September 2015 | Vol. 38 No.8
FEVE PRESIDENT INTERVIEW SAUDI ARABIA: MS GLASS ITALIAN INSIGHT
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Glass ainer
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Glass International September 2015
We have solutions for all types of glass production
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Our in-house melting experts can help you improve combustion to increase glass production, reduce fuel consumption, improve glass quality, and reduce emissions. Including NOX, SOX, CO2 and particulate matter every day.
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Contents
September 2015 Vol.38 No.8
September 2015 | Vol. 38 No.8
FEVE PRESIDENT INTERVIEW SAUDI ARABIA: MS GLASS ITALIAN INSIGHT
10
2
Editor’s Comment
3
International News
www.glass-international.com
10 O-I interview: Experienced industry stalwart steers O-I in the right direction
Ta ble wa re
lass iner G Conta
Float Glas s
14 Middle East company profile: Saudi glass manufacturer set to expand production
Thin Glass
Fib re
G las s
Glass International September 2015
We have solutions for all types of glass production
Italian insight: 18 Alessandro Bandini: A.T.I.V. interview 22 Dino Zandonella Necca: Vitrum interview
EME Maschinenfabrik Clasen GmbH · E-Mail: contact@eme.de · www.eme.de
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Front cover image courtesy of www.eme.de
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27 Energy efficiency All set for the energy directive 30 Forming Gürallar opens Turkish container site Events world 32 Furnace solutions heats up 34 New energy paradigm and soda ash 38 History 40 Technical topics 42 Glass Alliance Europe Decoration 41 Ready made frosting 44 Acid etched decorative glass for architecture and design 45 SAGCO invests in Heye technology 45 Digital decoration
Plus find us on Linked-In and Twitter.
41
46 Farewell to popular industry veteran 47 Diary
@Glass_Int
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1 Glass International September 2015
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Editor’s comment
Greg Morris
www.glass-international.com Editor: Greg Morris Tel: +44 (0)1737 855132 Email: gregmorris@quartzltd.com Editorial Assistant: Sally Roberts Tel: +44 (0)1737 855154 Email: sallyroberts@quartzltd.com Designer: Annie Baker Tel: +44 (0)1737 855130 Email: anniebaker@quartzltd.com
Addressing the challenges facing the industry
www.glass-international.com
I
was fortunate enough to interview O-I’s new Managing Director for Europe, Vitaliano Torno, last month, who gave me a profound insight into the glassmaking industry. In an exclusive feature published within this issue, Mr Torno, who is also the new President of FEVE, was incredibly open about how the industry had missed an opportunity in the past, but is quickly fighting back to re-conquer market share thanks to glass’s intrinsic qualities. Mr Torno has been involved in glassmaking for 27 years so knows what he is talking about. In his view, put simply the glass industry had rested on its laurels. It had enjoyed an average growth of 1% per year in Europe for years and was content for things to remain that way. Unfortunately the competition, in the form of rival packaging materials, had other ideas. While the glass industry remained dormant, competitors seized the moment and grasped that consumption trends within society were changing. There was a need for more premiumised products, a need for manufacturers to be more flexible in their production runs, a need for brands to be redesigned on a more regular basis. The competition reacted accordingly, gaining market share from the glass industry in recent years. Now glass is striking back. O-I in par-
ticular has invested throughout Europe to address the challenge. The latest investment was at its Järvakandi site in Estonia where it has spent €25 million on upgrading the site’s capabilities. It is the company’s latest investment in its asset optimisation programme, which has also invested in facilities in the UK, Italy and The Netherlands. The aim is to become more capable, more flexible and more sustainable. Modern equipment, including an oxy-fuel furnace, has already ensured a reduction of emissions at Järvakandi. This figure will steadily improve as staff learn how to handle the new equipment and get to grips with its nuances. The site will produce high quality extra flint glass bottles, for the regional market. Its new capabilities mean bottles can be better engraved and more rounded if need be – qualities that will appeal to O-I’s customers. The challenge is for the rest of the glass industry to keep pace with O-I. Customers will continue to buy glass all the while the industry can promote itself as a ‘green’ business with sustainable equipment and capable of producing high quality products. Greg Morris Editor gregmorris@quartzltd.com
Quartz Glass Portfolio
Monthly journal for the industry worldwide
Directory 2015 Annual international reference source
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Sales Director: Ken Clark Tel: +44 (0)1737 855117 Email: kenclark@quartzltd.com Sales Manager: Jeremy Fordrey Tel: +44 (0)1737 855133 Email: jeremyfordrey@quartzltd.com Production Executive: Martin Lawrence Subscriptions Tel: +44 (0)1737 855023 Fax: +44 (0)1737 855034 Email: subscriptions@quartzltd.com Published by Quartz Business Media Ltd, Quartz House, 20 Clarendon Road, Redhill, Surrey RH1 1QX, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1737 855000. Fax: +44 (0)1737 855034. Email: glass@quartzltd.com Website: www.glass-international.com
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United National Council of the glass industry (Steklosouz) Glass International annual subscription rates including Glass International Directory: For one year: UK £164, all other countries £231. For two years: UK £295, all other countries £416. Airmail prices on request. Single copies £45. Glass International Directory 2015 edition: UK £206, all other countries £217. Printed in UK by: Pensord, Tram Road, Pontlanfraith, Blackwood, Gwent NP12 2YA, UK.
Glass International (ISSN 0143-7838) (USPS No: 020-753) is published 10 times per year by Quartz Business Media Ltd, and distributed in the US by DSW, 75 Aberdeen Road, Emigsville, PA 17318-0437. Periodicals postage paid at Emigsville, PA. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Glass International c/o PO Box 437, Emigsville, PA 173180437.
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2 Glass International September 2015
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International News
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Schott to build Chinese facility German pharmaceutical glass manufacturer Schott is to build a production site south of Shanghai, China. The facility, to be built at the Schott Xinkang site in Jinyun, will open in 2017 and make glass packaging for injectable drugs including vials and ampoules. It also plans to modernise and expand
its integrated site in Suzhou, China. The company’s Pharmaceutical Systems division will spend €30 million ($32.7 million) in total in China over the next three years. The measures will increase the company’s production capacity by 50% over the same period.
Encirc academy opens UK manufacturer Encirc has launched an academy to provide training and consultancy for the global container glassmaking industry. The Encirc Academy offers technical and service assistance packages that enable glass manufacturers to op-
timise product quality and plant efficiency, while streamlining production costs. The academy has already worked with glass and drinks manufacturers, including E & J Gallo Glass Company which has received on-site support at its Modesto, USA site.
Glass International September 2015
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International News
NEWS IN BRIEF
Gerreshemier closes Millville site
Gerresheimer has closed its Millville, USA plant. The pharmaceutical glass packaging company said it closed the plant as part of a company-wide consolidation of its manufacturing across North America. Its Millville glass plant made an array of products and pharmaceutical bottles. In January, more than 100 employees working in the largest area of the factory were laid off. The company will operate six moulded glass plants worldwide. Its manufacturing in North America will be done in Chicago.
O-I completes Vitro food & beverage acquisition
Owens-Illinois (O-I) has completed the acquisition of the Vitro food and beverage glass container business in a transaction valued at $2.15 billion. The acquisition includes Vitro’s five food and beverage glass container plants in Mexico, a plant in Bolivia and the food and beverage business of Vitro Packaging, its North American distribution business based in Plano, Texas, which together employ 6,000 people. Vitro will continue its business in the Cosmetics, Fragrance, Pharmaceutical and Flat Glass segments.
www.glass-international.com
Horn installs gas analysis unit at Vetropack
Horn has installed its first online gas analysis unit on furnace 62 at Vetropack’s Straza, Croatia, site. The flue gas analyser, from ABB Automation, was installed to measure CO, CO2, NO and O2. The exhaust gas measurement consists of a gas sampling, sample conditioning and an analysis unit. The measurements are carried out at three different locations: at each regenerator crown and one measurement in the exhaust channel after the reversal unit.
FEVE wins Gold award for Friends of Glass campaign FEVE has won a Gold Stevie Award for its Friends of Glass marketing campaign. FEVE (The European Glass Container Federation) and its partner Weber Shandwick Brussels won the Communications Campaign of the Year, Reputation and Brand Man-
agement award at the 12th Annual International Business Awards. Michael Delle Selve, FEVE Senior Communications Manager aid: “The award is a great recognition for the Friends of Glass campaign which is active across 11 European markets.
“Our message is simple, we want to urge consumers to ‘look beyond the label’ when grocery shopping – not just in regards to the contents of their food and drink, but also the packaging, which can influence the quality and taste of what’s inside.”
Pilkington leaves St. Helens The sale of the former Pilkington headquarters in St. Helens, UK has been completed. The building served as the company’s HQ for more than 40 years, and has been bought by property developers for an undisclosed sum. Nippon Sheet Glass (NSG) has transferred the 125 staff to its European technical
centre at Lathom, near Ormskirk, UK. A company spokesman said: “We have unused space at our Lathom facility, so transferring employees to one location enables better utilisation of current facilities and a reduction in maintenance costs. “There will be no job losses
as a result of the move.” The Pilkington company was founded in St. Helens in 1826 and has been a major employer for the area. Nippon Sheet Glass acquired the company in 2006, with an evaluation of £1.8bn. Source: the Liverpool Echo
E. W. Bowman’s Fevisa installation E.W. Bowman has installed and commissioned two new 10ft annealing lehrs to support Fevisa’s new furnace #2 project. The two additional E.W.
Bowman annealing lehrs bring with them the operational excellence in performance and efficiencies as well as the longevity and service support that Fevisa has come
to expect from the US-based lehr supplier. This project further cements the relationship that the two businesses have enjoyed for 15 years.
Be first with the news! VISIT: www.glass-international.com for daily news updates
4 Glass International September 2015
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International News
Parkinson-Spencer Refractories has announced the sudden and unexpected death of its representative in Moscow, Mrs Irina Ushchekina. Irina had run the shared Moscow office since 2004 and had established it as a well-known name in the Russian glass industry for herself and the companies she represented. She also represented Imaca and Sheppee International, and previously represented Pennine Industrial Equipment and Rosario Productie. She worked in the office alone and travelled long distances to visit clients in the harsh Russian winter months. She will always be
Death of Irina Ushchekina remembered for her tenacity, energy and initiative. Her great passion was Arabic dancing and she ran classes for students of the subject and travelled overseas with fellow dancers to dance there and im-
prove her technique. At the age of only 52 Irina’s death is both tragic and unexpected and she will be sadly missed by the many friends and acquaintances she has made in the glass industry.
CeRTEV welcomes sector’s top young talent to Sao Paulo The glass sector’s most talented students from around the world attended an eight-day course devoted to glass and ceramics. Hundreds of students applied to attend the São Paulo Advanced School on Glasses and Glass-ceramics, Brazil, but only 100
were selected. Organised by the Center for Research, Technology and Education for Vitreous Materials (CeRTEV) of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), the programme covered topics on glass and glass-ceramics, including structural char-
acterisation, thermodynamics, crystallisation and properties. The course comprised 11 lectures and three tutorials about the SciGlass database/software. More information from www.certev.ufscar.br/g-ccbrasil
quality glass at a lower total cost.
Vitro in $85 million expansion
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Mexican manufacturer Vitro is to increase its flat glass production capacity in an $85 million expansion. It will construct a float glass furnace in the country that will become operational in 2017. It means the company will have
hybrid melter, call 800-654-4567. And remember, when you want to make glass better, put Air Products in the mix.
four furnaces in operation upon completion of the construction. In addition to the expansion, its float glass furnace in Mexicali will be repaired in mid-2016 and will also be used to expand its production capacity.
The company said it would take advantage of some equipment in good condition from the float glass furnace that was closed in Mexico City in 2006. The company expects growth in the domestic industries.
Dura Temp appointment Dura Temp has appointed a Technical Specialist for Hot Ware Handling Applications to serve the Latin American region.
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Lyanne Pèrez has joined Dura Temp to support the region and will provide technical support visits to Latin American customers.
She is also responsible for providing support to customers in the Iberian Peninsula and certain regions of the United States.
Glass International September 2015
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International News
NEWS IN BRIEF
South Korean company selects Air Products
South Korean container manufacturer Techpack Solutions has selected Air Products to supply its integrated oxy-fuel solution. It is Air Products’ second project with the South Korean glassmaker. The integrated solution encompasses Air Products’ oxy-fuel combustion system, including its Cleanfire HRi oxy-fuel burners and and an automatic flow control skid. The company will also install a vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) oxygen generator to supply on-site oxygen used to power the oxyfuel burners to melt glass.
Georgian manufacturer gets set for export
Mina Glass, a subsidiary of Anadolu Cam (Sisecam), is investing €1 million into its plant with the aim of increasing its exports. Currently the company produces more than 60,000 glass containers, 80% of which are for the domestic market and 20% for export to Azerbaijan, Turkey and Italy. More jobs will be created at the company, benefitting the local community and national economy.
www.glass-international.com
UK manufacturer chooses Glaston furnace
UK toughened and laminated glass manufacturer, Independent Glass, has selected the FC500 as its fifth Glaston furnace for use at its Glasgow site The company is now capable of producing 2.8mm toughened glass to ECER43 automotive standard and a thickness range of 2–12mm heat-strengthened glass. The investment has been critical in meeting the increased market demand for laminated and toughened glass combinations for structural glass applications. The new FC500 was installed in December 2014 and into the new year. Production began in February 2015.
Italy’s BDF commissioned for 270tpd Angolan furnace BDF Industries has been chosen to design, supply and commission a 270tpd regenerative furnace and equipment for a new glass plant in Angola. German filling-line company, Krones, chose BDF as its supplier for the greenfield glass plant, which will produce beer bottles.
The project will be designed, supplied and commissioned by the BDF team during the next 24 months as a turn key project. The order requires a batch plant ready for further expansion; a 200tpd regenerative furnace that could possibly increase up to 270tpd; two
12-section IS forming machines with the option of adding a third line; and a complete cold end with inspection equipment, integrated automation control systems, utilities and complete networks installation. BDF has already supplied the Nigerian, Ethiopian and Magreb regions.
Iris secures Chinese order Chinese glassmaker Shandong Jingyao has selected specialist camera-based inspection technology from Iris Inspection Machines. The glassmaker, a supplier to Tsingtao Brewing Co, has invested to keep pace with demand for the increasingly popular Tsingtao beer. The modernisation strategy
at the Linyi factory in Shandong Province has been coordinated by the company’s owner, Mr. Tang Yong. Mr. Yong has been responsible for installing the first Narrow-Neck-Press-and-Blow (NNPB) production lines in China, to make the Tsingtao beer bottles. The high-speed 10-section
Heye International IS machines are successfully operating with cold end inspection equipment from Lyon, Francebased Iris Inspection. This includes Evolution 12 machines, which perform sidewall and sidewall stress inspection, as well as Iris Evolution 5 machines for base, base stress and finish inspection.
Stewart Engineers to build float glass site in Kazakhstan Stewart Engineers is to construct a float glass facility in Kazakhstan. The US company said the Orda Glass Complex in Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan aims to be the most modern industrial float glass facility in the world, using the latest float glass and on-line CVD technology. It will produce 600 tonnes
per day of products including pyrolytic nanotechnology coated glass (low-e pro, solar control, reflective, TCO) with glass thickness ranging from 2-12mm, as well as architectural and automotive glass. Orda Glass will also have laminating capabilities with future expansion to other value added products.
The Investment Fund of Kazakhstan (IFK), a subsidiary company of National Management Holding Baiterek (Baiterek), and Stewart Engineers have completed the signing of paperwork and secured project funding with the Development Bank of Kazakhstan (DBK) to build the facility.
Be first with the news! VISIT: www.glass-international.com for daily news updates
8 Glass International September 2015
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O-I interview
Experienced industry stalwart steers O-I in the right direction
www.glass-international.com
O-I’s Vitaliano Torno was named as its new Managing Director, Europe, in January this year, and one of his tasks is to shepherd the company’s European asset optimisation programme. Mr Torno, who was also recently named the new FEVE President, spoke to Greg Morris as O-I completed a €25 million investment at its Järvakandi, Estonia plant.
O-I
has celebrated the completion of its €25 million investment at its Järvakandi, Estonia plant (main picture). The company said the upgrade aims to optimise efficiency, enhance capabilities and better serve the changing needs of customers who represent well-known spirits, food and soft drinks brands. The money has been spent on a gas-oxy furnace, new inspection equipment, production machines, and a proprietary system that pre-heats cullet before it enters the furnace. The upgrade is the latest part of O-I’s investment programme which, by the end of this year, will have seen the company spend €420 million over
three years to revitalise its facilities. According to Mr Vitaliano Torno, O-I’s new Managing Director for Europe, the company has to adapt to meet new challenges. One of his main tasks when appointed to the role nine months ago was to guide the company through its optimisation programme. He aims to focus the organisation and change the company mindset. He said: “The business is changing. It’s not the same glassmaking culture as 10 or 20 years ago. We need to adjust the organisation and culture around what I see as the challenges for glassmakers going forward. Continued>>
10 Glass International September 2015
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z Mr Vitaliano Torno was named O-I’s Managing Director, Europe in January.
“My main goal is to work with the team to make sure we have a shared view on the way the market is evolving and what we have to do to succeed in this market.” Mr Torno certainly knows the company and industry well. He has 27 years experience in the glassmaking industry, all spent with O-I. He was General Manager of O-I’s operations in central Europe (Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary) in the late 1990s, and in Italy in the early 2000s. He was named Vice President of Sales and Business Development for O-I Europe following O-I’s acquisition of BSN in 2004. After serving in several commercial leadership roles for the region, he was named Vice President of O-I’s European country organisation. According to Mr Torno, the business faces two main challenges. The first is based on the need to win back market share in the packaging arena and the second revolves around fragmentation of the portfolio and the requirement for innovation, premiumised products and flexibility.
“Glass is perfect if you want to innovate and premiumise, because of the intrinsic flexibility
”
of the product.
Regarding the first issue, he believes the glass industry did not react quickly enough in recent years to changing consumption patterns and therefore missed an opportunity. Mr Torno said: “If you go back 20 years the glass industry was dormant and silent. “No-one ever heard about glassmakers outside of the restricted and exclusive club of glassmakers. It was a static industry. “For a number of years glassmakers were happy. They followed the growth of the market and made more of the same. “They absorbed fixed costs, improved their efficiency and, with a 1% on average growth per year in Europe, were content. But the rest of the packaging industry grew more rapidly. “This was a period when glassmakers were happy thinking we were doing a good job, but we missed an opportunity. “We, O-I, are now thinking about what we have to do to recover the market share we used to have. That’s an opportunity and a challenge going forward. We cannot neglect this any longer.” The second challenge revolves around changing consumption patterns, and to this end premiumisation and fragmentation has become a key trend. The trend is for more customised products that are fit for a certain occasion. For a glassmaker it means being more flexible as well as being capable of long runs. Customers used to relaunch a product at regular intervals of approximately every 10 years. Today, the time between redesign has shortened to three to four years. Similarly, there has been an increase in the number of sizes of containers and segmentation within brands. Every size and shape of a bottle is geared towards winning market share of a certain occasion. It makes for a complex portfolio. Mr Torno stated: “We had seen this trend coming and what we are doing in Järvakandi and elsewhere in Europe is responding to this by being faster and more flexible.” He added: “Flexibility is a driver for success. Flexibility is a word that in the glass industry was not welcome, it was an enemy in the past, an enemy of stability. But you have to adjust. “Glass has some extremely good points. Glass is perfect if you want to innovate and premiumise, because of the intrinsic flexibility of the product. The second advantage is that we are a sustainable package. These two things are the drivers for our future. “Innovate, diversify, customise and be flexible. Breaking the old paradigm is fine, because that is the future. Do not hesitate to play the sustainability game. “Glassmaking is not as it used to be in the past. Make sure you make it flexible and make it efficient. Continued>>
www.glass-international.com
O-I interview
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O-I interview
zThe O-I Jarvakandi plant in Estonia benefitted from a €25 million investment which has increased its capability and improved its sustainable performance.
“The two axis of premiumisation and sustainability are the ones in which the battle of packaging is going to be fought in the future.”
www.glass-international.com
Järvakandi The investment at Järvakandi is an example where O-I has worked on these two points. The facility is one of only a few in all of O-I that produces high-quality, extra-flint (or clear) bottles for its customers. The premiumisation element means the extra flint will produce higher quality spirit bottles with a better visual appearance. The site now has more capabilities so, among its other benefits, more bottles can be made round and engraved, all while being sustainable at the same time. The Järvakandi investment included a €4.1 million grant from the European Union Cohesion Fund, paid via the Estonian Environmental Investment Centre for the improvement of glass waste recycling. The other big pillar was the oxy fuel furnace, which has significantly improved the facility’s energy efficiency and reduces the amount of carbon and nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions into the atmosphere. It has led to a 30% reduction in CO2 and a 90% reduction in NOx per tonne. The site now has a single furnace rather than two smaller furnaces. Previous upgrades at Alloa, Scotland and in Villotta, Italy, followed the same pattern, as will any future investments, said Mr Torno. The facility also includes a €5 million new oxygen production plant for the furnace, producing more than 18 min.m3 of oxygen a year. The oxygen is supplied through a pipeline directly to the furnace. Another sustainability factor for the site is that any excess power that goes unused by the facility will be made available to heat up the local community. The site employs 155 people and celebrates its 135th anniversary this year. It traditionally makes vodka and spirit bottles as well as some water bottles and food jars. Like most glass plants, the products are distributed to a distance of around 300km to
z The investment included a €5 million oxygen production plant.
500km from the site. The facility has already benefitted from the investment and seen an improvement in energy efficiency. Staff are currently being trained in a ramp-up phase to learn and master the technology, as the machines are different with more features and electronics in the hot and cold end. “It’s not a case of from day one we have been perfect, we are learning how to get there, but the benefits were evident from day one.”
FEVE President
“The two axis of premiumisation and sustainability are the ones in which the battle of packaging is going to be fought in the
”
future.
Mr Torno was also named the new President of FEVE in March this year, which he said was a great honour. One of his aims is to improve public knowledge of glass’s benefits. “We need to be vocal about the strengths of glass. Glass is safe! Glass is safe after a week, after a few months and after a few years. Health is an important issue and surveys show food safety is a hot topic and glass is well positioned to this, no other material really compares. “We have to speak about ourselves and the material otherwise we will miss an opportunity. We have to communicate its sustainability and how healthy it is.” He has worked for O-I for more than a quarter of a century and says he loves the company because the company loves glass. “There is a culture of glass here. It is not just about earning a living and making certain products, but it is doing that with patience. I have always found the same mentality here: we care about what we do because we like what we do, and this is fundamental.” r
O-I Europe, Mex, Switzerland www.o-i.com
12 Glass International September 2015
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9/10/15 3:42 PM
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Company profile: MS Glass
Saudi glass manufacturer set to expand production Mahmood Saeed Glass Industry Company (MS Glass) is one of Saudi Arabia’s most prominent container and tableware manufacturers, and has been producing glass products in the Kingdom since 1994. Sally Love spoke to Dr. Ayman Khalil, Director General of the company, to find out about the company and its plans to increase output in the near future.
www.glass-international.com
Can you give a brief history of the company? Mahmood Saeed Glass Industry Company (MS Glass Co) is an ISO 9001:2008 & ISO 22000:2005 certified leading manufacturer of excellent quality glass products in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, producing glass products using modern techhnology machines and equipment. MS Glass Co is located in an industrial and commercial hub – the port city of Jeddah. The plant is constructed on a 113,500m2 site. MS Glass Co started commercial production in October 1994. The factory today employs more than 800 people. Our vision is to achieve the best output from all the machines and maintain the credibility of MS Glass Co as a renowned glass manufacturer and supplier. Our mission is to expand the production capacity in order to fulfill the requirements of MS Glass Co’s domestic and international customers, and to provide the best quality products at a reasonable price with ultimate customer services. Our values are centered on our customer focus, new development, teamwork and continuous ongoing improvement.
Can you give a technical overview of the plant’s equipment? The company has three operating furnaces at present, with a total capacity of 360 tonnes per day comprised of 14 production lines as follows:
Four press machines for tableware; Seven IS machines for container bottles and jars with a fully automated inspection and packing system; and Three press and blow/stretch machines for stemware and blown drinkware. To add more value to MS Glass Co’s products and to meet the creative needs of clients, an inhouse facility exists for gold decoration, sand blasting and fully automatic quality printing in up to six ceramic colours. In the beginning of the plant’s lifetime, MS Glass installed one Tecno-5 decoration machine to print up to six colours (ceramic). However, due to the continued high demand for decorated products we expanded the decoration facility. As of now we have five decorating machines (up to eight colours with ceramics printing), a spray machine to print the colour glass, as well as gold/ silver banding machines and a sand blasting manual process on the perfume bottles and cosmetic jars.
What products does the company manufacture? MS Glass Co’s product range includes the following: A vast range of stemware and Continued>>
14 Glass International September 2015
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Company profile: MS Glass
“Our vision is to
Do you primarily produce products for the Saudi market, for the Middle East region, or for export further afield?
achieve the best
We distribute our products 50% to the regional markets and 50% to export market, which is 111 countries around the world. To maximise export targets and to develop new customers, MS Glass Co regularly participates in the International Housewares Show in Chicago, USA and the Ambiente Show in Frankfurt, Germany.
output from all the machines and maintain the credibility of MS Glass Co as the most
Is glass consumption set to rise in Saudi Arabia in forthcoming years?
renowned glass General of MS Glass.
Saudi Arabia has an expanding domestic market, which is adding to a young and consuming population with strong buying power. Because glass has never lost its appeal to the food producer as a premium packaging material, demand increases every year. The rise in consumption and the expanding market are also seen in the tableware, stemware and drinkware category.
manufacturer and supplier.
”
footed-ware; A rich variety of consumer glass tableware (plain, printed, gold banded); A vast design range of perfume & cosmetic glass bottles and containers; and Glass jars, containers and bottles for the packaging of food product and juices.
Is environmental awareness a priority for the company? Continuous assessment of environmental hazard within the company is one of the highest priorities in our ‘Safety, Health and Environment’ policy. We are committed to eliminating the use and generation of hazardous substances.
Your website states that your daily output of glass is 360 tonnes of glass. Do you think your output will increase in the near future? We have a project expansion for the 4th furnace, which is now under planning. The design capacity for the new furnace will be 310 tonnes per day and will comprise five production lines for glass container, tableware, stemware and drinkware. Construction is expected to start in the middle of 2016. The existing Furnace #3 is scheduled for rebuild by the end of this year and the design capacity of this furnace will be increased from 120t/day to 180t/day. A new twin table (T/T) machine line will be added to this furnace for glass pitcher production. We are also going to increase the capacity of our other existing furnaces (Furnace #1 and Furnace #2) from 120 to 180t/day on its next scheduled rebuild. After completion of all the on-going projects, the total capacity of our plant will be 850t/day.
How important is tableware and glass containers to the company? We supply both tableware and glass containers to the local and export market and all of our lines are fully booked with confirmed orders.
Continued>>
A selection of products produced by MS Glass, including bowls,
Continued>>
a decanter and a standard beer bottle.
www.glass-international.com
Dr. Ayman Khalil, Director
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I N N O VAT I O N E N G I N E E R E D I N G E R M A N Y
C ON TAIN ER GLAS S • COS METIC GL AS S • F I B R E GL AS S • F L AT GL AS S • F L O AT G L A S S L I GHTING • PHARM ACE UTICAL GLAS S • S O DI UM-S I L I C AT E GL AS S • TAB L E WA R E • T U B I N G
Company profile: MS Glass
TEMPERING LINES on belt
The factory in Jeddah.
Opal - Borosilicate - Soda-lime glass How long have you been Director General at MS Glass Co and what do you enjoy most about the company? Since 1st January 2008. I most enjoy the continuous growth of our company.
Has the company changed during your time there? We have expanded the capacity of our plant, and exported our products to more than 111 countries. We have achieved the best performance of the overall plant by achieving the highest efficiency on all the production lines, as well as on-going cost reduction programme.
