to carry out a study on the Island of Cape Clear. It was part of a European Partnership with the North Aegean Islands of Greece and the Isle of Ponza off Italy. The project received 33% funding from DGXVII under the Regional

During the past two years a partnership has been created between Comharchumann ChlĂŠire Teo (Cape Clear Island Community Council) and Cork County Council's Public Energy Information Office based in Mallow. The aim of this partnership is to develop all aspects of renewable energy and energy conservation on the island. The possibilities for various kinds of renewable energy are greater on an island and the preservation of the environment and sustainable tourist development should go hand in hand.

and Urban Energy Planning Programme January 1997.

the installation of a solar water heating

This paper gives a summary of the present

system in the school, the preparation of a

position of the project as of May 1999.

'biomass demonstration plot', and two demonstrations of solar powered public

Contact

and work commenced on the project in Br endan Devlin Brendan Cork County Council Energy Agency Office Spa House, Mallow County Cork. IRELAND Tel.: +353 22 43610 / Fax: +353 22 43678

Projects on Cape Clear

lighting on the island.

A number of significant studies have been

A study has also commenced on a small-

completed. These include a feasibility study

scale hydroelectric system and planning

revised work programme had to be

for a 'Renewable Energy Trail' on the Island

permission has been obtained to develop

prepared to make the work relevant to

commissioned by the Comharchumann and

the wind energy system from Cork County

1997. This revised programme was

carried out by Hyperion Energy Systems

Council.

adopted at the kick-off partners meeting in February 1997.

Ltd. LEADER and Cork County Council funded this. There was also an Interim

Energy Conservation

The Irish Work Programme will be divided

Report on energy conservation, recycling

All houses on the Island were visited by the

into five main areas that are briefly ex-

and waste management and wind develop-

staff of the council's Energy Office who

plained hereunder.

ments prepared by the Council's Energy

gave free leaflets and advice on energy

Office under an E.U. Contract. This

saving in the home. Two people from the

Wind Energy

contract includes Italian and Greek

Island were trained in Mallow, as Energy

a A preliminary study to assess the wind

Partners. Comharchumann Staff prepared

Managers. The school children also visited

energy potential of the Island will be

an 'Environmental Report' on a proposed

the Energy Office as part of their 1997

produced,

upgrading of the Island's wind energy

School Tour.

system. (consisting of two 30 kW wind

Currently the County Council is assisting

turbines installed in 1986.)

the Community Council in

b Technical support to the Islanders, in the area of wind energy.

preparing and presenting Cape Clear Energy Trail

Weekend Training

All these initiatives have created significant

Courses in Renewables

interest and awareness amongst the

and Energy Conservation.

Island Community and have created a

in a practical way in the implementation of

Work Programme for Cape Clear Project

a 'renewable energy trail' on the Island.

Due to the two year delay

The first steps have already been taken to

in the commencement of

create this trail. These 'first steps' include

the project, a slightly

focus on energy conservation and renewable energy. This has been realised

135

Island Energy Manager

Summary of Activities to - date

Training of Energy Manager for the Island:

1997

The existing energy agency in Mallow will

• Participated in partners meeting Lesvos

train one Islander on energy matters with an emphasis on energy conservation. It is anticipated that when trained this person will have the ability to conduct • energy audits of buildings, • promote energy conservation, • promote water conservation, • have a working knowledge of the benefits

Greece in February 1997. • Appointed consultant to the project Hyperion Ltd

local media.

connection to Cape Clear. • Initiated work on four Renewable Energy reports.

will be investigated/promoted/ and a pilot

• Visited the Island re. Hydropower Survey.

plant will be erected.

• Visited the Island re. Solar installations.

be designed and investigated, with a view

(December 1998).

• PV powered light for noticeboard installed.

switch-on of national electricity grid

an existing large-scale PV installation will

• Brief E.U. partners meeting in Cork

Islanders. • Arranged publications for the project in

• Visited the Island to attend the official

b Photovoltaics: The reallocation of part of

ment proposals.

1999

Cape Clear,

systems on tourist/visitor accommodation

• Supported Islanders in Wind develop-

tion on Cape Clear to involve the

• Prepared Interim Report to the E.U.

a The feasibility of erecting solar thermal

(August 1998).

• Prepared and presented public presenta-

and applicability of renewable energy on

Solar Energy

• 2nd Interim Report submitted to E.U.

• E.U. partners meeting on Cape Clear

• PV Electric Fence installed. • PV powered water pump installed. • Advised Islanders on the installation of P.V. powered electric light for slipway (January 1999). • Produced Brochures for Training Courses on the Island. • Produced Course Notes for Energy Training Courses -April 1999. • Presented 2 day training workshop on 17/18th April 1999.

(October 1997). • Organised and sponsored Educational

Proposed Activities in May

to stand-alone applications for PV on the

visit by the school children of Cape Clear

• Install 1KW wind turbine for lighting.

Island.

to the Councils Energy Office in Mallow,

• Present paper to Island Solar Summit in

c Promotion of the use of passive solar in

(June 1997).

the newer dwellings will take place. 1998 Hydro Power The possibility of one or two small hydro power units, e.g. 1 kW size will be investi-

Tenerife - County Engineer. • Hold weekend Energy Workshop for Teachers 22/23rd May.

• Trained two Islanders as Energy Managers (January 1998). • Completion of each Report (Solar

Energy Conservation in the homes

gated as an energy source for the school or

Thermal, PV, Hydro & Energy Conserva-

Mr. Pat Walsh, Mr. Padraig Barrett, Mr. Ger

other installations.

tion).

Barry of the Council's Energy Agency

• Installed Solar Thermal panels on the Desalination Regularly in the summer periods there is a shortage of water on the Island. The feasibility of desalination in the Irish context will be investigated.

school (February 1998). • Examined Sources of Funding for the individual projects on the Island. • Examined Possibility of Wave Energy demonstration on the Island (April 1998).

Office visited the Island of Cape Clear on the 20th and 21st of February 1998. The main purpose of the visit was to enlighten the Islands inhabitants on the subject of energy conservation and the ways in which they could put it into practice in their own home. Each house, occupied during the winter-time, was visited. As well as expert advice being given to the householders, a pack of approximately 12 leaflets on Energy Conservation in the home was distributed to each house.

Energy trail The aim of the proposed work is to establish an Energy Trail on Cape Clear. The Trail will consist of nineteen different renewable applications located at different

136

• V operated Public Light on the slipway. • PV operated water pump. • PV operated electric fence. • PV operated lighting for noticeboard. • 10 Biomass Plants • 2 x 30KW wind generators (previously on the island, currently switched off)

Conclusion This project is now well advanced. The final Report is due for submission to the European Commission in February 2000. Even though a small project, it is an excellent example of how a small island community can locations throughout the Island. The

in establishing a high quality Renewable

establish strong links with a Local Authority,

renewable energy systems to be included in

Energy Trail. This is due in large part to the

Private Consultancy Companies, Suppliers,

the Trail are as follows:

high cost of the PV modules, but this could

European Partners and the E.U.

2 x 35kW wind generators

be divided into three stages:

• Hydraulic wind pump

• Stage 1: Mini-trail in North Harbour

• PV Water Pump

• Stage 2: Medium sized PV systems

The Cork County Council would like to acknowl-

• PV electric fence

• Stage 3: PV Systems for R & D

edge the valuable contribution of the following or-

• PV weather station

ganisations:

• PV buoys

The main possible sources of funding for

• PV Refrigeration

the proposed Trail are:

• PV powered security System (Holiday

• Udaras Na Gaeltachta

Homes)

Acknowledgements

• Leader

• The E.U. support received under the Regional and Urban Energy Planning Programme of DGXVII, now amalgamated into the SAVE II programme. • Comharchumann Oilean Chleire. When the

• PV remote supply for sheds

• FAS

Council thought of this idea in the first instance

• Stand-alone PV house

• EU R&D programmes

in 1994, we always felt that we were "pushing an

• PV/wind powered system (Based on 20ft

• Department of Energy AER Programme.

open door". The Islanders were very enthusiastic

container)

and indeed, the Islanders themselves have un-

• PV battery charger on boats

The success of the Trail will depend on the

• PV radio transmitters

quality of the systems, the quality of the

• At the start of the project Consultants from

• Biomass demonstration plot (10 Biomass

personnel presenting the lectures/tours/

Watergrasshill, Hyperion Ltd, were employed and

courses and the effort used in promoting

it was Hyperion who thought of the idea of an En-

the Trail. The support of the community is

ergy Tail and produced the report for the Energy

essential to ensure the success of the

Trail.

plants) • Thermomax solar heating system on houses • Passive solar design of houses

initiative.

• Wave Energy demonstration.

The longer-term success of the Trail will be based on the operation of the Trail as a

The aim of the Trail is to establish new

business with proper marketing, training

business activities on the island based on

and maintenance programmes in operation.

guided tours, training courses, workshops

• National Microelectronics Research Centre (NMRC), who contributed financial support and several ideas for the Energy Trail concept. • Leader & Udaras Na Gaeltachta who supplied some financial support to some of the actions implemented.

The market for the Trail would be tourists,

Present Position. April 1999

education, research, energy demonstration,

A mini Trail is presently in operation on the

training and energy supply.

island:

The main categories of renewable energy

• A solar thermal system has been erected

and the sale of renewable energy products.

dertaken several of the actions listed here

systems would be wind, solar thermal

on the roof of the national school. This

systems, small hydro systems and small

was funded 50% by Cork County Council

PV systems. There is a large cost involved

and 50% by Udaras na Gaeltachta.

137

138

Designing the Habitat of the Future for Islands 25 Bioclimatic Dwellings for the Island of Tenerife The project "25 Bioclimatic Dwellings for the Island of Tenerife" is aimed to provide an example to the needs of real bioclimatic development of different self-sufficient dwellings. With this example we could check, analyse and prove: the design itself, the implementation of renewable energies to different designs and the economic viability of a future commercial exploitation.

The big weight of residential and services sectors on islands give rise to the fact that the highest incidence energy consumption is related with buildings and dwellings. On islands, new energy technologies can engage a profitable alliance with traditional building, as island people have historically taken advantage from local climatic conditions and materials, achieving imaginative and comfortable habitats. The project of 25 bioclimatic dwellings for the island of Tenerife is being carried out. It represents a most serious bet to face the future of sustainable island buildings.

And finally, to provide a physical environment as an ideal place for dissemination and diffusion of results on performances in criteria in dwelling designs which allows to take maximum advantage of materials This performance should help reducing the

chosen and environmental conditions. Such

following problems:

criteria make possible a considerable

- High energy consumption in dwelling.

saving of energy for heating, cooling and

- High emission of pollutants as a

lighting purpose. Once the energy require-

consequence of building. - Scarce use of renewable energy and recycled water system. To built up a single house as a model,

Contact

a not sectarian way.

Guillermo Galván Gar cía García ITER Pol. Ind. De Granadilla, Parque Eólico 38611, San Isidro, Tenerife. SPAIN Tel.: +34 922 391000 / Fax: +34 922 391001 E-mail: ggalvan@iter.rcanaria.es

ments for dwellings are established at

urban developments, self-sufficient from

rational levels, RE implementations of

the point of view of energy, innovative

photovoltaic and wind power can be

approaches are proposed to provide

introduced at competitive costs. Besides

maximum integration of RE devices into

the aim of setting up the basis for small

building structures. The diversity of

without a fixed location, is an unreal example from the point of view of estimated cost and performance in an urban net. And the construction of a development of 25 bioclimatic dwelling, based on an unique design, is a strong limit to experimentation and research about materials, design and renewable energy implementation solutions. Both examples reduce the quantity and quality of results for further replication of the product or technique acquired during the project. The main objective of the present proposal is the application of combined strategies to provide sustainable solutions to the problem of energy in buildings. On the basis of this approach, we propose a rational bioclimatic

139

The total number of teams that attended was 397 from all over the world and the 25 selected works. The main objectives of the project are: - The construction of a development of 25 bioclimatic dwelling based on different designing approaches and using recycled and recyclable materials with individual solutions to the energy problem by mean of renewable energy, and common solutions for water supply. The whole structure is to be understood as a nonpolluting development, self-sufficient regarding energy and water and achieve important saving through the bioclimatic

solutions offered by a development of 25

accepted by any of the National Depart-

different bioclimatic, RE powered dwellings,

ments of the International Union of Archi-

represent an interesting feature which has

tects, and were able to participate either

never carried out before. In order to make

individually or as directors of

integration in buildings. To optimise

this experience accessible to any scientific,

multidisciplinary teams.

performances of PV implementations and

technical or any collective which could be

The Selection Committee proceeded to the

reducing cost of installations by using

interested, the dwellings will be enabled in

public reading of the results on October

direct current at high voltage and high

lodging regime. The Visitors Centre which

1995. Committee took into account the

will complement the urbanization and where

integral value of the proposals and their

the common RE resources will be placed is

financial feasibility and yield, their adapta-

regarding energy production and

conceived as a physical nexus for the

tion to the environment, their response to

consumption, as well as the use of

whole development. Equipped with areas

the surrounding conditioning factors, the

renewable energy at a small scale. The

for holding congresses and conferences, it

use which is made of the bioclimatic

dwellings will be integrated in a urban

will act as an ideal environment for dissemi-

conditions of the location and research into

development that would allow a technical

nation and diffusion of results on perform-

the use of recyclable materials. All the

and scientific tourism to come and stay in

ance conditions of development.

works met the required common construc-

this place using the common areas and

The bioclimatic nature of dwellings provide

tive characteristics:

evaluating results. The experience could

a considerable energy saving so that

- Standard 500 m2 plots with a maximum

be applied later in other areas with similar

renewable resources incorporated are able to meet the requirements (ie high efficiency integrated PV structures, 2kWp per dwelling, and solar thermal devices in all of them and wind turbines with power ranging

built-up surface of 120 m2. - 3-4 rooms and standing no more than two store high.

nature of design. - To provide innovative solutions for PV

efficiency PV cells. - To give a local solution to many problems

characteristic, allowing the dissemination of experience and knowledge developed in this kind of buildings.

- Cost of construction per m2 should not surpass 1000 ECU.

The bioclimatic approach will produce a considerable saving in energy since the

0.6-5 kW in four dwellings). The 25 houses will be built forming a development with no

From the point of view of energy resources,

building will take advantage of environmental

emission of pollutants and common

the selected dwellings are supplied with the

conditions to meet the energy requirements

resources (like the treatment plant) will be

electricity of PV panels and/or wind

indoor. This results are reached through a

placed in the Visitors' Centre. Monitoring of

turbines. The electrical grid will support

carefully selection of materials which are

performances will be carried out for

these installations to guarantee a continu-

finally responsible for thermal behaviour.

dwellings in order to check the behaviour

ous supply.

Aspects like global heat gain or losses have

indoor of dwellings and the self-sufficiency

The authors of the 25 winnings proposals

been analysed to work properly the sun daily

characteristic of the development.

were commissioned for the corresponding

cycle. Natural ventilation schemes have

The project started with a call for the

execution project. The tenderer who

been implemented in designs to avoid

international, public tender, which was open

obtained the first prize is being also commis-

expensive energy consuming and non-

to architects whose qualifications had been

sioned for the making of a Visitors Centre.

healthy, air conditioned equipment.

140

Maximum advantage will be taken of sunny

and, eventually, a local computer for the

pelago, which is situated in the Atlantic, near

climate in the chosen location from several

data acquisition of each of the house. The

the African continent.

points of view. First of all, an optimum

central computer will perform a global data

The development will be placed near the

working for PV installations foreseen. On

compilation of the whole development,

headquarter of ITER, and it is conceived as

the other hand the energy saved by a smart

allowing access to the results either

an outdoor laboratory. Once the dwellings

utilisation of daylight contributes noticeably

individual or globally in real time analysis. It

are built, ITER will monitor the efficiency of

to maintain the energy consumption rates

will also serve as a storage unit and will

each one of them, with an expected output

very down respect conventional dwellings.

allow, with the use of several devices, a

that will be really useful for later applica-

As is mentioned above, the solution

real-time monitoring of the performance of

tions in a national and international scope.

contributed by each of 25 dwelling project

the dwelling and a data processing of the

is slightly different respect the way RE are

desired time space.

