TEST BANK
A HISTORY OF WORLD SOCIETIES COMBINED VOLUME 10TH EDITION BY JOHN MCKAY, PATRICIA BUCKLEY, ROGER BECK, MERRY WIESNER HANKS, JERRY DAVILA TEST BANK (ANSWERS AT THE END OF EACH CHAPTER) Chapter 01_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. What are some of the problems in using evidence from contemporary gatherer societies to study early humans?
2. How did early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa into other parts of the world? Where did they go, and how early did they reach those places?
3. What were the key features of Paleolithic food attainment and Paleolithic diets?
4. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What changed in those relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in supporting or arguing against these theories?
5. What is the relationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?
6. How did material goods create, define, and perpetuate social hierarchies in Neolithic societies?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studied more recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about recent gatherer societies was written by external sources and thus includes their biases and expectations, such as the inferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern foragers or gatherers are truly isolated from the influence of other agricultural or industrial cultures. Also, this approach assumes that gatherer societies are somehow static and remain unchanged over many centuries, which ignores the evidence of how adaptable such societies really are. 2. Answer would ideally include: Homo erectus migrated out of East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa. This migration took place 2 million years ago. As early as 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus had spread to Asia, reaching China and Java by 1.5 million years ago. These migrations took place over land, along coastline routes. Because sea levels were lower then, individuals could cross from the mainland of China to Java on foot. Homo erectus also moved northward from Africa, into Spain by 800,000 years ago and into Germany 500,000 years ago. In each of these places, they adapted hunting and gathering techniques to the local environment. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Paleolithic diet consisted of a combination of plants and animal protein. Paleolithic peoples foraged for their food, engaging in what we would consider a combination of hunting, scavenging, and gathering. Most of what they ate were plants. Animal protein often came from scavenged foods like insects and shellfish rather than being hunted directly. It is unknown as to whether labor was divided between genders, but in today's foraging societies, there is some division, with men engaging in hunting large animals and women responsible for gathering plants and small animals. It took between ten and twenty hours per week to gather food, but this number varied depending on environmental factors and group decisions. Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage for their diet, they expended energy and, in general, avoided diseases common in sedentary societies. Life spans were kept in check by accidents, injuries, and infections. 4. Answer would ideally include: Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor, which was recognized as equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and both participated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society one person may have emerged as a leader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person was almost always a man. It is more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of plow agriculture, society became more hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite status. Women were limited to the home or enclosed spaces, and land inheritance favored men over women. Evidence for
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gender roles in the Neolithic period comes from later written traditions. 5. Answer would ideally include: Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It requires humans to live in close contact with their herd animals, thus exposing humans to various animal-borne diseases, such as smallpox. Initially, exposure to diseases may have caused higher mortality rates in pastoralist societies, but over time, humans would have developed some resistance to them. Foragers were not exposed to these diseases and thus did not develop any resistance to them. When a pastoralist society encountered a forager society, this might have led the former to expose the latter to deadly pathogens. 6. Answer would ideally include: The possession of material goods—such as livestock, dwelling structures, plows, carts, and pots—indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to acquire material goods. The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled. This indicated status; to control labor was to have a higher status than others. Having material goods gave one the ability to acquire yet more material goods and to continue to acquire status. Material goods, along with land, could also constitute an inheritance, and thus perpetuate status into the next generation.
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Chapter 01_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-15: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. pastoralism b. Neanderthals c. division of labor d. animism e. social hierarchies f. patriarchy g. Paleolithic era h. Agricultural Revolution g. foraging h. shamans i. Neolithic era j. hominids k. horticulture l. megafaunal extinction m. domesticated
1. Period during which humans used tools of stone, bone, and wood and obtained food by gathering and hunting. Roughly 250,000–9,000 B.C.E.
2. Dramatic transformation in human history resulting from the change from foraging to raising crops and animals.
3. Period beginning in 9000 B.C.E. during which humans obtained food by raising crops and animals and continued to use tools primarily of stone, bone, and wood.
4. Members of the family Hominidae that contains humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
5. Die-off of large animals in many parts of the world about 15,000–10,000 B.C.E., caused by climate change and perhaps human hunting.
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6. Divisions between rich and poor, elites and common people, that have been a central feature of human society since the Neolithic era. _
7. A style of life in which people gain food by gathering plant products, trapping or catching small animals and birds, and hunting larger prey.
8. Idea that people, animals, plants, natural occurrences, and other parts of the physical world have spirits.
9. Differentiation of tasks by gender, age, training, status, or other social distinction.
10. Social system in which men have more power and access to resources than women and some men are dominant over other men.
11. Group of Homo erectus with brains as large as those of modern humans that flourished in Europe and western Asia between 150,000 and 30,000 years ago.
12. Crop raising done with hand tools and human power.
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13. An economic system based on herding flocks of goats, sheep, cattle, or other animals.
14. Plants and animals modified by selective breeding so as to serve human needs; these animals will behave in specific ways and breed in captivity.
15. Spiritually adept men and women who communicated with the unseen world.
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Answer Key 1. g. Paleolithic era 2. h. Agricultural Revolution 3. i. Neolithic era 4. j. hominids 5. l. megafaunal extinction 6. e. social hierarchies 7. g. foraging 8. d. animism 9. c. division of labor 10. f. patriarchy 11. b. Neanderthals 12. k. horticulture 13. a. pastoralism 14. m. domesticated 15. h. shamans
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Chapter 01_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. How is the term species generally defined? A) A group of organisms that can communicate with one another B) A group of organisms that will share food with one another C) A group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring of both sexes D) A group of organisms that originate from a different ancestor
2. During which of the following periods did the ancestor common to both chimpanzees and humans probably live? A) 3 to 5 million years ago B) 5 to 7 million years ago C) 10 to 12 million years ago D) 12 to 14 million years ago
3. Scientists used which of the following to label the first periods of human history? A) The material used for tools B) The height of the human form C) Language ability and skill level D) The location of human settlements
4. Although the date varies by location, when did the shift to agriculture first occur? A) 3000 B.C.E. B) 15,000 B.C.E. C) 9000 B.C.E. D) 1000 B.C.E.
5. What term is used for the first fully bipedal hominid known to paleontologists? A) Ardipithecus B) Homo habilis C) Australopithecus D) Homo sapiens
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6. Where have the majority of Australopithecus skeletal remains been found? A) The Sahara Desert B) The Great Rift Valley C) Jericho Valley D) The Island of Java
7. How did Homo erectus differ from modern humans? A) Homo erectus had a slightly smaller brain size than modern humans. B) Homo erectus had no capacity for making and using tools. C) Homo erectus lived in larger groups than modern humans. D) Homo erectus shared food preparations and gathering.
8. How Homo erectus migrate from China about 1.5 million years ago to settle on Java? A) By sailing woven grass boats B) By walking over land C) By floating on planks D) By paddling canoes
9. Where did Homo sapiens first evolve? A) The Black Sea region B) The Nile Valley C) China D) East Africa
10. Why were better social skills especially important for early human females? A) They needed help with food gathering. B) They needed help with home building. C) They needed help attracting a mate. D) They needed help with child rearing.
11. Which of the following skills did Homo sapiens acquire around 25,000 years ago? A) The capacity to weave cloth B) The capacity to make tools from stone C) The capacity to domesticate sheep D) The capacity to use fire for warmth
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12. Which of the following is evidence that Neanderthals understood death to have a symbolic meaning? A) They drew pictures of the dead on walls. B) They buried the dead with symbolic objects. C) They wrote stories about the meaning of death. D) They built large funerary monuments.
13. The Neanderthals of Europe were a branch of what hominid group? A) Homo sapiens B) Homo habilis C) Australopithecus D) Homo erectus
14. Between 1 and 4 percent of the DNA in modern humans is shared with what early hominid? A) Homo sapiens B) Cro-Magnon C) Neanderthals D) Australopithecus
15. Which of the following allowed Homo sapiens to migrate to Australia and New Guinea? A) Simple rafts B) Land bridges C) Large boats D) Swimming
16. What was one of the results of endogamy? A) An increase in fertility B) A lack of diversity of languages C) The inability of Homo sapiens to mate with one another D) Differences in physical features and spoken language
17. The term forager is now used by historians instead of what traditional term? A) Hunter-gatherer B) Stone-age man C) Caveman D) First people
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18. Which of the following foods dominated the diet of Paleolithic foragers? A) Trapped animals B) Fish C) Hunted animals D) Plants
19. Paleolithic humans may have encouraged the growth of new plants by doing what? A) Planting seeds B) Hunting large game C) Harvesting crops D) Setting fires
20. How many hours a week did early foragers generally spend gathering food? A) One to three hours B) Forty hours C) Fifty hours or more D) Ten to twenty hours
21. Which of the following is true of Paleolithic mating patterns? A) Most Paleolithic humans sought mates from outside their kinship groups. B) Mates were usually selected from within the same kinship group. C) Most mates were purchased from a distant tribal group. D) Mates were generally people taken captive in conflict.
22. The burial sites of Paleolithic humans reveal that they believed that all things and natural occurrences had which of the following? A) Meaning B) Economic value C) Danger D) Spirits
23. What did Paleolithic peoples believe about dead members of their kinship groups? A) That the dead were gone forever B) That deceased family members were still with them C) That the dead became new gods D) That the dead would return one day
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24. Who in Paleolithic society was believed to regularly receive messages from the spirit world? A) The chief B) The shaman C) The king D) The warriors
25. What was one of the shaman's primary duties? A) Healing the sick B) Leading the war band C) Harvesting crops D) Leading building projects in urban areas
26. What discovery marks the transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic? A) Stone tools B) Religion C) Burial D) Agriculture
27. What major climate change occurred about 15,000 years ago? A) Temperatures warmed and glaciers melted. B) Monsoon patterns began. C) Temperatures became slightly colder. D) El Niño wind patterns first developed.
28. What term describes a crop that has been modified by selective breeding? A) Trained B) Marketed C) Domesticated D) Husbanded
29. Horticulture refers to the growing of plants using what tool? A) Clubs B) Plows C) Digging sticks D) Sickles
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30. Beginning about 9000 B.C.E., people in the Fertile Crescent began to domesticate what crop? A) Yams B) Wheat C) Squash D) Rice
31. How did women's work change as a result of settled agriculture? A) Women were responsible for working the fields while their husbands hunted. B) Women became merchants because they now had time to produce things to sell. C) Women continued to be quite mobile and continued to add to family diet through foraging. D) Women likely began to spend more time tending to household needs.
32. How did the amount of labor required for horticulture compare to that for foraging? A) Horticulture required less time and labor than foraging. B) Horticulture required more time and labor than foraging. C) Horticulture required the same amount of time and labor as foraging. D) Horticulture required more time and labor than foraging, but only during harvesting season.
33. By 4000 B.C.E., how far north of the Fertile Crescent had horticulture spread? A) To Britain B) To Scandinavia C) To Ethiopia D) To Russia
34. Potatoes and quinoa were domesticated by 3000 B.C.E. in what region? A) Indus Valley B) Western United States C) Andes Mountains D) Fertile Crescent
35. What species of animal did humans domesticate around 15,000 years ago? A) Sheep B) Dogs C) Cattle D) Horses
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36. Which of the following was a consequence of humans living in close proximity with animals? A) Humans had an easier time domesticating animals. B) Humans spread disease to animals, leading to the extinction of some species. C) Humans were exposed to more pathogens. D) Humans began to consider animals as property.
37. Animal domestication led to humans becoming able to digest which of the following? A) Milk B) Meat C) Grain D) Minerals
38. The natural herding instinct of what animal paved the way for pastoralism? A) Pigs B) Yaks C) Humans D) Sheep
39. Beginning in the sixth millennium B.C.E., people attached wooden sticks to frames and pack animals to use as a simple version of what developing technology? A) Weapons B) Fences to mark boundaries of territory C) Early threshers D) Plows
40. How did the moldboard plow aid early farmers? A) It turned over soil, breaking it up for easier planting. B) It planted seeds as it moved through the soil. C) It helped to harvest crops. D) It made straighter furrows.
41. In most Neolithic communities, which group of people were the first to work out written codes of law? A) Craftsmen B) Priests C) Warriors D) Farmers
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42. Every society that has left a written record was organized around what important hierarchical system? A) Patriarchy B) Theocracy C) Pastoralism D) Matriarchy
43. What is depicted in the earliest Egyptian hieroglyph for weaving? A) Children weaving B) A loom and shuttle C) Sheep being sheared D) A woman with a shuttle
44. Which of the following was an important feature of the houses of Çatal Hüyük? A) They were constructed without roofs. B) Elites lived in round houses with two doors. C) They were made of mud brick. D) They were spaced far apart to combat disease.
45.
For what did Neolithic peoples use obsidian? A) It was melted to construct plow blades. B) It was used to make knives and blades. C) It was easily carved into storage jars. D) It was woven into carpets to make them stronger.
46. What alloy is created by mixing copper with another metal such as arsenic? A) Iron B) Steel C) Tin D) Bronze
47. Why did Neolithic peoples build circular structures? A) It helped them to predict where best to herd their animals. B) Circular structures were believed to predict the movements of the stars. C) Circular structures were believed to possess magical powers to help people know where to migrate next. D) Priests taught their populations that building large circular structures would ensure a large harvest for years to come.
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48. What characteristics did the gods of polytheistic Neolithic societies develop? A) They took on social hierarchies and had specific labor responsibilities. B) They were originally believed to resemble people but later were depicted as animals. C) They were always depicted as strong animals. D) They were seen as heavenly creatures with wings.
49. As Neolithic religious structures became more hierarchical, what was the purpose of the most important religious practice? A) Ensuring military success B) Granting a special skill C) Foretelling the future D) Ensuring fertility
50. By what time was the Bronze Age well under way? A) 10,000 B.C.E. B) 7500 B.C.E. C) 5000 B.C.E. D) 2500 B.C.E.
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Answer Key 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. D 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. C 37. A 38. D 39. D 40. A 41. B 42. A 43. D 44. C
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45. B 46. D 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. D
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Chapter 01_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What evidence and characteristics do scientists use to place animals, such as humans, in a particular classification, such as a kingdom, order, or family?
2. How did climate affect the development of human cultures during the Pleistocene epoch?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages to Homo sapiens in having a larger forebrain?
4. Historians used to call Paleolithic peoples hunter-gatherers but now prefer the term foragers. What does this terminology shift indicate about Paleolithic peoples' daily lives?
5. What kinds of animals were lost in the megafaunal extinctions at the end of the last Ice Age, and what role did humans play in those extinctions?
6. What effect did the domestication of plants have on human population growth?
7. What advantages did the domestication of dogs provide to both dogs and humans?
8. What did humans learn about selective breeding from the domestication of sheep around 9000 B.C.E.?
9. What kinds of goods were created and traded at Çatal Hüyük? What do these goods indicate about Neolithic culture?
10. What kinds of religious rituals did Neolithic people develop? Who performed them?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: In order to classify an animal, scientists originally used evidence from externally visible characteristics, such as body elements, how these elements are used, and what other animals that animal resembles. A final important division results from the ability to interbreed. Recently, scientists have added DNA testing and other genetic evidence. 2. Answer would ideally include: The Pleistocene epoch, which began about 2.5 million years ago and ended 12,000 years ago, was the last major Ice Age. Glaciers and ice sheets covered much of the earth. Sea levels lowered, and what are now oceans were land masses that humans and other animals were able to cross, although they could not cross the ice sheets themselves. The ability to cross from one continent to another encouraged human migration into new environments; this in turn shaped how humans developed physically and culturally. 3. Answer would ideally include: Having a larger forebrain gave Homo sapiens greater capacity for conscious thought, the ability to think reflectively and to create a symbolic language, greater intelligence overall, and the ability to manipulate their immediate world. Homo sapiens could understand and explain the surrounding world and organize socially. Larger brains were a disadvantage in that they required more energy (or food) and made childbirth more difficult for bipedal mammals. Infants were born earlier and required more care after birth. 4. Answer would ideally include: Hunter-gatherer implies that the majority of food came from hunting and that the majority of time was spent hunting. In truth, Paleolithic peoples' diet may have depended more on gathered foods than hunted meat. This would indicate that more time was spent gathering than hunting. Foraging goes a step further and indicates how flexible and adaptable Paleolithic peoples were in searching for food. Foragers gathered plants, scavenged, and hunted. 5. Answer would ideally include: Most of the animals lost in the megafaunal extinction of 10,000 to 15,000 years ago were large mammals: wooly mammoths, mastodons, wooly rhinos, camels, horses, sloths, giant kangaroos, and wombats. Some animals became completely extinct, but others became extinct only in certain areas. Humans may have played a role in their extinction by hunting them, although a warming trend also contributed. 6. Answer would ideally include: The domestication of plants increased human population growth by providing infants with an alternative food source (crops yielding soft cereals gave infants a food source beyond breast milk alone). Not having to breast-feed for as long allowed women to have
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more pregnancies as they lost the birth-control effect of breast-feeding. More food meant decreased child mortality and longer life spans generally, increasing periods of fertility and leading to higher population growth. 7. Answer would ideally include: Dogs gained new food sources by sharing food with humans and safer surroundings as they came under the protection of humans. Humans gained assistance with hunting from the dogs' abilities to smell and track prey and extra body warmth from the dogs. Both dogs and humans also gained companionship. 8. Answer would ideally include: From observation and experimentation, humans learned that particular traits—such as size, temperament, strength, production of milk, and coat quality—could be manipulated by breeding those animals that had the desired characteristics. Humans learned that such characteristics were passed down from one generation of animals to the next. 9. Answer would ideally include: The people at Çatal Hüyük made textiles, pots, figurines, baskets, carpets, beads, and other decorative goods. Çatal Hüyük traded obsidian—which was used for knives, blades, and mirrors—with other towns for sea shells and flint. They also traded copper, which was used for jewelry and tools. All of these goods, plus the diversity of agricultural goods, indicate that Neolithic culture was sophisticated and not that different from modern culture. People made practical tools and objects, such as pots, but also purely decorative objects, such as beads. 10. Answer would ideally include: Neolithic societies had religious specialists—priests or shamans—who performed the rituals. Many of these involved giving the gods community-produced goods, whether agricultural, pastoral, or manufactured. In exchange for the goods, the gods were asked for favors, particularly concerning the fertility of the community, or were asked to ward off death and destruction.
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Chapter 02_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Describe some of the changes brought to Mesopotamian societies by the introduction of sustained agriculture.
2. Mesopotamia and Egypt were both sites of ancient civilizations. Describe each civilization in terms of its political structure, religion, society, and culture. How can we account for the similarities and differences between them?
3. Explain the differences and similarities between Phoenician, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian writing systems. Why was writing important to the development of each of these civilizations?
4. How did the worship of Yahweh by the Hebrews compare with how the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Persians worshiped their gods?
5. Explain the roles of women in Egyptian and Hebrew societies. Discuss similarities and differences.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Sustained agriculture in Mesopotamia required the building of irrigation canals for the crops, and thus required people to settle and defend one location. A division of labor followed. The concentration of populations led to the development of cities, with defensive walls, marketplaces, and public gathering sites such as assembly areas and temples. The emergent class system privileged priests, and a writing system was created to keep accounts. 2. Answer would ideally include: For politics, this description should include governmental organization, political and geographic unity, the role of the military, and the role of the priesthood. For religion, it should include the role and power of the priesthood, types and attitudes of the gods, and view of the afterlife. For society, it should address social structure, slavery, family, and gender. The description of culture should include such things as art and folktales. The similarities and differences between each should be explained based on such factors as historical development and geography. 3. Answer would ideally include: Phoenician scribes produced the first completely phonetic (i.e., sound-based) system of writing. At the core of this system was the first alphabet, which served as a foundation for many Western writing systems, including Greek and Roman. Scribes in Mesopotamia and Egypt did incorporate some symbols that represented sounds, but these were always used as part of a much larger system of ideograms. Answers should include some information on each specific writing system and, in the second part of the question, information on the importance of writing to religion, commerce, laws, and government administration. 4. Answer would ideally include: The essay will probably start with the most obvious difference in how the four religions thought about gods—that the Hebrews are monotheistic and believe that Yahweh is the only god, whereas the other three religions are polytheistic and worship many different gods. Although all four religions incorporate animal sacrifice in worship, the Hebrews also worship their god through their treatment of one another, following a specified moral code. 5. Answer would ideally include: Good essays will find that women in both societies had domestic obligations and economic opportunities. Most will note that women were never viewed as being as important as men. Some will likely mention the unusual role of Hatshepsut. Good essays will also compare the importance of marriage and fertility. While women in Egypt were frequently portrayed as companions to men, women in Hebrew society had a particularly important role in educating their children.
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Chapter 02_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-10: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Iron Age b. Yahweh c. cuneiform d. Zoroastrianism e. epic poem f. Indo-European languages g. polytheism h. Phoenicians i. pharaoh j. Hammurabi's law code
1. Sumerian form of writing; the term describes the wedge-shaped marks made by a stylus.
2. An oral or written narration of the achievements and sometimes the failures of heroes that embodies peoples' ideas about themselves.
3. A proclamation issued by Babylonian king Hammurabi to establish laws regulating many aspects of life.
4. The worship of many gods and goddesses.
5. A large family of languages that includes English, most of the languages of modern Europe, ancient Greek, Latin, Persian, Hindi, Bengali, and Sanskrit, the sacred tongue of ancient India.
6. Period beginning about 1100 B.C.E. when iron became the most important material for weapons and tools in some parts of the world.
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7. All-powerful god of the Hebrew people and the basis for the enduring religious traditions of Judaism.
8. Religion based on the teachings of Zoroaster that emphasized the individual's responsibility to choose between good and evil. _
9. People of the prosperous city-states in what is now Lebanon who traded and founded colonies throughout the Mediterranean and spread the phonetic alphabet.
10. The title given to the king of Egypt in the New Kingdom, from a word that meant “great house.”
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Answer Key 1. c. cuneiform 2. e. epic poem 3. j. Hammurabi's law code 4. g. polytheism 5. f. Indo-European languages 6. 1. Iron Age 7. b. Yahweh 8. d. Zoroastrianism 9. h. Phoenicians 10. i. pharaoh
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Chapter 02_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What material was used for writing in Mesopotamia? A) Animal bones B) Papyrus C) Soft clay D) Parchment
2. How did papyrus compare with clay tablets as a writing material? A) It was less prone to disintegration. B) It was more fragile and less likely to survive. C) It required a stylus to carve the symbols. D) It was more difficult to write on.
3. In general, how did residents of ancient cities tend to view residents of rural areas? A) City dwellers viewed themselves as more sophisticated. B) City dwellers saw themselves as equal to the farmers. C) City dwellers looked up to and envied those who lived in the country. D) City dwellers tried to imitate the people of the rural areas.
4. What method did early states use to control their populace? A) Exemption from taxation B) Promises of wealth C) Threats of violence D) Offers of free food
5. Social hierarchies in early states were usually heightened by the introduction of what state mechanism? A) Written laws B) Economic records C) Written religious texts D) Coinage
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6. In what region did the first known states develop? A) Egypt B) India C) Persia D) Mesopotamia
7. What natural feature in Sumer helped settled agriculture develop there first? A) Naturally occurring irrigation ditches that helped water the crops B) Rivers that brought new soil with annual floods C) Constant annual rainfall that irrigated the fields D) An abundance of labor to work the fields
8. What role did the first rulers of Ur, Uruk, and other Sumerian city-states play? A) Priests B) Merchants C) Farmers D) Scribes
9. Where did Sumerians build their large ziggurat temples? A) On the outskirts of the cities B) In the middle of crop fields C) On man-made islands in the river D) In the center of the city
10. Which of the following best describes a ziggurat-style temple? A) Underground cavern B) Floating island C) Beehive-shaped dome D) Stepped pyramid
11. Why did Sumerians likely begin a system of taxation? A) To pay for establishing a public school system B) To pay for the construction of temples and the expenses of temple officials C) To pay for the construction of libraries to hold cuneiform tablets D) To encourage economic growth and the development of market squares for traders
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12. To counter the temples' power, military leaders who became kings began to build what kinds of structures? A) Rival temples to worship war gods B) Public cemeteries to honor war dead as heroes C) Palaces to demonstrate the king's strength D) Marketplaces to highlight goods from conquered territories 13. Who were known as “clients” in Sumer? A) Free people who were dependent on the nobility B) Household slaves C) Destitute persons supported by the city temple D) Indentured servants who had contracts with local nobles
14. Who worked the land owned by the king, nobles, and temples in ancient Sumer? A) Hired laborers B) Priests in training C) Client farmers and slaves D) Scribes and soldiers
15. Why did older men have the most power in the Mesopotamian social system? A) Mesopotamian societies were patriarchal. B) The most important value in Mesopotamian society was reverence for elders. C) Older men tended to form political alliances with powerful priests. D) Older men presided over important ancestor-worship rituals.
16. Which of the following describes the earliest Sumerian writings? A) They were ideograms in which each sign symbolized an idea. B) They were pictographs in which each sign pictured an object. C) Each symbol represented a sound in the spoken language. D) They were written using the first known alphabet.
17. How did Sumerian scribes learn the cuneiform writing system? A) They were taught at special schools. B) Their fathers taught them at home. C) Priests were solely responsible for this important teaching. D) They were taught as part of their mandated training as members of the army.
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18. Sumerian scribes were trained largely to do what? A) To record religious texts and ritual manuals B) To write tax documents and legal cases C) To write official histories of royal families D) To keep property and wealth records
19. What is the key theme of the Epic of Gilgamesh? A) The duty of a soldier to serve the king B) The constant battle between good and evil C) The idea that men and women were created by magic D) Humanity's search for immortality
20. The Sumerian mathematical system was based on units of sixty, ten, and six and survives in what modern system? A) Calculus B) Musical notation C) Time measurement D) Square roots
21. Around 2300 B.C.E., what chieftain conquered Sumer and created an empire? A) Hammurabi B) Menes C) Akhenaten D) Sargon
22. How did Sargon reinforce his rule in Mesopotamia? A) He converted all the people to his Semitic religion. B) He tore down the defensive walls of major cities and appointed his own sons as rulers. C) He wrote the first law code. D) He claimed to be a descendant of the god Marduk.
23. How did religion contribute to Hammurabi's political success? A) He demonstrated his strength by forcing the exile of all Sumerian priests. B) He partitioned all of Mesopotamia into small political units governed by priests. C) He destroyed all existing Mesopotamian religions and forced acceptance of his Babylonian faith. D) He claimed that divine authority stood behind the laws that he established.
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24. What was the intended function of Hammurabi's code? A) To regulate the relationships among his people and promote their welfare B) To intimidate the common people in order to prevent social upheaval C) To protect the position of nobles and priests at the expense of the commoners D) To increase the nobility's power over the priesthood
25. According to Hammurabi's code, who controlled a woman's dowry after she married? A) A judge B) The woman's husband C) The woman's father D) The woman herself
26. What geographic feature had the largest impact on Egyptian culture and prosperity? A) The Sinai Desert B) The Nile River C) The Red Sea D) The Mediterranean Sea
27. How did Egyptians view the afterlife? A) As bleak and very frightening B) As pleasant C) As a place of punishment D) As a fictional realm that nonetheless inspired great wonder
28. According to Egyptian belief, the Nile's rise and fall was dictated by A) tides. B) Ra. C) the pharaoh. D) priests.
29. One of the earliest deities Egyptians worshiped was Amon, god of A) the sky. B) the underworld. C) the dead. D) fertility.
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30. For which of the following was a pharaoh believed to be responsible? A) Achieving integration between gods and humans B) Ruling over earth and sky C) Ensuring his people's safe passage to the afterlife D) Organizing Egypt's agricultural system
31. Egyptian hieroglyphs were recorded on papyrus sheets and on what else? A) Clay tablets B) Glass items C) Walls of tombs D) Clay pots
32. How did Egyptian and Mesopotamian women compare in terms of their ability to own and control property? A) Neither culture allowed women to own or control property independently. B) Mesopotamian women owned and controlled more property than Egyptian women. C) In both cultures, women were able to own and control property freely. D) Egyptian women owned and controlled more property than Mesopotamian women.
33. During what period did slavery become widespread in Egypt? A) Second Intermediate Period B) Old Kingdom C) New Kingdom D) First Intermediate Period
34. What important contribution did the Hyksos make to Egyptian society? A) They encouraged Egyptians to worship the god Amon. B) Their bronze technology and weaponry was adopted by Egyptians. C) As naval pioneers, they introduced the center-stern rudder to Egyptian ships. D) Their mathematicians introduced the abacus to Egypt.
35. How was the New Kingdom different from the previous Middle and Old Kingdoms? A) Pharaohs increasingly tried to ensure peace because they realized war was too expensive. B) In response to multiple social problems, pharaohs encouraged more religious activities. C) Egyptians now focused more on trade than on farming because the Nile became unpredictable. D) Egyptians now focused more on conquest of new territories and created the first Egyptian empire.
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36. Which of the following contributed to the expansion of slavery in the New Kingdom period? A) Economic problems forced families to sell children into slavery to pay off debts. B) As the Egyptian population diminished, the agricultural system required more laborers to maintain farming efficiency. C) Power struggles within the royal family led to more people becoming slaves. D) Focus on the conquest of other peoples resulted in slaves being brought back to Egypt from conquered territories.
37. Why was Akhenaten's interest in worship of a new sun-god Aten ultimately a failure? A) The elaborate worship rituals were too confusing. B) The hated and corrupt priesthood endorsed it. C) It was imposed from above and failed to find a place among the people. D) It attempted to do away with worship of the widely popular sun-god.
38. Why did the Hittites and Egyptians conclude a peace treaty in 1258 B.C.E.? A) Both sides were exhausted by war. B) The Egyptians signed to avoid a total defeat by the Hittites. C) The Hittites brutally conquered the Egyptians. D) Both sides recognized the impossibility of defeating the other.
39. Which civilization produced some of the best iron products in the world? A) India B) Sumer C) Meroë D) Persia
40. In 727 B.C.E., King Piye conquered and unified Egypt from his home kingdom of A) Kush. B) Phoenicia. C) Persia. D) Babylonia.
41. What was the Phoenicians' greatest cultural achievement? A) They developed settled agriculture. B) They developed the first sun-based calendar. C) They created the first fully phonetic alphabet. D) They were responsible for the composition of The Iliad.
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42. What remains our most important source of knowledge about ancient Jews? A) Archaeological excavations B) The Hebrew Bible C) Governmental records D) Oral epic histories
43. The Hebrews created a monarchy with Saul as leader by fighting what other Palestinian people in the eleventh century B.C.E.? A) Philistines B) Phoenicians C) Egyptians D) Assyrians
44. Which Hebrew leader captured the city of Jerusalem? A) Judah B) David C) Saul D) Solomon
45. What happened to the Hebrew kingdom after Solomon's death? A) Its leaders continued to consolidate politically. B) Conflict led to its split into two separate kingdoms. C) The kingdom was largely destroyed by an internal power struggle. D) Leaders gained the military protection of the Assyrians.
46. How did the Hebrew religion change as a result of the Babylonian Captivity? A) It was redefined and established as the law of Yahweh. B) It almost disappeared. C) It was exposed to Zoroastrianism. D) It was adopted by the Chaldeans.
47. How were children educated in ancient Israel? A) Education was left up to the father. B) Education took place in organized schools. C) Boys and girls attended school at the local temple. D) Education was a responsibility of both parents.
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48. Which of the following was true of the Assyrians? A) They were one of the most warlike people in history. B) They used shrewd diplomacy to carve out an empire. C) They united the small kingdoms of Phoenicia and the Jews to defeat Egypt. D) They were nomadic fighters who did not build or live in permanent towns.
49. In addition to his concept of empire, what was another characteristic that made Cyrus a remarkable warrior-king? A) His concern for economic development B) His effective assimilation of nomadic invaders into his kingdom C) His benevolence and humanity as a ruler D) His ability to coordinate an efficient bureaucracy over a vast region
50.
Which of the following was an important teaching of Zoroaster? A) Human actions were the result of manipulation by the gods. B) People possessed free will and were accountable for their actions. C) People's eternal fate was determined by the depth of their religious faith. D) All gods embodied good and truth, whereas only humans could be hateful or evil.
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Answer Key 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. D 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. B 27. B 28. C 29. A 30. A 31. C 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. D 36. D 37. C 38. D 39. C 40. A 41. C 42. B 43. A 44. B
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45. B 46. A 47. D 48. A 49. C 50. B
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Chapter 02_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What are some of the difficulties in using ancient writing as historical evidence?
2. What do different writing materials—clay tablets, bones, bamboo, etc.—reveal about the respective culture that used them? 3. How did historians of the eighteenth century define “civilization,” and what lasting problems has this created?
4. How did Sumer's geography influence the religious system created there?
5. How did a hereditary kingship and aristocracy develop in Sumer?
6. What factors helped Sargon and Hammurabi create some of the first empires?
7. What geographical factors shaped Egyptian civilization?
8. Describe the complex role of the pharaoh in Egyptian politics and religion.
9. Describe the relationship between Egypt and Nubia.
10. Explain why the Persians created a system of roads and how these roads benefited their empire.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The answer should discuss the difficulties in translation and in discovering the meaning behind written symbols. Many of the works survive only in copies of the original, and these copies might have been corrupted or changed in transcription. Additionally, because only texts that were at some point deemed important would have been copied multiple times—documents referring to political or military events, records of religious traditions, or writing from individuals achieving notoriety—what survives to today is a very selective sample of writing from any historical period. Written documents dealing with everyday life—particularly women's texts—are much rarer. 2. Answer would ideally include: The material used presents historians with much information about what materials were available to a culture locally and sometimes indicates something of the trade relations between cultures. Some writing materials are more “permanent” than others, so the kind of material used will also determine how much writing survives. Sometimes the permanence was intended (inscriptions in stone), and sometimes it was accidental (clay tablets that hardened). 3. Answer would ideally include: Eighteenth-century historians defined civilizations as societies with large-scale and complex organizations of law, politics, economics, and culture. This definition has created the concept of civilization as a natural progression from simple to complex. The earliest places that writing and cities developed were referred to as the “cradle of civilization.” These ideas also led to the assumption that all societies must go through the same stages and that any society that developed in a different way was therefore less advanced or less valued. This perspective resulted in a privileging of the Western model of societal development over other regional models. 4. Answer would ideally include: The geography of Sumer, as with all of Mesopotamia, made for an unpredictable climate. The Sumerians perceived violent flooding, extreme droughts, and other dangerous weather conditions as punishments meted out by mercurial and easily angered gods. Therefore, they used gifts and prayers as a means to appease the gods and maintain order. 5. Answer would ideally include: When Sumerian city-states faced military or environmental threats, they often turned to priests or military leaders to defend city walls against invaders or mobilize armies against the elements. Gradually these leaders became permanent and tried to establish hereditary dynasties; some formed alliances with other warriors, who also created dynasties. Power thus became hereditary. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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Both kings unified Mesopotamia by creating standing armies that could be used for both defense and conquest and formed alliances with other rulers when necessary. Sargon appointed family members to serve as religious administrators. Hammurabi also used religious justifications for his power, by claiming that his code came from his god. Both promoted uniform administration and trade within their city-states and with other cities. 7. Answer would ideally include: Egyptian civilization was shaped by the Nile River, although a particularly good answer might also mention the deserts. The Nile provided a path for communication and trade, as well as water to irrigate crops. The deserts protected Egypt from invasion. The predictability of the Nile's flooding helped to create stability in the Egyptian state. The Nile was viewed as a creative and comforting force. 8. Answer would ideally include: The pharaoh was seen as a living god-king and served as the focus of religious and political life during the Old Kingdom period (2660–2180 B.C.E.). He was one of many gods honored by the polytheistic Egyptians. One of his chief roles was to control the Nile's rise and fall. He was also responsible for the integration between the gods and humans. Like other humans, he was expected to have an afterlife. As a king, however, his afterlife needed the trappings of a king, which gave rise to the pyramids. 9. Answer would ideally include: The relationship between Egypt and Nubia was based on political control and trade. From Nubia, Egypt acquired ivory, gold, ebony, and other products from sub-Saharan Africa. During the New Kingdom, Egypt took over northern Nubia and introduced Egyptian religion and culture. In 727 B.C.E., the Nubian kingdom of Kush conquered Egypt and ruled there until the Kushites were driven out by the Assyrians in the seventh century B.C.E. 10. Answer would ideally include: The Persians built roads to aid trade and communication throughout the large empire. Roads linked the capital of Persepolis to all parts of the empire and made it easier for Persian rulers to administer to all parts of the empire and move troops for defense. The flow of trade encouraged further development and connection to the Red Sea and Nile River.
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Chapter 03_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. India was both protected from invasions and yet open to trade with other civilizations. Which geographical features provided protection from invasions, and which fostered trade with other civilizations?
2. What are possible theories about the cause of the Harappan civilization's collapse?
3. Why might the Aryans have been able to assume authority in northern India?
4. Describe the essential teachings of Buddha. How did Buddhism modify Hinduism? How can we explain the appeal of Buddhism?
5. In what ways did Indian civilizations interact with those outside India? What impact did contact with other civilizations have on the development of Indian civilization?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Oceans to the south surround the subcontinent of India. To the north are the Himalayas and dense forests or large deserts. These features helped to protect India as a region from invaders. However, the oceans, long coastlines, and predictable wind patterns also allowed for trade with other civilizations such as Mesopotamians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. India also occupied a central location in the trade routes for goods moving from Africa, the Middle East, and China. 2. Answer would ideally include: Archaeological evidence indicates that the Harappan urban centers and the port of Lothal were abandoned or had greatly reduced populations by approximately 2000 B.C.E. Historians no longer believe powerful invaders brought the decline. Theories about what caused the decline include environmental disasters such as earthquake or drought, the collapse of agriculture owing to a buildup of salts from irrigation, the collapse of long-distance trade, a devastating outbreak of disease, or any combination of these factors. 3. Answer would ideally include: Harappan society had been in decline for a number of generations. This, coupled with the Aryans' superior military technology, opened the door for a change in leadership. The Aryans most likely spread into the area over the course of several centuries. Additionally, the Aryans themselves were willing to make changes, as illustrated by their ready adoption of South Asian agricultural products and food. 4. Answer would ideally include: Buddha offered a solution to the Vedic problem of the wheel of life and the process of rebirth and re-death. He identified four noble truths: that suffering is inescapable, that suffering is caused by desires and attachment to worldliness, that people can recognize their attachments and overcome them, and that following the Eightfold Path of “right” behaviors and conducts allows one to overcome desire and suffering. Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism rejected the caste system and thus presented a path to salvation open to all people. Also, Buddha did not believe that the individual's identity continued to exist after death. The Eightfold Path presented a “middle way” between extreme asceticism and worldly life. Buddha, too, did not distinguish between male and female; he argued that each could achieve enlightenment—a policy that also applied to one's socioeconomic status. Because his optimistic message was not extreme, many people were drawn to Buddhism. 5. Answer would ideally include: Indian civilizations interacted with other civilizations via conquest and trade. The empires of both Persia and Alexander the Great both came into contact with the Indian civilization via their attempts to conquer parts of northern India. Both influenced the north by suggesting new ways to organize and administer an empire, such as the use of
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provinces and governors, as well as methods of taxation. Greek art and culture were also very influential. Trade, particularly in the south through the port cities located along India's long coastline, brought in material items from other cultures (such as coins, silk, and spices).
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Chapter 03_Matching
Use the following to answer questions 1-16: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Jainism b. bodhisattvas c. Eightfold Path d. Mauryan Empire e. samsara f. Code of Manu g. karma h. Aryans i. brahman j. Harappan k. Rig Veda l. Four Noble Truths m. Mahayana n. Brahmins o. dharma p. caste system
1. The Sanskrit word for moral law, central both to Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
2. The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group and especially married within the group.
3. Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
4. The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
5. The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
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6. The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
7. The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
8. Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life.
9. The “Great Vehicle,” a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
10. The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
11. The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
12. Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation.
13. The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
14. The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
15. The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 16. The code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with “right conduct” and ending with “right contemplation.”
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Answer Key 1. o. dharma 2. p. caste system 3. n. Brahmins 4. e. samsara 5. j. Harappan 6. k. Rig Veda 7. g. karma 8. a. Jainism 9. m. Mahayana 10. l. Four Noble Truths 11. f. Code of Manu 12. b. bodhisattvas 13. h. Aryans 14. i. brahman 15. d. Mauryan Empire 16. c. Eightfold Path
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Chapter 03_MCQ,s
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The earliest Indian civilization developed along what river? A) Nile B) Euphrates C) Ganges D) Indus
2. In terms of India's geography, what regions have been home to its great empires? A) Fertile plains in the river valleys B) Forests at the foot of the Himalayas C) Deserts of the Rajasthan regions D) Jungles of the Vindhya Mountains
3. What was one of the first crops to be developed in India? A) Rice B) Lentils C) Cotton D) Wheat
4. The first Indian civilization—the Harappan civilization—is also known as which of the following? A) The Mauryan Empire B) The Indus Valley civilization C) The Indo-Aryan civilization D) Mesopotamia
5. What is unusual about the written language of the Harappan people? A) It consisted of only four hundred letters. B) It was very similar to Sumerian cuneiform. C) No one has yet deciphered it. D) It was written on papyrus and silk.
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6. Compared to ancient Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations, what makes the Indus civilization unique? A) It was nearly twice as large in territory. B) It lasted less than three hundred years. C) Its people did not grow cotton. D) It was not a literate society.
7. Harappan craftsmen are the first known producers of what cloth? A) Wool B) Linen C) Cotton D) Silk
8. Harappan houses were built around what feature? A) A household shrine B) A burial site C) A cooking hearth D) A courtyard
9. What was one of the most unique features of Harappan cities? A) Assembly halls B) Wide roads C) Communal wells D) Drainage systems
10. On which of the following did the prosperity of the Indus (Harappan) civilization depend? A) Extensive trade with China B) Intensive cultivation of the fertile river valley C) The religious toleration shown to conquered peoples D) Their skill in making and trading jewelry
11. Like early Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization, Harappan civilization depended on what annually? A) Visitation from the gods to provide for abundance during harvest B) A short but wet growing season C) Attending the Tigris River Valley seed market D) Floods and irrigation to sustain agriculture
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12. The remnants of Harappan script have been preserved on what material? A) Clay tablets B) Linen paper C) Bronze discs D) Wood tablets
13. Which of the following was true of the Aryans? A) They were the native people of the Ganges Valley. B) They were a warrior people who destroyed the Indus civilization. C) They put an end to the strict Harappan caste system. D) They spoke an Indo-European language.
14. The Aryans spoke an early form of what language? A) Sanskrit B) Hindi C) Persian D) Tamil
15. What was the Rig Veda? A) An oral collection of military stories B) The name given to Harappan texts C) An oral collection of ritual texts, treatises, and hymns D) A collection of Greek epics borrowed by the Aryans
16. Who was at the head of each Aryan tribal group? A) A raja or chief B) A head priest C) An assembly of tribesmen D) A god-king
17. What did the Aryans use to ease the difficult task of clearing the jungle? A) Fire B) Iron tools C) Pesticides D) Wooden plows
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18. What are priests referred to as in the Indian caste system? A) Brahmins B) Jains C) Buddhas D) Shudras
19. How was Indian slavery in the Vedic Age similar to slavery in Mesopotamia? A) Only men captured in warfare were enslaved. B) Men in the nobility were the only ones who could own slaves. C) Men might sell themselves and their families into slavery to pay debts. D) Slaves were the only people who could serve as butchers. 20. Who were the “untouchables” in the varna system? A) Women who belonged to the lowest caste B) Outsiders who were considered “impure” C) The nobility D) Child slaves
21. Which of the following statements is true about women in ancient Aryan society? A) Women could never remarry if widowed. B) Almost all females were married while they were still children. C) Women lived in patrilineal and patriarchal tribal groups. D) Women were economically equal to men and could hold property.
22. Who commonly performed the important ritual sacrifice of animals in Brahmanism? A) Untouchables B) Teenagers, because they were considered pure C) Male rulers only D) The priestly caste
23. With what sacred text did the Aryan religion shift to a more ascetic and philosophical religion? A) Rig Veda B) Sutras C) Upanishads D) Mahabharata
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24. To what does the term asceticism refer? A) What Brahmans refer to as the individual soul B) The practice of severe self-discipline and self-denial C) The rejection of anthropomorphic gods D) All of the Brahman faith's sacrificial rites
25. According to the Upanishads, what is moksha? A) Human reincarnation as a lower animal B) A cleansing fire ritual for women after childbirth C) Release from the wheel of life and freedom from reincarnation D) The cosmic tally of one's deeds
26. How did the introduction of the concepts of samsara and karma from the Upanishads affect Indian society? A) It destabilized Indian society by undermining Brahmin privileges. B) It led society to consider the concepts part of the Hindu response to Buddhism and Jainism. C) It made Kshatriya fear that existing authority would be undermined. D) It stabilized Indian society by encouraging the poor to work hard, live righteously, and do good deeds.
27. Mahavira was the founder of what Indian religion? A) Jainism B) Buddhism C) Hinduism D) Sikhism
28. According to Mahavira, what kinds of objects have souls? A) Only human beings have souls. B) All objects, living or inanimate, have souls. C) Only living creatures, human and animal, have souls. D) All animate objects, but only some inanimate objects, have souls.
29. In response to their belief about souls and karma, Jains developed what kind of views about life forms? A) All souls are equally sacred, and to harm any is equally bad. B) Plant life is more vulnerable and thus more important. C) Humans are more important than plants but not other animals. D) Humans are the most sacred form of life.
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30. What motivated the Jains' practice of radical nonviolence? A) A reaction to the brutality their founder had suffered from the Brahmins B) The desire to avoid the karmic consequences of harming other life forms C) The belief that nonviolence would put an end to class conflict D) The fear that a warrior class would dominate their small population
31. Buddha preached his sermons in what language, so as to reach the wisest possible audience? A) Sanskrit B) Tamil C) Magadhi D) Tamil
32. Buddha taught that individuals could triumph over human weakness by A) following an ascetic lifestyle. B) following the Eightfold Path. C) entering a monastery. D) properly observing the rituals of Hinduism.
33. What is the last step in Buddhism's Eightfold Path? A) Contemplation B) Conduct C) Awareness D) Endeavor
34. What are sutras in the Buddhist tradition? A) The steps on the Eightfold Path B) Animals sacrificed to the Buddha C) The written teachings of the Buddha D) Sacred names taken by monks
35. What was the main ritual performed in Buddhist monasteries? A) Extreme asceticism B) Pilgrimage to Nepal C) Growing one's own food D) Communal recitation of sutras
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36. What qualified Bodhisattvas to help guide Buddhist believers to enlightenment? A) They had already achieved enlightenment. B) They were descendants of the Buddha himself. C) They were once Brahmin priests before converting. D) They could recite the most prayers from memory.
37. What is the ultimate goal of Hinduism? A) Wealth and earthly prosperity B) Becoming a priest C) Union with Brahman D) Physical immortality
38. What is the Hindu concept of dharma? A) The rejection of ritualism B) The belief in reincarnation C) The balance sheet of good and bad deeds D) The moral law that Hindus are to observe
39. What Hindu text urges action in this world? A) The Sutras B) Rig Veda C) Ramayana D) Bhagavad Gita
40. What enabled India to make contact with the outside world in the sixth century B.C.E.? A) Alexander the Great's conquest brought knowledge of the Mediterranean world. B) As the Persian Empire expanded, it made territorial conquests in the Indus Valley. C) Great expansion of overseas trade by Indian merchants and a new merchant fleet led to outside contact. D) Significant technological improvements in sailing led to greater communication and travel.
41. Contact with Persia brought many innovations into India, including what new economic technique? A) Printing paper money B) Minting silver coins C) Bank transfers D) Putting dates on coins
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42. Who was Chandragupta? A) The leader of Buddhist reform in India B) The military leader who defeated Alexander the Great at Taxila C) The founder of the Mauryan Empire D) A famous Greek ambassador who was sent to the Mauryan court
43. What was the capital of Chandragupta's empire? A) Kalinga B) Taxila C) Pataliputra D) Gujarat
44. Kautilya encouraged Chandragupta to do which of the following to secure his leadership? A) Send men to Greece to be trained as secret agents B) Conquer all the territory between the Indus and Euphrates Rivers C) Use propaganda to gain support and treat his enemies' enemies as his allies D) Kill local leaders to show his ruthlessness
45. How did Chandragupta control the outlying areas of his empire? A) He trusted local kings to continue on if they took a pledge of loyalty. B) He sent agents to the provinces to oversee government and keep him informed. C) He forced the migration of loyal supporters to distant realms. D) He did not try to control the areas but instead collected taxes.
46. What personal change did Ashoka make following the conquest of Kalinga? A) He converted to Jainism and became an ascetic monk. B) He divorced his wife and married a Kalingan princess. C) He became a paranoid, reclusive emperor. D) He converted to Buddhism after witnessing the horror of war.
47. How did Buddhism influence Ashoka's rule? A) He required all of his people to convert to the faith even though he was a Jainist. B) He appointed officials to oversee the moral welfare of the realm. C) He banned all other forms of religious thought. D) He began a series of religious wars against non-Buddhists.
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48. Ashoka's religious policies A) were directed at the suppression of Jainism. B) supported orthodoxy in Buddhism. C) spurned all other religions except Buddhism. D) weakened the central government of the empire.
49. After the fall of the Mauryans, what new empire was founded by Buddhist king Kanishka? A) Taxila B) Cholas C) Kushan D) Magadha
50. During the Kushan period, Indian art was strongly influenced by the art of what society? A) Egyptian B) Greek C) Chinese D) Turkish
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Answer Key 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. B 21. C 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. B 31. C 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. C 38. D 39. D 40. B 41. B 42. C 43. C 44. C
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45. B 46. D 47. B 48. B 49. C 50. B
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Chapter 03_Short QA
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What evidence indicates that the city-states of the Harappan civilization represent either a unified state or at least a connected culture?
2. What gave the Aryans military advantages over the people they defeated in India?
3. Describe the caste system's effect on the social and economic aspects of Indian life.
4. Describe some of the qualities of the Aryans gods of the Vedas.
5. How do the personal stories and ideas of Mahavira and Siddhartha compare, and how did their experiences influence their respective religions?