TABLEWARE Toughening Lines on spindles
What, in your opinion, is the biggest opportunity facing the industry? To reduce energy use while increasing the output of all the production lines.
Does MS Glass have any plans to expand into other countries in the region? We don’t have plans to expand our production facility into other countries.
Mahmood Saeed Glass Industry Co, Jeddah, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia www.msgi-sa.com
RIM TEMPERING
Production at the plant.
CHEMICAL TEMPERING
A view of the cold end, jars after annealing.
Glass International September 2015
• Annealing lehrs • Decorating Lehrs • Hot&Cold-end coating • Mold pre-heating kilns • Stackers • Scraper conveyors • Cullet crushers • Thermal shock test systems vidromecanica@vidromecanica.com www.vidromecanica.com
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Country focus: Italy
‘Made in Italy’ Sally Love spoke to Alessandro Bandini, President of A.T.I.V., to get his thoughts on the state of the Italian glass industry.
www.glass-international.com
How did the decision come about to host this year’s A.T.I.V. event alongside Vitrum? The fundamental function of the Italian Association of Glass Technicians (A.T.I.V) is to update its members and organise a yearly conference, seminar and meeting to foster the technical choices necessary to improve, with knowledge, the quality and productivity of glass plants. The conferences, attended by outstanding Italian and foreign speakers, are an opportunity for representatives of the national and international glass world to meet technicians from industrial sectors and university researchers. We believe this bridge between the production sector and research centres could be the most important factor in improving technical scientific knowledge. This year, the partnership between Vitrum and A.T.I.V. is tighter than ever for the support and promotion of research activities in the glass arena. This is just one reason why the XXX A.T.I.V. Conference is going to be held at Vitrum 2015, the international trade show dedicated to the leading glass industry enterprises, where technological excellence is one of the core themes. A.T.I.V. has also established deep ties of cooperation with institutions and research institutes and, in particular, has close working relationships with: American Glass Research (AGR International), ESG European Glass Science and Technology, GlassTrend - Glass Technology Research and New Developments Consortium, NGF – Glafo the Scandinavian Society of Glass Technology and Italy’s Stazione Sperimentale del Vetro.
How will the events benefit each other? With both events scheduled to run in the autumn, it was sensible to join forces to exploit the obvious synergies between the XXX A.T.I.V. Conference and Vitrum. There are opportunities to work together to develop new ideas and transfer new concepts to glass world. The two events will also be held at the same time at Expo 2015. Milan will be at the centre of the world; a melting pot of activities, thoughts and exchanging of ideas. A synergy between the energies and the concepts of Expo and of Vitrum 2015 is inevitable due to a series of events that demonstrate the complementary nature of the adventure of glass and design in our daily lives: yesterday, today and tomorrow. It promises to be a fascinating and motivating experience.
How is the Italian glass industry performing at the moment? The social impact of the financial crisis that has gripped the Italian market over the past few years has not spared any productive sector. However, most glass companies, despite having suffered heavily negative situations in almost all markets, reacted promptly in trying to adequately respond to the market variability and the consequent drop in demand. In many instances we witnessed a reconversion process and production line reconstruction in a perspective of continuous improvement aimed at reducing costs in order to compete on the global Continued>>
18 Glass International September 2015
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Country focus: Italy
“The Italian glass industry plays an important role in support of the country’s economy, and now more than ever the ‘Made in Italy’ brand of originality, quality and warranty must be acknowledged and valued.
”
market. The Italian glass industry plays an important role in support of the country’s economy, and now, more than ever, the Made in Italy brand of originality, quality and warranty must be acknowledged and valued. Investments have been made in emerging countries that improve their quality of life, with more flexibility, lower personnel costs, raw materials and energy. In this scenario, Italian companies and brands that have been internationalised have gained appreciation and will benefit in profits. The high professional qualification and training of technicians in the glass industry and collateral sectors, as well as constant and continuous research, are the key to allowing the system to find interesting areas of growth. It will also allow Italian design and manufacture companies of machinery and equipment to have great opportunities to consolidate their position as leaders in the field.
What are the most important topics to your members at the moment? Innovation is the key message. The glass industry needs to innovate its technology, find new ideas and realise new projects. For this reason the various sectors are looking for new technologies, engineered to bring substantial productive and qualitative advantages to the final product.
Will this year’s A.T.I.V event focus on any one topic in particular?
‘Advances in Glass Processing: Key innovation topics in hollow and flat glass’ is the title of the XXX International A.T.I.V. conference. It will be held at Vitrum 2015 in the exhibition district of Fiera Milano, Rho, on Thursday, 8 October 2015. The conference is organised in cooperation with Vitrum and is part of A.T.I.V’s institutional activities to promote technical and scientific knowledge and improve the competitive strength of all sectors of the glass industry as well as its suppliers and customers. The event, aimed at creating awareness and providing information about the latest technologies and applications, will include participants from academia, technical-productive sectors, industry professionals and representatives of the international media. The conference agenda will be focused on the production process, particularly on technologies that optimise product quality and performance in the hollow and flat glass sectors. The event also promotes the exchange of knowhow and discussion about what the future holds in terms of developments in scientific research. The conference talks about new technologies for glass production and glass product performance and is a platform to exchange information. It is an occasion where delegates can be enriched and obtain a clear picture of important recent developments. The creation of ‘good ideas’ is the result of innovation and new contacts, as may arise from fruitful discussions between the conference participants. Continued>>
www.glass-international.com
z Mr. Bandini.
19 Glass International September 2015
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Country focus: Italy
The conference is held in a pleasant atmosphere and aims to promote and facilitate the exchange of knowledge and ideas amid people who work in similar fields, but rarely have the opportunity to meet and discuss.
z Attendees at the joint European Society of Glass and A.T.I.V. event, held in Parma, Italy last year.
What is the main challenge currently faced by the glass industry? The market environment for the glass sector is characterised by weak economic growth, limited investments and declining sales. As a consequence, production and supply strategies need to contemplate a mix of new products combined with innovative services, able to respond to customer needs in a flexible way. In the area of hollow glass this requires specific designs and the introduction of new technologies and service in manufacturing, which must be matched by new production methods and processes to make them affordable and competitive. The glass industry needs to find a fair compromise, increased flexibility and near-real time reactivity to a changing market, optimising low volume production and reducing costs.
www.glass-international.com
What is the main opportunity facing the industry? Requests for new plants and equipment are plentiful from all around the world. They can rely on the high technological knowhow developed within the Italian glass industry, which successfully competes in all sectors both in production and additional processing. We firmly believe that, from both a commercial and technological point of view, the flat glass used in construction and architectural furniture and design is one of the most interesting areas. From ancient times, glass has always been considered a fascinating material, able to create magical emotions in those who work or use it or even in anyone amazed by its infinite transparency and fragility. Glass is essential for life. It gives light and heat, provides communication and culture in all its forms, is environmentally sustainable and,
z This year’s A.T.I.V. event will be held in Milan, alongside the Vitrum show.
despite being considered a fragile material, glass has now acquired high potential as a structural material. For the coming decades it will be extremely important in development areas. Internationally renowned architects and studies conducted by engineers who have investigated the mechanical properties involved in building science, have spread great ideas on the design of innovative buildings that until a few years ago seemed impossible, where glass will be an essential component. In recent years, the domestic food sector has seen a drop in demand and despite a slight improvement in the data concerning the last quarters, stabilisation and a full economic recovery of the sector are still far from being achieved. Italian glassmaking industries in this field face strong competition. They need to find technological solutions that allow them to differentiate production by increasing the quality of process and product and by reducing production costs that are high compared to competitors. Glass companies need greater flexibility, a lower tax burden and lower energy costs. Above all they need to invest in research and development to find more innovative forms for luxury and special glasses and the production of glass containers. All this is particularly true for the Italian industry, although all over the world, especially in emerging countries, opportunities have grown in all sectors. Countries that have natural resources in terms of energy and raw materials increase their needs of glass for building architecture, for the automotive, food, beverage and pharmaceutical sectors, as well as for the solar and insulation components. r
*President, A.T.I.V, Parma, Italy. This year’s A.T.I.V. event will be held alongside the Vitrum event, held at the Fiera Milano, Rho, Milan on 8th October. www.vitrum-milano.com/en/ www.ativ-online.it
20 Glass International September 2015
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Its always the smaller pieces... , Tomorrow s Technology Today
Country focus: Italy
z Milan’s Galeria, an excellent example of glass architecture in the city.
Adding value to Italian industry Sally Love spoke to Vitrum President Dr. Ing Dino Zandonella Necca*, to get his views on the challenges currently facing the Italian glass industry and how glass exhibitions can help the industry to overcome them. This year’s Vitrum will be held at the Milan Expo. How did this come about, and how will it benefit both parties? The combination of Vitrum-Expo 2015 is unique also for the Expo content, which can be closely related to glass (The theme of Expo 2015 is ‘Feeding the planet, energy for life’). The two venues are next to each other and Vitrum visitors may take advantage to see them both. Milan has been totally refurbished for the Expo (with the brand new skyline mostly based on glass) so it will be an extra bonus to see it too.
www.glass-international.com
How honoured are you to be President of Vitrum? To be the President of Vitrum at this particular moment is both exciting and challenging at the same time. We are emerging from a deep crisis, which has strongly affected exhibitions all over the world. Moreover, we have the heavy burden of Dino Fenzi on our shoulders, as he was the visionary pioneer of the Italian Industrial Glass Association for many years [Mr. Fenzi passed away last September]. However, out of the crisis we discovered values that had previously been set aside such as teamwork, networking and synergy with all participants such as universities, other glass associations and laboratories. We will emphasise these pillars to give a more reactive and effective impact on the glass industry as a whole.
What plans do you have while President? We need to answer the most important question: what can we do to add to the value of the trip
“To be the president of Vitrum in this particular moment is both exciting and challenging at the same time.” for our visitors? If we succeed in adding value, we fulfil our mission and Vitrum blossoms. Once the main target is achieved, the others will follow. In particular, we need to provide our visitors with a broader view of the glass industry, starting with cultural information, passing through siderelated industries (which are becoming more cross-related) and concluding with technological and economical advances.
How do you feel the Italian flat glass industry is performing at the moment? The Italian glass industry is divided into two categories: internal production and export. The first is suffering from the fact that Italy has not recovered completely from the financial crisis (the internal consumption of goods is still low, although there are recent signs of full recovery). The second is growing generously, as the Italian glass-related industry is still a focal point in the glass world’s perspective. This is why I believe Vitrum is an important venue, as it will host the world’s potential participants in a condensed area.
What are the most important topics for Vitrum members at the moment? This is related to the important question: what can we do to add to the value of the trip for visitors? Continued>>
22 Glass International September 2015
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FIC Double page advert 2015
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Country focus: Italy
“Recent developments in the Chinese market have shown that it is not always convenient to dismiss production in Europe, or in any other developed country, in favour of cheaper products