Energy Strategies

implemented. All of them introduce PV

The development is complemented with a

Passive solar cooling and heating.

resources, at an amount of 2 kW which will

visitors centre which purpose is to receive

The basic concern is the thermal behaviour

be integrated in the very structure of roofs.

and inform all those persons who may be

of dwelling taking maximum advantage of

Four of them introduce an extra small wind

interested in learning about the results

useful solar gain. The houses will be

turbine with powers ranging 600 - 5000 W

being obtained in the bioclimatic environ-

isolated in order to avoid non desired gain/

based on different technologies. The whole

ment. It will consist in a two storeys

losses, not to mention the added value of

amount of energy produced by the 25

building with a built-up surface of approxi-

reducing noises from outside. For this

dwellings will be injected to electric grid and

mately 900 m2 containing a multifunctional

purpose double glasses in the windows will

double register systems (consumption/

hall for the exhibitions and acts with a

be used (the reduction in heat losses is

contribution to grid) will be installed to

capacity for at least 100 persons, offices for

about 50%) and a system to keep windows

check the expected zero average net

the administrative staff of the development

and door perfectly shut as it supposes 40%

consumption.

and corresponding services and a small

of change in gain/losses.

In order to check the performances and

cafeteria, in service of the research staff

The calculations performed during the

working conditions in each dwelling, several

who may be living temporarily in the

research phase yield that bioclimatic

sensors and probes that will measure

development.

dwellings designed can save about 70% of

indoor parameters for a later analysis and

The 25 bioclimatic dwellings development

heating/cooling costs, producing an

monitoring, and other specific ones

shall be located on the coastline of the south

additional cost which not exceed 20% in

depending on the main characteristics of

of the Island of Tenerife (Spain), along a dry

extreme cases. Natural lighting may be

each dwelling (anemometers and wind

ravine. The main reason for choosing this

provided directly to inner spaces or

vanes in air tubes, temperature and

location lies in the enormous potential found

adjacent to the house exterior. Advanced

humidity in special places, etc.). The device

in relation to the renewable energy sources:

windows, light shelves, skylights, roof

for each of the dwellings include:

large number of sun hours, constant winds

monitors and side lighting will also reduce

- Vertical temperature profile probes.

of a considerable force (7-8 m/s), scarce

lighting costs considerably.

- Inside / Outside wall temperature probes.

rainfall and arid land. Nevertheless, its

- Humidity probes.

situation near the coast enables experiences

Materials and appliances

- Air flow measuring device.

on water desalination using RE. Tenerife is

The materials used for the making of the

- People presence sensors.

one of the islands of the Canarian archi-

houses are recycled in the maximum way

These sensors will be complemented with weather stations, which will measure parameters such as sun radiation, outside temperature, pressure, humidity and energy consumption and generation registers that discriminate the source of origin (PV panels, wind generator and grid). All the data will be collected in a concentrator that will process all the information and send it, with an specific protocol, to a central computer in the Visitors' Centre

141

Active solar energy systems of low temperature use an energy collector, specially suitable for heating water for human use and heating. The main components are the solar collector, a storage system and the distribution or consumption system. The basic element, the collector, contains an absorber which converts the incident solar radiation into collected energy; later on, the energy is transferred to the water for transport directly to the load or to isolated tanks for later use. The earlier stages of the project have been: - Analysis of conventional energy system possible and, depending on the weather,

impact and it will work at direct current

in dwelling. Including individual and

with thermal inertia. The appliances of the

regime at high voltage. Doing so, the

common cost analysis.

house have been perfectly fitted to the

costs of equipment are reduced consider-

needs of the residents (capacity, power,..)

ably and performances are higher.

and have the "Ecological label" of the

The Visitors Centre will also have a 20 kW

European Community.

PV system for the electric supply of its own

Instead of using the traditional bulb lights,

installations and also the common facilities

low consume ones (20% of the normal

for water treatment.

- Analysis of pollutant emissions on dwelling performances. - Examples' compilation about the duet, dwelling - renewable energy. - Theoretic analysis of different houses prototypes in hypothetical locations. - Call for the international public tender.

consumption) or halogen lamps will be used. It saves 0.5 ton of CO2 to be emitted to the

Water supply.

atmosphere to change a 100 w. traditional

A desalination plant based on reverse

light for a low consume. Photo-electric and

osmosis and a purifying system, both placed

people presence sensors switch off

in the visitors centre, will be suppliers of the

be built belong to ITER so no authorisa-

unnecessary lights when not required,

water needed for the village. There will be

tions are needed but the usual ones

producing a saving between 10 and 80%.

three distribution networks. The water

regarding the local permissions.

Out of the teams, that attended, were selected the 25 houses. - The terrains where the development will

obtained from the sea will be treated in the Electric generation.

desalination plant to produce fresh water; it

The authorisations to execute the " Special

Even though a great percentage of energy

will supply the houses with the first pipe

Urban Plan ITER" and the Visitors Centre

is saved with the design and equipment of

network. The sewage originated in the

are already obtained. The applications for

the house, autonomous installations are

building will be sent to the Visitors Centre by

the bioclimatic development have been

needed (wind and solar energy) to meet the

second network, where it will be treated in a

already made, and the construction of the

electricity needs of each house, besides

sewage farm. The third network will supply

Visitors' Centre began in 2000, and will be

water treatments plants.

purified water for irrigation.

inaugurated by the end of 2001.

PV panels and wind turbines will not be common resources, but individual solutions for the consumption of each of the dwellings. Each house is equipped with 2 kW of PV panels based on high efficiency solar cells ( BP Saturno). These cells introduce new simplified fabrication processes which will lead to reduction of costs and to major penetration of PV in small domestic applications. The PV installation will be integrated in the very structure of each dwelling (unframed panels) looking for a minimum visual

142

The Canary Islands: A world laboratory for RET-desalination seven islands: Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. It is located in parallel 28, 60 miles off the African coast and 750 miles away from Cádiz. DATA OF INTEREST: Population

1.7 million people

Tourists per year

10 million people

Increased pressure on water resources caused by population and tourist growth obliged the Canary Islands to look for new formulas of water supply. The most paradigmatic case can be seen on the island of Lanzarote where more than 80% of water consumption comes from desalinating plants. The Canary Islands should therefore approach the search for an immediate solution where desalination is based on Renewable Energy Sources. Lanzarote and had a capacity of 2.300 m3/d.

Area

7.447 km2

Today, the desalination capacity is approxi-

Coastline

1.531 km

mately 315.000 m3/d, representing almost a

Contact

The Canarian Archipelago is made up by

Julieta C. Schallenber odríguez Schallenbergg RRodríguez Centro de Investigación en Energía y Agua Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias (CIEA-ITC) C/ Cebrián, 3; E-35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islnds. SPAIN Tel: +34 928 452018; Fax: +34 928 452007 e-mail: jschallenberg@cistia.es

No connection through submarine cable Each island generates its own electricity. No conventional energy resources

2% of the world desalination capacity but the

These characteristics, together with the

world population. This production capacity is

strong role played by the tourist industry on

diversified in all kinds of processes and

the regional GDP and the growing necessity

plants of every size and capacity. These

of water production resulting from it, regulate

figures are really remarkable if we keep in

the supply and hinder the application of

mind the low population and extension of the

some energy policies and water programs.

islands, and show to which extent the water

Today, water desalination in the Canary

supply in the Canary Islands is based on

Islands goes beyond some techniques for

desalination.

water treatment. Desalination technology

This water coming from desalination plants

has represented a survival factor for many

supplies about 1 million people and almost

communities in the islands in the last 30

all tourists visiting the islands. In the case

Stand Alone Systems

years; in fact, the very survival of the

of Lanzarote, the island that most strongly

Sea water desalination with an

islands is not conceived without

depends on desalination, 97% of the used

autonomous wind energy system

desalination. This way, desalination is

water comes from desalination plants and

(SDAWES Project)

closely attached to the human and financial

use nearly 40% of its energy to produce

The system is made up by two synchro-

activities in the Archipelago.

water.

nous windturbines, connected in parallel

population represents only the 0.028% of the

similar features, can be a positive contribution, on the part of Canary Islands, to several local and industrial developments.

Desalination with Renewable Energies

and isolated from the electrical grid, with

It is difficult to imagine how life in the Canary Islands would have been today

But this solution to water shortage has a

230 kW of nominal power each one. These

without the extensive application of different

major disadvantage: it is strongly depend-

windturbines supply the necessary power

desalination techniques. In the past, those

ent on energy and, therefore, on the

for the operation of the different desalination

islands that had almost no ground water

amount and price of it.

plants associated to the project: 8 Reverse

resources were supplied with water by

Because of this situation, the Canary Islands

Osmosis desalination plants (with a total

means of tank vessels from the Navy. It is

have started a last struggle: the industrial

capacity of 200 m3/d) a vapour compres-

probably true to say that neither the

production of drinking water from seawater

sion plant (with a capacity of 50 m3/d) and

population, nor the tourist sector and even

using local and renewable energy resources,

a electrodialysis plant (with a capacity of

the farming industry would have gone so far

mainly wind and solar energy, without

192 m3/d). As far as we know, this is the

today without desalination technologies.

disregarding other middle term possibilities.

first time that a stand alone wind farm

The first desalination plant in the Canary

Many of these technologies, because of their

(isolated from the electrical grid) is

Islands was installed in 1964 in the island of

applicability to other areas on Earth with

connected to a desalination plant.

143

Objectives

Working of the system

The main objective of the project is to identify

When the start-up signal is given, the

the best desalination systems for connection

system measures the wind speed and

to a medium power off-grid wind farm.

decides if there is enough wind to start up

This objective is developed according to the

the isolated system (minimum average of 6

following points:

m/s during 5 minutes or similar). Under

• Design of a wind farm to be operated

these conditions, one of the wind turbines starts to accelerate the flywheel until it

isolated from the grid • Determination of the behaviour of each desalination system (RO, VVC, EDR) working under intermittent and variable

Fig 1: General view of the installations. (1) Pumping Station. (2) Product water tank. (3) Brackish water tanks. (4) Desalination dome. (5) Flywheel building. (6) Wind Turbines. (7) Feed water pipe circuit

system with several units, making possible the connection and disconnection of each unit as function of the instantaneous power. • Determination of the life of the mem-

machine is activated to generate a three phase grid of 400 V which is detected as a reference by the wind turbine (WT). Then

load operation • Design, installation and working of a RO

reaches 48 Hz, then the synchronous

• Eight reverse osmosis (RO) units (25 m / d each), with a specific consumption of 7.2 kWh/m

the WT introduces energy to the only connected load: the flywheel, until it reaches the upper speed limit of 52 Hz.

• One vacuum vapour compression (VVC) 3

From that moment the normal loads can be

plant unit (50m /day), working at 0.2 bar

connected; the WT will change the blade

with a specific consumption of 16 kWh/

angle to adapt the supplied power to the

branes working under intermittent

m , and a variable speed compressor

consumed power. If the wind speed

operation

(8400-12000 rpm).

decreases, the control system will detect

• Determination of the water production

• One unit of electrodialysis reversible

the reduction of the frequency and request

quality in function of the variations of the

(EDR) with a production of 190 m3/d,

a reduction in the consumption by discon-

wind

with a specific consumption of 3.3 kWh/

necting plants or modifying the working

m3, and a variable production: 35%-

point until reaching the nominal frequency

disadvantages of each desalination

100% (obtained by the variable feed flow

(52 Hz); if the wind is very weak, all the

system working in the isolated system:

and the variable stack voltage).

loads will be stopped.

• Assessment of the advantages and

The system has two control modes: from

determination of the optimal design of each plant.

Water Circuits

the wind farm (in case of excess of wind)

In the pumping station there are two seawater

and from the loads control (in case of

to work connected to an off grid wind

pumping groups one for the RO plants (2 x

shortage of wind).

farm: definition of the working conditions

13 kW), and the other for the VVC (2 x 9

As a general assessment at this point of

and limits.

kW). The water is taken from a well of 35

the project (more than four years since the

• Adaptation of the VC and the EDR plants

mts. deep, located at 100 mts. from the

beginning) it can be said that as a original

control system to make possible the

coast; this configuration avoids the introduc-

R&D, several unexpected difficulties have

automatic working of the system.

tion of marine life, and the consequent fouling.

appeared, which have forced the partners

There are four pipe circuits:

to create original solutions. It has meant, on

• Two feed water pipes: one for RO plants,

the one hand, a cost in time and in money;

• Design, installation and assessment of a

Basic method of approach A general view of the installation can be seen in figure 1. The elements of the complete system are the following:

and other for the VC plant • A product pipe, from the desalination

and on the other hand, a very interesting learning experience.

area to the 200 m3 product tank • A brine pipe, from the desalination dome to a specific brine well.

Wind Farm

As there is no natural brackish water

It is composed by two 230 kW wind

source, the EDR plant is connected in a

turbines, a 1,500 rpm flywheel coupled to a

closed circuit. An artificial brackish water

100 kVA synchronous machine, an isolation

was prepared by mixing distilled water and

transformer and a UPS of 7.5 kW.

seawater; this water is stored in two tanks. These tanks feed the plant, and the outputs

Desalination Plants

of the plant (desalted water and brine) are

There are ten plants installed:

introduced in the tanks again.

144

Fig 2: Flywheel and synchronous machine.

Major findings

The preliminary major findings are the

300

The stability is possible due to the double control: from the wind, by changing the blade angle in case of excess of wind; and from the control system, by reducing the power consumption in case of lack of wind.

200

% Reyected Energy

Checking the stability of the system

Product Flow 1.000 m3/year

following:

100

Determination of the pressure control in the RO feed pipe Depending on the number of the connected

RO plants, the flow changes and varies the

11 10 100 m3/d Plants

pressure; several tests were performed to determine the control of the pressure.

Graphic 1: Rejected energy and water production as function of the plants

Optimisation of the system (wind farm with RO) A simulation model has been used to

139

identify the optimal installation of RO plants

because it is the most suitable desalination system for seawater with the smallest specific consumption.

138

Cost

been decided to use only RO plants

Specific Cost (ptas/m3)

connected to an off grid wind farm. It has

137

The graphic 4 shows the rejected energy and the production of water depending on the number of RO plants installed; the

136

production of water increases with the plants and the rejected energy decreases, because

with less loads it is more difficult to adapt the consumption to the available power.

11 10 Numbers of Plants

Graphic 2: Specific cost as function of installed plants

PESETAS (Ptas)

EUROS (â&#x20AC;˘)

136

0.817

In the graphic 5 it can be seen the specific

The starting up and operation of two

137

0.823

investment cost in relation with the number

medium power wind turbines working in

138

0.829 0.835

of plants, showing that there is an optimal

parallel within an isolated system has been

139

number of plants to get a minimum cost.

an original achievement of this project.

As a preliminary economical analysis, a simulation software has been programmed

Determination of the optimal desalination

to know which is the optimal installation of

system powered by wind energy

desalination plants (only RO) connected to

It is one of the main objectives of the

an off grid wind farm. The results showed it

project. For the moment, preliminary

would be possible to produce water with a

aspects have been concluded about the

competitive cost (about 0.8 euros/m ).

advantages and disadvantages of each desalination system. (See Table 1).

Possible breakthroughs

Fig 3 View of the Reverse Osmosis units

Some breakthroughs has been the

Relation of the main advantages and

followings:

disadvantages of each desalination system

Operation of an off grid wind farm

in isolated system operation.

145

Determination of the modifications in the desalination systems in order to improve

Advantages

Desalination system RO

Fast starting-up and stop

the working in an isolated wind grid

Disadvantages - Discontinuous power consumption - Difficult pressure control in the feed water circuit

The suppliers of the VVC and EDR plants Variable continuous power

- Slow starting-up

consumption

- Scaling if discontinuous operation

Variable continuous power

- Only for brackish water

the off grid wind farm; however, a more

consumption

- Harmonic distortion (due to the conversion AC/DC)

complete analysis should be done.