6. How did Hinduism incorporate personal devotion to the gods?
7. What Persian methods did Chandragupta use in building this empire?
8. What role did Kautilya play in the formation of the Mauryan Empire?
9. How did Ashoka incorporate Buddhism into his imperial administration?
10. How did Roman and Greek civilizations influence India?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Archaeological evidence indicates that the Harappan cities and villages had uniform size bricks, similar figurines of pregnant women, and seals and tablets with consistent symbols. This evidence indicates a homogeneous culture. Furthermore, all of the cities have a similar planned layout of streets. 2. Answer would ideally include: Aryans had advantages of both technology and culture. They had two-wheeled chariots, horses, and superior weapons, including bronze swords and spears. In addition to advanced weapons, Aryans also had a society that privileged military culture and chose its leaders (a chief, or raja) from the warrior class; in religious epics, military leaders were described as godlike heroes. 3. Answer would ideally include: The caste system was a rigid, hierarchically arranged class system with four primary classes: Brahmin (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and officials), Vaishya (merchants), and Shudra (peasants and laborers). Those without places in the four varnas—that is, newly conquered peoples and those who had lost their caste status through violations of ritual—were outcastes, some of whom became known as “untouchables” because they were seen as impure. These classes divided Indian society into economic groups but also established social rules for how the classes interacted with one another. 4. Answer would ideally include: The Vedic gods represent aspects of nature and more abstract qualities. They also closely resemble the gods of Greece and Persia. Nature is represented by Agni, the god of fire, Indra, a god of thunder and war, and Ushas, a goddess of the dawn. Representing more abstract qualities are Rudra, the god of disasters and diseases, Varuna, the god of order and punishment, and Dyaus, who represents kingly authority as the father of the gods. 5. Answer would ideally include: Both came from the noble warrior class, and both left home to travel as wandering ascetics. In their travels, they came to enlightenment and believed that they had found the solution to the cycle of rebirth and re-death. Although the religions they founded were different, they had a few commonalities: an emphasis on nonviolence and a rejection of the caste system. 6. Answer would ideally include: In the third century B.C.E., Hinduism added the concept of personal devotion to the gods to the ritualized worship described in the Vedas. The goal was to find ways to worship brahman on the path to union. The pantheon of gods in Hinduism is large, offering many different gods (male and female). Believers would choose one god or goddess in particular (without denying the existence of the other deities) and make
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offerings of food, flowers, or recitation of prayers to that god or goddess, without using priests as intermediaries. 7. Answer would ideally include: Chandragupta borrowed the Persian system of dividing his empire into provinces, each ruled by a governor he appointed, many of them members of his family. Chandragupta also created a Persian-style bureaucracy, which oversaw the collections of taxes, and created a standing army. Public services (including the army) were funded by the tax system. For the first time, one man governed the subcontinent. 8. Answer would ideally include: Kautilya was a minister and advisor to Chandragupta, founder of the Mauryan Empire. Kautilya wrote a treatise (Arthashastra) on how Chandragupta could acquire and hold on to power. He advised the king to use propaganda to inform his subjects of his achievements, to use traveling agents to keep him informed of what was happening in his empire, and to make alliances with the enemies of his enemies. By following Kautilya's advice, Chandragupta was able to create a large and profitable empire. 9. Answer would ideally include: Ashoka incorporated Buddhist principles of moral conduct into his law codes, and he banned animal sacrifices and took up pilgrimages to holy sites. Ashoka also insisted that his officials govern humanely and encouraged compassion and nonviolence throughout his empire. He also dedicated many resources to promoting the spread of Buddhism throughout his empire and beyond, through the building of pillars and the copying of prayer texts. He envisioned Buddhism as a moral system that could unite the diverse peoples of his empire. He codified Buddhist texts and warned monks he would not tolerate schism. However, he also honored India's other religions. 10. Answer would ideally include: Greek culture had a great influence on Indian art during the Kushan period. Ideas on coin production were also transmitted from the west to India. The first representations of the Buddha, for instance, were modeled on the statues of Apollo. Roman traders from Egypt followed routes to India established by Arab traders. The presence of Roman coins in India reveals the extent of trade between India and Europe. A Greek merchant involved in trade with India reported on the vast array of goods available from Indian traders.
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Chapter 04_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. In China, as in the rest of the ancient world, geography played a crucial role in the development of civilization. Describe this role. How was China different from the ancient civilizations of West Asia, India, and North Africa?
2. Describe the written Chinese language. How did the ability to write affect Chinese society?
3. What important military changes took place during the Warring States Period? What was the social impact of these changes?
4. Confucianism had a profound impact on China. What are the basic tenets of Confucianism? How did Confucianism spread?
5. Explain the central tenets of Daoist thought and compare it to Confucianism.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: This essay should describe China's two great river systems, the Yellow and the Yangzi, and the differences in the two systems should be emphasized. Second, the essay should describe how the deserts and mountains that ring the central area of “China proper” isolate the region from the outside. Then the essay should discuss how this relative isolation allowed Chinese civilization to retain its unique nature, unlike civilizations of West Asia, North Africa, and India, which saw a great deal of migrations, invasions, and trade contacts, all of which led to cultural cross-fertilization. 2. Answer would ideally include: The Chinese written language is logographic, meaning that each word is represented by a symbol that is either pictographic or an abstraction. The Chinese retained the logographic system, even though many other languages evolved into phonetic alphabetic scripts. Thus, the Chinese language required many years of study, and the ability to read was a sign of status. Writing allowed the Chinese states to record laws and history and to promote state control. The ability to develop more abstract thought also contributed to Chinese philosophy and learning. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Warring States Period fueled the development of new weaponry and tactics. The advent of cavalry, well-drilled infantry forces, and the crossbow had made the charioteers obsolete. Iron technology, too, made weapons more effective. Cavalry forces were developed in imitation of the “barbarian” nomads to the north and west who periodically raided China. With the development of infantry armies, generals needed to develop new strategies; Sun Wu, author of The Art of War, and other writers developed treatises to assist generals. To support large infantry armies and pay for their weapons, rulers began taking land surveys and taxing farmers. Rulers also sought to increase the population as a means of acquiring more soldiers. They attempted to rule directly over the peasants, bypassing local lords and undermining serfdom. The decline of the nobility's military effectiveness led to increased social mobility late in the Zhou period. 4. Answer would ideally include: The essay should stress the ethical and secular nature of Confucius's ideas, which are recorded in the Analects. His emphasis on orderly and stable human relationships should also be discussed. Confucius's belief that society should be well-ordered and hierarchical, with family at the center, is a critical aspect that should be discussed. The “gentleman” (junzi) was a man of moral civilization rather than noble birth, one who found his calling in service to the ruler. The essay should discuss the concept of ren (humanity), meaning perfect goodness and benevolence. Next, the essay should turn to a discussion of Confucius's disciples, especially Mencius and Xunzi. Finally, the essay should conclude with the future significance of Confucianism, as later rulers came to see Confucian scholar-officials as ideal advisors, thus shaping Chinese society into the twentieth century.
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5. Answer would ideally include: Among the themes of Daoist thought that the writer might discuss are skepticism of government intrusion into private life, focus on nature rather than human society, belief that aggressiveness and purposeful action lead to problems, suspicion of desire and ambition, lack of interest in political power, doubt about the efficacy of speech and logic, and love of paradox. In contrast to Confucius's focus on the importance of moral behavior and right action in creating a cohesive and just society, Daoists believed that rulers who refused to act and even allowed the decline of “civilization” (as represented, for example, by writing and tools) benefited their people.
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Chapter 04_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-15: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. yin and yang b. Book of Documents c. crossbow d. taotie e. Legalists f. Mandate of Heaven g. Book of Songs h. loess i. ren j. filial piety k. Dao l. logographic m. Anyang n. shi o. Warring States Period
1. The earliest collection of Chinese poetry; it provides glimpses of what life was like in the early Zhou Dynasty.
2. A system of writing in which each word is represented by a single symbol, such as the Chinese script.
3. Soil deposited by wind; it is fertile and easy to work.
4. One of the earliest Chinese books, containing documents, speeches, and historical accounts about early Zhou rule.
5. One of the Shang Dynasty capitals from which the Shang kings ruled for more than two centuries.
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6. Reverent attitude of children to their parents extolled by Confucius.
7. The theory that Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people.
8. The lower ranks of Chinese aristocracy; these men could serve in either military or civil capacities.
9. The period of Chinese history between 403 B.C.E. and 221 B.C.E. when states fought each other and one state after another was destroyed.
10. The Way, a term used by Daoists to refer to the natural order and by Confucians to refer to the moral order.
11. A powerful mechanical bow developed during the Warring States Period.
12. A concept of complementary poles, one of which represents the feminine, dark, and receptive, and the other the masculine, bright, and assertive.
13. Political theorists who emphasized the need for rigorous laws and laid the basis for China's later bureaucratic government.
14. The ultimate Confucian virtue; it is translated as perfect goodness, benevolence, humanity, human-heartedness, and nobility.
15. A stylized animal face commonly seen in Chinese bronzes.
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Answer Key 1. g. Book of Songs 2. l. logographic 3. h. loess 4. b. Book of Documents 5. m. Anyang 6. j. filial piety 7. f. Mandate of Heaven 8. n. shi 9. o. Warring States Period 10. k. Dao 11. c. crossbow 12. a. yin and yang 13. e. Legalists 14. i. ren 15. d. taotie
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Chapter 04_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. How did the development of China compare with that of India and Mesopotamia? A) China engaged in much more long-distance trade with other civilizations. B) China had many more cultural breaks in its history. C) China had no written language. D) China had little contact with other people in Eurasia.
2. How is the dominant soil type in the Yellow River basin, loess, best defined? A) Hard-packed earth difficult to dig into B) An iron-rich soil with a reddish tint C) A loose, wind-driven soil that is easy to till D) A loose, sandy soil that is not very fertile
3. What was the predominant agricultural activity in the Yangzi River basin? A) Wheat farming B) Rice farming C) Cotton farming D) Vegetable farming
4. Approximately when did the Chinese begin to practice agriculture? A) 10,000 B.C.E. B) 5000 B.C.E. C) 1000 B.C.E. D) 750 B.C.E.
5. What funerary custom did Neolithic cultures in China share? A) Exposure of corpses to wild animals B) Ritual dismemberment of the corpse C) Burning of corpses in public pyres D) Use of coffins and burials
6. Which Chinese dynasty was the first to have writing, cities, and metalworking? A) Xiongnu B) Shang C) Zhou D) Yangzi
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7. What was Anyang? A) An ancient legal philosophy B) A mythical Chinese ruler C) The Shang capital for more than two centuries D) A vision of the unity of nature
8. The palaces, temples, and altars in Anyang were built on what? A) Concrete foundations B) Loess fields C) Stilts above the ground D) Rammed-earth foundations
9. Why were many of the homes at Anyang built partly below ground? A) Because of a lack of building materials B) As a means to conserve heat C) For protection against attacks D) For spiritual reasons
10. According to texts found in Shang royal tombs, what important role did Shang kings fulfill? A) They were also philosophers. B) They were considered to be gods. C) They were the dynasty's most important merchants. D) They were military chieftains.
11. Where did the Shang kings obtain the slaves that provided them with one of their most important sources of revenue? A) They were often men and women taken as war captives. B) They were people who were in debt to the king. C) They were orphans who were taken by the king and sold into slavery. D) They were the king's former concubines, who were often sold into slavery.
12. Shang warriors' weapons were tipped with what? A) Iron B) Steel C) Bronze D) Bone
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13. In addition to leading his kingdom, what other important role did the Shang king fulfill? A) He controlled all trade. B) He was a master of the healing arts. C) He served as the high priest. D) He was considered a reincarnation of Di.
14. Which of the following is a true statement about the underground tombs built for Shang kings? A) All were constructed from wood, and few exist today. B) They were quite simple compared with those of other ancient civilizations. C) Their contents reveal that the Shang practiced human sacrifice. D) The coffins indicate that bodies of nobility were partly mummified.
15. What did the people who volunteered to be buried with deceased Shang kings and consorts usually have with them? A) Pets B) Family members C) Spell books D) Grave goods
16. From what material were the tools of Shang farmers made? A) Bronze B) Stone C) Iron D) Wood
17. The development of more complex forms of social organization in Shang China coincided with the mastery of what skill? A) Ship building B) Pottery making C) Silk weaving D) Metalworking
18.
In Shang culture, what was a taotie? A) A priest who lived in a temple B) A message intended for a god C) A tool used to write D) A stylized animal face image
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19. How was the Chinese system of writing similar to that in Egypt and Sumer? A) All three were logographic systems. B) Each symbol in all three systems represented a spoken syllable. C) Each of the three was an early alphabetical system. D) It was impossible to express abstract concepts in any of the three systems.
20. Which of the following facilitated communication between China, Vietnam, and Japan? A) Japan, Korea, and Vietnam adopted the Chinese script for writing. B) All three societies used the same spoken language. C) Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and China developed a common sign language. D) All three used the same phonetic script for writing.
21. When did the Zhou rise up and overthrow the Shang? A) Around 3150 B.C.E. B) Around 2250 B.C.E. C) Around 1400 B.C.E. D) Around 1050 B.C.E.
22. According to the Book of Documents, what did a ruler have to do to retain the Mandate of Heaven? A) Govern in the best interests of the people B) Expand his territorial holdings C) Remain humble and discreet D) Make sacrifices to the gods
23. What is a likely reason that the Zhou leadership created the theory of the Mandate of Heaven? A) They needed a way to convince the Zhou princes to fight. B) They needed a way to win the loyalty of the priestly class. C) They wanted to win over the conquered Shang. D) They wanted to gain the support of the peasantry.
24. Who helped the Zhou kings rule their newly conquered kingdom? A) Local, native warlords B) A powerful, centralized bureaucracy C) Family members and other loyal followers D) Military experts from Korea and Japan
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25. In 771 B.C.E., the Zhou capital was moved to what city after the king was killed and replaced by his son? A) Anyang B) Chang-an C) Beijing D) Luoyang
26. Why is the Book of Songs especially valuable for people studying early Zhou China? A) It serves as the best source for understanding everyday life at various social levels. B) It explains the complexity of the Mandate of Heaven. C) It tells the story of China's first musicians. D) It is a political manual much like India's Arthashastra.
27. The development of which of the following helped to promote economic expansion in the early Zhou period? A) Writing B) Iron technology C) Laws D) Education
28. What Shang religious practice became less common in the Zhou period? A) The building of tombs for the dead B) The sacrifice of animals to the ancestors C) Human sacrifice D) Peasants' perception of heaven as divine
29. What new military technology did the Chinese develop around 350 B.C.E.? A) The longbow B) The crossbow C) The mace D) The cannon
30. Around 350 B.C.E., Chinese soldiers began wearing armor made largely from what material? A) Steel B) Chain mail C) Bamboo D) Leather
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31. The need for a chariot-riding aristocracy was diminished by the introduction of what military advancement? A) Iron weapons B) Cavalry C) Camel saddles D) Leather armor
32. In The Art of War, Sun Wu argued that military success required what? A) Great heroism from every man under command B) That orders by commanders be followed without question C) A leader who believed that surrender was the greatest dishonor D) A king who was willing to lead troops into battle
33. How did the seven states that emerged out of the Warring States Period compare with the Zhou state? A) They were more centralized than the Zhou. B) They were less militarized than the Zhou. C) They were geographically larger than the Zhou. D) They traded less with other states than the Zhou.
34. What are the traditional dates for the life of Confucius? A) 551–479 B.C.E. B) 187–102 B.C.E. C) 430–363 B.C.E. D) 315–274 B.C.E.
35. According to Confucius, what was the basic unit of society? A) Kingdom B) Family C) Village D) Individual
36. How many cardinal relationships did Confucius emphasize? A) One B) Three C) Five D) Seven
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37. According to Confucius, which relationship was the only relationship based on mutual obligations between equals? A) The relationship between father and son B) The relationship between ruler and subject C) The relationship between husband and wife D) The relationship between friend and friend
38. Confucius redefined the term gentleman (or junzi) as which of the following? A) A man of noble birth and status B) A religious priest C) A man of moral cultivation D) A successful merchant
39. How did Confucius view the class distinctions that existed in Chinese society? A) He believed that class distinctions should not exist. B) He believed that there should be more class levels and deeper distinctions between them. C) He believed that only the uneducated should be divided by class. D) He minimized class distinctions and believed talent could elevate a person socially.
40. What was the ultimate virtue according to Confucius? A) Piety B) Humanity C) Physical strength D) Humility
41. Why did Mencius believe that a benevolent ruler would be successful? A) He would never be invaded or attacked. B) He would be proclaimed a god. C) He would be able to intimidate his subjects. D) He would have his subjects' loyalty.
42. A follower of Confucius, Mencius claimed what about human beings? A) That human nature is fundamentally good B) That people need to serve their rulers without question C) That people can never learn to recognize right from wrong D) That people should govern themselves
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43. The thinker Xunzi argued that A) people will always be corrupted by experience. B) human nature is fundamentally good. C) there is no point in trying to change human nature. D) people are born selfish and greedy but can be trained to be good.
44. What advantage did Xunzi have when compared to Confucius and Mencius? A) He had considerable political experience. B) He offered broad ideas that were less developed and detailed. C) He trained to be a priest and thought heaven should be involved in human affairs. D) His father had been a philosopher as well.
45. Unlike Confucius, Xunzi was willing to discuss which of the following? A) Ethics B) Morality C) Religion D) Education
46. According to the philosophy of the Laozi, people would be better off if they did what? A) Traveled more B) Knew less C) Learned to read D) Developed new tools
47. What was the Zhuangzi? A) The second text written by Laozi that discussed politics B) A work that questioned whether life was better than death C) A text written to refute the ideas of Confucius D) An essay that concerned itself mostly with political thought
48. According to advocates of Legalism, what characteristics should the ideal government have? A) Government should be bureaucratic and authoritarian. B) Government should put an end to social hierarchy. C) All governmental leaders should be highly moral and pious. D) Government should be small and weak.
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49. Under Qin legalist principles, in addition to taxes, subjects owed the state which of the following? A) Proof of education B) Labor service C) Worship of the emperor D) Animal sacrifice
50. What do yin and yang represent? A) Good and evil forces in nature B) Complementary masculine and feminine principles C) Skills of ritual and music D) Distinct entities that are opposing forces
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Answer Key 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. C 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. D 18. D 19. A 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. A 35. B 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. B 41. D 42. A 43. D 44. A
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45. C 46. B 47. B 48. A 49. B 50. B
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Chapter 04_Short QA
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. Compare the two primary river systems of China, the Yellow and Yangzi. How did the differences in these river systems affect the development of Shang and Zhou China?
2. What role did war play in the development of the Shang Dynasty?
3. Explain how Shang kings served a religious function in their state.
4. What kinds of things did the Shang make out of bronze, and what do those bronze objects reveal about Shang society?
5. How did China benefit from keeping a logographic script for writing?
6. How did the decentralized rule of the Zhou help to both create and to weaken the Zhou state?
7. What kinds of songs are found in the Book of Songs, and what do they reveal about Zhou daily life?
8. In The Art of War, what were some of the beliefs about military strength and preparedness outlined by Sun Wu?
9. Compare and contrast the ideas of Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi.
10. Describe how the Qin Dynasty used Legalism.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The northern river system of the Yellow River is colder and flatter. The loess soil is fertile but fine and blows easily in the wind, often ending up as silt in the river. Because the Yellow River silts up easily and often, it also floods often. Wheat and millet grow in this area. In the south, the Yangzi River provides a warmer climate more suitable to rice cultivation. The Yangzi is easily navigable and suitable for travel and trade. The Shang and Zhou became agriculturalists and did not spread into the inner regions where raising animals was more productive. 2. Answer would ideally include: Shang kings were military chieftains, and the power of both king and state depended on regular warfare against rebellious vassals and foreign tribes. The kings' revenue came from war booty and from captives who were used as slaves and as sacrifices to the gods and ancestors. Shang military supremacy was enhanced by their use of bronze-tipped weapons and chariot technology. 3. Answer would ideally include: Shang kings were high priests in their society and served in a mediation role between humanity and the divine realm. The king offered sacrifices to the high god Di and to royal ancestors and interpreted divine messages. Royal ancestors were believed to be able to intervene with Di, and the king could then divine his ancestors' wishes by interpreting cracks in bones or tortoise shells. 4. Answer would ideally include: The Shang used bronze for making weapons (such as bronze-tipped spears and fittings for chariots), which contributed to the Shang military culture. The most important use of bronze in Shang times, however, was for ceremonial and religious purposes. Most surviving Shang bronze objects are vessels that would have been used during sacrificial ceremonies. Hundreds of bronze weapons and vessels were recovered from Lady Hao's tomb. The plethora of religious vessels in bronze, which required highly specialized labor, suggests the significance of religion to Shang culture. Shang bronzes were decorated with complex images, including the taotie, although scholars do not agree about their meaning. 5. Answer would ideally include: Because written Chinese language was not based on phonetic pronunciation, the script was more universal. People who spoke regional dialects that differed in pronunciation could still read one another's texts. Ancient texts could still be read. Moreover, the written language was exportable to other counties, such as Japan and Korea, and thus extended China's influence over its neighbors. 6. Answer would ideally include: The decentralized state allowed the Zhou to control many different territories without
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having to rule over them directly through expensive and complicated means. Control of the territories was left to relatives and subordinates who were responsible for ritual, administrative, and military matters. The weakness in the system was that these regional lords saw their positions as hereditary and thus created small dynasties that over time no longer recognized the rule of the Zhou kings. 7. Answer would ideally include: The Book of Songs contains the earliest Chinese poetry. It includes songs that were either used in ritual court settings or based on folksongs that describe rural farming life. Therefore, these songs reveal aspects of both noble and peasant life. They reveal how much of peasant life revolved around seasonal changes and how much work was involved in farm life. The Book of Songs also includes love songs, songs about ancestors, and songs on the role of women in society. 8. Answer would ideally include: During the Warring States Period, technological developments dramatically changed warfare. Sun Wu described the ideal general as a master of maneuver and believed that a man should not lead troops merely because of his aristocratic birth. Heroism was useless, whereas discipline was essential. The army had to be trained never to question its commanders. Sun Wu recommended the use of deception as the way of war, attacking the enemy when he is weak or evading him if he is strong. 9. Answer would ideally include: Confucius advocated moderation and felt that gentlemanly behavior could be learned by aspiring to moral conduct and studying texts. He also promoted the virtue of ren, or humanity, and believed that education was the key to advancement. Mencius and Xunzi were both followers of Confucius but differed in their ideas. Mencius believed that humans were basically inclined toward good. Xunzi took an opposite view of human nature and thought that most people were inclined to be selfish and had to learn to be moral. All three emphasized traditional ritual practices. 10. Answer would ideally include: The Qin used Legalism to control both state officials and the general populace, which replaced serf-like obligations to the nobility. Legalist statutes were very strict and required officials to keep accurate and detailed records and to enforce the Qin laws. Any behavior or thought by the populace that questioned the authority of the Qin emperor was harshly punished, as were many behaviors defined as crimes.
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Chapter 05_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Describe Greece in what historians have called the Dark Age. How did the development of the polis help Greece avoid some of the weaknesses of this period?
2. Trace the development of philosophy and science from the Pre-Socratic origins through Aristotle. What were the most significant developments? What was the general principle that guided Greek philosophers? How did this change in the Hellenistic period?
3. Like Mesopotamian society, Greek civilization lacked political unity. Why? How did disunity affect the development of Greek society in general? What, if any, were the factors that fostered homogeneity?
4. The Hellenistic civilization saw the spread of cities founded by Alexander and his successors. What were the role and impact of these new cities?
5. How did trade in the Hellenistic period provide the most enduring legacy of Alexander's empire? What long-distance trade patterns and relationships were established?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Dark Age saw widespread problems, including invasions, disasters, and migrations. Craftsmanship became simpler, and skills such as writing declined. Greeks dispersed beyond the mainland. The Iliad and Odyssey recorded events of the Trojan War and included heroes, divine characters who were larger than life but also petty, and populations that had to endure suffering. The polis helped organize a community of citizens with their own laws and customs. Poleis were generally small and self-governing but helped Greek individuals find their place in the world. 2. Answer would ideally include: The student should discuss the development of Greek science and philosophy, noting the belief in basic elements (Pre-Socratics), atomic theory (Democritus), medicine (Hippocrates), Sophist concentration on logic and the study of human beings, the Socratic method, Platonic dualism and political thought, and the impressive achievements of Aristotle in natural science and political philosophy. A good essay should stress the Greek emphasis on rational thought and the belief that the universe could be explained and understood. In addition, the essay should emphasize the Greek concentration on the study of human beings. The essay should conclude with a discussion of how Hellenistic philosophy introduced concepts of personal happiness and an increasingly more pragmatic view of science, such as the heliocentric theories of Aristarchus. 3. Answer would ideally include: To explain the lack of political unity, one should emphasize the geography of the Greek peninsula. Next, the distinctiveness and independence of the Greek city-states should be discussed, using Athens and Sparta as examples; the Peloponnesian War and the Macedonian conquest of Greece can also be used as evidence of the independent nature of Greek civilization. In contrast, the Olympic and Delphic games, language, religious beliefs and customs, and philosophical inquiry can all be used as examples of unity. 4. Answer would ideally include: The student should discuss the urban nature of the Hellenistic world. This discussion should include the motivation behind the founding of the new cities and the growth of established cities, the official functions of the cities, their role in the spread of Greek ideas and peoples, and their importance in the emergence of the trading networks in this era. The essay should also consider how the cities provided a place for Greek and non-Greek cultures to merge. A good essay should also mention how the urbanized and economically unified Hellenistic world proved valuable to the Romans after their conquest of the Mediterranean world. 5. Answer would ideally include: In the Hellenistic period, the urbanization of Alexander's empire (and its successor
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divisions) was marked by trade in basic commodities and luxury goods. Coinage and the use of koine as the common language of the Mediterranean world provided links between Greece and other cultures that remained in place and facilitated the Roman Empire. The essay should describe the trade patterns established by the Greeks, such as indirect contact with China and after Alexander, direct contact with India. There were also trade ties between the Hellenistic world and Arabia and sub-Saharan Africa. Generally, the Greeks exported metal weapons, wine, olive oil, and cloth, while importing silk, ivory, precious stones, spices, and so forth. Slaves travelled in all directions. More important, however, than the long-distance trade in luxury goods was shorter-haul trade in basic bulk items such as grain.
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Chapter 05_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-10: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. polis b. hoplites c. democracy d. oligarchy e. mystery religions f. Platonic ideals g. Hellenistic h. Hellenization i. Epicureanism j. Stoicism
1. In Plato's thought, the eternal unchanging ideal forms that are the essence of true reality.
2. A system of philosophy based on the teachings of Epicurus, who viewed a life of contentment, free from fear and suffering, as the greatest good. 3. Generally translated as “city-state,” it was the basic political and institutional unit of ancient Greece.
4. A type of Greek government in which a small group of wealthy citizens, not necessarily of aristocratic birth, ruled.
5. A type of Greek government in which all citizens administered the workings of government.
6. Heavily armed citizens who served as infantrymen and fought to defend the polis.
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7. The most popular of Hellenistic philosophies, it considered nature an expression of divine will and held that people can be happy only when living in accordance with nature.
8. Religious systems in the Hellenistic world that incorporated aspects of both Greek and Eastern religions; they were characterized by secret doctrines, rituals of initiation, and the promise of an afterlife. 9. Literally means “like the Greek”; describes the period from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.E. to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 B.C.E., when Greek culture spread.
10. The spread of Greek ideas, culture, and traditions to non-Greek groups across a wide area. _
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Answer Key 1. f. Platonic ideals 2. i. Epicureanism 3. a. polis 4. d. oligarchy 5. c. democracy 6. b. hoplites 7. j. Stoicism 8. e. mystery religions 9. g. Hellenistic 10. h. Hellenization
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Chapter 05_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. How did the geography of Greece affect its development? A) It had little impact on the development of Greek society. B) It enabled a strong central government to dominate the political order. C) It helped to unite the Greek city-states. D) It was a divisive force in Greek life.
2. Why was the growth of great empires (like those in Mesopotamia and Egypt) less likely to develop in ancient Greece? A) The dominance of a middle class, not peasants, worked against empire building. B) Its people were too ethnically and culturally diverse. C) The rugged terrain discouraged expansion of any one center. D) Greek military technology was slow to develop.
3. Which of the following is true of the Minoans? A) They formed a society that lived on the island of Crete. B) They settled in Greece after they were driven from their homes in Persia. C) They were a matriarchal society that lived on the island of Sicily. D) They were the first peoples who formed a society on the Greek peninsula.
4. How are the gods portrayed in the Homeric poems? A) With many human characteristics B) As seemingly obsessed with their desire to be human C) As largely unconcerned with humanity D) As bitter toward humans for their sacrifices
5. How was the Greek polis different from older models of city-states? A) The polis was strictly a political institution. B) The polis was a community of citizens. C) The polis was unified by one shared religion. D) The polis was seen as a kingdom under a divine ruler.
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6. What was an agora? A) A temple complex B) A fortified stronghold C) A marketplace D) A plot of arable land for farming
7. Which of the following refers to heavily armed Greek foot soldiers? A) Hoplites B) Acropolis C) Chora D) Legionaries
8. What does the term oligarchy mean? A) “The rule of the few” B) “The rule of the people” C) “The rule of the excellent” D) “The rule of the king”
9. Which of the following was one of the causes of Greek colonization, and a particularly persistent problem for Sparta? A) A lack of financial prosperity in the polis B) Overpopulation and a limited food supply C) The need to find new gods to worship D) An overabundance of natural resources
10. How did the Lycurgan system in Sparta shape its political organization? A) It led to the creation of a society ruled by an aristocratic, warrior elite. B) It led to the start of a dictatorship controlled by the most powerful Spartan general. C) It led to the development of a democratic state in which helot and Spartan ruled together. D) It led to the erosion of Spartan military power in favor of the helots.
11. Which of the following is true of Spartan women? A) They were expected to assist their husbands and travel with them on military campaigns. B) They enjoyed a more active, public life than most other Greek women. C) Their single responsibility was to have many children. D) They were more restricted than most other Greek women.
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12. How did the Spartan military view same-sex relationships between Spartan soldiers? A) They were seen as detrimental because they promoted fighting between comrades. B) They were ignored by leaders because personal choices were of no concern to the military. C) They were viewed as advantageous because lovers would fight harder to defend one another. D) They were prohibited because homosexual behavior was looked down upon by other Greeks.
13. What important position did Solon hold as he reformed Athens? A) King B) Archon C) Emperor D) Tyrant
14. What did Solon accomplish through his reforms in Athens? A) He established democracy. B) He established social equality. C) He gave common citizens a place in the assembly. D) He eliminated the position of chief magistrate.
15. What two law-making bodies guided Athenian political life? A) The boule and the ecclesia B) The agora and the chora C) The archon and the boule D) The agora and the archon
16. Athens and Persia began a series of wars over Greek cities in what region? A) Peloponnesus B) Macedonia C) Ionia D) Crete
17. What Mediterranean island did Athens invade during the Peloponnesian War? A) Crete B) Cyprus C) Lesbos D) Sicily
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18. Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War? A) Spartan domination of the Aegean B) Athenian imperialism C) A Persian invasion of Asia Minor D) A Spartan attempt to gain control of Ionia
19. What did Thucydides believe caused the Peloponnesian War? A) Divine intervention in Athenian politics B) Athens's desire to spread democracy C) Sparta's need to find new food sources D) Human greed and desire for power
20. The crowning achievement of Pericles's rebuilding of the Acropolis was the Parthenon, a temple dedicated to which of the following? A) Athena and the greatness of Athens B) Zeus and the idea of a unified Greece C) Poseidon and Athens's control of the seas D) Aphrodite and the importance of love
21. The plays of Sophocles emphasized the precedence of which of the following over human law and customs? A) Family needs B) Personal happiness C) Military success D) Divine law
22. How was the daily life of Greek elites similar to the lives of more ordinary people? A) All people in Athens were relatively affluent and could afford a “good life.” B) Everyone paid heavy annual taxes regardless of social class. C) They had a relatively modest material standard of living. D) All families depended almost entirely on slave labor.
23. What was unusual about slaves in Athens? A) All slaves were captured and imported from the wars in North Africa. B) Slaves were legally forbidden to read. C) Slaves could vote as a result of democratic reforms. D) Slaves were paid for their work.
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24. What was the main function of women from citizen families in Athens? A) To accompany their husbands in public settings B) To run family estates and manage businesses while their husbands were at war C) To perform manual labor in the fields or sell goods in the agora D) To bear and raise children
25.
By the classical era, Greek religion focused on which of the following? A) Worship of a group of gods understood to live on Mount Olympus B) Monotheistic worship of Zeus as the one true god C) Worship of only male deities, as female deities came to be seen as too powerless D) Individual worship of a polis's chosen deity and abandonment of all Pan-Hellenic rituals
26. What was the most important result of the athletic contests held at Olympia? A) The contests allowed Greek leaders to identify the greatest soldiers. B) The contests led to the creation of a Pan-Hellenic trading network. C) The contests were unifying factors in Greek life. D) The contests put an end to political competition between Greek city-states.
27. What did the Pre-Socratics conclude from their observations? A) That the universe consisted of four substances––air, fire, earth, and water B) That one god had created the entire world C) That the universe was too complex to be understood D) That humans had achieved physical perfection
28. What did Hippocrates think was the best way to treat illnesses? A) Pray that the evil spirits would leave B) Use bloodletting and other invasive techniques to remove evil spirits from the body C) Use natural means to address imbalances in the four basic humors D) Offer more sacrifices to the gods
29. What crime was Socrates tried and executed for in 399 B.C.E.? A) Giving information to a Persian intelligence agent B) Undermining the authority of the government C) Denying the divinity of Zeus D) Corrupting the youth of Athens
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30. Which student of Socrates developed the theory of “forms”? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) Ptolemy D) Zeno
31. According to Aristotle, true knowledge could be discerned from which of the following? A) Contemplation of perfect possibilities B) Observations of the real world C) Prayer or divine intervention D) Specialized religious ritual
32. After defeating Athens in the Peloponnesian War, Sparta was defeated in 371 B.C.E. by what city-state? A) Alexandria B) Corinth C) Delos D) Thebes
33. Philip II of Macedonia was able to conquer Greece because the Greek city-states were A) still occupied fighting the Persians. B) severely weakened by earthquakes. C) unable to put aside their quarrels and unite to defend themselves. D) unprepared for his surprise attack.
34. After Philip II of Macedonia unified Greece, he called upon Greeks and Macedonians to do which of the following? A) Promise five years of peace to allow for recovery from the war B) Work together to liberate the Ionian colonies from Persian control C) Move the royal court to Athens and build him a new palace D) Form a naval alliance with Persia and invade India
35. What did Alexander the Great do in Egypt once he had conquered it? A) Ordered the construction of the city of Alexandria B) Overturned Egyptian traditions in favor of Greek customs C) Decimated the land and pillaged the trade centers D) Forced the Egyptians to open new trade routes to Greece
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36.
How did the Hellenistic city differ from the polis? A) It perceived itself as a community of citizens. B) It was united by religious rituals. C) It tolerated same-sex relations. D) It was not autonomous and had to follow royal orders.
37. Why did Alexander's eastward expansion of his empire stop at the Hyphasis River? A) His Macedonian army refused to continue fighting. B) The powerful Indian army defeated the Macedonians. C) The Persian army attacked him from the west. D) His spiritual advisors warned of unfavorable omens.
38. What happened to Alexander's empire following his death? A) His empire was torn apart by more than forty years of civil war. B) His son ruled briefly as emperor until he was assassinated. C) Athens declared its independence from Macedonia. D) His empire was peacefully partitioned by a trio of powerful generals.
39. Which of the following is true of the Hellenistic city? A) It had homogenous populations. B) It was hampered by an inefficient bureaucracy that proved difficult to maintain. C) It was overseen by kings with limited authority. D) It resembled modern cities and served as both a cultural and economic center.
40. The spread of Hellenistic culture was bolstered by Alexander's tradition of doing what in his newly conquered territories? A) Forcibly resettling conquered peoples in Greece B) Founding new cities with mixed populations C) Placing Macedonian kings in charge D) Censoring art and culture that criticized him
41. What was koine? A) The term used for Greco-Macedonian immigrants in one of the new cities B) The political organization that governed Jewish affairs C) The philosophical belief that fate, Tyche, ruled the world D) A common Greek dialect that developed throughout the Hellenistic period
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42. How was Hellenistic trading made easier? A) Most traders spoke a variety of languages. B) Slaves working as pirates moved goods all over the Hellenistic world. C) Coinage was developed to facilitate convenient, standard payments. D) Traders began using camels to move goods in Europe.
43. Which of the following were major exports from Greek cities during the classical and Hellenistic periods? A) Gold and precious stones B) Olive oil and wine C) Feta cheese and lamb D) Silks and pearls
44. Why were slaves in high demand throughout the Hellenistic world? A) Slaves were traded for goods from China and India. B) Large-scale agriculture was dependent on slaves. C) Monarchs equated their power with how many slaves they owned. D) Manual labor continued to produce most goods.
45. Mystery religions featured which of the following? A) The promise of reincarnation B) The worship of a wide range of spirits and deities, both known and unknown C) A belief in the mysterious and sometimes malevolent force of Tyche D) A body of rituals and beliefs not divulged to anyone not initiated into them
46. What did Epicurus believe was the principal good of human life? A) Individual contribution to the civic life of the polis B) Pleasure, which he defined as the absence of pain C) The accumulation of power and wealth D) Helping others
47. What did the philosophy of Stoicism strongly emphasize? A) Personal achievement B) The acceptance of Tyche or chance C) The ability to endure suffering D) Living a virtuous life
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48. What was Aristarchus's most important contribution to astronomy? A) He argued that Earth is far larger than the sun. B) He theorized that the stars are close to Earth and to one another. C) He believed that Earth and the planets revolve around the sun. D) He asserted that telescopes are necessary for all astronomical work.
49. Archimedes's many contributions to Hellenistic science include his theories about which of the following? A) Hydrostatics B) Heliocentrism C) Physics D) Astronomy
50. Which early scientist dissected corpses to learn more about anatomy and physiology? A) Euclid B) Archimedes C) Hippocrates D) Herophilus
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Answer Key 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. D 20. A 21. D 22. C 23. D 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. A 36. D 37. A 38. A 39. D 40. B 41. D 42. C 43. B 44. D
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45. D 46. B 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. D
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Chapter 05_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. Describe the geography of the areas inhabited by the Greeks. How did it affect the development of Greek civilization?
2. Describe the complex of Knossos on Crete and what it indicates about Minoan culture.
3. We know that Mycenaean civilization was particularly prone to warfare because of what evidence?
4. How do the democratic and oligarchic styles of government in the Greek polis compare? At what point might a tyrant be called for?
5. What were some of the problems that led to Solon's reforms in Athens?
6. How did the Peloponnesian War grow out of the Persian Wars?
7. Discuss how Athenian playwrights used their forum to address issues and attempt to understand or resolve life's basic conflicts.
8. Describe the cultural diversity of Alexander's empire. What happened (politically and culturally) to his empire after his death?
9. Describe the various commodities that were the basis of the commercial trading network of the Hellenistic world. Consider material and nonmaterial trade. How did this commercial network enhance the unification of the Mediterranean world and beyond?
10. How do the mystery religions of the Hellenistic world represent a merging of Western (Greek) and Eastern cultures?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Greeks referred to their land as “Hellas,” and it included land on a peninsula surrounded by the Aegean, Adriatic, and Mediterranean Seas, as well as numerous islands. Over time, cities in Ionia (Anatolia) were added to this civilization. Most of this land is mountainous and lacks navigable rivers. Harbors did provide access to the seas and encouraged trade. The disconnectedness of the geography contributed to the disconnectedness of the Greek city-states, which generally lacked unity and favored independence. 2. Answer would ideally include: Knossos is a large structure with more than one thousand interconnected rooms, as well as pipes to bring in drinking water and sewers to remove waste. Archeological evidence indicates a wealthy culture, led by a king and a group of nobles. Minoan art shows women in prominent roles, including religious and athletic ones. Long thought to be a peaceful society, new excavations are revealing more walls around the cities, indicating a need for defense. 3. Answer would ideally include: Archeological evidence reveals that Mycenaean cities had thick stone walls, and gravesites contain weapons such as spears, javelins, and swords. Also, they had the first metal armor that we know of. The civilization was led by a king and his warrior aristocracy. Finally, palace records written in the script known as Linear B have been deciphered and indicate frequent warfare. 4. Answer would ideally include: Although democracy should mean a style of government in which all members of the state have a say in the government, and oligarchy means rule by just a few (usually wealthy) members, as the Greeks practiced these systems, they had much in common. Greek democracy only allowed a select number of citizens (male only) to vote. The main difference is that more members had power in the democracy than the oligarchy, and the oligarchy included a greater number of prosperous citizens. Both systems allowed for advancement. Tyrants often came to power during a period of violent political or social upheaval, and they were not always oppressive, sometimes using their power to benefit the citizens. 5. Answer would ideally include: The aristocracy of Athens had been ruling oppressively. Wealthy aristocrats seized the land of small landholders, or small landholders became so indebted to the wealthy that they were forced to sell family members into slavery or be exiled. Spurred by these injustices, the poorer classes demanded access to political power. Solon supported the common people. When they elected him archon, he enacted reforms that freed people enslaved for debt, cancelled all debts on land, and allowed commoners into the assembly, where they could vote in the election of magistrates.
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6. Answer would ideally include: Although the Greek poleis did come together to fight the Persians in the fifth century B.C.E., the creation of the Delian League (a naval alliance intended to liberate Ionia from Persian rule) was increasingly dominated by Athens as the Athenians used its power to create an empire. Under Pericles, Athens grew so powerful and aggressive that it alarmed Sparta and its allies. Athenian imperialism and Sparta's fear of an Athens-dominated Greece led to the generation-long conflict known as the Peloponnesian War. 7. Answer would ideally include: The plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes often explored the conflicts between individual needs and the needs of the polis. In the process of asking what a model citizen should be, these playwrights might not always have had the same answers, but all concurred in their belief in the possibility of a just society. 8. Answer would ideally include: By incorporating Greek and non-Greek territories into his empire, Alexander built a multilinguistic, multireligious, multicultural world. It included Greek, Egyptian, Persian, Babylonian, Indian, and Arab cultures, among others, and created new hybrid cultures such as Bactrian. To bridge the diversity, a new dialect called koine facilitated communication. After his death, Alexander's empire was broken up into three main states (Egypt, Persia, and Greece and Macedonia), and a couple of smaller states (Bactria and Parthia). These political divisions were less important than the shared Hellenistic culture. 9. Answer would ideally include: Trade in the Hellenistic world included the material goods of metal weapons, wine, olive oil, cloth (wool and silk), precious stones and ivory, spices, grain, and slaves. Nonmaterial trade goods included Greek philosophical ideas and religious beliefs, such as Buddhism. The trade in goods and ideas unified the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian worlds. 10. Answer would ideally include: Mystery cults were a common feature of the Hellenic culture before Alexander, but were tied to specific deities in specific regions. The mystery religions of the Hellenistic world, however, were not tied to one particular region and thus represented a less geographically centered world than one in which culture provided links. New or non-Greek deities such as Tyche or Isis could now be incorporated into the Greek tradition of the mystery cult.
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Chapter 06_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Describe some of the ways the Etruscans influenced Roman culture.
2. Describe the different concepts of law in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. How did law change from republic to empire?
3. The Roman Republic underwent two great social upheavals: the Struggle of the Orders and the civil wars of the late republic. Compare these two upheavals in terms of causes, participants, and results. Was Rome better off after each upheaval? Explain your answer. 4. “The acquisition of empire spelled doom for the republic.” Assess the validity of this quote, considering the problems resulting from the wars of conquest and the attempts to solve these serious problems.
5. One of the most important events during the time of the Roman Empire was the birth of Christianity. Describe the evolution of Christianity. How do historians explain the success of early Christianity?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Etruscans at one point controlled the villages that eventually became Rome. Under Etruscan influence, the Romans prospered, and temples and public buildings were built. From the Etruscans, the Romans acquired connections to Mediterranean trade routes, including trade connections to Greece. The Romans also adopted the Etruscan alphabet and the toga as a distinctive style of dress. Another influence came from the Roman conquest of Italy, which involved taking over Etruscan city-states and led to the urbanized nature of Roman culture. 2. Answer would ideally include: Roman civil law was first embodied in an oral tradition of laws. These laws were recorded during the Struggle of the Orders, in what was known as the Laws of the Twelve Tables. This writing of the laws ensured that they would be applied equally to both patricians and plebeians. The Roman Republic also had several different concepts of law, from the ius civile (laws of statutes and customs for the citizens of Rome), the ius gentium (laws of the peoples that included more than just citizens and diplomatic matters), and the ius naturale (laws of nature that applied to all human behaviors). Roman law was further revised during the empire, particularly during the reign of Augustus, who made various changes to how women were treated by law (for example, women were released from guardianship if they had a certain number of children). 3. Answer would ideally include: The Struggle of the Orders was an attempt by the plebeian class to gain power in relation to the patricians, who in the early republic dominated Roman government. The plebeians based their claims for more power on the need for the republic to have a strong army, which relied heavily on the plebeians for infantry members. Furthermore, many plebeian families had also acquired economic power. By the end of the Struggle, the plebeians had obtained equality under the law, and the result was a strongly unified Roman state. The late republic was divided by the need for land reform, which the Gracchus brothers tried unsuccessfully to propose. The civil wars of the first century B.C.E. were power struggles between military leaders that further divided the republic and led to the creation of the empire. The First Triumvirate led by Caesar and the Second Triumvirate from which Octavian (Augustus) emerged as victorious destabilized the republic. There were positive outcomes of the civil wars, such as the creation of new colonies and an enlarged empire, but they also led to more power struggles in the empire. 4. Answer would ideally include: This essay should fully describe the problems (burgeoning slavery, decline of the free peasant farmer, economic competition from the provinces, enhanced political power of the generals, increased influence of Greek culture) that resulted from the establishment of the Roman Empire. Second, the reforming efforts of such men as the Gracchus brothers, Gaius Marius, and Julius Caesar must be described and analyzed for their
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effectiveness in dealing with the problems. Finally, the essay should assess the relationship between the fragility of constitutional governments and the impact of overseas conquest. 5. Answer would ideally include: Christianity has its origins in both the Hebrew religion and the era's various messianic movements. The essay should discuss the relationship between Jews and the Romans as well as the existence of the various mystery religions. The essay should then discuss the theological contributions of Jesus and his teachings, being sure to indicate both the unique and typical aspects of this movement compared with existing Hebrew religion and other messianic movements. The role of Paul in transforming Christianity into a religious movement for both Jews and Gentiles must be considered; his earlier contact with Stoic philosophy and his fundamental reorientation of the religion must be discussed. Finally, Christianity's success should be explained by considering the religion's universal message, its appeal among women and inclusion of all social classes, and its strong leadership. External factors, such as the role Roman roads played in its spread and the social conditions of the Mediterranean world at the time, should also be mentioned.
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Chapter 06_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-10: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Senate b. consuls c. patricians d. plebeians e. Punic Wars f. paterfamilias g. pax Romana h. Messiah i. pagan j. bishop
1. Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
2. The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
3. Originally referring to those who lived in the countryside, the term came to mean those who practiced religions other than Judaism or Christianity.
4. A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
5. The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
6. In Jewish belief, a savior who would bring a period of peace and happiness for Jews; many Christians came to believe that Jesus was that savior.
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7. The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
8. The oldest dominant male of the family, who held great power over the lives of family members. 9. The “Roman peace,” a period during the first and second centuries C.E. of political stability and relative peace.
10. A Christian Church official with jurisdiction over a certain area and the power to determine the correct interpretation of Christian teachings.
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Answer Key 1. b. consuls 2. a. Senate 3. i. pagan 4. e. Punic Wars 5. c. patricians 6. h. Messiah 7. d. plebians 8. f. paterfamilias 9. g. pax Romana 10. j. bishop
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Chapter 06_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What was an important difference between the political systems of the Romans and Greeks? A) Some Greek city-states had monarchies, while Roman city-states never did. B) Rome extended citizenship to its conquered peoples, while the Greeks did not. C) Rome had written laws, while no Greek city-states did. D) Greeks endured civil war, while Romans did not.
2. Other than Greeks, who were the first people to build permanent settlements in Italy? A) Etruscans B) Egyptians C) Hittites D) Persians
3. The villages that became Rome were located on what river? A) Po B) Tiber C) Danube D) Adige
4. How are women portrayed in Rome's founding legends? A) Dominant and superior B) Meek and quiet C) Virtuous and brave D) Conniving and deceitful
5. According to legend, who founded Rome? A) Latium B) Romulus and Remus C) Domitian D) Silla and Gaulius
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6. According to the most common Roman creation myth, who assisted Rome's first ruler, Romulus, with the rule of the city? A) He was helped by a council of advisors called the Senate. B) He was assisted by his brother Remus, a military commander. C) He was only able to rule the city with help of the gods. D) He relied heavily on his aristocratic wife and her family.
7. What is one possible reason that the Romans overthrew the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E.? A) The Etruscans refused to fight with the Romans against the invading Gauls. B) The Etruscan military allied with the Athenians in an effort to expel the Romans. C) Etruscan rulers had become increasingly authoritarian. D) The Etruscans and Carthaginians allied to undermine the Roman economy.
8. Which of the following was true of Roman religion? A) It was a deeply reflective religion emphasizing inner piety. B) It was largely a matter or rites and ceremonies, not inner piety. C) It was centered on ancestor worship. D) It advocated human sacrifice.
9. What did Romans, like the Persians, do once they conquered an area? A) They killed the men and took the women as slaves. B) They built large temples to please the gods and ensure success. C) They forced the men to serve in the Roman military. D) They built roads to facilitate communication and trade.
10.
How was Roman society divided in the early republic? A) Into two groups—the patricians and the plebeians B) Between Roman citizens and non-Romans who were seen as subject peoples C) Between urban and rural dwellers D) Between Roman citizens and their slaves
11. In the early republic, which group controlled political power and military leadership? A) Plebeians B) Etruscan nobles C) Patricians D) Merchants
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12. During the republic, which of the following was true of the Roman Senate? A) Its only function was to pass legislation. B) It had little power and was advised by consuls. C) Like the consuls, it changed its membership annually. D) One of its chief responsibilities was to advise officials and consuls.
13. Why was the ius gentium important to Roman society? A) It covered both Roman citizens and foreigners as a kind of universal law. B) It was the first written law code in the Mediterranean world. C) It limited the rights of patricians and elevated plebeians. D) It provided for the impeachment of the consuls.
14. During the Struggle of the Orders, how did the plebeians force political concessions? A) Plebian farmers refused to sell agricultural goods to the cities. B) All plebeians declined to pay annual taxes and local fees. C) Plebian men refused to serve in the military. D) Plebian leaders ordered the assassination of several senators and consuls.
15. What was recorded on the Twelve Tables? A) Myths B) Prayers C) Religious texts D) Laws
16. One result of the Struggle of the Orders was the creation of a law code that made all A) plebeians more powerful than patricians. B) patricians more powerful than plebeians. C) Roman-born citizens more important than foreigners. D) citizens, plebeian and patrician, equal before the law.
17. In the third century B.C.E., the main challenge to Roman control of the Mediterranean came from which of the following? A) Ptolemaic Egypt B) Carthage C) Alexandria D) Macedonia
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18. The First Punic War ended with a Roman victory and the creation of Rome's first A) monarchy. B) diplomatic corps. C) navy. D) hospitals.
19. Who was the Carthaginian general who brought the Second Punic War to the gates of Rome? A) Scipio Aemilianus B) Pyrrhus C) Tarquin the Proud D) Hannibal
20. What was one reason Hannibal failed to win the Second Punic War? A) Carthage never recovered from the loss at Cannae. B) His allies failed to provide food and supplies for his troops. C) He failed to form an alliance with Rome's neighbors. D) He was unable to get his army across the Alps into Italy.
21. In Roman families, what was the paterfamilias? A) The oldest dominant male in a family, who had near absolute power B) A family council that was composed of all adult males C) The marriage contract between husband and wife D) The male family member who was entitled to vote for public office
22. What was relatively unusual about women in Roman families? A) They seldom ventured outside their homes. B) They were not allowed to learn to read or write. C) They had no role in raising their children. D) They were able to inherit and own property.
23. How did Romans view slavery during the republic? A) The only people who could be taken as slaves were North Africans. B) It was viewed as a lifelong condition for the enslaved. C) It was an unfortunate state but one from which a slave might become free. D) It became less economically important over time as Rome grew to include more citizens.
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24. To what does the term latifundia refer? A) All lands conquered by Roman armies B) A new social class primarily created by imperial expansion C) Huge agricultural estates created by warfare and absentee farmers D) Lands given to returning soldiers as payment for their service
25. What was the main feature of the reform program proposed by Tiberius Gracchus? A) To provide free bread to the poor of Rome B) To redistribute public land to poor Romans C) To abolish the class distinctions of patricians and plebeians D) To establish colonies populated by ex-soldiers and their families
26. How did Gaius Marius recruit men to serve in an African campaign? A) He promised them citizenship. B) He recruited them by paying them gold coins. C) He offered to pardon them if they had been criminals. D) He promised land to landless men in return for their service.
27. What did Julius Caesar do once he became leader of Rome? A) He enacted a series of basic reforms throughout the empire. B) He stripped citizenship from people living in the empire but outside Italy. C) He ended all colonization efforts in Gaul, Spain, and North Africa. D) He ordered dozens of assassinations of his principal political opponents.