”
from ‘low cost’ countries.
What should Italian flat glass companies be doing to grow their business? As I stated earlier, we need to travel back to the fundamentals of the industry i.e. become more convenient (less expensive does not always mean cheap prices, as it is usually quite the opposite). We need to grasp the new opportunities of the cross-related industries that are mostly generated from the new materials coming into the market that can be treated like classical glass. Put simply, we need to focus on R&D and to provide a comprehensive solution to all problems.
Are there any particular geographic areas that are growing at the moment? Unfortunately, recent developments have taught us there is no such thing as permanent growing areas. When an area starts to develop everybody tears in and, due to this frenzy, the situation suddenly becomes critical. There are also deep political issues, which further compromise economic developments such as in Russia, Ukraine and the Middle East. Now, more than ever, the best strategy is to invest in a strong, healthy relationship based on trust and respect that will overcome political issues.
There have been some recent closures of flat glass plants in Europe. Does this worry you? It is my strong belief that if a closure is substantiated by real, and not apparent, economic reasons it will benefit in the long term. Any artificial support to an ailing industry will result in a prolonged suffering and does not provide a real advantage. It is better to face the reality and move on. To be efficient in doing that, we are required to have all the industry motivated to find self-sufficient
z Milan’s updated skyline is filled with glass buildings.
alternatives: this is the critical area where we need to improve. However, recent developments in the Chinese market have shown it is not always convenient to dismiss production in Europe, or in any other developed country, in favour of cheaper products from ‘low cost’ countries, as there are many issues other than prime cost to take into account. Two of the most important are logistics and the small and dedicated production lots. As large companies often underestimate transportation and stocks, this may result in bad decisions that, once taken, cannot be easily reversed.
What is the main challenge facing the glass industry today? How can the industry overcome this? Glass is an incredible material which can and needs to be further exploited. We need to work closely with R&D and laboratories to certify the material for more applications; we need also to create new standards. A more coordinated effort between the industries would be beneficial for all parties involved.
What are the main opportunities in the glass industry today? During the last crisis, many companies tried to diversify their production to become more resilient and less sensitive to a specific area, should that area have a crash. This tremendous push highlighted vast possible new horizons for the industry and the possibility to exploit areas that are not completely defined yet (I am referring to a range of new materials which are almost exclusively close to glass, but also to ceramic amongst other technologies). Again, more coordinated work between R&D and production would be beneficial for the whole glass industry. Finally, a more professional analysis of the whole process based on TCO concepts would also benefit the glass industry, as it will highlight areas of convenience. r
*President of Vitrum/General Manager and CEO of ADI, Thiene, Italy. Vitrum is held on the 6th-9th October at the Fiera Milano, Rho, Milan, Italy.
www.glass-international.com
This is broken down into a few key points: r Technological advances r Providing ideas for cross-related industries r Giving cultural background r Education on cost-related issues (e.g. prices versus costs and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)) If we succeed in some of these topics, we will positively affect the whole industry by making it stronger and more resilient to future crisis.
25 Glass International September 2015
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目錄
《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月數碼版第一期
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2015鳳凰獎獲得者
2015鳳凰獎獲得者： Surasak Decharin先生
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公司特寫：法國O-I公司
O-I 公司在 Labégude投資 1千4百萬歐元
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玻璃回收
廢舊玻璃回收： 在南非玻璃行業凸顯價值
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英國“純淨廢舊玻璃”回收成功 促使Ardagh公司飛速發展
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檢測
用於熱端檢測的雙攝像頭設備
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耐火材料
耐火材料創新的歷史
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標杆管理法
好的績效看起來該是什麼樣？
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製品輸送
Pennine公司開始發售採用薄墊圈 和定距墊的鏈條
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窯爐
如何修復窯爐
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玻璃配合料
新一代配合料給料機
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環境保護
熱化學蓄熱系統
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聚焦國家：俄羅斯
2015莫斯科玻璃工業展舉辦前 俄羅斯玻璃行業欣欣向榮
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全球重要活動
國際玻璃展覽會吸引了業內頂級觀眾
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國際玻璃展覽會歐洲會議主題： 可持續發展的未來
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1 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
2015鳳凰獎獲得者
2015鳳凰獎獲得者：
Surasak Decharin先生 Bangkok Glass公司的Surasak Decharin先生被評選為第 45屆鳳凰獎“年度玻璃人物”的獲得者。他接受了 Greg Morris的專訪，回顧了他的職業生涯，並宣稱因 為獲得這份獎項而自豪。
自
從Decharin先生於1981年加入 Bangkok Glass公司之後，他已經在 這個公司度過了33年的職業生 涯。在2000年八月被該公司董事會任命為董 事和總經理之後，他就一直負責該公司的發 展和成長，將該公司從一個僅僅擁有一座熔 制能力為150噸窯爐的小公司發展壯大為如 今擁有13座窯爐、40條生產線的大公司。
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當聽到獲得這個獎項的消息之後， 您會有多麼驕傲和自豪呢？
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對於我來說，這完全是是一個令我感到 非常驚喜的事情。我很高興鳳凰獎評選 委員會能夠提名我作為獎項的候選人。 我的職業生涯一直集中於玻璃行業的一 小塊領域，我的經驗也僅僅局限於在泰 國經營一家玻璃瓶罐生產製造廠家。 我已經在玻璃行業活躍了三十多 年，鳳凰獎“年度玻璃人物”的獲得者都 是一些非常令人尊敬的人物，是我非常欽 佩的玻璃行業同行、朋友和知名人士，例 如Somany、Silva 、Gallo、Swarovski以及 Pilkington等等。當我聽到我的名字將有幸 與他們為伍、聽到我將要被授予這個榮譽 和稱號的這一刻，毫無疑問，我的心情是 既高興又自豪的。高興是為自己個人獲得 這個榮譽而高興，而自豪則是多方面的， 因為Bangkok Glass公司過去既不是、現在 也不是我一個人經營和管理的公司。這個 公司所獲得過的成功，應該是大家共同努 力的結果。所以，我為這個隊伍而感到非 常自豪，也為Bangkok Glass公司全體同仁 眾志成城的決心而感到非常驕傲。
您最為自豪的成就是什麼？ 在這個方面，我有一個非常宏大的觀點。 泰國還只是一個發展中國家，對於我來 說，人們的生活水平是我最關心的事情。 我深刻認識到，如果讓人們在其職業 生涯之中擁有不斷發展的機會、同時確保 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
他們在職業方面會不斷取得進步和成功的 話，將會使他們能夠不斷為家庭做出貢 獻，不僅僅是生存方面，而且還包括教育 和發展等等一些方面，從而使他們終有一 天能夠將整個家庭推上一個台階。推而廣 之，他們也可以做出更大的貢獻，推動整 個國家、甚至最終推動整個全球經濟向前 發展。每當我看到我公司之中的同事和朋 友們在其生活的各個方面（不僅僅在玻璃 瓶罐製品的生產和製造方面）取得進步的 時候，我都發自內心地感到驕傲、自豪和 滿足。公司過去三十年的發展和壯大歷程 表明，Bangkok Glass公司能夠為越來越多家 庭的發展提供支持，這是我最關心的事情。
讓Bangkok Glass公司成為泰國 首屈一指的玻璃生產製造廠商是否 一直是您始終不變的目標？ 按照我自己個人的觀點，在可以預期的 成功和超出期望的結果之間只有一條小 小的界線。請大家 始終了解和記住，在 巨大的挑戰和困難的背後，往往會存在 一線曙光，有時候，當其足夠大的時候 就會產生巨大的影響。我是在英國接受 研究生教育的，這是我前期所有專業知 識的來源。所以，當我追隨一家投資銀 行，開始實際接手一家正在運作之中的 生產製造企業的時候，所面臨的挑戰和 困難當然也是非常大的。但是，正如所 有偉大的發明那樣，例如盤尼西林等 等，它們都是科學家在進行其它方面探 索的時候不經意發現的。歸根結底，無 論是有意還是無意，我所提到的這些產 品都是非常重要的產品，沒有這些產 品，我無法想像這個世界生活起來將會 變得多麼艱難。同樣，Bangkok Glass公司 在其運作和發展過程之中，由於全體員 工的雄心壯志以及眾志成城，也給人們 生產製造和提供了一些重要的製品，沒 有什麼能夠將這些東西奪走。
您和Bangkok Glass公司能夠取 得成功的關鍵原因是什麼？ 首先，如果宣稱將這些成功歸功於我個人是 非常不明智的，因為成功從來就不是單個個 人能夠形成和建立的，而是整個團隊共同努 力的結果。在過去這些年之中，Bangkok Glass公司全體人員都在特別努力地工作，才 將公司推動發展到現在這個樣子。 我們感到很幸運的是，自從第二次 世界大戰以來，泰國從一個第三世界國 家的水平起步經歷了翻天覆地的發展和 進步，成為一個發展良好的國家。泰國 不僅生產和製造汽車零部件，組裝了這 個地區所銷售的許多汽車和摩托車，而 且，出口了約佔全世界出口總量40%比例 的計算機硬件產品，是最大的皮卡車出 口國。我們具有實現成功所必需要的一 切技能。在泰國人民安詳、面帶微笑的 外表下，懷藏了雄心壯志以及堅毅和決 心，不斷將泰國推向更高的價值水平。
2011年的時候，Bangkok Glass公 司很多工廠都被水淹了，這是不是 您職業生涯之中最低落的時候呢？ 就像人們在按照一定的規律來安排健身 或者鍛煉那樣，我會將職業生涯視為一 場馬拉松長跑，而不是短時間的衝刺運 動。所以，在長時期的業務運行過程之 中，毅力或者持久力是非常重要的一個 方面。我們都會有遭遇到良好形勢或者 惡劣形勢的環境甚至天災人禍的時候， 或者，我們也有可能會碰到政治環境不 安寧的時候，這對各行各業的經營和運 作都會造成影響。在2011年那次水災之 中，雖然Bangkok Glass公司的員工成功地 挽救了位於Pathumthani的工廠，但 是，Bangkok Glass公司位於Ayuddhaya的工 廠幾乎全部都被淹沒在水中，整個Bangkok Glass Group集團損失了其40 %的生產製造 能力，這對於整個集團的財政狀況造成了
2015鳳凰獎獲得者
玻璃行業最吸引您的地方在哪兒？ 在過去十個世紀之中，玻璃的生產製造方 法並沒有發生很大的改變，玻璃行業的這 種情況也是獨一無二的。雖然玻璃的成分 以及內涵與以前相比較而言在很大程度上 都還沒有變化，但是，由於玻璃工藝在細 節和技術發展方面有了一些改變，玻璃行 業的面貌發生了巨大的變化。對於下游行 業和終端消費者來說，他們可能還不知 道，這些技術革新已經使玻璃行業每小時 的生產速度和生產能力，在過去100年的 時間之內提升了超過100多倍。然而，由 於存在這些技術革新以及在技術發展的驅 動之下，仍然有一些人對於這個行業充滿 激情。我們可以看到很多老面孔仍然留在 在這個行業之中奮鬥，有時候，甚至還能 夠看到越來越年輕的下一代面孔，他們來 自與父輩相同的家庭，繼續掌控和引導這 個行業走向未來。這些人群及其家屬對於 這個行業的感情和理解是無與倫比的，幾 乎達到了藝術家的程度。
現在玻璃行業所面臨的主要問題是 什麼？ 我只能夠從玻璃包裝行業的角度來回答這 個問題，很顯然，玻璃包裝材料面臨其它 種類包裝材料競爭的困難和挑戰，這些包 裝材料運輸起來更加具有效率，但是大範 圍使用這種包裝材料不一定會環境友好。 然而我認為，對玻璃行業來說，還存在很 多可能會對這個行業帶來更大損害的問 題，而這些問題我們目前還沒有了解和認 識。我已經看到一些玻璃行業的同行們已 經成功地解決了成品率提升、成品缺陷減 少和消除、生產線運作速度加快等問題， 這也是我為什麼會相信這些能夠明顯看到 和發現的問題都可以很好地解決和處理的 原因。過去幾年之中，由於其它種類包裝
材料的出現，玻璃瓶罐製品的生產量已經 下滑，但是，玻璃將不會變得對人們無關 緊要。例如，幾年之前，人們開始談論起 不會摔破的玻璃瓶這個概念，毫無疑問， 這將有助於減少玻璃材料在使用方面的不 足之處，長遠來看會增強玻璃與其它材料 相比較時候的競爭力。如果僅僅只關注目 前相關的技術發展情況，將只會部分解決 玻璃材料的長遠發展問題。
對於玻璃行業來說，主要的機會在 什麼地方？ 先從我過去的觀點開始談論這個話題， 迄今為止，玻璃行業所售賣的成品越來 越好，是過去玻璃生產製造能力所不能 達及。與以前相比，玻璃瓶罐的重量越 來越輕、強度也越來越高，產品質量不 斷提高。不僅在上述方面，在我們向前 發展過程之中，我們在玻璃瓶罐的顏 色、浸漬、密封等方面也有創新，並使 其走向市場。 但是，我們也應該參考其它行業， 看看是什麼使其變得偉大。宜家公司並不 是靠生產出更好的書櫃而成功的。蘋果公 司也不是靠生產出更好的計算機而成功 的。這些公司之所以成功，是因為他們在 發展過程之中不斷變革，能夠掌控其所運 營的產業環境。我認為，玻璃行業也需要 調查和研究其它行業的例子，看一看有什 麼可以值得我們學習和借鑒。
對於剛剛進入這個行業的新人，您 將會給他們提供什麼建議？ 我給他們所提供的唯一建議就是，通過工 作和學習方面的強化訓練，努力使他們的 身體和心體健康處於最佳的狀態，以便確 保他們不會產生職業倦怠。玻璃行業是充 滿活力的，但是，我們所從事的工作也有 點類似於攀登高峰。這種工作不像服務行 業那樣，在服務行業，通過智能手機應用 開發就可以發明和誕生一種新的產品，或 者在一個晚上的時間之內就可以改變一種 銷售模式。而在玻璃行業，需要通過付出 巨大的努力，才能夠實現一些微小的改 進。所以，要想在玻璃行業取得成功，你 就必須具有毅力，努力堅持，直到事情取 得成功。對於玻璃行業來說，經常會經歷 景氣的形勢和不景氣的形勢，這是一種常 態。為了在這種狀態下生存和發展，我們 必須充分適應這種狀態，建立長期、持續 的關注點。我推薦你們可以將一個計劃實 施的大型項目分割為多個小項目，以便能 夠在現實狀態下有限的時間範圍內，讓這 些小項目可以實施和完成。這樣，就可以 充分而有效地利用時間，實現生產力的 提升。
您對Bangkok Glass公司有什麼 投資計劃? Bangkok Glass公司及其兄弟公司隨著時間 的前進不斷在發展，在其它幾個非玻璃 行業也進行了多元化投資。過去我們從 只有一個工廠開始起步，現在我們的經 營理念也發展為客戶在哪兒，我們的工 廠就要靠近哪兒，在全國各個地方都擴 充建立了生產廠址。這是我們長期發展 戰略的一個組成部分，使各個地方工廠 的生產進行優化，以便我們發揮我們在 生產製造方面幅度分佈和規模大小的優 勢，繼續成功發展。我們也在發展我們 的能力，使自己成為全系列玻璃解決方 案的提供商。例如，浮法玻璃項目將是 我們下一個打算攻克的大項目。您可能 已經知道，除了與玻璃包裝製品方面有 關的項目之外，我們集團公司也積極從 事非玻璃包裝領域的業務。另外，我們 還從事其它一些非核心板塊方面的業 務，其中，最有名的就是Bangkok Glass足 球俱樂部（BGFC），參與泰國超級聯賽 進行專業比賽。未來我們還會繼續在這 些非玻璃領域進行投資，我們將會像在 玻璃領域的經營一樣對這些業務進行長 期的關注和經營。
在您的職業方面，有沒有打算做一 些改變呢？ 如果要做一些改變的話，當然是要變得 更好。如果變得更壞的話，這種改變就 顯得不理性了。在我看來，我們都會為 那些曾經沒有把握住的機會而感到遺 憾。我對自己立了一條規矩，這就是不 要遺憾、不要回頭，但是要從中吸取有 價值的經驗，確保不會再犯同樣的錯 誤。從職業方面來審視，我幾乎不想做 任何改變，這樣說並不是我很頑固。我 不會再要求太多了，因為我已經加入了 這樣一個偉大的團隊，在行業內也得到 了瓶罐玻璃生產製造領域的認可，現 在，我還成為了鳳凰獎的獲得者。我根 本就沒有什麼需要後悔的了。
您未來有什麼打算呢？ 作為常務顧問以及公司董事會董事，我 已經不再參與公司日常的經營和管理 了。目前，我還保持活躍，以便可以繼 續分享在業務方面的歷史經驗，為團隊 提供一些背景知識，以便實現平滑無縫 的轉移，為提升業務價值提供一些建 議。同時，保持生活和工作的平衡，以 便有更多的時間用於享受生活。█ *泰國Bangkok Glass公司 網頁地址： www.bangkokglass.co.th 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
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巨大的影響。儘管如此，由於公司的長 期經營和運行就像是一場馬拉松賽跑， 而不是一場短暫的衝刺跑。雖然沒有人 願意再經受一次這樣的災難，我也不會 認為這就是公司發展過程之中條件最困 難的時候。我們在公司的發展過程之中 已經經歷了很多次的危機，不僅有自然 災害，而且有政治危局，還有經濟滑 坡、金融行業崩潰等等，但是，所有自 身運作良好的企業都在這些災難之中存 活了下來而繼續向前發展。正是由於這 個原因，我為我們這個團隊而感到驕傲 和自豪，不僅因為我們在那次水災過後 重新將窯爐恢復運行了起來，而且是因 為在過去三十多年公司的經營和運作之 中，我們這個團隊讓Bangkok Glass公司在 多次危機之中能夠存活下來。
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公司特寫：法國O-I公司
O-I 公司在 Labégude投資 1千4百萬歐元 6圖1
大約有230名人員參加了這座玻璃窯爐的落成典禮。
O-I 公司（Owens-Illinois，O-I） 在法國Labégude的工廠近來收到 了一筆1千4百萬歐元的投資，用 來建造一座全新的窯爐。Sally Roberts與O-I 公司其他一些重要 高層參加了這座窯爐的落成典 禮，闡述了這座新的窯爐對O-I 公司以及該地區有什麼意義。
歐
洲的業務量佔據了O-I公司總體業務量 的40%。在2014年之中，O-I公司在其 歐洲工廠之中投資了1.4億歐元，用於對 玻璃窯爐進行重建，併升級其生產和製造設備。 O-I公司在Labégude的工廠最早落成於1885 年，位於Rhône Valley，離Burgundy葡萄酒產區非 常接近。該工廠在被O-I公司收購之前，是由法國 巨頭BSN所擁有。該工廠員工數量為130名，是其 所在的Ardèche地區當地非常重要的工業企業，而 該地區主要以農業和旅遊業為主。 “正是由於這個原因，新的窯爐落成是一件 非常有意義的事情。”O-I公司法國和西班牙國家 首席執行官François Pierrot指出：“這標誌著該工 廠還會得到繼續投資。玻璃窯爐需要使用15年或 者以上之後才會被取代重建，所以，新的窯爐落 成意味著該工廠在該地區至少還要投資和發展15 年以上。”。
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O-I公司性能最高的工廠 O-I公司之所以在Labégude工廠投入一千四百萬歐 元的投資，也有其它一個非常明顯的原因。該工廠 的廠址自作為一家玻璃生產製造企業投入運行以 來，已經經歷了大約130年的時間，這也就意味著 其設計已經落後於法國的現代運輸系統。François 認為：“雖然缺乏很好的交通運輸線路通往該工 廠，但是，這家工廠卻一直能夠持續經營下去，其 中的原因就在於這是O-I公司在全世界範圍之內在 生產能力、質量以及安全方面都是排名最佳的 工廠。” 該工廠是O-I公司在全世界範圍之內全部77家 工廠之中，在生產質量、安全以及生產能力方面都 是排名最佳的，除此之外，該工廠在其玻璃配合料 之中也使用了80%的廢舊玻璃回收原料，有了新建
4 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
O-I 法國公司
O-I法國公司是法國最大的瓶罐玻璃生產製造廠 商，它在法國這個國家擁有九家生產製造工廠， 分別位於Béziers、Gironcourt、Labégude、Puy Guillaume、Reims、Vayres、Veauche、Wingles以及 Vergèze等地。 O-I公司是在1986年的時候進入法國市場的。隨 後，O-I公司又通過迄今為止都是法國瓶罐玻璃市 場方面最大的併購事件而成為法國國內市場最大的 瓶罐玻璃生產製造廠商。該公司在2004年的時候， 投資6.25億美元併購了BSN Glasspack公司。 O-I公司在2010年的時候又進行了另外一場併購， 它以1500萬美元收購了一家位於Vergèze的小型玻璃 生產製造工廠——Verrerie du Languedoc。 Verrerie du Languedoc這家工廠成立於1973年，經營著一座 玻璃窯爐和四條玻璃生產製造線，為啤酒行業生產 和製造玻璃瓶罐製品。 2013年的時候，O-I公司在其整個歐洲業務板塊投 資了1.4億歐元，其中包括了投資在法國業務板塊的 四千萬歐元。除了在Labégude的投資之外，這家 公司還在Pas-de-Calais工廠（位於法國Wingles）投資 了新的設備、為其位於法國Vosges的Gironcourt-surVraine工廠進行了投資以便提升生產和製造能力， 上述這兩家工廠都是為啤酒行業生產瓶罐玻璃製 品的。 另外，O-I公司還將會在其位於法國Vayres的 Gironde工廠進一步投資建立新的生產線，為葡萄酒 市場生產和製造玻璃酒瓶。O-I公司還計劃對其位 於Puy-Guillaume的Puy-de-Dôme工廠以及其位於 Veauche的Loire工廠進行投資。其中，Puy-de-Dôme
原材料
“
新的玻璃窯爐 非常重要……它意味著該工廠和該地區的工業行業至少還會投資和 發展15年以上。
”
Labégude工廠是所在地區僅有的幾家工業企業之一，新 的玻璃窯爐落成（圖頂以及圖底）表明該工廠至少還會投資和 發展15年以上。
6圖4
5圖2
在參加完這座玻璃窯爐的落成典禮之後，這些參觀人員還對Labégude工廠進行了 參觀訪問
Labégude工廠主 要生產和製造葡萄酒玻璃 瓶，同時也為烈酒行業生 產和製造玻璃酒瓶。
6 圖3
落成典禮 按照法國的傳統習俗，O-I公司的兩家客戶參加了 玻璃窯爐的落成典禮，他們分別被命名為教父和教 母。在這樣的機緣下，La Martiniquaise集團的採購 經理Valérie Lyet以及La Maison Chapoutier公司的首 席執行官Michael Chapoutier，他們分別代表各自的 公司來到現場接受這份殊榮。 總共有230名人員參加了這場落成典禮，其中 包括當地的官員、公司的客戶以及媒體記者等等。 在參加完落成典禮之後，他們還對工廠進行了參觀 訪問。 隨後，O-I公司駐法國和西班牙國家首席執行 官Francois Pierrot以及O-I公司駐法國和西班牙國家 業務經理髮表了演講。他們都對新玻璃窯爐落成對 於該公司和該地區以及其在碳排放環境保護方面 所產生好處等方面的重要意義進行了再一次 肯定。█
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工廠是為食品行業生產和製造玻璃瓶罐製品，而 Loire工廠則專注於生產和製造用於干邑白蘭地葡萄 酒的玻璃瓶罐製品。 O-I公司坦承，隨著未來的發展，O-I公司歐洲業務 方面將關注於葡萄酒市場。O-I公司以其在葡萄酒 行業具有良好的口碑而自豪。沿著從位於法國西部 波爾多地區一直到位於意大利東部地區的歐洲葡萄 酒生產帶，該公司每隔150公里就擁有一家玻璃瓶 罐製品生產製造工廠。在歐洲的所有葡萄酒產量之 中，其中有大約80%的葡萄酒產量都來自於整個葡 萄酒生產帶。O-I公司在這個葡萄酒產區擁有10座 工廠，這樣就為它向有需要的葡萄酒生產製造廠商 提供產品目錄和玻璃酒瓶提供了靈活便利的 條件。
的玻璃窯爐，該工廠還會對降低能源消耗和使用進 行關注。這個工廠擁有三條生產製造線，每年生產 13萬噸的玻璃，這個數字可以折合為每年3億個玻 璃瓶的產量。雖然這個工廠所生產的玻璃製品大部 分是面向葡萄酒市場，但是，該工廠也會為烈酒行 業生產和製造玻璃酒瓶。其玻璃製品在葡萄酒方面 用戶所處的位置離該工廠的平均距離不會超過 300公里。O-I公司採用了沿著葡萄酒生產帶佈 局的策略，使其與客戶之間建立了緊密合作的關 係，同時，也減少了其運輸成本，降低了碳 排放。 其客戶涵蓋了很多著名的品牌，例如Cellier des Dauphins、Pernod-Ricard、La Maison Chapoutier以 及法國排名第二大的烈酒集團——La Martiniquaise 等等。
5 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
玻璃回收
廢舊玻璃回收： 在南非玻璃 行業凸顯價值
玻璃回收公司
5 圖1
圖片顯示的是玻璃回收公司的 首席執行官Shabeer Jhetam以及該公 司所回收廢舊玻璃瓶。
The Glass Recycling Company
玻璃回收公司是南非的國有機構和企業，旨在促進 和方便廢舊玻璃的回收使用。在該公司過去八年的 運行過程之中，已經使南非整個國家的廢舊玻璃回 收使用比率從18%提升為40.6%。
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玻
璃回收公司是在2005年國家環 境事務部諒解備忘錄簽署之後 才成立的產物。該公司的發展 戰略目標集中在促進廢舊玻璃和可重新 灌注玻璃瓶罐的回收利用、企業發展和 工作機會、回收能力構建以及與各種政 府與工業組織建立協同發展的關係等等 方面。該公司最初是由22家股東自願組 織發起的，其中包括南非玻璃包裝製品 製造廠商Nampak公司和Consol公司，以 及使用這些玻璃包裝製品包裝其產品的 大多數食品和飲料品牌所有者。玻璃回 收公司的運作資金主要來自於公司外使 用這些玻璃包裝製品的品牌廠商，他們 在從玻璃生產製造企業購買玻璃包裝製 品的時候，按照每噸玻璃記重無償繳納 相應的資金。 玻璃回收公司的股東按照《生產者 延伸責任制》的協議和規範來對玻璃回 收公司進行支持。按照《生產者延伸責 任制》協議和規範的要求，這些玻璃生 產製造廠商都承諾回購玻璃回收公司所 回收的所有廢舊玻璃。
6 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