Fast starting-up and stop

prepared an specific design to include the

VVC

possibility of a variable power consumption in order to achieve a better connection to

The installed RO system does not include

EDR

Table 1 :Main advantages and disadvantages of desalination systems in stand alone operation

any modification, hence there are important possibilities to improve the system in

technology used by the system, it seems

built in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands).

future projects, for instance the substitu-

more appropriate to install it in places with

The driving gear consists of a main low

tion of several small plants by only one big

a medium-high technological development

rotation shaft in the windturbine nacelle, a

plant with a variable flow high pressure pump. Major obstacles Many difficulties and obstacles have appeared along more than four years of working in the project. From a technical point of view the main problems have been the following:

first multiplication for bevel gear, a vertical Partners & Funding

prop shaft made of different units elastically

The project has been cofinanced with the

attached, and, finally, a multiplication for the

European Commission through the JOULE

desalination pump.

Program; the ITC is the co-ordinator of the

The desalination module is made up by four

project. The other partners of the project

osmotic membranes, set in series, with a

are: the University of Las Palmas of Gran

low recovery rate, according to the operation

Canaria (ULPGC); ENERCON; the research

requirements of the system. The control

centre Instituto de EnergĂas Renovables of

system, supported by a pressure accumula-

Control program debugging

Centro de Investigaciones EnergĂŠticas,

tor, uses seawater as a control fluid.

It has been necessary to modify several

Medioambientales y TecnolĂłgicas (IER-

The desalination plant works under variable

times the original software to solve all the

CIEMAT), and the Centre of Renewable

regimen, according to the technical limits

control problems that have appeared during

Energy Systems Technology (CREST), and

established by the membrane's manufacter

the tests.

National Engineering Laboratory (NEL)

(from 45 to 70 bars). This variable regimen is regulated by the seawater valves system,

Malfunctions in electronic instruments There are many electronic instruments installed to take the signals (more than 130) which will be recorded in the acquisition data PC. Due to different reasons (wrong connections, low quality of the equipment, difficulties in the calibration) several failures have happened

Windgenerator with mechanical coupling to a desalination plant

that act as a control system. Application area The project can be installed in any part of the world with a medium wind speed.

(AERODESA I Project)

Nevertheless, the unit has been designed

Low-tech windgenerator with a rated

for both ordinary and low maintenance

power of 15 kW, specially designed to be

conditions, which is essential in isolated

High harmonic distortion

coupled to a seawater R.O. desalination

areas or developing countries, so that these

The EDR plant operates in DC, therefore it

plant (with a capacity of 10 m3/d) with a

kind of areas seem to be its natural market

includes converters AC / DC. There are

mechanical coupling system and seawater

more converters in that unit (pumps) and in

as a control fluid.

the VC unit (compressor). These elements

The unit has been designed for both

have been causing harmonic distortion and

ordinary and low maintenance conditions,

excessive reactive power consumption

which is essential in isolated areas or

(power factor less than 0.5 in EDR unit).

developing countries.

Application area

Technical Description

The project can be installed in any part of

The rotor is made up by three 4.5 meter long

the world with a medium wind speed.

blades, built with fibber-glass in polyester in

Nevertheless, due to the state-of-the-art

the traditional way. The blades have been

146

Fig 4: Blades: built in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)

turbine and a displacement oil pump. The oil-hydraulic system, which act as a control system, allows the desalination plant to work under nominal conditions. Application area The project can be installed in any part of the world with a medium wind speed. Nevertheless, the unit has been designed for both ordinary and low maintenance conditions, which is essential in isolated areas or developing countries, so that these kind of areas seem to be its natural market Fig 6: Windgenerator- hydraulic coupling Fig 5: Windgenerator -mechanical coupling-

Some interesting data - Relation surface/water production: 55 m2/ m3-d (m3 means 1 m3 of desalted water

Some interesting data - Relation surface/water production:

per day)*

59 m /m -d (m means 1 m of desalted

- Water cost m3 (prototype): 4.2 •/m3

water per day)*

- Water cost m3 (fabrication cost): 2.03 •/m3

- Water cost m3 (prototype): 629 ptas/m3= Funding

3.78 •/m3 3

- Water cost m (fabrication cost): 314 ptas/ m3 = 1.89 •/m3

The project has been financed by the

Fig 7: Oil-hydraulic system

Government of the Canary Islands. The project has been carried out by ITC.

Funding The project has been financed by the Government of the Canary Islands. The project has been carried out by ITC.

Windgenerator with hydraulic coupling to a desalination plant

Windturbine electrical coupled to a desalination plant (AEROGEDESA PROJECT) Electrical coupling from a 15 kW commercial windturbine to a Reverse Osmosis desalination plant (with a desalination

(AERODESA II PROJECT)

capacity of 18 m3/d), operating under a

Windgenerator with a rated power of 15

constant regime and managing the storage

kW, specially designed to be coupled to a

and available wind energy use through a

seawater R.O. desalination plant of two

battery bank. The battery bank guarantees

Fig 8: View of the Windgenerator

modules (with a rated capacity of 15 m3/d)

that the washing system is filled with

storage with an autonomy of 20 minutes. A

with a oil-hydraulic mechanical coupling

seawater, thus guaranteeing a longer

Reverse Osmosis desalination plant of 18

system, thus allowing a high automation of

working life of the membranes.

m3/d adapted to a frequent start/stop

the system.

The whole system is fully automated.

configuration is coupled to the system.

Technical Description

wind turbine of 15 kW to a Reverse

It is a horizontal axis wind turbine with a

Wind turbine with a rated power of 15 kW, a

Osmosis desalination plant, operating on a

passive downwind orientation system and

three-phase self exciting induction generator

constant basis and managing the storage

two hinged blades. It has also an overspeed

for a static condenser battery, a charger and

and use of the available wind energy

brake system and a hydraulic power

a three-phase sine wave inverter, both

through a battery bank. The whole system

transmission system by means of a set

micro-processed. It also has a battery

is fully automated.

It is an electric coupling from a commercial

147

The control and data acquisition systems are

Technical description

made up by a Programmable Logic Control-

The desalination plant has been specifically

ler (PLC) receiving all the signs from the

designed to work isolated from the electrical

sensors in the plant and making decisions in

grid and the system is fully automated. The

relation to the start/stop configuration in the

desalination plant works for a daily period

installation. It will also monitor the safety

whose duration is determined both by the

devices by using two microprocessors

state of charge of the batteries in the

exclusively used to control and manage the

photovoltaic array and the available solar

available energy in the electric system.

radiation. The system has been designed to

The Reverse Osmosis desalination plant has a brine washing system for stop configurations, so that the plant service life

Fig 11: View of the photovoltaic field

Desalination plant driven by low temperature solar thermal energy system

and reliability is maintained. The battery bank (with an autonomy of 20 minutes) will

(SODESA Project)

guarantee that the washing system is

The project consists of the design,

always full with desalted water.

installation and estimation of a distillation system working under 80°C and severe

Application area

weather conditions driven by solar collec-

The project can be installed in any part of the

tors (50 m² of total surface). The system

world with an average wind speed and no grid

has an approximate production of 700 l/d.

connection because of economic reasons. Technical description The project consists of the design, installation

Some interesting data

and estimation of a distillation system working

- Relation surface/water production: 41.26 2

Fig 9: Windturbine -a commercial one-

m /m -d (m means 1 m of desalted

under 80°C and severe weather conditions (process: "multiple-effect humidification")

water per day)* 3

- Water cost m (prototype): 3.11 •/m

driven by non-corrosive and technologically

ahead thermal solar collectors with selective

- Water cost m (fabrication cost):1.91 •/m 3

surface and a high performance (50 m² of

- Water cost m (optimised system with

total surface). The system, with a hot

energy recover and bigger desalination 3

seawater accumulator to reduce losses due

plant about 300 m ): 1.12 •/m

to thermal inertia and allows the system to work 24 hours/d. The system has an

Funding

approximate production of 700 l/d.

The project has been financed by the Government of the Canary Islands. . The

Fig 10: View of the reverse osmosis plant (18 m3/d)

project has been carried out by ITC. produce a minimum of 800 l/d under normal

Desalination plant coupled to a solar photovoltaic field

conditions of solar radiation in subtropical areas. Some data of interest - Surface-production relation: 75m2/m3

(DESSOL Project)

(m3 refers to 1m3 of desalted water a

The project consists of the design, installa-

day)*

tion estimation and optimization of a drinking water production system in coastal areas

Partners & Funding

isolated from the electricity grid. It is made

The project has been jointly financed with

up by a Reverse Osmosis desalination plant

the German association AG-SOLAR. . The

(rated capacity: 3 m3/d) driven by an isolated

project has been carried out by ITC and by

photovoltaic array (peak capacity: 4.8 kW).

REWET (Germany)

148

Fig 12: RO desalination plant (3 m 3/d)

Partners & Funding The project has been co-financed with the European Commission through the program JOULE, carried out in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (the co-ordinator of the

• drinkable water, through a Reverse

characteristics of the location, including a

Osmosis plant powered by wind energy,

system of strong and constant winds, it was

with the possibility of water processing.

planned to propose it as a demonstrative

• energy self-supply through a wind-diesel

example of the application of renewable

system isolated from the grid. • improvement of the economic conditions

energies (wind power in this case) to supply isolated communities, with the highest

project), the ZAE-Bayern Centre for Applied

of the fishermen with an ice generation

respect to the surrounding environment and

Research and the Agricultural University of

plant and a cold-storage plant to freeze

independence from external supplies.

Athens.

fish. These plants are also powered by a Aim of the project

wind-diesel system.

The aim of the project was to provide,

Some data of interest - Surface-production relation: 107m2/m3

Detailed description of the project

electricity, cold and ice to a small isolated

(m refers to 1m of desalted water a

Location description

fishermen village through wind energy

day)*

Puerto de la Cruz, at the southernmost part

supported by conventional energy.

of the Jandía Peninsula, on the Island of

The project meets two different goals at a

Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), is a small,

general and local level: at a general level,

isolated fishermen village (with a total lack

the project aims to demonstrate how a

of energy resources and drinking water).

renewable, non-pollutant and independent

The village is located 20 Km away from the

power source, transformed by means of an

residential and tourist resort of Morro Jable,

advanced technology, can achieve self-

Wind-diesel system for water and electricity supply in the island of Fuerteventura

in the municipality of Pájara, where the

supply for a community, within a satisfac-

(PUNTA JANDIA Project)

electrical grid ends.

tory living standard, avoiding negative

This project is focused on the basic

Before the project each house had a diesel

impacts on the environment. At a local level,

elements for living in a community, which

generator for their own energy consumption.

the project intends to stop an uncontrolled

are the following:

The water was supplied by a truck, therefor

tourist development of the area -located in a

• water

the water price was very high because they

protected natural place- because of its

• energy

had to pay for the water price plus the driver

limited energy and water resources.

• improvement of the economic infrastructure of the population The difficulties of a fishermen's community, without power mains (the electricity grid ends 20 km before the village), have turned, by means of this project, into an increase of the living standards through a full self-supply of: Fig 14 View of the village

fees and the truck diesel;

Innovative aspects of the project

so the water price was

Arrangement and renewal the original village

Fig 13: View of the solar thermal field (50 m2)

nearly 3 •/m .

(houses, streets and sidewalks), providing it

This area will hold,

with all the necessary infrastructures (street

according to the local by-

and home lighting, drinkable water and

laws, a small housing

sewers) with the maximum respect to the

development up to a

original situation (unpaved sand streets and

maximum of 450 summer

hidden services network).

visitors, 60 permanent

Outside the village, in an architectonic

inhabitants and 500

setting in keeping with the environment, a

occasional visitors per day.

group of highly technical installations have

But the actual population

been developed to meet all the require-

are 50 inhabitants.

ments of the village: one windturbine to

Taking into account the

transform wind energy to electric power,

149

diesel equipment (when the wind lacks),

the specific conditions of a particular place

sea water desalination plant, cold-storage

and is fitted to any isolated area of the

room for fish, ice generation plant, hauling

planet with enough wind

capstan and sewage treatment plant. Partners & Funding

Technical data

The project has been cofinanced with the

Installations:

European Commission through the

- Planned drinkable water supply: 60 litres/day (with low consumption toilets) - Power supply (Kph/person/year): unlimited - Desalination capacity: 56 m3 per day (higher than necessary, but the desalination plant will only work with wind and never with fuel: all the water will be produced by the wind) - Water storage tank: 2 x 500 m3. - Cold-storage room for: 1200 Kg of fish at 0"C - Ice production: 500 Kg/day - Peak power demand: 100 KW

VALOREN Program; Town council of Fig 15: View of the technical installations

Pájara (Fuerteventura), Fuerteventura

From the social point of view

Water Association, Industry Council

The project contributes directly to improve

(Government of the Canary Islands) and

the working conditions of the community,

the Institute of Renewable Energies (IER-

since it will increase the productive capacity

CIEMAT). The partners involved were the

of the fishermen, who no longer depend on

University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

the people spending the day in the place for

(ULPGC) and the Institute of Renewable

selling the fish. Now, thanks to the ice

Energies (IER-CIEMAT). Nowadays ITC is

generation plant and the cold-storage plant,

managing the project.

they can store their fish stocks

- Windturbine: Vestas, V27m 225 KW - Diesel equipment: 2 x 60 KW - Control system: flywheel, dump loads and PC with AT Bus.

From the sustainability point of view The understanding and meaning of the new technological systems will be improved

Benefits of the project

through this project by means of the

From the environment point of view

improvement of the living standards. The

This project reduces CO2 emissions and

aim is to make it clear that sometimes this

avoids laying down the electric grid with the

the only way to keep a sustainable develop-

subsequent devastation of the environment.

ment outside the big cities and large human

In addition to this "free" natural resources,

concentrations and avoid the emigration to

like the wind are used.

these areas.

These benefits, and many more arising from the project, are some of the results of

Application area

using natural resources and protecting the

This project has been tested to spread it

environment.

out with improvements and adjustments for

NOTE: This is a prototype data, this data should be much smaller in an optimised system

Fig 17: View of the diesel system (2 x 60 kW)

Acknowlodgment This paper was possible thanks to the collaboration of my colleges, I special want to thank, for their wonderful co-operation, the following persons: Alejandro Menéndez (General information and practical example), Francisco Valido (Projects AERODESA I and AERODESA II), Juan Carlos Perdomo (Project AEROGEDESA), Vicente Subiela (Project SDAWES), Gonzalo Piernavieja (Project DESOL and SODESA), Pilar Navarro (Project SODESA), Tomás Fig 16: Scheme of the installations

150

Espino (Project DESOL) and Esther Elizondo

Development of RES Investment Projects in Small-island Biosphere Reserves Sustainable energies in smallisland biosphere reserves Biosphere reserves are protected areas of representative ecosystems that have been recognised within UNESCO's MAB (Man and Biosphere) Programme for their importance in providing the scientific knowledge, skills and human values needed to support sustainable development. Among the sites contributing to the international network of biosphere reserves and the World Heritage List are a number of small islands and archipelagos. Island communities around the world are almost totally dependent upon a steady supply of petroleum products. The cost of fuel and the threat of shortages and concerns about environmental impact (exhaust fumes, oil spillage, etc.) recently prompted the assessment of energy needs and created an incentive to develop indigenous energy resources. Because of the variety of situations that exist, from large islands with several

Minorca, Lanzarote, Guadeloupe and GalĂĄpagos are protected areas of representative ecosystems of the Earth (MAB programme of the UNESCO). The Altener project Development of RES investment projects in smallisland biosphere reserves, developed in these islands, aims to stimulate the take-off of renewable energy resources, and thus to contribute to meeting the challenge presented by sustainable development. Wind power, waste management, autonomous photovoltaic electrification and solar powered air conditioning projects are underway in these regions. At the same time, the development of solar thermal energy projects within the hotel sector is an important common activity in all these areas. Together with compliance with other environmental criteria, will permit these establishments to obtain the ecolabel "Biosphere Hotels". The certification "Biosphere Hotels, Quality for life" specifically covers hotel establishments located in Biosphere Reserves and their buffer areas, or Natural World Heritage Sites. The projects are being developed in the framework of an Implementation Plan, which involves all the active parties in the promotion of renewable energies who constitute an Implementation Group in each island. On the other hand, the project focuses on the promotion of co-operation at an inter-island and international level particularly in the domains of formation, information, transfer of technology, as well as in the dissemination of the RES projects implemented.

alternative energy options to small islands generic solution to energy independence in

public institutions.

island communities. Each island must

Although these spaces present very

utilise the energy resources that are

different biogeographical situations, they

available to it in an economically, environ-

have in common their small size, declara-

mentally, and socially acceptable way.

tion as biosphere reserves and the

Contact

with very limited resources, there is no C. TTorra orra and S. Izquier do Izquierdo ICAEN. Avda.Diagonal 453bis Ă tic. 08036 Barcelona.SPAIN Tel.: +34 93 6220500 Fax: +34 93 6220501 e-mail: edificis @icaen.es

important role played by the tourist industry

The project's context: Economic activities and energy situation of the islands

on each of these insular territories.