28. What was one of Augustus's important military reforms? A) He created an all-volunteer force. B) He developed an all-mercenary force. C) He assembled an all-plebeian army. D) He began a permanent standing army.
29. What does the phrase Roma et Augustus mean? A) It is the title of an historical account of Augustus's reign by Tacitus. B) It is an epic poem of Augustus's deeds written by Virgil. C) It means that the empire was divinely ordained. D) It refers to the cult of the emperor and the state.
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30. Under Augustus, women could be freed from male guardianship if they A) had a certain number of children. B) were related to Augustus. C) had a son killed in a war. D) bought their freedom from the state.
31. The Aeneid emphasized the parallels between Aeneas and Dido in the poem and what pair in real life? A) Romulus and Remus B) Antony and Cleopatra C) Augustus and Caesar D) Caesar and Cleopatra
32. Which emperor transformed the principate into a hereditary monarchy? A) Nero B) Hadrian C) Claudius D) Vespasian
33. What was an important achievement of the emperor Hadrian? A) He included landless men in the army. B) He defeated the Parthians in a series of naval battles. C) He conquered Gaul, Spain, and the British Isles. D) He established an efficient imperial bureaucracy.
34. What important improvements in urban planning were made in Rome during the second century C.E.? A) Separate districts were created for different ethnic groups in the cities. B) A new domestic police force was developed in the city of Rome. C) Hundreds of miles of aqueducts and sewers were built. D) Streets were made straight, and all roads and streets were paved.
35. How did Rome solve the problem of feeding its growing population? A) Emperors provided free bread, olive oil, and wine to the population. B) Leaders started subsidizing the cost of basic commodities. C) Emperors combined small tenant farms into huge agricultural operations. D) The Senate forced thousands of residents out of the city to colonize the frontiers.
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36. Who was largely responsible for the new burst of expansion in continental Europe in the second century C.E.? A) Colonists from the capital B) Greek Hellenists C) Retired soldiers D) Small farmers
37. During the pax Romana, what regions were the major grain producers of the empire? A) Gaul and Italy B) Southern Spain and Italy C) Egypt and Syria D) Britain and Belgium
38. Who played the role of middlemen between the Romans and the Chinese in the trade along the Silk Road? A) Indians B) Goths C) Parthians D) Jews
39. Who were the Zealots? A) People who wanted to expel the Romans from Judea B) A group that believed that Jesus was the Messiah C) Followers of a new mystery religion D) A group that felt Christ's message applied only to Jews
40. Who or what did militant Jews believe would come and destroy the Roman Empire? A) The Messiah B) The son of God C) A plague inflicted by God D) An army of angels
41. What did the mystery religions offer adherents in the Roman Empire? A) Access to political power B) The promise of eternal life C) Independence from the state D) Veneration of the state
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42. What writings provide the historical documentation of the life of Jesus? A) The sermons he wrote are the main source for his life story. B) The biographies written by his contemporaries tell his life story. C) The four Gospels of the Bible provide the principal evidence for his life and deeds. D) Accounts written by Pontius Pilate provide the most comprehensive information.
43. Why did Pontius Pilate condemn Jesus to death? A) He believed Jesus was the Messiah. B) He was an adherent of the mystery religions. C) He was told to do it by the emperor Tiberius. D) He was concerned with maintaining social order.
44. What was one of the primary early rituals celebrated by Christians? A) Re-creating the preaching of Jesus B) Visiting the site of the crucifixion C) Protest marches against the Romans D) A commemorative meal
45. What did Paul of Tarsus advocate with regard to Christian ideals? A) That Christ's teachings should be proclaimed to all B) That Christianity should be used to defeat Rome C) That Christ's message applied only to Jews D) That Christians should avoid contact with pagans
46. Which of the following generally characterized the relationship between Christians and Roman pagans? A) There was increasing pagan toleration with sporadic outbursts of persecution. B) Unrelenting pagan persecution continued until the late fourth century. C) Christians often tried to overthrow the state and Romans responded. D) There was mutual understanding and toleration of each other.
47. What significant political change did Diocletian enact? A) He used the titles “Augustus” and “Caesar.” B) He adopted the court ceremonies of the Persian Empire. C) He converted to Christianity and made it the state religion. D) He divided the Roman Empire into two parts.
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48. What was one of the advantages of the huge estates, or villas, created in the fourth century? A) They were a way peasants could avoid paying taxes. B) They offered protection in an unsettled world. C) They provided the basis for agriculture, trade, and industry. D) They facilitated a process of cultural exchange.
49. Which of the following was true of the emperor Constantine? A) He supported Christianity. B) He abdicated his power. C) He raised taxes on clergy. D) He was assassinated by the army.
50. When was Christianity made the official religion of the Roman Empire? A) 337.C.E. B) 380 C.E. C) 405 C.E. D) 418 C.E.
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Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. D 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. D 34. C 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. A 40. A 41. B 42. C 43. D 44. D
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45. A 46. A 47. D 48. B 49. A 50. B
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Chapter 06_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What developments in the Roman military during the early republic made it so effective and for such a long time?
2. Explain how the Roman Senate demonstrated Roman ideals related to shared government.
3. Explain why Rome and Carthage were natural rivals and why the Roman victory in the Punic Wars led to the establishment of Roman control of the Mediterranean world.
4. What was the significance of Augustus's rule? In the long run, did he help or hurt the Roman Empire?
5. What do the terms princeps civitatis, principate, and Roma et Augustus tell us about Augustus's power?
6. Describe the Roman family structure. What role did women play?
7. How was the Roman road system used to create, expand, and maintain the empire?
8. Discuss the aspects of Jesus's teaching and life that were Jewish in origin, and how he differed from Jewish orthodoxy.
9. How did the Roman Empire influence the development of Christianity?
10. What were some of the economic hardships faced by the Roman Empire in the fourth century C.E. onward?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Romans fought many wars in their conquest of Italy and their empire, which taught them the skills of diplomacy and determination. Citizens made up most of the army, and the wealthy bought their own weapons and armor. With strict organization and by quickly learning the value of alliances, the Romans were able to conquer Italy by about 265 B.C.E. 2. Answer would ideally include: The Romans were determined to avoid the authoritarian style of government of the Etruscans, and they sought to find a system of government in which power and responsibility were shared. Although the Senate did not pass legislation, it advised consuls and other officials. The fact that senators served life terms provided stability in a system where consuls changed annually. In this way, multiple individuals shared responsibility for maintaining the republic's civic, religious, and social duties. 3. Answer would ideally include: Shortly after establishing their republic and defeating the Etruscans, the Romans moved into southern Italy. Expansion into the Mediterranean brought them into direct trade competition and ultimately conflict with Carthage, a city in North Africa. The Carthaginians engaged in a series of wars to create a large trade empire that stretched from Sicily to Gibraltar. They posed a threat to the ambitious Romans who defeated the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars. As a result of Rome's victory in the Punic Wars, Rome established a Mediterranean trade empire and was drawn into conflict with Greece and other Mediterranean powers. 4. Answer would ideally include: Augustus restored many of the offices and forms of the republic and simultaneously transformed the republic to an empire by creating a kind of monarchy with himself in the center. The army was loyal to him on a personal level, and he created a stable government. In the short term, his victory over Marc Antony at Actium (in 27 B.C.E.) ended the civil wars of the late republic, and he was able to restore peace and order. Despite his ability to rule efficiently, however, he created precedents that led to problems after his rule. In the government he created, all power was held by a single ruler, and rulers could more easily use the army to manipulate power through personal loyalty. Although he reformed the Senate, he didn't give it enough power to carry out its duties, which left it vulnerable to ambitious military leaders. 5. Answer would ideally include: In order to fit his growing position into the republican constitution, Augustus maintained titles traditional to the republic. In this way, he kept his power in the background and avoided the appearance of a monarchical or authoritarian rule, even as he created the office of emperor. Initially, Augustus was given the honorary title princeps civitatis (“first citizen of the state”) by the Senate. This was in keeping with the
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idea of Augustus as the leader of a principate or the “first among equals.” The cult of Roma et Augustus (Rome and Augustus) demonstrated the growth of Augustus's power as it spread through the empire and became a symbol of Roman unity. This cult portrayed Augustus as the guardian of the state and firmly tied his image to that of Rome. 6. Answer would ideally include: The Roman family structure was headed by the paterfamilias, or oldest dominant male of the family, who held nearly absolute power over the lives of his family members. No son could legally own property until his father's death, and most important matters were settled by a council of the family's adult males. Although Roman women had no part in these family councils, they could inherit and own property. Women gained respect for being virtuous and loyal to their husbands and for their role as mothers with responsibility for raising children. 7. Answer would ideally include: Similar to the Persians, Romans built roads throughout the areas they conquered to facilitate communication and trade between different parts of the state. For example, Roman soldiers built roads to connect fortified camps and constantly improved roads such as those behind Hadrian's Wall. The road system allowed the Roman army to move about more easily and Romans ideas, like Christianity, to spread. Roads also impressed the conquered peoples and brought them benefits from being conquered. During the empire, the roads were expanded for tens of thousands of miles, bringing people from all parts of Europe in direct contact with each other for the first time. 8. Answer would ideally include: Jesus believed in a single God and preached a life of morality, both of which are concepts that came from Jewish tradition. His beliefs were derived from the Jewish scriptures. Unlike most Jewish preachers, however, Jesus taught in his own name, not in the name of Yahweh, and he claimed to be the Messiah (another Jewish concept) who was promised in the Jewish scriptures as coming to build a new Jewish kingdom; many followers supported his claim. Jesus promised a heavenly kingdom rather than an earthly one. 9. Answer would ideally include: The early practice of mystery religions made Romans familiar with such Christian concepts as eternal life. Persecutions also played a role as Christians saw themselves as invincible—nothing could set them back. The size of the Roman Empire gave Christians a wide territory in which to work and live. Roman roads were important for spreading the faith. The emperor Constantine supported the church and expected support in return. His adoption of Christianity was part of his strategy to present himself as God's appointed ruler on earth, an ideology of political legitimization that dominated the next 1,300 or 1,400 years of European history. 10. Answer would ideally include: Emperors of the late empire needed more revenue to support the army and their courts,
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but agriculture and commerce, the two main sources of imperial revenue, were strained by wars and invasions. City markets lacked goods for trade, and travel between cities was dangerous; thus, overall trade was reduced. Some areas were so unstable that many families moved out; in other instances, thousands were killed by invading armies. Coins were devalued, which caused inflation. Furthermore, the monetary system was abandoned in some areas, and payment in kind (payment by goods or services) became the norm.
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Chapter 07_Essay
Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. What did the Qin emperor standardize, and how did that standardization help him organize and rule his realm?
2. What were the distinctive features of the Han period, and how did the Han Dynasty build on its predecessor, the Qin Dynasty?
3. What was life like for peasants during the Han Dynasty? Include a description of the role of women and children.
4. What different solutions did Chinese statesmen from the Qin era through the Tang use to address the problem of aggressive nomads to the north and west?
5. Describe the impact of Chinese civilization on Vietnam and Korea. What aspects of Vietnamese culture were most affected by China, and how were those elements spread from Chinese civilizations? How did non-Chinese accommodate themselves (or not) to these influences from China?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The First Emperor of the Qin standardized the Chinese script, weights, measures, coinage, and axle lengths of carts. All of these projects facilitated the emperor's control of the state, reduced the influence of the nobility, and increased trade between different regions of China. Requiring all regions of China to use the same script allowed the emperor to disperse laws and official proclamations throughout the realm and to collect records of populations and taxes. It also helped to ensure a single Chinese script that would be exported to other parts of Asia. Standardized weights, measures, and coinage helped to make trade easier, as did the standardized axle size, which made the movement of goods and labor around China easier. 2. Answer would ideally include: The essay should begin with a discussion of the collapse of the Qin Dynasty and the emergence of the Han. The Han reduced Qin taxes and interference in an effort to appease the people, but continued the centralized style of government. A good essay should describe the unique features of the Han period: imperial expansion and increased foreign trade and intellectual ferment (restoration of the Confucian “classics”). Next, it should indicate those features of the Han period that were a continuation of Qin policies or even older historical patterns: autocratic government with educated, nonhereditary bureaucracy; a monopoly on the use of force; philosophical continuity; agrarian, peasant-based society; cities as centers of government and trade. 3. Answer would ideally include: Most peasants worked long hours, and all year long, to produce enough food to sell to cover taxes and social obligations and support their families' basic needs. Many borrowed money to cover these expenses and had to sell their lands to cover the debts. This forced many peasants to become migrant workers, some of whom were settled in frontier lands. Families were dominated by the eldest male, and children were dominated by parents. Marriages were arranged by the parents of the bride and groom. Women were encouraged to be loyal wives and devoted mothers and to sacrifice their needs for those of their family. 4. Answer would ideally include: The Qin emperor mobilized large armies and built a wall to stop the incursions of nomads from the north. The early Han tried buying off the nomads with gifts of luxury goods and marriage alliances. The Han emperor Wu embarked on a policy of military expansion that aimed in part to outflank the Xiongnu nomads in Korea, Manchuria, and Central Asia. Both the Han and the Tang attempted to fight the barbarians with barbarians, recruiting nomads as auxiliaries. 5. Answer would ideally include: Those aspects of Chinese civilization most likely to be found outside of China—the alphabet, Buddhism, Confucianism, and so forth—helped to create a somewhat common
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cultural framework for the region. Chinese culture was spread through conquest, as in Vietnam and Korea, and through peaceful transfer, as in the case of Japan. The essay should attempt to describe and analyze how extensive and deep this cultural borrowing (and imposition) was. Political resistance to Chinese control (such as that of Trieu Da and then the Trung sisters) is one clue to this aspect of the essay, as is the use of Chinese characters to write indigenous languages. The building of roads and waterways facilitated communication, whereas Chinese art, architecture, and music had an important impact on Vietnam.
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Chapter 07_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-12: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Great Wall b. Confucian classics c. Records of the Grand Historian d. Silk Road e. tributary system f. eunuchs g. Age of Division h. Grand Canal i. Pure Land j. Chan k. Shinto l. Nara
1. A school of Buddhism that taught that by calling on the Buddha Amitabha, one could achieve rebirth in Amitabha's paradise.
2. A system first established during the Han Dynasty to regulate contact with foreign powers. States and tribes beyond its borders sent envoys bearing gifts and received gifts in return.
3. Japan's capital and first true city; it was established in 710 and modeled on the Tang capital of Chang'an.
4. A rammed-earth fortification built along the northern border of China during the reign of the First Emperor.
5. A comprehensive history of China written by Sima Qian.
6. The Way of the Gods, Japan's native religion.
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7. A canal, built during the Sui Dynasty, that connected the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, notable for strengthening China's internal cohesion and economic development.
8. The trade routes across Central Asia linking China to western Eurasia.
9. The ancient texts recovered during the Han Dynasty that Confucian scholars treated as sacred scriptures.
10. A school of Buddhism (known in Japan as Zen) that rejected the authority of the sutras and claimed the superiority of mind-to-mind transmission of Buddhist truths.
11. Castrated males who played an important role as palace servants.
12. The period after the fall of the Han Dynasty, when China was politically divided.
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Answer Key 1. i. Pure Land 2. e. tributary system 3. l. Nara 4. a. Great Wall 5. c. Records of the Grand Historian 6. k. Shinto 7. h. Grand Canal 8. d. Silk Road 9. b. Confucian classics 10. j. Chan 11. f. eunuchs 12. g. Age of Division
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Chapter 07_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which year marked the beginning of a unified China under the Qin state? A) 206 C.E. B) 581 C.E. C) 221 B.C.E. D) 764 C.E.
2. How is the title Shihuangdi best translated? A) First King B) First Emperor C) God of All D) Mightiest Disciple
3. Which group of people did the First Emperor order to move to the capital? A) Nobility B) Merchants C) Military generals D) Foreigners
4. What did the first Qin emperor standardize, enabling China to operate more efficiently? A) The prices for rice and wheat were set by the government so that no one paid more than others. B) The Chinese script, weights, measures, and coinage were standardized to facilitate trade. C) Scholars were put to work on an official volume of Confucian theories so that religious rituals could be standardized. D) Ritual celebrations were set to a calendar so that they could be observed everywhere at the same time.
5. What defensive barrier was built by the Qin emperor using conscripted labor? A) The Grand Canal B) The First Wall C) The Silk Road D) The Great Wall
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6. What happened to the Qin Dynasty after the death of the First Emperor? A) Legalists gained power. B) The Qin state collapsed. C) The position of emperor became a weak figurehead. D) His heir established popular reforms.
7. What did the Han emperor Gaozu do to reestablish stability after the fall of the Qin Dynasty? A) He resurrected Legalism as the guiding philosophy of government. B) He enacted harsh laws and high taxes in order to quell uprisings. C) He outlawed Confucian philosophy. D) He retained the centralized government created by the Qin.
8. According to the census of 2 C.E., how many people lived in China at that time? A) 3 million B) 16 million C) 58 million D) 116 million
9. The Han government shared what popular view about commerce by merchants? A) That it was the key to China's economic prosperity B) That it exploited the true producers of wealth C) That it should be largely unregulated D) That it should not include the silk trade
10. Which statement is true about the Confucian classics? A) They were the texts written by Confucius in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E. B) They rejected the ideas of yin and yang and instead promoted piety. C) They were written by the disciples of Confucius after his death. D) They were the ancient books recovered after the book burning of the third century B.C.E.
11. The Confucian scholar-official system began during the A) Han Dynasty. B) Qin Dynasty. C) Age of Division. D) Zhou period.
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12. The Confucian classics viewed natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes as evidence of what? A) The natural world had forces of its own. B) The people did not properly worship their ancestors. C) The gods were dissatisfied with the sacrifices offered to them. D) The emperor failed to keep the forces of Heaven and earth in balance.
13. What was significant about Sima Qian's writings? A) They told the history of the eunuchs who served the Han emperors. B) They were the first collection of Daoist ideas on government. C) They included a comprehensive history of China and set a standard for historical writing. D) They represented the first time a Han official had written in support of Legalism.
14. Which of the following was invented in China around 105 C.E.? A) Writing B) Bronze technology C) Wet-field rice cultivation D) Paper
15. Who became China's main military threat in the fifth to fourth centuries B.C.E.? A) Koreans from the Silla kingdom B) Nomadic horsemen of the north C) Internal rebels trying take control of trade D) Bactrian merchants on the Silk Road
16. Who formed the first great confederation of nomadic tribes, known as the Huns in the West? A) The Xiongnu B) The Chengdu C) The Qin D) The Chang'an
17. The early Han policy for dealing with the Xiongnu was to A) invade and destroy their camps. B) make peace with gifts and brides. C) send them sons of the emperors. D) capture as many of their horses as they could.
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18. By taking over city-states in Central Asia, the Han under Emperor Wu were taking control of what transregional route? A) Grand Canal B) Silk Road C) Incense Route D) Khyber Pass
19. What was the key to the Han tributary system? A) The exchange of gifts via envoys B) Sending royal children as hostages C) Frequently sending armies to invade D) Sending Confucian scholars as teachers
20. Which of the following was true of metalworking in Han China? A) It was less sophisticated than Roman metalworking. B) It led to bronze replacing iron in tools. C) It involved the use of liquefied iron poured into molds. D) It resulted in bronze being phased out of all products.
21. Han coins and jewelry were usually made of what metal? A) Bronze B) Iron C) Gold D) Silver
22. Why did Han officials encourage peasants to be independent and productive? A) Peasants made up the bulk of the population and contributed vital taxes and labor services to the state. B) All peasants had high social ambitions and were easily coerced into doing difficult jobs for the possibility of advancement. C) China's peasants were well known for their military skills and were required to serve in the emperor's army. D) Most peasants also had secondary skills such as metalworking and weaving and were vital to keeping the economy strong.
23. Who arranged marriages in a typical Han family? A) Buddhist monks B) The nearest noble C) The groom D) Parents
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24. How did the inheritance system in Han China usually work? A) All land and property were passed to the eldest son. B) All children inherited equally. C) Land was divided equally among the sons in a family. D) Land and money were divided between the spouse and the oldest child.
25. What was the most glorified virtue in Han times? A) Filial piety B) Bureaucratic honesty C) Honoring the emperor D) Gentlemanly conduct
26. Ban Zhao's Admonitions for Women promoted the ideal virtues for Han women, particularly the virtue of A) pride. B) humility. C) physical strength. D) piety.
27. Which of the following took place during the Age of Division? A) A eunuch ruled China through child emperors. B) The Han Dynasty only maintained control of northern China. C) Buddhism was widely suppressed by most local rulers. D) Nanjing became the capital of southern China.
28. Under the rule of the Kushan king, artists began to depict the Buddha in human form because of influence from what culture? A) Persian B) Daoist C) Roman D) Greek
29. The Mahayana Buddhism that spread to Central Asia was influenced by Iranian religions to become more A) sacrificial. B) devotional. C) ritualistic. D) monastic.
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30. What attracted Chinese women to Buddhism? A) It encouraged women to pursue salvation and serve the faith on terms nearly equal to men. B) It guaranteed every woman status as a bodhisattva. C) It taught that being born female was higher than being born male. D) It accepted the idea of female rulers and female independence.
31. Buddhist monasteries quickly became popular throughout northern and southern China and included among their patrons A) court eunuchs. B) men only and no women. C) rulers of both regions. D) nomadic pastoralists.
32. What was one of the objections to Buddhism in China? A) Buddhists sought to build monasteries on land that was sacred to Confucians. B) Buddhists wanted to provide education for everyone, not just sons of the nobility. C) Buddhist monks established missionaries to convert all people, including members of the imperial family. D) Buddhist monasteries and temples were built on untaxed land, and monks did not perform labor service.
33. Yang Jian, who established the Sui Dynasty, came from a mixed family of Chinese and non-Chinese from what part of Asia? A) Korea B) The north C) The southeast D) Japan
34. What new method for choosing government officials was introduced in 605 C.E. under the Sui Dynasty? A) Written examinations B) Military challenges C) Monastic training D) Oral examinations
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35. How did the Sui Dynasty contribute to China's infrastructure? A) A well-planned government complex was established in Beijing. B) Protective walls were built around cities for the first time. C) The Yellow and Yangzi Rivers were connected by a canal. D) China's first roads were built between Beijing and Chang'an.
36. What title did Taizong of the Tang Dynasty gain when he defeated the Turks in 630 C.E.? A) Second Emperor B) Son of Heaven C) Sultan D) Great Khan
37. How did Empress Wu of the Tang seize power for herself? A) She waged a coup d'etat against her husband. B) She took advantage of the illness of Emperor Gaozong. C) She murdered her two sons. D) She claimed she was pregnant with the dead emperor's son.
38. Who led a rebellion against the Tang government in 755 C.E.? A) Yang Guifei B) Emperor Gaozong C) Empress Wu D) An Lushan
39. During what dynasty did the great age of Chinese poetry occur? A) Han B) Qin C) Sui D) Tang
40. Which Buddhist school of thought appealed to laypeople during the Tang era? A) Therevada School B) Chan School C) Zen School D) Pure Land School
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41. Which area of East Asia was the least affected by Chinese cultural influences? A) Japan B) Tibet C) Korea D) Vietnam
42. What written language was used by educated people throughout East Asia by the eighth century? A) Korean B) Japanese C) Chinese D) Vietnamese
43. Who established the Nam Viet kingdom in the third century B.C.E.? A) A Buddhist monk B) A Confucian scholar C) A former Qin general D) A Viet prince
44. Who did the Vietnamese Trung sisters lead an uprising against in 39 C.E.? A) Han rulers B) Trieu Da C) Nam Viet D) Qin officials
45. Which of the three kingdoms of Korea was able to unify the entire peninsula under its control? A) Paekche B) Choson C) Koguryo D) Silla
46. Why were the Yamato rulers of Japan able to come to power? A) They had a strong military and claimed to be descended from the sun-goddess. B) They claimed they had been chosen by the Tang and the Silla. C) They claimed they possessed special powers that would ensure an overthrow of the Han Dynasty. D) They promised material wealth for all followers and to never allow women to rule.
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47. What was the native religion of Japan? A) Zen B) Shinto C) Yamato D) Mahayana
48. Prince Shôtoku's reforms of Japan included adopting what administrative ideas from China? A) Using Legalism to organize a society B) Instituting a ladder of ranks and using Confucianism as a guiding principle C) Administering the country through a Daoist hands-off approach D) Establishing an official policy of “family comes first”
49. Which of the following was a result of increased Japanese contact with the Asian mainland in the eighth century C.E.? A) The introduction of Buddhism B) A general decline in prices due to competition C) A smallpox epidemic D) The disappearance of the Japanese language
50. Which of the following was Japan's capital and first true city? A) Koguryo B) Tokyo C) Chang'an D) Nara
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Answer Key 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. C 21. A 22. A 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. D 29. B 30. A 31. C 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. D 37. B 38. D 39. D 40. D 41. B 42. C 43. C 44. A
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45. D 46. A 47. B 48. B 49. C 50. D
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Chapter 07_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. How did the Han promote Confucianism, and did the philosophy aid the government?
2. Explain what the Silk Road is and how China prospered from it beginning with the Han Dynasty onward.
3. What was the extent of the expansion of Chinese territory and trade during the Han empire? What regions were added to the empire?
4. How do the Han and Roman empires compare in terms of how they handled peoples on their borders?
5. Why was Buddhism so appealing to the people of China?
6. The Tang Dynasty is said to have been one of the high points of Chinese civilization. What were the accomplishments of this period in Chinese history?
7. Describe the Tang city. Who lived in it, and what kinds of goods were traded there?
8. What were the reasons for suspicion of, and sometime persecution of, Buddhism in China?
9. Explain the difference between Pure Land and Chan Buddhism under the Tang.
10. Describe the relationship between Korea and Japan from the fourth and sixth centuries. What was exchanged between the two?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Confucianism made a comeback, as ancient books were recovered (as the “classics”) after the widespread book burning of the Qin. Under the Han emperors, Confucian scholars were placed in privileged positions within the government. By encouraging Confucian scholars to seek government positions, the Han emperors were also promoting education. These scholars elevated the role of the emperor who linked heaven and earth. The support of one philosophy also created a uniform culture throughout China. 2. Answer would ideally include: The term Silk Road refers to trade routes across Central Asia, which linked China to the West. There were city-states along these routes, in which China could trade silk and other products. During the Han Dynasty, China assumed control over much of the Silk Road, establishing military garrisons that protected the city-states and made China's trade along these routes easier. The Chinese began to grow new foodstuffs and spices and used the two-humped Bactrian camels used in Central Asia. 3. Answer would ideally include: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent armies against the Xiongnu, but after their limited value, he turned west in search of allies. He established military districts in northern Korea and took over part of northern Vietnam. The Han also established a tributary system to encourage trade with other powers, such as Ferghana, and as an alternative to military interactions with other states. China and foreign powers exchanged gifts, much of which could be traded along the Silk Road, which introduced new goods into China and the states with which it exchanged gifts. 4. Answer would ideally include: Both Han China and the Roman Empire had many diverse peoples along their borders. Both recruited soldiers from these border areas to serve in their armies and established colonies of soldiers in the border areas to monitor them. Exchange of material goods with the border peoples encouraged them to assimilate with the larger empires. While the Han drew no distinction between the original and added territories, Rome adopted graduated citizenship, was more culturally diverse, and spread republican ideas. China had no cultural rivals, and the dynastic principle was stronger. 5. Answer would ideally include: Buddhist ideas about reincarnation and karma provided Chinese scholars with a new intellectual challenge and stimulated debate. Buddhism provided rulers with a unifying force for Chinese and non-Chinese subjects alike and reinforced the concept of the emperor's magical status. For the majority of Chinese people, Buddhism promised peace and eternal bliss, a contrast to the violence and turmoil of the age. Buddhism was also appealing to women, as it promised salvation equal to that available to men. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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China under the Tang Dynasty experienced both economic growth and an expansion of the civil government based on a system of merit-based exams. Although despised by later historians, the Chinese accepted the only woman ruler of China, Empress Wu, who proved to an effective ruler. There was a vibrant urban culture during this period, and it was the great age of Chinese poetry. This period also saw the spread and evolution of Buddhism, to the point where Buddhism fully penetrated Chinese daily life. The Tang capital cities were great cosmopolitan metropolises, where knowledge of the outside world was stimulated by contact with merchants and envoys from other states. 7. Answer would ideally include: Tang cities, such as Chang'an, were very large and had people from many different places and cultures living in them for trade purposes. The cities were separated into rectangular grids, each walled blocks that were locked at night. Students might discuss how this aided security for the inhabitants and allowed the city rulers to monitor and control the population. Many different religions were practiced within the cities, and new goods, cultures, and customs were introduced there. 8. Answer would ideally include: Although Buddhism was generally very popular in China, it was sometimes viewed with suspicion by the government because of its foreign origins. The government also sometimes opposed Buddhism because Buddhist temples and monasteries were nontaxable and Buddhist monks did not contribute to the labor force. This reduced both the overall tax revenue from the land and the amount of men providing labor service. 9. Answer would ideally include: Pure Land Buddhism appealed to ordinary Chinese people because of its simplicity and because of the compassion of the bodhisattva Guanyin, who would help them achieve rebirth in paradise. Chan Buddhism appealed more to the educated elites, rejecting the authority of the sutras and claiming the superiority of mind-to-mind transmission of truths. It emphasized meditation and monastic discipline. 10. Answer would ideally include: Korea and Japan had a lot of contact during this time period, and people from Korea moved into Japan, bringing with them silk making, their spoken language, the written Chinese language, bronze swords, iron plows, and crossbows. Japan also adopted a social order similar to Korea's with a warrior aristocracy organized into clans and who dominated serfs and slaves captured in battle. Over time, the clans fought each other until one leader emerged to unite the kingdom.
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Chapter 08_Essay Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Compare and contrast the law codes of the early Middle Ages, from the Justinian reform of Roman law to the Germanic laws.
2. Outline the institutionalization of the Christian Church. How did it move from being a small, persecuted sect to one of the most important political players in Europe and the Mediterranean basin?
3. Trace the history of the monastic movement from its Eastern roots through The Rule of Saint Benedict. Why was The Rule of Saint Benedict so successful? What impact did the Benedictine monasteries have on the church and on society in general?
4. Describe Germanic society in the early Middle Ages. What impact did the traditions, beliefs, and laws of the Germanic peoples have on the subsequent development of European civilization? How were the Germans affected by Christianity?
5. What is the significance of Charlemagne's empire?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Justinian revised Roman law, organized it, and preserved it. A committee of jurists produced the Code, which organized the law by eliminating outdated laws, clarified laws that were confusing or had become contradictory over time, and compiled a handbook of civil law. This law code in three parts—the Codex, the Digest, and the Institutes—became the model for subsequent European law. The Germanic kingdoms used a combination of royal and local laws and customs, unlike the more centralized Byzantine law. 2. Answer would ideally include: The institutionalization of the church accelerated rapidly once the Christians had the support of the Roman emperors. Even before Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire in 380, the emperor Constantine expected the church to support unity and order in the empire. During this period, the church developed courts and a written body of law that paralleled and complemented the Roman judicial system. The Roman emperors presided over great church councils that decided key points of doctrine. The church borrowed Roman administrative divisions for its own organization, and bishops made their seats in the capitals of the old Roman dioceses. As Roman secular authority faded in the late fourth and early fifth centuries, the church began to take on more and more functions of temporal government. This essay might also discuss the development of the Petrine Doctrine (of the supremacy of the bishop of Rome) and of monasticism. 3. Answer would ideally include: This essay should begin with a discussion of eremitical monasticism and the emergence and eventual dominance of communal monasticism. It should also discuss the role of monasteries in the conversion process in pagan Europe and the role of church leadership in this development. It should next describe The Rule of Saint Benedict—its simplicity, adaptability, universal acceptance, and other features—and why and how Saint Benedict created it. How these features contributed to The Rule's success should also be addressed. Finally, the role of the Benedictine order should be discussed. 4. Answer would ideally include: This essay should fully describe early Germanic society, including customary laws, religion, daily life, and hierarchies. It should indicate how these early aspects of Germanic society were incorporated into the synthesis that produced European civilization, including the interaction between Germanic society and both the Greco-Roman tradition and Christianity. The Frankish kingdom was the most enduring of all Germanic kingdoms and as such played a key role in shaping the development of European institutions. Key aspects of Germanic culture that were evolved into later European culture include Germanic languages, the patriarchal social system, and the emphasis on the warrior culture. 5. Answer would ideally include:
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Although there were Barbarian kingdoms after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Charlemagne's empire was the first large-scale land empire in Europe since then. Charlemagne deliberately evoked the Roman Empire in his motto, which called his empire a revival. Also, Charlemagne called himself an emperor and allowed himself to be recognized as such by the pope (who coroneted him in 800) and the Abbasid Caliph. This led to a break with the Byzantine Empire, which saw him as a usurper of their power.
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Chapter 08_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-12: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Justinian's Code b. dioceses c. heresy d. popes e. Orthodox Church f. sacraments g. iconoclastic controversy h. wergild i. penance j. saints k. Carolingian l. Treaty of Verdun
1. Certain rituals of the church believed to act as a conduit of God's grace, such as the Eucharist and baptism. _
2. Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
3. Multipart collection of laws and legal commentary issued in the sixth century by the emperor Justinian.
4. A religious practice or belief judged unacceptable by church officials.
5. Geographic administrative districts of the church, each under the authority of a bishop and centered around a cathedral.
6. Another name for the Eastern Christian Church, over which emperors continued to have power.
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7. A treaty ratified in 843 that divided Charlemagne's territories among his three surviving grandsons; their kingdoms set the pattern for the modern states of Germany, France, and Italy.
8. Heads of the Roman Catholic Church, who became political as well as religious authorities. The period of this leader's term in office is called a pontificate.
9. The conflict over the veneration of religious images in the Byzantine Empire.
10. Ritual in which Christians asked a priest for forgiveness for sins and the priest set certain actions to atone for the sins.
11. A dynasty of rulers that took over the Frankish kingdom from the Merovingians in the seventh century; the dynasty's name derives from the Latin word for “Charles,” the name of several members of this dynasty.
12. People who were venerated for having lived or died in a way that was spiritually heroic or noteworthy.
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Answer Key 1. f. sacraments 2. h. wergild 3. a. Justinian's Code 4. c. heresy 5. b. dioceses 6. e. Orthodox Church 7. l. Treaty of Verdun 8. d. popes 9. g. iconoclastic controversy 10. i. penance 11. k. Carolingian 12. j. saints
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Chapter 08_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. In the sixth century, the Byzantine emperor Justinian fought the Ostrogoths for control of what territory? A) France B) Italy C) Germania D) Asia Minor
2. How did people of the Byzantine Empire view themselves? A) They saw themselves as something new, calling themselves the Byzantines. B) They saw themselves as Greeks because of their close cultural relationship with Greece. C) They considered themselves Persians because most of the rulers of the Byzantine Empire were Persian. D) They considered themselves Romans as Byzantium was the eastern part of the Roman Empire.
3. In addition to its strong walls, which of the following protected Constantinople from attacks? A) Large deserts on all sides B) Buffer neighborhoods of settled Huns C) The sea on three sides D) An army corps surrounding the walls
4. For many centuries, who were the most regular foes of the Byzantines? A) Mongolians B) Sassanids C) Franks D) The Norse
5. What was the official religion of Sassanid Persia? A) Islam B) Coptic Christianity C) Zoroastrianism D) Judaism
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6. Which of the following is true of Justinian's law code? A) It was only used in the Byzantine Empire. B) It became the foundation of law for most modern European nations. C) It was the first time laws had been written in Europe. D) It focused on practical civil law but not the philosophy of law.
7. What was the Byzantines' most important contribution to mathematics and science? A) Preserving Greco-Roman texts B) Discovering the origins of the Bubonic plague C) A treatise on how to perform surgeries D) A machine that propelled oared boats
8. What was the Byzantines' best-known innovation? A) The explosive compound known as “Greek fire” B) The Cyrillic alphabet C) Bronze weapons D) The cure for Justinian's plague
9. Which of the following was true of Byzantine medicine? A) It was less advanced than their work in other sciences. B) It resulted in an understanding of the connection between sanitation and disease. C) It led to practical treatment for the “Justinian plague.” D) It was more advanced than medicine in Western Europe. 10. How did the “Justinian plague” affect the Byzantines? A) Its outbreak severely weakened the military resources of Byzantium. B) It decimated the Muslim armies attacking Byzantium. C) It killed much fewer Byzantines than Western Europeans. D) It caused the death of the Emperor Justinian.
11. Which group dominated tenth-century Byzantine society? A) Silk Road businessmen B) Military generals C) The landed aristocracy D) The clergy
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12. What was a gynaeceum? A) A large reception hall B) A public bath C) A woman's apartment D) An art gallery
13. Prior to becoming a bishop, Ambrose of Milan had received what kind of training? A) Medical B) Legal C) Rhetoric D) Military
14. What important belief did the Arians hold? A) They believed in the supremacy of the bishop of Rome. B) They argued that the powers of church and state should be separate. C) They asserted that God and Christ were equals. D) They thought that Christ was not co-eternal with God or equal to him in power.
15. Arianism was condemned by Constantine at what council in 325? A) Nicaea B) Tours C) Rome D) Athens
16. What important theological issue did the Nicene Creed address? A) It stated that secular leaders could intervene in spiritual concerns. B) It supported the ideas of Arianism. C) It explained the nature of Christ's divinity. D) It denied that Christ was as divine as God the Father.
17. What happened to Arius after the Council of Nicaea? A) He and his followers were executed. B) He created an alternative church C) He became bishop of Alexandria. D) He and his followers were banished.
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18. What emperor made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire? A) Constantine B) Theodosius C) Justinian D) Tiberius
19. Why did Emperor Theodosius destroy the pagan temples in the late fourth century? A) He believed they were centers of sedition. B) He wanted to use the buildings for official purposes. C) He expected the Christian Church's support in return. D) He saw that they were no longer being used.
20. Which of the following allowed the bishops of Rome, or popes, to gain increased power and political authority in central Italy? A) The popes' ability to expand religious and secular authority as a result of their greater independence from Constantinople B) The close personal relationship that the bishops maintained with the emperors at Constantinople C) The failure of the emperors at Constantinople to provide financial support for the urban development projects taking place in Rome D) The tradition of viewing religion as a branch of the state and the church's reliance on councils of bishops and theologians to settle doctrinal disputes peacefully
21. On what basis did the bishops of Rome claim authority over other bishops? A) The bishopric of Rome was the first diocese created by Constantine. B) The Nicene Creed was promulgated and approved in Rome. C) The bishops of Rome were the best-educated churchmen. D) The apostle Peter lived in Rome, and the bishops of Rome were his successors.
22. Where did Christian monasticism begin? A) Egypt B) Rome C) Constantinople D) Jerusalem
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23. How did church authorities respond to the growing trend of eremitical monasticism? A) They encouraged all monks to become hermits in the desert. B) They encouraged hermits to retreat to the edge of towns. C) They encouraged those who wanted to live ascetic lives to join communities instead. D) They encouraged all hermits to renounce asceticism altogether.
24. What was Saint Jerome's major contribution to the early church? A) He translated the Bible into Latin. B) He wrote the Nicene Creed. C) He reconciled Christ's sermons with pagan philosophy. D) He established the first communal monastery.
25. What did Jesus teach regarding women? A) He taught that women were almost always inferior to men. B) He believed and taught that women were a constant source of temptation. C) He taught that women were equal to men. D) He taught that no matter what happened women could not achieve salvation.
26. Which of the following was one of Saint Augustine's key ideas? A) His belief in monastic celibacy B) His doctrine of Christ's divinity C) His doctrine of original sin D) His belief that the pope was Peter's successor
27. In The Confessions, what does Saint Augustine argue about human behavior? A) That knowledge and virtue are one and the same B) That people always act on the basis of rational knowledge C) That a person who knows what is right will do what is right D) That all humans are weak-willed and have an innate tendency to sin
28. According to Saint Augustine, what did God transmit through the sacraments? A) Free will B) Grace C) Peace D) Desire
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29. Iconoclasts believed that people were doing what with icons? A) Praying through them B) Decorating with them C) Using them for instruction D) Worshiping them
30. What order did the Byzantine emperor Leo III give in 730? A) He banned women from monasteries. B) He ordered the destruction of icons. C) He ordered that Latin no longer be used for mass. D) He outlawed the use of singing in prayer.
31. With whom did the pope form an alliance as a result of the iconoclastic controversy? A) The Byzantine emperor B) The Frankish monarchy C) Arian Christians D) Persian Muslims
32. What was a consequence of the controversy over icons in the Eastern Christian Church? A) The controversy had few consequences beyond theology. B) It settled the issue of church-state relations in Byzantium. C) It led to further separation between Western Europe and Byzantium. D) It resulted in the destruction of all pagan icons.
33. What was the original meaning of barbaros, or barbarian? A) Someone who was primitive or unruly B) Someone who did not speak Greek C) Someone who was not Christian D) Someone who wore animal skins
34. What was the basic Germanic social unit? A) The state B) The family C) The individual D) The tribe
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35. In early Germanic villages, which of the following indicated a man's wealth and determined his social status? A) His relationship with the king B) The amount of land he owned C) The number of cattle he possessed D) The number of wives he had
36. What was one distinction between wealthy, powerful barbarians and ordinary barbarians of lesser status? A) Only powerful men were expected to fight. B) Only ordinary Barbarians were allowed to drink beer. C) Powerful men owned cattle, while ordinary men herded sheep. D) Powerful men sometimes had more than one wife.
37. Which of the following outlined the value Germanic tribes ascribed to the worth of individual members? A) Doom B) Gentes C) Comitatus D) Wergeld
38. What roles did the druids fill in Celtic society? A) They were chieftains and scribes. B) They served religious and legal functions. C) They were largely military leaders and scribes D) They served as clan elders and bards.
39. Barbarians migrated into Roman territory looking for which of the following? A) A promised holy site B) Better supplies and more farmland C) The knowledge and skills needed to make iron D) Women for brides or slaves
40. Why did the Huns retreat from Italy in 451? A) Their leader, Attila, had died, and their new leader wanted to return home. B) Pope Leo I asked them to, and they were weakened by disease and poor food supply. C) They were forced out by Visigoths. D) They did not find what they needed.
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41. On whom did early Christian missionaries concentrate their conversion efforts? A) Urban residents B) Pagan priests C) Rural peasants D) Members of royal families
42. According to legend, what saint Christianized Ireland? A) Christopher B) Patrick C) Jerome D) Benedict
43. The base for the Christianization of the European continent began in 597 in what country? A) Spain B) France C) England D) Portugal
44. One of Cyril's most important contributions to Russian culture was the invention of which of the following? A) Greek fire B) Russian icons C) The Cyrillic alphabet D) Russian monarchy
45. Which fifth-century Merovingian leader helped unify the Franks? A) Clovis B) Gregory C) Merovech D) Charles Martel
46. Carolingian power over the Franks was solidified by Charles Martel's defeat of which group in 732 at Poitiers? A) Muslim invaders B) The Visigoths C) The Burgundians D) Celtic warriors
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47. The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor caused a decisive break between Western Europe and what empire? A) The Abbasid B) The Byzantine C) The Sassanid D) The Umayyad
48. Charlemagne used missi dominici to connect his central government to which of the following? A) Church leaders B) Rome C) Constantinople D) Local authorities
49. To what does the Carolingian Renaissance refer? A) A growing veneration of the fathers of Roman Christianity B) An enthusiastic interest in Roman military history C) A growing interest in the ideas of classical Greece and Rome D) Charlemagne's clever invention of a bureaucracy necessary to operate a vast empire
50. What was accomplished by the Treaty of Verdun? A) It removed substantial territory from the Byzantine Empire, creating the beginnings of the Holy Roman Empire. B) It moved the territory today known as Italy, Austria, and France out of the Carolingian Empire and into that of the Merovingian. C) It created peace between the Muslim armies of the Iberian Peninsula and Charlemagne's armies. D) It divided the Carolingian Empire, forming the precursors to the modern states of Germany, France, and Italy.
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Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. B 29. D 30. B 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C 36. D 37. D 38. B 39. B 40. B 41. D 42. B 43. C 44. C
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45. A 46. A 47. B 48. D 49. C 50. D
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Chapter 08_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. In what ways did the Byzantine Empire continue the traditions of the Roman Empire?
2. What factors contributed to the long duration of the Byzantine Empire?
3. What role did trade play in the Sassanid and Byzantine Empires and in the tensions between them?
4. How did the bishops of Rome acquire spiritual and secular leadership in the early fifth century? What was the intellectual justification for this development?
5. How did the early Christian Church deal with Arianism? What are possible long-term implications for how Christianity dealt with this early heresy?
6. Why were some early Christians drawn to the monastic lifestyle?
7. What were early Christian attitudes toward sex? What influenced those attitudes?
8. What were some key techniques, ideas, and practices that encouraged the spread of Christianity?
9. How was barbarian society organized?
10. What role did Germanic queens play in converting their tribes to Christianity?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Perhaps the most important part of this answer is to be aware that the Byzantines thought of themselves as Romans and saw their state as a continuation of the Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire continued the administrative system of the Roman Empire, including the Senate. The Byzantine army continued the Roman military organization, including the divisions into legions. Religiously, the Byzantine emperor retained much of the authority over the church established by Constantine, in summoning councils and in viewing the church as an office of the state. Furthermore, Byzantine law (codified by Justinian) preserved many aspects of Roman law. 2. Answer would ideally include: Although faced with many external stresses, the Byzantine Empire had strong military leadership and, in its capital city of Constantinople, an easily defendable location protected by walls. During long sieges, Constantinople was well provided with food and water. As long as the city held, the empire survived. Furthermore, building on the traditions of the original Roman Empire helped provide the Byzantine Empire with a strong foundation. 3. Answer would ideally include: Both empires were located on lucrative trade routes. The Sassanids controlled caravan trade that moved goods from China to the Persian Empire on the Silk Road. The Byzantines controlled trade on the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, also moving goods from the Silk Road. Because both empires profited from the same Silk Road trade networks, this meant that both were competing for access to the same trade network. The Sassanids were initially successful and briefly took Egypt (621), but Emperor Heraclius I crushed the Persians at Ninevah in 627, and by this time, the Sassanids were in retreat. 4. Answer would ideally include: The bishops of Rome gained power and prestige as the authority of Rome's political leaders collapsed. The essay should discuss the intellectual justification for this, beginning with Ambrose's insistence on the church's independence and the bishops' role as judges of emperors and including a thorough discussion of the Petrine Doctrine and Augustine's views on the issue. 5. Answer would ideally include: The Arian belief that Jesus was created by God and was not co-eternal with him caused a major division within the fourth-century church. Constantine was concerned with both religious division and civil disobedience and called a council at Nicaea. The council produced a creed that defined the official church's position on the eternity of Jesus. Those who refused to reject the Arian position were banished. In taking a definitive stand against the heresy and its believers, Constantine was promoting the role of the emperor as having the power to settle theological disputes.
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6. Answer would ideally include: Many early Christians believed that an ascetic lifestyle, which included fasting and renunciation of sex, was a way to show their devotion to Christ's teachings. Many men and women thought that by separating themselves from friends, family, and the world, they were drawing closer to God. Some people also might have been drawn to the opportunity to be recognized as a spiritual guide to others. Monasticism also provided men and women with opportunities to use their talents and abilities, and women were allowed to show their devotion and engage in study. 7. Answer would ideally include: In general, the early Church viewed sex as unfavorable and the body with some hostility, which may have been incorporated from Hellenistic philosophies. Christians were presented with two conflicting ideas about sex: they accepted that God created the material world (including the human body) and wanted humans to marry and have children, but they also believed that celibacy was a higher calling and prevented one from distractions. 8. Answer would ideally include: Christianity is a strongly missionary religion, and in its earliest days, the Mediterranean provided a pathway to spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. Women were able to take an active role in missionary activity. In the barbarian cultures, outside of the empire, Christian missionaries concentrated on converting the leaders, in particular the queens and female relatives. In addition to preaching, missionaries also had the Bible translated into various languages. Conversion was also encouraged through the use of rituals and the mixing of pagan traditions and practices with Christian traditions and practices to ease the transition from one belief system to another. 9. Answer would ideally include: Barbarian society was organized into tribal units. Barbarian men were expected to be warriors, and the leader of the tribe was the man considered to be the bravest warrior. Most people lived in small villages and grew mostly grains. Barbarian society was also patriarchal, and it was possible for wealthy men to have more than one wife, although most ordinary people were monogamous. Widows had legal power over family property and children. 10. Answer would ideally include: Christian missionaries sought out royal women to convert first, knowing that if the queen converted, she could influence her family to do the same. If the king converted, then he would be likely to force or encourage the entire tribe to convert. Germanic queens such as Clotild, the wife of the Frankish king Clovis, also had influence over the finances of the royal court and thus could sponsor Christian missionaries.
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Chapter 09_Essay
Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Islam was unable to maintain its cultural and political unity. What kinds of religious and political issues divided the Islamic world?
2. How did the Abbasids create a culture in which Islam and Persian cultures mixed, and what did they borrow from the Byzantines to create a culture that ultimately encouraged conversion to Islam?
3. How did Muslim rulers view their Jewish and Christian subjects? Did these attitudes change over time, and if so, why?
4. How did the status of Arab women change with the introduction of Islam, and how did that status change from the Umayyad to the Abbasid caliphates?
5. What is shari'a within the religion and empire of Islam? How do individual members of the Islamic world interact with the law, from common believers to the holders of high office (ulama, caliph, and qadi)?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: This essay should discuss some of the religious issues that were debated in early Islam, such as the oneness of God and what role the Qur'an and hadith would play in shaping the Islamic faith. The problem of succession of Muhammad as leader to the Islamic state, resulting in the creation of the caliphate should also be discussed, as should the disputed succession to the caliphate and the resulting schism between the Sunni and Shi'ite branches of Islam. Next to consider are the doctrinal impact of the Shi'ite claim to divinely inspired leadership and the impact on the umma. Cultural unity was difficult to maintain because of the vast territory Muslim armies conquered, which caused a great deal of diversity in the developing empire. 2. Answer would ideally include: The essay should describe some of the specific Islamic borrowings from Persian traditions, such as the belief in the divine right of the caliph, the seclusion of women, the adoption of Greek intellectual traditions, and a method of administering the empire and its army (using the diwân). Both cultures, too, had a history of monotheism. The essay might also discuss elements of Byzantine culture that were incorporated into the Islamic world. These borrowings emphasized the special nature of the caliph and the diverse intellectual, economic, and social opportunities for those who converted to Islam. 3. Answer would ideally include: First the essay should explain how Islam in general characterizes Jews and Christians. It should then define the ideological relationship between the three, such as identifying the shared traditions of monotheism, Abraham as a patriarch, and the belief in prophets. Because of this shared heritage, Muslim rulers and scholars accorded a certain respect to the dhimmis, or “protected peoples,” as “people of the book.” Generally, Christians and Jews in the Islamic world could practice their religions and professions freely as long as they did not seek to convert or marry Muslims and as long as they acknowledged the superiority of their Muslim rulers. The dhimmis encountered greater difficulties during the periods of invasion by the European crusaders and the Mongols. 4. Answer would ideally include: The essay should discuss the complex picture of women in the early Islamic world and the evidence of changes to women's lives in later periods. The hadith provides depictions of ideal women's behavior from the stories about Muhammad's wives, which encourage female piety and domesticity. Yet the hadith also depicts women in prominent political roles. Interactions with Persian and Byzantine cultures during the Abbasid period led to more seclusion for women and a general loss of status. 5. Answer would ideally include: The essay should begin with a description of the Islamic law and of the primary sources for it: the Qur'an and the hadith. The basic tenets of the law, such as the
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common beliefs of the Five Pillars, and the acceptance of Muhammad as a sunna, or example to follow, form the foundation of the law. The shari'a encompasses all aspects of life, including worship, social and sexual behavior, education, and trade. It was the function of the ulama to interpret the shari'a and to advise the caliph, and both the caliph and the qadis served as arbiters or judges on legal matters, guided by the shari'a. Sufism, which seeks a spiritual relationship with Islam through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a, might also be mentioned.