南非市場總覽 南非目前還沒有在需要進行廢舊玻璃分 類回收的地方建立懲罰性法律規章制 度，這些應該建立廢舊玻璃分類回收義 務和責任的地方包括家庭、辦公場所、 飯店以及酒吧等等。 由於上述原因，這就需要諸如玻璃 回收公司之類的組織承擔其讓廢舊玻璃 分類回收變得盡可能簡單的責任，從而 幫助玻璃生產製造廠商能夠回收廢舊玻 璃進行加工處理。玻璃回收公司是通過 下述兩個方面開展工作的： ■ 建立和發展“回收中心”，以便讓玻 璃回收人員能夠將他們所收集的廢舊 玻璃在這兒出售。最終，這些廢舊玻 璃由玻璃生產製造廠商回收購買。 ■ 在購物中心、學校、垃圾站以及其它 一些公共場所設置玻璃收集點，以便 收集和回收人們使用過後的玻璃。 通過市場活動以及各種宣傳措施， 玻璃回收公司正努力進一步向其目標邁 進，其中包括電視廣告、社會媒體、廣 告牌以及街頭的宣傳桿等宣傳和廣告手
玻璃回收公司 (TGRC) 注重通過有效 的宣傳來培育整個南非人們廢舊玻璃 回收使用的習慣，通過對年輕人的教 育來增加和發展南非的廢舊玻璃回收 比率，並建立永久性的全國廢舊玻璃 回收基礎網絡體系。雖然玻璃回收公 司並不親自從事廢舊玻璃回收的工 作，但是該公司卻在努力確保盡可能 多的廢舊玻璃不要送往垃圾填埋場。
段。但是，玻璃回收公司還需要面對高 收入階層人士對於玻璃回收工作所普遍 持有的毫不關心的態度，為了解決這個 問題，玻璃回收公司也將其作為2015年的 工作重點——確保高收入階層人士也能 夠理解玻璃回收的意義。 玻璃收集點的設置工作也是玻璃回 收公司的發展目標之一，屬於其玻璃回收 能力建設和玻璃回收體系構建的一個組成 部分。由於南非人在環境保護方面的認識 在不斷增強，對於玻璃收集點設置的需求 也在不斷增加之中。現在，玻璃回收公司 已經在全國建立和設置了大約3000多個玻 璃收集點，從而能夠讓公眾能夠更方便地 將其廢舊玻璃製品納入回收利用。
企業經營單元 在許多發展中國家，也發展出一種非正規 的“收購回收市場”。在這些非正規市場 之中，一些個人可以出售所收集的回收 物，成為其非固定的一種收入來源。其中 還包括一些從家庭或者商戶手中收購廢品 並將它們出售給回收中心的個體。
玻璃回收
45% 40%
39.5%
40.1%
40.6%
35%
35% 30% 玻璃回收利用率%
在南非，有很高比例的廢舊玻璃是 通過這樣的途徑來進行收集和回收的： 據獨立研究機構所提供的信息，最多大 約有50000名左右的南非人民是通過這種 方法來賺取非正式收入的。 玻璃回收公司這個組織持續致力於 在全國建立和發展這些企業或經營單 元。玻璃回收公司不僅提供商業運作建 議和支持，同時，也為新的企業或經營 單元提供大容量包裝袋、手套、眼鏡以 及稱重稱等玻璃回收基礎物品。一旦這 些玻璃企業或經營單元開業運行之後， 這些物品將會給廢舊玻璃回收人員提供 一個供其出售其手中玻璃的場所。 玻璃回收公司的目標是鼓勵年輕消 費者對玻璃製品擁有“恢復使用、重新 使用、回收利用”的理念。讓年輕人對 於玻璃回收具有興趣這一點非常重要， 玻璃回收公司每年會在學校舉辦玻璃回 收競賽。正是由於從2012年開始舉辦玻璃 回收競賽以來，大量的廢舊玻璃得到了 收集和回收。為了鼓勵那些在廢舊玻璃 回收方面努力的學校，那些玻璃收集和 回收量最高的學校將會獲得月度和年度 獎勵，並且還會得到資金和財務捐助。 玻璃回收公司也會給學校提供課程補充 材料，以便幫助教學人員，促進全面形 成廢舊玻璃回收的整體觀念。
25% 20%
24% 18%
26%
21%
15% 10% 5% 0%
在玻璃回收公司成立之前
在玻璃回收公司成立之後
*包括食品和飲料在內各種玻璃包裝製品的玻璃回收利用率
5圖2
南非的玻璃回收利用率
80%
通過回收利用系統，有 的廢舊玻璃得到了回收利用，或者 被避免送往垃圾場進行填埋處理， 或者經過處理後重新灌注使用。
20%
的廢舊玻璃被送往垃 有 圾填埋場。
210萬噸玻璃 得到了回收利用
避免送往垃圾填埋場的玻璃 被送往垃圾場進行填埋處理的玻璃
利用廢舊玻璃生產製造了 90萬噸新的玻璃製品
66噸
環境保護方面的好處 每年，在南非有300萬噸玻璃包裝製品 得到了回收使用
只有66噸廢舊玻璃被送往垃圾場進行 填埋處理
可以回收使用的玻璃瓶得到了連續使用，當其達到其使用壽命終點的時候，可以將它們回收 利用。南非建立了世界上最複雜的玻璃瓶回收利用系統。與其它種類的包裝材料相比較而言， 南非的玻璃製品擁有最高的回收利用率，這一點可以與世界上這方面做得最好得國家相媲美。
5圖3
在南非被避免送往垃圾填埋場的玻璃包裝製品
的廢舊玻璃回收處理工廠。這些工廠擁 有先進的技術，意味著消費者不再需要 將廢舊玻璃按顏色（琥珀色、綠色或黑 色）進行分類回收和處理，因為在這些 工廠之中，設備可以自動完成這些操 作。這也體現了其致力於讓廢舊玻璃回 收變得簡單、鼓勵在南非進行玻璃回收 利用的承諾。
玻璃瓶回收系統 南非還建立了玻璃瓶回收系統，南非人 可以將可以回收利用的玻璃瓶送回其購 買時所在的商店，防止這些可以回收利 用的玻璃瓶被送往垃圾填埋場。南非建 立了世界上最複雜的玻璃瓶回收系統， 其牽頭和先鋒隊伍是啤酒、葡萄酒以及 烈酒的生產製造廠商。這些可以回收利 用的玻璃瓶被送往生產製造廠商之後，
經過消毒、檢測和重新灌注被重新使 用。這些可以回收利用的玻璃瓶包括夸 脫瓶啤酒等大容量啤酒瓶、不含酒精的 軟飲料玻璃瓶以及學多烈酒和白酒玻璃 瓶等等。 值得注意的是，在南非每年所使用的所 有玻璃包裝製品之中，由於存在廢舊玻 璃回收系統和玻璃瓶回收重新灌注利用 系統這兩大體系的作用，有80%的玻璃包 裝製品得到了回收利用而避免被送往垃 圾填埋場。在南非這個國家，玻璃是避 免被送往垃圾填埋場而得到回收利用得 最好的一種包裝材料種類。 █ *來自南非約翰內斯堡 (Johannesburg) 的玻璃回收公司 網頁地址：www.tgrc.co.za 電子郵件： info@theglassrecyclingcompany.co.za 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
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由於玻璃可以不限次數地進行回收利 用，並且從來也不會因此失去其清澈、 純淨的特性，所以，在南非的玻璃瓶罐 生產製造廠商會在其生產製造過程之中 至少使用40%以上的廢舊玻璃。特別是在 南非，玻璃材料可以完全滿足“閉環系 統”的格式定義，即該材料可以被回收 和利用來生產同一種產品，例如，可以 利用回收的玻璃瓶生產和製造全新的玻 璃瓶或玻璃罐。 在南非，所有被收集和回收的玻璃 包裝材料都會被重新送往玻璃生產製造 廠回收利用，被用來生產和製造新的玻 璃瓶罐，從而在環境保護方面獲得了最 大的好處。相反的情況是，例如在英 國，只有不到三分之一的廢舊玻璃包裝 材料被回收利用於新玻璃瓶罐的生產和 製造，所以，不能夠獲得“從瓶罐到瓶 罐”回收利用在環境保護方面所具有的 全部好處。廢舊玻璃回收利用在環境保 護方面具有極大的好處：可以節省垃圾 填埋地皮、可以節約原材料、降低能源 消耗和使用需求，同時也可以減少二氧 化碳的排放量。 Consol玻璃公司以及Nampak玻璃公 司現在都已經投資建立和發展了高水平
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玻璃回收
英國“純淨廢舊玻璃”回收成功 促使Ardagh公司飛速發展 為了增加玻璃的回收和利用，Ardagh公司與位於英國西約克夏郡的Reuse公司簽 訂了一項為期15年的協議，這確立了該公司在英國8.9億英鎊玻璃包裝行業的中 心地位。Ardagh玻璃集團的可持續發展和環境保護部門主任Steffen Seehausen將 會在五月7日於法國里昂舉辦的歐洲國際玻璃展覽會上進行演說。
Ardagh
公司在英國 約克夏郡有 三 個 玻 璃 生產製造工廠，它們分別位於 Knottingley、Doncaster和Barnsley。 Ardagh公司與Reuse公司建立了合作 關係，旨在增加廢舊玻璃的回收使 用量。 Reuse公司是澳大利亞私營廢棄物 管理和回收公司——聯合資源管理公 司（United Resource Management, URM） 的一個分公司，它在英國約克夏郡也 有三家工廠。
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投資
8
這兩家公司所採取的第一項合作措施 就是投資500萬英鎊，研究和開發廢舊 玻璃的分類和分離技術。 新的廢舊玻璃分類和分離技術包 含四個工藝和步驟。最初的步驟就是 將中等尺寸的有機物以及鬆散的含鐵 金屬從廢舊玻璃之中除出，接下來通 過一個干燥區域以便除出粉塵和小一 些的物質，第三個步驟就是除出殘留 在廢舊玻璃之上的用金屬物或者鉛條 鑲嵌的廢舊玻璃，另外還有一些具有 比瓶罐玻璃更高燃燒溫度的物質，例 如耐熱玻璃等等。 最後一個步驟是最關鍵、最重要 的步驟，剩下的所有廢舊玻璃都要經 過仔細的清洗，然後通 過使用先進的 清洗、提純和光學分類篩選技術，根 據廢舊玻璃的顏色將其進行分離。 新的廢舊玻璃分類和分離技術可 以從廢舊玻璃物流之中，根據廢舊玻 璃顏色種類的不同，將這些廢舊玻璃 4圖1 Ardagh Group集團公司位於英國西約克夏 郡Knottingley的玻璃生產製造工廠 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
進行更好的回收處理。例如，可以根 據廢舊玻璃顆粒顏色的不同成功地將 小至4毫米的廢舊玻璃顆粒進行分類和 分離，而與之形成對比的是，在這以 前只能夠將大於10毫米的廢舊物玻璃 顆粒進行分類和分離。
“純淨的廢舊玻璃” 通過使用上述技術，Ardagh公司獲得 了“純淨的廢舊玻璃”，這是一種具 有最高質量品質的廢舊回收玻璃，可 以用在玻璃窯爐之中用來生產和製造 新的玻璃瓶罐。這種技術突破也幫助 Ardagh公司增加了其生產和製造玻璃 瓶罐所使用的廢舊玻璃用量，所使用 的廢舊玻璃使用量增加了12%。 擔任Ardagh公司歐洲市場部門負 責人的Sharon Crayton是這樣解釋 的：“很多年以來，我們一直在使用 廢舊回收玻璃來生產和製造綠色的玻璃 瓶，其中的廢舊玻璃含量達到了90％。
但是，我們一直以來也不能夠 獲得品 質優良的廢舊回收玻璃用來生產高純 淨度的無色玻璃，在這方面以前一直 存在困難和挑戰。這是由於缺乏有效 的顏色分類和分離技術，我們不能夠 獲得純淨度足以滿足使用要求的廢舊 回收玻璃。” “這項新的廢舊玻璃分類和分離 技術將我們推送到了英國玻璃回收利 用的最前沿，幫助我們增加了在純淨 無色玻璃瓶罐生產和製造過程之中廢 舊玻璃的使用和含量。例如，我們位 於Doncaster的玻璃生產製造工廠主要 專注於純淨無色玻璃的生產，在2014 年第一季度其使用廢舊回收玻璃的平 均使用率達到了50%含量的水平，而 與之形成對比的是，在2013年同樣的 季度之中，其使用廢舊回收玻璃的平 均使用率僅僅才只有32%含量的 水平” Reuse公司新的廢舊玻璃分類和分
玻璃回收 Feature
5圖2
Reuse公司生產部主任Jamie Brown(圖左)與擔任Ardagh玻璃公司歐洲 市場部門負責人的Sharon Crayton在一起。
離設施可以達到總計高達25萬噸的廢舊玻璃分類和分離處 理能力，大約可以處理整個英國全部廢舊回收玻璃的13％ 數量。在這些設施中進行處理的這些廢舊回收玻璃大部分 從英格蘭北部地區收集而來，可以最大化程度地促進當地 的玻璃回收使用習慣，減少現代玻璃包裝製品的碳排放 水平。 Sharon Crayton補充說：“由於玻璃瓶能夠被反復多 次回收利用，而沒有任何限制，也不會喪失作為最天然、 最健康包裝介質和材料的任何質量品質，玻璃包裝製品已 經在環境保護方面留下了很好的名聲。” “與Reuse公司建立合作夥伴關係，可以使我們更好地利用 玻璃這種包裝材料，讓它們從遍布約克夏郡和英格蘭北部 的家庭和各種商業環境之中得到回收利用。這也幫助我們 為客戶生產製造出滿足最高回收利用率的產品。”
GLASSMAN
GLASSMAN 10-11 May 2016, ADNEC, Abu Dhabi
10-11 May 2016, ADNEC, Abu Dhabi
GLASSMA G G GLASSMAN WHERE THE HOLLOW GLASS INDUSTRY G 10-11 MEETS TO DO BUSINESS May 2016, ADNEC,
WHERE THE HOLLOW GLASS INDUSTRY G 10-11 May 2016, ADNEC, Abu Dhabi GLASSMAN MEETS TO DO BUSINESS WWW.GLASSMANEVENTS.COM/MID-EAST
GLASSMAN
10-11 May 2016, ADNEC, Abu Dhabi
10-11 May 2016, ADNEC, Abu Dhabi WWW.GLASSMANEVENTS.COM/MID-EAST
問題解決
Organised by: Stay in touch: 來自Reuse公司的Mark Wilson說：“在過去幾年回收廢舊 Official media partner: Sales enquiries: Join the Glassman 玻璃的過程之中，我們經歷了從廢舊玻璃瓶回收站向混合 @glassmanevents Events Group 式家庭回收站方向發展的轉變。我們所面對的困難和挑戰 Organised by: Stay in touch: Ken Clark: Official mediakenclark@quartzltd.com partner: 也從將玻璃瓶罐從其它可回收物品之中分離出來，而轉變 Published by 為將廢舊回收玻璃重新加工和處理為高質量的、按顏色分 Join the Glassman @glassmanevents Events Group 類好的廢舊玻璃。” 10-11 May 2016, ADNEC, Abu Dhabi “公司最近的投資仍然按其最初的投資方向繼續進 Conference enquiries: 行，讓我們擁有生產出更多符合Ardagh公司成長需求高質 WWW.GLASSMANEVENTS.COM/M 量廢舊玻璃的技術。” Greg Morris: gregmorris@quartzltd.com Wilson補充說：“但是，如果要將玻璃與其它種類的可 回收包裝材料進行區分的話，玻璃材料最容易、也是最有 效 的 回 收 利 用 方 式 就 是 作 為 玻 璃10-11 瓶 和May 玻2016, 璃 罐ADNEC, 來 使Abu 用。 所 Dhabi 以，我們敦促議會在修改其廢棄物管理條例的時候要考慮 Organised by: Stay in touch Official media partner: 到這種情況，要求將廢舊回收玻璃重新返回給玻璃生產製 Published by WWW.GLASSMANEVENTS.COM/MID-EAST 造廠家用於新玻璃包裝製品的生產和製造，而不是將其用 Join th 於缺乏可持續發展方式的廢料或者集料來使用。” Wilson Events 補充，“我們很高興將我們的知識和經驗共享給大家，以 便對上述發展和過程進行支持，幫助廢舊玻璃的回收和利 用率達到更高水準。”█ Organised by: Stay in touch: Official media partner: Published by
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位於英國Knottingley的Ardagh Glass公司 網頁地址：www.ardaghgroup.com/glass
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《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
Glass International November 2014
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09
檢測
用於熱端檢測的雙攝像頭設備
5 圖2 紅外 雙攝像頭檢測 系統在操作運 行之中。 3圖1 紅外雙攝像頭檢測系 統總覽屏幕。
Paul Schreuders*在本文之中對Xpar Vision公司最新版本的紅外雙攝像檢測系 統進行了介紹。
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V7軟件系統，是Xpar
10
Vision公司基於其紅 外熱端檢測技術多年 以來與眾多用戶接觸瞭解而積累經驗基礎 之上所推出的新一代軟件系統。 客戶已經向Xpar Vision公司反饋了很 多有關該技術在熱端檢測和過程監控方面 更好地應用的改進和提高建議。從所收到 的眾多客戶反饋建議之中，Xpar Vision公 司將最好的反饋意見和建議已經進行吸 納，並集成進這個新一代軟件系統之中。 與現在正在使用的軟件系統版本相比較而 言，新一代軟件系統主要在攝像頭設置、 功能以及準確度方面進行了改善和提高。 總而言之，新一代軟件系統將會更 加易於使用，檢測性能也會更好。軟件系 統的這些改善和提高，也與Xpar公司一 直致力於實現玻璃瓶罐生產製造成型的自 動化以及質量檢測的完美無瑕這個目標是 一致的。
攝像頭設置 迄今為止，熱端檢測的攝像頭設置一直都 很複雜，需要操作人員掌握和精通紅外攝 像技術。通過新一代的軟件系統更新，攝 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
像頭的設置操作得到了簡化。攝 像頭的設置可以自動進行，僅僅 通過一鍵操作就可以激活完成。 同時，多畫面集成和分割操作也可 以自動進行處理，同樣也可以僅僅 通過一鍵操作就可以激活完成。現 在，整個圖像處理設置也變得易於 操作和配置。總而言之，所有這些 更新將會使人們在使用新一代熱端 檢測系統的時候更加方便，也使新 一代熱端檢測系統使用得更廣。特 別是，在進行工況變更的時候，設 置紅外熱端檢測系統的時間將得 到縮短。
功能 自2000年以來，紅外雙攝像系統就 已經出現在市場之上了。 在目前版本的紅外雙攝像系統之中， 該系統能夠對玻璃瓶罐的密度、對稱性、 玻璃分佈、垂直度、形狀、變形、缺陷、 翅片、薄斑 (厚薄不均勻)、輸送等異常情 況進行檢測。 在新一代的V7版本檢測軟件之中，現 有的檢測功能和模塊都得到了改善和提
5圖3
Xpar Vision公司的紅外雙攝像頭檢測系統。
檢測
高，同時，也加入了新的模塊。例如薄斑(厚薄不均勻) 檢測功能的 設置得到了簡化。在玻璃瓶罐輸送檢測模塊方面，可以設置和激活 對指定玻璃瓶罐擺放位置進行剔除的功能。在對玻璃瓶罐變形進行 檢測的模塊方面，現在可以對四個模塊之中的每一個模塊都能夠進 行單獨命名。其它一些進行了改進的模塊還有形狀和缺陷檢測模 塊，現在這些模塊的檢測效果將更加準確。 新一代V7版本熱端檢測軟件吸引人眼球的地方就在於，如圖1 所示，其可以在一個單一的總覽界面之中實時顯示每一個成型模腔 的紅外圖像。該檢測軟件可以即時顯示行列式製瓶機械玻璃分佈的 變化。當然，如果用戶仍然還是喜歡原有的總覽顯示界面的話，系 統可以提供相應的切換選擇。 在新的系統軟件之中，新增加的模塊之中有一個就是直徑和質 量模塊。在最新的系統軟件之中，可以對一個玻璃瓶罐的多個高度 部分測量其對應的直徑尺寸。通過直徑檢測模塊，新一代檢測系統 就可以建立起玻璃瓶罐直徑的檢測標準和質量控制，並通過檢測來 對玻璃瓶罐是否合格和剔除採取相應的操作。直徑檢測模塊也具有 所謂的“控製圖譜”支撐功能，這一點就像強度／非對稱檢測模 塊、垂直度檢測模塊、形狀檢測模塊等檢測模塊所具有的相應功能 一樣。 除了玻璃瓶罐直徑檢測模塊之外，新的檢測系統也已經加入了 熱點檢測模塊。就像玻璃瓶罐變形、缺陷、翅片缺陷以及薄斑 (厚 薄不均勻) 檢測模塊一樣，熱點檢測模塊也支持對指定缺陷的檢 測。在新的檢測系統之中，對於瓶內粘絲缺陷的檢測和剔除有望將 達到高效。 如圖2和圖3所示，紅外雙攝像頭檢測系統還具有的一個功能就 是對玻璃瓶罐製品的熱端檢測，在該檢測過程之中，每一個玻璃瓶 罐製品都會與預先設置和指定的瓶罐玻璃標准進行對比，以便判斷 玻璃瓶罐製品是好的還是壞的，被判別是壞的玻璃瓶罐製品將會被 剔除。用戶可以選擇決定將壞的玻璃瓶罐的圖像保存下來，以便在 隨後的時間再對這些玻璃瓶罐進行辨識和檢測。在新一代的檢測系 統之中，所能夠儲藏和保存的玻璃瓶罐圖像數量最大值已經達到了 翻番。 有時候，可以對這些圖像進行分析，以便獲得不合格品產生的 根本原因。為了使不合格品產生根本原因的分析更加容易和可行， 在新一代的檢測系統之中，增加了“選擇瀏覽圖像”的過濾功能。 通過這種過濾功能，就實現了各種可能的圖像分類篩選。例 如，可以將被剔除的玻璃瓶罐和沒有被剔除的玻璃瓶罐挑選和區分 出來；可以將某種指定模具所生產和製造的所有玻璃瓶罐挑選和區 分出來；可以將具有某種指定缺陷的玻璃瓶罐製品挑選和區分出 來。更不用說，通過使用這種新增的過濾功能之後，可以使瀏覽圖 像、分析圖像以及不合格品產生的根本原因將會更加有效。
準確度 www.glass-international.com
隨著新一代V7版軟件系統以及新的攝像頭設置程序的推出，檢測系 統所攝錄的圖像分辨率也得到了提升。同時，在新的只能軟件算法 的支持下，新一代檢測系統對於缺陷識別的準確度得到了大幅度的 提升。按道理來說，新一代檢測系統在缺陷識別以及缺陷製品的剔 除方面會有很高的效率。 Xpar Vision公司所提供的新一代V7版紅外雙攝像頭檢測系統 軟件，將玻璃瓶罐製品的熱端檢測和工藝過程監測提升到了下一 代的水平，不僅使用起來簡單，而且對各種重要缺陷的檢測也更 加準確。 上述所介紹的新一代檢測軟件將從2015年第二季度起推出。█ * Paul Schreuders是位於荷蘭Groningen的Xpar Vision公司首席執行官 網頁地址：www.ardaghgroup.com/glass
11 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
耐火材料
用型號為EmLite 30的耐火材料所製成的出料 口面磚正在使用之中
耐火材料創新的歷史 Bucher Emhart Glass公司繼續著其持續創新的傳統，不斷開發出新的耐火材料以 便滿足玻璃行業不斷增長的需求。該公司所設計和製造的耐火材料具有更好的 隔熱保溫性能、可以承受更大的熱震、可以為玻璃各方面需求提供更長的使用 壽命。本文由Roger Smith* 撰寫報導。 最新研發進展
5圖1
隔熱保溫板
1000 800
型號為 EmLite 30 的耐火材料
隔熱保溫板
∆ T ≈ 50°C
型號為EmLite 30的耐火材料的橫截面。
3 圖2 型號為Em-Lite 30 和型號為Material 345的這 兩種耐火材料通過穩態傳熱 模型所計算的熱量損失對 比圖。
600 隔熱保溫板
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12 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
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型號為Em-Lite 30 和型號為Material 345的這 兩種耐火材料的熱導率對 比圖。
耐火部件的輕量化
Bucher Emhart Glass公司在研發方面最新的 一個方向就是致力於減輕一些耐火材料面 磚的重量。這些耐火材料面磚之所以非常 笨重，就是為了設計和製造得讓其能夠在 極端條件和環境下嚴格滿足工廠的使用壽 命要求。 這些耐火磚必須能夠耐受玻璃熔體和 碱金屬蒸汽的化學腐蝕。它們必須415
4.0
型號為 345 的 耐火材料
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型號為 EmLite 30 的耐火材料
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型號為 345 的 耐火材料
面磚
1200
在過去幾年之中，Bucher Emhart Glass公司 已經研究和開發出一系列新的耐火材料製 品。 301型號的耐火材料就是一種性能非 常優良的耐火材料，其氧化鋯含量達到了 35%，可以用於給料器易耗部件等應用場 合。根據該公司的報告，當將301型號的 耐火材料用於料口的時候，其服務效果比 使用其它耐火材料要更好、使用壽命也會 更長。型號為EmCast 25的可澆鑄隔熱保溫 耐火材料，被研製出來是為了降低耐火材 料料口或者料碗圈的安裝難度，它可以填 充料道中耐火材料下部的空隙。 EmCast 25這種材料也可以在耐火材料發生開裂事 故的時候為其提供保護。它可以與玻璃熔 體產生混合作用，使得混合物的熔點升 高，從而在耐火材料的開裂處將玻璃熔體 凝固並阻止其洩露流出。
眾望。對於無色瓶罐玻璃的生產和製造來 說，這種耐火材料為其提供了一種在供料 道建築中替代熔鑄耐火材料的低成本耐火 材料。 供料道所使用的耐火材料上部結構和 下部結構，都是在美國Owensville鑄造成型 並煅燒。然後，這些部件被加工成指定的 形狀和規格並且進行預裝配測試。在預裝 配過程之中，這些耐火磚在裝配好之後會 進行標示並且拍照記錄，以便將來其在現 場裝配的時候能夠更加簡單方便。 在Bucher Emhart公司位於Owensville的 工廠，設置和保留了一支從事耐火材料研 究和設計開發的隊伍。正是在這個地方， 不斷研究和開發出適應玻璃行業多種不同 要求所需要的耐火材料新材料。
1400
溫度 (攝氏度 °C)
www.glass-international.com
目
前，Bucher Emhart Glass公司的 耐火材料業務部門主要位於美國 Owensville。自從1980年以來，該 公司在這個地方的工廠就一直為玻璃行業 生產和製造耐火材料產品，並且，它也是 Bucher Emhart Glass公司耐火材料的唯一生 產和製造單位。Bucher Emhart Glass公司的 耐火材料業務部門擁有大約50位員工，為 全球客戶提供給料器易耗品耐火材料、耐 火水泥、隔熱保溫耐火材料以及供料道用 耐火材料。 Bucher Emhart Glass公司耐火材料方 面的核心業務之一就是為玻璃行業的供料 道以及分料器穹頂建築生產和製造耐火材 料。另外，也為硼硅酸鹽玻璃和中碱玻璃 （C-glass）的生產和製造提供耐火材料部 件。Bucher Emhart Glass公司可以提供各種 規格或指定形狀的耐火材料部件，也可以 提供整個耐火材料製品，包括耐火磚、耐 火灰漿以及隔熱耐火保溫材料等等。 Bucher Emhart公司也可以為供料道的 下部結構提供耐火材料。其所提供的供料 道用粘結耐火磚就是從Bucher Emhart公司 333型號的耐火材料生產和製造出來的。 這是一種含鋯的硅酸鋁氧化物，其中氧化 鋯的含量為11%。很多年以來，這種材料 一直在接觸玻璃的應用領域擔負重任使 用，而且多年以來使用的結果表明其不負
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
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標杆管理法
好的績效看起來該是什麼樣？ Mark Ziegler*在本文之中介紹了一系列的關鍵績效指標以及標杆參數，以便幫 助人們改善玻璃生產製造過程。
在
玻璃生產製造工廠日復一日的 生產和製造工作之中，專家的 作用非常重要。這不僅體現在 工廠正常的生產和製造過程出現故障而 中斷的時候，而且還體現在需要實施新 的技術的時候，另外，在需要將工廠的 績效水平推上一個新的台階的時候，也 需要專家的幫助。 Heye公司可以提供一 整套標杆參數用以改進玻璃工廠的技 術。這是一套用來改進玻璃工廠生產質 量、提高生產效率的專家知識。 為了生產和製造出質量優良的玻 璃，需要滿足許多條件和要求。玻璃的 生產工藝常常非常複雜，如果有輕微的 變動和修改，都有可能會造成非常嚴重 的問題。 Heye公司技術支持協議（The Heye Technical Assistance Agreement team, TAA）服務團隊是由玻璃行業的專業人 士所組成，並在玻璃生產和製造方面受 過教育和訓練。他們知道要使玻璃生產 過程有效運轉，不能夠僅僅靠單個人的 力量，而是需要整個玻璃生產製造線上 全體人員共同努力才能實現。 Heye公司技術支持協議服務團隊總 是會將整個玻璃生產製造線進行全面考 察，從玻璃配合料的組成開始，一直到 玻璃熔制、玻璃液勻化、熱端生產製
造、產品檢測和質量控制以及玻璃製成 品的碼垛堆放等等環節。
可以測算的收益和好處 如圖1所示，通過引入標杆對照分析管理 方法、設置關鍵績效指標，Heye公司可 以在提高工廠生產和製造的效率方面傳授 一些知識和技巧，在跟踪測量改進效果與 成績以及投入產出比（ ROI）方面幫助 建立體系和框架。如圖2所示，這樣所帶 來的收益和好處是，提升了工廠的生產 力，增加了產品的質量，保障了工作過程 的安全，減少了能源的消耗和使用。
低或者玻璃瓶罐製品損壞。所有超過一 分鐘以上設備停止運行的停機原因都應 該調查和報告。
生產質量改進 在關鍵績效指標之中，“生產製造過程中 產生的重大缺陷”這個指標是指每生產和 製造一百萬個品質優良的製品所產生的重 大缺陷數量比例。所謂的重大缺陷是這樣 定義的，即可能會導致消費者或者玻璃瓶 罐灌註生產線操作人員產生傷害事故的玻 璃缺陷。
工作安全
工廠的生產力 每一個玻璃生產工人所需要瞄準的目標 就是增加工廠的生產力。這是一個總體 而模糊的概念，需要進一步進行全面仔 細的分析和細化。 Heye公司的專家們會 仔細研究和分析工廠目前的生產狀況， 所採用的方法是成品率分析 (Pack to Time，PTT) 和停機時間分析。所謂的成 品率是用送入到成品庫房的玻璃瓶罐數 量除以設備生產過程之中所切割加入的 玻璃料滴數量計算所得得數值。 停機時間是可以計算的，即由於冷 端或者熱端技術設備停機造成生產力降
損失工時事故比率（Lost time accident rate，LTAR）是指發生損失工時事故的 人次佔全部等效全職人員（FTEs）數量 的比率，其中等效全職人員數量是指過去 12個月之中工廠的平均全職人員數量。所 謂的損失工時事故是指發生事故後，工人 不能夠參加第二天或者下一班的正常上 班，甚至在更長的時間內不能夠正常 上班。 █ *位於德國Obernkirchen的Heye International公司的市場部經理 網頁地址：www.heye-international.com
核心KPI指標
在三年之內開始獲得投資回報
• 生產力
2.000.000
• 質量
1.500.000
www.glass-international.com
1.000.000 500.000
成品率 停機時間
重大缺陷
千兆焦耳每噸
損失工時事故 比率
0 -500.000 -1.000.000 -1.500.000 歐元
第一年
第二年
第三年
第四年
第五年
• 能源
假設： • 被參照標杆工廠具有三條生產線，具體數據根據當地情況不同而有所區別 • 包括在第1年中每條生產線50萬歐元的技術設備投資
5圖1
被參照標杆工廠的投入產出比。
14 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
5圖2
Heye公司的核心KPI指標
• 工作安全
製品輸送
Pennine公司開始發售採用薄墊 圈和定距墊的鏈條 英 國Pennine Industrial公司已經開 始將其新研究和開發的、 使用薄墊圈和定距墊的鏈條投
放市場。 這種鏈條在安裝和裝配方面與其所 提供的使用普通墊圈和定距墊的鏈條沒 有什麼不同，但是卻使用了全新的、厚 度更薄的墊圈。 據該公司介紹，這種鏈條與採用普
通墊圈和定距墊的鏈條相比較而言，具 有兩個方面的優點。其墊圈接觸面的表 面積增加了25%-30%，這將會提高鏈條 的抗拉伸能力以及鏈條墊圈高度方向的 抗磨損能力。 另外，由於鏈條墊圈之間的距離縮 小了50%，這樣就使得新的鏈條在傳輸物 品的穩定性方面比使用普通墊圈和定距 墊的鏈條更好。
這種新型鏈條不僅適用於行列式製 瓶機械，也適用於橫向推瓶機這兩種應 用場合。由於存在重量和冷卻方面的原 因，採用普通墊圈的鏈條並不是這種應 用場合之下的最佳選擇。█ *位於英國Skelmanthorpe的 Pennine Industrial公司 網頁地址：www.pennine.org
5圖左邊是採用普通墊圈和定距墊的鏈條，中間是採用新的、薄墊圈的鏈條，右邊是這兩種鏈條在尺寸方面的對比情況。
能夠應對極高的溫度，同時還要具有足夠 的強度來盛裝重達數噸的玻璃熔體。而這 樣的環境和挑戰每天都會存在和麵對。在 一些應用條件之下，這些笨重的耐火磚是 作為表面安裝材料的形式而存在，需要定 期更換下來進行維修處理。在這種情況之 下，需要單個操作人員甚至多個操作人員 人工將這些耐火磚從原來的位置取出來， 往往他們需要面對特別高溫的艱苦條件。 如果將這些耐火材料的重量減輕而使 其又能夠滿足相應的使用要求的話，該怎 樣操作呢？Bucher Emhart Glass公司研究和 開發了一種型號為EmLite 30的新型耐火材 料，如圖1所示，它保留了其作為耐火材料 出料口使用所必須具備的所有核心性能指 標和要求，但是其重量卻減輕了30%。耐 火材料這樣輕量化改進的結果，提高了操 作人員在玻璃瓶罐生產製造工廠給料工段 工作時候的健康和安全條件保障。 型號為EmLite 30的新型耐火材料之 所以重量得到了減輕，這是因為增加了材 料的孔隙率。大多數表面安裝的耐火材料 其孔隙率一般在18~20%之間，但是，型 號為EmLite 30這種耐火材料的孔隙率增 大到了超過40%以上，雖然其孔隙率增大 了一倍，但是它卻仍然保持了作為表面安 裝材料所應該具有的足夠的強度。在這些
孔隙之中，大多數的孔隙都以大尺寸氣孔 的形式而存在，在整個耐火材料內部均勻 而有序地分佈著。 型號為EmLite 30的這種耐火材料內 部孔隙率的增加，不但減少了耐火材料的 密度，同時也增加耐火材料的隔熱保溫性 能。如圖2和圖3所示，Bucher Emhart Glass公司也生產另外一種型號為345的耐 火材料，這是一種成分為莫來石的耐火材 料，一般用於出料口表面耐火磚這種用 途。通過將型號為EmLite 30的耐火材料 和型號為345的耐火材料這兩種耐火材料 的熱導率進行測量和對比分析，可以發 o 現，在溫度為1000 C的時候，型號為345 的耐火材料的熱導率大約為2.5 W/mC， 而與之對比的是，型號為EmLite 30的耐 火材料的熱導率為1.5 W/mC。它們之間 的這種熱導率差別會導致其在作為表面安 o 裝耐火磚使用的時候，表面溫度會有50 C 的差距。通過增加表面安裝耐火磚的隔熱 保溫係數，可以將更多的熱能保留在出料 口內部，結果會使出料口燃燒爐所消耗和 使用的燃料更少。 過去幾年之中，型號為EmLite 30的 這種耐火材料已經在遍布美國的很多玻璃 工廠得到了使用。從這些廠家所反饋的所 有消息表明，這種耐火材料使用起來表現