Table 1, shows some of the principal

Tourist is, on all four islands, the dominant

characteristics of the tourist sectors of

factor in local development policies and an

Minorca, Lanzarote, Guadeloupe and the

The targeted actions planned in this project

activity capable of imposing the economic

Galapagos.

are to be developed in the following small-

and regional development model. With the

island biosphere reserves: Minorca and

exception of Minorca, which still maintains

Lanzarote (Spain), the Guadeloupe

certain traditional economic activities and a

Archipelago (France) and the Galapagos

booming and diversified local industrial

(Ecuador), which was chosen because it is

fabric, the other islands or archipelagos,

also a World Heritage Site and has a

especially Lanzarote, are clearly dominated

special interest for different EU private and

by a single industry: tourism.

Island

Annual visitors

No. beds

Seasonality

Minorca

1,4 M

65.000

High

Lanzarote

1.5 M

55.000

Low

Guadeloupe Galapagos

0.7M

8.500

Medium

0.07M

2.580

Medium

Table 1: Characteristics of tourism on Minorca, Lanzarote, Guadeloupe and the Galapagos

151

The specialisation imposed by tourism on

energy is much smaller.

the economies of these islands means that

Finally, in Minorca and Galapagos the

and international level, particularly in the

energy capacity is often oversized, as such

present contribution of the renewable

domains of formation, information,

factors as the seasonality of consumption,

energies to electricity production is

technology transfer, etc

sudden changes in markets or the disper-

accounted for by the production of solar

sion of demand can all intervene. These

photovoltaic energy by small facilities with

tion of RES applications in island regions

aspects, along with the high cost of

power of around 100 kwp.for Minorca and

as a result of their implementation in

electricity power generation, created

10 kWp for Galapagos.

Biosphere Reserves

• Promote co-operation on an inter-island

• Foster the broadest possible dissemina-

• Develop funding mechanisms and

advantageous economic conditions for the

tidal and geothermal power and the

Project objectives: Renewable energies in smallisland biosphere reserves

production of energy from solid waste.

This project aims to stimulate the take-off

Action plans developed

With regard to primary energy supply, the

of renewable energy resources, and thus to

Minorca and Lanzarote have developed a

domestic market on these four biosphere

contribute to meeting the challenge

Renewable Energy Action Plan in the

reserve islands and archipelagos is limited

presented by sustainable development.

framework of the Altener I programme.

to a tiny proportion of renewable energy,

Wind power, waste management, autono-

Guadeloupe has developed a Regional

and practically the entire primary energy

mous photovoltaic electrification and solar

Renewable Energy Plan, approved by

supply depends on the entry of oil. Table 2

powered air conditioning projects are

Ademe, as well as completing various

shows electricity generation by thermal

underway in these regions. At the same

feasibility studies under the Altener and

power stations and the contribution of the

time, the development of solar thermal

Save programmes. Galapagos is currently

renewable energies.

energy projects within the hotel sector is an

carrying out feasibility studies for the

development of the renewable energies, principal solar and wind power, but also

Island

Thermal

Solar

Geoth.

Th.

Minorc. Lanz. Guade. Galap.

120 +247

0.13

2.85

appropriate institutional and regulation reforms.

important

renewable energy-based electrification of

common activity

the islands and is also carrying out

in all these

analyses of different alternatives for solid waste management. To define the Imple-

Wind

Small

power

hydro

0,104

566

0.12

2.23

17'9

areas. Together

1136

4.5

with compliance

mentation Plan all this Action Plans have

with other

been reviewed.

0.009

0.12

Table2: Thermal electricity production and contribution of RES (GWh)

environmental criteria, this will

Minorca

The largest contribution to energy produc-

permit such establishments to obtain the

The Renewable Energy Plan, developed

tion by the renewable energies is in

"Biosphere Hotels" ecolabel.

within the framework of the Altener I

Guadeloupe and accounts for more than

• Review the Action Plans and establish

Program and implemented in close co-

7% of total electricity produced. This

priorities in the field of the renewable

operation between the Consell Insular de

archipelago, like the other Biosphere

energies for the Biosphere Reserve

Menorca and INSULA (International

Reserve islands considered under the

islands, drawing up an Implementation

Scientific Council for Island Development),

Plan.

with the technical realisation of the Institut

project, is characterised by sustained growth of total energy consumption, which

• Promote the concept of Biohotel or

Menorquí d'Estudis and the collaboration of

reached around 800,000 TOE in 1998. Of

Biosphere hotels by developing the use

ICAEN, forms part of the general sustain-

this, some 710 KTOE (90%) were based on

of RES in the tourist sector including,

able development strategy for European

specifically, solar hot water production.

islands and of the specific lines of action

hydrocarbons (41% to generate electricity, 22% for air transport and 33% for road

• Develop investment projects for electrifi-

laid down by the Sustainable Development

transport). Electrical energy consumption is

cation using renewable energy sources

Plan for Minorca.

1136 GWh (1998), representing a fuel

and waste solid treatment on the

This RES Plan stipulates that the main

Biosphere Reserve islands.

RES projects to be developed in the island

consumption of 256 kg per kWh generated. In Lanzarote, the most significant contribu-

• Harmonise the different initiatives of

in order to reduce conventional energy

tion by the renewable energies corresponds

these small islands in the field of the

consumption are: 40 MW wind parks, 8000

to wind power, with installed power of 6.4

renewable energies, and to contribute to

m2 of solar collectors for hot water

MW and electricity production of 17.9

the implementation of a possible Solar

production, and solar passive and energy

GWh. The contribution of solar photovoltaic

Marketing Programme.

saving measures in different sectors.

152

Lanzarote

solutions for the electrification of the islands

The projects: Renewable energies in

Lanzarote offers exceptional climatic

which take maximum advantage of

small-island biosphere reserves

conditions for the use of solar and wind

renewable energy sources, both to reduce

The renewable energy projects will be

energies without discarding other potential

the risk of environmental impact and to

implemented on each of the four small-

resources such as geothermal energy

make the Galapagos a national and regional

island Biosphere Reserves involved:

(currently under study), biomass, solid

showcase for sustainable development.

Minorca, Lanzarote, Guadeloupe and

urban waste, wave energy, etc. It is

As part of these initiatives, a project for

Galapagos. The principal action, common

considered of the utmost importance for

the electrification of the archipelago based

to all the islands, is the development of

Lanzarote to increase its level of energy

on the use of the renewable energies has

solar thermal energy projects in the hotel

self-sufficiency, where a 6.4MW wind park

been financed by UNDP-GEF in co-

sector. These, along with compliance with

is already operating on the island.

operation with the Directorate for Alterna-

other environmental criteria, will allow the

The Autonomous Government Ministry of

tive Energies (Dirección de Energías

establishments involved to obtain the

Industry and Trade has developed the RES

Alternativas, DEA).

"Biosphere Hotels" certificate. Wind power projects will also be imple-

Plan (Plan Energías Renovables para Canarias, PERCAN) which provides, as part of the subprogram PROCASOL, for 2

Res investment projects to be developed in the islands

mented in Guadeloupe and Minorca, as well as waste management and autonomous

the installation of 36,000 m solar collectors

The implementation plan for the

photovoltaic electrification projects in the

in 6 years, introducing different modalities

renewable energies in small-island

Galapagos, solar heating, cooling and air

for financing the installations. Also 140 MW

biosphere reserves project

conditioning projects in Guadeloupe and

wind and 44 MW from solid waste.

The principal objective of the Implementa-

projects for the generation of energy from

Finally, it should be mentioned that to

tion Plan is to analyse the prospects for the

landfill biogas in Lanzarote and Galápagos.

guarantee the objectives frame of the

renewable energies on each of the islands

Biosphere Reserve, Lanzarote has an

and to specify and define the actions to be

Solar thermal energy in the hotel sector

instrument of regional organisation (Plan

carried out as part of the project.

A total of 35 projects are being developed

Insular de Ordenación del Territorio) and

An initial stage in the Plan, summarised

on the four islands for the production of

has developed a strategy for the sustain-

above, will involve describing the energy

solar hot water in hotels. As part of the

able development of the island.

situation on each island and defining the

process for selecting the hotels, forms were

general framework for the implementation of

completed allowing the necessary data to

Guadeloupe

renewable energy projects, identifying those

be gathered to carry out a preliminary

Like most small Caribbean islands,

factors which favour or present obstacles to

feasibility study. The first stage of the

Guadeloupe has no fossil energy re-

the development of the renewable energies.

project involved completion of these studies

sources. Nevertheless, the energetic

A second part of the Plan centres on the

and the selection of the hotels in Minorca

independence rate now stands at 10%

actions to be developed in the framework of

and Lanzarote. The selection process is

thanks to the initial effects of the Regional

the Altener project for each of the islands

currently getting under way in Guadeloupe

Plan for Energy Control.

and describes how these actions will

and Galapagos. Table 3 shows the main

The public institutions now seeks to

contribute to the economic and social

characteristics of the thermal solar

increase the development of RES through

development of the island and to the

installations proposed.

new projects ( 35 MWwind farms in Marie

preservation of the

Galante and Nord Grande Terre, husks/

environment.

coal power plant, waste incineration

To ensure broad local

Menorca

2842

1459

912.674

613.032

plants…). The potential for the develop-

participation in

Lanzarote

9196

6413

7.090.970

2.343.947

ment of RES remains vast. The most

drawing up and

recent study showed that RES could

managing the Plan,

supply 25% of electricity demand by the

an Implementation Group has been set up

Solar cooling in Guadeloupe

year 2006.

on each of the islands, made up of repre-

Various experiences in solar cooling have

sentatives from different sectors of the

been carried out in the south of France, and

Galapagos

population, such as hoteliers' associations,

a project is being implemented under the

The Ecuadorian government, the institu-

institutions, NGOs engaged in environmental

aegis of this Altener project for the installa-

tions of the Galapagos and a number of

action, universities, electricity companies,

tion of a solar cooling system at the Hotel

international bodies are currently promoting

etc.

Novotel, a member of the Accor chain, on

Island

Nº Hotels

Nº beds

Area solar

Energy

Invest.

collect. (m2)

Prod. (KWh)

(EUR)

Table 3: Solar Thermal installations of the hotels in Menorca and Lanzarote.

153

Grande Terre in the Guadeloupe archi-

The project for building a centre for the

electrification of Floreana using a photo-

pelago. The energy characteristics of this

biomethanisation and energy production

voltaic-wind power hybrid system.

facility are as follows:

from the organic waste generated in

• Energy produced by the solar collectors:

Lanzarote includes the creation of a module

240,000 kWh/year • Cooling energy transferred from the

for sludge reception and mixing, a

Dissemination and exchange of experiences

biomethanisation module, a cogeneration

Dissemination actions and the establishment

module, and a composting and refining

of synergies with other projects and

• Electrical energy saved: 60,000 kWh/year

centre.

exchanges of experiences with other islands

• Tonnes of CO2 saved: 45

The estimated total volume of waste to be

are important aspects of this project.

• The absorption machine has energy

treated is:

The dissemination of the projects set up

efficiency of 70% whilst the COP of the

MSW 60,937 Tonnes/year

and, above all, those executed, will be

cooling system is estimated at 2.5.

Wastewater treatment sludge: 6,002

carried out in the most rapid and flexible way

absorption machine: 153,000 kWh/year

Tonnes /year

possible, seeking to harmonise and integrate

Wind farms on Minorca and Guadeloupe

Giving some 57,500 Tonnes/year for

the different initiatives and projects. To this

Various studies have found high wind

methanisation, generating 24 million kWh

end, a dossier has been designed and

power potential at various points of Minorca

electrical energy per year.

printed offering a graphic image of the

and the Guadeloupe Archipelago.

In the Galapagos it is being developed a

project, describing its objectives and

Within the framework of this project, the

solid waste integral management project

providing for gathering together of the

construction of a wind farm is proposed in

considering gasification and methanisation

information generated for its dissemination.

the north of Minorca, as well as the

as possible energy recovery systems.

The information produced includes computer files describing each project.

extension of the facility which already exists on La Désirade, in the east of the

Photovoltaic electrification

Moreover, brochures will be published for

Guadeloupe Archipelago. The table below

in the Galapagos

each of the islands aimed at the hotel

summarises the principal energy character-

The electricity system on Floreana, one of

sector and for distribution amongst tourists.

istics of these projects:

the four populated islands in the

These will provide information about the hot water production projects carried out and

Wind farm

Average annual wind speed

Nº wind turb.

Inst. pwr.

Elec. Gen.

CO2 saved

Sa Talaia Minorca

6 m/s

13.8 MW

10,080MW/year

2,626 t

La Désirade Guadeloupe

8 m/s

2.4 MW

7,000MW/year

5,180 t

Table 4: Energy characteristics of the wind farms proposed in Minorca and Guadeloupe

about the "Biosphere Hotels: Quality for Life" certificate. On another level, the information on projects will also be disseminated on the Internet, and co-operation between islands

Energy production from waste in

Galapagos, is based on the combustion of

and at international level will be promoted,

Lanzarote and Galapagos

gas-oil and presents serious technical

particularly as regards the fields of informa-

In Lanzarote, the Altener project also

deficiencies, as well as suffering restric-

tion, training and the exchange of experi-

includes a study for the conversion of the

tions which make it difficult for the

ences. Moreover, with a view to establish-

Zonzamas landfill site (San Bartolomé,

population to carry on their everyday

ing synergies, consideration will be given to

Lanzarote) into an environmental complex

activities.

possible participation at forums and in other

whose principal activity will be the produc-

A project is being developed within the

activities carried out under Altener projects

tion of energy from landfill biogas.

framework of the Altener project for the

developed on other islands.