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Chapter 09_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-15: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Qur'an b. hadith c. Sunna d. Five Pillars of Islam e. umma f. diwân g. imam h. Shi'a i. Sunnis j. ulama k. emirs l. shari'a m. dhimmis n. madrasa o. Mozarabs
1. Christians who adopted some Arabic customs but did not convert. 2. Arabic term meaning “supporters of Ali”; they make up one of the two main divisions of Islam.
3. A unit of government.
4. The sacred book of Islam.
5. A community of people who share a religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie.
6. A school for the study of Muslim law and religion.
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7. A term meaning “protected peoples”; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians.
8. A group of religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur'an and the Sunna.
9. Muslim law, which covers social, criminal, political, commercial, and religious matters.
10. The basic tenets of the Islamic faith; they include reciting a profession of faith in God and in Muhammad as God's prophet, praying five times daily, fasting and praying during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca once in one's lifetime, and contributing alms to the poor.
11. Collections of the sayings of and anecdotes about Muhammad. 12. An Arabic term meaning “trodden path.” The term refers to the deeds and sayings of Muhammad, which constitute the obligatory example for Muslim life.
13. Members of the larger of the two main divisions of Islam; the division between Sunnis and Shi'a began in a dispute about succession to Muhammad, but over time many differences in theology developed.
14. Arab governors who were given overall responsibility for public order, maintenance of the armed forces, and tax collection.
15. The leader in community prayer.
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Answer Key 1. o. Mozarabs 2. h. Shi'a 3. f. diwân 4. a. Qur'an 5. e. umma 6. n. madrasa 7. m. dhimmis 8. j. ulama 9. l. shari'a 10. d. Five Pillars of Islam 11. b. hadith 12. c. Sunna 13. i. Sunnis 14. k. emirs 15. g. imam
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Chapter 09_MCQ,s
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. In what year did Muhammad die? A) 632 B) 751 C) 569 D) 815
2. What group was the most important political and military force in pre-Islamic Arabia? A) Jewish merchants B) Meccan artisans C) Byzantine emissaries D) Bedouin tribes
3. The presence of the Ka'ba attracted pilgrims to what city? A) Baghdad B) Damascus C) Mecca D) Medina
4. Who dominated political affairs in northern and central Arabia before Muhammad? A) Kings and queens B) Commercial elite C) Warrior elite D) Religious authorities
5. Marriage to Khadija gave Muhammad what advantage that aided him on his path to becoming a religious leader? A) Piety B) Caravan trade connections C) Financial security D) Literacy
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6. The divine revelations of Muhammad are recorded in what Islamic holy book? A) Shari'a B) Ulema C) Sunna D) Qur'an
7. What are the collections of sayings of or anecdotes about Muhammad called? A) Hadith B) Ulema C) Shari'a D) Madrasa
8. The Sunna, or normative example, for a follower of Islam is based on the life of whom? A) Muhammad, the prophet B) Abu Bakr, the first caliph C) Uthman, a martyr to the faith D) Mu'awiya, the creator of the caliphate
9. According to the Qur'an and Muslim law, what kinds of punishments were required for licentious behavior? A) Harsh punishments were given to women, but no punishments were given to men. B) Both men and women were to receive the same punishments. C) No punishments were given, because sexual behavior is not controlled. D) Only light punishments were given to women; none were given to men.
10. The hijra of 622 occurred when Muhammad and his followers fled to what city? A) Jerusalem B) Baghdad C) Medina D) Mecca
11. According to Muhammad, what was the umma? A) A tribal community united by family ties B) The path by which a Muslim achieved salvation C) A community of people who shared a religious faith and commitment D) The most important ritual a Muslim could practice
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12. What empire ended in 642 when it was defeated by the Muslim army at the battle of Nihawand? A) Visigothic B) Byzantine C) Afghanistan D) Sassanid
13. How did the Muslim military elite ensure the recruitment of troops and their loyalty? A) They scattered soldiers as landlords across conquered lands. B) They promised military recruits eternal salvation. C) They provided soldiers with a monthly ration of food and an annual cash stipend. D) They created new cities that offered special amenities for retired soldiers.
14. How did the Qur'an influence the selection of Muhammad's successor? A) It instructed that his eldest son or son-in-law would follow him. B) It suggested that the successor should be an individual he personally chose. C) It stated that the successor should be elected by a group of followers. D) It didn't. The Qur'an did not provide guidance for the succession.
15. Why was Abu Bakr elected first caliph? A) There were no other contenders who wanted to be caliph. B) Abu Bakr was the only Bedouin candidate. C) Khadija, Muhammad's wife, supported Abu Bakr. D) He was Muhammad's father-in-law and a close supporter.
16. Which caliph issued the definitive text of the Qur'an? A) Umar B) Uthman C) Mu'awiya D) Abu Bakr
17. Who founded the Umayyad Dynasty? A) Mu'awiya B) Ali C) Uthman D) Umar
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18. Which of the following gave rise to a fundamental division in the umma and in Muslim theology? A) The failure of Abu Bakr to clearly designate his successor B) The civil war that arose between the followers of Uthman and Mu'awiya C) The assassination of Ali and the assumption of the caliphate by Mu'awiya D) Mu'awiya's decision to emphasize tribalism over Muslim political and religious unity
19. One division between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims is the question of who interprets the Qur'an and the Sunna. Who has that authority for the Shi'a? A) An imam B) The caliph C) The ulama D) The umma
20. Under the Abbasids and Harun al-Rashid, what role did the city of Baghdad play in the caliphate? A) Like Mecca, Baghdad was a primary pilgrimage site for Muslims. B) As a secondary capital, Baghdad was an important regional administrative center. C) Baghdad's primary importance was that it was on the Silk Road. D) The relatively new capital became a commercial, artistic, and scientific center.
21.
What important responsibilities did the vizier, or chief assistant to the caliph, possess? A) He was personally responsible for overseeing religious matters and moral codes. B) His primary function was to decide on legal matters. C) He was responsible for supervising the army and provincial governors. D) He identified possible successors to the caliph.
22. Weakness in the Abbasid Empire was revealed when Tahir of Khurasan did which of the following? A) Invaded Baghdad and killed the caliph B) Declared the Umayyads to be the true caliphs C) Became governor of Khurasan and ruled it independently of Baghdad D) Founded the city of Cairo as a new trade center
23. What is the term used for the leader of a Turkish state? A) Vizier B) Dhimmi C) Sultan D) Imam
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24. How did the introduction of large numbers of Turks affect the Islamic world? A) The Turks brought badly needed military strength to the Islamic world. B) The large number of foreigners made the caliph uneasy. C) The Turks usually embraced Shi'ism, which greatly increased the number of Shi'ites. D) The new converts rapidly increased a shift toward pastoralism.
25.
For what was the Mongol leader Hülegü best remembered? A) Converting to Islam, which all Mongols then embraced B) Being brutally defeated by the armies of the Abbasid caliphate C) Leading the conquest of North Africa and bringing Egypt into the caliphate D) Leading the army that conquered Baghdad, ending the Abbasid caliphate
26. According to the Qur'an, honor in the Muslim world was based on what? A) Wealth B) Intelligence C) Lineage D) Piety
27. Why were dhimmis, or protected people, allowed some religious freedom? A) They controlled major trade routes. B) They worshiped only one God. C) They greatly outnumbered the Muslims. D) They were generally uneducated and weak.
28. What was life like for Jews living under Islam? A) They occupied a similar place to that of Jews living in Christian Europe. B) They had a status that was considerably lower than that of Christians. C) They participated fully in commercial and professional activities. D) They frequently found themselves subject to violent oppression.
29. How did the Qur'an differ from the Old and New Testaments on the question of slavery? A) The Qur'an suggested that slaves should be allowed to buy their freedom. B) There was no difference between the three texts. C) The Qur'an prohibited all forms of slavery. D) The Qur'an argued that no women should be enslaved.
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30. Why were eunuchs allowed to serve in a variety of occupations in the Muslim world? A) They were considered more intelligent. B) They were favored because of their family ties. C) They were viewed as more dependable and manageable. D) They were physically stronger.
31. How was slavery in the Islamic world different from the slavery later practiced in the Americas? A) In the Islamic world, slavery was seldom hereditary. B) In the Islamic world, it was forbidden to enslave “protected peoples.” C) In the Islamic world, slaves did not become soldiers. D) In the Islamic world, slaves were used exclusively for agricultural labor.
32. What rights did women have under pre-Islamic Arab tribal law? A) Women were protected from being sold into marriage. B) Early Arab laws allowed women to obtain divorce. C) Women had virtually no legal status or property or succession rights. D) Women had relatively equal political rights to men.
33. According to the text, the Qur'an's injunctions regarding the treatment of women A) restricted their freedom substantially compared to earlier Arab tradition. B) implied that women were spiritually superior to men. C) were determined strictly by the sexual needs of men. D) were a substantial improvement on earlier treatment of women in Arab societies.
34. How did most Muslim marriages come about? A) Couples usually met at school. B) Marriages were arranged by families or guardians. C) Local religious leaders served as matchmakers for young people. D) A girl was encouraged to choose her spouse from among her father's employees.
35. How many wives does the Qur'an allow a man to have? A) Four, as long as all are treated justly B) Only one C) Four, if the first one is treated best D) As many as he can afford to keep
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36. How did the Muslim tradition of veiling women likely originate? A) According to the Qur'an, Aisha, the prophet's wife, began the practice. B) The custom of veiling was probably of Byzantine or Persian origin. C) The veiling of women had long been mandatory in pre-Islamic Arab traditions. D) Abraham, an early Islamic prophet, had required it for the women who followed him into exile.
37. Which of the following was true of the harem system? A) Only women on the Arabian peninsula were required to remain in this type of seclusion. B) Harems, or the seclusion of women, occurred only in areas where the Byzantines had previously ruled. C) Harems were most often founded in cities as a means to protect unmarried women from predatory males. D) Harems became another symbol of male prestige and property, as well as a way to distinguish upper-class women from peasants.
38. What was the early Muslim attitude toward divorce? A) A man could divorce his wife at will. B) Both men and women could initiate divorce on equal terms. C) Divorce was only allowed if the wife failed to have children. D) Divorce was allowed but not encouraged.
39.
In Muslim society, how were merchants viewed? A) They were regarded as second-class citizens. B) They were usually drawn from the “protected people.” C) Seen as unsavory, they were forced to live in specified neighborhoods. D) They were viewed as a respected part of society.
40. Muslim and Jewish merchants in the Indian Ocean trade used what language for commerce? A) Arabic B) Hebrew C) Persian D) Greek
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41. Which of the following was an important financial innovation developed by Muslim merchants? A) They developed the idea of a savings account. B) They were the first to make loans. C) They were responsible for beginning Indian Ocean trade routes. D) They developed the joint stock company.
42. How did Muslim trade routes affect the development of agriculture? A) Muslim traders often forced innovative farmers to return home with them. B) Extensive trade through Muslim lands led to the spread of many useful plants like cotton, sugarcane, and rice. C) Muslim merchants accidently spread plant and animal diseases wherever they traveled. D) Muslim society focused exclusively on trade and avoided working with agricultural products or commodities.
43. Why was The Thousand and One Nights significant even beyond its important contribution to literature? A) It spread the story about Muslim trade routes in China. B) It served as a cultural conduit, informing Europeans about life in the Muslim world. C) It explained important astronomical findings by Muslim scientists. D) It warned travelers of Ali Baba and his band of thieves.
44. Why were madrasas important to the Muslim world? A) They attempted to prepare men for religious and legal responsibilities. B) They encouraged the understanding of Aristotelian thought. C) They prepared young men for business careers. D) They encouraged young men to develop military talents.
45. Under what circumstance could a woman in the Muslim world become educated? A) If she was born into a family of scholars B) If she owned enough slaves to do the housework C) If her husband or male guardian encouraged it D) If she first married and had children
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46. How was higher education in the Muslim world similar to that in China? A) Both systems viewed the personal relationship between teacher and student as key to education. B) In the Muslim world, as in China, graduates were guaranteed employment as civil servants. C) Both systems were run by religious authorities, and students were expected to become religious leaders after graduation. D) In both the Muslim world and China, a few women were allowed to pursue their education alongside men.
47. Which of the following was a focus of the religious movement known as Sufism? A) Divine love and knowledge through intuition rather than rational deduction and study B) The interests of women C) The overthrow of the caliphate D) Knowledge through rational deduction and the rejection of the mysticism of other major religions of the time
48. Which of the following describes the similarities between Islamic, European, and Chinese education systems? A) All three discouraged debate among teachers. B) All three required students to master a sacred language. C) All three encouraged unmarried women to go to schools. D) All three separated education from religious texts.
49. After the eleventh century, a Muslim who converted to Christianity A) was allowed to move to a Christian state. B) was immediately enslaved and sold. C) was forced to hand over all his/her money to the state. D) was immediately sentenced to death.
50. In the Christian West, where did Christians and Muslims have the greatest interaction? A) Andalusia B) France C) Syria D) Egypt
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Answer Key 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. D 21. C 22. C 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. A 30. C 31. A 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. A 36. B 37. D 38. D 39. D 40. A 41. D 42. B 43. B 44. A
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45. C 46. A 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. A
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Chapter 09_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What are the Five Pillars of Islam, and how do they provide a code of morality?
2. How did Muhammad and Islam unite the Bedouin tribes and other Arabs into an umma?
3. How was the expansion of Islam aided by the divisions within, and disorder between, the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires?
4. What were Uthman's claims to authority, and what factors undermined them, favoring Ali?
5. Describe some of the intellectual innovations of the Abbasids and Harun al-Rashid.
6. Discuss how the Qur'an defined honor and how the Islamic class system evolved during the caliphates.
7. What were the function and status of slaves within the Islamic world?
8. Describe the extent of Islamic trade. What prompted changes in practices and routes? Where were the major centers of this trade?
9. What were the objectives in Muslim education for men, and how were they reached?
10. Describe Muslim-Christian interactions in the Christian West.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Five Pillars of Islam are the fundamental obligations required of all Muslims: recite the belief in Allah and in Muhammad as his prophet, pray five times a day, fast during the month of Ramadan, make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once, and give alms to the poor. Following these basic tenets gives all Muslims a code of behavior that emphasizes submission to Allah and acceptance of the words of Muhammad (such as the hadith) as absolute truth, and that leads Muslims to accept the larger prescriptions on behavior in the Qur'an and hadith. Overall, the Five Pillars emphasize duty and charity. 2. Answer would ideally include: By creating a new religious identity and culture that superseded individual tribal identities, Muhammad created a single community of believers, the umma. Authority, law, and moral code were all determined by the faith rather than tribal traditions. Allegiance to the faith was more important than loyalty to the tribe. 3. Answer would ideally include: Both the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires favored a state religion (Christianity and Zoroastrianism, respectively), but also had sizable populations of believers in other faiths (Judaism for both, other Christian sects in the Byzantine Empire) that could be politically divisive. Moreover, the two empires fought each other constantly throughout the sixth and seventh centuries, which weakened their control and influence over border states. This created a kind of power vacuum into which the Muslim empire was able to expand. 4. Answer would ideally include: Uthman was from a prominent Meccan family, which gave him influence over the umma, particularly economic influence. However, his family had initially resisted conversion, which favored Ali, who had been one of the first to convert. Uthman also issued the definitive text of the Qur'an, which helped to keep the umma unified. However, Uthman's favoring of family members undermined that unity, again favoring Ali. 5. Answer would ideally include: Harun al-Rashid, the third Abbasid caliph, turned Baghdad into the intellectual center of the Islamic world. Many of the Abbasid intellectual innovations there were based on Greek texts on medicine, philosophy, and astronomy. To this was added scholarly analysis of the Qur'an as a literary and legal text. The student might also mention that the Abbasids borrowed heavily from Persia, which included the caliph's claim to rule by divine right. 6. Answer would ideally include: The Qur'an and Muhammad emphasized the equality of all believers. Honor was based on piety and not on social status. While the original Arab tribes accepted this, they also
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retained pride in their ancestry. During the caliphate period, a social hierarchy developed with privileged Arab Muslims over converts, commercial and learned professions over rural peoples, and believers over nonbelievers (including dhimmis). 7. Answer would ideally include: The Qur'an accepted slavery, which had a long tradition in the Middle East, although the Qur'an encouraged the just and humane treatment of all slaves and allowing them to purchase their freedom. Slaves served many different roles, depending on their gender. Both male and female slaves might be servants, while male slaves could also serve in a military capacity. Slavery was not defined by race and was not a hereditary status. Freeing one's slaves was viewed as an act of piety. 8. Answer would ideally include: Islamic trade extended from Europe through Africa and the Middle East to China. Most trade was conducted over waterways, including the major rivers and seas of the area, and the Indian Ocean. While most merchants were Muslim, many were Jewish or Armenian Christians. Technological innovations, such as the adoption of the magnetic compass from China and the use of larger ships, allowed trade routes to be extended into the Indian Ocean. Cairo, trading towns down the east coast of Africa, Baghdad, and Cordoba were the major trade centers in the Muslim world. 9. Answer would ideally include: The goal of education was twofold: to induce a sense of morality and to prepare men for a professional occupation. Education in the Islamic world revolved around reading and studying the Qur'an. Education began with memorizing the Qur'an. Later, students learned to comment on and interpret the Qur'an, the hadith, and the shari'a. Based on both oral tradition and books, learning led to the development of bookmaking techniques using paper. 10. Answer would ideally include: Muslims and Christians interacted most closely in Andalusia (today's Spain). Some Christians, known as Mozarabs, adopted many Arabic traditions, including dress and the shunning of pork. These adaptations did not go over well with scholars of either religious tradition. Muslim clerics became so concerned about interactions between the two faiths that Muslim converts to Christianity faced the death penalty as punishment. Conflict over territory in Western Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries also increased animosity. Information about European Christian writers, some who showed no tolerance of Islam while others displayed great tolerance, should also be included, as should information about how each tradition positively affected the other in areas such as art, architecture, and technology.
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Chapter 10_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Discuss the nature of life and society in the kingdoms of western Sudan from 1000 B.C.E. to 800 C.E.
2. Describe the trade routes that connected sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean world and Asia. What peoples were connected to one another along these routes?
3. The kingdom of Ghana and its successor, Mali, were both powerful states. What were the economic, military, and political bases of this power? How did older social and religious patterns affect the subsequent development of Ghana and Mali?
4. Discuss the impact of the gold trade on the development of African civilization.
5. Compare and contrast the adoption of Christianity to the adoption or tolerance of Islam and the impact of these religions on state formation in Africa.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Sudan, an area that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the mountains of Ethiopia in the east, saw the growth of settled agriculture and dynamic kingdoms during these two millennia. Villages were based on kinship, and regions often acknowledged a king, a figure that may have emerged from the priesthood. The Mende are the only African society led by women, while kings in other groups commonly shared power with the Queen Mother. Religious beliefs ranged from recognition of ancestral spirits and supreme gods to the honoring of natural forces, while priests connected people with the spiritual world. 2. Answer would ideally include: The essay should distinguish between the different regions of sub-Saharan Africa. North African peoples, such as the Berbers, had long-established trade ties with different European and Middle Eastern peoples, such as Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Jews, and peoples native to the sub-Saharan region, such as the states of Ghana and Mali. The Swahili cities of the east coast were connected to Egypt, Greece, Arabia, and the entire Indian Ocean trade network. The Christian kingdom of Aksum was connected to Egypt, the Roman Empire, and later to Muslim traders. 3. Answer would ideally include: This essay should describe the strong agricultural base, which allowed for population growth. Control of the southern terminus of trans-Saharan trade, slaves, and the monopoly on the gold trade are all salient features of the economic base. The population growth and the role of the army, especially in Mali, should be addressed. The use of Muslim bureaucratic techniques and personnel, as well as the use of loyal family members, helped consolidate monarchical power. Social and religious patterns of the “stateless societies” prior to the amalgamation into the kingdom of Ghana should also be discussed. Of special importance is the role of heads of families and village chiefs as priests; thus kingship intertwined political and religious power. 4. Answer would ideally include: This essay should describe the role of gold mining and gold trade on the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali, the city-states of the Swahili coast, and Great Zimbabwe. It should also address the royal monopoly as the primary basis of wealth for the kings of Ghana and then of Mali, which enabled expansion of the states and monarchical authority. The importance of the gold trade (and many other commodities) for the cities of the east coast should then be discussed. For Great Zimbabwe, gold was the source of its considerable wealth. Consequences include the emergence of powerful economies, social stratification, increased enslavement of Africans, political centralization in West Africa, monetization of the Mediterranean economy, and contacts with the rest of the world. Other major consequences are the spread of Islam into sub-Saharan Africa and the voyages of exploration by the Portuguese. 5. Answer would ideally include:
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Several kingdoms could be chosen to answer this question: Aksum for Christianity and Ghana, Mali, and the Swahili states for Islam. The essay should acknowledge that both religions were adopted first by members of the royal family. From each religion, the kings found literate administrators, connections to established trade networks, and new spiritual rituals that reinforced the king's role as leader. The answer should also highlight the differences, such as the more thorough penetration of Christianity into Aksum (where most of the population converted) versus the more segregated conversion of the Islamic examples, in which select members of society converted to Islam but the rest continued to practice the native faith. Furthermore, the location of the states is relevant; by tolerating or converting to Islam, the West African and east coast states brought these states into a larger Islamic world, but Christian Aksum was relatively isolated from other Christian states and surrounded by sometimes hostile Islamic states.
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Chapter 10_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-12: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Bantu b. Sudan c. Berbers d. Mogadishu e. stateless societies f. Ghana g. Koumbi Saleh h. Timbuktu i. Aksum j. Swahili k. Kilwa l. Great Zimbabwe
1. A ruined southern African city discovered by a German explorer in 1871; it is considered the most impressive monument south of the Nile Valley and Ethiopian highlands.
2. Speakers of a Bantu language living south and east of the Congo River.
3. African societies bound together by ethnic or blood ties rather than by being political states.
4. A Muslim port city in East Africa founded between the eighth and tenth centuries; today it is the capital of Somalia.
5. The most powerful city on the east coast of Africa by the late thirteenth century.
6. The East African coastal culture, named after a Bantu language whose vocabulary and poetic forms exhibit strong Arabic influences.
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7. From the word for “ruler,” the name of a large and influential African kingdom inhabited by the Soninke people.
8. The African region surrounded by the Sahara, the Gulf of Guinea, the Atlantic Ocean, and the mountains of Ethiopia.
9. A kingdom in northwestern Ethiopia that was a sizable trading state and the center of Christian culture.
10. North African peoples who controlled the caravan trade between the Mediterranean and the Sudan.
11. The city in which the king of Ghana held his court.
12. Originally a campsite for desert nomads, it grew into a thriving city under Mansa Musa, king of Mali and Africa's most famous ruler.
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Answer Key 1. l. Great Zimbabwe 2. a. Bantu 3. e. stateless societies 4. d. Mogadishu 5. k. Kilwa 6. j. Swahili 7. f. Ghana 8. b. Sudan 9. i. Aksum 10. c. Berbers 11. g. Koumbi Saleh 12. h. Timbuktu
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Chapter 10_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. In geographic terms, how large is Africa? A) It is larger than all the other continents combined. B) It is approximately the size of the United States and Mexico. C) It contains 20 percent of the world's land surface. D) It is the world's largest continent.
2. What are the Namib and the Kalahari? A) The fertile east and west coasts of Africa B) Two of the largest rivers in sub-Saharan Africa C) The capitals of Ghana and Mali, respectively D) Two of Africa's great deserts
3. Which of Africa's climate zones is best suited to grain-based agriculture? A) Rain forest B) Savanna C) Desert D) Steppe
4. Africa's climate is mostly A) tropical. B) desert. C) equatorial. D) subtropical.
5.
From where did Africans first gain ideas about settled agriculture? A) Indian Ocean traders brought plants and technology to Africa. B) The Greeks and Romans shared agricultural techniques with North Africa. C) Agriculture in Africa developed independently without outside influence. D) Africans learned about settled agriculture from the Middle East.
6. Scholars speculate that crops such as bananas and plantains originated where? A) They are indigenous to Africa. B) They were brought to Africa from South America. C) They were brought to Africa from Asia. D) They were brought to Africa from Europe.
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7. What was one result of the development of agriculture in early Africa? A) The nuclear family became isolated from neighbors. B) Populations throughout Africa decreased at a slow rate. C) Marriage ties were weakened in all areas. D) Ties and connections between extended families became stronger.
8. The village of Nok in Nigeria is famed for which of the following metallurgic skills? A) Bronze casting B) Goldsmithing C) Silver mining D) Ironworking
9. What does the term Bantu refer to? A) A linguistic classification of African peoples who lived south of the Congo River. B) The name given to the ruler of the kingdom of Ghana. C) The region between the Sahara Desert and the subtropical region of central Africa. D) A form of slavery practiced in West Africa.
10. Where did the Bantu peoples originate? A) South Africa B) Egypt C) Cameroon and Nigeria D) Palestine
11. What crop was a major contributor to the rise in population of central Africa around 1000 C.E.? A) Bananas B) Yams C) Millet D) Sorghum
12. What was the basic social unit in the western Sudan after 1000 B.C.E.? A) The council of elders B) Parents and children C) Master and apprentice D) The extended family
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13. Kingship in the western Sudan may have emerged out of what social role? A) Farmer B) Scribe C) Blacksmith D) Priest
14. Among the Asante in modern-day Ghana and the Yoruba in modern-day Nigeria, what figure held power equal to or even greater than the king? A) The chief priest B) The son of the king C) The Queen Mother D) The wife of the king
15. Which of the following describes religious practices in western Sudan? A) They were animistic and polytheistic. B) Most people adhered to Islam. C) Christianity became the norm once it was introduced into Ethiopia. D) People in that region of Africa practiced an extinct form of monotheism.
16. A common belief in most African religions held that A) the gods created social hierarchies. B) a supreme being had created the universe. C) natural phenomena could not be explained or controlled. D) individuals need to explore their own spirituality.
17. What animal made trans-Saharan trade viable? A) Horse B) Cow C) Camel D) Ox
18. How did the development of the saddle contribute positively to the growth of trans-Saharan trade? A) It enabled the Berbers to dominate the desert. B) It increased the speed of the caravan trade. C) It enabled merchants to cross the desert safely. D) Its creation made animals useful for the first time in the trans-Saharan caravan trade.
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19. In the eleventh century, much of the gold from western Sudan spread to Asia to pay for what commodity from India? A) Slaves B) Camels C) Spices D) Ivory
20. After gold, what was the most import trade commodity to come out of West Africa? A) Ivory B) Kola nuts C) Silver D) Slaves
21. Approximately how many Africans were forced, according to the estimate of scholars, into the trans-Saharan slave trade between 650 and 1500? A) 1 million B) 2 million C) 4 million D) 8 million
22.
What role did race play in the African slave trade? A) Race had little or no association with slavery. B) Slavery was generally associated with lighter-skinned peoples. C) Only black Africans were enslaved. D) Caucasians were never enslaved in Africa.
23. After the eighth century, most of the Berbers had converted to what religion? A) Christianity B) Islam C) Buddhism D) Animism
24. Following the conversion of North Africans to Islam, where did the deepest penetration of Islam occur south of the Sahara? A) In the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali B) Along the east coast of Africa C) In Namibia D) Along the southern coast of Africa
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25. What was the most common form of leadership in the stateless societies of Africa? A) Kingship B) Theocracy C) Local council D) Dictatorship
26. On what was political authority in the Ethiopian kingdom based? A) The Christian faith B) The Muslim Shari'a C) The legacy of the pharaohs D) Military strength
27. What does the term ghana mean? A) “Rain maker” B) “War chief” C) “The divine” D) “Father”
28. Why did the civilization of Ghana develop in the southern portion of Wagadou? A) Muslims had already settled there and built urban centers. B) The king of Ghana had a vision from his god to settle there. C) The Mandinka people had recently left, and the land was empty. D) Only the southern part received enough rainfall to be agriculturally productive.
29. In the tenth century, Ghana became powerful by capturing what territory? A) The neighboring kingdom of Mali and its goldmines B) The territory of the Soninke king C) The Berber town of Awdaghost and the southern portion of the trans-Saharan trade route D) The majority of Berber strongholds and their mosques
30. Royal descent in Ghana was hereditary. Who succeeded a king upon his death? A) His firstborn son B) His sister's son C) His strongest son D) His brother
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31. How did Muslims and non-Muslims interact in Ghana? A) Everyone was thoroughly integrated into the local society. B) Not well; eventually the Muslims converted to animism as a result of political pressure. C) Muslims provided valuable unskilled labor for the mines. D) Muslims lived separately from the African artisans and traders.
32. What role outside of religion did Ghana's Muslim religious leaders play? A) They sat in judgment of legal cases of all people in the kingdom. B) They exercised civil authority over their fellow Muslims. C) They were responsible for collecting tribute from the king's subordinate chieftains. D) They were solely responsible for building new schools and universities.
33. What was the greatest source of income for the king of Ghana? A) The slave trade B) His royal estates C) His gold export monopoly D) The salt trade
34. Mali's success as a kingdom was aided in part by which of the following? A) A pool of highly skilled artisans B) Control of highly productive goldmines C) A strong agricultural and commercial base D) A military equipped with superior technology
35. During Ghana's heyday, what were the Mandinka known for? A) Creating a rival kingdom that overthrew Ghana B) Remaining seminomadic and nonagricultural C) Converting to Islam and trading with Arabs D) Acting as middlemen in the gold and salt trades
36. What was Mansa Musa's most significant innovation? A) He used loyal family members as provincial governors. B) He abolished the stratified social structure. C) He introduced European-style military reforms. D) He established a process by which slaves could buy their freedom.
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37. Which of the following was a consequence of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324–1325? A) Europeans attempted to convert the people of Mali to Christianity. B) The Mediterranean world gained knowledge of the wealth of Mali. C) Berbers began invading Mali in order to capture its gold. D) Egypt and Arabia closed itself off from Mali trade.
38. Under the reign of Mansa Musa, what happened to the city of Timbuktu? A) It lost its position as a major terminus of trans-Saharan trade. B) It became the capital city of the entire Mali kingdom. C) Its inhabitants revolted against the Islamic influences supported by the king. D) It developed into a thriving commercial and intellectual center.
39. By the fifteenth century, some 150 schools in Timbuktu were devoted to which of the following? A) Training new merchants B) Educating former slaves C) Studying the Qur'an D) Maintaining oral traditions
40. How did the expansion of Islam into northern Ethiopia in the eighth century affect the city of Aksum? A) It brought a huge influx of trade to the city. B) It resolved religious conflicts that had weakened the region for four centuries. C) It sparked a civil war and many political assassinations. D) It weakened Aksum's commercial prosperity.
41. The introduction of Coptic Christianity into Ethiopia is traditionally ascribed to whom? A) Frumentius B) Sheba C) Menilek I D) Prester John
42. Ethiopia was the first black African society that A) moved from being predominately Christian to Islamic. B) built mosques. C) can be studied from written records. D) allowed Arab men to legally marry African women.
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43. How did Christianity influence marriage norms in Ethiopia? A) Polygamy was banned throughout the kingdom. B) Monogamy was unusual but not unknown. C) Polygamy remained common but was scorned. D) Monogamy became common.
44. Which of the following is true of the Kebra Negast? A) It served as a national epic and linked Ethiopia's identity to the Judeo-Christian tradition. B) It told the story of the gold trade in Mali and the rise of the great Ethiopian king Mansa Musa. C) If offered insight into African slavery and described the horrors endured by slaves in the trans-Saharan slave trade. D) It detailed the extent of landed estates in Ghana and served as the first official census in Africa.
45. Even up to 1955, Ethiopia's rulers have claimed that they can trace their line of succession back to which of the following? A) Abu Bakr, Muhammad's immediate successor B) James, Jesus's younger brother C) The Queen Mother D) The Hebrew king Solomon
46. What did Greco-Roman ships traveling down from the east coast of Africa take to trade with peoples of that region? A) Raw cotton and textiles B) Slaves for the East African markets C) Manufactured goods D) Ivory and animal skins
47. Although many peoples settled in East Africa, including Arabs and Persians, much of Madagascar was settled by people from what area? A) Europe B) Mandinka C) Egypt D) Indonesia
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48. How did the influx of migrants from the Arabian peninsula affect the lives of the coastal people of East Africa? A) The migrants had little to no influence as they remained strictly segregated from the indigenous peoples. B) The Arabs introduced a strict social and racial hierarchy to the native culture and prohibited marriage between Arabs and Africans. C) The migrants introduced Islamic culture, intermarried with Africans, and helped form a society that combined Asian, African, and Islamic traits. D) The Arabs aggressively spread Islamic culture throughout the region and suppressed more traditional religious beliefs and cultural practices.
49. The polyglot coastal culture of East Africa is known as what? A) Coptic B) Zimbabwe C) Swahili D) Soninke
50. What likely caused the fifteenth-century decline of Great Zimbabwe? A) High mortality rates owing to diseases brought by Arab traders B) Agriculturally unproductive land C) Exhausted goldmines D) Corrupt rulers
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Answer Key 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. C 20. D 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. D 39. C 40. D 41. A 42. C 43. D 44. A
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45. D 46. C 47. D 48. C 49. C 50. B
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Chapter 10_Short QA
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. Describe the various ways settled agriculture moved into different regions of Africa.
2. Trace the Bantu migrations into central and southern Africa. How did these migrations affect the development of civilization in Africa?
3. Discuss the development and spread of ironworking technology in sub-Saharan Africa.
4. How did the saddle change the culture of the Berbers of North Africa?
5. How did the growth of trans-Saharan trade affect West African society?
6. Discuss some of the reasons why West Africa rulers—such as the kings of Ghana, Mali, and Kanem-Bornu—converted to Islam.
7. What is the significance of Al-Bakri's claim that there were twelve mosques in the Muslim half of Koumbi Saleh?
8. What role might Islam have played in the eventual fall of Ghana?
9. What kinds of goods were imported into and exported out of the East African city-states? What is the significance of this trade?
10. Besides written documents, what sources do scholars of early Africa use? Please support your answer with specific examples.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Details of the answer will vary. The introduction of agricultural techniques from the Middle East should be discussed, as should their spread to Egypt and the Nile Valley and then west across the Sahel. Africa's varying geography and climates should be covered—for instance, what regions were better suited to agriculture and how savanna farmers introduced farming techniques to forest dwellers. The fact that hunter-gatherer societies diminished dramatically as a result of the growth of settled agriculture is worth mentioning. Bantu migrations also contributed to the spread of settled agriculture. Answers might additionally include crop information—for instance, the impact of grains, bananas, and so forth on various African communities. 2. Answer would ideally include: Bantu-speaking peoples originated in modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria and spread all the way south to the southern tip of the continent and to both west and east coasts. The Bantu migrations spread their language, ironworking skills, and agricultural skills with both plants and animals into the center and south of the continent. Depending on the natural resources and fertility of the land, different areas of the continent experienced different results from the migration; some areas were densely populated and developed into settled states, while others were more sparsely populated. 3. Answer would ideally include: Some scholars believe that ironworking technology was introduced from outside of Africa to Africans, who then spread it across the Sahara along trade routes. Others suggest it spread westward from Meroë, although ironworking in the Nile region can be dated only to the first century B.C.E. (whereas in western Africa it was clearly present by 250 B.C.E.). Across Africa, ironworking technology was spread by the Bantu migrations. 4. Answer would ideally include: The Berbers developed a saddle for camels in the fifth century. It allowed them to use the camels more efficiently for riding while continuing to use them as beasts of burden to carry loads of goods across the Sahara for trade. Being able to ride the camel faster and have more maneuverability on it allowed the Berbers to develop military power and, as a result, political power. The Berbers used camel-mounted warriors to create a monopoly on trans-Saharan trade, which gave them further power (economic as well as political). 5. Answer would ideally include: The growth of the trans-Saharan trade had three main effects on West African society. First, trade encouraged the mining of gold, which West African countries could export in exchange for spices and silks from India. Second, trade in gold and other goods created an increased desire for slaves to work the gold and salt mines, to serve as household slaves among the elite, or to serve in the Muslim military. Finally,
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trans-Saharan trade stimulated the development of urban centers as successful merchants and their families settled in strategic trading centers that eventually grew into important cities. 6. Answer would ideally include: The essay should discuss the economic advantages of converting to Islam— specifically of sharing a religion with the Berbers, who largely controlled transSaharan trade. Converting to Islam gave these kings, and the leading merchant families of their kingdoms, privileged access to the Berbers. Conversion also gave these kings access to Muslim administrators and advisors. Belonging to the same religion also helped to protect the merchants of these kingdoms from attacks by Muslim Berbers. The essay should additionally acknowledge that some kings and merchants might have converted simply because of belief in the new religion. 7. Answer would ideally include: The number of mosques clearly indicates both the financial prosperity and general popularity of Islam in Koumbi Saleh. The fact that the capital city of Ghana had a separate center dedicated to Muslims indicates the status Islam held in the kingdom and the respect that Muslims received. The answer might also include speculation as to why Muslims were segregated in a separate city, acknowledging the delicate status Muslims had in Ghana—respected but still kept separate to protect native traditions and to make sure that while Muslims were encouraged to advise the king, they did not usurp his power or position. 8. Answer would ideally include: Although Ghana had tolerated Islam and welcomed Muslim merchants and administrators into the kingdom, the royal family had retained its native religious beliefs and practices. Thus it was vulnerable to the more determined conversion efforts of the fundamentalist Almoravid dynasty in 1100. The Almoravids may have invaded Ghana and demanded that the royal family convert, or they may have simply weakened the empire, leaving it vulnerable to the rising Mandinka people of Mali. 9. Answer would ideally include: The chapter provides a thorough list of goods transported in and out of these cities. Leopard skins, tortoise shells, ambergris, ivory, and gold were exported, while incense, glass, textiles and carpets, and grains were some of the imports. Swahili cities became wealthy from trading natural products from across Africa (indicating that these cities were part of larger, intra-African trade networks) for a combination of natural and manufactured goods from outside the continent. 10. Answer would ideally include: The chapter clearly indicates that studying early African history requires the use of many disciplines and sources. Archaeology (ruins of Great Zimbabwe), oral traditions (Ghana and Mali), linguistics (Bantu migration), botany (Bantu migration), geography, and physical anthropology are all necessary sources of information.
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Chapter 11_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Discuss the debates surrounding the date humans first migrated to the Americas. What kind of evidence is used in the debates?
2. The peoples of Mesoamerica and South America had to develop advanced agricultural techniques to produce surplus crops. Describe these techniques, being sure to indicate in which region and among which culture they developed.
3. American societies tended to become hierarchical. Choose the Maya, Aztec, or Inca society and demonstrate this assertion. How can we explain the tendency toward hierarchy?
4. Human sacrifice was a critical feature of the Aztec civilization. What role did human sacrifice play in Aztec civilization, including military, political, and religious practices? What impact did this have on the social structure of the Mexica? What explanations have scholars offered for this practice?
5. Both Mexica and Inca imperialism seem to have been prompted by religious belief structures. How did religion promote the imperialistic actions of each? In what ways did the religious beliefs and/or practices of the Aztecs and Incas contain the seeds of collapse?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The only consensus about the migration of the first humans to the Americas is that they originated in Siberia and East Asia. Some scholars think that this occurred 15,000 years ago, by humans walking over a land bridge across the Bering Strait during the last ice age. Another theory is that humans migrated as early as 40,000 years ago, traveling from Asia down the American coastline in skin boats. The evidence used to explain either of these theories includes DNA evidence. 2. Answer would ideally include: In Mesoamerica, the staple food was maize. In order to produce it and other foods, the people created the milpa, a field in which maize and beans were grown together. The beans used the maize for stalks to vine up, and the beans replaced the nitrogen the maize needed in the soil. This allowed two crops to be grown simultaneously and prevented the soil from becoming exhausted. Mesoamericans also developed chinampas, or floating woven mats on which crops were grown. The Maya, too, built raised plots. The Moche and Inca in South America used terraces to grow food at high altitudes. 3. Answer would ideally include: This essay should describe the social structures of the chosen society, emphasizing the institutionalization of social hierarchy. The role of religion and warfare, which promoted the evolution of warrior elites into a noble class, must be stressed. The relatively low labor requirements of American agricultural techniques that produced a surplus for consumption also allowed for the diversion of labor power to construct various buildings for ritual purposes and the housing of elites. This contributed to the society's stratification. The extent of regional trade added to the wealth and, thus, social stratification. 4. Answer would ideally include: The essay should indicate the extent of this practice. The ongoing warfare, coupled with political decisions, was necessitated by the need for a never-ending supply of victims to keep the sun shining. Next, the various explanations (population control, state terrorism) should be discussed; this discussion should also attempt to explain how and why ordinary people accepted sacrifices. The importance of warfare on the social structure was exemplified by the status associated with military prowess and social mobility theoretically available to any successful warrior. Finally, the essay should conclude with a consideration of the depopulating effect of constant warfare and the scale of human sacrifices, the impact on the agricultural base, and the hatred spawned by Aztec brutality. 5. Answer would ideally include: The essay should describe the basic religious premise that prompted imperialism. For the Mexica, human sacrifice was necessary to guarantee the continued existence of the world; for the Inca, it was the cult of the royal mummies. As each empire grew, pressure
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to enlarge the empire created greater expansion, which increased problems. In Mexica, the ever-burgeoning need for victims for religious sacrifice and the connection to political purposes must be stressed. In the Inca Empire, the necessity for each successive ruler to conquer new lands to support himself and his government led to greater expansion. In both cases, the need to expand created serious problems of overextension and popular rebellion.
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Chapter 11_Matching
Use the following to answer questions 1-12: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Mesoamerica b. khipu c. nixtamalization d. Olmecs e. Moche f. Inca g. Quechua h. Maya i. Teotihuacan j. Nahuatl k. Mexica l. Tenochtitlan
1. The oldest of the early advanced Mesoamerican civilizations.
2. The term used to designate the area of present-day Mexico and Central America.
3. First deemed the official language of the Incas under Pachacuti, it is still spoken by most Peruvians today.
4. A large and prosperous Aztec city that was built starting in 1325. The Spanish admired it when they entered in 1519.
5. The name of the dynasty of rulers who built a large empire across the Andes that was at its peak around 1500.
6. The monumental city-state that dominated trade in classical era Mesoamerica.
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7. The language of both the Toltecs and the Aztecs.
8. An intricate system of knotted and colored strings used by early Andean cultures to store information such as census and tax records.
9. A highly developed Mesoamerican culture centered in the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico. This culture created the most intricate writing system in the Western Hemisphere.
10. The dominant ethnic group of what is now Mexico, who created an empire based on war and religion that reached its height in the mid-1400s; in the nineteenth century, the people became known as Aztecs.
11. Boiling maize in a solution of water and mineral lime to break down compounds in the kernels, increasing their nutritional value.
12. A Native American culture that thrived along Peru's northern coast between 100 and 800 C.E. The culture existed as a series of city-states and was distinguished by an extraordinarily rich and diverse pottery industry.
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Answer Key 1. d. Olmecs 2. a. Mesoamerica 3. g. Quechua 4. l. Tenochtitlan 5. f. Inca 6. i. Teotihuacan 7. j. Nahuatl 8. b. khipu 9. h. Maya 10. k. Mexica 11. c. nixtamalization 12. e. Moche
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Chapter 11_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The term Mesoamerica refers to what region? A) The region stretching from present-day Nicaragua to southern California B) Central and South America C) The region stretching from the Great Lakes of North America to South America D) Present-day Central America
2. The isolation of the Americas until 1492 means that A) we can never know much about the premodern societies of the Americas. B) the peoples in the Western Hemisphere were backward and stagnant compared to those in Europe and Asia. C) their civilization was not corrupted by wealth or greed. D) by studying the early peoples of the Americas we can determine universal aspects of the human experience.
3. Why did people in the early Americas not use the wheel? A) They failed to invent the wheel. B) Boats were preferred for transportation. C) There were no large animals to pull wagons. D) Anything circular was viewed as an omen of bad luck.
4. Khipu, a method for recording information, was made out of what? A) Stone B) Strings C) Animal bones D) Obsidian
5. The Mesoamerican calendar used A) 52-day months. B) 13-day months. C) agricultural seasons. D) solar and lunar years.
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6. What have increasing numbers of archeologists concluded about the earliest migrants to the Americas? A) That the first peoples traveled by both foot and boat B) That humans did not cross the Bering Strait at all C) That peoples could not have arrived any earlier than 9000 B.C.E. D) That humans were primarily hunters of big game
7. Where was maize, the most important American food crop, first grown? A) The Andes B) The Caribbean C) Mexico D) Alaska
8. The process of nixtamalization, boiling the maize with lime, did what? A) Rendered maize kernels digestible B) Hardened maize for use in tools and cookware C) Increased the nutritional value of maize D) Provided a medicine for common ailments
9. What was the central food crop in the high altitude of the Andes? A) Maize B) Squash C) Potatoes D) Beans
10. Which pack animal was used to bring in crops in the Andes? A) Horses B) Humans C) Alpacas D) Oxen
11. While the elites of Olmec society lived in palaces in large cities, where did most of the populace live? A) In apartments in the cities B) In large compounds at the edge of cities C) On small islands in the rivers D) In small villages along the rivers
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12. After the Olmecs, subsequent Mesoamerican peoples adapted a ballgame, which used a mixture of sport and what else? A) Theater B) Ritual C) Politics D) Warfare
13. Where in the Americas is the richest concentration of mound buildings? A) In Central America B) In Northwest Canada C) In the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys D) In the lowland plains of Mexico
14. The Mesoamerican ballgame—played by the Olmecs, Mayans, and others—used what type of equipment? A) A wooden racket B) An obsidian ball C) A rubber ball D) Leather hoops
15. What was the name of an important mound-building people who existed in present-day Ohio? A) Hopewell B) Hohokam C) Anasazi D) Mississippian
16. Cahokia was destroyed in part by floods and what man-made factor? A) A rival city's invasion after damming the river B) The irrigation canal the Cahokians had built C) The fact that maize was planted too close to the riverbank D) The Cahokians' stripping the forest of trees to build an interior wooden fence
17. The Moche flourished along Peru's northern coast by A) serving as guides through the Andes. B) creating a warrior culture. C) mining gold. D) developing a complex irrigation system.
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18. Changes in the ocean current patterns brought by El Niños A) were necessary for farming in the Andes. B) devastated whole civilizations. C) brought cyclical floods that regenerated the land. D) brought winds that enabled trade with the Pacific islands.
19. What did Incan emperors force conquered peoples to do in order to unify their empire? A) To accept Inca, the royal name B) To send their children to be raised in the capital C) To wear an Incan clothing style D) To use Quechua, the Incan language
20. How did Inca rulers prevent rebellion? A) They prevented revolt through fear, by sacrificing thousands of their subjects. B) They dramatically reduced the tax burden on newly conquered peoples. C) They transported all conquered peoples to different parts of the empire. D) They allowed conquered peoples a measure of local self-government.
21. How did the Inca link their empire together? A) There was a common ethnicity among the population. B) All villages sent representatives to the capital to engage in sporting activities. C) They had an advanced system of roads that held the empire together. D) Scholars translated local texts into Quechua, making all people feel like part of the empire.
22. What was an ayllu? A) A set of rules that regimented the lives of the Incan people B) A substantial degree of state-supplied social welfare C) A clan that served as the basic unit of Incan society D) An Incan system of public works projects
23. In the Inca Empire, what was the mit'a? A) The system of conscripting labor from villages B) The system for drafting soldiers C) The system of maintenance for the royal mummies D) The system of collecting monetary taxes
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24. How did Incan society view marital relationships? A) Premarital relationships were unlawful. B) The state encouraged marriage of couples from different regions. C) The state arranged marriages for political purposes. D) Polygamy was illegal and punishable by execution.
25. What is the meaning of split inheritance? A) After an emperor died, his lands were split among his sons. B) A dead emperor retained all his lands and continued to receive tribute. C) The wives of an emperor split the land among their sons. D) Upon his death, an emperor had to give half his land to his closest rival.
26. How did the Maya survive their arid environment? A) They used irrigation canals. B) They dug deep wells. C) They hauled water from the coast. D) They found water in deep natural wells.
27. Where was the largest Mayan religious and ceremonial center located? A) Chichén Itzá B) Uxmal C) Tikal D) Palenque
28. Unity in the Maya world was developed by a common language and what activity? A) Intermarriage between Maya and Olmec communities B) Extensive trade and commerce C) A common way of dressing D) The development of a strong centralized government
29. What is a stele? A) A floating garden where maize is grown B) A ceremony in which war captives are sacrificed C) A stone-slab monument on which Maya recorded important information D) The ball used in an Aztec ballgame
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30. Mayan texts tended to focus on the lives and exploits of whom? A) Kings and nobles B) Gods C) Folk heroes D) Priests and priestesses
31. Few Mayan texts have survived because most of the books were destroyed by which of the following? A) Aztec invaders B) Warfare C) Floods D) Spanish priests
32. One of the most notable intellectual achievements of the Maya was their use of what mathematical concept? A) Decimal system B) Multiplication C) The zero D) A calendar
33. What happened after the Maya abandoned their cultural and ceremonial centers? A) Mayan civilization declined and disappeared. B) Mayans preserved their culture by living in small farming communities. C) The Moche moved in and established their own civilization. D) The Maya were enslaved by the Aztecs.
34. Teotihuacan included the world's third largest A) pyramid. B) bridge. C) man-made lake. D) royal burial mound.
35. Teotihuacan's religious system is largely unknown, although they may have worshiped which of the following? A) A horned bull god B) A feathered serpent god C) A jaguar-headed god D) A maize god
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36. Which of the following is true of the Toltecs? A) They were the last great civilization that is part of the classical era. B) They were the most powerful heir to Teotihuacan. C) They ruled most of central Mexico for 400 years. D) They were led by former members of the Zapotecs.
37. What were chinampas? A) Weapons B) Early religious leaders C) Human sacrifices D) Floating gardens
38. What were Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco in Aztec society? A) Twin gods B) Twin cities C) Co-rulers D) Sacred temples
39. The Aztecs created a strong position in the lands of Mexico through which of the following? A) Their worship of the god of war, Huitzilopochtli B) Their promotion of a strong agricultural and commercial economy C) Superior military technology D) An alliance system based on trade and tribute, backed by the use of force
40. What did the Aztecs believe they had to do to keep the sun moving and preserve life? A) Build magnificent pyramids for their gods B) Sacrifice human beings C) Sacrifice livestock, particularly cattle D) Destroy all competing societies
41. In Aztec society, social status and mobility depended on which of the following? A) Military performance B) Wealth C) Intelligence D) Religious devotion
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42. At the age of six, Aztec boys entered a school that taught them A) religion. B) mathematics. C) war. D) politics.
43. What did an Aztec warrior have to do to earn the title of iyac, or warrior? A) Capture a town singlehandedly B) Defeat a fellow Aztec in battle C) Capture a prisoner for ritual sacrifice D) Win a series of athletic contests
44. In Aztec society, what were macehualtin? A) Servants similar to serfs in Western Europe B) Commoners, sometimes men who had failed in military campaigns C) Members of the most privileged class D) Students in training to become priests
45. How did marriage in Mexica society duplicate what was found in premodern Asian and European societies? A) Some women were able to escape marriage through religious service. B) Women were expected to manage the family business so their husbands could serve as warriors. C) Once married, women were allowed to work only in agriculture. D) Young people were married off to a person of their parents' choosing.