非常優異。 現在，Bucher Emhart Glass公司正在 著手研究和開發新一代得耐火材料製品， 以便進一步為玻璃生產製造行業提供幫 助。具有更好抗熱震性能的耐火材料正在 研究和開發之中，以便解決和減少耐火材 料在熱安裝過程之中容易開裂的問題。 新的加工技術也在研究和開發之 中，以便在不犧牲耐火材料質量的情況 下，減少耐火材料製品從訂貨到交貨的 時間。 Bucher Emhart Glass公司的目標是發 現和找到玻璃生產製造工廠所面臨各種問 題的新的解決方案和途徑，而不管這些問 題是來源於設備的設計、還是操作和控制 方面、抑或是耐火材料需求方面。 Bucher Emhart Glass公司將繼續通過研究 和開發新型的耐火材料、改善加工製造技 術和手段，滿足玻璃行業對於耐火材料的 各種需求，努力提高生產效率和經營業 績，改善從業人員的健康和安全保障 水平。█ *Roger Smith是總部位於瑞士Cham的 Bucher Emhart Glass公司在美國 Owensville MO的陶瓷科學家、技術經理。 網頁地址：www.emhartglass.com
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412 耐火材料創新的歷史
15 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
如何 修復窯爐 Stuart Hakes*在本文之中，介紹了 窯爐最容易發生損壞的部位，並且提 供了很多維修窯爐的方法建議。
www.glass-international.com
玻
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璃的熔制是一種競爭性的業 務，為了最大化延長窯爐的爐 齡，避免玻璃製造過程發生代 價昂貴的停爐和中斷，延長發生資金支 出的時間，窯爐的操作人員要承擔非常 大的壓力。 這也會給工廠的經營管理人員施加 很大的壓力，特別是整個窯爐的狀況還 很好、只是在窯爐的局部地方發生損壞 而急需要維修的時候。 限於本文的內容範圍，我會忽略窯 爐穹頂部位發生的問題，主要將介紹集中 在窯爐內玻璃熔體接觸區域發生的問題。 在目前狀態下，人們一般所採取的 唯一技術手段就是在窯爐運行過程之中 對窯爐指定的損壞部位進行修補，即採 用另外的耐火材料敷設在這個部位，或 者(同時)採用另外的冷卻措施。 但是，採用這種方法具有嚴格的局 限性，特別是不能夠在窯爐兩個最重要 的部位使用，而這兩個部位卻最容易發 生過度破損。 所指的這兩個區域當然就是端焰窯 投料口拐角處的耐火磚以及流液洞。上 述這些區域特別難於觸及，以至於不能 夠有效進行維修。 過去，流液洞是窯爐之中最容易發 生損壞的一個部位。但是，隨著耐火材 料性能以及窯爐設計水平的提高，這個 區域現在已經降為窯爐第二個容易發生 損壞的部位，而最容易發生損壞的部位 已變成投料口。
投料口下游拐角處 投料口下游拐角處是一個難於進行維修 的窯爐部位，主要難點就在於這是一個 陰角，不能夠使用爐鋼很好地進行固 定。換句話來說，就是在這個地方安裝 任何支撐裝置，都會把裝入窯爐的耐火 磚從其相鄰的耐火磚推開。 有一些公司已經找到了解決這個問題 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
的方法。他們將膨脹螺絲打入窯爐修補處 的耐火材料之中，最終將窯爐修補處的耐 火材料拉緊固定在兩堵相鄰的耐火牆上面。 由於在窯爐修補處的垂直接縫在溫 度升高的時候會張開，而使用這種方法 提高了窯爐修補處垂直接縫的牢固度， 從而減少了窯爐修補接縫處發生垂直損 壞的速度。儘管如此，在玻璃配合料原 材料拖過耐火材料內表面的作用力磨損 之下，再加上玻璃熔製過程之中材料組 成成分發生變化，釋放出二氧化碳、氧 硫化合物、氮氧化合物以及氧氣等等一 些氣體的作用之下，這種方法對減少耐 火磚損壞的作用顯得微乎其微。在這種 惡劣環境之下，再加上溫度條件也在持 續波動，就會在耐火磚上產生應力，導 致耐火磚發生損壞的几率變得更高。 在這個地方起主要支撐作用的鋼結 構在進行塗覆保護的時候也很難實施，同 時也難於用冷風對准進行充分冷卻。 所以，如果要使窯爐增加使用時間 和壽命，這個地方就是一個需要解決的問 題點。 同樣，窯爐的流液洞過去就一直是 窯爐最容易發生損壞的地方，它現在仍然 還是窯爐容易發生損壞的一個主要部位。 就像先前所說的那樣，主要是由於耐火材 料的性能有了提升，再加上設計以及風冷 技術方面的作用，在一定程度上使窯爐這 個部位的修補工作水平有了提升。儘管如 此，如果要防止玻璃熔體洩露事故的發 生，窯爐流液洞的修補工作相比起來顯得 更加重要，因為在玻璃熔體發生洩露事故 的時候，這個地方難以觸及，從而也很難 進行維修。 在談到這個地方的時候，也許值得 將話題轉向，簡要地討論一下該如何處理 玻璃熔體洩露的問題。就當前情況來說， 由於對健康和安全過度關注，不鼓勵個人 過度接近玻璃熔體洩漏事故現場，除非已 經接受過特殊訓練。隨著玻璃窯爐的自動
6水冷的鼓泡管
化程度增加，個人要處理這類問題也變得 不可行。 曾經，許多工廠配置了在現場進行 操作的勞動人員。但是，現在這些人員都 已經不見了，只留下其防止玻璃熔體洩漏 的知識和經驗。
正確的要求 由於我經常在各國出差，我很清楚在進 行窯爐修復的時候，經常出現的問題是 找不到設備，或者在窯爐周邊沒有可以 安裝設備的地方。由於大多數窯爐操作 人員在其職業生涯之中，有可能僅僅只 能看到1~2次窯爐修復，他們缺乏處理玻 璃熔體洩漏問題的專業知識和經驗，這 樣大部分的玻璃熔體就會洩漏流失掉。 但是，作者我具有50年的經驗，腦 子中留存有許多與玻璃洩漏問題作鬥爭 的記憶，發現了很有效的應對技術。 現在，人們傾向於採用這樣一種操 作，就是在發生玻璃熔體洩漏的時候， 假設主要的目的是為了保證窯爐周邊區 域的安全，減少有可能因此引發的火 災，就會遠離洩露點，在玻璃熔體流出 的地方，直接噴灑冷卻水進行冷卻。 這其實是一種錯誤的操作，因為這 種碰灑冷卻水的方式，不可避免就會造 成諸如冷卻風扇之類的關鍵設備損壞， 這很快就會使情況變得更糟糕。 而且，這種操作方式在阻止玻璃熔 體洩漏發生方面的作用和效果來看幾乎 為零。按作者我個人的經驗來看，在發
窯爐
生任何玻璃洩漏事故的時候，唯一能夠 阻止玻璃洩漏的方式就是在玻璃洩漏正 好發生的地方，採用冷卻水對玻璃熔體 進行凍結處理。換句話來說，為了處理 玻璃洩漏事故，雖然採用長度足夠長的 水槍可以讓操作人員能夠站立在遠離洩 漏點的安全地方，但是無論如何，還是 需要找到洩漏發生的確切位置，在源頭 將玻璃熔體進行冷卻凍結處理。 由於從窯爐接縫或者窯爐開裂處發 生的任何玻璃熔體洩漏情況，都會承受 窯爐內玻璃熔體向外排出的排出壓力， 這也就意味著要在玻璃熔體洩漏的那個 原位地址將玻璃熔體凍結是一項非常困 難的工作。 常常出現的情況就是，當從某一個 位置洩漏出來的玻璃熔體被凍結之後， 炙熱的玻璃熔體還會在這個被凍結的玻 璃熔體位置之後流動，然後從另外一個 位置又洩漏出來。當然，即使在那些耐 火材料質量相對較低、窯爐爐齡和壽命 一般只有四年的時候，這種情況的出現 也很罕見。 無論在哪種情況之下，唯一能夠阻 止玻璃洩漏的方法就是將冷卻水槍直接 伸入到漏孔之中，冷卻凍結洩漏的玻璃 熔體，在你做以上這些操作的時候，要 小心清理凍結的玻璃熔體，以便找到發 生玻璃熔體洩漏的確切位置。 在上述操作過程之中，沒有不會發 生玻璃熔體飛濺的情況。所以，需要將 冷卻水槍配置得足夠長，並且操作人員 要盡可能穿上防護服。在我過去全世界 走訪的經歷來看，我很少看到在玻璃窯 爐附近配備了這些裝備。 但是，為了避免玻璃窯爐在一些危 險的區域發生玻璃熔體洩漏的情況，還 有另外一種方法可以採用。這就是在玻 璃熔體發生洩漏之前，從玻璃窯爐的內 部就將其進行冷卻凍結。
冷卻管 英國FIC有限公司已經研究和開發了一種 冷卻管，這種冷卻管可以從鑽在窯爐底 部的孔中插入，伸到玻璃窯爐熔池中的 任何位置進行冷卻凍結封堵，防止玻璃 熔體從開裂或高度破損的耐火材料處洩 漏出來。 這種水冷管所採用的這些技術是基 於浮法玻璃窯爐所採用的技術，在浮法 玻璃窯爐之中，鼓泡管深深地插入到玻 璃熔體之中，一般要插入到900毫米的深 處，然後在靠近玻璃熔體的表面處產生 氣泡。 毫無疑問，這些鼓泡管是採用水冷 處理的，需要在玻璃熔制的過程之中連 續運行。但是，在更換錫液的期間，經 常需要將鼓泡管進一步下插到玻璃窯爐 的底部，更加有力地進行鼓泡處理，以 便加速玻璃的顏色轉變過程。 這種情況下會讓鼓泡管承受非常大 的壓力。 FIC公司已經研究和開發了在玻 璃熔體之中使用的非焊接鼓泡管，讓鼓 泡管使用起來更加可靠，從而使其能夠 使用很長的時間。 假設可以保證冷卻水的流動不斷， 這些鼓泡管將一直可以在窯爐的整個爐 齡之中都可以使用，其壽命一般可以達 到15到20年之間。 FIC公司對這些鼓泡管 進行了改造，除去了其內部的空氣管， 將這些鼓泡管改造為一端開口的冷卻管 盲管，從而可以不停爐鑽入到窯爐，將 這些冷卻管安裝在接近洩漏處的玻璃窯 爐內側耐火材料之中，使洩漏的玻璃熔 體冷卻而凍結。在洩漏處附近的玻璃熔 體凍結之後，成為玻璃窯爐內部非常理 想的一種耐火材料，在以後使用過程之 中它也不會發生破損。 將緊靠玻璃窯爐側壁耐火磚的玻璃 熔體、特別是前面所描述的投料口附近 的玻璃熔體進行冷卻凍結，這是確保將
這個地方損壞的耐火磚安全修復的一種 有效措施。這些冷卻管也可以用在玻璃 窯爐熔池的其它任何地方，特別是在玻 璃窯爐側壁安裝水平電極的耐火磚這個 地方，水平電極的安裝增加了耐火磚破 損的機率，其產生原因或者是由於熱裂 紋，或者是由於沒有檢測到的電極斷 裂、亦或是由於沒有提前快速更換破損 的電極而導致在不正確的浸漬條件下使 用電極。 FIC英國有限公司同時也建議將這些 冷卻管安裝在玻璃窯爐的流液洞旁邊， 用來冷卻和凍結穿過流液洞蓋板上表面 的玻璃熔體。 FIC公司有兩種規格的冷卻 管，尺寸分別為40毫米和25毫米。正如前 面所述，可以很方便地通過不停爐鑽孔 的方式實現這些冷卻管的插入。 但是，FIC英國有限公司也抱有這樣 的認識，即與其將這些冷卻管作為補救 措施來使用，不如在耐火材料新安裝的 時候就開始使用這些冷卻管。如果從投 料口拐角處耐火磚的下部鑽孔，將水冷 管插入耐火磚，這將有助於實現原位修 補，阻止其在窯爐升溫期間移動，同時 也可以作為內冷卻管來使用。 這樣的冷卻方式比外冷卻方式將更 加有效。同樣，這些冷卻管也可以用在 玻璃窯爐流液洞處用來減少破損發生。 FIC公司也有用於這個重要部位的冷卻管 產品。與停爐維修相比較而言，不停爐 安裝這些冷卻管進行修復處理則顯得及 其迅速，而且成本也便宜很多， 可以在很多程度上增加玻璃窯爐的爐齡 和使用壽命，從而消除了停爐維修而造 成生產停頓以及資金開支方面的 必要性。█ *位於英國Penzance的FIC英國有限公司 的 首席執行官 網頁地址：www.fic-uk.com 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
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5FIC公司的員工正在對一座玻璃窯爐進行維修。
17
玻璃配合料
新一代配合料給料機 Egbert Wenninger* 在本文之中介紹了玻璃配合料給料的發展歷程，同時，也探討 了新一代的玻璃配料設備是怎樣改善和提高玻璃質量的。
Sorg
集團旗下擁有Nikolaus Sorg公司、EME Maschinenfabrik Clasen 公司以及Sorg Keramik Services (SKS)公 司。該集團公司為整個玻璃熔制工藝過程 供應所有的必須設備以及技術，即從原材 料輸送開始、中間包括玻璃的熔制、最終 包括將調製好的玻璃熔體輸送給玻璃成型 工藝的整個玻璃熔制工藝過程。 在玻璃熔制和玻璃調製這個玻璃世 界方面，Nikolaus Sorg公司已經運營了140 年的歷史。 EME公司則是在1920年的時 候成立的，並於1987年的時候加入了Sorg 集團旗下，是玻璃配合料製備工廠、廢舊 玻璃回收處理設備以及玻璃配合料給料技 術的供應商。玻璃配合料是通過什麼樣的 方法和形式加入到玻璃窯爐熔池之中的， 這一點對於玻璃配合料的熔化行為以及最 終所生產的玻璃質量具有非常巨大的影 響。因此，Nikolaus Sorg公司和EME公司 都來自於同一家集團公司，他們之間會共 同分享專業知識和經驗。
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歷史回顧
18
玻璃是一種非常令人著迷的材料，其歷史 可以追溯到幾千年之前。玻璃的大規模工 業化生產和製造則大約在二十世紀早期或 前或後開始的，那個時候。 Michael J. Owens研究和開發了玻璃瓶成型的吹製工 藝，而Emile Fourcault則引入了一種用拉 製方法生產和製造平板玻璃的工藝。 從那以後，玻璃工業得到了快速的 發展。隨著玻璃成型工藝的進步以及自動 化水平的提高，玻璃窯爐變得越來越大， 效率也越來越高。對於平板玻璃的生產和 製造來說，還有另外一件具有里程碑意義 的大事，這就是Sir Alastair Pilkington和 Kenneth Bickerstaff在二十世紀六十年代所 發明的浮法玻璃生產製造工藝，它讓浮法 玻璃的產出達到了更高的水平，同時，也 具有更佳的光學質量。玻璃配合料自動給 料技術的歷史幾乎如玻璃的大規模生產和 製造歷史一樣古老和悠久。 非常明顯的是，玻璃工藝的革新最 初都沒有涉及玻璃配合料的製備以及玻璃 配合料給料設備，而是集中在玻璃的熔制 技術、成型工藝以及玻璃生產和製造工藝 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
5圖1
2001年面世的玻璃配合料給料系統。
的其它下游生產工藝之中，例如玻璃製品 質量的檢測和自動化處理等等。而在玻璃 配合料的給料技術方面，大多數情況之下 所使用的技術和設備就是採用滑槽來進行 玻璃配合料的傳輸，即將粗略進行控制的 一定量玻璃配合料輸送到玻璃窯爐的附屬 部分、即所謂的供料口這個位置。與這種 方法不同的是，在平板玻璃的生產和製造 工藝生產線之中，玻璃配合料是採用整個 寬度加料的方式加入到玻璃窯爐的背部。 在過去幾十年之中，即使是直到現在，人 們都認為在玻璃配合料給料機這一側，玻 璃配合料的投料點以及玻璃窯爐的投料口 都是開口開設的。在後來的發展過程之 中，由於採用了震動給料滑槽，並且在一 些情況下還將推料系統引入到玻璃配合料 給料機之中，玻璃配合料的流動和輸送工 藝得到了改善和提高。在這些推料系統之 中，會在玻璃窯爐投料口內部，採用前後 方向震動的方式，來將玻璃配合料推入玻 璃窯爐的燃燒區域。在修築用於特定種類 玻璃熔制的玻璃窯爐的過程之中，會使用 裝有螺旋式輸送系統的玻璃配合料給料 機，用來替代玻璃配合料給料滑槽，這種 工藝技術革新已經在許多玻璃生產製造線 得到了檢驗和驗證。
里程碑 在步入本世紀之後，玻璃行業的技術更
新開始變慢了，導致其外圍工藝和技術 開始列入研究和開發部門計劃表的首要 位置。這種結果導致玻璃配合料給料技 術受到了更多的注意。 研究項目也開始集中在有關玻璃配 合料給料機的能源損失方面、以及將玻 璃配合料從玻璃窯爐的儲料罐輸送到玻 璃窯爐投料口這一過程之中的污染控制 方面。所採用的措施就是將朝向玻璃配 合料給料機的投料口進行封閉和密封。 在那個時候，Sorg公司和EME公司 深深地了解這個領域的發展潛力。如圖1 所示，在2001年的時候，這兩家公司就在 德國Warmensteinach銷售了一種具有全封 閉投料口的配合料給料機。它具有一根 用於輸送玻璃配合料的震動管、一個用 於密封玻璃窯爐投料口的防熱保護罩以 及安裝在直線軸上面、具有螺旋運動推 板的推料機。所以，這種系統最先出現 的“真正世界第一”應該發生在2001年， 而不是近期所宣稱的2014年。 Sorg公司 和EME公司已經安裝這套系統總共達到 了四台，主要用於具有較小熔制能力的 玻璃窯爐上面。所有這些系統都安裝和 使用得非常成功，如圖2所示，其中有一 些系統直到現在還在運行之中。 在後來幾年之中，Sorg公司和EME 公司將研究和開發力量集中在能源使用 效率以及廢熱回收方面。自從2008年以
玻璃配合料
5圖2
第一代EME-NEND玻璃配合料給料系統。
來，該公司的注意力又一直集中在將窯 爐煙氣的廢熱直接傳遞給玻璃配合料原 材料這個方面。其成果就是研究和開發 了一種玻璃配合料預熱系統。所出現的 一個副作用就是將干燥的玻璃配合料引 入到玻璃窯爐之中，這樣就使玻璃窯爐 的粉塵問題變得嚴重。這導致了Sorg增強 輻射投料口（Sorg Increased Radiation Doghouse，IRD）這種產品的問世。這種 特殊設計的投料口可以利用玻璃窯爐的 輻射熱，使玻璃配合料還在投料口區域 的時候就開始釉化或者玻璃化。這種燒 結過程非常必要，它可以減少玻璃配合 料的揚塵，這些沒有加熱熔化的玻璃配 合料原材料或多或少會發生這種情況。 在這種條件下應用的玻璃配合料給 料系統，其要求和配置會與傳統投料口 以及普通玻璃配合料所使用的配合料給 料系統不同。其首要差別就是經過預熱 的玻璃配合料的物流流動特征。要準確 控制經過預熱的玻璃配合料的物料流 動，這比在普通溫度狀況下控制潮濕玻 璃配合料的物料流動來說要困難得多。 第二個有差別得地方就是，與普通的配 合料給料系統相比較而言，在Sorg增強輻 射投料口之中，玻璃配合料給料機要面 對更高的溫度環境。
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既沒有排放也沒有粉塵
20
這就是開發出EME-NEND系列配合料給 料器的最初目的。在已經經過測試的、 裝配有震動管以及推料機系統的配合料 給料器基礎之上，Sorg公司和EME公司 研究和開發出名稱為EME-NEND的配合 料給料系統，該名稱的意思是“既沒有 排放也沒有粉塵”。在該系統的開發過 程之中，對所有現存的配合料輸送技術 都進行了研究，包括震動滑槽、震動 管、螺旋式給料系統等等。最後，EMENEND配合料給料系統選擇使用了螺旋式 給料系統作為物料輸送系統，用來對玻 璃配合料的物料流動進行控制，避免物 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
5圖3
具有良好分佈的玻璃配合料料堆。
料流動發生堵塞。雖然具有很高水分含 量的玻璃配合料特別容易發生團聚和堆 積，但是在採用螺旋式給料系統之後就 很容易抑制這種情況的發生。通過使用 兩組螺旋式給料系統將兩股獨立的玻璃 配合料物流輸送進入玻璃窯爐之中，最 終達到和獲取了最佳的玻璃配合料熔制 行為和效果。對於每一組螺旋式配合料 給料系統，都可以單獨控制其玻璃配合 料的輸送量。然後，推料機將玻璃配合 料分隔成一個個單獨的料堆，並推動其 進入玻璃窯爐的火焰燃燒區域。玻璃配 合料的流動速度可以通過不同的螺旋輸 送速度、以及每一組螺旋式給料系統所 加載的玻璃配合料料堆數量來進行影響 和調節。 Sorg公司和EME公司在2012年的時 候獲得了該設備的專利權。隨著時間的 發展，有必要為更大規模的玻璃窯爐研 究和開發具有三組螺旋式給料系統的配 合料給料系統。其中，一堆堆分隔的玻 璃配合料小料堆會被熔融的玻璃全部包 裹起來，以便確保玻璃配合料實現有可 能達到的最佳熔化行為。如圖3所示，通 過控制螺旋式給料系統的速度，就可以 控制玻璃配合料在玻璃窯爐之中分佈情 況，特別是，甚至在不需要配合料給料 系統進行震動的情況之下，也能對玻璃 配合料在玻璃窯爐之中的分佈情況進行 控制。 在過去幾輪的發展過程之中，給料 系統的功能、推料機的壽命以及螺旋式 給料系統的壽命都得到了改善和提高， 從而，促進了第二代EME-NEND系統的 誕生。 為了滿足較小規模的玻璃窯爐使用 需求，一種僅裝配了單組螺旋式給料系 統的配合料給料系統被研究和開發出 來。自從EME-NEND系列配合料給料系 統誕生以來，已經有超過50套系統在全 世界得到了安裝和使用。已經證明，良 好的玻璃配合料料堆及其在玻璃窯爐之
5圖4
第三代EME-NEND玻璃配合料給料系統。
中的分佈，是生產和製造出具有最佳質 量玻璃的非常重要的條件，同時，這樣 的玻璃配合料也將具有更好的玻璃熔制 行為。 如圖4所示，在2014年的時候，Sorg 公司和EME公司將第三代EME-NEND系 列玻璃配合料給料系統推向市場。該系 統的關鍵設計要素是其模塊化理念。其 設計基礎是建立在2001年的系統和設備上 的，並將其進一步放大和重新建造。為 了進一步完善EME-NEND系列玻璃配合 料給料系統，在玻璃配合料的輸送之中 使用了震動管，同時還在線性軸上安裝 了裝配有可移動推板的推料機。這兩個 設備能夠組合使用，從而達到或者獲得 全部或者部分的系統冗餘。每一台玻璃 配合料給料系統都具有其自己使用的震 動管以及推料機系統。推料機系統也可 以單獨使用，這將會使玻璃配合料給料 系統使用起來更加靈活。 由於使用了模塊化的系統，這樣就 可以在第二台玻璃配合料給料系統撤下 來進行維修的時候，僅僅使用一台玻璃 配合料給料系統就能夠安全地實現連續 不斷的配合料給料。在每一台玻璃配合 料給料系統都具有足夠給整個玻璃窯爐 熔制進行配料的情況之下，就實現了玻 璃配合料系統的冗余配置。 在某種應用情況之下，這也讓一座 玻璃窯爐僅配置一個投料口以及一台全 冗余配合料給料系統成為可能。現在， 玻璃生產製造廠商可以節省建設一個全 部使用鋼結構和耐火材料投料口、一台 配合料給料系統以及相關的配合料輸送 系統的投資。第三代EME-NEND玻璃配 合料給料系統提供了多種配合料給料方 案，可以適用於窯爐密閉投料口方面玻 璃配合料給料技術的各種應用。 █ *位於德國Erkelenz的 EME Maschinenfabrik公司董事總經理 網頁地址：www.eme.de
環境保護
5圖3
安裝了Optimelt熱化學蓄熱 式熱回收系統在端焰配置情況下的 窯爐內部模擬情況圖示。
Iyoha U. *、Wu K.*、 Laux S.*、Kobayashi H.* 以及de Diego J. ** 在本文之中介紹了一套蓄熱系 統。經墨西哥玻璃生產製造廠商Pavisa公司進行 測試和評估，與氧氣助燃窯爐相比較而言，該蓄 熱系統可以節省15~16%的天然氣和氧氣。
熱化學蓄熱系統 在Pavisa公司體現功效 氧氣的使用量大幅度減少，與傳統的氧 氣助燃玻璃窯爐相比較而言可以淨減少 大約20%，與蓄熱式空氣助燃玻璃窯爐相 比較而言可以淨減少大約30%。
Optimelt熱回收工藝 與傳統的氧氣助燃窯爐不同，在 Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統之中， 煙氣被引入到蓄熱室，在這一過程中， o 煙氣的溫度被冷卻到大約1200-1300 F， o 折合為650-705 C，然後才從蓄熱爐中排 放出去。其中，少部分冷卻之後的煙氣 被循環使用，與天然氣混合之後被引入 到另外一個蓄熱爐底部，具體情況如圖1 所示。這種混合氣體可以吸收儲存在耐 火材料製成的蓄熱爐磚格堆垛之中的能 量。當這種混合氣體被加熱到某一溫度 之上以後，不需要額外使用非均相催化 劑，也不需要單獨的產生蒸汽環節，就 可以在大氣氣壓條件之下發生多種吸熱
化學反應。由於同時使用了預熱和吸熱 化學反應等手段，天然氣被加熱和轉換 為一種具有更高發熱量的炙熱合成氣， 這種合成氣所具有的發熱量增長到其最 初通入蓄熱爐底部天然氣發熱量的 1.2~1.3倍，具體數據根據煙氣的溫度和 在蓄熱爐中轉化程度的不同而有所不 同。由於這種蓄熱爐可以將原始天然氣 的發熱能量升級轉換成具有更高發熱能 力的合成氣，所以Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式 熱回收系統可以節省20~30％的燃料消耗 和使用。經過轉換以後的燃氣或者被稱 為所謂的“合成氣”從蓄熱爐的頂部離 開蓄熱爐，與氧氣在玻璃窯爐之中發生 反應，在玻璃的熔制工序進行燃燒。
燃料節省情況 使用Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統可 以節省的燃料情況會隨著所熔制玻璃種 類、玻璃窯爐的類型以及玻璃窯爐的尺寸
形成炙熱的合成氣供給窯爐燃 燒使用
吸熱反應生成合成氣（CO和H2）
混合氣體被預加熱
天然氣被注入到煙氣循環氣流之中
5圖1
在蓄熱爐之中Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統的化學轉化過程。
《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
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對
於玻璃行業——特別是那些地 處天然氣價格高昂地區的玻璃 生產製造企業來說，如何提升 能源使用效率、減少玻璃熔制窯爐的操作 和運行成本，這一直是這些企業孜孜不 倦、夢寐以求的追求和目標。雖然，將空 氣助燃的玻璃窯爐改造轉變為使用氧氣助 燃的玻璃窯爐，一般來說可以提升該玻璃 窯爐的能源使用效率、降低天然氣的消耗 和使用，但是，其操作運行成本也不見得 總是會得到減少，除非在下游煙氣排放環 節進行控制以便獲得操作運行成本的節 省。在輸入窯爐的燃料能源之中，大約有 四分之一燃料能源被浪費掉了，它們會隨 著高溫煙氣以熱量的形式排放掉了。 從煙氣中回收廢棄能源，這有助於 進一步提升玻璃窯爐的能源使用效率， 大幅度削減氧氣助燃玻璃窯爐的操作和 運行成本。 經過過去在熱回收系統研製和開發 方面的多次嘗試之後，Praxair公司新研製 和開發了Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系 統。這是一種低成本的熱回收系統，可 以從玻璃窯爐之中最大化程度地回收熱 能，提高玻璃窯爐的能源使用效率，減 少玻璃窯爐的廢棄物排放。 Optimelt熱化 學蓄熱式熱回收系統之所以具有上述好 處就在於其採用了蓄熱爐，這種蓄熱爐 與傳統的空氣蓄熱爐很相似，但是它將 傳統式蓄熱爐的預熱步驟與化學轉換過 程結合起來了。在化學轉換過程之中， 天然氣和重新循環回來利用的煙氣所形 成的混合氣體會在炙熱的蓄熱爐磚格堆 垛上發生反應，形成一種高溫合成氣氣 流，這種氣流可以在玻璃窯爐之中與氧 氣進行燃燒。經過上述這種聯合進行的 預熱和化學轉換過程，可以將天然氣和
21
環境保護
使用Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱 回收系統所節省的燃料比例 (%)
30 25 20 15 10
4圖4
5
使用Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統vs 空氣蓄熱爐 使用Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統vs 氧氣助燃
0 0
5
10
15
窯爐使用時間 (年)
和規模不同而有所不同。例如，在圖2之 中所顯示的是一台瓶罐玻璃窯爐計算得燃 料節省情況，這一台瓶罐玻璃窯爐熔制能 力是每天300噸，使用了500千瓦的電強化加 熱助熔裝置，廢舊玻璃使用比率為50%， 玻璃窯爐的爐齡為12年。玻璃窯爐的老化 係數是指玻璃窯爐隨著使用時間的增長， 其所消耗和使用的燃料也會隨著時間不斷 增長。對於空氣助燃、氧氣助燃以及使用 Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統的玻璃 窯爐來說，按照玻璃窯爐爐壁的熱損失、 空氣滲透以及蓄熱爐性能老化等一整套參 數的增加值固定不變來假設，其老化係數 可以分別按每年1.35、0.54和0.71%來計 算。如下圖所示，當按窯爐爐齡一半的使 用時間來計算的時候，與使用氧氣助燃的 玻璃窯爐和使用蓄熱爐空氣助燃的玻璃窯 爐相比較而言，使用Optimelt熱化學蓄熱 式熱回收系統可以分別節省20%和28%的 燃料數量。對於諸如平板玻璃窯爐之類尺 寸和規模更大的玻璃窯爐來說，使用 Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統還可以 獲得更高的燃料節省效果，因為每單位玻 璃產出所耗費在玻璃窯爐爐壁方面的熱能 損失更低了，從而通過煙氣所能夠回收的 廢棄熱能會更多。
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墨西哥Pavisa公司的使用情況
22
墨西哥的Pavisa公司是在2014年的時候測試 Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統的，該系統 安裝在一台熔制能力為每天50噸商業運作之 中的生產和製造瓶罐玻璃的氧氣助燃玻璃窯 爐上面。 Pavisa公司為全球葡萄酒、白酒、 食品、香水以及製藥行業提供玻璃和水晶製 品方面的生產和製造。該台玻璃窯爐的熔池 面積大約有29平方米的大小，在熔池的左邊 安裝了單台給料器，在窯爐側壁安裝了六台 Praxair公司所提供的氧氣助燃寬火焰燃燒 器。如圖3所示，增加使用Optimelt熱化學蓄 熱式熱回收系統之後，改變了該玻璃窯爐的 燃燒系統配置情況，將其原來所配置的氧氣 助燃側壁小爐燃燒更改為燃燒Optimelt合成氣 的端焰小爐燃燒。具有專利權保護的氧氣助 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
Optimelt熱化 學蓄熱式熱回收系統安 裝在Pavisa公司正在商 業運行、熔制能力為每 天50噸窯爐之上的測試 數據
7.5 7.0 6.5 燃料消耗量 (GJ LVH/mTPD)
3圖2 從Optimelt熱 化學蓄熱式熱回收系統 所節省燃料數量隨窯爐 使用時間變化的情況舉 例說明圖示
35
6.0 5.5 5.0 使用20%廢舊玻璃、 氧氣助燃情況下的理論計算值
4.5
使用20%廢舊玻璃、Optimelt系統情況下的理論計算值
4.0
使用20~25%廢舊玻璃、氧氣助燃情況下的實際測量值 使用30%廢舊玻璃、氧氣助燃情況下的實際測量值
3.5
使用20%廢舊玻璃、Optimelt系統情況下的實際測量值
3.0 35
燃合成氣燃燒系統設計得可以生成明亮而的 火焰，而且該火焰還可以進行調節，以便能 夠在玻璃窯爐之中獲得所需要的燃燒空間和 玻璃溫度分佈情況。 圖4之中顯示了Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式 熱回收系統安裝在這台熔制能力為每天50 噸、正在商業運作之中的玻璃窯爐後的實 際運行的測試效果，其中，所使用的廢舊 回收玻璃含量分別為20％和30％。圖片顯 示了在不同玻璃熔制產能下的燃料消耗和 使用情況，其中，標註為藍色圈圈的為傳 統氧氣助燃玻璃窯爐的情況，標註為紅色 方框的是安裝了Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回 收系統的玻璃窯爐，同時，圖中也將傳統 氧氣助燃玻璃窯爐燃料消耗和使用的理論 計算情況用藍色的實心線標註出來，紅色 的短劃線則為安裝了Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式 熱回收系統玻璃窯爐的燃料消耗和使用的 理論計算情況。從圖中可以看出，在熔制 指定類型玻璃的時候，安裝了Optimelt熱化 學蓄熱式熱回收系統玻璃窯爐的總體燃料 消耗和使用量可以減少大約為15~16%。實 際測量結果與理論計算值之間也相互印 證。由於在這項測試之中，玻璃窯爐的尺 寸和規模還相對較小，所以玻璃窯爐在安 裝Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統之後所 產生的燃料節省效應還只是其所應該表現 出來的較低水平，因為對於尺寸和規模更 小的玻璃窯爐來說，窯爐爐壁所損失的全 部熱量佔窯爐整個熱量輸入的比例則非常 高。正如前面所討論的那樣，對於大尺寸 和規模的窯爐來說，與傳統的氧氣助燃玻 璃窯爐相比較而言，安裝了Optimelt熱化學 蓄熱式熱回收系統玻璃的窯爐有望能夠節 省19~21%的燃料消耗和使用。 測試表明，Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱 回收系統在Pavisa公司的安裝和使用非常 穩定可靠，在最初四個月的安裝使用操作 運行過程之中，該系統的可用度在91%以 上。但是，無論在什麼時候每當Optimelt 熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統失效的時候，安 裝在窯爐側壁充當備用的氧氣助燃系統都 會自動啟動運行起來，從而可以避免窯爐
40
45
50
55
玻璃的熔制產能 (公噸/天)
熔製過程中斷等事故的發生。而在測試過 程之中迄今為止，實際上所經歷造成 Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統操作運 行停機的原因，大部分都可以歸咎於諸如 儀表通風系統之類的機械故障，而與技術 方面沒有什麼關係。如果進一步升級造成 系統失效的這些機械裝置，那 麼，Optimelt熱化學蓄熱式熱回收系統的 可用度有望能夠超過96%。無論是在廢熱 回收方面還是溫度曲線方面，蓄熱爐的性 能也表現得非常穩定。另外，通過對蓄熱 爐和格磚的肉眼檢測表明，耐火材料沒有 產生任何可以覺察的腐蝕和劣變。