154

Islands, Telematics and Sustainable energy Islanders need access to the current state of the art of commercially available sustainable energy technologies and procedures. In addition, the market of most islands is too small for standard activities ranging from education, training or commercial supply of innovative energy solutions. Finaly, the characteristics and the requirements of an island may be different from

Telematics is a vital tool to implement sustainable energy systems in the islands. It is so for many reasons. Most of the information on energy regularly available in the islands is either obsolete or inapropriate for todays majority of islands. The conventional dissemination of the innovative techniques and uses of the modern efficient and renewable systems is too slow -and often also too expensive- to allow the survival and modernisation of many islands. Islanders need access to the current state of the art of commercially available sustainable energy technologies and procedures.

those of the mainland. The needed services -information, education, supply, maintenance- cannot be founded in the mainland. Telematics can significantly help to alliviate Joaquim Cor ominas Corominas ECOSERVEIS C/. Cerรกmica, 38 08035 Barcelona. SPAIN ecoserv@eic.ictnet.es

the above mentioned problems. People

scapes, farms, forests, lakes or regions it is

desiring a more sustainable energy system

more likely something has been done and

in their island -politicians, technicians,

that the information has been disseminated.

consumers, inhabitants- pose a series of

We know islands do not have the same

questions that need apropriate answers,

scale or mass factor than the mainland and

that often do not find in their island or even

so it is more unlikely something has been

in the mainland, such as: Is there a

done in conditions similar to those of that

possibility to improve the sustainability of

specific island. The search for the desired

the energy system of the island? If so, with

answers to the questions becomes more

what technologies? Where it has been

difficult, lengthly and costly in the islands

cost. Telematics for an office in a mainland

succesfuly implemented? Who has done it?

than in the mainland.

city may be an option for a regular face to

How it was done? What new education and

Fortunately todays telematics are of a great

face course or seminar, or may avoid a trip

training is needed? Where it can be

help for finding answers to the islands

to the library of the university. In an island

learned?

sustainable energy questions. Hundreds of

telematics may represent avoiding weeks

The answer to those questions, even when

islands can be looked for hints to the own

away from home and the office or days for

they are posed in the mainland, can be

island's problems. Moreover, their voice can

a trip to the libray.

difficult but the concentration of people and

be made heard -or better, their needs can

Islanders are used to navigate, to commu-

resources such as libraries, businesses,

be known- to distant authorities -national,

nicate with distant people and cultures.

European, worldwide- than can take action

Islanders have often learnt how to use their

after knowing a need that withou telematics

resources -water, energy- in a sustainable

probably they would ignore.

way, sometimes applying their own

Using telematics help to find people or

methods and techniques. They can

businesess that can supply the sustainable

disseminate their knowledge or products

energy goods or services not locally

using todays telematics.

available.

There are also problems when using

But telematics has other important advan-

telematics to improve the sustainability of

tages. It can provide taylored education and

the energy system of islands. Those

training to remote areas, to a very small

problems have to be known to be

number of people, at a rate compatible wit

overcomed whenever possible. In the first

the people's schedule and at much lower

place, one has to learn how to use

and universities paves the roadtowards the answer. Because in the mainland there are large number of similar cities, land-

Insula Virtual Campus - RES insula@unesco.org

155

telematics as is has to learn how to drive a

non experts to find it. Good, friendly energy

stop when it fails just one message

vehicle and use it in a town.

portals can be a real help.

before the last one.

The topics related to energy sustainability in

Todays technology of telematics has to be

islands have to be easily located to facilitate

improved for its massive use in most

the changes on prior versions, avoiding

islands:

unnecessary and frustrating re-learning,

• Communications need not be faster but

particularly to non frequent system

more reliable and dependable.

• Software has to be designed to minimize

users.

• Computers have to be insensible to the

• Topics have to dealt in a non discrimina-

grid cuts and voltage and frequency

tory way (gender, race, culture, geo-

oscillations. PV systems can provide the

graphical location ...).

dc current, getting read of unnecessary

156

transformers and power supplies too

Easing the use of telematics in islands in

sensible to actual island grid conditions.

the way described above could probably do

• Software has to be communication line

more for island sustainability than providing

failure proof. Transmission has not to

grants to non-sustainable energy systems.

International actions, networks

European Island OPET

The OPET Network is an initiative of the

ent on tourism and the related industry is

European Commission, whose aim is to

developing fast. As a result, energy

disseminate information on new innovative

problems (due to high seasonal differ-

energy technologies and promote the

ences in demand and to power load

benefits deriving from them. These energy

peaks) and environmental problems are

technologies cover the areas of renewable energy sources and rational use of energy

common characteristics. • The environmental impact of conventional

Contact

Organization for the Promotion of Energy Technologies

INSULA International Scientific Council for Island Development Co-ordinator c/o UNESCO, 1 rue Miollis. F-75015 Paris. FRANCE Tel.: +33 1 45684056 Fax: +33 1 45685804 E-mail: insula@insula.org

in industry, buildings and transport.

sources and technologies are greater

The network aims to promote a wider use

than on the mainland because of the

of new and innovative European energy

fragile and vulnerable nature of island

energy independence, by the large-scale

technologies, based on a wide range of

territories.

exploitation of their abundant RES potential. An idea clearly expressed in the agree-

realised projects. The OPET Network is managed by the

Today, the maturity of RES technologies

ments that stemmed from the 1st European

EC's DG TREN (Transport & Energy).

offers the opportunity for islands to achieve

Conference on Sustainable Island Develop-

Eight OPET Associates have been

ment (1997): "Energy sources other than

selected, covering the following regions:

renewable must be considered as provi-

China, Latin America, South Africa, the

sional solutions unsuitable to solve in the

Caucasus, Russia and the Black Sea

long term the energy problem in islands".

Region. These organisations or consortia

The EU-RES Island Agenda (2010 Altener

will work with the OPETs to promote

Initiative) also recognizes that islands are

technology transfer and the exploitation of

ready to jump towards their final objective:

research results in their regions.

to achieve the 100% RES supply.

The European Island OPET participates in

Within this context, lack of information is

this network with the aim to promote the

one of the major barriers to tackle for the

maximum implementation of sustainable energy technologies in the European islands. One of the main objectives of the EIO consortium is to overcome the barriers that hinder a full integration and exploitation of renewable energy sources on islands. The activity of the organisation is based on the following points: • Islands have a very rich Renewable Energy Sources potential most of which is not exploited yet. • Most islands are extremely dependent on outside energy, have limited resources at their disposal and have a low-efficient capacity of use of energy resources. • Electricity generating costs can be ten times higher than in other regions. • Local economies are very often depend-

159

How can the European Island OPET help you?

• Qualified energy technology expertise for solution of technical RES problems. • Organisation of workshops and conferences on sustainable energy technologies. • Consultations on energy matters and pre-feasibility studies on conversion to renewably energy

• Help to local governments in programming the 100% RES objective. • Desalination applications in small and medium-sized islands.

sources. • Assistance in planning and implementation of energy pilot and demonstration projects. • Dissemination of information on successful RES projects, especially 100% RES initiatives.

Promotion of Sustainable energy for

• Access to energy reports and the energy know-how in European islands.

Island Tourism Industry

• Assistance related to the preparation of project proposals to energy programmes.

• Incorporation of RUE technological solutions in the island tourist industry.

• Market evaluations. • Information and advice centre for islands companies and public institutions on EU-support pro-

• Favouring the maximum use of RES in the hotel sector.

grammes in the energy sector.

• Incorporation of the necessary techno-

• Contacts to manufacturers and suppliers. • Exchange of experience and technological transfer between islands.

logical RES criteria in the development of

• Reinforce dedicated renewable energy information systems for islands.

Environmental Management Systems and quality standards in the hotel industry.

effective implementation of new and

means for assessing the interest of uptaking

efficient energy technologies in the island

a technology. All assessments carried out so

market. Market actors are not always

far on EU energy RTD programmes coincide

tion on the guarantees and advantages of

aware of the opportunities offered by the

on the point that more effort should be put for

new technological solutions in RES and

technologies and do not dispose of the

bridging the gaps between effective technol-

RUE within the hotel sector.

ogy demonstration and market uptake of a technology.

• Facilitation of access to reliable informa-

• Consolidation of the demonstration hotels network in European island destinations. • Promotion of the Forum of technological

Highlights of european island opet activities

innovation for tourism in the sectors of

Towards 100% RES Supply

building.

energy, water production, transport and

• Promotion of 100% renewable energy sources initiatives. • Dissemination of 100% RES integrated technological systems. • Identification of feasible 100% RES opportunities in islands.

Transport • Incorporation of zero and ultra-low emission technologies to inland transport, using the present possibilities offered by fuel-cell, hybrid and electric vehicles. • Dissemination of EU technological advances related to alternative transports. • Establishment of channels of communication between

A.N.C.I.M.

island public transport decision makers and the companies already using efficient solutions adapted to the island scale.

160

Islenet

Island Regions suffer from structural handicaps linked to their island status, the permanence of which impairs their economic and social development. The formation of the Islenet network with the support of the Islands Commission of the CPMR and the Western Isles Council, has been a major help towards developing a forum for the attenuation of these problems. A maximum benefit can therefore be expected for the island citizen from development of Union Policy. It is worth noting that membership is not restricted to European Union islands only, and indeed, other island regions and islands of acces-

ISLENET is a network of European Island Authorities which promotes sustainable and efficient energy and environmental management. It actively promotes the adoption of local energy management strategies, renewable energy projects and environmental policies. The Structural Funds, highlighting the energy dimension, is another scope of action. These policies have an important effect on local economic development and involve a well balanced approach to sustainable development. ISLENET is initiative of the Islands Commission of the CPMR (Conference of Peripheral and Maritime Regions), hosted by Western Isles Region and is supported by the EU Institutions. It has a close working relationship with Directorate General of Transport and Energy, DG TREN, of the European Commission and with FEDARENE and ENERGIE CITES, two other networks promoting energy and environmental management at a local level.

sion countries have taken part in activities. · ISLENET acts, where appropriate, as a Contact

· ISLENET helps members set up energy

Vassilia Ar gyraki Argyraki gyraki, ISLENET Manager, 200 rue Engeland, B-1180 Brussels. BELGIUM Tel/fax: +32 2 3750281 E-mail: vargyraki@skynet.be

and environmental projects thanks to its

channel of communication between

knowledge of national and EC pro-

Island Authorities and the Institutions and

grammes and through an extensive

Member States of the European Union on

partenariat and pooling of knowledge

matters concerning EU energy and

developed between island authorities.

environmental policy. Position papers and

Region organise a Political Conference

The creation, for example of local and

reports are proposed to European

on Energy for Ultraperipheral Regions.

regional energy agencies has had an

Institutions in response to EU legislation.

Venue is St Dennis, Reunion on 9-17

important effect on the development of

Given the problems resulting from

May 2001.

energy management projects in islands.

peripherality and insularity, it is important

Previous Conference "Energy in Islands

More than 20 agencies already exist, 15

that the islands co-ordinate their actions

Regions" in Açores 15-16 June 2000,

of which were created within the

to create greater awareness of island

where ISLENET has actively participated

framework of EC programmes (SAVE II)

issues within the European Institutions

in organisation Committee.

and with the help of ISLENET.

and have a voice which is clearly heard in

Participated in drafting of the declaration

the European Union.

concluded in Açores declaration (an-

· Circulate information on a wide range of issues concerning energy and the

· ISLENET is looking to work with all

nexed herewith). Açores Conference has

environment by regular E-mail bulletins,

organisations with an interest in develop-

been organised in collaboration with

via ISLENET meetings and exchanges of

ing energy and environmental manage-

European Commission and Islands

personnel. Information includes legisla-

ment in islands. Its intention is to

Intergroup of Parliament and in the

tion ( energy, environment , regional

promote a global integrated approach to

initiative of Açores Autonomous Govern-

policy, transport, Information Society,

island sustainable development. If this is

ment. As instructed by Açores Confer-

SMEs) and calls for proposals, publica-

of concern to you, don't hesitate to

ence, ISLENET has at its own translated

tions, conferences, Research and

contact ISLENET at its office in Brussels:

the declaration into nine languages and disseminated to all interested parties and

Development Projects and best practice technology. Information is circulated not

At present ISLENET,

European Institutions relevant services.

only to inform but also to avoid duplica-

1. Together with European Commission and

Recent Conference "European Islands

Parliament and in the initiative of Reunion

after Nice summit"organised by Island

tion of effort.

161

Intergroup of European Parliament at the initiative of Sardegna Region, February 23-24 2001, where ISLENET presented TransEuropean Networks for Islands -

"European Bio-Climatic Architecture with

import. In addition, islands are often

Integrated Renewables and Real time

dependent on tourism causing high

User feedback-EUBART"

seasonal variations in energy demand,

7. ISLENET is the co-ordinator for

while being very sensitive to the adverse

Regional Development and participated in

ALTENER 2000 cluster 13"100%

environmental impacts associated with

drafting of Cagliari decalration. (attached

Renewable islands". Participating

use of conventional fuels.

herewith).

islands: Gotland, Fôhr, Isle of Wight,

Common objectives set by cluster:

Hiiumaa, Irish islands, North Aegean,

• Establish local plans in the selected

2. Organises in site training and exchange visits of its members. Energy Managers

Ionian islands, Brittany islands. The

visit another host island and are trained

scope of this cluster of projects is to

on the application of energy projects,

promote the large scale implementation

different energy legislation, promotion of

of RES in several European islands

renewables etc. A report on their

aiming at 100% RES supply. Islands

technical issues related with the large

experience is produced and conclusions

present many advantages for promoting

scale development of RES in geographi-

on follow up actions are published.

such a pilot action because they usually

3. Helps setting partnerships for submis-

possess a significant RES potential

islands for achieving 100% RES supply • Motivate local communities to adopt strategies for RES deployment • Analyse the main technical and non

cally autonomous systems. • Widely disseminate the results of the

sion of new proposals for the creation of

which remains practically unexploited,

project and motivate other islands

SAVE Energy Agencies in other

while being highly dependent on energy

towards the target of 100% RES supply.

interested islands. Provides advice on best way to formulate the proposal. Up to now quite a few successful proposal have ended to set up 18 Energy Agencies in islands. 4. Has worked with Scotland Europa and FEDARENE and organised a workshop for "Energy projects and Structural Funds" on June 2000, in Brussels. Representatives of Commission explained the guidelines and community priorities and island regions presented successful practices with the aim to raise awareness and network with local authorities in view of programme submission to Structural Funds. 5. ISLENET has actively participated to Global Conference on Renewable Energy Islands in Aero, September 1999 and has contributed to second edition of Renewable Energy on Small Islands, August 2000, published by Forum for Energy & Development. Contributes with articles and news on Energy magazines. 6. Fifth Framework Programme, key action on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development: ISLENET has been the dissemination partner in three projects. "E-TOUR-Electric Two Wheelers in Urban Roads" "New and Renewable Technologies for Islands -Euro-Islas"

162

Annexes

European Conference on Sustainable Island Development European Island Agenda Insula - Unesco - European Commission Consell de Menorca (1997)

Operational field n.4 Energy Resources The Role of Renewables Energy Sources

islands with rapid growth indicate a potential saving of up to 20%. • Specialised island economies distort the accepted view of quality and safety aspects of energy supply, making striking a balance be-

A Basis for action

tween a commitment to minimum costs and

A conditioning factor of European islands is an

environmental conservation extremely difficult.

almost total dependence on imported energy,

• Most islands have excellent renewable energy

especially for transport and electricity produc-

resources, especially the general potential for

tion. Energy often accounts for more than 15%

wind energy and the potential for solar en-

of all island imports.

ergy in Southern Europe. These resources

• The over-specialisation of most island econo-

are under-used in comparison with their real

mies forces them to install an over-sized en-

potential.

ergy capacity to cover factors such as promi-

• The scale of islands allows for highly modu-

nent seasonal demand, abrupt market

lar energy planning, with renewables account-

changes or far greater territorial dispersion

ing for a large share, in contrast to the low

than in other areas.

level of consolidation achieved by technical

• Environmental impact and constraints of the energy sector are always greater in the is-

supply and provision of services, despite the social acceptance they enjoy.

lands, basically because all generating and

• Non-renewable energy sources must be con-

storage facilities have to be duplicated, in-

sidered as provisional solutions, unsuitable

creasing external costs enormously.

as a long-term solution to the energy problem

• Flexibility between the energy vectors used

in islands

• Establish maximum market penetration by renewable energy sources, within a context of rational energy use, as the major objective of island energy policy.

Promotion and use of renewable energy sources.

for end use is generally very low on the is-

• In order to achieve a favourable economic and

lands because energy, planning criteria are

technical climate for implementing renewable

Energy decentralisation to support endogenous

almost always imported from the mainland

energy technology, financial and bureaucratic

development.

and the energy technology that is usually used

obstacles must be overcome.

Foster research and development of energy

is highly inflexible.

• Islands are excellent test beds for research-

Transfer of energy technology.

technology.