46. In what way was the Moche civilization similar to the Aztec? A) Both civilizations originated in northern Mexico. B) Both the Moche and the Aztec sacrificed prisoners of war. C) Huitzilopochtli was worshiped by peoples of both societies. D) Nahuatl was spoken by both the Moche and the Aztec.
47. How did Moctezuma II try to reform the empire before the Spaniards arrived? A) Restricted social mobility B) Reduced controls and taxes C) Reduced military service D) Expanded noble ranks
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48. How did Cortés defeat the Aztec Empire? A) With only six hundred Spaniards, he marched into Tenochtitlan. B) He allied with the Tlaxcala. C) He promised Aztec slaves freedom. D) He had help from Pizarro.
49. Why did Atahualpa meet with Pizarro in 1532? A) To fight a battle B) To seize Pizarro as a prisoner C) To worship Pizarro as a savior-god D) To negotiate
50. Which statement is true about Tupac Amaru's resistance to the Spanish? A) His resistance was undermined by his allies. B) His small-scale attacks only sped up Spanish colonization. C) Any time he got closer to the Spanish, he was exposed to disease. D) He used Christian arguments to appeal directly to the king.
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Answer Key 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. B 19. D 20. C 21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. D 38. B 39. D 40. B 41. A 42. C 43. C 44. B
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45. D 46. B 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. C
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Chapter 11_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. Discuss the major differences between North America, Mesoamerica, and South America in terms of the arable lands available for agriculture.
2. Describe Olmec society.
3. What was the importance of calendars for the Olmecs and the Maya?
4. What caused the collapse of the Maya?
5. What does the Hohokam culture reveal about the relationship between North America and Mesoamerica? What is the evidence of that relationship?
6. What are some of the purposes for which the Hopewell and Cahokia peoples built large earthen mounds?
7. What did the Mexicas do with the people they conquered?
8. What were the duties of the tecuhtli in Mexica society?
9. Describe the extent of the Inca Empire. How did the Inca rulers maintain control of this vast territory?
10. Why did the Aztec Empire fall so quickly to the Spanish? What is the historical debate associated with the fall of the Aztecs?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The three regions have very different environments and thus developed different kinds of agriculture. North America has a variety of environments, including arctic tundra, dry plains, coastal wetlands, woodlands, deserts, and temperate rainforests. Mesoamerica has high plateaus with a temperate climate and coastal plains. South America is similar to North America in its variety: high mountain ranges, lowland plains, and tropical lowland rainforest. 2. Answer would ideally include: The Olmec created the first society in the Americas. They lived in what is now southern Mexico and Guatemala and grew a variety of crops—including beans, squash, and maize—and consumed fish for protein. Their civilization became large and their society more complex as it grew. They engaged in long-distance trade (rubber, cacao, pottery), built pyramids, worshipped a half-jaguar, half-man figure, and engaged in blood sacrifice. The Olmec were also likely the first Mesoamericans to play a court-based ballgame and used a Long Count calendar of 365 days. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Olmecs used calendars to trace celestial phenomena that they believed influenced human life. The Maya expanded on the Olmecs' recording of time to the use of three calendars. One was a 365-day calendar, the second was a 260-day calendar, and the third was a linear calendar used to record the actions of kings. The first two calendars were used in cycles, and when they coincided, the Maya celebrated with games and rituals. The Maya used these calendars to determine when and what kinds of rituals and sacrifices were to be performed. 4. Answer would ideally include: In about 900 C.E., the Maya abandoned their ceremonial centers, probably due to a collapse of the agricultural sector. Land exhaustion and drought probably led to this collapse. The agricultural crisis was worsened by overpopulation, disease, and war. The combination of problems also contributed to the weakened position of the Maya leaders, who would have been blamed for these crises. 5. Answer would ideally include: The Hohokam of southwestern North America imitated Mesoamerican peoples in building ceremonial platforms and playing a ballgame using a rubber ball. They also worshiped a feathered serpent god similar to that worshiped in Mesoamerica. Because rubber is not native to the Hohokam region, this artifact and how it was used are evidence of trade between the North American and Mesoamerican peoples. 6. Answer would ideally include: The earthen mounds of these two sites were used for a variety of purposes. Some were burial chambers, and some were platforms for building houses or temples. Because
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some mounds are in the shape of animals or geometric figures, it is possible that some of them were used for ceremonial or ritual purposes. 7. Answer would ideally include: Conquered peoples were treated in one of three ways. Some were left to continue with their agricultural work in their home, which they used to pay tribute to the Mexicas. Others were used as laborers for agriculture and construction of roads, aqueducts, and royal palaces. Finally, some of the conquered were sacrificed to Huitzilopochtli. These sacrificial victims were also used as a form of tribute payment. 8. Answer would ideally include: The emperor of the Aztecs appointed generals, judges, and governors from the men who had earned reputations as good warriors and war heroes. These men were the tecuhtli, who served as provincial governors and lived in palaces. In their provinces, they had full political, judicial, and military authority and represented the emperor. This meant that they settled legal disputes, managed farmland, oversaw the payment of tribute, and led troops in times of war. 9. Answer would ideally include: The Incas began in the Andes, and by the end of the fifteenth century, they had conquered lands as far as modern-day Ecuador and Colombia in the north and Chile in the south. The Incas controlled this vast empire by military conquest at first, and then by unifying the people culturally. They forced the people to speak the Incan language and to worship the Incan gods. Local chieftains were forced to serve in the imperial administration, and populations were moved around to ensure that people loyal to the emperor lived in newly conquered areas. Kin groups were broken up to prevent organized rebellions. An extensive system of roads provided the means by which the Incas carried out these cultural changes. 10. Answer would ideally include: Because of the availability of Spanish sources, historians know the most about Moctezuma II, but we also tend to interpret that information knowing he will fall to the forces of Hernán Cortés. By the reign of Moctezuma, the Aztec Empire was spread thin, and those conquered, like the Tlaxcala, had not absorbed Aztec culture. The large empire was costly to maintain, and noble resistance further drained resources. Moctezuma began to impose restrictions when the Spanish arrived with the Tlaxcalans.
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Chapter 12_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. How do you explain the fact that the various nomadic empires, particularly the Mongol, were relatively short-lived?
2. During the twelfth through fourteenth centuries, nomadic peoples from the Eurasian steppe conquered most of the continent, culminating in the Mongol conquest. How can we explain this shift in military power from the older urban civilizations to the nomadic steppe peoples?
3. Why were the Mongols unsuccessful in conquering Japan and the Delhi sultanate? What do these defeats tell us about the limitations of Mongol military skills?
4. Describe the encounter between Muslim Turkic warriors and Hindu India. What cultural barriers separated Muslim from Hindu? What different tactics did Muslim rulers use to govern Hindu populations?
5. The civilizations that arose in Southeast Asia featured both indigenous and foreign elements. Identify and describe those elements that were borrowed. How can we explain the adoption of these foreign elements?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: One weakness of nomadic empires was that the main political “glue” in nomadic societies was kinship. Broader forces of integration—namely political ideologies or systems of exploitation—were largely absent. Large confederations were therefore likely to splinter along clan lines. Furthermore, the scarcity of resources often pitted societies against each other. The lack of literacy and administrative experience among the steppe nomads meant that they had to employ “civilized” outsiders to govern. The tendency of some nomad rulers to employ terror tactics and to pillage conquered areas ruthlessly did not win the loyalty of subject populations. Finally, the nomads' flexibility and readiness to adopt civilized technologies, practices, and cultural categories made them vulnerable to assimilation. 2. Answer would ideally include: The chapter discusses several different nomadic peoples who were able to establish empires. The essay should begin by describing how they were able to do so by using fast-moving cavalry and usually an organizational system that was a confederation of tribes and conquered peoples. Examples of this include the Turks' success in India and the rise of the Khitans and Jurchens in China, culminating in the Mongol conquest. Success can be attributed to mobility of the mounted troops of the steppe peoples, willingness to employ foreign troops, willingness to adapt foreign military technology, and the ruthlessness with which these peoples, especially the Mongols, waged war. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Mongols were defeated in their two attempts to invade Japan by a combination of nature (the storms that destroyed the Mongol fleets) and the Japanese samurai army. In several attempts to conquer the Delhi sultanate, the Mongols were held off by the sultans' policy of taking a passive approach at first and then openly challenging the Mongols. Both failures reveal that the Mongols were not invincible; a determined, unified effort to fight them could be successful. It may be that the initial passivity of the Delhi sultans misled the Mongols into underestimating them. Certainly, the Mongols were not able to overcome storms; their failure to invade Japan may also indicate that the Mongols were weaker at sea than they were on land. 4. Answer would ideally include: This essay should outline the first encounter between Hindus and Muslims in 711 C.E. and summarize the political history of the Delhi sultanate. Obstacles to Muslim-Hindu communication that the essay might discuss include high-caste Hindus' refusal to convert to Islam or associate with Muslims at all, differing language, differing religion, and Muslims' contempt for the Hindus' seeming lack of religious conviction (stemming from their flexible polytheism). Muslim rulers used both terror and accommodation. The latter would include policies such as the use of Hindu rulers to administer provinces and the exemption of Hindus from military service. 5. Answer would ideally include:
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This essay should describe Funan, the Thai confederation, the Khmer Empire, and the Srivijaya maritime empire. This description should include those aspects of Indian civilization—Buddhism as well as aspects of political culture—that affected these civilizations. The essay should describe how these foreign elements were introduced–– typically by merchants––and how, if at all, they were adapted to fit indigenous conditions. Finally, the essay should offer a brief explanation as to why foreign elements became a part of these Southeast Asian civilizations. One possible explanation is the political usefulness of such elements; another possibility is the attractiveness of Buddhist religious beliefs.
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Chapter 12_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-11: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. nomads b. steppe c. yurts d. Chinggis Khan e. khanates f. tax-farming g. protected people h. jati i. sati j. Sanskrit k. Srivijaya
1. The Muslim classification used for Hindus, Christians, and Jews; they were allowed to follow their religions but had to pay a special tax.
2. India's classical literary language.
3. A maritime empire that held the Strait of Malacca and the waters around Sumatra, Borneo, and Java.
4. The title given to the Mongol ruler Temujin in 1206; it means Great Ruler.
5. Groups of people who move from place to place in search of food, water, and pasture for their animals, usually following the seasons. _
6. Assigning the collection of taxes to whoever bids the most for the privilege.
7. The thousands of Indian castes.
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8. A practice whereby a high-caste Hindu woman would throw herself on her husband's funeral pyre.
9. Grasslands that are too dry for crops but support pasturing animals; they are common across much of the center of Eurasia.
10. The states ruled by a khan; the four units into which Chinggis divided the Mongol Empire.
11. Tents in which the pastoral nomads lived; they could be quickly dismantled and loaded onto animals or carts.
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Answer Key 1. g. protected people 2. j. Sanskrit 3. k. Srivijaya 4. d. Chinggis Khan 5. a. nomads 6. f. tax-farming 7. h. jati 8. i. sati 9. b. steppe 10. e. khanates 11. c. yurts
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Chapter 12_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following dominate Central Asian geography? A) Tropical forests B) Arid grasslands C) High mountain ranges D) Fertile plains
2. What goods predominated in the trade of Central Asian nomads? A) Textiles B) Iron C) Grain D) Horses and fur
3. In what warfare skill did the steppe nomads excel? A) They were particularly adept at sieges. B) They were very skilled archers. C) Their very large population gave them a large, talented infantry. D) Their command of iron smelting gave them the weapons to excel at hand-to-hand combat.
4. Political organization among nomadic herding peoples was generally based on which of the following? A) Clan ties B) Buddhism C) Economic arrangements D) Language
5. What is the first great nomad confederation that historians have clearly identified? A) The Scythians B) The Xiongnu (or Huns) C) The Turks D) The Uzbeks
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6. The Turks first appeared as part of what empire on the Silk Road? A) Rouruan B) Byzantine C) Mongol D) Xiongnu
7. Which of the following was an important activity of the Eastern Turks? A) They controlled a united confederation. B) They practiced settled agriculture. C) They were Buddhists. D) They frequently raided China.
8. In the seventh century, who ultimately defeated the Eastern Turks? A) Xiongnu B) Tang Dynasty C) Byzantines D) Western Turks
9. The Khitan and Jurchen states aimed at taking resources from what society? A) Persia B) China C) Byzantium D) Mongolia
10. What is a yurt? A) The castle of a Mongol war chief B) The protective body covering worn by Mongol warriors C) The small horse that Mongols rode D) A round tent in which Mongol families lived
11. What conventions guided decision making in Mongol society? A) Women participated in family decisions. B) As in most patriarchies, men made decisions. C) Elders were responsible for decisions. D) A democratically elected council made decisions.
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12. What important talent did Mongol women possess? A) They were expert horseback riders. B) They were trained to be skilled warriors. C) They preserved Mongol culture by being masterful orators. D) They were known for their beautiful pottery.
13. What was one of the few specialist professions among the Mongol people? A) Mare milker B) Cheese maker C) Blacksmith D) Wool felter
14. In the mid-twelfth century, which of the following created a subsistence crisis in Central Asia? A) A population boom put pressures on agricultural resources. B) An outbreak of plague caused widespread death among agricultural workers. C) A drop in the mean annual temperature led to agricultural problems. D) A sustained drought led to crop failure and other hardships.
15. What happened to the father of Temujin (or Chinggis Khan)? A) He was killed by his wife. B) He was captured and enslaved by a rival. C) No one knows because his story is lost. D) He was poisoned by a rival.
16. The Mongol script that Chinggis Khan ordered created was based on the script used by what other society? A) Sanskrit B) Uighur Turks C) Urdu D) Chinese
17. What was one of the first things recorded in the new Mongol script? A) A record of the Mongol laws and customs B) The Secret History, a history of the Mongol people C) Prayers to the Sky and Earth D) A warfare manual to be distributed among the confederation
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18. In organizing his army, Chinggis Khan sought to do which of the following? A) Incorporate women into the cavalry B) Use exclusively Chinese units C) Break traditional tribal loyalties D) Mix infantry and cavalry in one unit
19. How did Chinggis treat the cities that surrendered to his army? A) He destroyed every tenth one as a lesson to other cities. B) He negotiated with local elites to make them allies. C) He moved half the population around to other cities. D) He enslaved but did not kill the people.
20. What happened to Chinggis Khan's empire at his death? A) It was inherited by his grandson Khubilai Khan. B) It was divided into four parts among his descendants. C) It almost immediately fell into disarray. D) It came entirely under the control of his eldest son.
21. Why did the Mongol army return to Karakorum in 1241? A) For the coronation ceremony of Khubilai B) For the election of a new khan following the death of Ögödei C) To provide needed staffing and monitoring of the China trade center D) To gather more troops after being defeated in Baghdad
22. How was Khubilai related to Chinggis? A) Nephew B) Father C) Grandson D) Brother
23. Which of the following is true of the Mongol conquest of southern China? A) It took less than two years. B) It included the use of catapults designed by Muslim engineers. C) It was successful, in large part, due to their expert use of horses. D) It included the killing of the Chinese empress dowager.
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24. Which of the following helped the Japanese to repeatedly repulse Mongol invasions? A) Strong samurai armies and two fierce storms that destroyed the Mongol fleets B) The expert military leadership of the Japanese emperor C) The bravery and skill of the Japanese citizenry D) The intervention of Korea on the side of Japan
25. Mongols were aided in their conquest of Syria by exploiting the unrest of what part of Syria's population? A) Muslims B) Jews C) Zoroastrians D) Christians
26. What was the Mongols' primary purpose in pursuing conquest? A) To spread traditional Mongol tribal culture B) To seize land, riches, and people C) To unify all the peoples of the earth under heaven D) To acquire land for their growing population
27. How did the Mongols use conquest to improve their empire? A) To further the Mongol social system, they imposed their traditional tribal groupings on subjugated peoples. B) They treated all subjugated men as slaves who were used as soldiers and agricultural workers. C) They improved their own capital city by importing skilled workers from conquered regions. D) They often exploited the labor of women of conquered territories who were forced to work at Mongol military camps.
28. Which of the following was true of the Mongol system of tax-farming in China? A) It helped establish social stability. B) It was favored by ordinary Chinese over their traditional taxes. C) It allotted farmland to the highest bidders. D) It involved the sale of tax licenses to Central Asian Muslim merchants.
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29. Why did the Mongols allow Russian princes to continue to rule their territories until the second half of the thirteenth century? A) Mongols and Russians tended to get along well together. B) Mongols were sympathetic to the Orthodox Christian religion. C) Russian princes turned over adequate tribute. D) The Mongols were more interested in European territory further west.
30. The Mongol government of China conducted its business in what language? A) Chinese B) Mongolian C) Uighur D) Turkish
31. Khubilai discouraged the Mongols in China from doing what? A) Marrying the Chinese B) Learning to read Chinese C) Returning to Mongolia D) Harming Chinese citizens
32. During the rule of Khubilai in China, how did Mongols interact with the Chinese people and their culture? A) Mongols adopted many Chinese cultural practices. B) Chinese were treated as legally inferior to all non-Chinese. C) Mongols adopted Chinese-style housing and gave up their use of yurts. D) Mongol governors and other administrators were required to wear Chinese-style clothing.
33. Timur, who arose as a new conqueror as Mongol rule declined, began as which of the following? A) A Mongolian nomad B) A Persian scholar C) A Uighur herdsman D) A Turkish noble
34. Many positions in the Mongol Empire's administration went to which ethnic group? A) Uighur Turks B) Persians C) Turks D) Chinese
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35. By the middle of the thirteenth century, there were many A) Muslims in power in China. B) Mongol converts to Catholicism. C) Chinese in positions of power in Mongolia. D) Nestorian Christians in Central Asia.
36. What was a consequence in Europe of Marco Polo's travels to China? A) His writings inspired Europeans try to conquer China. B) He convinced the Pope to dispatch a mission to convert the Chinese. C) He was jailed for serving Khubilai Khan. D) His writings helped convince Europeans that Asia was a land of riches.
37. The Black Death that struck Europe and the Middle East in the mid-fourteenth century probably came from where? A) Africa B) India C) West Asia D) Central Asia
38. Mongols probably introduced the bubonic plague into Europe during their siege of what city? A) Kaffa B) Constantinople C) Damascus D) Moscow
39. Of all the religions the Mongols encountered, which expanded the most under their empire? A) Catholicism B) Orthodox Christianity C) Islam D) Buddhism
40. The Gupta modeled their empire on what earlier empire? A) Alexander the Great's B) The Tang Dynasty of China C) Chinggis Khan's D) The Mauryan
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41. What was Kalidasa's profession in Gupta India? A) Playwright and poet B) Mathematician C) Hindu Brahman D) Ascetic monk 42. Where did “Arabic” numerals originate? A) Mecca B) Karakorum C) Persia D) India
43. What was the religious policy of the Gupta emperors? A) They were Hindu but tolerated all faiths. B) They persecuted Buddhists. C) They encouraged the adoption of Islam. D) They demanded that their subjects be Hindus.
44. What group's attacks irreparably weakened the Gupta Empire? A) Mongols B) Muslims C) Huns D) Buddhism
45. What did the Arab invaders of the Sind and the Turkish invaders of Khurasan have in common? A) Interest in Buddhism B) Ethnic background C) Respect for Hinduism D) Belief in Islam
46. How did Muslim Turkic rulers generally treat Hindus in India? A) They saw them as an inferior race subject to extermination. B) They considered them exempt from taxation because of their holiness. C) They considered them a “protected people” like the Christians and Jews. D) They ignored the caste system, viewing all Hindus as untouchables.
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47. Who invaded and looted the Delhi sultanate in 1398? A) Timur B) Chinggis Khan C) Ögödei D) Khubilai Khan
48. What was the name of the first state to appear in Southeast Asia, with its capital in southern Vietnam? A) Funan B) Khmer C) Indonesia D) Malay
49. The Khmer Empire was centered in what modern-day country? A) Vietnam B) Thailand C) Cambodia D) Laos
50. From where did the Srivijayan rulers of Sumatra draw their ideas on governing? A) India B) Vietnam/Funan C) The Khmer Empire D) China's Tang Dynasty
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Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. B 21. B 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. A 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. D 36. D 37. D 38. A 39. C 40. D 41. A 42. D 43. A 44. C
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45. D 46. C 47. A 48. A 49. C 50. A
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Chapter 12_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. How did warfare make some nomadic tribes of Central Asia powerful and others less so?
2. Briefly describe the Uighur empire and subsequent kingdom to the thirteenth century. What kind of model did it present for later Central Asian empires?
3. Describe the role of women in Mongol society.
4. What led to the success of Chinggis and the Mongols as invaders?
5. How did Chinggis Khan reorder the Mongol army?
6. Trace the extent of the Mongol conquests. What was the cultural and economic impact of the initial conquests?
7. Why were Europeans considered the biggest beneficiaries of the spread of technology with the Mongol conquests?
8. How was the Gupta Empire organized?
9. How did Muslim rulers in northern India generally treat indigenous Hindus?
10. What led to the collapse of the Easter Island society?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Skill at horsemanship allowed one tribe to be more successful in combat over other tribes. In the grasslands of Central Asia, competition for resources led to conflict between tribes. Those tribes that were successful were able to force other tribes to pay them in tribute of goods or labor. Very successful tribes were able to devote all their energy and time to war while the losing tribes did their labor. Eventually large confederations developed and attacked more towns and cities, but they rarely lasted more than a century. 2. Answer would ideally include: The Uighurs provided military aid to Tang China and forced them to pay large tributes in silk. Uighurs adopted the diversity of religions found along the Silk Road, notably Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, and Manichaeism. They also incorporated the diverse peoples that practiced these religions. When the Kyrghiz destroyed the empire, some of the Uighurs established a prosperous kingdom in what is now western China. This provided a model of ethnic, religious, and linguistic diversity to be imitated by later empires. 3. Answer would ideally include: Mongol women played an essential role in the nomadic culture of the Mongols. They were responsible for caring for the animals while the men were hunting or fighting. When the Mongols moved, the women were responsible for moving the carts and setting up or dismantling the yurts (tents). They were responsible for milking the sheep and goats, making cheese and butter, and preparing the clothes. Women also had to learn to ride and shoot, and participated in tribal discussions. 4. Answer would ideally include: Temujin, the given name of Chinggis Khan, was personally motivated by the death of his father to amass power and followers. He led his followers to first attack a tribe who had been a rival of his father; he leveraged this and his natural leadership skills to build up a larger group of followers. One by one, he and his band defeated other Mongol and Turkish tribes. These early successes taught Chinggis and his army the skills necessary to build a large empire by defeating states one by one. Chinggis's authority was based on his followers' loyalty. 5. Answer would ideally include: Chinggis Khan mistrusted traditional tribal loyalties, so in his Mongol army he developed a nontribal structure. Soldiers were conscripted, and Chinggis made sure that each unit was made up of soldiers from different tribes. For each unit, he selected commanders he could remove at will, although he allowed commanders to pass their posts to their sons. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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Under Chinggis Khan, his sons, and then his grandson Khubilai Khan, the Mongol army conquered Song China, Nanzhao kingdom, Annam in northern Vietnam, and Korea in Asia. They also moved westward and captured major trade cities along the Silk Road, such as Samarkand and Bukhara, and gained control of Moscow and Kievan Rus. As they conquered, the Mongols looted cities and gave land to commanders and army units to control, and the inhabitants of the land would become serfs of those leaders. Skilled workers were transported to Karakorum, the new Mongol capital. 7. Answer would ideally include: The movement of ideas and technological advancements spread westward with the Mongols, introducing new ideas into Europe. Most of the ideas—such as gunpowder, printing, and the compass—were unknown to Europe before this period. Most of Central and Eastern Asia had already been exposed to these technologies, but Europe had not. 8. Answer would ideally include: The Guptas modeled their empire after the Mauryan, but their administrative system was not as centralized. There was a central region in which the Gupta received direct taxes on agriculture and from which the Gupta drew labor service to maintain roads and irrigation systems. More distant areas were assigned governors, which often became hereditary positions. Even more distant areas were run as vassal states and not required to turn over much revenue. 9. Answer would ideally include: Initially after the invasion, the Muslim rulers destroyed some Hindu temples. Once in power, however, they classified Hindus as a protected people. This allowed the Hindus to practice their religion openly, as long as they paid a special tax. They were exempt from military service, and local chiefs and princes were allowed to remain in power as long as they paid tribute. Essentially, the Muslims accommodated the majority of Hindus. 10. Answer would ideally include: The Easter Island society collapsed due to environmental stress after the island was rapidly deforested. The cause of the deforestation is uncertain; it may have been excessive harvesting or loss of seeds, but it left the people without wood for boats to fish. This contributed to a reduction of food from fishing. Food was also reduced when bird colonies shrank as nesting decreased.
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Chapter 13_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions. 1. Describe the economic “revolution” that took place during the Song Dynasty and the consequences of those changes.
2. What kinds of military reforms did the Song Dynasty implement? What was Taizu's intention in the reforms, and how did he go about enacting them?
3. How did the Mongols change China when they ruled over it during the Yuan Dynasty?
4. The political history of Japan features a seemingly relentless denigration of rulers to figureheads. Describe this process and offer an explanation for this trend.
5. Both the Heian and Kamakura periods of Japanese history were culturally vibrant. Describe Japanese culture during both periods. How did the culture of the Heian period differ from that of the Kamakura period?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The roots of the medieval Chinese economic revolution were the expansion of rice cultivation and population growth. There were many commercial activities during this era and a general increase in the number of people drawn into the commercial network. There were also increases in the transportation industry and interregional and international trade, the use of paper money, specialized commercial organizations and practices, and industrial development (both traditional and innovative), especially advances in metallurgy. Consequences included urbanization and wider horizons for many Chinese people. There was a relationship between the intellectual developments under the Song, especially the emergence of Neo-Confucianism, and economic change. 2. Answer would ideally include: Because he came to power by being chosen as emperor by his own troops, the first Song emperor, Taizu, wanted to make sure that could not happen again. Thus, he reformed the military by limiting the power of individual generals and placing the whole army under the authority of the central government and himself as emperor. This limited the warlordism of the generals, but he still needed a large standing army to protect Song borders. Half of the government's revenue went to supporting the army. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Mongols restructured the Chinese class system, limiting social mobility. Mongol-Chinese society was divided into four levels: Mongols, non-Chinese (Uighurs, Persians), Chinese subjects of the Jurchen (the Han), and finally, southern Chinese from the Song. Everyone was assigned to a hereditary class based on occupation, such as farmer. The Mongols and Chinese were separated, and interaction (such as intermarriage) between the two was discouraged. However, the Chinese were allowed to serve in the Mongol army and government. 4. Answer would ideally include: The beginning of this process is found with the Fujiwara family's dominance, which turned the Japanese government into an instrument of private political power and reduced the emperors to revered but powerless figureheads. Japan then turned to the “cloistered government” as an attempt to resist this reduction. With the rise of military power, the samurai class became significant in Japan's political universe. The next stage in this trend was the Kamakura Shogunate, culminating with the Hôjô family's reduction of the shogun to a figurehead. There were many factors in this diffusion of power. Economic changes, the role of the various sects of Buddhism (and the power of Buddhist monasteries), and transformations in land-holding patterns are all plausible explanations. 5. Answer would ideally include: This description should begin with the aristocratic culture of the Heian period, emphasizing the importance placed on refined living, breeding, and taste. Aristocratic
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distaste for everyday life and people should be mentioned. The development of a script for writing Japanese phonetically must be discussed. Literary developments should be mentioned. The Tale of Genji and The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon are both excellent examples of Heian aristocratic culture. There is also evidence of the prominent role played by women in the Heian period, which was not continued in the Kamakura Shogunate. Kamakura culture favored long, narrative war epics, such as The Tale of the Heike, which reached a wider, popular audience. The appearance of various strains of Buddhism must also be discussed: Tendai, Esoteric, Pure Land, Lotus Sutra, and Zen, each of which appealed to a particular social class. Kamakura culture was substantially less aristocratic than the previous Heian culture, reflecting political and social changes.
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Chapter 13_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-14: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. cloistered government b. Zen c. Esoteric Buddhism d. compass e. dynastic cycle f. movable type g. shogun h. Bushido i. Neo-Confucianism j. scholar-official class k. examination system l. concubine m. foot binding n. The Tale of Genji
1. The revival of Confucian thinking that began in the eleventh century, characterized by the goal of attaining the wisdom of the sages, not exam success.
2. The theory that Chinese dynasties go through a predictable cycle from early vigor and growth to subsequent decline as administrators become lax and the well-off find ways to avoid paying taxes, cutting state revenues.
3. A system in which an emperor retired to a Buddhist monastery but continued to exercise power by controlling his young son on the throne.
4. A tool for identifying north using a magnetic needle; it was made useful for sea navigation in Song times when placed in a protective case.
5. A Japanese literary masterpiece about court life written by Lady Murasaki.
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6. A system of printing in which one piece of type is used for each unique character.
7. The practice of binding the feet of girls with long strips of cloth to keep them from growing large.
8. A system of selecting officials based on competitive written examinations.
9. A sect of Buddhism that maintains that the secrets of enlightenment have been secretly transmitted from the Buddha and can be accessed through initiation into the mandalas, mudras, and mantras.
10. A school of Buddhism that emphasized meditation and truths that could not be conveyed in words.
11. Chinese educated elite that included both scholars and officials. The officials had usually gained office by passing the highly competitive civil service examination. Scholars without office had often studied for the examinations but failed repeatedly.
12. The Japanese general-in-chief, whose headquarters was the shogunate.
13. Literally, the “way of the warrior”; the code of conduct by which samurai were expected to live.
14. A woman contracted to a man as a secondary spouse; although subordinate to the wife, her sons were considered legitimate heirs.
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Answer Key 1. i. Neo-Confucianism 2. e. dynastic cycle 3. a. cloistered government 4. d. compass 5. n. The Tale of Genji 6. f. movable type 7. m. foot binding 8. k. examination system 9. c. Esoteric Buddhism 10. b. Zen 11. j. scholar-official class 12. g. shogun 13. h. Bushido 14. l. concubine
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Chapter 13_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. How have Chinese historians traditionally viewed Chinese history? A) As centering on conflict with Japan B) As repeating cycles of dynastic birth, vigor, and decline C) As one of uninterrupted progress D) As a battle against a strong central state
2. By 800, how might the Tang Dynasty be characterized? A) It was just beginning its rise. B) It had just been defeated by the Uighur. C) It was in decline with a weak government. D) It was in the midst of a golden age.
3. How did China's population change between 742 and 1100? A) It rose to approximately 50 million people. B) It stayed stagnant, remaining at what it had been in 2 C.E. C) It doubled, making China's population the largest of any country in the world. D) It declined steadily due to famine.
4. In Song China, agricultural specialty crops included which of the following? A) Sugar B) Bananas C) Pumpkins D) Olives
5. Paper money developed in China A) as a way for the government to simplify tax collections. B) as a response to a shortage of copper for coins. C) as a way to avoid carrying heavy bags of coins. D) to reduce the amount of counterfeit money.
6. To support its increased foreign trade, what shipping innovation did the Song introduce? A) Water-tight bulkheads B) Ships powered by sails only C) Smaller and faster ships D) The use of Indian ships and crews
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7. How did the Song improve the compass? A) By using a magnetic needle B) By floating the needle in water C) By making it small enough to wear D) By making it smaller, attaching it to a stem, and putting it in a protective case
8. The iron produced in eleventh-century Song China was primarily used for which of the following? A) Shipping B) Building bridges C) Roads D) Military purposes
9. In the twelfth century, the Song experimented with using what in warfare? A) Gunpowder B) Cavalry C) Crossbows D) Mercenaries
10. In the first half of the Song period, what linked Kaifeng to the south? A) The Yellow River B) The Yangzi River C) The Grand Canal D) The Imperial Road
11. Who were the rulers of the Liao state that succeeded the Tang? A) Jurchens B) Tibetans C) Jin D) Khitans
12. Who chose Taizu to become the first emperor of the Song Dynasty? A) Buddhist monks B) The army C) Khitan warlords D) His civilian followers through a popular election
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13. How did the Song prevent the Khitans from invading? A) They expanded the Great Wall. B) They launched an invasion against them before they could attack. C) They formed an alliance with the Jin. D) They paid the Khitans tribute to prevent attacks.
14. What was the biggest disadvantage of the Song military? A) It lacked the motivation necessary to defend the dynasty's borders. B) It couldn't afford to pay its soldiers, who then rebelled. C) It lacked an industrial base to produce weapons. D) It had difficulty maintaining enough horses and well-trained horsemen.
15. The Song Dynasty faced a crisis early in the twelfth century after the collapse of which of the following? A) The tea market B) The Khitan state C) The iron industry D) The horse trade
16. After the Jurchen invasion, where did the Southern Song Dynasty build its capital? A) Beijing B) Kaifeng C) Qingdao D) Hangzhou
17. In order to do well on the civil service examinations, Song students typically did what to prepare? A) Traveled abroad to learn the ways of other cultures B) Mastered specific forms of composition, including poetry C) Studied pending and recent legislation D) Adopted Zen Buddhist meditation techniques
18. What happened to the students who prepared for Song civil service exams? A) The majority never became government officials. B) They usually stayed in the lower levels of the emperor's administration. C) Those from poor backgrounds were passed over for positions as government officials. D) They were all but guaranteed to pass.
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19. What invention helped to improve the education and scholarly culture of Song China? A) Iron smelting B) A new writing system C) Printing of books D) Private universities
20. Eleventh-century Song China saw a renewed Confucian commitment to aid the ruler, but government service was nevertheless made stressful by A) the demands of military preparation. B) the official policy of expansion to recover past Song Dynasty borders. C) factional disputes. D) weak harvests and famines.
21. Confucian thought about metaphysics evolved in the later Song period as an alternative to which of the following? A) Neo-Confucianism B) Foreign wars C) Buddhism D) Printing
22. The immensely learned Zhu Xi is generally credited with which of the following? A) The establishment of the first university in China B) The establishment of the Song Dynasty C) The invention of block printing D) The full development of Neo-Confucianism
23. In Song China, who were the primary producers of silk and silk cloth? A) Women B) Retired men C) Buddhist monks D) Children
24. In Song China, a man was considered a good marital prospect if he A) had been orphaned. B) had arranged his own marriage. C) had passed the civil service examination. D) was particularly strong.
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25. After marriage, the young couple most often lived where? A) With another young couple to save money B) In their own home with their own servants C) With the bride's family D) With the groom's family
26. What helped a woman ensure security in her extended family? A) Giving birth to a son B) Inheriting money of her own C) Becoming a mother-in-law D) Learning to read and write
27. What place did concubines have in Chinese families in Song China? A) They held more authority in families than did wives. B) They were subordinate to wives, and their children were only recognized if the wife failed to bear children. C) Wives enjoyed the freedom a concubine gave them, so jealousy from wives was very unusual. D) Wives outranked concubines, but the children born to concubines and wives held equal status.
28. How was foot binding viewed during the Song Dynasty? A) It was reviled by Neo-Confucian scholars. B) Its spread was halted by Song authorities. C) It was associated with the pleasure quarters and women's efforts to beautify themselves. D) It remained popular among all parts of China but was disliked by the emperor.
29. What did Khubilai Khan need to build in order to conquer the Southern Song? A) A bridge B) Cannons C) Catapults D) A fleet of ships
30. The Mongol reordering of Chinese society and restrictions on trade was designed to do which of the following? A) Integrate Chinese and Mongol cultures B) Protect Mongol privileges C) Develop a new Mongol society D) Allow for more social mobility
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31. What was one way in which the Koryo dynasty differed from the Chinese model? A) Koryo was more aristocratic than China. B) Koryo had more trade with the Silk Road. C) Koryo leaders distrusted the military class. D) Buddhism never had an impact on Koryo .
32. To have a job in the Koryo government, a man had to prove that he was A) well trained in Confucianism. B) capable of fighting in a war. C) not lowborn in status. D) related to the Koryo family.
33. What was one industry that flourished during the Koryo Dynasty? A) Textiles B) Brewing beer C) Iron smelting D) Ceramics
34. To what did Wang Kon, founder of the Koryo Dynasty, attribute his success? A) The protection of Buddha B) His tributary relationship with China C) Confucius D) The Silla Dynasty
35. What family came to dominate Korea following a coup in 1196? A) The Liao family B) The Ch'oe family C) The Honen family D) The Minamoto clan
36. Koryo built a wall at the Yalu River in the eleventh century to help keep out what enemy? A) Khitans B) Chinese C) Manchurians D) Jurchens
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37. What did the Mongols force the Koryo leader(s) to do in the thirteenth century? A) Adopt Mongol names and customs B) Abdicate in favor of a Mongol king C) Move to Beijing D) Join forces with the Mongol army and invade China
38. What dynasty did the Korean general Yi Song-gye found in 1392? A) Silla B) Ming C) Choson D) Paekche
39. What did Fujiwara dominance of the Japanese government represent? A) A complete embrace of Chinese-style bureaucracy B) A reassertion of the imperial family's power C) The rise of samurai political power D) The privatization of political power and a reversion to clan politics
40. What did Fujiwara Michinaga do when he left the Heian court in the eleventh century? A) He created an alternative kingdom in Korea. B) He led an army against the Mongols. C) He retired to his country estates and ran Japan while living there. D) He joined a Buddhist monastery but continued to run Japan.
41. What is the system of rule in which Japanese emperors abdicated but continued to exercise power through surrogates? A) Screened government B) Cloistered government C) Second government D) Hidden power
42. How did the development of the Japanese phonetic script change Japan's culture? A) It fostered the spread of literacy. B) It was used exclusively for writing government documents. C) Fewer people learned to write because it was extremely complicated. D) The culture changed very little as it was reserved for only sacred religious documents.
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43. What is the focus of the Japanese literary masterpiece The Tale of Genji? A) It tells the story of a civil war. B) It describes the life of a concubine in a small city. C) It depicts court life in great detail. D) It is an epic story of the creation of the Japanese people.
44. Tendai Buddhism, brought to Japan from China by the monk Saichô, taught what? A) That only through the rejection of the material world could one find nirvana B) That all living beings share Buddha's nature and can be brought to salvation C) That Buddha's secret teachings contained the secrets to enlightenment D) That only intense meditation can help one achieve salvation
45. Who were the samurai? A) Civilian military advisors to the emperor B) The Japanese merchant class C) The Japanese nobility D) Skilled warriors in Japan
46. Military rule in Japan emerged from the combination of a native warrior tradition and what else? A) The impact of Korean invasions B) Confucian ethical principles of duty to superiors C) The rise of a civil service class D) The influence of an aristocratic court
47. Which of the following did Masako, widow of Minamoto Yoritomo, work to preserve? A) Women's literature B) The interests of the Hôjô family C) Shingon Buddhism D) Minamoto's line of succession and the power of her firstborn son
48.
Why might Pure Land Buddhism have appealed to ordinary people? A) It taught that simple faith in Buddha was enough for salvation. B) It urged a social reordering to improve the conditions of the peasantry. C) It incorporated many aspects of native Japanese religion. D) It rejected all Chinese and Indian influences.
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49. Zen teachings held that enlightenment could be achieved through what means? A) Acceptance of and devotion to the authority of the sutras B) Repeating the name of the Buddha Amitabha C) Carrying out one's prescribed duties in life D) Rigorous meditation that could result in sudden insight into one's true nature
50. What was the most popular form of Buddhism among the samurai? A) Pure Land B) Esoteric C) Zen D) Tendai
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Answer Key 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. C 21. C 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. D 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. C 39. D 40. D 41. B 42. A 43. C 44. B
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45. D 46. B 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. C
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Chapter 13_Short QA
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What are the different stages of the theory of the dynastic cycle in Chinese history?
2. Describe the foreign trade that flourished under the Song Dynasty.
3. Describe the process of urbanization in China during the Song era. What were the implications of this development?
4. Describe the culture of the elite class of the Song.
5. How did women's lives change in the later Song period? What sources do historians use to answer this question?
6. What was a concubine, and what was her status in Song society?
7. How did the Mongols treat the Koryo ?
8. How did the Japanese government diverge from Chinese models in the late ninth century?
9. How were the lords and samurai connected in Japan? What obligations did they owe each other?
10. Contrast the life of the Heian-era courtier with that of the Kamakura samurai.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Each dynasty begins with a strong, vigorous leader who can recruit followers. This man would extend China's borders and bring internal peace and stability. Over time, the next stage would begin, in which emperors born into luxury would lack wisdom and strength. Wealthy families would avoid their obligations, such as paying taxes. Taxes on peasants would then increase, and they would flee. As morale generally fell, the dynasty would find itself unable to maintain its borders or internal stability, and it would collapse. 2. Answer would ideally include: During this period, Song merchants traded with foreign cities from Srivijaya and Malabar in Southeast Asia to Cairo and Baghdad in the Middle East. Also in this period, Chinese ships began to displace Indian and Arab merchants in the South Seas. Trade thus stretched across the Indian Ocean and into the Middle East. Foreign trade in the Song period was aided by improvements in ship design, including the introduction of watertight bulkheads that better protected cargo, the stern-mounted rudders that improved steering, and the improved compass that aided navigation. 3. Answer would ideally include: As the economy grew, due to various factors such as increased heavy industry, many people moved to urban centers. Chinese cities were the largest in the world, and China had more of them than other regions at that time. The cities (such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou) were hubs of commerce and urban entertainments. Most of the cities were in the south, on the Yangzi River or the coastline, which made that part of China wealthier than the north. More industry and trade also made it economically advantageous for sons to leave the farms and move to the cities. More cities also meant more opportunity for urban exploitation. 4. Answer would ideally include: Arts and literature flourished under the Song. The invention of printing and specifically of movable type made books cheaper and thus more available to the literate elites. The encyclopedia was introduced. Many men studied for the civil service examinations. Others collected antiques and art, or made art, especially calligraphy and painting. They met with one another to share their cultural interests. 5. Answer would ideally include: More is known about women in the Song Dynasty than in previous dynasties because of the plethora of books that survive from the period. Women are referred to in many kinds of books, including stories, legal documents and cases, and religious texts. Women continued to work in the fields, tend the silkworms, and have arranged marriages. The two main changes to women's lives were the decline in their status due to the practice of foot binding and Neo-Confucianism, which encouraged widows to avoid remarriage.
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6. Answer would ideally include: A concubine was a woman who served as a secondary spouse. Children of concubines were legitimate heirs, indicating that although concubines were lower in status than “official” wives, they were still an acknowledged part of a man's household. If the concubine was the only one to produce a son, when the husband died, the concubine could outrank his official widow. Concubines were not looked down on, except sometimes by the official wife. Although jealousy was downplayed, contemporary documents suggest it was common. 7. Answer would ideally include: After Korea was conquered by the Mongols, the figurehead Koryo kings were moved to Beijing. The Koryo people of Korea experienced many hardships during Mongol occupation, as the land was used to mount expensive invasions of Japan. The Koryo kings were allowed to remain as figureheads and to marry Mongols. Two-hundred thousand Koreans were enslaved by the Mongols. Their land was further ravished when it became the base for the Mongol attack on Japan. 8. Answer would ideally include: After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, which had been the model for imperial Japan, the Japanese began to develop more of their own culture and organization. Whereas in China imperial dynasties were overthrown and replaced, in Japan, military strongmen ruled through emperors rather than in place of them. The Japanese continued to read and write Chinese but also developed their own written language based on phonetic Japanese. In all areas of life, Japanese women tended to play a more public role than Chinese women. 9. Answer would ideally include: They were expected to be loyal to each other. In exchange for the samurai's loyal military service, the lord was obliged to pay him land or income. The loyalty between the two was supposed to be a personal bond. 10. Answer would ideally include: The Heian courtiers' existence revolved around romantic politics, the cultivation of refined taste in fashion, classical Chinese poetry, literature and history, and the development of skill in calligraphy, singing, and composition. The Kamakura samurai, in contrast, valued warrior skills, toughness, and asceticism. Their most important value was loyalty to the lord. The Kamakura samurai were attracted to the teachings of Zen Buddhism and its message of discipline.
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Chapter 14_Essay Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. How did the kings of England, France, and Germany unify their territories? What methods did they use, and who was the most successful?
2. Discuss the papal reforms in the High Middle Ages. What were the consequences of that reform?
3. Describe and assess how the growth of towns affected Europe's society, economy, and governments.
4. The High Middle Ages saw the emergence of two new art forms: Gothic architecture and troubadour poetry. How do these two art forms reflect their age?
5. What caused the popular uprisings across Europe in the later Middle Ages? Against who were they directed? What tactics did each side use? What were the goals of the rebels? How successful were they?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: There were many different methods of unification. William the Conqueror unified his new territory of England by taking a systematic survey of England called the Domesday Book. William also used warfare to conquer, subdue, and unify his territories of England and Normandy. Many kings of the High Middle Ages tried to unify their kingdoms by centralizing law around the royal courts; Louis IX of France and Henry II of England took this route. Marriage was also a method of unification, such as the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II, which united Henry's French territory with Eleanor's, increasing the overall land holdings of the English king. Otto I of Germany used an alliance with the church and military strength to unify Germany under his control rather than that of the princes. Frederick Barbarossa used alliances with the nobles to unify the Holy Roman Empire. Of all the kingdoms, France and England were the most unified under the kings' power in the High Middle Ages. 2. Answer would ideally include: The essay should include mention of the 1059 Lateran Council, which empowered the church by declaring that the college of cardinals had the authority and power to elect the pope, thus rejecting the involvement of secular leaders. The essay should also include the monastic efforts aimed at such practices as simony and strict observance of monastic vows. Next, the essay must thoroughly address the reform efforts that can be considered more secular, especially the reforms of Gregory VII in his efforts to control the church more effectively. The consequences of the papal reform efforts would include the short-term improvement of the spiritual aspect of the papacy and the church, the burgeoning of the papal bureaucracy, and the success of the papacy in calling the Crusades. 3. Answer would ideally include: The essay should briefly describe the emergence of towns in this period. It should then consider the impact on societal structure, discussing the rise and growth of the middle classes and the urban working classes, the appeal of town life to peasants in Europe, and how this affected relations between landlords and peasants. Next, changes in the economy—such as burgeoning long-distance trade and manufacturing—must be described; the interrelationship between society and economy should also be mentioned. Students may also include information on the Hanseatic League and the Italian city-states. The role of towns in the emergence of strong, centralized governments—both by providing greater sources of revenues through taxation and as political allies against independent aristocrats—must also be described. A thoughtful essay would conclude by stressing the rise of towns in all these areas and how the changes would lead to the modern world. 4. Answer would ideally include: Gothic architecture, especially the cathedrals, reflected civic pride and piety, urban wealth, and increasingly sophisticated abilities and tastes (indicated by increasingly
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sophisticated construction techniques and decorative arts). Troubadour poetry should then be considered for what it reveals about society, especially given its regional orientation. The social class (the nobility) for whom much troubadour poetry was produced will help to illuminate the themes of this literary style. Troubadour poetry's influence on the development of vernacular languages should also be mentioned. The essay should stress the more worldly nature of both art forms and perhaps address art's role as a medium for social communication. 5. Answer would ideally include: This question refers to the general unrest in the lower classes. The essay should consider not just peasant uprisings but also urban riots (the Peasants' Revolt in England and ciompi revolt in Florence are good examples) either connected with or isolated from rural uprisings. The general socioeconomic conditions should be discussed as causes: feudal obligations, rising rents, decreasing opportunity to become artisanal masters, economic crimes, plague, famine, and taxation. The brutality of each side must be described. The goals—usually limited to alleviation of economic problems and relaxation of manorial obligations—should be considered, along with the aristocracy's failure to respond. A good conclusion would connect the success of the Peasants' Revolt in England to general trends of late medieval society.
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Chapter 14_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-15: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. vassal b. fief c. feudalism d. manorialism e. serf f. heresy g. reconquista h. Crusades i. chivalry j. craft guilds k. commercial revolution l. Scholastics m. Gothic n. vernacular literature o. Black Death
1. The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
2. An opinion, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
3. The term for the architectural and artistic style that prevailed in Europe from the mid-twelfth to the sixteenth century.
4. The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.
5. A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
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6. The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
7. Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
8. A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
9. A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
10. A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
11. A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
12. A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
13. Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims.
14. Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
15. Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
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Answer Key 1. d. manorialism 2. f. heresy 3. m. Gothic 4. o. Black Death 5. i. chivalry 6. k. commercial revolution 7. n. vernacular literature 8. b. fief 9. a. vassal 10. g. reconquista 11. c. feudalism 12. e. serf 13. h. Crusades 14. j. craft guilds 15. l. Scholastics
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Chapter 14_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The term Middle Ages A) describes the twelfth through the fifteenth centuries. B) describes a period that past historians considered to be barbaric. C) was coined by the first Holy Roman Emperor. D) covers a period notable for its creative vitality.
2. What happened to Charlemagne's empire after his death? A) It continued to grow and included most of western Europe. B) It was invaded by the Holy Roman Emperor and made a territory. C) It remained intact but economically weak and politically chaotic. D) It was divided among his grandsons and was weakened by internal power struggles.
3. How far west did the Vikings make a permanent settlement? A) Iceland B) Newfoundland C) Nova Scotia D) Ireland
4. What was one of the Carolingians' disadvantages when faced with Viking attacks? A) They lacked money for supplies. B) They suffered because of their lack of a navy to fight Viking ships. C) They relied on the gods to intercede and save them. D) They had inadequate military equipment made of inferior metals.
5. What part of western Europe did the Muslims conquer in the ninth century? A) Italy B) France C) Sicily D) Spain
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6. What was one of the new crops introduced to the Muslim parts of western Europe after the ninth century? A) Wheat B) Barley C) Cotton D) Grapes
7. What was a fief? A) A payment from a peasant to a royal tax collector B) The taking of land from one kingdom by another C) A percentage of income given by all landowners to the church D) Land given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for an oath of loyalty
8. Feudalism was based on the exchange of which of the following? A) Personal allegiance B) Titles and dignitaries C) Money and gifts D) Children to foster
9. What policy guided the Viking king Canute's rule of England? A) Divide and conquer B) Assimilation and reconciliation C) Increased tribute payments D) Rule of law enforced by sheriffs
10. Who was the victor at the Battle of Hastings? A) Edward the Confessor B) Richard III C) William of Normandy D) Harold Godwinson
11. What was the Domesday Book? A) A new prayer book for England B) A record of all common law C) A survey of William's new English lands D) A collection of legal precedents
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12. How was Henry II of England able to claim lordship over Aquitaine? A) He married a wealthy heiress, Eleanor. B) He claimed it through military conquest. C) He inherited it through his mother. D) He married a Viking princess after he claimed England.
13.
What king unified France? A) William of Normandy B) Philip II “Augustus” C) Louis IX D) Geoffrey of Anjou
14. What was the basis of Otto I's power in Germany? A) His alliance with and control of the church in the German states B) The support of the German states' feudal nobility C) His alliance with the northern Italian cities D) His strict control over lands distributed to the nobles
15. Under Otto I, bishops and abbots had to perform what to maintain claim to their land? A) A royal mass B) Agricultural service C) Feudal homage D) Crusades
16. Louis IX of France created the Parlement of Paris in the thirteenth century as a way of unifying what aspect of his government? A) The church B) The judicial system C) Feudal relations D) The military
17. In the twelfth century, England developed, and came to be governed by, what law? A) Roman B) Constitutional C) Natural D) Common
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18. John of England caused resentment among his subjects when he did which of the following? A) Reconquered Normandy in a long, costly war B) Went on crusade and failed to capture Jerusalem C) Tried to raise money to pay his family debts D) Issued a law allowing nobles to torture peasants
19. What led to the creation of the Magna Carta, known as the cornerstone of modern English law? A) Widespread failure of the common law B) King John's missteps and the revolt of the barons against him C) King Henry II's loss of territory D) The meeting of the Fourth Lateran Council
20. What is the primary principle of the Magna Carta? A) That all Englishmen are created equal B) That all Englishmen, even the king and the government, must obey the law C) That all laws should be written and made public D) That all Englishmen, except for those in the church and government, must obey the law
21. What is simony? A) A violation of clerical celibacy B) The purchase of church lands C) The sale of church offices D) A refusal to go on crusade
22. By the eleventh century, what did popes begin to see as the biggest threat to the moral leadership of the church? A) Secular control over the church B) The failure of the Holy Roman Emperor to unify the empire C) The lack of money invested in or given to the church D) The lack of education among the clergy
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23. Pope Gregory VII, in an attempt to assert more papal authority over the church, declared that any layperson, including rulers who appointed a church official, should face what action? A) They should be reinvested. B) They should be excommunicated. C) They should be investigated. D) They should be re-ordained.