結論 Pavisa公司所研究和開發的Optimelt熱化 學蓄熱式熱回收系統是一種低成本的解 決方案，可以減少窯爐的排放，最大化 程度地從玻璃窯爐之中回收廢熱，提高 窯爐的能源使用效率。該系統通過組合 使用預加熱和吸熱化學反應這兩種技 術，達到從窯爐煙氣中回收廢熱的效 果，所產生的炙熱合成氣流具有更高的 發熱值，比從蓄熱爐底部輸入的原始天 然氣的發熱值大約要高1.2~1.3倍。 現在，這種技術正安裝在墨西哥一 台商業運作之中、熔制能力為每天50噸 的生產和製造玻璃瓶罐的窯爐上運行， 經驗證與傳統的氧氣助燃窯爐相比較而 言，可以節約大約15~16%的天然氣和氧 氣。測試結果表明，Optimelt熱化學蓄熱 式熱回收系統運行穩定可靠，在Pavisa公 司安裝和使用該系統的最初四個月之 中，其可用度達到了91％。對於尺寸和 規模更大的窯爐，Praxair公司預計，與傳 統的氧氣助燃玻璃窯爐相比較而言可以 節省大約20%的燃料消耗和使用，與蓄熱 式空氣助燃玻璃窯爐相比較而言可以節 省大約30%的燃料消耗和使用。█ *來自美國康涅狄格州 (CT) Danbury 的Praxair公司 **來自西班牙馬德里的Praxair公司 網頁地址：www.praxair.com
聚焦國家：俄羅斯
2015莫斯科玻璃工業展舉辦前 俄羅斯玻璃行業欣欣向榮 雖
然俄羅斯的經濟目前正在經歷一段艱難 困苦的時光，但是，在不久的將來將會 到來的高油價的支撐下，俄羅斯的經濟 應該會恢復到以往的強健態勢。據俄羅斯聯邦統 計署(Rosstat)和俄羅斯聯邦工業和貿易部的近期數 據，2014年，俄羅斯的國民經濟總產值GDP與往 年相比較而言減少了0.5%，但是，俄羅斯的工業 生產值與2013年相比較而言則平均增長了1.5%。 俄羅斯的各個工業部門之間的經濟表現具有 很大的差異性。例如，航空製造業和加工行業以 及運輸行業中的一些部門在2014年之中經濟還略 有增長，但是，包括玻璃行業在內的其它一些行 業則經濟出現了下滑。 據俄羅斯國家玻璃行業企業聯合會(StekloSouz) 的數據，現在俄羅斯的玻璃企業約有3000家左 右，其中有500家是大型玻璃企業。 目前，俄羅斯的玻璃企業正在朝著全球化、 一體化的方向發展：俄羅斯擁有約七家實力雄厚 的玻璃企業集團，其中每家玻璃企業集團下屬約 4~6家大型的玻璃工廠。如果按俄羅斯目前的人口 數約1.463億人口來進行統計計算，俄羅斯每年人 均玻璃投資和消耗量約為20m2/pp/yr。與之相對比 的是，歐盟的每年人均玻璃投資和消耗量約為 25m2/pp/yr。
中空玻璃
在俄羅斯，該國有60多個工廠從事中空玻璃方面 的生產和製造，每年的產量約700萬噸，可以折合 約為每年125億個中空玻璃單元。其中，在總產量 之中約有一半的生產能力來自於俄羅斯聯邦中部 地區(RF Central district)。在俄羅斯所生產的全部玻 璃瓶罐之中，超過60%以上的是啤酒瓶罐，50%使 用的是透明玻璃。俄羅斯的主要玻璃瓶罐生產製 造廠商使用的都是來源於技術供應商所供給的現 代化設備，其中約有20家廠商裝備和使用了現代 化的小口徑壓吹技術(NNPB)。這些供應商主要有 Bucher Emhart Glass公司、Horn公司、BDF公 司、Botterro公司、Sorg, Sklostroj公司、Bowman公
“在俄羅斯國內，
司、Sheppee公司以及Iris Inspection Machines公司 等等。 土耳其的RusCam公司隸屬於Sisecam Group 集團，它在俄羅斯擁有五家玻璃生產製造廠，佔 據俄羅斯玻璃瓶罐市場20%的市場份額。排名第 二的玻璃瓶罐生產製造企業是俄羅斯美國玻璃公 司(Russian-American Glass Company，RASKO)， 其每年的生產製造能力是20億個玻璃瓶罐。 但是，由於俄羅斯國內普遍存在反對飲用伏 特加以及瓶裝啤酒的現象和趨勢，所以，俄羅斯 的玻璃瓶罐生產能力比目前俄羅斯的實際需求高 估了約40%。據俄羅斯啤酒聯盟的數據，2014年 瓶裝啤酒的銷量下降了7%。
有60多個工廠從事
平板玻璃
中空玻璃方面的生產 和製造，每年的產量 約700萬噸，可以折 合約為每年125億個
”
中空玻璃單元。
據俄羅斯國家玻璃行業企業聯合會的數據，在 2014年之前，俄羅斯的平板玻璃的產量一直在穩 定增長。在2010年，平板玻璃的產量是1.95億平 方米；在2013年，平板玻璃的產量是2.25億平方 米。但是，在2014年之中，平板玻璃的產量沒有 看到顯著的增長情況。 在俄羅斯的平板玻璃市場之中，主要的參與 者和玩家有日本旭硝子玻璃公司(Asahi Glass Company, AGC)，其市場佔有率約30%； Salavatsteklo + Saratovstroysteklo公司，其市場佔有 率約為30%； Guardian公司，其市場佔有率約為 20%；另外還有Pilkington公司，其市場佔有率約 為10%。 在俄羅斯國家標準認證(GOST)認證程序的要 求和管控之下，所有這些玻璃製品都具有非常良 好的產品質量。俄羅斯國家標準認證與歐盟的標 準是一致的。 在過去幾年之中，俄羅斯的平板玻璃進口數 量跌落了大約20%，目前平板玻璃的進口量約占 平板玻璃總消費量的10％。俄羅斯的平板玻璃進 口主要源自於中國、波蘭、伊朗、白俄羅斯 （Byelorussia, Gomelsteklo）、吉爾吉斯（Kirgizia, Interglass）以及烏茲別克斯坦（Uzbekistan, 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
www.glass-international.com
Alex Gurov是《國際玻璃》雜誌駐莫斯科的通訊記者，他在2015年莫斯科玻璃工 業展(Mir Stekla)正式開展之前，對當今俄羅斯的玻璃市場進行了展望。今年，莫 斯科玻璃工業展將於2015年六月8~11日在莫斯科舉辦。
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聚焦國家：俄羅斯
Quartz）。俄羅斯的平板玻璃在2013年的出口量為 1400萬平方米，主要出口到土耳其和獨立國家聯 合體（CIS）這些國家。承擔平板玻璃出口的主要 公司有Guardian公司，它佔據了約為30%的出口 額。另外還有日本旭硝子玻璃公司以及 Saratovstroysteklo公司，它們分別佔據了約為25%的 平板玻璃出口額。據俄羅斯國家玻璃行業企業聯 合會的預測，俄羅斯的平板玻璃市場將會翻倍， 到2020年為止，達到5億平方米。 由於住宅和工業建築領域以及汽車行業的增 長，在過去十多年之中，俄羅斯國內平板玻璃的 使用和消耗量一直在增長之中。 俄羅斯的統計數據表明，俄羅斯的建築領域 在2013年創造了紀錄，新修建了258000棟建築，其 中包括約有239100棟住宅單元。在2013年之中，俄 羅斯在住宅和商業不動產方面的市場投資總共達到 了80億美元。這種趨勢一直延伸到2014年早期，但 是在2014年下半年之後，這種趨勢就開始下降了。 在過去十年之中，國際上的浮法玻璃生產製 造廠商紛紛在俄羅斯建立和設置玻璃生產製造工 廠，例如日本旭硝子玻璃公司、Guardian公司、皮 爾金頓公司（Pilkington，NSG Group集團）、法國 聖戈班集團（Saint-Gobain）以及SISECAM Group 集團下屬的Trakya Cam公司。
www.glass-international.com
近期投資
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Caspian Flat Glass浮法玻璃公司源自於達吉斯坦共 和國，從2014年開始投資從事浮法玻璃的生產和 製造，它現在已經達到了600噸/天的著色和塗層 玻璃的生產製造能力，其中包括鍍膜反光玻璃和 低輻射low-e玻璃。 該項目的設備供應商來自歐盟、美國和土耳 其，包括了Horn公司、Italcarrelli公司以及Stewart Engineers公司。 Caspian Flat Glass浮法玻璃公司的 這個項目在《國際玻璃》2014年十二月份~一月份 出版的這期雜誌第11頁專訪之中進行了詳細介紹。 2015年，SP Glass Holdings玻璃控股公司的子 公司RusNano公司，將投資建立一家新的玻璃生產 製造工廠，其生產能力將達到240000噸/年。該玻 璃生產製造工廠將投資建立在烏里揚諾夫斯克外 的Zavolzhye工業園區。 RusNano公司是位於俄羅 斯的一家納米技術公司，其合作夥伴是日本NSG Group平板玻璃集團、STiS Group集團以及EBRD 公司。 SP Glass Holdings玻璃控股公司已經在莫斯 科附近開設了一家納米塗層玻璃生產製造企業， 其在烏里揚諾夫斯克所開設的企業將專注於節能 玻璃領域。 節能玻璃納米塗層的每層厚度約為five-to-500 納米。傳統的透明玻璃，甚至包括那些使用了雙 層玻璃的透明玻璃，其節能性能都非常差。而新 一代納米塗層玻璃有望能夠在寒冷的季節，大幅 度地削減住宅和工業建築的熱量損耗，估計能夠 達到70%的水平。 在夏季溫度很高的時候，這種節能玻璃會阻 止建築物被過度加熱。在玻璃的大規模生產製造 過程之中，採用具有節能效果玻璃所製作的隔熱 玻璃構件的生產製造成本與採用普通玻璃所製作 的玻璃構件相比較而言，其生產製造成本僅僅只 會有輕微的增長。 據俄羅斯新聞報導，將還會有更多的資金和項 目準備在俄羅斯投資建造浮法玻璃生產製造工廠， 其中包括波羅的海玻璃公司(Baltic glass company)以 及Vostek玻璃工廠的現代化升級改造等等。 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
2015年莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會
“現在，在俄羅 斯的玻璃企業約有 3000家左右，其中 有500家是大型玻璃 企業。目前，俄羅斯 的玻璃企業正在朝著 全球化、一體化的方 向發展：俄羅斯擁有 約七家實力雄厚的玻 璃企業集團，其中每 家玻璃企業集團下屬 約4~6家大型的玻璃
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工廠。
2015年莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會將於2015年六月8~11 日在莫斯科國際展覽中心（Expocentre Fairgrounds）召開，將會展示玻璃製品、玻璃的生 產和製造、玻璃的加工和處理技術等等。 在去年所舉辦的莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會之中， 莫斯科國際展覽中心和俄羅斯國家玻璃行業企業聯 合會聯合舉辦了這次展覽會。去年所舉辦的莫斯科 玻璃工業展覽會，其總體展覽面積達到了5700平方 米，有來自24個國家的247家公司參加了這個展覽 會，其中包括80家俄羅斯公司。 在為期4天的展覽會舉辦期間，參觀2014年莫 斯科玻璃工業展覽會的觀眾數量達到了6780名觀 眾，他們之中有94%的人是專業觀眾。 許多國外的以及俄羅斯本地的公司都參加了 2014年莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會，其中包括Sisecam 公司、RHI公司、Lahti Precision,公司、Glaston 公司、BDF Industries公司、 Landglass Technology 公司、M-Techno公司、Saint- Gobain Sefpro公 司、Von Ardenne公司、Zippe公司、Salavatsteklo 公司、Saratovstroysteklo公司、KAMI公司、Yuta 公司、Meran,公司、Brinolli公司以及RuSail公司 等等。 特別是，有很多意大利的生產製造企業參加了 2014年莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會，他們是由意大利玻 璃加工設備和配件供應協會組織參展的，意大利展 區約有30家公司。 在展覽會的各個展區，都會展示和呈現很多創 新製品、設備和工藝。例如：具有節能效果的玻 璃、半透明構件、暖邊技術、低輻射玻璃、多功能 玻璃以及太陽能控制玻璃等等，同時，也會展示玻 璃以及玻璃瓶罐裝飾所使用的最新技術和材料。 與2015年莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會同期舉辦有一 個重要會議，這就是是“玻璃和現代技術——面向 21世紀”國際論壇，該會議是由俄羅斯國家玻璃行 業企業聯合會組織舉辦。同時，有一個名稱為“打 擊仿冒玻璃製品生產和使用的主要發展趨勢”的圓 桌討論會也將會召開，成為這個國際論壇重要會議 的一個組成部分。在展覽會之中，也將包含參展公 司的商品介紹和發展情況的展示和演講。
媒體合作夥伴
《國際玻璃》雜誌是莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會的主要 媒體合作夥伴。自從2010年以來，每年《國際玻 璃》雜誌都會出版一期俄語版的雜誌，通過其在展 覽會設置的展台分發給所有參加展覽會的觀眾，同 時，也會將該期雜誌郵寄給俄羅斯主要的玻璃生產 製造廠商和組織機構。 在去年所召開的莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會 上，Michael Tolkachov在展覽會的正式開幕式上宣 稱：「我們非常高興得到了實力強大的國際媒體對 莫斯科玻璃工業展覽會的支持，這就是來自英國的 世界排名領先的國際性雜誌——《國際玻璃》，該 雜誌還為本次展覽會用俄語特別出版了一期年度性 雜誌。」 █ 網頁地址： www.mirstekla-expo.ru/en/, www.expocentr.ru, www.steklosouz.ru
全球重要活動
參加在法國舉辦的國際玻璃展覽會 歐洲展會的觀眾有來自全世界玻璃 生產製造廠商的高級決策人員。 Greg Morris參加了這次展覽會。
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月份舉辦的國際玻璃展歐洲展 覽會吸引了來自全世界各個地 方的參觀人員，他們紛紛來到 法國里昂來參加這次展覽會。 展覽會場館裡面，各大供應商濟濟 一堂，為全世界的玻璃瓶罐生產製造廠 商和瓶罐玻璃生產製造行業帶來其最新 產品，其中不乏世界著名品牌， 如：Zippe公司、Heye International公 司、BDF公司以及位於法國里昂當地的 Iris Inspection Machines公司。 從危地馬拉、沙特阿拉伯、台灣和 日本遠道而來的觀眾也不乏來參觀這次 展覽會，當然，大部分參觀人員還是來 自於法國各地。 世界各地參觀這次展覽會的知名廠 商有Owens-Illinois (O-I)公司、Ardagh公 司、 Heinz-Glas公司、Verallia, Sisecam 公司、Saint-Gobain公司以及SGD公司。 還有一些來自法國各地的公司，例如Arc International公司、Stoelzle Glass公 司、Saverglass公司以及Pochet du Courval公司。參觀展覽會的終端消費品 公司有Bacardi和Danone公司。 總計有637家廠商和觀眾參加了這 次展覽會，其中還包括一些來自新聞報 社和電視台的媒體代表。 參觀這次展覽會的觀眾級別層次之 高簡直令人難以置信。他們之中有首席 執行官、總裁、首席運營官、總經理、
研究和開發部經理、生產經理、技術經 理、採購經理、採購人員、窯爐工程師 以及市場經理等等。
展覽效果反饋
這次展覽會吸引了超過60家以上的公司 參加了展示，他們為本次展覽會帶來了 其最新的技術。 其中就有來自荷蘭Cortex Glass公司 的總裁Mark Holtkamp先生，他為本次 展覽會帶來了一場富有活力的展示。 他之所以在這次展覽會參展，主要 是因為這還是一家相對來說新近才成立 的公司，這次展覽會為其向潛在的客戶 展示其係統提供了很好的機會，對於該 公司來說，法國是一個重要的國家。 “法國有許多高質量的玻璃生產製 造廠商，特別是在香水和化妝品的玻璃 生產製造方面以及瓶罐玻璃生產行 業。Cortex Glass公司致力於為這些高端 玻璃生產製造廠商研究和生產系統，並 為他們提供銷售服務。” “我們所接待過的展會參觀人員對 參加這次展覽會都已經做過充分的準 備，都有其明確的關注目標。我們接待 了來自日本、智利、危地馬拉、沙特阿 拉伯的參觀人員，他們對其當地所舉辦 的展覽會都不抱什麼希望。” Michael Terhorst是來自Spie Energy Solutions公司Central Sales部門的主任，
他評價稱參加這次展覽會達到了該公司 所預期的效果。 “國際玻璃展為結識新朋友、會見 老客戶提供了一個非常良好的機遇。該 展覽會不僅提供了一個展位，而且還可 以舉辦一場演講，這兩種方式相互結 合，為拓展新的潛在商業機會提供了很 好的手段。” “我們可以在演講之後，與感興趣 的聽眾就演講內容在展台繼續進行 討論。” 另外一個對展覽會效果反饋良好的 參展商是Daniel Hilfiker先生，他是意大 利Pneumofore公司的首席執行官，認為 這是一屆“具有積極效果的展示會。” 他說通過參加這次展覽會，該公司 已經與許多來自北非以及中東的感興趣 觀眾接觸並建立了聯繫。 對展覽會效果非常滿意的還有另外 一家公司－AGR公司，他們評價說這次 展覽會組織得很好、參觀人員眾多，該 公司參展的員工很喜歡這種高質量的參 觀訪問，對接觸到一些重要的玻璃瓶罐 生產製造廠商以及灌注廠商並與之進行 討論感覺良好。 他們所討論的重點大多數都集中在 其最新的壓力測試系統－SPT2系 統、DSG系統以及OmniLab系統方面。 參觀人員對於其最新的SPT2系統尤 其表現出很高的興致，這套新型的428 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
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國際玻璃展覽會吸引了業內頂級觀眾
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全球重要活動
國際玻璃展覽會歐洲會議主題： 可持續發展的未來 在今年舉辦的國際玻璃展覽會歐洲展覽會會議之中，出 現了參會人員濟濟一堂、只剩下站立位置的情況。會議 之中所演講的主題主要涉及玻璃行業的能源效率、環保 問題以及有關其的解決方案等多個方面。在會議之中進 行演講的嘉賓來自O-I公司、Ardagh公司、歐洲玻璃容器 聯盟(FEVE)以及Siemens公司等多家著名的公司。在為期 兩天的會議期間，與會代表圍繞著玻璃行業未來可持續 發展所面臨的挑戰和機遇進行了發言和討論。
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今
26
年在法國里昂所舉辦的國際玻 璃展覽會會議發言之中，大家 對目前玻璃行業可持續發展之 中所使用的各種節省能源技術和方法進行 了討論，同時，也對玻璃行業為了滿足未 來法律規章和製度要求而需要進行改進和 提高的措施和方法進行了研討。 在展覽會開幕式之中進行主旨發言 的是Owens-Illinois (O-I) 公司法國和西班 牙國家地區總裁François Pierrot先生。 Pierrot先生首先強調了玻璃生產製造行業 對於法國這一國家和地區的重要性： “由於現在我們會議所在之處身處法 國，請允許我在這裡給大家介紹法國玻 璃生產製造行業的一些重要數據。” “法國的玻璃行業每年工業增長值 達到了10億歐元；在法國，有15000名工 作人員從事玻璃行業的工作；有20家玻 璃生產製造企業位於法國，從事玻璃瓶 罐的生產製造，每年有超過300萬個玻璃 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
瓶罐就生產於法國當地。” “有四分之三的玻璃瓶罐得到了回 收利用。在過去10年之中，有總計超過7 億歐元的資金投資在玻璃這個行業，合計 每年投資額大約為7千萬歐元左右。在過 去兩年之中，O-I公司在法國投資了4千2 百萬歐元……除此之外，玻璃行業還可以 作為實施循環經濟完美的實例。”
循環經濟 歐洲的循環經濟也是歐洲玻璃容器聯盟秘 書長Adeline Farrelly演講－《競爭、挑戰 和機遇》所涉及的一個重點。在談到新一 屆歐盟委員會承諾發展循環經濟這個問題 的時候，她說：“新一屆歐盟委員會在去 年十一月一日已經正式成立了，這是一個 重要的日子，因為這個時候歐盟開始對反 對歐洲一體化者(Euro-sceptics)做出反饋， 歐洲有許多民眾都有這種感覺，認為歐盟 對他們的日常生活干預得太多。”
5圖1 演講。
O-I公司的François Pierrot正在發布主旨
新的歐盟委員會開始試著對歐洲民 眾的這種感覺採取應對措施，他們所做 的第一件事情就是撤銷了成百上千份立 法建議書，其中，有關循環經濟包裝的 立法建議也不幸包括在其中。 循環經濟包裝建議對歐盟之中的廢 棄物立法情況進行全面分析和評價。對 於玻璃包裝材料來說，這是一項非常重 要的立法建議，因為玻璃包裝材料的廢 棄物是百分之百可以回收利用的。我們 喜歡循環經濟，廢棄物回收的立法規定 能夠鼓勵包裝材料不斷回收利用。 Farrelly女士指出，在一些組織的努 力和推動下，例如總部在歐洲比利時布魯 塞爾當地的歐洲玻璃容器聯盟等組織，歐 盟委員會已經同意重新考慮並在今年年底 之前推出一項循環經濟的新建議。 其中的舉措將包括對廢棄物立法和 回收目標進行全面評述，對於玻璃行業 來說，從這兩個方面來採取措施都是好
全球重要活動
消息。 Farrelly女士同時也指明了玻璃生 產製造從業人員所要應對的一些重大問 題和挑戰，特別是在污染物排放方面。 “在過去50年之中，玻璃生產製造 行業已經實現了將能源消耗和使用降低 80%，這是一個非常了不起的數據和成 績，但是，我們仍然還需要進一步加以 努力。在未來發展過程之中，僅僅關注 於能源效率還遠遠不夠。” 我們已經制訂了降低碳排放的計劃 表，歐盟的目標是到2050年為止將二氧化 碳的排放量降低90%。 對於我們這些在玻璃行業從業的工作 人員來說，這就意味著在2030年底以前我們 必須完成以下目標，即降低43%的二氧化碳 排放量，如果不採用有突破性進展的新技 術，玻璃行業要完成上述目標簡直可以說 是天方夜譚。所以，要完成上述目標，我 們需要應對和克服巨大的困難和挑戰。 “我們需要要將這些困難和挑戰轉
範圍來說，為什麼這個問題這樣重要？” Seehausen先生指出：“可持續發展能力對於 業務運營的重要性來說，現在已經成為品牌 保護實踐工作的一個重要部分。” “對於Ardagh公司來說，這又意味 著什麼呢？這就是品牌保護，我們需要 確保我們的客戶得到很好的保護。他們 需要得到這樣的品牌價值和形象——如 果買了這種產品，其不會對環境造成任 何傷害” 。所以對於產品的買賣雙方來 說，他們之間存在共同的價值需求，需 要通過產品來體現和反映。 “當然，任何工業生產過程都會對環 境或多或少造成破壞和影響。但是，我們 必須接受這個事實，因為我們需要不斷改 善和提高生活品質。不過，我們確實可以 在減少和限制環境污染方面做一些工作。 玻璃可以無限次地回收和利用。對於一個 品牌來說，如果我們可以將其重新使用、 回收利用，這就有很多意義值得稱道。”
試、採取補救措施。雖然這種補救和損傷 之間的關係並不是一一對應的，但是，這 會給人們在思考怎樣採取應對和處理措施 的時候提供一種解決問題的思路。” “對過去的負面影響進行彌補和補 救……這是一個觀念上的更新。這也是為 什麼Ardagh公司會認為可持續發展能力也 是一項重要戰略運營項目的原因：別再把' 天然綠色'當作追求目標了，這已經是80年 代或者90年代人們的老觀念了，這種認識 讓業務開展起來越來越困難。”
現在和未來 在會議的演講主題之中，除了涉及玻璃 行業在努力向前發展在環境保護和經濟 效益方面帶來好處之外，還圍繞影響玻 璃行業現狀的各種主題發表了演講。例 如，HIS公司的Marguerite Morrin帶來 了“全球純碱市場展望”的演講；Food Packaging Forum的董事總經理Jane
“法國玻璃行業每年可以帶動和
“在過去50年之中，玻璃行業已
新增價值10億歐元的附加產業；
經將能源消耗和使用降低了
在法國，約有15000名員工在玻璃
80%。雖然這是一個不小的成
行業從業；在法國，有20家玻璃
績，但是我們還需要更加
”
”
生產製造廠商……
進一步努力。
變為新的機遇。就生產和製造領域來說， 工業又再一次處於很好的發展狀態，所以 現在玻璃工業將會比以往任何時候都顯得 更有發展的價值。我們不僅是實際經濟運 行過程之中從事實業發展的行業，並且還 吸納了很多就業崗位——在玻璃工業之中 每新增一個工作崗位，其相關的生產價值 和產業鏈中將會新增兩個就業崗位。”。
具有可持續發展能力的經濟 這些觀點得到了Ardagh Glass公司可持續 發展部主任Steffen Seehausen先生的支持和 呼應。他被安排在會議最後一個演講和發 言，這樣容易引起人們的關注和重視。他 強調說，玻璃行業從業廠商需要確保“可 持續發展戰略成為公司戰略的一個組成部 分”，並且將其作為整個品牌建設的一個 部分來進行宣傳和貫徹。 會議中有聽眾提出問題：“是什麼驅 動了實施可持續發展能力的計劃表？在全球
來自歐洲玻璃容器聯盟的Farrelly女 士也對可持續發展能力是品牌建設的一 個重要方面這一觀點表示認同和支持， 她說：“我們希望所提供的產品對於客 戶來說成為一個品牌，而不僅僅是一件 普通的商品”。我們希望人們對玻璃行 業的認知為值得進行投資的循環經濟真 實體現。我們必須讓人們重新認識玻璃 行業，重新對整個玻璃行業價值鏈的操 作運行方式進行調整。我們需要讓生產 者和消費者之間的合作更加緊密。 在對Ardagh公司積極彌補玻璃行業 所造成負面影響因素這一觀念和舉措進行 解釋的時候，Seehausen先生是這樣總結 評述的：“任何工業生產過程都會對環境 或多或少造成破壞和影響。這是一個矛盾 叢生的兩難問題。但是，我們必須要正確 面對這個兩難問題，以一種負責任的態度 採取措施、做出反應。我們可以在自己所 處的社區這個社會層面抓住機會進行嘗
Muncke帶來了“食品包裝與健康：最新 科學政策”的演講；FERVER的Stéphane Leroux帶來了“近年來玻璃回收利用方面 的進展和提高”的演講；Bormioli Rocco 公司的健康和安全部門經理Roberto Gentilini帶來了“一個安全案例的研究分 析”的演講。 另外在會議之中，也有很多人發表 了關於不同玻璃生產製造廠商目前所實 施的節省能源措施案例研究分享方面的 演講。其中包括Container Glass Alliance的 Jean-Philippe Marte、Praxair公司的Uyi Iyoha、Heye International公司的Mark Ziegler以及SPIE Energy Solutions公司的 Michael Terhorst。這些演講所講述的是已 經實際運行的技術和設備，對於整個玻 璃行業改善能源使用效率會產生積極的 作用和效果。 展望玻璃行業的未來，Stolzle公司的 新產品開發部經理Leandre Lasfargues發表 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
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5圖2 歐洲玻璃容器聯盟的Adeline Farrelly正在 探討玻璃行業所面臨的挑戰和機遇。
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全球重要活動
56圖3
在國際玻璃展覽會歐洲會議上，與會人員濟濟一堂， 只剩下站立的位置了。
了其關於玻璃瓶設計方面的演講“創新 和裝飾”，指出：“我們正在追求利用 模壓加工來體現玻璃的裝飾效果，這 樣，你就會發現玻璃在裝飾方面可以取 得非常實際的效果”。Leandre Lasfargues 認為，人們不久就可以看到以前從來沒 有看到的裝飾玻璃，當看到這些產品的 時候，一定會有人採用這些玻璃製品來 大膽進行創新。儘管通過玻璃瓶的外形 設計有可能讓產品顯得非常特殊，但 是，Leandre Lasfargues認為通過玻璃裝飾 卻總是可以讓產品顯得與眾不同。 同樣是在展望玻璃行業的未來方 面，來自O-I公司的Pierrot先生在會議中 也做了主旨發言，他不僅強調了玻璃材料 對於我們所居住這個星球來說總體上非常 重要，而且進一步闡述了作為包裝材料的 一種，其實也有非常重要的作用。
他說：“雖然法國里昂的居民應該 為其使用玻璃的偉大傳統而感到驕傲， 但是，我認為我們同樣也應該為我們的 未來而感到驕傲和自豪。讓我來告訴你 我這樣說的理由：我堅信玻璃是包裝材 料發展的未來。玻璃材料不僅天然、性 質穩定、透明，而且百分之百可以回收 利用，是一種非常優質的包裝材料。簡 而言之，玻璃這種包裝材料比以往顯得 更加重要。” “今天，我們這些玻璃生產製造從 業人員匯聚一堂，共同探討能源使用效 率、環境保護、以及降低能源消耗使用 和減少污染物排放的最新技術，這些技 術可以使我們的產品更加具有可持續發 展能力。我們所要演講的內容圍繞著怎 樣才能使玻璃材料成為食品和飲料行業 理想的包裝材料而展開。”
“讓我來告訴您我的想法：儘管我 們這些玻璃行業從業人員熟知玻璃材料 的所有優點，也清楚玻璃行業為了支持 我們所居住的這個星球和整個社會可持 續發展所做出的各種努力，這一點非常 有意義，但是，就以我所在的O-I公司來 說，我們還沒有將玻璃材料的這些優越 性向我們的客戶和股東廣為宣傳。” “我懷有堅強而強烈的信念，我們 這些玻璃行業從業人員應該在宣傳和解 釋玻璃材料的優越性方面做得更好，因 為我確信玻璃這種包裝材料具有強大的 優勢。”█ 現在，國際玻璃展覽會會議論文PDF電子版已 經可以從以下網址獲取： http://www.glassmanevents.com/ europe/ conference
425 國際玻璃展覽會吸引了業內頂級觀眾 測試系統將玻璃瓶罐生產製造廠商的自 動壓力測試和 容量檢測提升到了一個更 高的水平。 來自德國的EME Maschinenfabrik Clasen公司與其母公司Nikolaus Sorg公司 共用了一個展台，EME Maschinenfabrik Clasen公司認為這次展覽會為該公司接 觸和會見客戶以及潛在的買家提供了很 好的機會，評價稱這是一場令人滿意的 展覽會。
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開幕式活動
28
這次五月6日~7日在法國里昂the Cite Centre de Congrès會展中心所舉辦的展 覽會，其開幕式由O-I公司的法國、西 班牙國家和地區總裁Francois Pierrot先 生剪彩，他和這次國際玻璃展覽會在法 國當地的合作夥伴Jean Luc Logel先生 站在一起，剪開了彩帶，Jean Luc Logel先生是Iris Inspection Machines公 司的首席執行官。與他們一起參加展覽 會開幕式的還有Zippe公司的總裁/首席 執行官Bernd-Holger博士、Regional Council成員Yann Crombecque以及CCI Lyon公司的副總裁Philippe Valentin。 這是國際玻璃展覽會第七次在里昂 這個城市舉辦，也是其第八次在法國這 個國家舉辦。由於歷屆國際玻璃展覽會 的舉辦都取得了良好的效果和口碑，國 際玻璃展覽會的展會組織方與里昂城市 《國際玻璃》中文版特刊 2015年九月
的當權者現在正在考慮和討論是不是將 國際玻璃展覽會變成這個城市的一個常 規展覽會定期舉辦。 Pierrot先生、Logel先生接下來還和 來自FEVE公司的秘書長Adeline Farrelly一起參加了由國際玻璃展覽會 舉辦方所組織召開的新聞發布會。這三 位執行官回答了來自法國當地的10位記 者所提出的各種問題，這些問題主要關 心的是區域和國家玻璃行業，另外還有 玻璃在環境方面所具有的優點。 另外，這次展覽會的媒體宣傳方面 還涵蓋了電視台。在法語電視頻道FR3 Rhône-Alpes之中，播放了一段時長位 五分鐘的區域玻璃行業特寫節目。 在新聞文章方面，既包括了對O-I 公司位於Ardèche地區Labegude廠址的 參觀訪問宣傳報道，也包括了對玻璃廠 經理Gilles Martin有關玻璃生產製造工 藝的採訪。 最 後 ， 在 新 聞 文 章 報 導 方 面，Logel先生還分享了其對區域玻璃 生產製造行業及其在經濟方面的重要性 這方面的觀點和看法。
未來展望
國際玻璃展覽會拉丁美洲展覽會將於九 月22~23日在位於墨西哥的瓜達拉哈拉 (Guadalajara)舉辦。近來在，在墨西哥 的化妝品玻璃瓶罐生產製造市場之中發
5圖2 Iris公司在國際玻璃展覽會歐洲展會上設置 的展台。 生了多起併購事件，這更加彰顯了國際 玻璃展覽會在該國舉辦所具有的吸 引力。 墨西哥這個國家，以盛產龍舌蘭酒 和啤酒而聞名。由於其世界知名啤酒品 牌Corona和Modelo的出口量都有上 升，其瓶罐玻璃市場也得到了發展和 擴張。 《國際玻璃》雜誌將在展覽會召開 期間同期組織舉辦會議，現在主講人邀 請活動已經在開始組織實施之中。如果 您有興趣在會議中發布演講， 請聯繫Greg Morris，其電子郵箱是 gregmorris@quartzltd.com。 █ 網頁地址： www.glassmanevents.com/europe www.glassmanevents.com/latin-america
www.fic-uk.com Tel +44 (0) 1736 366 962 Fax +44 (0) 1736 351 198 Email general@fic-uk.com
FIC (UK) Limited Long Rock Industrial Estate, Penzance Cornwall TR20 8HX, United Kingdom
Energy efficiency
All set for the energy directive All European Union member states are obliged to apply a new EU directive on energy efficiency to national law. This will have consequences for glass businesses in each country. Philippe Thiel* highlights how glass producers can respond to the changes.