• Energy efficiency in almost all technological

ing and developing suitable, low impact en-

Promotion of good practise guides.

fields and activities is one of the major chal-

ergy models, their scale means new solutions

Implement specific regional initiatives concern-

lenges islands face. Forecasts drawn up for

can be tested in a reasonable period of time.

ing rational use of energy and renewable energy sources in islands, following an approach

B Priorities

similar to UNESCO's Mediterranean Solar

• Formulating guide lines for island

Council.

energy policies. • Prices and markets. • Promoting island energy agencies. • Integration in European energy policy. • Incentive mechanisms and instruments for rational energy use and saving.

165

166

Kos Resolution Texts adopted by the XXth C.P.M.R. Islands Commission, Kos (South-Aegean) - 11/12 May 2000

Final Declaration

indirect affect on a large majority of the laws

Neither do these indicators take into consid-

1 In the context of the difficulties already being

or rules that govern the day-to-day existence

eration the inherent vulnerability of island

of its citizens.

economies, which are based on a limited

experienced in the functioning of its institutions, and in the face of even more complex

6 The construction of Europe should therefore

number of activities, often even on one sin-

constraints and challenges resulting from its

leave the islands a sufficient margin of flex-

gle productive activity. As a result, costs are

enlargement, the European Union will be in-

ibility to enable them to achieve integration

considerably higher than on the mainland,

creasingly confronted with problems related

in Europe, at the same time taking account

there is a negative impact on consumption,

to its governance and to the cohesion of its

of their particular context. In practice, this

potential for diversification of economic ac-

territories and their populations.

means political determination but also ad-

tivities is limited and the fostering of sustain-

2 Compared to such challenges, the particu-

equate provisions, not only in the Commu-

able development is notoriously difficult. The

lar problems of the 13 million or so inhabit-

nity legal order but also in the functioning of

situation is further worsened by the fact that

ants of one or other of the Union's island re-

the institutions.

islands are particularly vulnerable to prob-

gions (i.e. 3.5% of its population) may seem marginal, or even "peripheral".

lems related to seasonality and precarity of

The islands and the internal

employment, or may not have the option of

cohesion of the Union

calling on the resources of a "hinterland" in

rope will deal with its islands over the next

7 The problem of the internal cohesion of the

times of crisis. Finally, behind these policies

few years we will be able to judge its capac-

Union, and more especially that of reduc-

is the notion of a social and economic "catch-

ity to take account of specific situations and

ing the disparities between the most devel-

ing-up" with regard to the Community aver-

to demonstrate flexibility and creativity in the

oped and the least favoured regions, has

age, whereas the constraints of isolation and

elaboration of its policies and in the function-

until now been tackled essentially on the

remoteness, surface area, markets and the

ing of its institutions.

basis of social and economic indicators

limited nature of resources that are the is-

such as per capita GDP or rate of unem-

lands' lot are, by their very nature, perma-

3 This is not so. From the way in which Eu-

The islands and governance: a national but also a European problem

ployment.

nent constraints.

8 These indicators have revealed the particu-

10 An additional effect in the medium term will

4 The vast majority of European States that have

larly difficult social and economic circum-

be the foreseeable impact of enlargement of

sovereignty over island territories have,

stances under which the majority of the is-

the Union. This will result in a dramatic re-

throughout the course of their history, recog-

land populations live. They have justified the

duction in the average Community GDP, as

nised that the administration of these territo-

implementation, the subsequent reinforce-

a mathematical consequence of which most

ries calls for different structures or appropri-

ment, and finally the concentration of struc-

of the islands will become "richer" and there-

ately adapted policies. The nature or the in-

tural funding in those territories deemed the

fore be excluded from the most effective

tensity of the resources employed have, it is

least favoured. And the majority of the is-

Community instruments, the Structural

true, varied significantly from one country to

lands have undeniably benefited from this

Funds or the regime of State aid.

another; from a simple administrative decen-

policy.

11 A radical reform is therefore called for, with a

tralisation, to a regime of considerable au-

9 However, a cohesion policy that reposes on

new regional policy based not only on the

tonomy, or the setting-up of innovative struc-

these elements of assessment alone does

existence of structural disadvantages but

tures within the central administration. How-

not in fact allow the real dimension of the

also on the actual degree of competitiveness

ever, over and above this inevitable diversity,

constraints of insularity to be fully appre-

of the regions within the Union. In such a

the overall trend throughout Europe has been

hended. One reason for this is that the sta-

context, the inherent and permanent con-

to recognise that the island phenomenon jus-

tistical indicators are calculated using bases

straints suffered by the islands would justify

tifies certain exceptions to the common rule.

or scales that do not necessarily allow the

the establishment of a policy of positive dif-

5 The European Union cannot ignore this fact,

complex reality of the situation in the least

ferentiation, modulated in accordance with

since Community legislation has a direct or

populated islands to be taken into account.

the intensity of the effects of their insularity.

167

The search for innovative solutions

of the Presidents of the Ultra-peripheral Re-

12 Independently of the problem of the islands,

gions (UPR) in Funchal, the Islands Com-

the European Union will be confronted with

mission, called upon by the Ultra-peripheral

•

over-dependence on costly imported fuels

problems relating to its governance or its co-

Regions Intercom Group, expresses its sup-

•

high fluctuations in energy demand caused

hesion. The islands, however, represent a

port for the proposals made by the Ultra-pe-

potential testing ground for Europe where,

ripheral Regions concerning the implemen-

•

absence of competition in terms of local dis-

without waiting for the likely crises to occur,

tation of Article 299.2. •

difficulties of energy supply due to dispersed

it could envisage new policies and research innovative solutions. 13 The challenge here is, in the words of Presi-

•

high energy prices which affect competitiveness of industry

by seasonal tourism

tribution of energy

Resolution on Energy, presented by the West-

or mountainous geography.

ern Isles

2. The current situation of Renewable

dent Prodi, to "radically rethink the way we

The Islands Commission of the Conference of

do Europe", and to bring in "…a new, more

Peripheral and Maritime Regions (C.P.M.R.)

democratic form of partnership between the

welcomes the fact that the European Commis-

different levels of governance ".

sion is examining the promotion of electricity

European Commission's White Paper on

14 The legal bases, although modest and doubt-

from renewable energy sources in the internal

"Energy for the future: Renewable energy

less insufficient, do exist. They are Articles

electricity market as a priority in the formulation

sources", recalls that the development of re-

154 and 158 of the Treaty, as well as the

of an energy policy for the European Union.

Annex Declaration N°30 on island regions.

The Islands Commission has a very great inter-

ii EU Policy and legislation which mitigates in

15 With regard to this, the island regions call

est in the future development of renewable en-

favour of the development of renewable en-

upon the European Commission to fully ex-

ergy sources in islands and as such, having

ergy sources would go a long way to actually

ploit the provisions adopted in Maastricht or

consulted ISLENET, the European Islands En-

achieving the targets set by the European

Amsterdam, using these instruments to de-

ergy and Environment network, wishes to make

Commission in the Take Off Campaign. It

sign. innovative policies both regarding the

the following comments and observations in re-

should be backed by financial instruments

functioning of its institutions and in view of

sponse to the Draft Directive.

for there to be real success.

Energy Sources in islands i

The Islands Commission, having in mind the

newable energy sources remains insufficient.

iii Considering Directive 96/92 establishing

the drawing up of a future policy for regional

1. Background

common rules for the internal electricity

16 They appeal to all Member States concerned

Given their peripherality and insularity, islands

market, the Islands Commission notes that

by island issues to officially call upon the

often experience considerable difficulties in en-

the EU must also be careful that given the

Commission to prepare without delay a White

suring security of energy supply under accept-

fragile socio-economic balances that al-

Paper on the implementation of the provisions

able terms and conditions.

ready exist in islands, Community legisla-

of the Treaty relating to the islands.

development and territorial cohesion.

According to article 158 of the Treaty of Am-

tion which affects any aspect of energy

17 They call upon the European Parliament-

sterdam, "the Community shall aim at reducing

policy must take careful consideration of the

through the intermediary of its Islands

disparities between the levels of development

Intergroup-, the Economic and Social Com-

of the various regions and the backwardness of

mittee and the Committee of the Regions to

the least favoured regions or islands".

duction and supply of energy in islands, en-

support this initiative and to associate them-

In addition in declaration n°30 "the Conference

ergy planners have had greater cause to con-

selves with it.

recognises that island regions suffer from struc-

sider the development of locally available re-

tural handicaps linked to their island status, the

newable energy sources. From the Atlantic to

Furthermore:

permanence of which impairs their economic

the Mediterranean and from the North Sea to

18 The island regions further call for the intro-

and social development.

the Baltic, most islands have assessed the

duction of appropriate measures aimed at

The Conference accordingly acknowledges that

advantages and disadvantages of renewable

encouraging sustainable development of

Community legislation must take account of

energy sources. Many have already developed

SMEs and thus guaranteeing endogenous

these handicaps and that specific measures may

considerable expertise in the subject and it is

development in the islands. To this end, they

be taken, where justified, in favour of these re-

clear that islands have become test centres

welcome the recent creation of a "Network

gions in order to integrate them better into the

in the research, development and demonstra-

of Island Chambers of Commerce and In-

internal market on fair conditions".

tion of renewable energy sources.

dustry of the European Union".

To summarise very briefly, islands encounter

19 Taking into consideration the Presidency conclusions of the recent European Council in Lisbon and acknowledging the declaration

168

islands' situation. iv Given the problems in terms of import, pro-

v Considering the Kyoto Protocol regarding cli-

specific problems in energy planning such as:

mate change, the European commitment to

•

often impossible connection to mainland

reducing CO2 emissions, and the Commis-

power sources

sion's Communication on "Integration of en

vironmental dimension in Energy Policy", the

lands. It is evident that in most cases there is

could take the form of legal instruments or fis-

Islands Commission would like to stress the

great potential for well-managed developments

cal measures or both.

benefits of renewable energy in social and

to take place. It is apparent, however, that for

If however a Member State has the political will

environmental terms, the creation of local

these developments to take place, there must

to grant support for a higher percentage of re-

jobs, and the advantages of renewable en-

be a proper legislative framework, including tar-

newable energy in total domestic electricity con-

ergy sources for economic development at

gets for production from renewable energy

sumption, or believes that this obligation aggra-

local level especially in disadvantaged island

sources for each Member State, accompanied

vates the situation in small isolated electricity

regions.

by financial incentives.

systems, such as islands, it may request au-

vi The Islands Commission strongly supports

Support for renewable energy sources is not

thorisation from the Commission to derogate

the principle of EU legislation on renewable

considered as distortion to competition rules, but

from this obligation.

energy sources. It considers however that

as a counterbalance to the fact of external costs

The creation of a European system of certifica-

renewable energy sources should receive fi-

not being included in the cost of other sources

tion of the origin of renewable energy and the

nancial support from the European Commis-

of energy.

conditions of production can ensure greater

sion. EU legislation should in no way aim at

Support for renewable energy sources is also

transparency and citizens' access to informa-

harmonisation, but should impose an obli-

justified on the grounds of their contribution to

tion. Attention should be paid however to avoid-

gation on Member States to supply a signifi-

social and environmental benefits.

ing an excessive increase in administrative costs

cant percentage of their electricity market

The Islands Commission and ISLENET con-

and bureaucracy.

from renewable energy sources.

sider that in accordance with the subsidiarity

The Islands Commission and ISLENET there-

principle, the Commission should set targets at

fore approve the implementation of a Commu-

national level but leave implementation to Mem-

nity instrument for the control of data on renew-

3. Market penetration of Renewable Energy Sources in islands

ber States to choose which form of renewable

able energy sources and Member States' obli-

Studies involving ISLENET are currently being

energy corresponds best to their situation, tak-

gations. Care should also be taken to ensure

carried out into the potential way ahead for fur-

ing into account the special conditions prevail-

this does not overload the administrative budg-

ther development of renewable energies in is-

ing on islands. Support for renewable energy

ets of Member States.

169

170

Palma de Mallorca declaration The Conference on the new energy challenge in the Island Regions The participants to the Conference in Palma de

coming reform of Structural Funds if such a

cohesion of the Community and constitutes

Mallorca (Balearics) on the 19 th and

reform would result in a general reduction of

an example which should be followed in many

20 th of March 1999 adopted the following dec-

the available financial resources, and in the

laration :

exclusion of some Island Regions from the

• Point out that a liberalisation policy in the field

list of eligible Objective 1 or Objective 2 ar-

of energy markets which would not include

eas.

adequate safeguard to preserve the principle

1. Policy of energy supply and demand management

other fields.

• Request the Commission to give priority to

of tariff perequation would cause a major

Wish to underline that the Islands have hitherto

energy projects which might not get priority in

threat to the islands and would run in direct

not sufficiently benefited from the Trans Euro-

the new programme plans being prepared for

contradiction with the principles expressed in

pean Networks, TEN, for energy Call for the im-

Objective 1 or 2 areas, and request close

Article 158a of the Treaty on Social and Eco-

plementation of measures which would result in:

scrutiny of all draft proposals by competent

nomic Cohesion and in the Joint Declaration

• greater security of energy supply in the is-

services.

n° 30 on islands adopted in Amsterdam.

lands

• Recognise that in Island regions, energy de-

• Recognise that, while tariff perequation be-

• diversification of their energy resources

mand management is fundamental and there-

tween the islands and the mainland must re-

• capacity for exporting their own energy expe-

fore actions in this domain must be consid-

main a fundamental principle, it should be ac-

riences and technologies to the global mar-

ered as a policy priority, in order to manage

companied by adequate policies to implement

the continuous increase in energy demand.

the rational use of energy and the development

ket, should they have the potential to do so.

• Note that the Island Authorities are commit-

of alternative energy resources in those areas,

Council and the European Parliament:

ted to strengthen energy demand manage-

so as to a lower as much as possible the addi-

• To promote TEN programmes for the Islands

ment through the Energy Management Agen-

tional costs resulting from insularity.

so as to develop fixed-link energy infrastruc-

cies created or relevant energy structures. But

• Island Regional authorities are engaged as

ture to the mainland and within islands or in-

it is still necessary to urge regional and local

key actors in the implementation of the nec-

frastructure for energy reception and distri-

authorities, to implement energy policies to

essary policies to promote the rational use of

bution

improve energy efficiency and to sensitise

energy, so as to ensure that such policies do

citizens and visitors of islands on rational use

not prove harmful to the social and economic

of energy measures.

development of these regions. Recognise that

Consequently, they call on the Commission, the

• To improve the existing fixed links which are outdated or whose capacity is insufficient. To build the necessary capacity for an autono-

• Call for the presentation by DG XVII of a Com-

energy policy is also a transversal policy and

mous energy production and distribution with

munication on energy demand management

has to be considered and implemented in the

special emphasis on renewable energy

in which the special needs of islands are es-

context of other policies : regional, urban and

sources adapted according to geographical

pecially recognized.

rural development, construction, transport,

and physical conditions and to the development of technical progress. • Urge the European Institutions to present, adopt and implement a Community Directive

• Call for Research and Development funds

tourism, employment and environment.

applicable to energy projects to contain special island criteria to ensure flexibility and pri-

3. Environment and fiscal policies

ority for projects from islands.

• The Islands Authorities are committed to sup-

on renewable energies. This would put a strong

port the EU policy seeking a reduction of harm-

emphasis on the situation of Islands and on

2. Tariff policy and competitiveness

the use of their potential, with the aim to in-

• Stress that the policy of tariff perequation or

the greenhouse effect, as expressed in Kyoto.

crease progressively the percentage of renew-

similar systems which now prevails across

• They should consider how best to exploit the

able energies within the European Union.

ful emissions such as CO2 and a reduction of

the European Union is a fundamental factor

energy content of waste in order to exploit this

• Urge them to provide adequate financial

in ensuring that island consumers are treated

indigenous energy source, and to have a re-

means to implement such a policy. Express

equally with mainland consumers, and as

sponsible treatment of waste and solve as-

concern about the potential effect of the forth-

such, plays a role in the social and economic

sociated environmental problems.