24. What determined the kind of monastic life available to someone in the Middle Ages? A) Level of education B) When he or she entered the monastery or convent C) Social class D) Degree of piety
25. What was the most powerful position a woman could hold in medieval society? A) Teacher B) Wife of the king C) Healer D) Abbess
26. One of the duties assigned to the Dominicans was to preach to city dwellers about what topic? A) Crusading B) Heresy C) Monastic reform D) The need for education
27. What role did Christianity play in the lives of ordinary people in Europe during the Middle Ages? A) Priests generally had little direct impact on their daily lives. B) The church was the center of community life. C) No faith other than Christianity was allowed. D) Religious symbols and rituals were uncommon.
28. The cult of which of the following was one of the most significant aspects of medieval religious life? A) The Virgin Mary B) The pope C) The saints D) The sacraments
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29. Otto I tried to use the church and the creation of dioceses to pacify what group? A) Swedes B) Slavs C) Vikings D) Peasants
30. What facilitated thirteenth-century Christian expansion into the Iberian Peninsula? A) The pope ordered the building of new churches to make worshiping easier. B) Priests reduced taxes in the peninsula's Christian kingdoms. C) Dominican preachers and the Inquisition forced out all non-Christians. D) Civil wars between the Muslim regions created opportunities for the church.
31. What did the church promise people to convince them to fight in the Crusades? A) Forgiveness of sins without penance B) Free land without feudal obligations C) Freedom from ever having to fight again D) Land in the Byzantine Empire
32. In 1095, which pope called for a Christian holy war against the infidels? A) Gregory XII B) Alexander II C) Leo IX D) Urban II
33. Among the many weaknesses of the First Crusaders' army was their lack of what? A) Knights B) Strong leadership C) Enthusiasm D) Military experience
34. What city did the Crusaders sack during the Fourth Crusade? A) Jerusalem B) Venice C) Constantinople D) Rome
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35. What was an important consequence of the Crusades? A) Most trade routes between the Middle East and Europe were closed. B) Italian merchants were among those to suffer most economically. C) Significant intellectual links between Europe and the Middle East failed to develop. D) Relations between Jews and Christians worsened considerably.
36. Peasants probably made up what percentage of medieval society? A) 10 percent B) 50 percent C) 90 percent D) 25 percent
37. How did the structure of medieval families in southern Europe differ from the northern model? A) Southern families had to work the land. B) Southern families might include stepchildren. C) In northern families, the serfs could buy their freedom. D) In the south, extended families were more likely to live together.
38. What was the demesne? A) Land that the peasants owned outright B) A strip of farmland left fallow C) The lord's portion of the land D) Land that contains a water mill
39. The peasant diet consisted mostly of vegetables and A) meat. B) fish. C) wild game. D) bread.
40. What was chivalry? A) A code of conduct to govern the behavior or knights B) A medieval fighting style C) A form of entertainment engaged in only by women D) The annual agricultural production goal of peasants
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41. Who controlled the economies in medieval towns? A) Nobles B) Merchants C) Kings D) Artisans
42. In medieval towns, what was generally done with human and animal waste? A) Most towns had a town dump where waste was carried. B) Waste was typically dumped in the streets. C) Waste was taken to surrounding farmland. D) Most homes had personal refuse pits for disposal of waste.
43. What city dominated Europe's trade with Asia? A) Venice B) Paris C) Seville D) Barcelona
44. What was the Hanseatic League? A) A coalition of the southern Italian cities B) An organization formed to combat heresy in Europe C) An organization created to challenge Venice for control of trade with the East D) A mercantile association of towns that controlled trade in much of northern Europe
45. What was the most important subject studied at any medieval university? A) Logic B) Theology C) Law D) Medicine
46. What was Saint Thomas Aquinas's most famous work? A) Summa Theologica B) Sic et Non C) Summa Judices D) History of the Church
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47.
What is the purpose of flying buttresses on Gothic cathedrals? A) They provided private entrances for the cathedral clergy. B) They attached the walls of the church to the roof. C) They supported the weight of the roof and the walls. D) They provided a place for nuns to watch the mass in private.
48. The Black Death was initially spread out of Asia by merchants and what else? A) Crusader armies B) Catholic missionaries C) Mongol armies D) Livestock and herders
49. Who did medieval people blame for causing the Black Death? A) Women B) Jews C) Witches D) Cats
50. Which nation won the Hundred Years' War, thanks in part to the efforts of Joan of Arc? A) France B) England C) Germany D) Spain
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Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. D 26. B 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A 32. D 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. A 41. B 42. B 43. A 44. D
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45. B 46. A 47. C 48. C 49. B 50. A
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Chapter 14_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What was the significance of the Viking invasions that began around 800 C.E.?
2. What kinds of changes occurred in European law in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?
3. Explain how the reforms of Pope Gregory VII were intended to restore the moral leadership of the church.
4. Explain how Christianity was extended into kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula.
5. What was the papacy's motivation in calling for and supporting the Crusades?
6. Under what circumstances could a serf acquire more, or total, freedom from serfdom?
7. Compare and contrast the responsibilities of women, according to the three orders: church, noble, and peasant.
8. What was the purpose of the Hanseatic League, and how did it work?
9. What purpose did Gothic cathedrals serve in the religious and civic lives of ordinary lay Christians of medieval Europe?
10. What were the social and economic repercussions of the famine of 1315–1322?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Viking invasions were initially designed to seize wealth but then led to settlements in northern continental Europe as well as England, Iceland, Greenland, and Canada. The traditional military of those areas posed no threat to the Vikings as they pushed into the various kingdoms, looting as they went. Eventually the Vikings began to settle in these areas, adopted local languages, and intermarried with local women. 2. Answer would ideally include: Both England and France underwent a reform of royal law, under Henry II and Louis IX, respectively. Louis IX created a royal judicial system, establishing the Parlement of Paris, a kind of supreme court that heard appeals from lower courts. Henry II of England developed and extended a common law and created a circuit of royal judges to ensure that all areas of his kingdom were under one uniform legal system. The more profound reform of law came under King John of England. When he was forced to sign the Magna Carta, he promised to obey the principle that everyone in England, regardless of class, had to obey the law. 3. Answer would ideally include: Pope Gregory's reforms required priests to give up their wives and children, repudiated simony by rejecting any priest who had purchased his office, and placed nuns firmly under the control of male church authorities. He also deposed any church official who had been appointed by a layperson. In all, these reforms were designed to increase the authority of the papacy but also to require that priests obey the vows they had taken and thus restore their moral respectability. 4. Answer would ideally include: As Christians faced increased tensions with Jews and Muslims in Iberia, and with Jews in Germany, they turned to laws that separated the groups from one another and sought to prevent Jews or Muslims from achieving political or economic power. Civil wars between Muslim kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula opened the door for Christian expansion. Beginning in the thirteenth century, the reconquista sought to take Spain back from Muslims. Also, kings in Spain and Portugal passed legislation discriminating against Muslims and Jews. 5. Answer would ideally include: The ability to call together a large armed force against the enemies of Christianity was used by the pope to defend his claim to be the legitimate head of the Western Church. It would also be useful in the Western Church's ongoing disputes with the Eastern Church over theology and practice. The popes hoped that the Crusades would lead to a stronger presence of the Roman Church in the East, preventing expansion of the Byzantine Church in that area. Also, the pope hoped to decrease the amount of violence within Europe by urging Christian knights to fight the infidels instead. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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Serfs could buy their freedom; thus the economic revival of the eleventh century increased opportunities to gain freedom. Serfs could also be granted freedom in exchange for settling onto frontier areas or for taking on extra work, such as cutting down forests or filling in swamps. Moreover, if serfs fled their manors for the towns and could find work and avoid recapture for a year and a day, they would be considered free of personal labor obligations. 7. Answer would ideally include: The only position within the church open to women was within the monastic culture; nuns served many of the same functions as male monks, mostly prayer. Noblewomen in monastic houses, however, could become abbesses and manage large monastic estates. Similarly, noblewomen might be allowed to manage property when no male relative was available. Daily lives of noblewomen consisted of managing the household economy, including cooking, weaving, spinning, and caring for farm animals. These were also occupations for peasant women, who might also be expected to do some fieldwork. Good essays should note that women of all three social levels did similar work. 8. Answer would ideally include: There were some two hundred cities from Holland to Poland that comprised the Hanseatic League, and the major city was Lübeck. The Hanseatic League was designed to promote trade by establishing trade centers in various states, securing exemption from tolls, and providing access to trade fairs. These special concessions protected the various Hanseatic League cities. The Hanseatic League encouraged what some historians call a “capitalist spirit.” 9. Answer would ideally include: Gothic cathedrals demonstrated the faith and piety of medieval people as well as the civic pride of urban residents. Built by Catholic artisans, Gothic cathedrals were an expression of their piety as well as their technical skills. Towns competed with one another to build taller and larger cathedrals, and thus the cathedrals became an expression of town piety. The cathedrals were used for a variety of religious and civic functions. 10. Answer would ideally include: Because harvests were poor during the famine, many peasants were unable to buy food and had to mortgage or sell lands. Many peasants thus became homeless vagabonds. A good answer should note that the long-term economic repercussions of this would have been lower taxes for the nobles. In addition to the economic repercussions, the famine weakened the European population physically, making it especially vulnerable to the Black Death when it struck Europe in 1347.
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Chapter 15_Essay Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Describe Renaissance art. What were its themes and techniques? (Be sure to include relevant examples.) How were artists trained? What was their status in society? Who was their audience?
2. What was the status of women, both upper class and common, between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance? How did women's status change during the Renaissance? What does this reveal about Renaissance society in general?
3. What were the guiding principles and basic tactics of the rulers of England, France, and Spain in their efforts to centralize their states? To what extent did these rulers rely on new policies and practices? Which of these monarchs was the most successful, and why?
4. What were some of the reasons for lay feelings of anticlericalism in the early sixteenth century?
5. Discuss the attempts—religious and secular—to reassert the unity of a Catholic Europe. Was this two-pronged offensive effective? Why or why not? In what ways did religion and politics work against each other?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: This essay should begin with a discussion of the themes, religious and classical, of Renaissance art. Second, the techniques—such as realism, perspective, and balance— should be described. The use of individual portraits, for instance, illustrates how individualism was a key element of Renaissance art. Examples should be cited; the text provides many to choose from. Next, the essay should look at the artists themselves, considering their training and status; it could connect artistic genius with increasingly humanistic and realistic works of art. Artists discussed in the text include Donatello, Sanzio, da Vinci, and Michelangelo. The system of patronage should also be discussed, especially the role of artists in the competitive relationships of the major Italian states. 2. Answer would ideally include: This essay should indicate the declining status of women—in terms of political power, property rights, and work—from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The great “querelle des femmes” began the long-standing argument between those who denounced women's character and those who praised women and tried to understand their secondary status. Humanists disagreed on education for women, whose spheres were generally understood to be private and domestic. Women were generally excluded from the institutions of Renaissance culture (universities, artistic workshops). The great social divide between the upper and lower classes should be emphasized, with wealth and education the defining factors. The separate spheres of male and female activity and behavior among the upper classes should also be discussed. 3. Answer would ideally include: This essay should first indicate that Renaissance political ideals seemed to guide the new monarchs; a reference to Machiavelli would be in order here. Emphasis should be placed on the efforts to control the nobles and establish domestic order. The discussion should address both the innovative and traditional tactics of these rulers, including the connection between royal authority and national identity; advantageous marriages; the gaining of sovereignty, respect, and loyalty of all peoples within the borders; ruthless suppression of opposition, middle-class officials; taxes; and armies. A brief narrative emphasizing unique features of each of the three states should then follow (for example, the Spanish reconquista). The essay should conclude with an assessment of the success of these centralizing monarchs. 4. Answer would ideally include: The laity of western Europe had become distrustful of the papacy, which had been embroiled in several conflicts with secular rulers and thus was seen as too interested in politics. The Great Schism had also damaged the papacy's reputation. This distrust was extended to the clergy, who were criticized for being immoral, too secular in their interests, ignorant, corrupt, and guilty of absenteeism. Priests and monks were also criticized for their privileges and exemptions from secular law, taxes, and responsibilities. The end result was a widespread distrust of and disillusionment with the
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clergy. 5. Answer would ideally include: This essay should first describe the Counter-Reformation and its efforts at reconversion, including the founding of new religious orders, the Inquisition (however ineffective), and the Council of Trent. Second, the political and military efforts of Charles V to impose unity on Europe should be fully discussed. The weaknesses of both efforts should be analyzed; explanations should include not only religious convictions of Protestants and Catholics but also political reasons (such as princely independence in Germany) and economic factors (such as merchants' identification with Protestant theology and the allure of seizing rich monastic lands). The slow pace of reform within the Catholic Church could also be cited. Finally, the ongoing rivalry between French and Habsburg rulers should be considered, stressing the support given by the French Catholic king to Protestant princes fighting against Charles V. The latter's far-flung empire and the distractions it created should be discussed, as should the threat posed by the Ottoman Turks.
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Chapter 15_Matching
Use the following to answer questions 1-14: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Renaissance b. patronage c. humanism d. Christian humanists e. debate about women f. Protestant Reformation g. indulgence h. Diet of Worms i. Protestant j. predestination k. Jesuits l. Huguenots m. politiques n. witch-hunts
1. Humanists from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw humanist learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
2. French Calvinists.
3. A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century that split the Western Christian Church. 4. A French word meaning “rebirth,” used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
5. Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola and approved by the papacy in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through humanistic schools and missionary activity.
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6. Campaign against witchcraft in early modern Europe and European colonies in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.
7. A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
8. Calvin's teaching that by God's decree, some persons are guided to salvation and others to damnation; that God has called people not according to their works but according to his purpose and grace.
9. Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
10. A discussion, which began in the later years of the fourteenth century, that attempted to answer fundamental questions about gender and to define the role of women in society.
11. Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
12. An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the German city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
13. A papal statement granting remission of a priest-imposed penalty for sin. (No one knew what penalty God would impose after death.) 14. Originally meaning “a follower of Luther,” this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
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Answer Key 1. d. Christian humanists 2. l. Huguenots 3. f. Protestant Reformation 4. a. Renaissance 5. k. Jesuits 6. n. witch-hunts 7. c. humanism 8. j. predestination 9. m. politiques 10. e. debate about women 11. b. patronage 12. h. Diet of Worms 13. g. indulgence 14. i. Protestant
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Chapter 15_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Humanist and Renaissance ideas of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were spread by what new technology? A) Telegraph B) Paper C) Stirrups D) Printing press
2. What was an important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance? A) The decline of religious feeling and belief B) The desire to rebound from the Black Death C) The rise of wealthy, urban patrons of the arts D) The creation of powerful, centralized monarchies
3. What was one of the root sources of Florentine prosperity? A) The city's large mercantile fleet B) Florentine merchants' position as tax collectors for the papacy C) The large deposits of gold in the hills around Florence D) Its domination of the spice trade from the Near East
4. With the spread of new ideas at the beginning of the Renaissance, how did the wealthy begin to view life? A) As an opportunity for enjoyment and not just a painful pilgrimage to heaven B) As a superior alternative to the afterlife, which was viewed with apprehension C) As a painful penitential journey D) As requiring constant physical activity
5. What was one of the major political innovations of the Italian Renaissance? A) The creation of fixed geographic boundaries B) The establishment of resident ambassadors C) The creation of flags for individual cities D) A new diplomatic language
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6. Petrarch and other humanist poets and writers sought to reconnect with the culture and texts of what earlier society? A) The Hebrews of Judaea B) The Roman Empire C) The empire of Alexander D) The Early Middle Ages
7. Early humanists sought to synthesize classical teachings with which of the following? A) Christian beliefs B) Italian customs C) Arabic science D) Political theories
8. Which of the following was one of the central ideals of the Italian Renaissance? A) Christian humility and self-effacement B) Concern for the improvement of the common people C) Recognition of individual achievement D) The desire to educate the rural masses
9. What is the best translation of the Renaissance quality of virtù? A) An individual's ability to master all classical languages B) An individual's ability to shape the world around him or her C) Society's ability to provide for its poor and ill D) A Christian's ability to atone for his or her sins
10. According to humanists, what was the goal of all education? A) To achieve a higher-paying job B) To bring the individual closer to God C) To make people better Christians D) To benefit the public good
11. How did Italian humanists view the education of women? A) They saw value in exposing women to classical models of reasoning. B) They supported it and established schools for girls in northern Italy. C) They believed that women were incapable of intellectual improvement. D) They believed education for women should remain focused on improving domestic duties.
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12. One of the main goals of Christian humanism was to reform which of the following? A) The Holy Roman Empire B) The Crusader states C) The Christian Church D) Italian bankers
13. According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, what was the key to moral improvement? A) The suppression of vice B) Strict control of the papacy C) Public demonstrations of piety D) Education
14. Before he became a printer, Johann Gutenberg belonged to what profession and used its skill for his printing? A) Scribe B) Scholar C) Metal-smith D) Artist
15. Most of the first books to be printed on the new presses were A) religious. B) written in verse. C) classical works. D) law codes.
16. Why did the wealthy sponsor artists during the Renaissance? A) Because it was good for their businesses B) In order to please God C) As a means of glorifying themselves and their families D) In order to control unemployment
17. Which of the following emerged as a distinct genre in Renaissance art? A) Elaborate depictions of pagan gods B) Individual portraits showing human ideals C) Depictions of Christian saints in human forms D) Landscape paintings
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18. Which of the following was true about art during the Renaissance? A) The influence of the classical age was quite small. B) Portrait paintings became more realistic in style. C) Formal artistic training was of less importance. D) Religious themes ceased to be used.
19. Where did most Renaissance artists receive their training? A) In monasteries, decorating manuscripts B) From books on art techniques C) In the workshops of older artists D) At Dominican-run universities
20. Which of the following was an important consequence of the Renaissance? A) Scholars and artists increasingly came from economically humble origins. B) The culture of village life came to be dominated by Christian humanism. C) The gulf between the learned minority and uneducated majority increased. D) The social and economic status of women improved.
21. By the fifteenth century, where were most African slaves in Europe found? A) The Holy Roman Empire B) Athens C) The French countryside D) Spain and Portugal
22. Of all the ways that Renaissance society was hierarchically divided, what was regarded as the most “natural” distinction and therefore the most important one to defend? A) Gender B) Race C) Level of education D) Social class
23. Gender standards of the Renaissance required men in political power to be which of the following? A) Financially independent B) Young and healthy C) Married D) Born into the upper class
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24. France's Charles VII created the first A) lasting parliament. B) permanent royal army. C) royal council. D) royal treasury.
25. What right did France win from the papacy in 1516? A) The right to grant the king a divorce B) The right to tax the clergy C) The right to appoint church officials D) The right to independently translate the Bible
26. How did Henry VII of England secure peace with Scotland? A) He invaded Scotland and seized the throne by force. B) He had the pope place Scotland under interdict. C) He married his daughter to the Scottish king. D) He formed an alliance with Aragon against Scotland.
27. Henry VIII of England and Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain used similar moves to diminish the power of which of the following groups? A) Judges and sheriffs B) Urban merchants C) Monks and other clergy D) Aristocrats and nobles
28. What happened to the last Arab-held territory in western Europe in 1492? A) It became part of a larger Muslim empire. B) It retained its independence and formed its own monarchy. C) It was captured by the Spanish. D) It captured most of France.
29. The Inquisition established by Isabella and Ferdinand in Spain was particularly aimed at whom? A) Humanist scholars who opposed the king's policies B) Conversos who had converted from Judaism C) Tax collectors D) Educated women
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30. The concept that blood could be either “Christian” or “Jewish” was developed by officials in which of the following? A) The Vatican in Italy B) The Spanish Inquisition C) Germanic kingdoms D) The French royal councils
31. As Holy Roman emperor, Charles V inherited authority over diverse lands and viewed it as his particular duty to keep what unified? A) Western Christendom B) Scholastic education C) Other royal marriages D) The New World
32. Which of the following helped form Luther's understanding of Christianity as relying only on faith, grace, and Scripture? A) His successful tenure at the University of Wittenberg B) His father's personal faith C) His close reading of Plato in Greek D) His study of Saint Paul's letters in the New Testament
33. According to Luther, how did one achieve salvation? A) From all good works B) Through missionary work C) Through faith alone D) By being predestined to receive it 34. Martin Luther's “Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences” was a response to which of the following? A) His personal struggle with the question of salvation B) Being charged with clerical immorality C) The draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy D) The local archbishop's promotion of the sale of indulgences
35. Protestants differed from Catholics by insisting what about the priesthood? A) That it was unnecessary B) That it had no basis in Scripture C) That it was never a part of the early church D) That it belonged to all believers
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36. Following Luther's reforms, what would make a region become Protestant? A) When the ruler brought in Protestant preachers B) When enough of its citizens learned to read C) When Luther visited and approved its Protestantism D) If the Holy Roman emperor agreed to a petition 37. For Luther, what did “freedom” mean? A) Personal liberty from all secular laws B) Independence from the authority of the Roman Church C) A total lack of any restrictions on religious beliefs D) Free will and the rights of the individual
38. One of the new roles for women in the Protestant world was to demonstrate which of the following? A) The importance of women's literacy and education B) The ability of women to preach effectively C) The great success women could have by serving in a convent D) The superiority of marriage over celibacy
39. In the Habsburg-Valois wars of the sixteenth century, why did the Catholic French kings support the Lutheran German princes? A) They had a vision in which God told them to do so. B) They wanted to keep the Holy Roman Empire fragmented. C) They wanted to maintain open debate on religion. D) They were paid off by the German princes.
40. What was a consequence of the Peace of Augsburg? A) Catholics reasserted their claim over all Germans. B) All Europeans were given religious freedom. C) Nearly all Germans converted to Lutheranism. D) There were no religious wars in Germany for many decades.
41. What did Henry VIII of England use to transform his country into a Protestant state? A) His army B) Taxes on Catholics C) Permission of the pope D) Parliament
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42. Under King Henry VIII, who was the head of the Church of England? A) Henry VIII B) Thomas More C) The pope D) Thomas Cromwell
43. Which of the following principles was central to Calvin's theology? A) Free will B) Predestination C) Christian liberty D) Justification by good works
44. What was the Genevan Consistory? A) The council of Swiss bishops who rejected Calvin's teachings B) The pope's secret police and inquisitional body C) A group of Calvinist pastors and laymen who monitored citizens' behavior D) A group of Calvin's supporters who persecuted Catholics and Jews
45. In 1545, the papacy created what body to help plan the Church's response to the Reformation? A) The Council of Augsburg B) The Council of Trent C) The Council of Worms D) The Council of Rome
46. Which of the following was accomplished by the general council called by Pope Paul III that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563? A) It established that the Scriptures should be recognized as the one and only source of religious truth and authority. B) It focused on educating the upper classes and discouraged preaching to or instructing the uneducated. C) It deemphasized the seven sacraments and called into question traditional teaching on transubstantiation. D) It addressed the disciplinary matters that had disillusioned the faithful, including the sale of church offices and indulgences.
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47. What was founded by Ignatius Loyola? A) The Knights Templar B) The Holy Office of the Inquisition C) The Confraternity of Mary D) The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits
48. What was the Edict of Nantes? A) A declaration that expelled the Huguenots from France B) An essay that called for expelling Jews from France C) An agreement that established Catholicism as the state religion of France D) A declaration that granted the Huguenots the right to public worship in 150 French towns
49. The Union of Utrecht was an alliance between whom? A) Protestants and Catholics in the Netherlands B) Philip II's Dutch and Spanish subjects C) English and Dutch Protestants D) Seven Protestant northern provinces of the Netherlands
50. When did the last official execution for witchcraft in Europe occur? A) 1682 B) 1703 C) 1754 D) 1775
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Answer Key 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. B 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. D 39. B 40. D 41. D 42. A 43. B 44. C
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45. B 46. D 47. D 48. D 49. D 50. D
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Chapter 15_Short QA
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What was the basis of the urban wealth that financed the Renaissance?
2. How did humanism, including Christian humanism, influence the Renaissance?
3. How did printing in the fifteenth century change the private lives of Europeans?
4. Discuss how African slaves fit into the society and culture of Renaissance Europe. 5. In what ways were Martin Luther's ideas “humanist”?
6. What motivated German princes to support Martin Luther's challenge to the Roman Catholic hierarchy?
7. Describe the basic ideas of Calvinism. How are Calvin's reformation ideas different from those of Luther?
8. The status of women changed dramatically as a result of the Reformation. In what ways were women affected? How can we explain these changes?
9. Religion played a very important role in defining the political geography of Europe. Which areas of Europe remained predominantly Catholic? Lutheran? Calvinist? Did religious diversity exist? If so, where?
10. Why did some regions have more accusations, trials, and executions for witchcraft than others? What regions were most prone to “witch-hunts”?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Renaissance began in Italy, primarily in the city of Florence. Florentine wealth came from the local merchants' role as the papacy's tax collectors; this allowed them to become the most important banking families in Europe. The most powerful of these families was the Medici, who dominated banking and used their wealth and influence to patronize artists and scholars. Other Italian cities made their wealth from banking as well as trade. 2. Answer would ideally include: Humanism was deliberately intellectual and driven by a revived interest in classical Greek and Latin writings. This interest became a common feature of the Renaissance, from art to new political ideas. Humanists in general emphasized education, which led to more intellectual activity, and believed in taking action for the common good (virtù). Humanists were also interested in human achievements; this was reflected in Renaissance art and philosophy. Christian humanists applied these ideas to their spiritual lives, to church reform, and to their version of Renaissance art, which tended to be more obviously religious than its Italian predecessor. 3. Answer would ideally include: Because printing allowed more people to read, or to hear, the same text, it allowed more people to discuss, debate, and reflect on the same ideas. This led to both a shared intellectual culture and more opportunities for debate and independent thought. The effects were felt gradually as more people were brought into the culture of learning, regardless of whether they could read. Broadsides and flysheets publicized ideas and events and created a shared culture that reached more people. (Students could be encouraged to compare this with the changes brought to world culture by the Internet.) 4. Answer would ideally include: African slaves were generally concentrated in Iberia (Portugal and Spain) and Italy. Although slaves were not unheard of in the rest of Renaissance Europe, slavery was not yet associated with any particular concept of race. Black Africans, whether slave or free, served in most occupations of Western Europe but were particularly associated with agricultural work on the European-held Atlantic islands. Although slavery was not associated with race, Europeans did view black Africans as an inferior culture. 5. Answer would ideally include: Luther's call to reform Christianity by returning it to both the character of the early church and the centrality of Scripture in the spiritual lives of all Christians echoed the same reforms that Christian humanists were calling for. Furthermore, Luther's reforms were based in part on his careful study of scriptural texts; this emphasis on an individual's textual study was the key to humanism in general. Luther also echoed humanist ideals of education. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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The motivations for German princes to support Luther were more political, patriotic, and financial than they were spiritual. Rejection of the Roman Church allowed the princes to confiscate church property of all sorts and to stop the flow of taxes to Rome. It also gave them control of the church hierarchy in their own domains. Another important motivation was patriotism––Luther decried the (largely Italian) church hierarchy's exploitation of Germany, and he translated the New Testament into German. 7. Answer would ideally include: Calvinism is centered on the belief in predestination and the ultimate sovereignty of God over humanity. Before God, all humanity is weak, and no actions will affect the predetermined fate of all souls. An outward show of morality and hard work, however, were viewed as external signs of one's salvation, which had already been determined. Luther agreed with Calvin on the principle that “works” or deeds did not affect one's chances of salvation, but Luther did not emphasize predestination as much as Calvin did. Instead, Luther believed that prayer and faith alone led to salvation. 8. Answer would ideally include: This answer should focus on the changes resulting from the Reformation, especially the contractual nature of marriage and thus the availability of divorce for Protestants. It should also discuss the increased emphasis on the household as first priority, the decline of the double standard of morality, and continued deference to husbands and fathers. The loss of convents in Protestant countries should be considered for the impact on upper-class women. The creation of new religious orders for women, such as the Ursulines, which emphasized women's education, should also be noted. Finally, the role of women from the popular classes, working in many professions or working with their husbands in the family business, must be discussed. To explain these changes, the essay should reemphasize the Protestant contractual view of marriage. The declining status of women could be explained by discussing the witch-hunt phenomenon. 9. Answer would ideally include: Much of Germany converted to Lutheranism, although some of the German princes remained Catholic. Iberia (Spain and Portugal), France, and Italy remained predominantly Catholic, although Calvinism was popular with many in France. The Swiss cantons were also divided between Calvinism and Catholicism, with Geneva being the most famous convert to Calvinism. England remained Catholic until the dynastic needs of King Henry VIII led him to break with the political authority of the Catholic Church. Over the sixteenth century, subsequent English monarchs would push England to increasingly Protestant beliefs (except for Mary Tudor, who restored Catholicism during her reign). Protestantism also spread to the Netherlands, while the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) remained Catholic. 10. Answer would ideally include: The Holy Roman Empire, Switzerland, and France had more active witch-hunts than the rest of Europe, due in part to the fragmented political situation in each state. Because these regions had small political units that were both competitive with one another and
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divided by religion, they were more prone to feel threatened and saw the persecutions of witches as a way to provide order.
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Chapter 16_Essay Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. What factors facilitated the expansion of European society from 1450 to 1650? What was the motivation, both for the individual European explorers and the states that supported them?
2. What were the long-term repercussions for Spain and the Americas of Magellan's voyages in 1519 and 1522?
3. What was the impact of European expansion on the indigenous peoples of the Americas, European society, and the new American civilization?
4. Explain how the most important element in the Columbian exchange was the trade in biological material.
5. How did the discovery and settlement of the New World contribute to the development of the ideas of race and cultural superiority?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The general factors that influenced exploration and the expansion of Europe include such aspects as political centralization, competition, Renaissance curiosity, increasing trade contacts, crusading zeal, religious fervor, technological innovation that enabled exploration, and the impact of the Ottoman Empire and Ming Dynasty on overland trade routes. Individual explorers were influenced by these factors, as well as the limited economic and political opportunities in Europe. Profit was a primary motivation. 2. Answer would ideally include: The most important repercussion of Magellan's voyages is that they proved to Europeans exactly how large the earth and the Pacific Ocean are. Because the Spanish realized that sailing across the Pacific to reach Asia was both time-consuming and expensive, they abandoned their intention to overtake the Portuguese and the Asian spice trade. This left them to focus their attention on the Americas, and thus encouraged the exploitation of American labor. 3. Answer would ideally include: European expansion had an immediate and very negative demographic impact on indigenous peoples. The Americas were depopulated through disease, overwork, and malnutrition; they were also enslaved. The impact of the Americas on Europe was largely economic, in shifting patterns of world trade to European control, but also included the introduction of new foods to the European diet (corn, potatoes, and other crops). Furthermore, the shift to using African slave labor on American plantations led to new European attitudes regarding race and the concept of race-based slavery. 4. Answer would ideally include: The essay should describe the exchange of flora and fauna, of animals and diseases that the migration of peoples precipitated. It should also be sure to indicate that the exchanges affected not only Europe and America but Africa and Asia as well. The essay should assess the positive and negative aspects of the exchange, including improved diets, diseases, slavery, and the decimation of the Native American populations. 5. Answer would ideally include: After centuries of certainty about religious beliefs and cultural values, the discovery of previously unknown lands, peoples, and cultures led Europeans to question their certainty. The Valladolid debate helped justify forced conversions and contributed to the impression of a cruel Spanish conquest. A negative attitude toward blacks existed before the height of the slave trade, but was nevertheless reinforced by it, and eventually slavery created a new level of racial inequality.
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Chapter 16_Matching Use the following to answer questions 1-13: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. bride wealth b. conquistador c. caravel d. Ptolemy's Geography e. Treaty of Tordesillas f. Aztec Empire g. Inca Empire h. viceroyalties i. captaincies j. encomienda system k. Columbian exchange l. Valladolid debate m. Black Legend
1. A second-century-C.E. work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
2. The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New Worlds.
3. The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas, an idea propagated by rival European powers.
4. Spanish for “conqueror”; a Spanish soldier-explorer, such as Hernán Cortés or Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
5. The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
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6. A debate organized by Spanish king Charles V in 1550 in the city of Valladolid that pitted defenders of Spanish conquest and forcible conversion against critics of these practices.
7. In early modern Southeast Asia, a sum of money the groom paid the bride or her family at the time of marriage. This practice contrasted with the dowry in China, India, and Europe, which the husband controlled.
8. Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
9. A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
10. The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
11. A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
12. The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak in the fifteenth century.
13. A system established by the Portuguese in Brazil in the 1530s, whereby hereditary grants of land were given to nobles and loyal officials who bore the costs of settling and administering their territories.
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Answer Key 1. d. Ptolemy's Geography 2. k. Columbian exchange 3. m. Black Legend 4. b. conquistador 5. h. viceroyalties 6. l. Valladolid debate 7. a. bride wealth 8. f. Aztec Empire 9. j. encomienda system 10. e. Treaty of Tordesillas 11. c. caravel 12. g. Inca Empire 13. i. captaincies
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Chapter 16_MCQ,s Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Even before the discoveries of Columbus, Europeans participated in the world economy through what merchants? A) Parisian B) Byzantine C) Cordoban D) Venetian
2. Who had the most advanced economy in the world before the eighteenth century? A) Persia B) China C) Italy D) Indonesia
3. How far west did Zheng He explore in the fifteenth century? A) Portugal B) Rome C) Egypt D) England
4. What was one of the most important trade goods that came out of India? A) Pepper B) Tea C) Palm oil D) Cowrie shells
5. What was the staple food of the Southeast Asian diet? A) Rice B) Vegetables C) Wheat D) Lamb
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6. Why did women in Southeast Asia tend to have more economic power than women in India, China, and Europe? A) They were frequently appointed as political leaders. B) They often managed sugar plantations. C) They usually managed the pepper harvest. D) They took the primary role in planting and harvesting rice.
7. Bride wealth—the money exchanged at the time of marriage in Southeast Asia—was usually given to whom? A) The bride B) The couple C) The bride's father D) The groom
8. What was the major trade commodity of the trans-Saharan trade route? A) Wood B) Gold C) Ivory D) Iron
9. By the mid-sixteenth century, what empire had established control over eastern Mediterranean routes to trading centers in Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and the rest of North Africa? A) Safavid B) Spain C) Mali D) Ottoman
10. Where did Venetian and Genoese merchants originally purchase slaves? A) The Persian Gulf B) The Balkans C) The Nile Valley D) The Strait of Gibraltar
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11. What event occurred in the Byzantine Empire in the late fifteenth century that limited Europe's access to spices from the East? A) The Safavid emperor ordered a full-scale invasion of the remaining Byzantine territories. B) Mongolian soldiers raided the Byzantine capital, killing the emperor. C) Venetian merchants took control of the Byzantine portion of the Silk Road. D) Ottoman armies conquered Constantinople and took control of trade routes to the East.
12. Which of the following was one of many important factors in encouraging the expeditions of the late fifteenth century? A) The lack of natural resources in Europe and the need to find alternative sources B) Competition among European monarchs C) An economic crisis in Europe D) Religious disillusionment and frustration with the church
13. Christopher Columbus was inspired by what two travelers? A) Ibn Battuta and Prester John B) Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo C) Sir John Mandeville and Marco Polo D) Prince Henry the Navigator and Zheng He
14. What was the most significant error of Ptolemy's Geography? A) His work left out the continent of Asia. B) His maps had latitude but no longitude marks. C) He was unaware of the Americas and underestimated the earth's size. D) He pictured the earth as flat.
15. What is an astrolabe? A) It was used to plot latitude using the sun. B) It was used to locate the earth's position. C) It was a tool meant to plot longitude and was invented by Muslims. D) It was a navigational instrument rejected by Europeans as a pagan device.
16. Which European kingdom took the lead in overseas exploration? A) Italy B) Spain C) France D) Portugal
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17. What is Prince Henry of Portugal known for? A) His role in subduing the Dutch revolt B) His significant support of early voyages of exploration C) His support of Protestants from France in the Thirty Years' War D) His opposition to the enslavement of any peoples
18. The beginning of European exploration and expansion was marked by Portugal's 1415 conquest of what city? A) Ceuta B) Cairo C) Casablanca D) Tangiers
19. By 1500, Portugal controlled the flow of what lucrative product to Europe? A) Indian sugar and spices B) Persian silk C) Brazilian silver D) African gold
20. Who was the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope? A) Prince Henry B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Vasco da Gama D) Bartholomew Diaz
21. How did Portugal come to be the entry point for Asian goods into Europe? A) By defeating the Spanish navy, it gained control of Atlantic trade routes. B) By capturing Muslim-controlled port cities in the Indian Ocean, it gained control of European trade. C) By invading and colonizing cities in the agricultural interior of India, it gained command of products headed to Europe. D) By discovering the elusive western passage to India, it gained control of goods going into Europe.
22. What was a central feature of Christopher Columbus's character? A) He held intense nationalist beliefs. B) He was known for his deep religious conviction. C) Rapacious greed is said to have been one of his driving forces. D) He had a Renaissance curiosity that came from a humanist education.
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23. Where did Columbus first land in the Americas? A) The Bahamas B) Florida C) Cuba D) Mexico
24. When Columbus landed on Cuba on October 28, 1492, where did he think he had landed? A) Japan B) Malaysia C) China D) India
25. After his initial voyage to the Americas in 1492, how did Columbus describe the natives he met? A) As brutal savages B) As primitive and warlike C) As incapable of becoming Christian D) As handsome, peaceful, and primitive
26. Scholars have identified the natives first encountered by Columbus as peoples from what indigenous group? A) Taino B) Olmec C) Mexica D) Tlaxcalas
27. What happened when Christopher Columbus returned to the island of Hispaniola for a second time? A) He imported large numbers of African slaves to work on new sugar plantations. B) He forcibly enslaved the indigenous people and subjected them to forced labor. C) He offered the local people self-government. D) He immediately discovered riches for Spain.
28. By the end of his life, how did Columbus view his voyages? A) He realized he had discovered a new but insignificant continent. B) He assumed he had changed the world by discovering new lands. C) He continued to believe he had discovered islands off the coast of Asia. D) He believed that he had found the mythical civilization of Atlantis.
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29. Who was the first European explorer to realize that Columbus had discovered an unknown continent? A) Bartholomew Diaz B) Vasco da Gama C) Pedro Álvares Cabral D) Amerigo Vespucci
30. Who settled the dispute over Spain and Portugal's competing claims to the Americas? A) King Ferdinand of Spain B) The Holy Roman emperor C) Pedro Álvares Cabral D) Pope Alexander VI
31. What was Ferdinand Magellan sent on a mission to discover in 1519? A) The Moluccas, known for their spices B) Japan, known for its pearls C) A direct route to China, known for its silk D) The Philippines, known for its sugar
32. What commodity from the Americas did the French find most profitable? A) Slaves B) Silver C) Furs D) Iron ore
33. Before attacking Tenochtitlan, where did Cortés establish the first Spanish settlement in Mexico? A) San Salvador B) Veracruz C) Mexico City D) Cuzco
34. What did Cortés do upon reaching the city of Tenochtitlan? A) He demanded the Mexica pay him tribute. B) He proclaimed himself a god. C) He took Moctezuma hostage. D) He claimed the city for Spain.
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35. The Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlan was aided by what disease? A) Syphilis B) Measles C) Bubonic plague D) Smallpox
36. What happened when the Inca leader Atahualpa first met the Spanish? A) He lured them into a trap and seized many of their men and horses. B) He was seized and ultimately executed. C) He offered them chests of jewels as a peace offering. D) He and his unarmed followers were taken captive.
37. Who led the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire? A) Francisco Pizarro B) Hernán Cortés C) Christopher Columbus D) King Charles III
38. The Spanish crown granted a monopoly of New World traffic to what city? A) Madrid B) Seville C) Lisbon D) Cordoba
39. Spanish viceroys presided over what judicial advisory council? A) Quinto B) Hacienda C) Encomienda D) Audiencia
40. Which of the following is an estimate of the native population of the Americas in 1492? A) 250 million B) 100 million C) 75 million D) 50 million
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41. What did the encomienda system, established by the Spanish crown, allow Spaniards to do? A) Exact tribute and forced labor from the native people on a particular piece of land B) Try to convert the indigenous people in a particular area C) Trade in particular American ports D) Invest in Spanish enterprises in the Americas without having to pay taxes
42. The encomiendas were essentially legalized forms of what? A) Prostitution B) Immigration C) Trade D) Slavery
43. What was the most significant food item introduced from Europe to the New World? A) Wheat B) Meat C) Sugar D) Olive oil
44. What was the most important food item introduced from the New World to Europe? A) Squash B) Tomatoes C) White potatoes D) Peppers
45. In the sixteenth century, there was a huge increase in the use of enslaved Africans in Brazil in order to produce what crop? A) Sugar B) Rum C) Cotton D) Tobacco
46. What killed most of the African slaves who died on the voyage to the Americas? A) Smallpox B) Dysentery C) Typhus D) Cholera
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47. What did the Spanish discover at Potosí in the sixteenth century? A) Large veins of gold B) Silver, in large quantities C) Silk worms D) Several mines with a plentiful supply of iron ore
48. Seventeenth-century Dutch trade was based on which of the following commodities? A) Spices B) Silks C) Slaves D) Gold
49. The assembly called by Charles V in Valladolid, Spain, in 1550 debated what issue? A) The role of women in society B) The exploitation of the native population of the Americas C) The Catholic Counter-Reformation D) Relations with the Muslim Ottoman Empire
50. Which of the following statements best describes slavery and race in the seventeenth century? A) Slavery created ideas of racial inequality directed toward Africans. B) Slavery did not change Europeans' negative perceptions of Africans. C) Notions of race had little impact on the expansion of slavery. D) Slavery changed Africans' ability to reason and learn.
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Answer Key 1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. D 21. B 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. D 31. A 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. B 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. D 41. A 42. D 43. B 44. C
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45. A 46. B 47. B 48. A 49. B 50. B
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Chapter 16_Short QA Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What products were transported on the Indian Ocean from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, and who was involved in the trade?
2. Compare and contrast the popular attitudes, behaviors, and practices regarding women in Southeast Asia with those in Europe, India, and China in the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries.
3. Explain Europeans' shift from the traffic of Slavic and Turkish slaves to that of sub-Saharan Africans.
4. What are some of the technical developments that facilitated the voyages of exploration of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
5. What factors led Portugal to take the initial lead in the European entry into global trade?
6. What made Christopher Columbus convinced he had reached Asia? What does this say about his goals?
7. Compare the European conquests of the Mexica and Incan Empires.
8. Explain how the Spanish organized and ruled their new colonial holdings in the Americas.
9. How were African slavery and sugar connected to the New World colonies of Spain and Portugal?
10. How did the Dutch create a trade empire in the seventeenth century?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: European elites demanded spices such as pepper, which grew in India and Southeast Asia. There was a demand throughout Eurasia for Chinese porcelain and silks. Chinese elites were particularly interested in ivory and slaves from Africa, as well as peacocks and other exotica from India. India exported cotton textiles to Africa and even to Europe and the Middle East. 2. Answer would ideally include: Women in Southeast Asia had higher status than women in Europe, India, or China. Because women played a key role in planting and harvesting rice, they had economic influence, which gave them authority and power. Unlike dowries, bride wealth in Southeast Asia was given to the bride, not the groom or his family. Women participated in business as partners. In contrast to Europe, India, and China, family property in Southeast Asia belonged equally to both spouses, and all children inherited equally. 3. Answer would ideally include: In the Middle Ages, slaves for Europe came from the Balkans, Anatolia, and what is now southern Russia (the northern shore of the Black Sea). The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and the eastern Mediterranean cut Italian slave traders off from these sources of supply. The Portuguese and Genoese development of sugar plantation agriculture used African slaves on islands in the Mediterranean and Atlantic in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. After the depopulation of the American coasts and Caribbean islands, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian merchants imported Africans to work sugar plantations and other economic enterprises in these areas. 4. Answer would ideally include: In the fifteenth century, European explorers were introduced (or reintroduced) to navigation technology directly from the Arabs and indirectly from China, including an improved magnetic compass, the astrolabe, the sternpost rudder, the lateen sail, and better maps. Arab scholars also reintroduced important works such as Ptolemy's Geography. Furthermore, Europeans developed the caravel. 5. Answer would ideally include: A small and poor western European nation, Portugal was historically overshadowed by Spain. Because of their ocean coastline, the Portuguese had a long history of seafaring and navigation. Limited in its access to the rest of western Europe, it turned to the Atlantic. In the fifteenth century, exploration was also encouraged by Prince Henry, who sponsored expeditions down the west coast of Africa. Portuguese goals included finding military glory, converting Muslims, and finding gold. 6. Answer would ideally include: Because Columbus was convinced that his maps were accurate, and because he and his sponsors were determined to locate an alternate route to the Asian spice trade, he
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was convinced that he had located some small islands off the coast of Japan. His confidence in his beliefs reveals that he was focused on what could be economically exploited—particularly since Ferdinand and Isabella offered him 10 percent of what was found. He also dreamed of landing in China and reaching the famed Mongol emperor, although by this time the Ming had taken over China. 7. Answer would ideally include: Cortés was able to conquer the Mexica Empire (the Aztecs) with a small force of six hundred men. His main advantage was military superiority in cannon and horses. He also turned local peoples, who had been exploited for sacrifices and tribute, against the Mexica. He was additionally aided by the divisions among the Mexica council and was able to take the last Mexica emperor hostage. Furthermore, diseases, such as smallpox, weakened the indigenous peoples, making conquest easier. In conquering the Inca, Pizarro was also able to take advantage of dissension, in that the Inca had just suffered through five years of warfare for the throne. He also made alliances with dissatisfied people in the empire. When Pizarro arrived, the Inca had also been weakened because of disease, perhaps smallpox. 8. Answer would ideally include: Spain granted the port of Seville a monopoly on New World trade and created a Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies with authority over colonial affairs. The New World holdings were divided into viceroyalties, which were administrative districts. In each, a viceroy, or governor, had military and civil authority on behalf of the Spanish monarchy. The viceroy was assisted by a council he appointed, the audiencia, and by intendants, or royal administrators, who were directly loyal to the monarch, not the viceroy. Economically, the crown granted conquerors an encomienda, or license to demand labor or tribute from native peoples. 9. Answer would ideally include: When Spanish and Portuguese sugar plantations in the New World exhausted their native labor supply (due to disease, overwork, and malnutrition), they turned to African slave labor. The Portuguese had already been using African slave labor in Portugal and on the Canary and Madeira Islands. Furthermore, Europeans were able to connect to the pre-existing African slave trade. Sugar production was a particularly labor-intensive industry and required a large labor force. 10. Answer would ideally include: The seventeenth-century Dutch already had an economy invested in trade and commerce. They used their money to build a fleet of trade ships and created the Dutch East India Company to oversee their trade, seeking to undermine the Portuguese. The Dutch enriched themselves by trading slaves in the Americas. They also used a combination of approaches to convince Indonesian rulers to grant them trade concessions, eventually taking political control of the region.
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Chapter 17 Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. The text refers to Ottoman Turkey, Safavid Persia, and Mughal India as world powers. How accurate is this assertion?
2. Compare the careers and accomplishments of Sultan Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire and Shah Akbar of the Mughal Empire. Which ruler seems to have been more successful?
3. How did Suleiman, Abbas, and Akbar use monumental buildings to establish and display the wealth and power of their empires?
4. Describe the European takeover of India. What were causative factors in this process? To what extent can we argue that the Europeans were acting imperialistically?
5. What were the common weaknesses in the three Islamic empires that contributed to their demise?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The territorial extent of the three states clearly indicates that they were all world empires, stretching from Europe to India, including large parts of North Africa. The three interacted with one another and with other empires and cultures, such as the alliances between the Ottomans and princes of Germany, and between the Mughals and Britain through the British East India Company. In addition to diplomacy, all three empires operated militarily and participated in major world trade routes such as that of the Indian Ocean network and the eastern Mediterranean. Intellectually and culturally, all three empires had wide-ranging influence; one example was the introduction of Persian architectural themes into India. 2. Answer would ideally include: Both rulers had impressive accomplishments. Suleiman was well known for his reform of Ottoman law and bureaucracy. Akbar also reformed the Mughal bureaucratic and legal systems. Both extended the boundaries of their respective empires. Akbar and Suleiman saw the development of Persian- and Turkish-based literature, respectively, and miniature painting was a prominent feature of their respective artistic cultures. Both rulers' empires operated under some degree of religious tolerance, although the Ottomans privileged Sunni Muslims, and Akbar was required by the minority status of the Muslims in India to be tolerant of Hindus and Sikhs. Of the two, Akbar was more tolerant. Suleiman's reforms may have been more successful, however, as the Ottoman Empire lasted longer than the Mughal. 3. Answer would ideally include: Suleiman continued the revival of Constantinople begun by Mehmet, although the city was renamed Istanbul. Suleiman commissioned palaces, mosques, schools, libraries, hospitals, roads, bridges, and a water system so elaborate and expensive that it was famous throughout his empire and in Europe. These construction projects contributed to Suleiman's reputation as a wealthy and generous ruler. Shah Abbas took a similar approach to his capital of Isfahan, which had numerous mosques, schools, public baths, and gardens. In India, Akbar also used monumental buildings, although his showplace city of Fatehpur Sikri was ultimately a failure, because its lack of a water supply meant it had to be abandoned. 4. Answer would ideally include: The first European power to gain a foothold in India was the Portuguese, who began before the Mughals took over the region. By building the trade port of Goa on India's west coast in 1510, the Portuguese were able to control spice trade in the Indian Ocean for a century. They were replaced by the Dutch, through the Dutch East India Company, in the seventeenth century. When they were able to replace the Portuguese, the British sensed an opportunity and established the British East India Company. By 1700, the British had founded their own trade ports, Madras and Calcutta. In these early interventions in India, Europeans were acting in a strictly economic manner and not
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imperialistically. The British became more involved in Indian politics through the factory-fort system, however, and soon recruited local mercenaries. Following the British victory over the French in the Seven Years' War, they were granted international recognition for their control of India. The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office of governor general, appointed from outside the company, to administer India. This led to Britain's more overt imperialism in India. 5. Answer would ideally include: All three empires encountered succession problems, financial strains, and loss of military superiority, which contributed to their decline. In the Ottoman Empire, any of the sultan's sons could claim the throne, which led to fighting for control of the empire; after the sixteenth century, heirs to the throne were raised in the harems and in isolation. Factions around the heirs formed. Beginning in the late sixteenth century, the Ottomans lost control of the Mediterranean, leading to a series of military setbacks. Heirs to the throne in Mughal India also fought among themselves. As fighting for the throne continued, local Indian rulers took on more independent power, weakening the Mughal Empire overall. Economic powers also decentralized.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-15: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Ottomans b. Anatolia c. sultan d. viziers e. devshirme f. janissaries g. concubine h. shah i. Safavid j. Qizilbash k. ulama l. Mughal m. jizya n. factory-forts o. sepoys
1. A process whereby the sultan's agents swept the provinces for Christian youths to be trained as soldiers or civil servants. 2. A term meaning “Mongol,” used to refer to the Muslim empire of India, although its founders were primarily Turks, Afghans, and Persians.
3. A term first used by the British for their trading post at Surat that was later applied to all European walled settlements in India.