T
Which businesses are affected? For European companies, the question is whether they are impacted by the directive or not. The EED affects all companies that are not classified as small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), as defined by EU law. A business is considered to be larger than an SME if one of the following two factors applies: the company has more than 250 employees, or an annual turnover in excess of €50 million and its total annual balance sheet is more than €43 million (Fig. 1). Partner companies and affiliated companies in the EU and non-EU countries are also taken into consideration. The EED applies to companies in all
>249 full-time employees OR
Large enterprise
> €50 mio. annual turnover AND > €43 mio. annual balance sheet
Fig 1. Definition of a large company according to the EED.
sectors, from manufacturing companies such as glass producers, to banks, insurance and retail businesses.
Implementation Companies affected by the EED must observe the specific guidelines in their own country. As each EU member state must transpose the EED into national law, the precise guidelines may vary from country to country (Fig. 2). Many EU states have not yet adapted their legislation to the new directive, or have only done so in part, although the deadline for this process was in June 2014. In countries where the EED has already been successfully implemented, there are discrepancies in the precise definition of a large company, as well as in the standards for audits and the qualification of auditors.
Audits vs management Companies concerned by the EED must decide whether they wish to undergo
regular energy audits or introduce an ongoing energy management system. For both options there are clearly defined requirements in the EED and in each national legislation. An audit is a scheduled inspection of energy use and performance within a company. Audits are to be conducted every four years and include suggestions for optimisation based on efficiency calculations. Audits must adhere to the standard EN 16247, which includes an on-site inspection of all business locations. They must also comply with an array of minimum criteria, as listed in Annex VI of the Directive. For example, the audits must be based on life-cycle cost analyses instead of simple payback periods in order to assess energy efficiency measures over the long term. Unlike audits, energy management systems constitute an ongoing process. Energy consumption data is continually Continued>>
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he European Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) came into force in December 2012. It aims to ensure that EU Member States will achieve the target set in 2007 of reducing primary energy consumption by 20% by the year 2020, despite considerable delays. The EED sets out clear requirements for large companies within the EU: they are obliged to conduct energy audits every four years and must have completed the first audit by 5th December, 2015. Alternatively, they may introduce an energy management system in line with ISO 50001. The chosen management system must be certified by the start of 2017.
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Energy efficiency
acquired, a range of efficiency measures are developed, and the optimum concept is implemented. All company levels are involved in the process, from management down to production lines. Permanently monitoring data and displaying energy
flows provides a transparent overview of the entire lifecycle of a particular product. Energy management systems must adhere to standard EN ISO 50001, which is compatible with other standards in the ISO family. This means that energy efficiency can be
UK
GER
AT
FR
Threshold within UK
EED definition
Threshold within AT
EED definition
De-minimis rule/coverage
90/10
90/10
90/10
80/20 (energy costs)
Audit standards
ESOS
EN16247
EN16247 + additional requirements
EN16247
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Management system
ISO 50001
ISO 50001, EMAS
ISO 40001, ISO 50001 EMAS
ISO 40001, ISO 50001
Auditor requirements
Registered; existing proof of qualification; “PAS 51215:2014 Energy efficiency assessment”
Certification of qualification and work experience
Education and work experience, stricter requirements for audits
Registered individually for buildings processes and transport; strict code of qualification
Definition of large enterprise
Internal audits/internal auditors
Fig 2. Examples of national differences in the implementation of the EED. Achievement & added-value
Energy audit
Energy management
Identification of energy efficiency optimisation potential Catalogue of optimisation measures, prioritisation and action plan Long-term strategic approach including a written policy concerning energy efficiency
Top management involvement and therefore engagement throughout all staff levels Limited financial effort for a single & individual site Written programmes and documented commitments on annual targets and action plans Consistent monitoring on pre-defined KPIs and therefore on-going comparability on-site and throughout the group Continuous improvement of energy and utility-related performance
Fig 3. Energy audits versus energy management systems.
Energy management
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Current state
Energy controlling
Energy procurement
Energy operations
Total cost of energy supply and disposal r Heat
r Power r Gas
r Water
r Pressurised r Oil
r Other
air
r Transport energy and material accounting with consumption clearly attributed r Automatic accounting and transfer to the accounting system r Identification of plant optimisation potential
r Generation of updated contractual basis r Projection of energy consumption r Automatically generated timetable r Compliance with purchase agreements
r Rapid and active decision making r Resource conservation and reduced staffing requirements r Error prevention
incorporated into existing management systems. An overview of the differences between audits and management systems is shown in Fig. 3.
Energy management pays off An energy management system allows glass companies to monitor their day-today energy consumption. Manufacturing glass is an energyintensive process so environmental protection and conserving resources are vital concerns for producers. With the continuous improvement process according to ISO 50001, glass manufacturers can sustainably reduce their energy consumption levels and can also increase their productivity and gain advantages over international competitors. A further plus is that a number of countries, including Germany, provide financial support for energy management, subject to certain conditions. In Germany, companies have access to a compensation scheme under the Renewable Energies Act (EEG). They can also benefit from tax relief under German energy and electricity tax laws. Audits, on the other hand, may involve considerable costs for businesses with several locations. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy predicts that each audit will cost a company between €2400 and €8000, with an average price tag of €4000 per audit. In addition, businesses will incur this expense and added workload every four years, while an energy management system operates on an ongoing basis. The costs for a management system can generally be recouped through energy savings. The deadlines for EED compliance are also a strong argument in favour of an energy management system. According to the directive, the first energy audit must be completed by accredited experts by 5th December, 2015. Due to the shortage of certified auditors, companies should expect delays in the process. Although an energy management system must also be introduced by this date (in Germany at least), companies have until the start of 2017 to launch the system and have it certified in accordance with ISO 50001.
Fig 4. Simatic B.Data: The energy management system helps glass manufacturers reduce energy costs through improved controlling and more efficient procurement and operating processes.
Continued>>
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Energy efficiency
PIONEERS
Fig 5. Company-wide transparency: B.Data supplies detailed information on energy consumption and costs.
Once a company has opted for an energy management system, it is time to choose the right solution. Solutions from Siemens are widely used in the glass industry. Siemens offers scalable energy management solutions, extending all the way up to its comprehensive Simatic B.Data system. B.Data acquires and records energy flows at the company level, as required by the EED (Fig. 4). The software makes energy consumption and costs transparent by providing data and figures for all media, such as electricity, gas and water. It is even possible to display the impact of environmental variables such as temperature and humidity. It means it is no longer necessary to produce and coordinate energy consumption lists across the company's various locations. Energy managers at the individual sites have direct access to current data online. In addition to energy monitoring, the tool also offers an energy controlling function. Drawing on specific key figures, B.Data uses pure consumption data to calculate efficiency indicators. The manufacturer can then use these indicators to compare individual plant segments or sites, for example, or to define benchmarks. This information is an advantage in efforts to manufacture more efficiently, as demonstrated in the following example. To produce a tonne of molten glass requires between 5 to 6MJ of energy. Based on consumption patterns, it is possible to accurately trace wear and tear in the melting furnaces. The heavier the wear and tear in the refractory material, the greater the amount of energy required. With B.Data's assistance, glass producers can make an informed decision on when to invest in a new melting furnace.
Optimising energy procurement B.Data users can forecast their plant’s future energy requirements.
Based on these requirements, they can select the ideal tariffs and purchase their energy at the best prices. B.Data also supports glass producers in their day-to-day operations with a number of useful functions. For example, the software makes it easy to generate reports – such as those required for internal audits or environmental authorities – and export them to Microsoft Excel. B.Data even enables companies to trace and assess measures to increase energy efficiency in line with ISO 50001. Adherence to this standard is a requirement for a number of national incentive programmes. Other benefits include meter management and automatic consumption readings via interfaces.
A solution for the glass industry The Simatic B.Data energy management system from Siemens is a solution that helps businesses in the glass industry meet the requirements of the EED. This methodical system establishes sustainable energy efficiency in business operations. Operating companies clearly understand their energy consumption levels. They are able to trace energy costs back to their source and have a clear overview of where energy costs can be reduced (Fig.5). Simatic B.Data also increases productivity and provides a basis for safe investment decisions. The B.Data starter package helps businesses take the first steps in energy management. This service contains detailed instructions and is already set up for the most common data sources. Energy reports are also preconfigured for up to 30 measuring points, while dashboards offer a picture of all energy data. The starter package can be upgraded to a fully functional Simatic B.Data system at any time. r
* Energy Efficiency Solutions for the Glass Industry, Siemens, Karlsruhe, Germany. www.siemens.com/glass
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29 Glass International September 2015
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Forming
Gürallar opens Turkish container site
Fig 1. (main picture) The Gürallar facility at Kutahya, Turkey.
Fig 2. 12-section AIS machine.
Turkish container glass manufacturer Gürallar Cam Ambalaj (GCA) has selected Bucher Emhart Glass to provide a range of equipment for its new plant.
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G
ürallar is the sixth largest glass manufacturer in the world and is most famous for the production of its tableware brand, LAV. The company was set up in 1996 by the Güral family, with the aim of creating tableware products under the brand name ‘Gürallar Artcraft’ (later changed to LAV). The company has grown rapidly since its foundation by increasing its production capacity. Today it produces and markets 3500 various tableware products globally, selling its LAV products in 35,000 shops throughout Turkey and a further 100,000 stores around the world. In 2014 the Gürallar Group decided to increase its glass container production with a new venture called Gürallar Glass Packaging (Gürallar Cam Ambalaj, GCA.). To support the move, it built a new plant right next to its existing one, in Kutahya, western Turkey (Fig.1).
Kutahya plant The plant began operations in February 2015, with a focus on producing food
jars and soft drinks bottles. It has a capacity of 400 tonnes a day and employs 300 people. It has ISO 9001 and BRC/IOP management systems implemented in all processes, from design through to sales and marketing. The plant mostly uses Bucher Emhart Glass (BEG) technology. GCA was familiar with BEG’s IS forming technology, since the firm uses a 10-section double-gob IS machine to produce wide mouth jars at its original plant. For the new furnace, GCA commissioned three forming shops, each with three inspection legs. Forming is carried out by three identical AIS 12-section machines in triple gob (Fig.2). The AIS machines are equipped with BEG’s latest servo technology and use FPS valves for the plunger-up and counterblow functions. Finished wares are handled by the BEG servo-electrical take-out mechanism, machine conveyor and FlexStacker unit (Fig.3). A VFT-1000 ware transfer unit was supplied by Sheppee International.
At the cold end, inline inspection is handled by nine FleXinspect C and nine FleXinspect T inspection machines (Fig.4), plus three inline MiniLabs (one per shop, Fig.5). Together, FleXinspect C and T offer a solution for inline inspection, while MiniLab adds statistical sampling to ensure quality criteria are being met and provide feedback on the production process. The inspection configuration was developed based on expert advice provided by BEG and finalised in partnership with GCA’s executives. “We’re delighted to welcome Gürallar to the glass container market in Turkey,” stated BEG project manager Fabio Ghiglino. “We wish them the very best in this competitive market and are pleased to commit ourselves to supporting its operations long into the future.” Today, GCA manufactures two million items a day at its two facilities and employs close to 2000 people. Continued>>
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Choosing Bucher Emhart Glass Gürallar stated that the process of selecting BEG as a supplier was rigorous. The GCA family, which owns the company, was directly involved, along with their top management team and team of technicians. GCA staff visited the plants of some of BEG’s major European customers to see first-hand the firm’s machinery in operation and also build the foundations of a strong relationship. GCA was pleased to work with a partner that could offer technologies at both hot and cold ends. The experience and expertise of BEG’s legal department also
helped to finalise a relatively complex contract between the firms. GCA said it would like to create and improve its customer approach in the container glass business, making it different from other companies. Each of its customers will have a project coordinator who will be responsible for all of the project details, from manufacturing through to delivering. This responsibility will also cover the performance of its products in its customers’ bottling processes. These project coordinators will be GCA engineers working for GCA under
Fig 3. BEG FlexStacker in operation at the
Fig 4. FleXinspect C and T inspection machines
Fig 5. MiniLab Statistical sampling in the cold
Gürallar plant.
in straight line layout.
end.
production or quality departments. They have the responsibility of coordinating the customers’ projects and will report directly to the GCA General Manager. “In a short time, GCA is going to create a huge difference in the container glass business with its proactive mentality, ambitious young team and reliable technology,” stated GCA’s General Manager, Abdullah Gayret.
Bucher Emhart Glass, Cham, Switzerland www.bucheremhartglass.com
Online Auction Sale Quality Glass & Sealed Double Glazed Unit Manufacturing Equipment lying at
Taroglass International S.R.L, Bedonia, Italy
Bidding Ends: Thursday 8th October 2015 at 2.00pm (UK Time) •Lisec Glass Cutting Line 1 comprising of; ATH-60/30D Glass Loader (2003) ESL-60/30RS Glass Cutting Table—capacity: 6000 x 3000mm (2003) RTF 60/33 Transport Conveyor with Breaking Station (2003) RBA-33 Transport Conveyor with Offcut Breaking Station (2003) TBA-33 Sub-Plate Breaking Device (2003) •Lisec Glass Cutting Line 2 for Laminated Sheets & Irregular Shapes comprising of; ATH-60/30D Glass Loader – capacity: 6000 x 3000mm (2006) BTS-60/30 Glass Cutting Table (2006) Cutting Line for Float Glass N.1 (2006)
Viewing by Appointment only
•Lisec Insulating Glass Sealed Unit Production Line 2 comprising of; (2) GAL-25/16 Glass Loaders with Control Panels (2003) RTVN-15/25ST Conveyor (2003) RTVN-27/25WE Inlet Conveyor for Washing Machine (2004) Automated Washing & Drying System PSLN-35/25 Assembling Station (2000) RTVB-15/25ST Conveyor (2006) FPL Flat Press RTVN-38/25VE Conveyor (2006) RTVN-1125/VE Conveyor (1999) VL-1N/25 Automatic Sealing Line (1999) DOS-1TH Automatic Sealing Line with CNC (1999)
•Lisec Insulating Glass Sealed Unit Production Line 3 •Lisec Insulating Glass Sealed Unit Production Line 1 Comprising of; comprising of; (2) GAL-25/16 Glass Loaders with Control Panels (2008) (2) GAL-25/16 Glass Loaders with Control Panels (2003) RTVB-15/16ST Conveyor (2008) RTVN-15/16ST Conveyor (2003) (2) RTVB-27/16WE Conveyors (2008) RTVB-15/30 WEK Inlet Conveyor for Grinding Machine (2012) VHW-16/6M Automated Washing KSR-30 Automatic Glass Edge Grinding Machine (2012) & Drying System (2008) RTVB-15/30 WEK Outlet Conveyor Grinding Machine (2012) RTVB-15/16ST Conveyor (2008) VHW-16/6M Automated Washing & Drying System (1998) RTVB-25/16U Conveyor (2008) GSL-16B Glass Quality Scanner (2012) FPS-25/16U2 Gas Fill Press (2012) RSVN-27/16U Automatic Space Frame Positioning (1998) (2) RTVB-32/16ST Conveyors (2008) FPS-25/16U2 Gas Fill Press (2004) VFL-1D/16 Automatic Sealing Machine (2008) RTVN-11/16ST Conveyor (2004) DOS-1PSD Automatic Sealing Machine (2008) PSLN-25/16 Assembling Station (1998) RTVN-27/16ST Conveyor (1998) For Full Information please visit our Website: RTVN-11/16VE Conveyor (1998) VL-1N/16 Automatic Sealing Machine (1998) DOS-1PU Automatic Sealing Machine with CNC (1998)
Other Equipment & Ancillary Items •(3) LBH-25V Spacing Frame Processing Butyl Extruder (2000-2008) •Lisec BSV-45 Spacer Frame Bending Machine (2000) •Lisec BSV-45NK Spacer Frame Bending Machine (2008) •Lisec A1RL Fullanlage Auto Dessicant Filling Machine (2000) •Lisec ARL-45F Auto Dessicant Filling Machine (2008) •(20) Lisec Slot Cars for Manual Loading of Glass Sheets (2012) •Bavelloni PR88 Glass Edging Machine (1995) •DMS Type S12T Circular Saw •Maval PR10/S Frame Cutter (1996) •Qty Willet 460 Inkjet Marking Machines •Various Compressors
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Please Contact Our Office for Further Information: Cottrill & Co, 401—407 Tyburn Road, Erdington, Birmingham, B24 8HJ
▪ Tel: + 44 (0) 121 328 2424 ▪ Fax: + 44 (0) 121 327 9550 ▪ ▪ Email: info@cottandco.com ▪ Website: www.cottandco.com ▪ Cottrill & Co is a Trade Name of Cottrill & Associates Ltd
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e
Forming
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Events world
A total of 79 people attended the conference, most of whom were from overseas.
Furnace Solutions heats up The 10th Furnace Solutions conference in the UK was its most international yet with three-quarters of the delegates coming from overseas. Sally Roberts* was among those attending.
D
elegates attended from as far afield as Mexico for the 10th Furnace Solutions conference, held once again in Lucideon, Stoke-on-Trent, UK and organised by the UK’s Society of Glass Technology (SGT). The event was opened by Nigel Longshaw of DSF Refractories and Minerals, who noted that this year’s event was truly international: 75% of the speakers came from overseas. The conference consisted of nine presentations delivered by speakers including Zippe’s Dr. Hansjurgen Barklage, Praxair’s Joaquin de Diego Rincon and Celsian’s Andries Habraken. Talks were also given by independent consultants such as Neil Simpson and Alain Grangeret and as always the Michael Garvey Award was presented for the day’s best paper. The conference was attended by 79 people and followed on from the annual
training day held in conjunction with the conference the previous day.
Heat recovery
z Neil Simpson of Simpson Combustion presented a paper titled ‘Would you like a
Dr Barklage of Zippe Industrieanlagen started the day’s presentations, delivering a paper on the ‘Unexploited potentials of heat recovery in the container glass industry’. Discussing the improvements that have been made in the field of batch preheating in recent years, he gave as an example the recent installation of a Zippe batch preheater at Nampak, South Africa. The furnace is end-fired, with a pull of 300t/d, and the preheater used is based on a system that uses a mixture of open and closed flue gas channels. He showed that this installation resulted in energy savings of around 10-12% depending on factors such as pull and cullet
service with your MOT?’
Continued>>
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Richard Pont (right) is awarded Fellowship to the Society of Glass Technology.
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Events world
Optimisation
Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
content, and noted that the usual return on investment (ROI) period for this technology is about three years. However, he was also careful to note that despite the progress and installations made over the past few years, there is still a lot of potential for heat recovery techniques to be applied in the glass industry. Following on from Dr Barklage and sticking to the theme of heat recovery systems was Praxair’s Joaquin de Diego Rincon, who discussed ‘Operating experience from a commercial glass furnace’. Also delivered at this year’s Glassman Europe, this paper was awarded the Michael Garvey Award for best paper at the close of the conference. Joaquin discussed how the operation of oxy-fuel fired furnaces in combination with heat recovery systems has been offering savings in energy consumption and emissions for some time now, in comparison to air-fired furnaces. However, Praxair’s Optimelt thermo chemical regenerator system is expected to further reduce fuel consumption, by heating and reforming the fuel and re-circulated flue gas mixture without catalysts or separate steam generation. The presentation gave an insight into the first commercial demonstration of this technology, which was installed at Mexican glass manufacturer Pavisa in September 2014. So far, around 15-18% fuel savings have been measured, relative to an oxy-fuel baseline, without any loss of glass production or quality issues. A PDF version of this paper is available to download from the Glassman Europe website, www.glassmanevents.com/ europe/conference.
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Awards and presentations As well as the Michael Garvey award, provided by Guardian Industries and awarded to Mr de Diego Rincon of Praxair, this year’s event also saw Mr Richard Pont of Global Combustion System awarded Fellowship to the Society of Glass Technology (SGT) for his services to the industry.
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z The event took place in the Lucideon building,
In a related matter, Alain Grangeret of AG Gas London discussed ‘What is the best burner for your glass furnace?’, detailing the dual impulse burner technology generally used for conventional air-fuel regenerative furnaces and the energy saving claims therein. Neil Simpson of Simpson Combustion and Energy and Mark Pudner of GTS presented a joint paper titled ‘Would you like a service with your MOT?’ that highlighted how most furnaces now require compliance testing of emissions, which is typically performed separately to the furnace operation. They detailed how they believe that combining a furnace combustion audit with an optimisation would save businesses more energy and therefore offset the cost of environmental compliance. Their paper also led to a discussion about standards of training, with the session Chairman, Gary Laird of Eclipse Combustion, noting how companies such as his provide training on installation, but unless this is maintained by the plants themselves companies can lose money due to furnace operators not knowing how to achieve optimum results. Tying in with this, Menno Eisenga of Glass Service delivered a presentation on the company’s Glass Furnace Model, which aims to help ensure that a glass furnace has the optimal design to melt glass. The model based control systems consider multiple objectives, and the focus can be set on maximising throughput, the control of glass quality and on lowering operating costs. The paper discussed results from recent installations, including those that were completely automated and demonstrated typical advantages being energy savings in the range of 2-5% and NOx emission reduction in the range of 20-30%.
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Raw materials
New energy paradigm and soda ash Marguerite Morrin* provides an overview of the soda ash market in 2015.
T
he soda ash market balance at the end of 2014/early 2015 was tight, which supported price increases across the world including much needed increases for European producers. Since then, however, the market has become more balanced. This is as economic growth in many countries/ regions has slowed. China is also much more aggressive in export markets than it has been for years. China’s soda ash exports this year have been robust, incentivised by weak domestic prices (Fig. 1). A similar situation was seen in 2009, when Chinese soda ash producers exported 2.3 million mt, a record high. Meanwhile, export prices out of China were relatively stable in the first half of this year. Chinese trading statistics show the average export price in June was $215 per mt FOB, unchanged since the start of the year. Reports in the region indicate that today prices out of China can be as low as $200-205 per mt FOB for light soda ash and $4-5 per mt higher for dense soda ash. Freight rates have also come down. As such spot soda ash prices in North East Asia can be as low as $205-210 per mt CFR. The US is the biggest soda ash exporter in the world and accounts for almost half of the soda ash traded globally (Fig. 2). In H1 2015, US exports totalled 3.2 million mt, a 75,000 mt, or 2%, decrease
on the same period in 2014, the first time US exports have fallen since 2009 (Fig .3). In 2010-2014 US exports grew by around 9% per year on average. US producers have faced challenges including weak demand in South America, increased competition in Asia and the weak value of the Euro against the US dollar. There is currently a move in the US Congress to reduce a Bureau Land Management royalty paid on soda ash produced in Wyoming. The US Soda Ash Royalty Bill was introduced to the US House of Representatives in April 2015 and proposes the rate be set at 2% for five years. Without this bill, it is scheduled to return to 6% in October 2015. Meanwhile, there have been two big changes in the US industry this year. On July 20th, OCI Enterprises, the North American subsidiary of South Korea’s OCI Company (OCI) said it would sell its 75% interest in OCI Resources to Park Holding, a subsidiary of Ciner Group of Istanbul, Turkey. This resulted in Ciner acquiring around 900,000 mt of soda ash capacity in Wyoming. In March 2015, FMC, the largest soda ash producer in the US, completed the divestment of its alkali chemicals business, which included about 3.7 million mt of soda ash capacity, to Tronox for $1.64 billion.
1,400
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China The Chinese soda ash industry has faced problems due to an excess of capacity domestically, lower than expected Continued>>
2.50
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1,000
Ciner Group already owns 74% of Eti Soda, the 1.0 million mt per year natural soda ash producer in Beypazari, Turkey. Eti Soda is planning to expand its capacity in Beypazari. Ciner is also building a second, even larger natural soda ash plant at Kazan. Following these additions and combined with the new capacity that Ciner is acquiring in Wyoming, this means that Ciner will have an annual capacity of around 4.5 million mt by 2018, making it the second largest soda ash producer in the world. As a synthetic producer with high energy costs, Europe has traditionally been one of the higher cost locations to make soda ash. This has triggered capacity closures across Europe since 2009, including Solvay in Portugal and Tata in the UK. Europe is today enjoying the benefit of the capacity closures and the sharp drop in crude oil prices. However, it is a high cost producing region so will remain vulnerable to events in the rest of the world, particularly the developments in Turkey.