171

• Nevertheless, stress that the implementation by the European Community and Member

4. Inter-Islands Co-operation in the field of energy

• The Island Authorities agree that ISLENET should review the Islands Energy Charter and

States of fiscal measures affecting the cost

• Agree to set up and Island Energy Forum

of sea or air transport to the islands would

to be managed on a regular basis by

• Request that similar worthwhile event such

result in economically and socially damaging

ISLENET, where experts from the islands

as the Palma de Mallorca Conference be held

consequences for these regions.

and representatives from the European

at regular intervals with the support of DG XVII

• Remark that such measures would be obvi-

Union would meet in the Palma de Mallorca

to discuss new opportunities concerning is-

ously inappropriate since the island have his-

Conference spirit, in view to explore island

lands and to foster increased collaboration

torically had limited responsibility in the present

issues, to outline potentially beneficial poli-

between regional, national and Community

environmental situation, precisely because of

cies and to seek to alleviate the problems

authorities, and between the public and pri-

the lack of development in some of them.

of insularity.

vate sectors.

172

put forward proposals for updating it.

Acores declaration Conference "Energy in the Island Communities" Ponta Delgada, June 16th, 2000 The participants of the Third Conference on

• Call for a specific Community programme to

ergy efficiency and public awareness cam-

Energy in Islands in Ponta Delgada (Azores) on

develop and implement, in a pilot island, re-

paigns (inhabitants and visitors) designed to

the 15th and 16th June, 2000 adopted the fol-

newable and sustainable energy production

ensure a more rational use of energy re-

lowing declaration:

and distribution systems.

sources.

1 Considering article 154 and 158 of Amster-

• Ask the European Parliament to monitor ac-

• Urge island authorities to become key play-

tivities in objective 1 regions for the develop-

ers in technology modernisation and use of

2 Considering the clear interpretation in all com-

ment of renewable and sustainable energy

local resources with the development of poli-

munity languages of article 158 of declara-

policies in the context of the Community Ini-

cies in energy efficiency and renewable en-

tion no 30 on insular regions of the Amster-

tiative INTERREG III. Asks that pilot actions

ergy sources, including promotion and pro-

dam Treaty.

supported by FEDER are dedicated to the

duction of combined heat and power systems

same objective.

(CHP). Wind energy in particular could be

dam Treaty

3 Considering the Palma de Mallorca Declaration of 20th March 1999 4 Considering the Kos Resolution of 11th May 2000

• Request the Commission to issue a commu-

promoted by partnerships between the utili-

nication covering the development and imple-

ties and potential private investors. The En-

mentation of measures for energy efficiency

ergy Management Agencies are requested to

and renewable energy development : to en-

collaborate with the national and European

• Invite the Commission to analyse the spe-

sure that such measures are fully included

Network (ISLENET). Invites the utilities of is-

cific situation of islands in connection with

in the Support Framework Programme 2000-

lands to create a working group for the study

the continued liberalisation of the energy

2006. Ask that the special features of islands

of best solutions to their problems.

market requested by the European Council

are taken into account in New Structural

of Lisbon.

Funds according to Amsterdam Treaty.

Moreover:

• Recall that island regions are not yet included

• Stress that energy policy has not taken suffi-

• Request the European Commission to draft

in TEN Programmes, in spite of article 154 of

cient account of the economic, social, struc-

a Green Paper proposing the implementation

Amsterdam Treaty. Reiterates the necessity

tural and geographical problems in island re-

of an integrated policy in favour of all insular

to develop energy and transport infrastructure

gions and therefore notes the necessity to

regions of European Union in order to apply

connections between islands and the main-

apply as soon as possible specific measures

the Viola Report adopted by the European

land and to develop specific measures for

through which these regions can participate

Parliament in May 1998

the future TEN programmes.

in the internal market of European Union un-

• Confirm their satisfaction with the Report of

der the same conditions as those of main-

the Economic and Social Committee on the

land regions.

"guidelines for integrated actions in favour of

• Call on the European Commission to promote policies and legislation in favour of renewable energy sources in islands which are not eligi-

• In that respect regret the notion outlined in

ble for TEN or objective 1 funding : in particu-

the proposed EU Directive "on the promotion

island regions of the European Union accord-

lar to select as pilot case studies for the im-

of electricity from RES", that connection costs

• Note the necessity to create an "insularity"

plementation of these policies with adequate

to the grid should be supported by the RES

Inter-service group within the Secretariat

financial support.

producers and should reflect their distance

General of the European Commission.

ing to the Amsterdam Treaty"

• Invite Member States, the Commission,

from the existing network. It considers that

• Invite the Committee of Regions to develop

Regulators and Transmission Systems Op-

the imposition of such connection charges

an action plan on the insularity issues accord-

erators to consider in the "Florence process"

would worsen the condition of EU islands,and

ing to the Amsterdam Treaty.

compensation mechanisms to allow uncon-

be contradictory to articles 154 and 158 of

nected island regions to benefit from the in-

the Treaty.

ternal electricity market, with the objective

• Request the local authorities of island re-

that the Stockholm Council adopts concrete

gions to improve energy demand manage-

proposals.

ment and undertake policies including en-

• Invite the Committee of Constitutional Affairs of the European Parliament to analyse the interpretation problems related to the article 158.1 of the Nice summit Approved by unanimity.

173

Déclaration de Cagliari Cagliari, 23-24 Février 2001

L'Intergroupe des Iles du Parlement

Demandent

Souhaitent

Européen, L'Intergroupe des Iles du Comité

toutefois à la Commission européenne de

que la Commission analyse la situation

des Régions, les Régions de Sardaigne,

concrétiser cette reconnaissance, en

spécifique des Iles en liaison avec la

Corse, Baléares, Sicile, Bornholms, Crète,

élaborant des politiques susceptibles de

libéralisation du marché de l'énergie

et tous les participants à la Conférence

limiter les incidences socio-économiques

demandé par le Conseil européen de

"Les Îles de l'Union Européenne après

de ces contraintes naturelles et notamment

Lisbonne;

Nice" le 23 et 24 février 2001 à Cagliari en

• en créant un instrument financier

Sardaigne ont adopté la déclaration

particulier pour ces territoires dans la

Demandent

future politique des Fonds Structurels

au Parlement européen, en ce qui concerne

• en adaptant des mesures spécifiques

Considerant 1. les articles 154 et 158 du Traité d'Amsterdam;

la Directive pour la promotion des énergies

dans le régime des aides d'Etat ainsi que

renouvelables ( deuxième lecture après le

de la fiscalité

Conseil Energie), d'insister sur la nécessité

• en envisageant, dans le cadre du Livre

de donner la priorité au décollage des

Blanc sur la gouvernance, des dispositifs

énergies renouvelables dans les îles par

langues communautaires de l'article 158

susceptibles de permettre une approche

des incitations financières ou fiscales ;

et de la déclaration n. 30 sur les régions

coordonnée des instruments et des

insulaires;

politiques communautaires à l'égard des

Invitent

régions insulaires

la Commission européenne à promouvoir

2. l'interprétation claire dans toutes les

3. les conclusions de la Présidence française (point J) du Conseil de Nice

une politique et une législation en faveur

Invitent

des énergies renouvelables pour les îles qui

la Commission européenne et les États

ne sont pas connectées avec les réseaux

économique et sociale du 31 janvier

membres à rendre effective la possibilité

trans-européens de l'énergie, afin qu'elles

2001 établi par la Commission ;

pour les Iles de bénéficier d 'axes de

puissent être sélectionnées comme

coopération prioritaires dotés de moyens

opérations pilotes et qu'elles puissent

financiers appropriés pour la coopération

bénéficier d'un soutien financier adéquat;

des 7, 8 et 9 décembre 2000; 4. le deuxième rapport sur la cohésion

5. la déclaration de Ponta Delgada (Açores), les 15 et 16 juin 2000 ; 6. la déclaration de Palma de Mallorca du

transnationale et interrégionale

Sollicitent

20 mars 1999 ; 7. la résolution de la Commission des Iles de la C.R.P.M. de Kos du 11 mai 2000 ;

Sollicitent

les autorités insulaires locales pour qu'elles

Une meilleure prise en compte de l'objectif

améliorent la maîtrise de l'énergie et

d'intégration entre le centre de l'Europe et

approuvent des politiques prenant en

Invitent

les zones qui souffrent de handicaps

compte l'efficience énergétique et la

la Commission européenne et les acteurs

géographiques ou naturels comme les

sensibilisation des résidents des îles et

concernés par le débat sur la cohésion

zones périphériques, maritimes, de

des touristes pour un usage rationnel de

économique et social, à tenir compte des

montagne et insulaires;

l'énergie, en se basant sur le Livre Vert " Vers une stratégie de sécurité d'approvi-

critères territoriaux, géographiques et sociaux et pas seulement ceux liés au PIB

Rappellent

sionnement énergétique" ;

que la future politique de cohésion devra

Considerent

concerner non seulement les nouveaux États

Rappellent

comme un élément positif le fait que "Le

et leurs régions, mais aussi les régions

que les régions insulaires ne sont pas

2ème rapport sur la cohésion économique

appartenant aux Quinze qui actuellement

encore suffisamment incluses dans les

et sociale" ait reconnu l'existence de

bénéficient de la politique de cohésion et, en

Programmes TEN, malgré l'article 154 du

contraintes spécifiques affectant certains

particulier, les régions qui souffrent de

Traité d'Amsterdam. Répètent la nécessité

territoires de l'Union et notamment les îles.

handicaps géographiques et naturels;

de promouvoir les infrastructures de

175

transport et énergétiques liées au continent

Invitent

faveur des régions insulaires de l'Union

et de prévoir des mesures spécifiques pour

La Commission Européenne à rédiger un

Européenne selon le Traité d'Amsterdam";

les futurs Programmes TEN;

Livre Blanc qui propose la mise en oeuvre d'une politique intégrée en faveur de toutes

Notent la nécessité

Invitent

les régions insulaires de l'Union euro-

de créer un groupe "insulaire inter services"

la Commission européenne à promouvoir

péenne afin d' appliquer les orientations du

au sein du Secrétariat général de la

une politique et une législation communau-

"Rapport Viola" adopté en mai 1998;

Commission européenne;

capables de connecter, par voie navigable,

Invitent

la Mer du Nord à la Méditerranée et à la

La commission des Iles de la CRPM à

le Comité des Régions à élaborer un plan

Mer Noire, et de créer des "Autoroutes de

approfondir lors de sa réunion de Porto

d'action sur le problème de l'insularité en

la Mer" dans la Méditerranée;

Vecchio en Juin 2001 l'ensemble de ces

application du Traité d'Amsterdam;

taires en faveur du transport maritime

orientations dans le cadre de l'étude qu'elle

Demandent

réalise sur " La dimension insulaire et

Proposent

à la Commission européenne d'orienter de

ultrapériphérique en Europe "

à toutes les régions insulaires de constituer

façon plus incisive les réseaux

un groupe de travail qui comprenne des

transeuropéens vers des couloirs

Confirment

membres politiques et techniques de toutes

multimodaux à forte spécificité maritime

leur satisfaction au sujet du Rapport du

les iles de l'UE de façon à coordonner

permettant aux iles de s'intégrer aux

Comité économique et social sur les "Lignes

toutes les initiatives d'intérèt commun.

grandes lignes de transport transnational ;

directrices pour des actions intégrées en

176

Cagliari, samedi 24 février 2001

The Declaration of Canarias Canary Islands, 16-18 January 1998

The Members of the European Parliament

lenges of regional development and

and of the Parliaments of the Member States

economic and social cohesion

of the EU, and the representatives of Energy

• Special finance schemes and tools should be established urgently and further developed, especially for the take

Authorities, Institutions and actors from the

Therefore, the participants of the inter-

EU, attending the Inter-Parliamentary

parliamentary meeting, following the

Meeting "RENEWABLE ENERGY

principles expressed during the discus-

energy technologies must be facilitated

SOURCES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION",

sions, want to convey the following

by the establishment of a level playing

and its organisers, EUFORES, the Government of Canarias, ITC, ITER and IDEA

off period. • The market penetration of renewable

field, recognising the full costs of every

Declaration to the elected representatives of the peoples

energy source. • Subsidies may be used to accelerate the

Having met

of Europe, encouraging them to act as a

market penetration of renewable energy

in response to the expectations of the

matter of urgency in support of renewables,

technologies, but should be gradually

Citizens of the EU to achieve a clean,

for the benefit of the citizens of their

eliminated as these technologies reach

sustainable, indigenous, and job intensive

communities, by developing the required

energy supply

legislation and administrative measures to

the commercial phase. • Efforts to support the introduction and

achieve a wide penetration in the energy

development of renewable energy

State that

market, and by exerting their influence on

technologies in EU and world-wide

• renewable energy sources are a vital and

their governments and administrations to

markets should be reinforced in line with

abundant indigenous source that bring

support and implement the actions and

the White Paper, and following the

many benefits

proposals contained in the White Paper of

• the renewable energy industry of the European Union is the world-wide leader

the European Commission, "Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy".

in the manufacture of renewable technologies equipment • this leadership has to be maintained through the development of a strong internal market • that allows for a solid international competitive position

agreed Kyoto targets. • Much of the expected growth of energy demand in developing countries may be best met by renewable energies,

The following guidelines should be taken

especially in remote and rural areas.

into account:

Increased political and economic support

• Efforts should be made in all three sub-

from the EU will serve to accelerate this

sectors of activity, electricity, heat and

process and foster closer technological

transport fuels.

and commercial co-operation.

• Fair access to distribution networks

• the citizens of the EU request a high

should be guaranteed, and the utilities and

quality and environmentally friendly

distributors should avoid restrictions, while

Finally, the participants

energy supply, and that society's

allowing for schemes which encourage

call upon all the relevant European Union,

awareness can be raised through

competitiveness, such as a harmonised

national, regional and local elected bodies,

European feed-in legal framework.

institutions and actors throughout the EU,

increased efforts in information, education and training • it is necessary to restrain the rate of increase in external energy supply dependency of the EU by using indigenous and environmentally friendly

• The revision of the Common Agricultural

to promote and develop jointly the meas-

Policy should promote the increased use

ures contained in this DECLARATION, and

of agricultural crops and residues for

urge the organisers to distribute this

energy purposes.

document throughout the EU, reaching the

• Administrative proceedings should allow

highest number of decision-makers and

for simple and quick public authorisation

achieving the greatest possible impact, and

procedures. In this respect, the different

to review at a further high-level inter-

high employment creation potential which

administrative levels in the EU should not

parliamentary meeting the progress made,

should be fostered to meet the chal-

become in effect a hidden obstacle.

proposing new initiatives where needed.

resources • renewables constitute a new sector with

177

United Nations Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Barbados 1994)

Action Plan:

A National action,

C International action

Energy Resources

policies and measures

(i) Support the research, development and uti-

Basis for action

(i)

Implement appropriate public education

lization of renewable sources of energy and

1 Small island developing States are currently

and awareness programmes, including

related technologies and improve the effi-

heavily dependent on imported petroleum

consumer incentives to promote energy

ciency of existing technologies and end-use

products, largely for transport and electricity

conservation.

equipment based on conventional energy

generation, energy often accounting for more

(ii) Promote the efficient use of energy and the

than 12 per cent of imports. They are also

development of environmentally sound re-

(ii) Formulate and ratify international agree-

heavily dependent on indigenous biomass

sources of energy and energy efficient tech-

ments on energy-sector issues in relation to

fuels for cooking and crop drying.

nologies, paying special attention to the pos-

sustainable development in such areas as

2 The small island developing States will con-

sibilities of using, where appropriarte, eco-

carbon emissions and the transportation of

tinue to be heavily dependent on petroleum

nomic instruments and incentive structures

petroleum, for example, the use of double-

fuels and biomass both in the short and me-

and the increasing economic possibilities of

dium term. However, the current uses of these

renewable sources of energy.

sources.

hulled tankers. (iii) Develop effective mechanisms for the trans-

fuels tend to be highly inefficient. Increased

(iii) Establish and/or strengthen, where appro-

fer of energy technology, and establish

efficiency through appropriate technology and

priate, research capabilities in the develop-

databases to disseminate information on ex-

national energy policies and management

ment and promotion of new and renewable

perience in the use of new and renewable

measures will reap both financial and envi-

sources of energy, including wind, solar,

sources of energy as well as on the efficient

ronmental benefits for small island develop-

geothermal, hydroelectric, ocean thermal en-

ing States.

ergy conversion, wave and biomass.

use of non-renewable energy sources. (iv) Encourage international institutions and

3 Renewable energy resources endowments of

(iv) Strengthen research capabilities and develop

agencies, including public international fi-

small island developing States vary greatly.

technologies to encourage the efficient utili-

nancial institutions, to incorporate environ-

All have substantial solar resources, which

zation of non-renewable sources of energy.

mental efficiency and conservation principles into energy-sector-related projects, training

have still not been developed to their full potential. Wind potential is highly variable with

B Regional action

and technical assistance and, where appro-

location, both within and between countries.