4. The region of modern Turkey.
5. Ruling house of the Turkish empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922.
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6. Nomadic Sufi tribesmen who were loyal to and supportive of the early Safavid state.
7. Persian word for “king.”
8. The native Indian troops who were trained as infantrymen.
9. An Arabic word originally used by the Seljuk Turks to mean authority or dominion; it was used by the Ottomans to connote political and military supremacy.
10. Turkish for “recruits”; they formed the elite army corps.
11. Chief assistants to caliphs.
12. A poll tax on non-Muslims.
13. A woman who is a recognized spouse but of lower status than a wife.
14. Religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur'an and the Sunna, the deeds and sayings of Muhammad.
15. The dynasty that encompassed all of Persia and other regions; its state religion was Shi'ism.
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Answer Key 1. e. devshirme 2. l. Mughal 3. n. factory-forts 4. b. Anatolia 5. a. Ottomans 6. j. Qizilbash 7. h. shah 8. o. sepoys 9. c. sultan 10. f. janissaries 11. d. viziers 12. m. jizya 13. g. concubine 14. k. ulama 15. i. Safavid
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Where did the Turks originate? A) Anatolia B) Mongolia C) Persia D) Siberia
2. Where was the center of Timur's empire? A) Samarkand B) Baghdad C) Kabul D) Isfahan
3. After the death of Timur, his empire was held together by which of the following? A) Financial gain B) Islamic faith C) The Mongol language D) Timur's dynasty
4. In the Balkans, the Ottomans saw themselves as protectors of which of the following? A) The Orthodox Church and Orthodox Christians B) The Holy Roman Empire C) Serbian culture D) Bosnian monasteries
5. In 1352, the Ottomans gained a foothold in Europe with their conquest of what city? A) Kavala B) Thrace C) Gallipoli D) Achi Baba
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6. Why were the Ottoman Turks able to conquer Constantinople? A) Despite facing superior numbers, their army was better trained. B) Because the city was in the grip of the plague, the population could not hold them back. C) They gained the advantage by taking control of the harbor. D) Their ingenuity and up-to-date technology eventually decided the battle in their favor.
7. How did Mehmet repopulate Istanbul? A) By forcing Byzantines from other cities to move there or become slaves B) By granting tax remissions and free houses to people willing to move there C) By encouraging migrations by offering jobs in the government D) By offering bonuses to Turkish families with multiple children
8. What important group did Selim bring under Ottoman control? A) Most Arab people B) All of Europe's Orthodox Christians C) All of the former Mongol territory D) All Silk Road merchants
9. Which leader extended Ottoman dominion to its widest geographical extent? A) Suleiman B) Osman C) Mehmet D) Selim
10. Suleiman and Francis I of France formed an alliance to prevent the expansion in Europe of what ruling family? A) The Stuarts B) The Habsburgs C) The Romanovs D) The Mongols
11. At the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Ottoman Turks A) killed off most of the Hungarian nobility. B) established a foothold at Otranto in Italy. C) defeated Shah Abbas. D) were defeated by a multinational Catholic fleet.
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12. A) B) C) D)
He reconciled Sunni and Shi'a beliefs. He introduced gunpowder weapons. He authored an Ottoman national epic. He created a reformed law code.
13. What was the Ottoman devshirme? A) A system for the enslavement of Christian youths B) The various levels within the imperial bureaucracy C) The Ottoman model of a theocratic state D) A legal code that rectified Islamic and secular law
14. Who were the janissaries? A) Muslim scholars in Turkey B) Elite Ottoman slave soldiers C) Children born to royal slave concubines D) The Ottoman bureaucratic corps
15. What was unusual about the Ottoman ruling class? A) They were required to be descendants of Turkish families from Anatolia. B) They were required to perform lifelong military service to the sultan. C) They did not own their own land. D) They passed on their wealth through a system of hereditary rights.
16. Which of the following was a distinctive feature of the Ottoman sultans from about 1500 onward? A) They were allowed unlimited wives. B) Most did not appoint their sons as heirs. C) They were all elected from the janissaries. D) They did not marry and only perpetuated the ruling line through concubines.
17. What did being an imperial slave in the Ottoman Empire mean for those individuals? A) They always had a feeling of uncertainty about their social status. B) There were never allowed to marry or have children. C) They possessed great social prestige, as well as the chance to acquire power and wealth. D) They were given the privilege of practicing Christianity at court.
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18. What does the term shah mean? A) King B) Leader C) Divine one D) High priest
19. How did the Safavid shahs gain the loyalty of the Qizilbash? A) The shahs gave them vast grazing lands, often on the frontier. B) The shahs alone controlled tax revenue. C) The shahs were their relatives. D) The shahs owned them as slaves.
20. What was the religious basis of the Safavid Dynasty? A) Sunni Islam B) Shi'ite Islam C) Hinduism D) Orthodox Christianity
21. What practice did Shah Abbas of the Safavids adopt from the Ottomans? A) He promoted Shi'ism and persecuted the Sunni ulama. B) He refused marriage and had only slave concubines. C) He made alliances with the Europeans. D) He allowed nobles to own their land.
22. Which was the largest and wealthiest of the three Islamic empires of the early modern world? A) Ottoman Empire B) Mughal Empire C) Safavid Empire D) Persian Empire
23. Who was the founder of the Mughal Empire? A) Babur B) Akbar C) Tamerlane D) Aurangzeb
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24. Babur invaded India from a base located where? A) Persia B) Mongolia C) Turkey D) Afghanistan
25. What happened to the Mughal ruler Humayun after he lost most of the Mughal territory in Afghanistan? A) He was exiled to Persia. B) He was captured by the Safavid army. C) He hid in caves in northern India until his army prevailed. D) He immediately went to Afghanistan to reclaim it and was killed in battle.
26. What language did Akbar make the official language of the Mughal Empire? A) Hindi B) Turkish C) Persian D) Arabic
27. Which of the following was an important feature of the governing of the Mughal Empire under Akbar? A) Akbar relied exclusively on the military for control. B) All business was conducted in Turkish as the state language. C) Akbar discouraged religious or ethnic factions at court. D) Slaves filled most administrative positions.
28. How did Aurangzeb anger many of his subjects? A) He failed to conquer Bengal. B) His Islamic zealotry troubled his non-Muslim subjects. C) He insisted on speaking Persian all the time. D) He spent vast sums of money on concubines.
29. Why were women and children often employed in the manufacture of Persian rugs? A) Shari'a law banned adult men from such demeaning work. B) The smaller hands of women and children were better at tying tiny knots. C) They were thought to have a superior aesthetic sense. D) Most men were conscripted into the Abbasid military.
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30. What was at the center of the imperial capital that Shah Abbas had built at Isfahan? A) A polo ground B) A mosque C) A madrasa D) A palace
31. What inspired Akbar to build the city of Fatehpur Sikri? A) His victory at Bengal B) The birth of his son Jahangir C) His marriage to a Hindu D) His competition with Suleiman's building projects
32. Where did Shah Jahan found a new Indian capital city in 1639? A) Fatehpur Sikri B) Delhi C) Calcutta D) Agra
33. Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal as a monument to whom? A) His new son Jahangir B) Himself and his rule C) His favorite wife who died in childbirth D) His faith and Muhammad
34. The Book of the Sea was a collection of what? A) Poems B) Maps C) Military treatises D) Laws
35. The Sikh movement, which began in the sixteenth century, was influenced by what other religious movement? A) Sufi Islam B) Shi'a fanaticism C) Coptic Christianity D) Kabbalah mysticism
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36. Where was the Sikh movement most successful? A) Afghanistan B) Anatolia C) Sri Lanka D) Northwest India
37. To where have Arabs traced the first use of coffee? A) To coffee houses in Istanbul B) To Sufi religious rituals in Yemen C) To Yemeni plantations to increase the productivity of African slaves D) To pilgrims who drank it on their journey to Mecca
38. In 1454, European rabbi Isaac Sarfati encouraged Jews to migrate to what state, because of its official policy of toleration? A) The Holy Roman Empire B) The Ottoman Empire C) The Byzantine Empire D) Mughal India
39. What was an important feature of Akbar's religious policy? A) It featured an acceptance of various religious beliefs. B) It was strongly anti-Semitic. C) It provided for a prominent role for Buddhists in the state. D) It called for the forced conversion of Hindus to Shi'ite Islam.
40. What did Aurangzeb do in his attempts to enforce a more Islamic culture? A) He outlawed Hinduism and Buddhism. B) He gave a bonus to anyone who converted to Islam. C) He converted the Taj Mahal into a mosque. D) He forbade sati and abolished all taxes not authorized by Islamic law.
41. Who controlled the spice trade in the Indian Ocean throughout the sixteenth century? A) Portugal B) The Ottoman Empire C) The Mughal Empire D) China
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42. What was the actual purpose of the Dutch East India Company? A) To colonize the Indian subcontinent B) To take over the spice trade from Portugal C) To convert the Indians to Christianity D) To open the Indian market to Dutch exports such as wine and oil
43. How was the British East India Company able to enter the Indian spice trade? A) It achieved a naval victory over the Portuguese. B) It built an alliance with the Dutch East India Company. C) It established a fort at Bombay that overran the country. D) It received a grant from Emperor Jahangir.
44. What was India's chief export to Europe? A) Rice B) Silver jewelry C) Wheat D) Cotton cloth
45. To promote the Safavids' silk trade, what did Shah Abbas force the Armenian merchants of Julfa to do? A) Become Muslims B) Move to Isfahan C) Sell silk only to him D) Trade cotton as well
46. For the British East India Company, who were the sepoys? A) British sailors B) Armenian merchants C) Native Indian troops D) Sufi mystics
47. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 gave control of India to whom? A) The French B) The Mughals C) The Portuguese D) The British
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48. What was the main reason for the fall of the Safavid Empire? A) Insufficient trade with foreigners B) A lack of religious unity C) A weak military D) The aggressive Mughals
49. After the reign of Suleiman, the Ottoman inheritance system changed so that the sons of the sultan were A) sent to the provinces for training. B) fostered in the Mughal court. C) educated in madrasas in Mecca. D) raised in the harems.
50. In 1739, the Mughal army was defeated in battle by Nadir Shah, who was from where? A) The Ottoman Empire B) Afghanistan C) Marathas D) Persia
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Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. B 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. B 33. C 34. B 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. B 39. A 40. D 41. A 42. B 43. D 44. D
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45. B 46. C 47. D 48. C 49. D 50. D
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. Describe, in general terms, the expansion of the Ottoman Empire up to 1683. In what ways did this expansion transform the Ottoman state into a world power?
2. What were the causes of the wars between the Ottomans and Safavids in the sixteenth century?
3. Explain the significance, both short and long term, of the code of laws created under Suleiman I. 4. Akbar's reign has been characterized as the “Golden Age of India.” Why? Why did the Mughal Empire ultimately collapse?
5. Discuss the symbolic importance of gardens in Islamic art, architecture, and literature.
6. How did the Ottomans view the coffeehouses that became popular in the sixteenth century?
7. Why was Akbar more tolerant of other religions than other Islamic leaders? How did he express his tolerance?
8. How extensive was the Indian cloth trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Who profited from the trade and how?
9. How did Armenian merchants build and maintain their trade networks?
10. How did Hastings, Cornwallis, and Wellesley extend British rule in India?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Ottomans gradually took over other small Turkish states, one by one, and finally in 1453 Sultan Mehmet II conquered the Byzantine Empire by taking the city of Constantinople. They continued to expand into the Middle East and eastern Europe until the end of the sixteenth century. Control of this land led to control of the eastern Mediterranean trade and pushed back the Portuguese from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. They also conquered Egypt, Syria, and Palestine, which gave them control of the holy cities of Islam. The Ottomans formed alliances with the French and German Protestant princes in opposition to the Habsburg emperor Charles V who allied with the traditional Ottoman enemy, the Safavids of Persia. In this way, the Ottomans affected the balance of power in Europe, although their expansion northward into Russia and westward toward Greece was halted. Interacting with so many different polities made the Ottomans a truly world power. 2. Answer would ideally include: Religious tension between the two empires caused some of the fighting; the Ottomans were Sunni, while the Safavids were Shi'a. Both empires were competing for control of the Mesopotamian region and of the trade routes of the eastern Mediterranean and in the Middle East, and both sought European alliances. The lack of a permanent border also contributed to the uncertainty until one was established in the early seventeenth century. 3. Answer would ideally include:
4. Answer would ideally include: Akbar is best remembered for his expansionist policy, effective bureaucracy and finances, religious toleration (particularly of Hinduism—he reformed the non-Muslim tax and married two Hindu princesses), and cultural accomplishments. He introduced four co-equal ministers, introduced a uniform system of taxes, and relied on the service of Persian and Hindu royalties. Despite this, however, his administration was never really effective at the village level, which may reflect a larger weakness of the Mughal Empire. He also lacked a clear successor, and his descendent Aurangzeb returned the empire to religious intolerance, upsetting Hindu subjects. Furthermore, the Mughal Empire was unable to support Aurangzeb's military expenditures. 5. Answer would ideally include: In the Islamic tradition, gardens were symbols of paradise. They were used as prayer centers, places for meditation, and places for revelry and leisure. When they were limited to the rulers' courts, they were symbols of his power and status. As they
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expanded to the homes of other elites and to public spaces, they also came to symbolize the overall wealth and status of the empire. The beauty of the gardens also attracted foreign interest. 6. Answer would ideally include: Coffee was consumed by some Muslims, such as Sufis, to stay awake during prayer sessions and meditations. They also drank it in coffeehouses for social and business purposes. The government and religious leaders were uncomfortable with the popularity of coffeehouses because they believed that coffee might be addictive, was a violation of Islamic law, facilitated political discussions that could lead to sedition, attracted a lower class of people with questionable moral character, and in general encouraged debauchery via the coffeehouse culture. Later, however, religious leaders found that coffeehouses violated no religious laws. But coffee was also a major source of trade and profit. 7. Answer would ideally include: Despite the Mughal Empire's power, Muslims were a minority in India. As such, Akbar found it more prudent to be tolerant of the religious majority, Hindus. He celebrated Hindu festivals, did not cut his hair, married two Hindu princesses, and incorporated Hindus into his government. Most notably, in 1579 he abolished the jizya, or non-Muslim head tax. Akbar also defended his reforms against ulama protest by declaring the emperor the supreme authority. 8. Answer would ideally include: Block-printed cotton cloth was India's chief export. It was very popular in Europe and in India itself. The business model used by Indians to produce and sell the cloth was also influential, as it was later copied by England. Money was advanced to artisans; brokers supplied the material, the design, and the quantity of cloth needed; and the artisans provided the finished cloth. Some Indian merchants became very wealthy from the trade. The trade extended from East and North Africa toward the Volga region of Russia and eastward to Indonesia, China, and Japan. 9. Answer would ideally include: Armenians had an established trade in Persian silk before the Ottomans and then the Safavids took over their region. Armenians also had merchant communities in south India. When the Safavids took over Armenia from the Ottomans, they forced the Armenians to move farther into Persia, where they established new merchant communities and continued to practice their trade. The Armenian network stretched from Armenia to Western Europe, Moscow, India, and even China. 10. Answer would ideally include: Warren Hastings, Lord Charles Cornwallis, and the marquess Richard Wellesley were appointed governors-general of the British-held Indian territory. Hastings formed alliances with Indian princes, created an Indian civil service, and abolished tolls to increase internal trade. He also took control of salt and opium trade. Cornwallis introduced British property relations, creating Mughal landlords. Wellesley defeated
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local rulers who resisted British power. All three extended British power in India.
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Chapter 18
Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. In what ways was Louis XIV a model of royal absolutism?
2. Explain the concept of mercantilism. Give concrete examples of governments pursuing mercantilist policies.
3. Compare the development of absolutism in Austria and Spain. What factors influenced the development of each state? What were the similarities and differences in the development of absolutism in these two states?
4. What were the political, economic, and religious factors and events that ultimately led to the Glorious Revolution? 5. The seventeenth century is often called “the Golden Age of the Netherlands.” What was the basis of Dutch success, and what was the extent of its trading empire?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Louis XIV attempted to build a centralized state, and although he was limited by his obligations to the nobles and the traditions of France, he at least created the image of an absolute king admired and emulated throughout Europe. At Versailles, Louis XIV established a royal court in which he was the center of both attention and power. All nobles were required to spend time there and compete with one another for access to the king. At Versailles, the nobles were distracted with rituals. Louis never called a meeting of the Estates General; instead, he created councils of state and took a personal role in those councils. He also never replaced Cardinal Richelieu with a first minister, and he revoked the Edict of Nantes to ensure the religious unity of his state. 2. Answer would ideally include: Mercantilism refers to state intervention in the economy with the aim of minimizing imports and maximizing exports. The ultimate goal was for the country to accumulate gold and silver that could be used to finance wars and increase state power. This chapter describes mercantilist policies pursued by Colbert in France and by Cromwell in England. In the second half of the seventeenth century, Colbert, the French controller general of finances, placed high tariffs on imports, provided government aid to key industries, built transportation infrastructure, and sponsored the building of a first-class French merchant marine, all in the pursuit of economic self-sufficiency and the accumulation of wealth. Cromwell's Navigation Acts, which required that English goods be transported in English ships, were another example of a mercantilist policy. 3. Answer would ideally include: While war could be a contributing factor to the creation of absolute states, it could also be a limitation on the monarch's ability to centralize his or her state. Stress should be placed on the political, social, and economic impact of the Thirty Years' War; the social structure, foreign threats, religion, and church-state relations should also be fully discussed. The Spanish dependence on American silver and failure to modernize or reform the aristocracy were important factors on the Iberian Peninsula. The discussion should reveal some similarities and differences; the ethnic diversity of the Habsburg lands, the Ottoman threat, and the resultant impact must be addressed and compared to the worsening situation for the Spanish state. The differences in size, militarism, and religion should be considered. The role of able monarchs should also be discussed. 4. Answer would ideally include: In the early seventeenth century, England was divided economically and by religion. James I believed he was king by divine right, as did his son Charles I. Both tried to rule without Parliament and to declare new taxes without Parliament's approval. This caused the resentment of many in Parliament. Others in Parliament were concerned about James's and Charles's Catholic sympathies and wanted to ensure a more Puritan England. Charles had also caused tension between England and Scotland over the king's attempt to interfere in Scotland's religion. Ultimately this led to a civil war between king
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and Parliament; Parliamentary forces won, and Charles I was executed. The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell was actually a military dictatorship, and after Cromwell's ineffectual son succeeded him, England was ready to restore the monarchy. After the Parliamentary Protectorate of Cromwell, Charles II was invited to return, but the economic and religious tensions continued. The next king, James II, raised further fears that he would return England to Catholicism. Because Parliament felt that it could not trust James II, he was exiled and replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. This was the Glorious Revolution. 5. Answer would ideally include: The political development of the Dutch Republic should be discussed. The commercial prosperity should be described and strongly emphasized. The essay should attempt to assess the reasons for this prosperity, including such things as religious toleration, strong industries, commercial instruments, and imperial expansion. The Dutch creation of the Dutch East India Company and their greater willingness to use force helped them gain greater access to Indonesia and expel the Portuguese. The Dutch also opened trade in North and South America and clashed with the Spanish. They also became heavily involved in the transatlantic slave trade and established many trading stations along the western coast of Africa. Their initial attempts at colonization in the Americas were cut short by the English who captured New York in 1664.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-14: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Protestant Reformation b. Jesuits c. moral economy d. Thirty Years' War e. sovereignty f. absolutism g. divine right of kings h. mercantilism i. constitutionalism j. Puritans k. Bill of Rights of 1689 l. republicanism m. Navigation Acts n. Cossacks
1. The belief propagated by absolutist monarchs that they derived their power from God and were only answerable to him.
2. Mid-seventeenth-century English mercantilist laws that greatly restricted other countries' rights to trade with England and its colonies.
3. Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola and approved by the papacy in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through humanistic schools and missionary activity.
4. A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
5. Authority of states that possess a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries and in which private armies present no threat to central control.
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6. A large-scale conflict extending from 1618 to 1648 that pitted Protestants against Catholics in central Europe, but also involved dynastic interests, notably of Spain and France.
7. Free groups and outlaw armies living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.
8. A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen, on the other; it includes constitutional monarchies and republics.
9. A bill passed by Parliament and accepted by William and Mary that limited the powers of British monarchs and affirmed those of Parliament.
10. The early modern European view that community needs predominated over competition and profit and that necessary goods should thus be sold at a fair price.
11. Members of a sixteenth- and seventeenth-century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings.
12. A political system common to early modern Europe in which monarchs claimed exclusive power to make and enforce laws, without checks by other institutions; this system was limited in practice by the need to maintain legitimacy and compromise with elites.
13. A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state derived from the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver. _
14. A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.
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Answer Key 1. g. divine right of kings 2. m. Navigation Acts 3. b. Jesuits 4. a. Protestant Reformation 5. e. sovereignty 6. d. Thirty Years' War 7. n. Cossacks 8. i. constitutionalism 9. k. Bill of Rights of 1689 10. c. moral economy 11. j. Puritans 12. f. absolutism 13. h. mercantilism 14. l. republicanism
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Why was absenteeism a problem in the early sixteenth century? A) Priests hired to fill the benefices were often of poor quality and poorly paid. B) Absent landlords had little idea of the agricultural conditions of the season. C) Fathers were absent for long periods as they traveled to earn money to support their family. D) Rulers left on long campaigns and lost touch with the needs of their people.
2. Martin Luther clashed with what Habsburg emperor? A) Henry VIII B) Charles V C) Paul III D) Frederick III
3.
How did Martin Luther's ideas appeal to local German rulers? A) Luther promised greater taxes and loyalty to local rulers. B) Luther emphasized a conservative role for women. C) Luther frequently used the phrase “we Germans” to appeal to national feelings. D) Local German princes supported education and learning.
4. Which order of nuns (founded in the sixteenth century) attained prestige in education for women? A) Trentines B) Ursulines C) Mericis D) Jesuits
5. What happened on Saint Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572? A) Catholic opponents of England's Henry VIII revolted. B) Protestant supporters of Henry of Navarre attacked Catholics. C) French peasants rose against unfair taxes and tithes. D) French Catholics attacked Calvinists at the wedding of the king's sister.
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6. How did the climate change in Europe during the seventeenth century? A) It became warmer and wetter. B) It became warmer and drier. C) It became colder and wetter. D) It became colder and drier.
7. In the seventeenth century, serfdom returned to what region of Europe? A) Western B) Central C) The Low Countries D) Eastern
8. What was the root cause of the Thirty Years' War? A) Economic dislocation B) Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants C) Political upheaval in France D) Lutheran-Catholic tensions
9. What did the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 establish in the Holy Roman Empire? A) It recognized Catholicism as the only legal religion and outlawed Lutheranism and all other Protestant faiths in the region. B) It declared German to be the national language of the empire. C) It gave princes the right to elect emperors. D) It officially recognized Lutheranism and allowed authorities in each region to decide whether the territory would be Catholic or Lutheran.
10. The Thirty Years' War began with what region in Europe? A) Sweden B) Bohemia C) France D) The Netherlands
11. What changed for Europeans as a result of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648? A) The treaties that established it ended conflicts fought over religious faith. B) The Holy Roman emperor gained considerable power while the German princes lost influence. C) Calvinism was made illegal in the empire. D) The Augsburg agreement of 1555 was abolished, and Lutheranism was made the only legal religion of the empire.
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12. Why did Spain's overseas empire to begin to lose its economic viability? A) Disease killed off its sugar crops. B) Slave rebellions threatened sugar production. C) Its American silver mines ran out of silver. D) Portugal challenged Spain's colonial holdings.
13. Who did the Spanish crown expel in 1609? A) Moriscos, or former Muslims B) Jews C) Landed nobles D) Calvinists
14. In 1688, Spain recognized the independence of what country? A) The Netherlands B) Portugal C) Mexico D) France
15. What was the focus of Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies? A) Reforming the church B) Supporting the spread of Protestantism C) Strengthening royal control D) Expanding the power of the nobility
16. French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on what goal? A) Preventing the Catholic Habsburgs from controlling territories around France B) Destroying English naval power C) Protecting the region of Burgundy D) Expanding the territorial control of France by conquering Bavaria
17. Which group led the commoners to rebel against the French government in the Fronde? A) The landed aristocracy B) Magistrates in Paris C) Intendants D) Women
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18. In response to the Fronde, who stepped down from political power in France? A) Cardinal Richelieu B) Louis XIV C) Cardinal Mazarin D) Queen-Regent Anne
19. Louis XIV believed in what political doctrine? A) The one versus the many B) Might makes right C) The divine right of kings D) Republicanism
20. Which of the following was an important factor in the strengthening of French absolutism? A) The tight control King Louis XIV kept on his first minister B) The success of the Fronde and other rebellions C) The expulsion of the most important nobles from Versailles D) Louis XIV's refusal to call the Estates General
21. What did Louis XIV revoke in 1685? A) The Peace of Augsburg B) The Edict of Nantes C) The Estates General D) The Fronde Settlement
22. Which of the following characterizes mercantilist governmental policies? A) They advocated that governments should not interfere in the local economy. B) They suggested that a nation should be materially rich with more trade imports than exports. C) They argued that manufactured goods should be produced inexpensively by local colonial labor. D) They suggested that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, especially its gold supply.
23. What nation was Colbert hoping to compete with when he created the Company of the East Indies? A) The Dutch Republic B) England C) Spain D) Portugal
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24. What was Louis XIV's military goal in Europe? A) To take as much territory from Spain as he could B) To capture England and its colonies in the Americas C) To capture as many trade ports as possible D) To expand France to what he considered its natural borders
25. What was Louis XIV's claim in the War of the Spanish Succession? A) He wanted to uphold the original treaty dividing Spanish territory. B) He believed that his grandson Philip of Anjou should inherit the Spanish crown. C) He thought that the Spanish territories should decide their ruler by election. D) He believed that he should be king of Spain as well as France.
26. Which of the following was a consequence of the Peace of Utrecht? A) It opened a new era of French expansion. B) It was the first of a series of setbacks in the history of the British Empire. C) It left the Spanish succession in turmoil. D) It marked the end of Louis XIV's expansion in Europe.
27. Under what dynasty did Prussia emerge as a strong state in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A) Hohenzollerns B) Habsburgs C) Bourbons D) Jacobins
28. What was an important consequence of the Thirty Years' War for the Austrian Habsburgs? A) They began a quest for imperial dominance of central Europe. B) They accepted a Protestant representative assembly. C) They turned inward and eastward in an attempt to unify their power. D) They allowed self-rule in Bohemia in return for the breakup of the Bohemian Estates.
29. In the late seventeenth century, the Austrian Habsburgs drove what rival empire out of Hungary? A) The Ottomans B) Bohemia C) Russia D) Germany
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30. Before he became King of England, James was already king of what country? A) Wales B) Scotland C) France D) Ireland
31. In the early seventeenth century, King James I of England advocated what political idea? A) That kings had absolute power by divine right B) That parliamentary government was the best form of government C) That the primary function of the state was warfare D) That kings gained sovereignty through an implicit contract with those they ruled
32. Charles I frequently clashed with what group? A) Catholics throughout England B) The Stuart family C) The House of Commons D) The Church of England
33. In the early seventeenth century, what reforms did the English Puritans desire? A) They wanted all people to be required to attend the Church of England. B) They sought a resurgence of Roman Catholicism. C) They wanted to eliminate Crown-appointed bishops from the Church of England. D) They wanted to be granted special tax exemptions by the Crown.
34. What did the Triennial Act, passed in 1641 by the House of Commons, establish? A) The Long Parliament B) That Parliament was opposed to the extra-legal taxes of Charles I C) That the king summon Parliament every three years D) That only Parliament could intervene in Scotland
35. Who did England's New Model Army serve? A) Archbishop Laud B) Parliament C) Anti-Puritan forces D) Catholic Irish nobles
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36. In 1649, after the execution of Charles I, England was initially declared which of the following? A) A military dictatorship B) A theocracy C) A democracy D) A commonwealth
37. Who ruled England under the Protectorate? A) William and Mary of Orange B) Oliver Cromwell C) The Rump Parliament D) Charles II
38. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought an end to what in England? A) Monarchy B) The hopes for democracy C) Privileges for the aristocracy D) The theory of divine right monarchy
39. Who held the political power in the Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century? A) The central government B) An oligarchy of wealthy businessmen C) The stadholder and his royal courtiers D) A democratically elected States-General
40. The English settlement at Jamestown found profitability in exporting what commodity? A) Cotton B) Timber C) Tobacco D) Maize
41. Between 1673 and 1682, the French explored and occupied what New World territory? A) Louisiana B) Quebec C) Hispaniola D) Nova Scotia
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42. The first permanent French settlement at Quebec was founded as A) a fur trading post. B) a colony for Huguenots. C) an agricultural settlement. D) a port of resupply for further exploration.
43. What were the Navigation Acts of 1651? A) They gave British merchants and shipowners a monopoly on trade with British colonies. B) They declared a British blockade of France. C) They established fair trading rules between the Dutch, French, and British. D) They were designed to protect the thirteen colonies.
44. What was the main reason the princes of Moscow were able to expand their power and rule Russia? A) They had great wealth and landholdings. B) They possessed superb military prowess and weapons. C) They cooperated with the Mongols. D) They converted to Orthodox Christianity.
45. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Muscovy princes saw themselves as A) protectors of Christian orthodoxy. B) the last true Christian princes. C) superior to the pope. D) crusaders against Muslims.
46. The negative reputation of Ivan the Terrible grew from his violent treatment of what group? A) The leading boyar families B) Jews in Russia C) Catholic priests D) Intellectuals in the Russian middle class
47. To what does the term Time of Troubles refer? A) The Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire B) The Russian reference to the Fronde uprising in France C) The civil war between Parliament and King Charles I in England D) The royal succession crisis and civil war in Russia
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48. What region did the Romanov tsars add to their territorial holdings? A) Hungary B) Lithuania C) Siberia D) Sweden
49. What was an important aspect of Peter the Great's tour of western Europe? A) He employed spies to steal industrial technology. B) He decided he would model his rule after the French example. C) He began to focus mostly on introducing capitalism into Russia. D) He was particularly impressed by the power of the Dutch and English.
50. What country did Peter the Great defeat at the Battle of Poltava? A) Poland B) Austria C) Sweden D) Latvia
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Answer Key 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. C 34. C 35. B 36. D 37. B 38. D 39. B 40. C 41. A 42. A 43. A 44. C
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45. A 46. A 47. D 48. C 49. D 50. C
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. Why did Western Christendom break into many divisions in the sixteenth century?
2. What problems have led historians to describe the seventeenth century in Europe as an Age of Crisis?
3. How did the Thirty Years' War affect the balance of power in Europe in the seventeenth century?
4. What were some of the problems that hampered the attempts by seventeenth-century European governments to centralize?
5. In what ways did Louis XIV collaborate with others to maintain his power?
6. How did the Austrian Habsburgs build their power after the Thirty Years' War?
7. Why was the English monarchy restored after the civil war? What problems was it supposed to fix, and what problems did it cause?
8. As England moved toward constitutionalism, how close did the reforms come to instituting the ideas of John Locke?
9. How did English and French colonies in the Americas relate to one another? What events in Europe affected that relationship?
10. How did Ivan the Terrible alter Russia's social class system?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The breakup of Western Christendom was rooted in religious, political, and social factors. The breakup began after a series of failed attempts at reform. Immorality, ignorance, and absenteeism continued to plague the church and created widespread resentment. Martin Luther's “protest” built on these criticisms as well as the political ambitions of the many German princes in the Holy Roman Empire. In England, after confiscating church property, Henry VIII created the Anglican Church. The ideas of John Calvin inspired the Consistory in Geneva, the Huguenots in France, and the Puritans in England. 2. Answer would ideally include: Europe's problems in the seventeenth century included population losses, economic decline, and social and political unrest. A mini ice age led to food shortages and higher food prices; this in turn led to social and political unrest among the poor. There was an outbreak of plague. The restriction of peasant rights and movements in eastern Europe also contributed to the population decline in that region, although it was accompanied by an increase in crop yields. The period's final crisis was the Thirty Years' War between religious groups, which led to massive depopulation. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Thirty Years' War was settled by the Peace of Westphalia, which allowed for individual German princes to determine their subjects' religion (Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist) and increased the princes' autonomy over the power of the Holy Roman emperor. Although the war was originally about religion, it was also about various European powers interfering in the politics and religion of other powers, such as Sweden's intervention in the empire in order to help German Lutherans, while the French, although Catholic, supported the Swedes to limit the power of the Habsburgs. 4. Answer would ideally include: Attempts to centralize authority were hampered by the difficulty of travel and communication, as many governments had limited access to the more remote regions in their states. Lack of communication also meant lack of information and difficulty in taxing those remote regions. There were also many independent power structures and privileged groups within the realm that resisted any attempts to limit their privileges. Some kingdoms also faced language barriers. 5. Answer would ideally include: Louis XIV had to follow the traditions of virtuous and benevolent rule, because of his claims to be a king by divine right. He was also obliged to follow the laws of his predecessors. Aligning himself with Catholicism, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and exiled Protestants who refused to renounce their faith. Furthermore, even though he never called a meeting of the Estates General, he needed the support of the nobles to fund his foreign wars and to enforce his laws throughout France.
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6. Answer would ideally include: The Habsburgs of Austria focused on centralizing their power and authority over Bohemia and Hungary, although they were not successful in the latter. The Habsburgs were distracted by their involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession. Ferdinand III created a permanent standing army and helped centralize the government. The Habsburgs built their power by creating a consensus between the church and nobility and attaching this common identity and loyalty to the monarchy. 7. Answer would ideally include: Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector after the Civil War, had ruled England through martial law, and Parliament had become tired of military rule. When Cromwell died, Parliament decided to restore the monarchy, putting Charles II, the son of the executed Charles I, on the throne. His brother, James II, aroused fears of a return of Catholicism. Thus, Parliament offered the crown to William and Mary of Orange, and they were crowned in early 1689. Although the events were called “glorious” because of their supposed lack of bloodshed, there were numerous uprisings by supporters of James in Britain, Ireland, and North America. 8. Answer would ideally include: John Locke's Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) maintained that a government that oversteps its proper function—protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property—becomes a tyranny. By “natural rights,” he meant rights basic to all men because all have the ability to reason. Under a tyrannical government, he argued, the people have the natural right to rebellion. Although the events of 1688 and 1689 brought England closer to Locke's ideal, they did not constitute a democratic revolution. The Glorious Revolution placed sovereignty in Parliament, and Parliament represented the upper classes. 9. Answer would ideally include: Mercantilist laws such as the Navigation Acts required that English colonies trade only with other English colonies. The colonies thus had limited economic interaction with one another. The War of the Spanish Succession ended with England taking over several French colonial holdings, including Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory. This gave England a more significant presence in North America than that of France. 10. Answer would ideally include: Ivan was convinced that the boyars, or Russian nobles, were trying to betray him. He had many of them imprisoned or killed. He then created a new nobility based on service in the tsar's army, which further undercut the boyars' power. Ivan also limited the mobility and independence of the commoners, who all became servants of the tsar and were not allowed to leave their estates. Similarly, urban traders and artisans were not allowed to leave their towns and were taxed more heavily.
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Chapter 19 Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. The Scientific Revolution transformed the way Europeans perceived the world around them. Discuss this change in detail. How did this new way of thinking spread?
2. What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment?
3. Describe the factors that link the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Why are they so often taught together?
4. How sincere were Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great about their commitment to Enlightenment thinking? What were the limits of their “enlightened” rule?
5. How did categories and theories about race change in the colonies of the eighteenth century? In what ways did the new ideas of the Scientific Revolution or Enlightenment influence the new understandings about race?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Scientific Revolution was a series of new discoveries and new theories, from its pre-Copernican roots through the publication of Newton's synthesis. Attempts to explain how the world works included a heliocentric view of the universe, the belief in general theories of physics, the use of reason and the attack on authority, and the evolution of the scientific method. The essay should fully cover the fundamental shift from a preoccupation with the metaphysical universe to the physical universe. This represented a fundamental shift in how Europeans perceived the universe. The new ideas—and shifting worldviews—spread through the exchange of ideas and inventions, exemplified by Galileo's acquisition of a Dutch telescope and the role of the Enlightenment in disseminating the new worldview. 2. Answer would ideally include: Both movements presented women with conflicting possibilities. In both, women played active roles as both participants (such as Madame du Chátelet's translation of Newton's writings) and patrons of male scientists and writers. However, both movements also reinforced traditional roles for women in the domestic sphere. Universities continued to deny women entrance or opportunities to earn degrees, and thus, as the two movements emphasized university education, women found themselves shut out. Noble women had more access to private education and were able to participate more fully in the movements. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Scientific Revolution challenged the traditional worldview and called into question fundamental beliefs about how the universe worked. It also created a new method for investigating that universe, the scientific method. The philosophes accepted the new worldview and wanted to share it with more people than just those scientifically inclined and to expand the challenge of tradition from science to all aspects of human life. Many Enlightenment thinkers were loosely interested in applying the scientific method to human societies, rather than just to nature. They believed that through empirical observations, investigators could induce general rules of human social behavior, which could then be used by rulers as the basis for rational government. Both scientists and philosophes sought limited and verifiable truths, not theological certainties. 4. Answer would ideally include: Both monarchs attempted to enact sincere Enlightenment-based reforms. Frederick allowed religious freedom and promoted knowledge, education, and printing. He made agricultural and industrial changes in an attempt to improve the daily lives of peasants and workers. Most important, he simplified the legal system, abolished torture, and introduced impartiality. But rather than free the serfs—an outcome one would expect from an Enlightenment-inspired ruler—he increased the nobles' power over them. This was probably because he needed the nobles' support. Catherine was less successful in
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her reform attempts. She also increased education but only limited the use of torture and practiced limited religious toleration. Her reforms were brought to an end with the Pugachev Rebellion. In fear of another revolt, she gave nobles full power over their serfs. 5. Answer would ideally include: Theories about race became very complicated in the colonies. In Spanish and French colonies, the races mixed more openly in social and economic pursuits than was the case in English colonies. In some colonies, people of mixed racial backgrounds were allowed to be free and participate politically and economically, while in other colonies there were restrictions. The transatlantic slave trade increased the tendency of white Europeans, in the colonies and in Europe, to see people of African descent as inferior. Jews in the colonies often occupied a mid-level between white Europeans and people of color (either black Africans or Native Americans). Enlightenment writers and scientists—who felt the need to identify, label, and categorize all things—also attempted to classify races and figure out how the races related to one another. Attitudes toward Islam and Muslims were divided. While Montesquieu's Persian harem became the symbol of despotism, Lady Montagu highlighted the civilization of the Turkish peoples. Many looked for a way to prove that white Europeans were physically and culturally superior. Even writers who spoke of individual liberty classified non-Europeans as unworthy of such liberty. Other Enlightenment writers, such as Diderot, challenged these ideas, however, and race became another idea of debate among the philosophes.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-16: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Copernican hypothesis b. law of inertia c. law of universal gravitation d. empiricism e. Enlightenment f. sensationalism g. philosophes h. deism i. general will j. economic liberalism k. enlightened absolutism l. Haskalah m. enclosure n. cottage industry o. public sphere p. salons
1. A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment.
2. The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
3. An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
4. A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
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5. The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
6. An intellectual and cultural movement in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and its colonies that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
7. Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
8. Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
9. Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
10. Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
11. An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
12. A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
13. A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have replaced the power of the monarch.
14. A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
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15. Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
16. The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market suffices to improve living conditions, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
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Answer Key 1. g. philosophes 2. m. enclosure 3. o. public sphere 4. b. law of inertia 5. a. Copernican hypothesis 6. e. Enlightenment 7. p. salons 8. k. enlightened absolutism 9. n. cottage industry 10. c. law of universal gravitation 11. f. sensationalism 12. d. empiricism 13. i. general will 14. l. Haskalah 15. h. deism 16. j. economic liberalism
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. According to the Aristotelian view of the universe, A) heaven was only a spiritual imagining. B) the earth was motionless. C) the earth was composed of hundreds of unchangeable elements. D) the sun, earth, and all stars moved around each other in perfect circles.
2. In order to explain the real motion of the planets and stars, Ptolemy suggested that in addition to Aristotle's concentric circles, heavenly bodies moved in which of the following? A) Epicycles B) Elliptical orbits C) Nested circles D) Parallel orbits
3. One of the innovations of the medieval university was the introduction of algebra originally created by whom? A) Franciscan friars B) Ancient Greeks C) Arabic and Persian mathematicians D) Hellenistic-era Egyptians
4. How did humanists of the fifteenth century help provide a foundation for the Scientific Revolution? A) They rejected Greek ideas and learning to make a break with the past. B) They established the world's first universities. C) They emphasized the value of acquiring practical knowledge. D) They focused on the physical nature of the universe.
5. World exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries encouraged new knowledge by creating new instruments of navigation, including what new invention? A) The astrolabe B) The telescope C) Maps D) The compass
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6. Who proposed the first great departure from the Aristotelian view of the universe? A) Thomas Aquinas B) Galileo Galilei C) Johannes Kepler D) Nicolaus Copernicus
7. What was Copernicus's primary reason for rejecting the Ptolemaic model of the solar system? A) Galileo's observations demonstrated its inaccuracy. B) He felt that it was too unwieldy to be part of God's harmonious creation. C) He considered Ptolemy's ideas to be too dated to be of use. D) Kepler's observations of stars convinced Copernicus they did not travel as Aristotle theorized.
8. Copernicus feared his hypothesis that the earth rotated around the sun would draw the sharpest criticism from whom? A) Catholics B) Muslims C) Astronomers D) Jews
9. The Holy Roman emperor Rudolph II was a patron of what new scientist? A) Tycho Brahe B) Nicolaus Copernicus C) Johannes Kepler D) Isaac Newton
10. Tycho Brahe is best known for which of the following? A) His discovery of Pluto and its moons B) His mathematical genius in star mapping C) His improvement of the astronomical telescope D) His massive collection of astronomical data
11. How did Johannes Kepler refine the Copernican model of the solar system? A) He added epicycles and mini-epicycles to orbits. B) He compared it to a clockwork machine. C) He hypothesized elliptical orbits for the planets. D) He proved that planets orbit at a uniform speed.
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12. What was Galileo Galilei's greatest achievement? A) His belief that only speculation could lead to progress in science B) His refinement of the experimental method C) His invention of the telescope and refracting lens D) His postulation that there was no gravitational force in space
13. What does Galileo's law of inertia state? A) That motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object B) That the heavier an object is, the more time it takes to speed up and slow down C) That all objects will stop once the external force pushing them stops D) That on object's density of mass determines the speed at which it will move
14. How did Galileo help prove Copernicus's theories true? A) He discovered that planets had elliptical orbits. B) He discovered that objects at rest tended to stay at rest. C) He discovered that Jupiter had at least four moons. D) He discovered that all objects move in perfect movements.
15. Isaac Newton's theories were based on the principle that the motions of the universe could be explained through which of the following? A) Alchemy B) Faith C) Mathematics D) Music
16. The key feature of Newton's most important work was the law of A) planetary motion. B) action and reaction. C) reciprocity. D) universal gravitation.
17. Which two men are generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method? A) Johannes Kepler and Francis Bacon B) Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei C) John Locke and Tycho Brahe D) René Descartes and Francis Bacon
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18. Which of the following did empiricism emphasize? A) The use of deductive reasoning B) Reliance on the authority of other scientists C) Acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation D) Proof through mathematical equations
19. According to Galen's theory of the four humors, what caused bodily illness? A) An imbalance among the humors B) Too much black bile C) When one humor was removed from the body D) The action of gravity on the humors
20. How did Andreas Vesalius use the experimental approach in medicine? A) He tested various chemical effects on illness. B) He studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies. C) He exposed human subjects to various illnesses to measure their effects. D) He undertook experiments to discover the basic elements of nature.
21. Who put the works of Copernicus and Kepler on a list of forbidden books in 1616? A) The Holy Roman emperor B) Lutheran authorities C) The University of Paris D) The Holy Office of the Catholic Church
22. Who was tried for heresy in 1633 for defending Copernicus and the heliocentric theory? A) Kepler B) Galileo C) Newton D) Brahe
23. Many Enlightenment thinkers believed which of the following? A) That ordinary people could not improve their lives B) That faith was meaningless to an enlightened person C) That the methods of science should be used to examine all aspects of life D) That those in power would always resist progressive change
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24. Baruch Spinoza believed that God was the same thing as which of the following? A) Humanity B) Mathematics C) The sun D) Nature
25. What did John Locke claim in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding? A) That sovereign authority rests in the hands of the people B) That all people are born with certain ideas and ways of thinking C) That all ideas are derived from experience D) That people are born corrupt and society must reeducate them
26. Locke's ideas about how the human mind learns are based on the theory of which of the following? A) Experience B) Deductive reasoning C) Speculative reasoning D) The law of universal motion
27. Which Enlightenment thinker argued in favor of separating and sharing political power? A) Voltaire B) Baron de Montesquieu C) Madame du Châtelet D) John Locke
28. What about the French monarchy worried Montesquieu? A) That it would cede authority to republicanism B) That it was embracing democracy C) That it had come under the influence of communists D) That it might be moving toward tyranny
29. Voltaire thought that ordinary men A) needed to be educated for democracy to work. B) needed to study England's social system. C) should overthrow the French monarchy. D) were incapable of governing themselves.
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30. The Scientific Revolution's enthusiasm to classify and “order” nature led to a new practice of grouping people by what? A) Race B) Nationality C) Political affiliations D) Cultural distinctions
31. What did David Hume believe about ideas? A) That they can be proved or disproved based on faith B) That they are the same for everyone regardless of experience C) That they originate only in the mind of God D) That they can only reflect one's sensory experience
32. How did the German thinker Gottfried Leibniz perceive God and the world? A) He believed them to be a harmonious and divine plan. B) He believed God created an evil world to compensate for man's original sin. C) He believed the two should be separated. D) He believed that God never interferes in human affairs.
33. Which of the following did the German philosopher Immanuel Kant argue was fundamental to the success of the Enlightenment? A) Individuals should not have to obey laws that are unjust. B) Individuals must have the right to full and total free speech. C) Serious thinkers must have the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print. D) Only through revolution could meaningful change be effected.
34. Women were closely associated with the rise of what literary genre? A) Novels B) Plays C) Satires D) Encyclopedias
35. What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau say about women in regard to their role in society? A) That they were naturally passive and should stay at home and care for the children B) That they should be better educated about politics C) That they made natural leaders in the home and in public D) That they made important contributions to the Enlightenment
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36. Rousseau's Social Contract was based on what two fundamental concepts? A) Popular sovereignty and unrestrained democracy B) One man, one vote and restrained democracy C) The general will and popular sovereignty D) Rule by majority and one man, one vote
37. What was Frederick the Great's attitude toward religion? A) He promoted Lutheranism. B) He persecuted Jews. C) He objected to private prayer. D) He was tolerant of individual beliefs.
38. What was an important belief of Frederick the Great? A) He accepted and supported the concept of serfdom. B) He actively sought to limit the civil rights of Prussian Jews. C) He restricted the power of the nobility. D) To support working-class issues, he ended serfdom on his personal estates.
39. What policy of Peter the Great did Catherine the Great of Russia try to continue? A) Reforming serfdom by allowing more economic freedom B) Bringing western European culture to Russia C) Bringing the concept of legal reforms to the nobility D) Bringing women into the Russian education system
40. What was the Pugachev Rebellion of 1733? A) A Croat insurrection against Austrian rule B) A noble plot against Catherine the Great C) An insurrection of Russian serfs against Catherine the Great D) A Polish rebellion against foreign rule
41. What was an important result of the Pugachev Rebellion? A) Catherine initiated modest reform of the feudal system. B) Catherine gave the nobles more power over their serfs. C) Catherine abolished serfdom and granted former serfs free land. D) Catherine divided and weakened the power of the nobles.
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42. What was Catherine the Great's most significant territorial triumph? A) The annexation of Turkey B) The seizure of Silesia C) The annexation of Siberia D) The partition of Poland
43. Which enlightened ruler abolished serfdom? A) Frederick II B) Joseph II C) Louis XIV D) Maria Theresa
44. The Haskalah movement advocated for which of the following? A) Religious freedom and civil rights for European Jews B) More education for women C) Political freedom for serfs D) Moving the Jews of Europe to a new land
45. A major contribution to the increase in population after 1750 was the addition of what to people's diets? A) Meat B) Wheat C) Potatoes D) Tea
46. The triangular trade of the eighteenth century linked Europe to Africa and to what country? A) The United States B) China C) Japan D) Australia
47. Creole refers to people of Spanish ancestry born A) in Spain or Portugal. B) at sea, on the way to America. C) to merchant parents. D) in the Americas.
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48. Religiously, how could both Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson be described? A) Both were atheists. B) Both were devout Catholics. C) Both were deists. D) Both were Lutherans.
49. How were Jews in the Barbados colonies limited? A) By how many were allowed to enter B) By how much land they were allowed to own C) By how they were allowed to operate their business D) By the number of slaves they were allowed to own
50. The consumer revolution came about in part because of A) cheap reproductions and colonial trade. B) Europe's long reigning technological superiority. C) women's natural desire to acquire more goods. D) high tariffs and mercantilism.
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Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. D 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. D 30. A 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. A 39. B 40. C 41. B 42. D 43. B 44. A
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45. C 46. A 47. D 48. C 49. D 50. A
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What factors, both cultural and technical, encouraged the Scientific Revolution?
2. What role did patronage play in the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment?
3. Compare how Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proved the heliocentric theory of Copernicus to be true.
4. Both Francis Bacon and René Descartes were needed for the development of the modern scientific method. How did they contribute to that idea, and what are the flaws in their theories?
5. What were Voltaire's religious views, and what influenced them?
6. How and why did the philosophes popularize the new worldview that was constructed by the new sciences?
7. How did the Encyclopedia reflect the new worldview of the Enlightenment?
8. What did Adam Smith argue in his An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?
9. How did reading habits change during the Enlightenment? What were some of the causes of those changes?
10. What was the consumer revolution, and what products did it include?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Scientific Revolution occurred in response to the introduction of Aristotelian philosophy in the medieval university, and contact with Muslims brought more classical texts—with Muslim commentaries—to European scholars' attention. Renaissance culture also inspired the Scientific Revolution through patronage and the use of printing to share ideas faster. Overseas exploration also encouraged new studies and the development and use of new instruments. 2. Answer would ideally include: In both the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, new ideas and theories were often directly influence by patronage. Scientists such as Tycho Brahe and writers such as Voltaire were able to devote themselves entirely to their work thanks to the patronage of nobles and even royals (Rudolph II in the case of Brahe). Plus, these patrons were important in spreading the ideas of science and philosophy by hosting salons and buying books. In rare but important cases, women such as Madame du Châtelet also gained a role through her patronage of Voltaire. 3. Answer would ideally include: Both Kepler and Galileo used empirical observation to prove the heliocentric theory to be true. Kepler observed that the planets moved in elliptical orbits and that the movements of those planets were not uniform. He used mathematics to prove what had only been a theory for Copernicus. Galileo also used empirical observation on the movement of objects to discern a law of inertia. Using a telescope, he also proved that Jupiter had moons and thus through observation proved that the universe was not a closed, perfect sphere in which everything revolves around the earth. Instead, Galileo observed that moons revolve around planets, and planets revolve around the sun. 4. Answer would ideally include: Bacon rejected the medieval approach of speculative reasoning and instead advocated for the idea that empirical research and observation must come before a general theory or principle is proposed. Bacon discounted the theoretical, however, and left no room for mathematics. Descartes took a different approach; he used deductive reasoning to prove that mathematics could explain how the universe worked. Descartes was too theoretical. Combined, they present the modern scientific method: observation followed by theory, which is proven by more observation. 5. Answer would ideally include: Voltaire rejected Catholicism in favor of deism. He was influenced by Newton's mechanistic concept of God as a distant, noninterventionist deity and was highly suspicious of Leibnitz's optimism. However, he was very opposed to religious intolerance. For Voltaire, religious intolerance was the cause of much of the violence in Europe. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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Most of the philosophes used writing and the new technology of printing to popularize the new worldview. Such were the efforts of Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot in their writings. In addition, the creation of learned societies, literary clubs, and especially salons also helped to popularize these ideas. Philosophes came from virtually all layers of the educated classes and helped to create a reading revolution by providing the literate public with stimulating new material. The philosophes took on this task because they wanted to share their learning with the less educated—to “enlighten” them. 7. Answer would ideally include: The Encyclopedia—a seventeen-volume collection of hundreds of articles by leading scientists, writers, skilled workers, and progressive priests—was the greatest and most representative intellectual achievement of the Enlightenment philosophes. Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, the Encyclopedia addressed every aspect of life and knowledge, including Muslim contributions. It echoed Enlightenment values as it exalted science and the industrial arts, questioned religion and immortality, and criticized intolerance, legal injustice, and out-of-date social institutions. Widely read and reprinted, the Encyclopedia was extremely influential. 8. Answer would ideally include: A pioneer in the field of political economy, Adam Smith advocated free enterprise. His groundbreaking Wealth of Nations argued that government intervention in the economy was unnecessary and undesirable and that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would be sufficient to improve citizens' living conditions. 9. Answer would ideally include: The most important factor driving the change of reading habits was the dramatic increase in the amount and diversity of reading material available. Printing made book production much cheaper than hand copying manuscripts allowed. The printing of religious and devotional books declined, while interest in other subjects either remained the same or increased. Because Enlightenment writers were most interested in pursuing nonreligious subjects, the market for printed material shifted. Reading habits also changed as reading became more private and people were encouraged to question the text rather than automatically accept it as an authority. 10. Answer would ideally include: All social classes in Europe became more interested in buying consumer products, which, thanks to the colonies, became more plentiful, diverse, and affordable. More foods became available thanks to increased crop yields and colonial imports. More clothing products were also available. The division of living spaces into designated rooms led to more interest in house furnishings. More household products became available, such as dishes, decorative items, and comfort items.