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0 2006
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Fig 1. China soda ash exports (Jan-June 2015). Source IHS.
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Fig 2. US soda ash exports (Jan – June 2015). Source IHS.
34 Glass International September 2015
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Raw materials
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Ammonia cost USA
J1 4 J1 5
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Fig 3. US versus China soda ash exports to Asia (Jan-June 2015). Source IHS.
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demand growth and high production costs. Cost pressures have eased with lower raw material prices, meaning Solvay-based producers are now covering their costs. Meanwhile, Hou-based producers have until recently seen their cost position undermined due to weak fundamentals in ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), which is a co-product for this type of technology (Fig. 4). NH4Cl market demand is vital to the Hou process, which in turn depends on the fundamentals for urea. Historically, the credit from NH4Cl has covered the cost of NH3. However, the credit from NH4Cl has not covered the cost of ammonia since 2008. The NH4Cl market has recovered to some extent this year helped by a relaxation in Chinese export policies. A number of soda ash projects that were scheduled in China have been cancelled following weak domestic demand. Flat glass is the single largest end use for soda ash in China, with consumption linked to the stalled construction sector. Flat glass production fell by 3.9% in H1 2015 compared to H1 2014. Producers are seeking to maximise exports in an effort to help offset the weak domestic fundamentals. Year-to-date, soda ash exports from China are up by 36%.
India Indian soda ash is based on synthetic production, and currently benefits from anti-dumping duties on imports which expire in 2017 and 2018. Industry leaders will reportedly request an extension to the tariffs in a bid to protect the domestic market. At the same time, a major anti-
Fig 4. China ammonia cost versus ammonium chloride. Source IHS.
dumping review has been initiated by the All India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation (AIGMF), to decide if the current antidumping duties should remain. The notification was sent out on July 21st and interested parties had 40 days to respond. Meanwhile, soda ash imports to India have increased. In the period January to May 2015, Indian soda ash imports were 309,000 mt, up 77,000 mt, or 33%, yearon-year (y-o-y). So far this year, the largest increase in imports has come from the US, up 46,000 mt, or 209%, to 68,000 mt. There has also been an increase in imports from China: the total increased by 26,000 mt y-o-y to 54,000 mt. Meanwhile, soda ash exports from India have been low. In the first five months of 2015 Indian soda ash exports were 15,000 mt. This represents an increase of 27% y-o-y, however, Indian soda ash exports are yet to show signs of recovering to the levels seen in 2011, when the annual total was 370,000 mt. India is structurally short of soda ash so is reliant on imports. However, there are a number of projects under consideration to address this imbalance. As such, GHCL has just announced its plans to add capacity. The company is to spend Rs 950 crores ($59 million) in a two-phase soda ash project at its plant in Saurashtra, Gujarat. GHCL has an annual soda ash capacity of 850,000 mt, and will raise the total by 100,000 mt by 2017. In the next phase, which is expected to be completed by 2019, it is to increase capacity by a further 150,000 mt. There has been volatility in soda ash production costs in recent years in line with changes in energy and raw material costs.
This volatility continues. IHS Chemical will soon be launching its upgraded cost curve model which models soda ash production around the world. This will help clients understand the impact of lower oil prices on the industry, explaining the winners and losers from the decline in oil prices.
Conference IHS Chemical is to host a soda ash conference on September 30th in Barcelona, Spain. Tanzer Ergul of Eti Soda will present an outline of the latest status of the projects in Turkey. IHS’s Jiang Li Chuan will present his vision for soda ash in China in the coming years. Topics to be covered include: r Global soda ash overview with a focus on Europe r Status of soda ash projects in Turkey r Outlook for soda ash supply/ demand in China r Methods for soda ash distribution & storage r Container glass in Russia r Dynamics of the glass cullet market r Outlook for sodium silicates r Sodium bicarbonate risk management The conference will be preceded by a full-day Soda Ash Training Workshop on 29 September. The workshop is designed for professionals requiring a broad understanding of soda ash technologies and their impact on the global soda ash industry. r
*Director, Global Soda Ash Services, IHS Chemical, London, UK. Learn more about the event at www.ihs. com/SABO2015.
36 Glass International September 2015
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History
Prof. John Parker Turner Museum of Glass and ICG
Layers of Bohemian glass Throughout history, Bohemian glassmakers have been recognised for innovation. Here, John Parker* and Holly Gilson** discuss their most prominent successes.
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I
n the 14th century Bohemian glassmakers improved the quality of their dark green forest glass (Waldglas) by adding potash. In the 15th century they were supplying large enamelled drinking glasses for the German beer market, trade links which promoted an exchange of glassmaking ideas and techniques. When, at the end of the 18th century, their glassware fell out of fashion, they responded with reinvention and experimentation, creating new designs which could be factory produced - perfect for the 19th century emerging middle classes. Multi-layered glass in particular enhanced the popularity of their wares. Bohemian glassmakers had been successful during the baroque period (17-18th centuries), typically marked by an exaggerated and grandiose artistic style. But as baroque gave way to neoclassicism, clean lines became the fashion. The lead crystal glasses developed in Britain, with geometric patterns as their main decorative feature, were suited to the new trends and challenged Bohemia’s dominance. Their glassmakers responded: Market pressure stimulated the reinvention of new glass colours and finishes, which they combined imaginatively with past techniques and new British methods to recapture the world’s interest. For example, they added coloured outer layers which could be removed selectively, revealing the under layer and creating a two-tone design. This aesthetic overlay glass has been discovered, rediscovered and lost throughout glass history, most notably by the Romans and Chinese. Overlay glass is also termed ‘flashed’ or ‘cased’, referring to techniques that produce this style. Indeed, the terms are often used interchangeably because the results are similar. Nevertheless ‘flashing’ should be reserved for a coating applied by dipping an initial gather into a second pot,
while casing involves hot glass blown into a pre-shaped, hollow, coloured glass cup. Using identical base compositions with only minor colorant additions ensures the matching of glass expansion and viscosity characteristics, but successfully bonding the very different white opals and cadmium reds to clear glass remains a matter of admiration. In the late 16th century, the Bohemians had applied the use of small copper or bronze wheels impregnated with loose abrasive powder for decorating natural rock crystal to glass. This knowledge proved useful when removing sections of the outer layer of overlay glass. Deep geometric patterns in glass were cut using large abrasive wheels, and finer tools were used to engrave to make detailed patterns and scenes. Bohemian glassmakers were quick to respond to the emerging middle class’s desire for art they could spend their earnings on and decorate their homes with, and popular colour combinations for overlay glass included red and clear, red and white, blue and clear. Objects with triple layers were even possible. Different glass colours are made with different recipes and either gold or copper can be used to produce red colours called gold or copper ruby. The process of heating, cooling and reheating is different for each recipe, and copper ruby is particularly difficult. Consequently, it has been repeatedly lost throughout history because when an expert in the method dies others struggle to recreate it. The gold ruby recipe has also often been lost, and in the West its discovery was commonly linked to alchemy due to the gold ingredient and the red colour resembling the fabled philosopher’s stone. Glassmakers could use the popularity of alchemy to make a fortune from this type of red glass, so they were incredibly secretive about the method. For example,
Andres Cassius (1630) created a red glass colour called Purple of Cassius using gold, but Johann Kunckell (1680), a German glassmaker and chemist/alchemist was the first to produce a commercially viable product. He moved his glassworks to an island to maintain secrecy and the craft was lost again when he died. In the 19th century the Bohemians rediscovered recipes for gold and copper ruby and used them to regain commercial supremacy. The Bohemian glassmaker Friedrich Egermann (1870) developed a copper stain that imitated the more expensive copper ruby overlay. Staining had been applied to windows for centuries, but Egermann was the first to apply it to hollowware such as vases. Such stains are easier to remove than overlay glass but have a tendency to form a characteristic slight metallic sheen. Of course, similar techniques have also been applied beyond the artistic world, particularly for expensive or difficult to work glass compositions. For example, sodium lamps use vaporised sodium metal to give light and this is an aggressive environment for the envelope. Alkali aluminoborate glasses have the necessary corrosion resistance but this difficult-to-work and costly composition need only be used as a thin layer inside a more conventional glass. Manufacture involves blowing continuously a thin bubble of the resistant glass inside an envelope of more conventional material, and was the subject of many patents in the early 20th century. r
*Prof Emeritus John Parker, Curator of the Turner Museum of Glass, Sheffield University, UK. www.turnermuseum.group.shef.ac.uk Email j.m.parker@sheffield.ac.uk **Holly Gilson, BA Hons, University of Sheffield
38 Glass International September 2015
History.indd 1
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Technical Topics
John Henderson Henderson Technology
The rise of energy efficiency John Henderson* examines the rise of energy efficiency in the glass industry and how companies are now working smarter in order to reduce both their energy use and their costs.
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I
have been interested to read in a few of the latest Glass International issues how many glassworks are now installing primary energy efficiency measures. This has ranged from batch and cullet preheating through thermochemical regenerator systems to post regenerator heat recovery systems. It is good to see that a broader perspective is being brought to the capital investment decisions made by glass industry board members. Energy is costly and as an industry it has been focussed on reducing that primary cost for a number of years. However, we all want to melt and sell glass so it is not always possible to reduce that primary cost. So we have to work smarter and energy efficiency can work in several ways that makes better use of the energy we use and recover where possible. Waste heat recovery from furnaces has developed remarkably in the past couple of decades and belies the long-held view that you ended up running the furnace to maximise the heat recovery rather than melt glass. Not everyone has subscribed to this view, as revealed when I was asked to review a proposed new container plant in a former eastern block country (incidentally an EU member now). The plans showed a furnace drawing with a steam turbine electricity generator on the down stream waste gas flue. This in itself may not have been a problem, but the electrical output had been factored into the calculations for provision of the electrical load for the furnace, production machines and
lehrs. In effect, they were saying that the furnace would produce electricity to keep itself running. The plant engineer was a former Soviet nuclear missile decommissioning engineer and when asked where that power would come from when the generator was off line his answer was that the supplier had said that ‘the system is very reliable’. British Glass estimates that 370,000 MWh of energy could be saved each year by recovering heat from UK glass factories
- a saving of 200,000 tonnes of CO2. Batch and cullet preheating can play a part in this, but is there the political and industry will to take further advantage of this substantial amount of energy? At the other end of the plant there is much that can be done to improve energy utilisation by making more good, saleable products from the glass that has already been melted and conditioned. Improvements in conditioning control allow us to present thermally and compositionally homogeneous glass
to the forming machines, and yet how many of us know what our ‘gobs’ really look like? Are they the correct shape, weight and temperature? Do we rely on the fact that the products are good to tell us that the gob must be OK? The measurement of gob characteristics has developed enormously over the past few years as solid state technology has advanced. It is now so effective that it could be thought of as an energy efficiency device as it can have a direct effect on pack rate. At the start of all this is, of course, the glass - and what better way to maximise energy efficiency than to melt it properly in the first place, so that every tonne delivered to the forming process is as good as it can be and the same as the previous and following tonnes. This is not a glassmaker’s fantasy, many firms are doing this on a regular basis, but the real goal is to do it 24/7/365. As strange as it may seem, employees are also part of the energy efficiency mix. Well-trained and motivated staff can make an enormous difference to how we make every tonne of glass count. Primary energy use is important but taking a more holistic approach to energy efficiency can and has paid dividends for many glassmakers. r
*John Henderson, Henderson Technology, Sheffield, UK. Email: johnhenderson19@btinternet.com Website: www.hendersontechnology.com
40 Glass International September 2015
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Decoration
Ready-made frosting INNOVATION
in Pressure Testing
Ilaria Colombo* discusses the acid-etching decoration process, commonly referred to as frosting. and flat glass industry. The company has products for every need and the ability to create formulas ‘on demand’. From the early years of the 2000s until today, production has tripled and Satinal has gone from being the name of a product to the name of a company that is known throughout the world. Satinal is a chemical frosting/etching powder that is used to obtain a uniform velvety matte effect on hollow and flat glass. Satinal is specifically used for the chemical acid etching/frosting of glass bottles for the beverage industry, glass containers and jars for the cosmetic industry, glass lamps for the lighting industry and tableware in general. The acid etching (or glass frosting) is a chemical decorative process for hollow and flat glass. The glass surface is chemically attacked, which produces a superficial roughness, creating the typical frosted appearance (also called ‘matte effect’). Unlike the mechanical process (sandblasting), ‘chemical’ etching has no negative effect on glass resistance, which maintains its impact and temperature resistance. Products of Satinal lines are of our own formulation and manufacturing, composed of a balanced mixture of selected ground and blended inorganic salts that, when dissolved in hydrofluoric or hydrochloric acid, form a solution able to produce fine quality surface frosting. This kind of frosting can be executed on glass sheets, containers (bottles, vials and jars for cosmetics), lighting systems (lamps and bulbs) and other objects.
*Sales Manager, Satinal, Milan, Italy www.satinal.it
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S
atinal is the name of a product created at the end of the 1960s by the Lucchini brothers, owners of a small company that supplied raw materials to the glass industry near Milan, Italy. In those years, the frosting process, discovered almost a century before, had become popular in certain sectors of the glass industry, such as lighting, cosmetics and beverages. This was particularly true in Italy and France, where the glass industry has a tradition of manufacturing glass for these purposes. During that period, companies that specialised in manufacturing glass that featured this kind of process had to produce the frosting product on their own, with all the associated risks involved with quality and security. A ready-mixed, ready for use compound did not exist on the market. The Lucchini brothers took the initiative and formulated a pre-mixed recipe that was ready for use and appropriately packaged in a way that was easy for the operators to handle and easy to ship throughout the world. It was the birth of Satinal, whose name is the union of the words ‘satin’, (representing something pleasing to the touch) and the first letters of the creators' names. At the beginning of the 21st century, the new market conditions and the increasingly stringent rules on security and health caused the Lucchini company to sell the Satinal formula to the present owner, who worked on a product relaunch and invested in new equipment and human resources. Satinal is a company with customers all around the world that specialises in the production of compounds for the hollow
41 Glass International September 2015
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Industry report: Glass Alliance
The EU glass industry in 2014-2015 The Glass Alliance has published its overview of EU glass industry activity for 2014-2015, taking into account production levels, import and export trade, and employment figures.
T
he EU-28 glass production volume in 2014 was more than 33 million tonnes, an increase of 2% compared to 2013 but still lower by 10% to 2007 pre-crisis level. It proves that a difficult economic climate still persists for the EU glass industry. The production level still maintains the EU as the largest glass producer in the world with a market share of around one-third of the total global market. Germany remains the EU’s largest producer with about one fifth of the volume, closely followed by France, Spain, Italy and the UK (Fig. 1). Some glass sectors stabilised or slightly increased its production, which is certainly the case for container glass and flat glass (Fig. 2). In terms of overseas trade from third countries, imports from Asian countries, and in particular China, remained large competitors. Extra EU-28 exports decreased by 6.3% in volume in 2014 but stabilised at +1.6% in value compared to 2013. Exports varied from subsector to subsector and are of greatest importance
40
37.4 36.5 35.8 36.4
32.8 34.4
35.7
Outlook
Evolutions in production and employment, as well as in the origin of imports into the EU, are different between glass sectors. After the recession in 2012 though the glass sectors have continued to stabilise since 2013 thanks to slightly better market conditions and a consumer confidence that was particularly noticeable in the second semester of 2014. It is hard to make projections for 2015 but one can pre-empt a possible improvement of market conditions with, in parallel, an ever-challenging manufacturing climate. Investment outside Europe has materialised and will probably lead to higher imports as demand improves. At the same time, the question about long-term future in the revised ETS legislation (ETS sector – 43% by 2030) and structural change might entail extra costs.
Behind these 2014 numbers aggregated at the level of the whole glass industry, it is important to realise that the situations are different in each sector.
Glass Alliance Europe, Brussels, Belgium www.glassallianceeurope.eu/en
to the special glass and tableware sectors. The EU-28’s four major clients in volume are the rest of Europe (50%) including Switzerland (14%), Turkey (9%) and Russia (6.5%), followed by the USA (11.4%) and Far East Asia (7.7%) including China (3%) (Fig. 3). As for extra-EU imports in EU-28, in 2014 they remained stable in volume but increased by 9.6% in value compared to 2013. The Far East accounted for 52%, including 43% from China alone; the rest of Europe (32%), including Turkey (9%); Switzerland (10%) and the USA (4.8%). The number of employees has declined since 2005 (Fig. 4). The EU-28 glass industry currently employs about 180,000 people (including processors), which means an on-going decrease of 25.3% since 2005 and by 0.6% compared to 2013.
40 33.5
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z Fig 1. EU glass production (million tonnes). 7
4 3
Billion Euros
‘000 Tonnes -6.3%
300.000 250.000
+9.6% ‘000 Tonnes
2013
200.000
-0.3%
2014
150.000
Eur 2013
2
Eur 2014
1 0
Exports
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
z Fig 2. Production evolution within glass sectors. Billion Euros
+1.6%
Imports
z Fig 3. External trade levels.
Flat glass
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
5
Domestic Container
0
6
Reinforcement GF
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Employment in EU-28 232.948 229.751
213.618
202.040 198.705 190.758
184.617 181.544180.353
100.000 50.000 2005
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z Fig 4. Employment in the EU-28 glass industry.
42 Glass International September 2015
Glass alliance.indd 1
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GLASSMAN 10-11 May 2016, ADNEC, Abu Dhabi
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WHERE THE HOLLOW GLASS INDUSTRY G MEETS TO DO BUSINESS 10-11 May 2016, ADNEC, Abu Dhabi
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Decoration
Acid etched decorative glass for architecture and design Elettra Bresciani* highlights acid-etched decoration glass.
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I
talian company OmniDecor is involved in the acid-etched glass sector. The company exports its products all around the world and is known in the architectural and design fields for the look of its decorated float glass. OmniDecor’s most distinctive product is the decorative glass DecorFlou Design, which originates from a selective industrial etching process which pays attention to detail. Constant research and attention to style trends are the strong points behind this product. Thanks to a cooperation with international designers, DecorFlou Design is today available in a variety of patterns and colours, to bring the value of ‘Made in Italy’ products to the international scene. This offering of acid-etched decorative glass is completed by its DecorFlou Window and DecorFlou Fade brands, which answer the functional needs of the architectural world without leaving asidethe decorative aspect. The alternation between glossy finishing and etching gives the decorated surfaces a variable three-dimensional appearance, which varies with different light conditions.
Selective etching DecorFlou Design is an architectural glass, decorated with modern textures given by selective etching on one or both sides of the glass sheet: this is the most important part of the production, where OmniDecor brings all its experience in glass manufacturing. The high light transmission of the DecorFlou acid-etched glass sheets is enhanced in DecorFlou Design, thanks to the decorations created by designers. The textures and patterns for interiors evolve
continuously and custom designs can be also created for specific projects. DecorFlou Fade is a solution that meets technical and aesthetic needs, for applications where light and privacy are required: glass doors, office walls or shower enclosures are enhanced by a gradient effect that modernises the traditional appearance of acid-etched glass. The gradient effect is created from an entirely etched surface, where a dense pattern of ovals at the bottom slightly thins out to reach full transparency at the top of the glass sheet. A series of small decorations breaks up the etching of DecorFlou Window, a glass conceived for double-glazed units to filter light and grant privacy at the same time. Its simple but captivating look makes it a versatile and modern alternative to patterned glass. The decorative acid-etched glass in the DecorFlou Window collection offers durability over time with an attractive appearance. OmniDecor etched surfaces are scratchproof, fingerprint-proof and are recyclable. r
*Marketing ManagerOmniDecor, Mosciano Sant’Angelo, Italy www.omnidecor.it
44 Glass International September 2015
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Inspection
SAGCO invests in Heye technology G ermany’s Heye International has worked closely with the Middle East’s largest glass container producer to support continuous investment in its cold end quality control equipment. Eight of Heye’s SmartLine inspection machines have been sold to Saudi Arabian Glass Co (SAGCO) for its glass manufacturing facility in Jeddah. SAGCO combines sound management expertise with the successful application of advanced glass forming technology. It produces glass packaging for domestic and international customers in the soft drinks, food and dairy sectors. The company commenced production in 1985 and has five furnaces serving 13 production lines, producing more than 1000 tonnes of flint, green and amber glass every day. Heye International’s HiShield SmartLine inspection technology (pictured) provides flexibility through high modularity. It is equally suitable for high speed lines and large, non-round containers, so many inspection modules
are possible. SmartLine’s inspection solutions can be configured in different ways, with up to six inspection stations available to check the container attributes. These include planity (flatness) and tightness, finish diameters, container height, finish and shoulder checks, bottom and heel checks, body checks, wall thickness inspection (non-contact), defects on the finish surface (line over finish), ovality of the body, mould number reading (dot and digital codes) and dark check inspection.
The equipment delivers real-time control, based on the latest industry-PC standards. Electronic components are regularly upgraded, with long-term availability of parts and tooling provided. SmartLine combines reliable, flexible and innovative inspection solutions that guarantee a safe investment decision. r
Heye International, Obernkirchen, Germany www.heye-international.com
Digital decoration Alessandro Ghirardini* discusses the latest CMYK digital printing technology from Fermac.
The Jet Art can print onto any shaped item, including cylindrical, flat, conical, oval and square. According to Fermac, the use of UV LED curing technology offers advanced capabilities, operating economics, and environmental advantages for machine
builders and end users. The UV LED technology also means it is possible to pack the glassware just after the printing, without carrying out any post treatment such as a low temperature lehr or a conventional UV curing system with an electric arc lamp. The first printing station includes white ink jet printing plus four-colour process with an automatic feeding unit from Konica Minolta (27m/min). There is some pinning in between each colour and the machine’s design enables it to do the pinning just after the jetting of the ink. This concept offers the best resolution whatever the profile. On the second station, there is a final cure system. It is also possible to install a transparent overprinting varnish for special effect.
Digital printing machines Fermac develops and designs a variety of digital printing machines that can be installed on different versions: r Linear version CNC: CL01, CL02, FLEX NUM r Rotary version Motion or CNC: RUV or FXX Fermac’s R&D team is working on different types of pre-treatment, applicable to the various industrial sectors such as cosmetic & perfume, spirits and tableware, and this latest Jet Art machine is able to decorate at 360° on shaped profiles. Fermac has registered several patents for the application of digital printing on to 3D objects, particularly for rotary base objects such as RUV or FXX version. r
*Sales Manager, Fermac, Italy www.fermac.it/website/
www.glass-international.com
F
ermac has unveiled its latest digital printing machine equipped with two servo driven stations. This computerised numerical control (CNC) based machine includes white plus four-colour process CMYK ink jet printing heads with UV LED (ultraviolet light-emitting-diode) curing technology. The Jet Art has all the functions of the CL02 machine: r Self learning device; r Tilting device for conical object; r 360° shape profile for printing and UV curing.
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Obituary
Former Calumite President Dave Myers died in early June after a battle with cancer. Mr Myers was a popular industry stalwart wellknown for his work on the Redox project.
T
ributes have been paid to Dave Myers, a former glass worker who spent more than 40 years in the glass industry. Dave Myers began his career working for Kerr Glass, but it was at the Calumite Company in the USA where he spent most of his working life and was a President between 2005 and 2011. He was fascinated by glass from an early age and was particularly interested in raw materials and furnace operations. He also authored papers on glass and attended every Glass Problems conference from the 1970s until last year’s seminar in Columbus in 2014. His widow, Kathleen, led the tributes to her husband. She said: “Dave devoted more than 40 years to his profession, where he was a leader and integral team member. “Dave always put others before himself and was loved by his friends and family. He is known best for his kindness and generosity. “He was truly one of a kind and knew how to make everyone feel comfortable and feel good about themselves. “His children Doug Myers, Suzanne and Jason Keffer, and Gretchen and Josh Ballum, and his grandchildren Jack, Emma, Logan, Dylan, and Brooke will miss their loving father and grandfather.”
www.glass-international.com
Career After graduating with a chemistry degree from Elizabethtown College, PA, USA, he worked in the glass lab at Kerr Glass in Dunkirk, Indiana. He was snapped up by Calumite in 1971, where he remained working until his death earlier this year. He became a President at Calumite in 2005 until his semi-retirement in 2011. In 2013 Dave became a retained consultant at Calumite and was actively involved with the business until days before his passing.
Farewell to popular industry veteran “He was truly one of a kind and knew how to make everyone feel comfortable and feel good about
”
themselves.
His career with the company saw him based in Trenton NJ, until the corporate headquarters was moved to Boca Raton FL. He was involved in the establishment of the Calumite operations in the UK and Luxembourg, and was particularly active with its business in Japan. During his varied career with the company he became known for his work on the Redox project. When Dave joined Calumite he was assigned the project, with the aim of refining it and using it in the company’s general domestic sales programme. Dave enthusiastically dived in and developed a computer programme to work with the various glass formulas of both customers and prospects. With Dave at the technical helm Calumite’s sales grew, and word of its success reached Europe and Japan. Calumite was asked to expand its operations abroad and Dave played a major part in the expansion and consequentially became well-known overseas. He enjoyed working with glass engineers in the countries where Calumite was located, and took great satisfaction from helping the engineers to make better glass. Dave also spent time working with the Calumite lab, specifically Franz Drier, Chief Chemist and with Jack Hopkins, an Executive with the company. He worked with industry customers on improving their batches so that they
could reduce and save on energy, while also improving the quality of their products. David’s work with Redox led to a muchimproved amber glass standard, which was of particular interest as it is generally a more difficult glass to stabilise. With Redox he could provide an amber formula from his desk in the USA for a customer based anywhere in the world. In later years he also became interested in float glass but it is with redox and amber glass that he is remembered. He authored several papers about glass redox and colour control. In particular, his paper with Bill Simpson in 1978, ‘The Redox Number Concept and its use by the Glass Technologist’, is still referenced and used to this day. As well as this, his paper, ‘Amber Glass – 40 years of Lessons Learned’, co-authored with his long time glass industry contact, Phil Ross, demonstrated his desire to help everyone involved in glassmaking by sharing his extensive knowledge. This paper was given at the 66th Conference on Glass Problems in the USA. He died on June 1 after being diagnosed with cancer, and will be much missed by all who knew him. Dave is also survived by his brother Dane Myers and his wife Sue, and several nieces and nephews.
Dave Myers Feb 28,1943 - June 1, 2015.
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Gulf Glass 2015 September 14th-16th 2015 Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Centre. CONTACT: gulfglass@dmgeventsme.com www.glassinthegulf.com ICG Annual Meeting The International Commission on Glass are this year meeting in Bangkok. September 20th-23rd 2015 Bangkok, Thailand. CONTACT: montana@optimum.co.th www.icgbangkok2015.com Glassman Latin America September 22nd-23rd 2015 Expo Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico. CONTACT: kenclark@quartzltd.com www.glassmanevents.com IHS Chemical Soda Ash Business Outlook Conference The theme is ‘New Energy Paradigm and Soda Ash’. September 29th-30th 2015 Barcelona, Spain. www.ihs.com/events Vitrum 2015 International trade show for flat, bent and hollow glass. October 6th-9th 2015 Fiera Milano exhibition complex, Milan, Italy. www.vitrum-milano.com/en XXX A.T.I.V. Conference This year’s theme is ‘Advances in Glass Processing: Key innovation topics in hollow and flat glass’. October 8th 2015 Fiera Milano exhibition complex, Milan, Italy. www.ativ-online.it Luxe Pack Monaco Packaging exhibition for specialist luxury products. October 21st-23rd 2015 Grimaldi Forum, Monaco. www.luxepack.com/accueil.php Glasstech Asia 2015 A platform for industry players to tap into the growing South-East Asian market. November 19th-21st 2015 Jakarta, Indonesia www.glasstechasia.com.sg
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The glassmaker’s diary
Events world
Glassman Middle East 2016 The Glassman exhibition and conference returns to the Middle East for the first time since 2009. May 10th-11th 2016 Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre, UAE. CONTACT: jeremyfordrey@quartzltd.com kenclark@quartzltd.com www.glassmanevents.com
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