(i) Establish or strengthen research and policy

priate, to provide concessionary financing

Hydroelectric power is a possibility only for

capabilities in the development of new and

some islands. Biomass endowment is com-

renewable sources of energy, including wind,

(v) Develop effective and efficient ways of uti-

mon but unequal. Studies of the potential for

solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave and

lizing, disposing, recycling, and reducing the

geothermal, ocean thermal energy conversion

biomass.

by-products and waste of energy production.

and wave energy are continuing.

(ii) Assist, where appropriate, in the formula-

4 Several constraints to large-scale commer-

tion of energy policies, standards and guide-

cial use of renewable energy resources re-

lines for the energy sector applicable to small

main. These include technology development,

island developing States, and enhance na-

investment costs, available indigenous skills

tional capacity to effectively plan, manage

and management capabilities. Small-scale

facilities for energy-sector reforms.

and monitor their energy sectors.

application for rural electrification has been

(iii) Gather and disseminate information, and

sporadic. The use of renewable energy re-

promote regional cooperation and techni-

sources as substantial commercial fuels by

cal exchanges between small island devel-

small island developing States is dependent

oping States on energy- sectorissues, in-

on the development and commercial produc-

cluding new and renewable sources of en-

tion of appropriate technologies.

ergy.

179

Charter for Sustainable Tourism Lanzarote, Canary Islands. 27-28 April 1995

We, the participants at the World Confer-

that meets economic expectations and

with the natural, cultural and human

ence on Sustainable Tourism, meeting in

environmental requirements, and respects

environment; it must respect the fragile

Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, on 27-28

not only the social and physical structure of

balances that characterize many tourist

April 1995,

destinations, but also the local population.

destinations, in particular small islands

Mindful that tourism, as a worldwide

Considering it a priority to protect and

and environmentally sensitive areas.

phenomenon, touches the highest and

reinforce the human dignity of both local

Tourism should ensure an acceptable

deepest aspirations of all people and is also

communities and tourists.

evolution as regards its influence on

an important element of socioeconomic and

Mindful of the need to establish effective

natural resources, biodiversity and the

political development in many countries.

alliances among the principal actors in the

capacity for assimilation of any impacts

Recognizing that tourism is ambivalent,

field of tourism so as to fulfil the hope of a

and residues produced.

since it can contribute positively to socio-

tourism that is more responsible towards

economic and cultural achievement, while

our common heritage.

at the same time it can contribute to the

APPEAL to the international community

degradation of the environment and the loss

activities and dynamics of each local

and, in particular, URGE governments,

of local identity, and should therefore be

community. Recognition of these local

other public authorities, decisionmakers

approached with a global methodology.

factors and support for the identity,

and professionals in the field of tourism,

Mindful that the resources on which

culture and interests of the local commu-

public and private associations and

tourism is based are fragile and that there

nity must at all times play a central role in

institutions whose activities are related to

is a growing demand for improved environ-

the formulation of tourism strategies,

tourism, and tourists themselves, to adopt

mental quality.

particularly in developing countries.

the principles and objectives of the

Recognizing that tourism affords the

Declaration that follows:

opportunity to travel and to know other cultures, and that the development of

presupposes the solidarity, mutual respect and participation of all the actors, both public and private, implicated in the process, and must be

viable, and ethically and socially

culture and life styles.

based on efficient cooperation mecha-

equitable for local communities.

Recalling the Universal Declaration of

nisms at all levels: local, national,

Sustainable development is a guided

Human Rights, adopted by the General

regional and international.

process which envisages global

Assembly of United Nations, and the

management of resources so as to

various United Nations declarations and regional conventions on tourism, the environment, the conservation of cultural heritage and on sustainable development. Guided by the principles set forth in the Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development and the recommendations arising from Agenda 21. Recalling previous declarations on tourism, such as the Manila Declaration on World Tourism, the Hague Declaration and the 2

The active contribution of tourism to sustainable development necessarily

Tourism development shall be based on

the long term, as well as economically

science that is respectful of the diversity of

Recognizing the need to develop a tourism

that it must be ecologically bearable in

peace among peoples, creating a con-

Tourism must consider its effects on the cultural heritage and traditional elements,

criteria of sustainability, which means

tourism can help promote closer ties and

Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code.

The conservation, protection and

ensure their viability, thus enabling our

appreciation of the worth of the natural

natural and cultural capital, including

and cultural heritage afford a privileged

protected areas, to be preserved. As a

area for cooperation. This approach

powerful instrument of development,

implies that all those responsible must

tourism can and should participate

take upon themselves a true challenge,

actively in the sustainable development

that of cultural, technological and

strategy. A requirement of sound

professional innovation, and must also

management of tourism is that the

undertake a major effort to create and

sustainability of the resources on

implement integrated planning and

which it depends must be guaranteed.

management instruments.

Tourism should contribute to sustainable development and be integrated

Quality criteria both for the preservation of the tourist destination and for the

181

the quality of the environment. Within

transformation of the sector, as well as

jointly with local communities and

this context, it is necessary to explore

the implementation of demonstration

informed by the principles of sustain-

thoroughly the application of internation-

projects and the development of

able development, should represent

ally harmonised economic, legal and

international cooperation programmes.

priority objectives in the formulation of

fiscal instruments to ensure the

tourism strategies and projects.

sustainable use of resources in tourism.

capacity to satisfy tourists, determined

and NGOs whose activities are related to tourism, shall draw up specific

To participate in sustainable develop-

11 Environmentally and culturally vulner-

ment, tourism must be based on the

able spaces, both now and in the

frameworks for positive and preventive

diversity of opportunities offered by the

future, shall be given special priority in

actions to secure sustainable tourism

local economy. It should be fully

the matter of technical cooperation and

development and establish programmes

integrated into and contribute positively

financial aid for sustainable tourism

to support the implementation of such

to local economic development.

development. Similarly, special

practices. They shall monitor achieve-

treatment should be given to zones that

ments, report on results and exchange

have been degraded by obsolete and

their experiences.

All options for tourism development must serve effectively to improve the quality of life of all people and must influence the socio-cultural enrichment of each destination.

15 The travel industry, together with bodies

Governments and the competent authorities, with the participation of NGOs and local communities, shall undertake actions aimed at integrating the planning of tourism as a contribution to sustainable development.

10 In recognition of economic and social cohesion among the peoples of the world as a fundamental principle of sustainable development, it is urgent that measures be promoted to permit a more equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens of tourism. This implies a change of consumption patterns and the introduction of pricing methods which allow environmental costs to be internalised.

high impact tourism models. 12 The promotion of alternative forms of

16 Particular attention should be paid to the role and the environmental reper-

tourism that are compatible with the

cussions of transport in tourism, and to

principles of sustainable development,

the development of economic instru-

together with the encouragement of

ments designed to reduce the use of

diversification represent a guarantee of

non-renewable energy and to encour-

stability in the medium and the long

age recycling and minimization of

term. In this respect there is a need, for

residues in resorts.

many small islands and environmentally sensitive areas in particular, to actively pursue and strengthen regional cooperation. 13 Governments, industry, authorities, and

17 The adoption and implementation of codes of conduct conducive to sustainability by the principal actors involved in tourism, particularly industry, are fundamental if tourism is

tourism-related NGOs should promote

to be sustainable. Such codes can be

and participate in the creation of open

effective instruments for the develop-

networks for research, dissemination of

ment of responsible tourism activities.

information and transfer of appropriate knowledge on tourism and environmentally sustainable tourism technologies. 14 The establishment of a sustainable

18 All necessary measures should be implemented in order to inform and promote awareness among all parties involved in the tourism industry, at

Governments and multilateral organiza-

tourism policy necessarily requires the

local, national, regional and interna-

tions should prioritize and strengthen

support and promotion of environmen-

tional level, with regard to the contents

direct and indirected aid to tourism

tally-compatible tourism management

and objectives of the Lanzarote

projects which contribute to improving

systems, feasibility studies for the

Conference.

182

Salamanca Declaration a sustainable future for historic cities Salamanca, Spain. November 6th, 1998

The Salamanca Declaration, supported by

Taking into account that is preferable for

port, using the present possibilities

INSULA, the UNESCO and set as an

new initiatives arising in historic cities be

offered by gas-propelled, hybrid and

initiative of the EC's Thermie Programme,

directed towards specialised services,

electric vehicles.

has a special significance for islands and

recognising that today these cities are, as a

their historic heritage.

whole, the major tourist destinations in Europe and the world.

It is considered that the heritage of

7 To use telematic instruments adequately with regard to the optimisation of energy uses, alternative transport and planning. 8 To establish integrated planning systems

European historic cities is a basic element

Confirming that today's technology is such

to sustainable development and empha-

as to overcome problems stemming from

in the design of communication and

sises its extraordinary social dimension.

energy use and urban mobility.

electric grids, in order to minimise

It is recognised that the transfer of the

Appeal to the various responsible munici-

historic heritage to future generations faces

palities and managers of the historic cities,

new challenges and risks which fundamen-

to the authorities, to the local, regional,

tally derive from the present use of energy

governmental and intergovernmental

and transport.

institutions, as well as to the competent

impact on the built heritage.

social agents, and ask: Taking into account the recommendations established by the various international conventions, such as, the World Heritage Convention, both Cultural and Natural, the Convention on Climatic Change, the

1 To incorporate the sustainability criteria into energy use: efficiency, saving and diversification. 2 To facilitate the maximum level of

recommendations of Habitat II and Euro-

renewable energy sources participation

pean declarations, such as, the Ă&#x201E;alborg

into the energy supply of historic cities.

Charter on sustainable cities. Being conscious that historic cities and especially those which have been declared

3 To wisely adapt energy uses to available

9 To improve telematic solutions as an essential tool for citizens' participation, for energy and transport management and for cultural and natural heritage protection. 10 To introduce education, training and information programmes on renewable energy sources and alternative transports. 11 To develop regulations as well as local, regional, national and E. C. legal frameworks which will facilitate the application of sustainable solutions on

energy resources, considering energy

energy, transport and telematics for

as a city service.

historic cities. 12 To promote co-ordination between

"World Heritage Sites" by UNESCO, are

4 To incorporate energy management into

foci of attention for Europe and the world.

the instruments of city planning and

various competent administrations in

As such, these cities are exceptional

development.

order to facilitate the application of

mirrors from where new initiatives will have a multiplying effect. Considering that the protection of cultural and natural heritage in historic centres does not have to be in opposition to their functionality, quality of life and capacity to turn themselves into dynamic centres of society.

5 To promote action which will incorporate the criteria of sustainable urban mobility in historic centres, emphasising solutions based on pedestrianisation and collective transport systems. 6 To incorporate zero and ultra-low emission technologies to urban trans-

existing technological solutions regarding sustainable energy and sustainable transport and to eliminate present barriers which are opposed to its implementation. Salamanca, World Heritage City, November 6th, 1998

183

www.insula.org/island2010/

White Paper : "Energy for the future: renewable sources of energy" The Campaign for Take-Off The European strategy expressed in the White Book titled "Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy" clearly reflects a need to strengthen a large scale implementation of renewables in the european islands:

The White Paper : "Energy for the future: renewable sources of energy", published at the end of 1997, this document sets at 12% the contribution of renewable energy sources to the European energy balance by 2010 (against 6% in 1996). It also provides for the launching of the "Campaign for Take-Off on Renewable Energy Sources ".

"… Decision-making criteria must reflect the importance of renewables' potential for

The Commission's strategy goes further

large rural areas, and administrative regions

less favoured regions (which are in general

beyond, as it proposes an ambitious

which can benefit from an existing sense of

dependent on energy imports), peripheral

campaign of integration of Renewable

community. Large islands (e.g. Sicily,

and remote areas, islands, rural areas, in

Energies in 100 Communities, with the idea

Sardinia, Crete, Rhodes, Majorca, Canary

particular those lacking traditional energies.

to reach 100% RES supply in the medium-

Islands or Madeira) could also be used as

In those areas RES have a high potential

long term. According to this proposal, a few

pilot regions."

for new job creation, for the development of

European island are natural candidates:

The Campaign for Take-Off (CTO) was first

indigenous resources and industrial and

"To optimise the available potential of

presented in the White Paper for a

service activities (particularly in objective 1

renewable energy technologies requires

Community Strategy and Action Plan on

areas). New incentives should also be

them to be used together wherever this is

renewable energy sources. A Commission

undertaken in the tourism sector as the

productive either in integrated systems for

services paper elaborates the scope and

great potential of renewable energies in this

local power supply or, on the other hand, in

the implementation of the CTO. In the latter

area is still largely unexplored.

dispersed schemes for regional power

document a "Renewable Energy Partner-

It is important for the Commission to

supply. These obviously have to be adapted

ship" was presented as one of the principal

highlight that regional funds invested in

to the conditions of each specific location, so

instruments to involve the various actors in

renewable energy sources development

as to ensure reliable power supply to the

the implementation of the CTO.

could contribute to increased standards of

required quality and continuity standards. As

Following the discussions with Member

living and income in less favoured, periph-

part of this campaign action, a number of

States in the Renewable Energy Sources

eral, island, remote or declining regions in

pilot communities, regions, cities and islands

Working Group on 19 May 1999 this paper

different ways :

will be selected from those which can

sets out the next steps to launch this

• reinforcing energy supply for local

reasonably aim at 100% power supply from

Partnership and describes the role and

communities, green tourism, preserved

renewables. These pioneer collectivities, in

involvement of Member States programmes

areas, etc.;

order to feature as credible pacemakers,

in the Campaign.

• contributing to develop the local R&TD

should be of varying size and characteris-

and Innovation potential, through the

tics. On a small scale, the units could be

The Renewable Energy Partnership

promotion of specific research-innovation

blocks of buildings, new neighbourhoods in

The Renewable Energy Partnership has

projects adapted to local needs.

residential areas, recreational areas, small

been developed to involve key actors in the

• incentives for photovoltaics applications in

rural areas, or isolated ones such as islands

Campaign.

tourism, and sports and recreational

or mountain communities. On a larger scale,

Though not entailing legally binding obliga-

facilities, which offers considerable

"solar cities" should be identified, as well as

tions, joining the Partnership would require

potential due to strongly peaking seasonal

strong commitment and a substantial

demand in mass tourism and the fact that

contribution to the objectives of the CTO.

a large proportion of tourist sites are

Joining would proceed through a Declaration

isolated and/or mountainous or otherwise

whereby the institution, organisation or

expensive to supply from grids;…"

company in question would state its

185

willingness to contribute to the CTO and

renewable energy sectors forming part of

Partners may use the logo of the CTO and

describe the substance of its contribution.

the Campaign, or other support measures

their relevant activities may be included in

Depending on the nature of the Partner,

aimed at raising interest among industry,

the other related promotional activities,

contributions may take the form of invest-

investors and the public and increasing the

such as the Awards, Catalogue, Advertising

ment or promotional programmes in the key

market penetration of RES.

activities, etc ...

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