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Chapter 20 Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Islam played a significant role in sub-Saharan western Africa. Describe the impact of Islam in this region. How did Islam affect European expansion in Africa? Overall, was the impact of Islam on sub-Saharan African society positive or negative?
2. Courtship, marriage, and family patterns in West Africa displayed rather striking characteristics. Describe these patterns, and offer an explanation for their development.
3. How did contact with Islam and the later Portuguese intrusion influence the history of East Africa, particularly Ethiopia and the Swahili city-states?
4. What are the various theories as to why black Africans were enslaved in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries more than other races? What are some of the problems with these theories?
5. How was the transatlantic slave trade organized? Who participated, and who profited?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Islam affected sub-Saharan Africa in religious, political, economic, and social matters. It also played a key role in slavery, as a justification, as a modifier of existing practices, and as a market. Slaves were imported into Africa from Europe, and African slaves were exported. The impact of Islam on Songhai provides a good case study to expose the strengths and weaknesses of Islamic influence. On the one hand, political and military reforms, economic growth, and intellectual activity helped to make the kings of Songhai too powerful; on the other, the widening gap between Islamicized elites and the masses resulted in political collapse. The interaction of Islamic and European expansion can be illustrated by the case of Ethiopia and the incursion there of both the Ottoman Turks and Portuguese Jesuits, which destabilized the state. 2. Answer would ideally include: Nearly all West African cultures were polygamous, and women and children were highly prized for status and labor. A variety of courtship rituals (abduction and elopement, bride wealth) were common in the region. Men delayed marriage until they were older, while women married at the onset of puberty. Different cultures in the region had nuclear family patterns, while others had extended families. Women's infidelity was judged less harshly than elsewhere in the world, but infertility was seen as a major problem. Land was widely available, but women were needed for their farming labor. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Swahili city-states converted to Islam in the eleventh century, while Ethiopia never did. In fact, Coptic Christian Ethiopia faced military threats from Islamic powers from the time Islam penetrated East Africa. The Portuguese impact in the area was short-lived but important. Portuguese aid helped the Ethiopian emperor defeat the Muslim state of Adal and preserve Ethiopia's independence. The Portuguese entered into trade with the Swahili city-states (forcing some to do so by bombardment) but had little impact on local culture. Ultimately, the Portuguese takeover of the Indian Ocean trade caused the city-states' economic decline. 4. Answer would ideally include: One theory holds that Europeans were more willing to enslave Africans because they were outsiders to Europe, but this ignores the exploitation of marginal Europeans by the dominant powers. Another theory holds that by the tenth century both Europeans and Arabs associated blackness with slavery. This theory may overemphasize the role of black slavery in the Islamic world (where most slaves were white). Another theory points to the resistance by black Africans to disease, which had decimated the Native American labor sources; thus black Africans made a more viable economic source of slave labor. 5. Answer would ideally include:
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European and African methods of acquiring and selling slaves varied. The Europeans' sorting and factory forts provided ways for slaves to reach the European markets, but such methods were preceded by African efforts to recruit through slave raiding and other means such as indebtedness. As the demand for slaves in the Americas increased, the slave trade moved down the west coast to more densely populated areas. The Middle Passage represented the most horrific aspect of the trade for the slaves themselves; Europeans were concerned with economic losses along the Middle Passage and tried to find the fastest routes, generally from Angola or Benin to Brazil and the Caribbean. Each step along the way included different participants: African rulers and traders, African merchants, Portuguese slavers, American plantation owners, European merchant-capitalists (such as those of Liverpool), and, of course, those enslaved.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-11: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. chattel b. age-grade systems c. oba d. Taghaza e. Tuareg f. cowrie shells g. Coptic Christianity h. Swahili i. Middle Passage j. sorting k. shore trading
1. Along with the Moors, warriors who controlled the north-south trans-Saharan trade in salt.
2. A process for trading goods in which European ships sent boats ashore or invited African dealers to bring traders and slaves out to the ships.
3. Among the societies of Senegambia, groups of men and women whom the society initiated into adulthood at the same time.
4. An item of personal property; a term used in reference to enslaved people that conveys the idea that they are subhuman, like animals, and therefore may be treated like animals.
5. Orthodox form of Christianity from Egypt practiced in Ethiopia.
6. The title of the king of Benin.
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7. Imported from the Maldives, they served as the medium of exchange in West Africa.
8. A settlement in the western Sahara, the site of the main salt-mining center.
9. A collection or batch of British goods that would be traded for a slave or for a quantity of gold, ivory, or dyewood. 10. Meaning “People of the Coast,” the term used for the people living along the East African coast and on nearby islands.
11. African slaves' voyage across the Atlantic to the Americas, a long and treacherous journey during which slaves endured appalling and often deadly conditions.
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Answer Key 1. e. Tuareg 2. k. shore trading 3. b. age-grade systems 4. a. chattel 5. g. Coptic Christianity 6. c. oba 7. f. cowrie shells 8. d. Taghaza 9. j. sorting 10. h. Swahili 11. i. Middle Passage
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What enabled Senegambia to come into contact with Europe? A) European explorers B) Christian missionaries C) The slave trade D) The ivory trade
2. How were chattel slaves viewed? A) Most were considered to be members of the owner's family. B) Usually, they were slaves who had status and power. C) Chattel slaves had the right to inherit land and wealth. D) They were commodities that were considered subhuman property.
3. How did slavery in Senegambia compare to slavery in the Americas? A) In Senegambia, slaves were treated harshly, while they were treated more kindly in the Americas. B) In both places, slave status passed from one generation to the next, and the descendants of slaves were never free. C) In the Americas, slave status passed from one generation to the next, while in Senegambia descendants of slaves were sometimes free. D) In both places, slaves could be bought and sold.
4. How would a typical Senegambian community be described? A) As a highly organized mercantile center B) As nothing more than a nomadic band of related families C) As organized entirely around the slave trade D) As organized in a small, self-supporting agricultural village
5. In the stateless societies of Senegambia, which of the following contributed to community loyalty and law enforcement? A) Age-grade systems B) Strong, patriarchal clans C) Gender-specific roles D) Communitywide assemblies
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6. What was the oba in Benin? A) Priest B) Chief merchant C) King D) Sage
7. Benin City was known for artistic work in iron, ivory, and what other product? A) Gold filigree jewelry B) Decorative copper containers C) Woven baskets D) Bronze portrait busts
8. In the fifteenth century, what state became the successor to Ghana and Mali in the Niger region? A) Songhai B) Benin C) Senegambia D) Hausa
9. What ruler completed the expansion and consolidation of Songhai? A) Muhammad Ali B) Muhammad Toure C) Ewuare D) Leo Africanus
10.
For what is Leo Africanus best known? A) The further expansion of Songhai B) His descriptions of African society C) The expulsion of the Jesuits from Ethiopia D) The establishment of mosques throughout West Africa
11. Why was the city of Timbuktu well known? A) It was a major port for transatlantic trade. B) It was the capital and major trade center of Benin. C) It possessed a thriving urban culture. D) It was dominated by Muslims and persecuted Jews.
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12. Who supplied the labor on the royal farms of Songhai? A) Slaves B) Indentured servants C) Tax debtors D) War captives
13. What army ultimately destroyed the Songhai Empire? A) A largely slave army from the sultanate of Morocco B) Armies from the kingdom of Ethiopia C) Prince Henry's army from the kingdom of Portugal D) The army of the kingdom of Benin
14. In the trans-Saharan trade, Kanem-Bornu traded slaves to North Africa for what? A) Salt B) Gold C) Horses D) Cattle
15. In the fifteenth century, Kano and Katsina in Hausaland became centers for which of the following? A) Transatlantic slave trade B) African-style feudalism C) Islamic scholarship D) Artistic creativity
16. Most West African marriages were distinguished by what characteristic? A) They were almost always monogamous. B) They were often forced after war with a neighboring tribe. C) They were virtually all arranged by parents. D) They were almost universally polygamous.
17. In West Africa, by what two methods did men typically acquire wives? A) Elopement and raids on neighboring villages B) Elopement or making a payment of bride wealth to a bride's family C) Buying a wife from another tribe or buying a slave who then became a free wife D) Inheriting a wife from one's brother or raids on neighboring villages
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18. What ultimately determined a woman's status in West Africa? A) Her fertility B) Her farming skills C) Her ability to weave D) Her beauty
19. In addition to famine, what was the greatest obstacle to population growth in West Africa? A) Warfare and slave trading B) The small population of women C) The lack of available arable land D) Diseases such as malaria
20. What disease did the tsetse fly of West Africa spread? A) Chicken pox B) Hookworm C) Sleeping sickness D) Smallpox
21. What was the chief trade good in the trans-Saharan trade routes? A) Salt B) Silver C) Amber D) Iron ore
22. What was the chief means of transport for the West African salt trade? A) Donkey caravans B) Camels C) Horse-drawn carts D) Slaves
23. Cowrie shells were used for currency in North Africa and originated in the Maldives, which are islands located in what body of water? A) South China Sea B) Pacific Ocean C) Philippine Sea D) Indian Ocean
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24. What West African industry had the greatest level of specialization? A) Textiles B) Salt mining C) Gold working D) Iron working
25. What was the primary religion of Ethiopia? A) Byzantine Christianity B) Islam C) Coptic Christianity D) Judaism
26. Defeated by General Ahmad ibn-Ghazi in 1529, the Ethiopian emperor Lebna Dengel sought aid from which of the following? A) The Ottomans B) Portugal C) The Dutch Republic D) India
27. What missionary group attempted to introduce Roman Catholicism into Ethiopia in the sixteenth century? A) Franciscans B) Dominicans C) Jesuits D) Benedictines
28. Roughly 35 percent of Swahili words come from which of the following languages? A) Arabic B) Coptic C) Yoruba D) Egyptian
29. By the eleventh century, what important change had the Swahili peoples made? A) The majority had become full-time farmers. B) They converted to Islam. C) They established a large inland empire. D) They developed trade with Portugal.
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30. Swahili independence ended with the arrival in 1498 of which Portuguese explorer? A) Prince Henry the Navigator B) Vasco da Gama C) Giovanni da Verrazzano D) Ferdinand Magellan
31. What important role did the Portuguese forts and markets at Kilwa, Zanzibar, and Sofala have? A) They became the foundation of Portuguese economic power on the Swahili coast. B) They continued to provide the independent Swahili city-states with money. C) They represented the merging of Portuguese and Swahili trade powers. D) They benefited the inland gold mines of Sofala by opening new markets.
32. What was the ideological justification for slavery adopted by African rulers from Islamic societies? A) They argued that Africans were an inferior race who were better off as slaves. B) They rationalized it by saying slaves lacked immortal souls. C) They believed slavery was necessary for economic development. D) They argued that prisoners of war could be sold and that captured people were chattel.
33. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who did the elite of Mali and Benin import to be slaves? A) Songhai warriors B) Berber women C) Slavic women D) Yoruba children
34. In fifteenth-century England, what social status did most of the thousands of black Africans have? A) They were slaves brought to England by African merchants. B) They were literate merchants. C) They were sons of the kings on diplomatic missions. D) They were almost all free.
35. How did Francis Barber, a free black in eighteenth-century London, obtain his fortune? A) He became the Earl of Devonshire. B) He bought a ship and became a slave trader. C) He became an Anglican priest and earned a high salary. D) He inherited it from Samuel Johnson, his employer.
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36. Roughly 75 percent of the slaves imported into the Dutch Cape Colony were from where? A) West Africa and Angola B) The Balkans and Anatolia C) India, Southeast Asia, and Madagascar D) Swahili-speaking areas
37. The Arabic word abd, or black, was associated with what word? A) Labor B) Slave C) Free D) Strong
38. Where was Pedro Cabral attempting to sail when he discovered Brazil? A) The Caribbean B) Africa C) India D) Portugal
39. What New World country received the largest numbers of slaves from the transatlantic trade during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? A) Mexico B) British North America C) French Canada D) Brazil
40. Prior to 1600, what European country virtually monopolized the transatlantic slave trade? A) England B) Portugal C) Spain D) France
41. The great majority of the slaves sent to the Americas were to be employed in which of the following? A) Tobacco plantations of British North America B) Cotton plantations of British North America C) Gold and silver mines in Central and South America D) Coffee and sugar plantations in the Caribbean and South America
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42. What was the Middle Passage? A) The transfer of slaves from inland locations to coastal cities B) The voyage of African slaves to the Americas C) The transfer of slaves from ship to market D) The shipping lane from the American colonies to Europe
43. Most slaves exported by the Portuguese to Brazil came from A) Angola. B) Madagascar. C) Ethiopia. D) Swahili.
44. In the eighteenth century, what city was the world's greatest slave-trading port? A) Bristol B) London C) Liverpool D) Edinburgh 45. In the English slave trade, a “sorting” referred to which of the following? A) An assortment of slaves presented for inspection by English purchasers B) The throwing overboard of sick or weak slaves during the Middle Passage C) A selection of goods traded in one lot for a slave or slaves D) The division of Africans by age, gender, and perceived strength for a slave sale
46. What goods were African slaves traded for in the American colonies? A) Horses B) Raw materials C) Textiles D) Firearms
47. Who were the nhara? A) People of mixed African and European heritage B) Female slaves taken as concubines by their owners C) Dahomey slave raiders D) Women slave merchants in Guinea
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48. The term métis refers to whom when used in regard to Africa? A) African women who married European men B) European women who married African men C) People of mixed African and European ancestry D) African women sold as slaves for the sex industry
49. Scholars have determined that the transatlantic slave trade had what effect on African societies? A) It led to wars that destabilized the political structure of many states. B) It led to technological development because of population decline. C) It laid the foundation for European colonies. D) It hastened the Christianization of the sub-Sahara.
50. Which African state played a very active and profitable role in the transatlantic slave trade? A) Songhai Empire B) Swahili kingdom C) Kingdom of Senegambia D) Kingdom of Dahomey
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Answer Key 1. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. C 21. A 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. B 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. B 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. D 36. C 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. B 41. D 42. B 43. A 44. C
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45. C 46. B 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. D
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. In addition to the slave trade, what other economic impact did European powers have on West Africa?
2. Compare and contrast the economy of kingdoms in western African with those in eastern Africa during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
3. Describe the typical West African diet prior to the sixteenth century. How did contact with Europe alter that diet?
4. How is disease related to African enslavement in the Americas?
5. What factors led to low population growth in West Africa? How did the low population growth affect gender relations?
6. What kinds of external threats did Ethiopia face in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? How did Ethiopians deal with these threats?
7. What was the nature of trade and commerce in the Swahili city-states? What kinds of goods were traded?
8. How did the Portuguese take control of the trade between the Swahili city-states and the Indian Ocean trade networks? How long did that dominance last?
9. How did the transatlantic slave trade influence the economy of the European colonies of the Americas and beyond?
10. Male slaves were more highly desired in the Americas. Why? Was there a market in which female slaves were more highly desired? If so, where was this market, and why were women more highly prized?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Beginning in 1485, Benin began to trade with the Portuguese and the Dutch. In addition to slaves, they traded ivory and other products. Trade made Benin wealthy and able to withstand its neighbors' attempts to take its land. In Songhai, the elites of Timbuktu spent their trade money on European luxury goods such as clothes, glassware, and perfumes, as well as horses. Jews and Italians moved to the city as merchants. 2. Answer would ideally include: Both regions traded with non-African cultures. In the west, trade was with European and North African Islamic powers. In the east, the Swahili city-states participated in the Indian Ocean trade networks that brought goods from India and Southeast Asia into Africa. Both witnessed more trade with Europe over the time period, leading to eventual intervention of European powers in local economies and politics. 3. Answer would ideally include: West African peoples ate yams, cassava, bananas, and plantains. Crops were supplemented with fish. In the fifteenth century, contact with Europeans introduced corn, sweet potatoes, and new varieties of yams. 4. Answer would ideally include: In the Americas, isolation from the Eurasian-African landmass left most natives susceptible to diseases common to Europe, Asia, and Africa. Smallpox and other diseases brought by Europeans decimated the labor force in the Americas, so Europeans needed to consider alternatives. Already familiar with African slavery and the use of African slaves in agriculture, the Portuguese, and then the Spanish, decided to bring enslaved Africans to the Americas to do the hard labor. Africans had developed some immunity to particularly problematic diseases such as malaria and smallpox. These African laborers solved some labor shortages in the Americas. 5. Answer would ideally include: Because men were expected to produce a bride price, many men in West Africa delayed marriage, but women were still married at the onset of puberty. This allowed for women to have many years during marriage to produce children. Yet fertility was checked by the need to breastfeed infants (breastfeeding acts as a natural contraceptive). Food shortages and famines contributed to fewer pregnancies and—when pregnancy did occur—to high infant mortality rates. Disease was another common killer of infants. 6. Answer would ideally include: Ethiopia was a Coptic Christian kingdom whose two biggest threats came from Islam and Catholicism. In the early fifteenth century, the Islamic state of Adal devastated Ethiopia and forcibly converted thousands to Islam. The Ethiopian king asked the Portuguese for assistance, which they provided. Later, Jesuit missionaries also tried to alter the native Coptic religion. Militarily, Ethiopia was also threatened by the Galla and
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by Ottoman Turks, both of whom interfered with Ethiopian trade. Mostly, Ethiopia was forced to tolerate the incursions of these two peoples. 7. Answer would ideally include: The Swahili acted as middlemen in an Indian Ocean–East African economy that resembled early capitalism. Many goods moved from the Swahili city-states to the Indian Ocean trade networks: ivory, rhinoceros horns, tortoise shells, furniture, copra, and slaves left Africa, while perfumes, toilet articles, ink, paper, textiles, beads, and iron were imported. City-states like Mogadishu, Mombasa, and Kilwa were well known for their prosperity and high standard of living. 8. Answer would ideally include: Some of the Swahili city-states, such as Malindi, willingly made alliances with the Portuguese. Others were tricked into forming such alliances. Those cities that attempted to keep the Portuguese out were attacked. Some city-states were replaced with heavily fortified Portuguese ports, such as Kilwa, Zanzibar, and Sofala. The Portuguese control of the east coast did not last long; in about a century, they were driven out by native resistance and competition from Europeans and Arabs. The Portuguese had little cultural impact and, in fact, only helped bring about the decline of the city-states. 9. Answer would ideally include: The transatlantic slave trade that the British, as well as the Dutch, Portuguese, French, Americans, and others, participated in affected the economics of the European colonies in many ways. First, the trade provided cheap labor for colonial plantations, and thereby increased overall profits. The transatlantic trade was also part of a much larger trading network that is known in history as the “triangle trade.” In this system, European merchants traded European manufactured goods for enslaved Africans in Africa and then traveled to the Americas where they exchanged their human cargo for raw materials, which they then shipped back to sell in Europe. The importance of the slave trade extended beyond the Atlantic world. The expansion of capitalism, as well as the industrialization of Western societies, Egypt, and the nations of West, Central, and South Africa, all related in one way or another to the traffic in African people. 10. Answer would ideally include: In the Americas, male slaves were more important because most slaves performed heavy labor: farming and mining. In Asia and Africa, female slaves were sought after for sexual labor and because they were perceived as less of a threat (as women were less likely to rebel). The exception is the Cape Colony in Africa where male slaves were preferred.
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Chapter 21 Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Weigh the accomplishments and behavior of Zhu Yuanzhang to determine whether or not China benefited from his rule.
2. Compare and contrast the Qing Dynasty in China with the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan. How do they reflect their respective societies?
3. Although the Tokugawa shoguns attempted to freeze Japanese society in a single mold, in reality there was rapid social and economic change. Explain. 4. Historians describe Japanese society as “feudalistic.” What were the key features of Japanese feudalism? How did feudalism affect the nation's social, political, and economic development?
5. Between 1400 and 1800, both China and Japan came into increasing contact with Europe. How did each society respond to the increased European presence? How successful were China and Japan in controlling the impact of Europeans on their society?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Zhu Yuanzhang's personal accomplishments included coming from an impoverished background, becoming educated, and seizing control of a rebel army, the Red Turbans. Zhu used his power with the rebels to become emperor of China, starting his own dynasty, the Ming. His accomplishments as emperor included reforming taxes and compulsory labor requirements. He also reformed the military, making service compulsory for any family classed as “military.” He stationed garrisons along the northern border and tried to make the army self-sufficient. He was paranoid about the threat of Confucian officials and persecuted many of them. China benefited from the attempts at modifying taxes, but the army reform failed, and the persecution of officials undercut the government's stability. 2. Answer would ideally include: The Qing ruled China by taking over many traditional Chinese roles; the Manchus kept in place the imperial system, the examination system, and the use of strong military. Cities that resisted submission to the Qing were slaughtered or punished harshly. While the Qing had to mollify the native Chinese, the main concern for the Tokugawa was keeping the daimyo, or lords, under control. They did this by watching them and distracting them with court culture and protocol. The main objective of the Tokugawa was to centralize the government around the shogun. Qing emperors promoted education, literacy, and trade among the empire's diverse populations. They also punished any suspected sedition harshly. Similarly, the Tokugawa were cautious about non-Japanese culture but promoted native writings and allowed Chinese cultural influences into Japan. Trade in manufactured goods increased, and cities became specialized producers of craft items (such Hangzhou's association with textile production). The Tokugawa formed specialized guilds comparable to the Qing cities. Even more than the Qing, the Tokugawa formed a thriving commercial economy. The Qing expanded their boundaries, while the Tokugawa did not. Population grew in both empires, and in the Tokugawa, this also meant increased urbanization. Both governments, too, limited interactions with foreigners, including trade representatives and religious missionaries. 3. Answer would ideally include: Under the Tokugawa, the samurai were transformed from warriors into administrators, merchants, and well-off urban idlers. A national market developed for the cash crops produced by an increasingly efficient agriculture. The merchant classes grew stronger and wealthier––in fact, a kind of early capitalism evolved under the Tokugawa. Japan developed a cash economy, institutions for saving and investing money, and companies with a wide geographic reach. Population increased rapidly, and Japan urbanized. 4. Answer would ideally include: The basic institutions of Japanese feudalism are in place by the Tokugawa era: shogun, daimyo, and samurai. As in Europe, warriors such as the samurai were
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expensive for the daimyo/lords to maintain. In Japan, however, the samurai were more likely to operate as hired mercenaries than the knights of Europe. Several new, feudal-style traditions emerged during the Tokugawa era, such as the introduction of primogeniture, foot soldiers, and cannon (innovations from the West). These were followed by an increase in chronic disorder. Feudal disorder in both Europe and Japan could lead to the rise of centralizing leaders, such as Oda Nobunaga in Japan. As in Europe, one of the most significant roles of the lords/daimyo was as local administrators, especially over peasant farmland. 5. Answer would ideally include: Missionaries played a key role in bringing Europe into contact with China and Japan, although in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they played a larger role in Japan than in China. The British sent Lord Macartney to China as an official diplomat, formally opening China to European trade, albeit reluctantly on the part of the Chinese. The Chinese had a longer history of interaction with Europe, via the Silk Road and merchants such as Marco Polo. China eagerly participated in the new, Europe-dominated trade in Asia, willingly trading raw materials such as cotton and tea for silver. For China, the increased economic presence of European traders and the influx of bullion continued. This trade contributed to Chinese prosperity. The Japanese response—equating Christian missionary activity with domestic disorder—was to close off Japanese society from European contact. Despite this policy, many Japanese were attracted to Western civilization.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-9: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Ming Dynasty b. civil service examinations c. Qing Dynasty d. banners e. Nô theater f. daimyo g. Tokugawa Shogunate h. alternate residence system i. kabuki theater
1. A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels to select men to become officials.
2. Arrangement in which lords lived in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages.
3. A popular form of Japanese drama that brings together dialogue, dance, and music to tell stories. The actors wear colorful costumes and dramatic makeup.
4. A type of Japanese theater in which performers convey emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
5. The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
6. The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of agricultural reconstruction, foreign expeditions, commercial expansion, and vibrant urban culture.
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7. The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
8. Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
9. Units of the Qing army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
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Answer Key 1. b. civil service examinations 2. h. alternate residence system 3. i. kabuki theater 4. e. Nô theater 5. g. Tokugawa Shogunate 6. a. Ming Dynasty 7. c. Qing Dynasty 8. f. daimyo 9. d. banners
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following describes the early life of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty? A) He was the son of a disgraced noble. B) He was a merchant's son. C) He was the son of a Mongol general. D) He was a penniless orphan.
2. What was Zhu Yuanzhang's adult path to becoming emperor? A) From tax collector to soldier to emperor B) From merchant to rebel to emperor C) From monk to rebel to general to emperor D) From soldier to rebel to prisoner to emperor
3. Named by Zhu Yuanzhang, what does Ming mean? A) Beautiful B) Bright C) Flawless D) Heavenly 4. When did Zhu Yuanzhang proclaim himself “Taizu,” or the Hongwu emperor? A) When he took control of Nanjing B) After he assassinated the Mongol emperor C) Once he defeated the Red Turbans D) When his armies captured Beijing
5. In 1380, Taizu became convinced that who was plotting to assassinate him? A) Daoist monks B) His chancellor C) Mongol spies D) Red Turbans
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6. The Ming emperor Chengzu (Yongle) moved the capital from Nanjing to where? A) Shanghai B) Xi'an C) Yangzi D) Beijing
7. Within Beijing was the Forbidden City, which served as what? A) The government's offices B) A Buddhist temple C) The imperial palace D) A group of imperial tombs
8. The Yuan Grand Canal, which linked Beijing to the Yangzi River, was widened under the Ming to supply which of the following to the capital? A) Water B) Soldiers C) Salt D) Grain
9. Under Taizu, many boys who were turned into eunuchs were taken from where? A) The imperial family B) Non-Chinese areas in the south C) Mongol regions in the north D) Korea and Vietnam territories
10. In the fifteenth century, the eunuch establishment had become so large that it rivaled what other group? A) The army B) The Yuan Dynasty C) Confucian scholars D) The civil service
11. Who captured the Chinese emperor in 1449? A) Europeans B) Peasants during an uprising C) Eunuchs in a conspiracy D) The khan of the western Mongols
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12. Why was the Great Wall built by the Ming? A) To mark the empire's northern boundary B) To protect against the Mongol threat C) So a road could be built on top of it D) To prevent an invasion from Tibet
13. What ideology spread to the Mongols in 1577? A) Tibetan Buddhism B) Red Turban teachings C) Christianity D) Confucianism
14. The leader of the Yellow Hat, or Gelug-pa sect of Buddhism, later became known by what title? A) Maitreya B) King of Gelug-pa C) Great Khan D) Dalai Lama
15. What was a major difference between Ming China and Europe? A) China refused to trade with other cultures. B) China lacked a hereditary, titled aristocracy. C) China renounced warfare and the military. D) Merchants in China were respected and powerful.
16. In Ming China, social status was based on which of the following? A) Land ownership B) Education C) Military status D) Daoist piety
17. How were almost all of the Ming government officials chosen? A) They were eunuchs and personally loyal to the emperor. B) They were drawn from the landed aristocracy. C) They were recruited through civil service examinations. D) They were relatives of the imperial family.
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18. By the sixteenth century, Ming publishers began producing what type of books? A) Books based on Confucian classics B) Books written in the vernacular C) Translated foreign texts D) Books printed on silk paper, a sign of wealth
19. Matteo Ricci visited Ming China from 1583 to 1610 and described the popularity of what among the Ming? A) Plays B) Novels C) Travel D) Christianity
20. What was the staple food source of the majority of central and southern China? A) Fish B) Wheat C) Rice D) Sorghum
21. One of the major agricultural innovations was the introduction of what into rice paddies? A) Algae B) Fish C) Fruit trees D) Terraces
22. Why did Taizu and the Ming plant nearly a billion trees? A) To promote themselves as Daoist and pro-nature B) To create new forests in which to settle disruptive peasants C) To produce timber for ships and help the agricultural revolution D) To feed the silkworms that provided silk for imperial robes
23. One major hardship faced by the Ming was gangs of which of the following? A) Korean refugees B) Failed scholars C) Former soldiers D) Poor merchants
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24. What was used most commonly for money in the Ming period? A) Paper B) Silver C) Copper D) Rice
25. What were two dominant Chinese exports during the Ming period? A) Rice and tea B) Porcelain and silk C) Opium and sugar D) Cotton and tobacco
26. What happened to the last Ming emperor in 1644? A) He was captured by rebels. B) He was exiled to Mongolia. C) He entered a monastery. D) He committed suicide.
27. The Qing Dynasty was founded by what people? A) Manchus B) Mongols C) Jerchens D) Quan
28. What did the Manchus have in common with the Mongols? A) They called their leader khan. B) They had invaded China from the south. C) They had a strongly hierarchical social structure. D) They had converted to Tibetan Buddhism.
29. Who of the following were interspersed between Manchu settlements? A) Korean merchants B) Chinese military units C) Buddhist monks D) Groups of nomadic Mongols
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30. Which of the following referred to units of the Qing army that were composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves? A) Banners B) Circles C) Clans D) Phalanxes
31. The Qianlong emperor learned to speak many languages, including Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, Uighur, and which of the following? A) Dutch B) Tibetan C) Japanese D) Korean
32. Which of the following did the Qianlong emperor sometimes do when the Qing treasury became full from trade profits? A) He gave people free land. B) He offered rebates to taxpayers. C) He paid people to not work. D) He cancelled taxes.
33. What military advantage did the Qing have over the Mongols? A) Cannon B) Bows C) Catapults D) Body armor
34. In the fifteenth century, Japanese Muromachi culture was heavily influenced by which of the following? A) European absolutism B) Zen Buddhism C) Confucian ethics D) Repeated foreign invasions
35. During the Ashikaga Shogunate, the government's capital was in what city? A) Tokyo B) Kamakura C) Kyoto D) Kochi
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36. Which of the following was a major feature of Japanese Nô theater? A) Elaborate costumes and lavish staging B) Realism that focused on the lives and problems of ordinary people C) Poetry only, no spoken dialogue D) Simple staging and stylized gestures and stances
37. During the civil war, which group of people banded together to hire mercenaries to protect cities? A) Merchants B) Monks C) Samurai D) Officials
38. During the Japanese civil war in the middle of the sixteenth century, what role did the daimyo have? A) They allied themselves with the Lotus League. B) They were appointed by shoguns to help fight rival samurai. C) They set up a commoner-run government that collected taxes and settled disputes. D) They were local warlords who operated independently of the government.
39. How did the daimyo deal with the violence of the civil war? A) They moved to Kyoto. B) They built castles surrounded by moats and stone walls. C) They invited the Portuguese to build forts. D) They made an alliance against the shogun.
40. What did Hideyoshi have in common with the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang? A) They were from peasant families. B) They were monks before gaining power. C) They were scholars as well as soldiers. D) They were afraid of dying and sought out magic for protection.
41. Hideyoshi's great sword hunt of 1588 disarmed which class? A) Samurai B) Daimyo C) Mercenaries D) Farmers
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42. In a policy reminiscent of France's Louis XIV, how did Tokugawa Ieyasu control the feudal lords? A) He confiscated their estates. B) He forced them to periodically reside at his capital. C) He employed men from the merchant class as government officials. D) He required them to perform military service.
43. During the Edo period, who remained an important trading partner for Japan? A) Portugal B) China C) Korea D) Mongolia
44. Under the Tokugawa, how were the roles of many daimyo transformed? A) Many daimyo became wealthy merchants. B) War and poverty turned many into rural peasants. C) To atone for their violence, many became Shinto priests. D) Many daimyo became idle urban consumers.
45. Although the shoguns forbade travel by commoners, commoners could get permission to do which of the following? A) Go on a pilgrimage B) Visit relatives in China C) Work on someone else's farm D) Travel in search of different prices for goods
46.
What was the status of merchants in Tokugawa Japan? A) They had tremendous influence over the shogun. B) They had the right to one-third of all tax-rice in the cities. C) They had no relationships with the daimyo. D) They had economic wealth but no political power.
47. Was divorce possible among the peasant classes in Tokugawa Japan? A) Yes; it was available to both men and women. B) No; it was essentially nonexistent. C) It was possible for men but widely condemned by Buddhist priests. D) Yes, but it was an option only husbands could exercise.
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48. The third Ming emperor, Chengzu (Yongle), authorized a number of voyages under the leadership of A) Taizu. B) Zheng He. C) Tsong-kha-pa. D) Yuan Kim.
49. In 1557, where did the Chinese allow the Portuguese to set up a trading base? A) Macao B) Shanghai C) Canton D) Hong Kong
50. How did Japan's trade relations evolve between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries? A) Trade relations increasingly favored the interests of Portugal. B) European business accounted for half of the government's annual revenue. C) The Japanese excluded the British from trade opportunities. D) Japan's trade relations with Europeans became more limited and restrictive.
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Answer Key 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. C 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. A 34. B 35. C 36. D 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. A 41. D 42. B 43. B 44. D
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45. A 46. D 47. A 48. B 49. A 50. D
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What Mongol practices did Taizu retain in his new Ming empire?
2. What role did education play in Ming society and government?
3. What kinds of books were popular in the Ming period? What does this reveal about Ming culture in general?
4. What was the market culture of the Ming like?
5. What factors contributed to the rise in population in Qing China?
6. What role did the daimyo play in shaping the politics of Japan in the late Ashikaga era?
7. What forces encouraged the growth of cities under the Tokugawa?
8. Describe the voyages of Zheng He. What was their purpose, and were they successful?
9. What factors limited the success of Christian missionaries in China and Japan?
10. Was Macartney's mission to China a success? Why or why not?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Although in many ways anti-Mongol, Taizu retained some Yuan practices. One was setting up provinces as the administrative layer between the central government and the prefectures (local governments a step above counties). He also retained the Mongol practice of requiring hereditary service for artisan and military households. Any family officially classed as military had to send a soldier to the army to keep up a constant supply of soldiers. 2. Answer would ideally include: Although Taizu was educated before becoming emperor, beginning with his rule, Ming emperors distrusted and persecuted educated officials. Still, learning continued to be an important part of Chinese culture because status in China was based on government offices acquired through education. Despite the harsh and arbitrary ways in which Ming emperors treated civil servants, there was still a great demand to be educated and enter service with the government. This demand expanded the role of civil service examinations; nearly all officials were chosen from these examinations. While boys from well-off families had a significant advantage in the exams because they could pay for tutors, the exams increased social mobility by opening the scholar class to a wider range of the Chinese population. 3. Answer would ideally include: Printing made books and reading more popular than ever. The Ming read fiction, reference books, religious tracts (including books of personal piety, such as ledgers for calculating the morality of one's deeds), short stories, and plays. Books were illustrated and in the vernacular. Full-length novels were popular and drew on traditional tales. The variety of this reading material shows the diversity of educational interests of the Ming people, as well as their continuing respect and interest in the past and traditional Confucian values. 4. Answer would ideally include: Many goods were traded in Ming China. Large towns had permanent markets, while smaller towns had visiting markets. Markets included pawnbrokers and money lenders. Other manufactured goods such as pins, matches, lamp oil, candles, paper, incense, and tobacco were popular. Tobacco indicates the connections between the Ming and the larger trading world. The merchant class included wealthy members and itinerant salesmen who moved from market to market. Commerce was a lively part of Ming life. 5. Answer would ideally include: The Chinese population appears to have doubled in the eighteenth century due to a natural factor and several factors caused by man. The world climate became warmer in the eighteenth century, which lengthened growing seasons worldwide. Longer growing seasons led to bigger harvests and thus to healthier, more fertile people. Crops introduced from the New World, the decrease in the spread of diseases following the
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breakup of the Mongol Empire and their extensive trade networks, and the ability of the Qing government to deal with famines all lead to a healthier and larger population. 6. Answer would ideally include: The daimyo contributed to the political instability of Japan in the sixteenth century. As the Ashikaga shoguns became weak, the daimyo built up personal power bases. The daimyo worked independently of the shoguns. They seized land, developed it, built castles on it, hired samurai warriors to fight for them, and created a daimyo culture. Oda Nobunaga is an example of a daimyo who amassed a tremendous amount of power in this period. 7. Answer would ideally include: During the seventeenth century, Japan's cities grew in size owing to the migration of underemployed farmers and samurai. Cities also became magnets for the adventurous. Tokugawa encouragement of trade, development of a cash economy, and the shogun's residence system (which required the daimyo to spend part of every year at Edo and thus part of every year in transit) encouraged the concentration of populations in cities. Urban culture grew in popularity. 8. Answer would ideally include: The third Ming emperor sent the Muslim eunuch Zheng He on a series of expeditions on the Indian Ocean. Zheng He followed the traditional Arab trade routes, stopping at each major trade center or port and giving messages of China's peaceful intentions and lavish gifts of Chinese crafts to the local rulers. Rulers were invited to visit China and were promised passage back. Zheng He also used force to subdue Chinese pirates and depose rulers he found unacceptable. Gifts were brought back to the Ming emperor. Zheng He's voyages were diplomatic and renewed already established trade contacts. In that way, they were a success, although the government soon retreated from an active role in trade and left it to private investors. 9. Answer would ideally include: Jesuits were the first missionaries to arrive in both regions during the sixteenth century and at first were very successful in conversion. In Japan, however, Christian missionaries and converts in Kyushu participated in a revolt against Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the shogun associated Christianity with disorder. From 1639 onward, Christian missionaries were persecuted and expelled. In China, initial successes relied on accommodating native Confucianism with Catholicism, and this approach was opposed by Franciscans and Dominicans, who caused the Jesuits to retreat from that approach. This angered the Kangxi emperor, who banned Christian missionary work in China. 10. Answer would ideally include: King George III sent Lord Macartney in the 1790s to open up trade relations between England and China. Macartney was not successful; the emperor of China was not impressed with the gifts sent by King George and felt that China was self-sufficient, so the system of trade that was in place was not changed. However, information about Chinese culture and social customs was relayed back to Europe as a result of
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Macartney's mission.
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Chapter 22 Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Liberalism inspired political revolutionaries in both North America and France. What was liberalism? How was it manifested in the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights in the United States and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the Civil Code in France? What were the limits of liberalism in all of these documents?
2. It has been argued that financial crises rooted in the Seven Years' War set off the wave of liberal revolutions (successful and unsuccessful) that submerged Europe and the Americas between 1775 and 1824. Defend this proposition.
3. Compare the origins of the American and French revolutions. In what ways do the factors behind each revolution reflect the situation in each country? How did these factors influence the course of each revolution?
4. The common people of France, both rural and urban, played a significant role in the French Revolution. Discuss their role in the events of the summer and fall of 1789, during the National Convention, the Reign of Terror, and the Thermidorian reaction. What motivated the peasants and the sans-culottes? How successful would the Revolution have been without the actions of the common people?
5. The Atlantic revolutions, spanning from France to North and South America, shared many common traits. But in important ways, they were also very different. Discuss some of the broad similarities and differences in the Atlantic revolutions.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Eighteenth-century liberty focused on individual political rights, such as freedom to worship, an end to censorship, the right to private property, and freedom from arbitrary laws. Each of the documents listed in the question implemented some liberal ideas. The Declaration of Independence spoke of a pursuit of happiness, stressing individual needs and equality of all men. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights spoke of freedoms of the press, speech, and religion, as well as trial by jury, due process, and rights of individuals to assemble. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen promised equality before the law, representative government, and individual freedoms, while Napoleon's Civil Code guaranteed equality of all male citizens before the law and the security of wealth and property. None of these documents, however, offered such rights to women, nor did the American Constitution repudiate slavery. 2. Answer would ideally include: France, Britain, and Spain were all combatants in the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence. As a result of the Seven Years' War, the British government attempted to raise taxes in its American colonies, a move that ultimately provoked the American break for independence. In France, Louis XVI called the Estates General to deal with the financial crisis caused by the French government's inability to cope with its debt from the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence. Thus, the huge expenditures of increasingly powerful centralized states on global war contributed a great deal to the outbreak of liberal revolutions. 3. Answer would ideally include: In both revolutions, the Enlightenment played an important role by introducing liberal ideas and goals. The main goal of the American Revolution was to achieve political independence from the British Parliament. Although Parliament ruled the colonies as it did the rest of Britain, the American colonists felt that they deserved more liberty. No onerous economic or social burdens had been placed on the colonists; in fact, their economic wealth was a key factor in leading them to demand more political power. The noble classes of France also wanted more political power in relation to the absolutist monarchy of the king; ironically, they wanted to create the same kind of constitutional monarchy the Americans were rejecting. In France, however, impoverished peasants and poor urban workers were rebelling against more pressing economic and social problems. The role of economic and social relations is critical to the explanation of why the French Revolution was so much more violent than the American Revolution. 4. Answer would ideally include: The storming of the Bastille was the event that turned the affair in France into revolution. This was followed by the Great Fear and the revolt of the French peasantry. Faced with common agitation and protests, the National Assembly responded by revoking all old noble privileges and church tithing. The peasants and urban poor had forced the liberals to advance the Revolution to the next level. Other commoner events
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played a role in agitating for more progressive liberal reforms. In all of these events, the peasants were motivated by immediate needs: food shortages, high taxes, and desire for more political power. Commoners also collaborated at important times, such as during the Reign of Terror, and in the process, they began to develop a new sense of national identity. Ultimately, the commoners became politicized throughout the Revolution, and these parties' competition helped to politicize and radicalize Parisians in particular—so much so that Parisians became aware of their political power. It was the actions of the commoners that pushed the liberals to draft constitutions and implement reforms. 5. Answer would ideally include: A good answer will include a discussion of how people responded to the old regime, the growth of new liberal ideas, social conflict, the issue of slavery, and the political aftermath. Europeans and North and South Americans were united in their desire for an end to special privileges and drew heavily on liberal ideas of equality. Yet few reformers envisioned a true social or economic equality. While slaveholders led the revolution in the Thirteen Colonies, a slave revolt created the independent nation of Haiti. As this suggests, the aftermath of the revolutions brought different results. After a few years of Bonapartism, France returned to monarchy, the United States transitioned to a republic that continued to be divided by slavery, and although Latin American nations achieved independence, political stability was elusive.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-16: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Treaty of Paris b. Declaration of Independence c. Antifederalists d. Estates General e. National Assembly f. Jacobin club g. Mountain h. Girondists i. sans-culottes j. Reign of Terror k. Thermidorian reaction l. Napoleonic Code m. Grand Empire n. Continental System o. Creoles p. peninsulares
1. The period from 1793 to 1794, during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed.
2. A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military.
3. The 1776 document in which the American colonies declared independence from Great Britain and recast traditional English rights as universal human rights.
4. The 1763 peace treaty that ended the Seven Years' War, according vast French territories in North America and India to Britain and Louisiana to Spain.
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5. French representative assembly formed in 1789 by the delegates of the third estate and some members of the clergy, the second estate.
6. French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property.
7. A term for natives of Spain and Portugal.
8. People of Spanish or other European descent born in the Americas.
9. Opponents of the American Constitution who felt it diminished individual rights and accorded too much power to the federal government at the expense of the states.
10. The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the term came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.
11. Traditional representative body of the three estates of France that met in 1789 in response to imminent state bankruptcy.
12. Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which led the Convention in 1793.
13. A political club during the French Revolution to which many of the deputies of the Legislative Assembly belonged.
14. A reaction in 1794 to the violence of the Reign of Terror, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.
15. A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.
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16. The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain.
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Answer Key 1. j. Reign of Terror 2. n. Continental System 3. b. Declaration of Independence 4. a. Treaty of Paris 5. e. National Assembly 6. l. Napoleonic Code 7. p. peninsulares 8. o. Creoles 9. c. Antifederalists 10. i. sans-culottes 11. d. Estates General 12. g. Mountain 13. f. Jacobin club 14. k. Thermidorian reaction 15. h. Girondists 16. m. Grand Empire
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What was one of the special privileges enjoyed by European nobility in the eighteenth century? A) They had a monopoly on road tariffs. B) They were given the right to purchase titles. C) They were given an exemption from taxes. D) They could take control of a guild of their choosing.
2. What was one of the results of the increase in population and urbanization during the eighteenth century? A) There were more job opportunities than ever before. B) Inflation grew, making it more difficult for urban people to afford food and rent. C) Common people were freed from paying taxes and fees. D) Economic freedoms increased, but more legal restrictions were introduced.
3. Who were the bourgeoisie? A) Children of mixed aristocracy B) Wealthy, educated commoners C) Merchant marriages D) Poor but titled nobles
4. By the late eighteenth century, European law recognized only what kinds of people as slaves? A) People who could not pay their debts B) Eastern Europeans born to illiterate parents C) Anyone not born into the elite, noble class D) Africans or people of African descent
5. What did eighteenth-century reformers believe about the rule of monarchs? A) That it should be constrained by the will of the people B) That it could be limitless as long as it was benevolent C) That it should be completely abolished in favor of democracy D) That it should be open to debates among the wealthy
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6. John Locke believed that a government should A) be invested in a democracy. B) be served by an absolute monarch. C) protect those who won property. D) work through Parliament.
7. In the Americas, the Seven Years' War was a border dispute between the colonies of what two countries? A) Britain and France B) Spain and Portugal C) Portugal and the Netherlands D) England and Prussia
8. Which of the following was included in the 1763 Treaty of Paris? A) Spain ceded Louisiana to France as compensation for France's loss of Florida to Britain. B) France gave up most of its holdings in India, opening the way to British dominance on the subcontinent. C) Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi River passed to Spain. D) France lost control of all of its colonial holdings, and its profitable Caribbean colonies passed to Britain.
9. What did both Britain and France do as a result of the Seven Years' War? A) Lost all their colonies B) Dominated European politics C) Began to focus more on Asia D) Raised taxes
10. Which of the following was a difference between life in England and life in the British North American colonies? A) The right to vote was more widespread in England than it was in the colonies. B) British colonists did not have an established church. C) There was greater social and economic equality in England than in the colonies. D) British colonists could not hold assemblies or meetings.
11. What did the Coercive Acts of 1774 do? A) Forced the colonists to pay taxes B) Expanded American representation in Parliament C) Banned the Continental Congress D) Closed the port of Boston and curtailed local elections
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12. Which of the following did the British use to assist their efforts in the American Revolution? A) Terror tactics B) German mercenaries C) Mass extermination D) Offers of a compromise
13. Who wrote Common Sense? A) John Adams B) Benjamin Franklin C) John Locke D) Thomas Paine
14. In 1778, rebels in the American War of Independence made a formal alliance with what European country? A) France B) Russia C) Spain D) Portugal
15. In 1783, American independence was recognized in what treaty? A) The Treaty of New York B) The Treaty of Paris C) The Treaty of London D) The Treaty of Ghent
16. Why did the Antifederalists oppose the American Constitution? A) They thought it granted too much power to the states. B) They thought it prohibited a standing army. C) They thought it made the federal government too strong. D) They thought it instituted too many taxes.
17.
One of the first acts of the American Congress was to A) ban participation in the international slave trade. B) prohibit the sale of slaves between states. C) protect the land of Native American tribes. D) declare its support for the principle of one person, one vote.
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18. In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on which of the following? A) The military B) Activities at the royal court C) Government administration D) Interest payments on the nation's ever-increasing debt
19. What did Louis XVI's finance ministers propose that he tax in 1787 in order to pay the national debt? A) The sale of bread B) All paper documents C) All landed property D) All peasant income
20. What was the Estates General? A) The annual assembly of nobility B) A meeting of the men who held large estates C) The French legislative assembly D) An assembly of commoners held in Paris every five years
21. Who did Abbé Sieyès argue should have more authority in the Estates General? A) The landed nobility B) The third estate C) The high-ranking clergy D) Royal ministers
22. In the Tennis Court Oath, the delegates of the third estate pledged to not disband until they had been recognized as a national assembly and had A) written a new constitution. B) secured the right to vote for all Frenchmen. C) repealed all taxes. D) forced Louis XVI to abdicate.
23. What did Louis XVI do in response to the demands of the National Assembly? A) Granted all of its requests B) Abdicated in favor of his son C) Seized land from all the nobles D) Called an army toward the capital to bring the delegates under control
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24. Which of the following caused grain prices to soar in 1788? A) A tax on grain B) Peasants refusing to work C) A poor harvest D) A boycott of bakeries
25. What were the people of Paris looking for when they stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789? A) Food B) Weapons C) The king D) Money
26. What was the Great Fear? A) Landlords' use of vagabonds to seek vengeance on unruly peasants B) An uprising of the urban poor C) Peasant uprisings in the country side D) A campaign by rural parish priests to instill a greater fear of god in the people
27. On August 27, 1789, the National Assembly issued a statement of principles known as which of the following? A) The Social Contract B) The Articles of Principles C) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen D) The Great Charter
28. What important document did Olympe de Gouges write? A) Declaration of the Rights of Peasants B) Declaration of the Rights of Merchants C) Declaration of the Rights of Slaves D) Declaration of the Rights of Woman
29.
Edmund Burke, in his 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France, A) defended the actions of Robespierre during the Reign of Terror. B) supported the actions of the peasants and sans-culottes. C) argued that reform like that occurring in France would only lead to chaos and tyranny. D) championed the liberal ideology that led to the Revolution.
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30. Why did European kings initially welcome the French Revolution? A) They had hopes for liberal reforms. B) It weakened France, which they saw as a competing power. C) They hoped it would spread to England and weaken it. D) They hoped that it would scare their peasants.
31. What was the purpose of Austria's and Prussia's Declaration of Pillnitz? A) It announced a declaration of war on France. B) It offered money to the French National Assembly. C) It offered to support Louis XVI. D) It proclaimed sympathy for merchants.
32. In 1792, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were imprisoned and accused of which of the following? A) Treason B) Fraud C) Violating peasant rights D) Embezzlement
33. The Mountain was able to defeat the Girondists in the National Assembly by allying with what group of people? A) The sans-culottes B) The women of Paris C) Austria and Prussia D) High-ranking clergy in the Catholic Church
34. Who dominated the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror? A) Abbé Sieyès B) Napoleon Bonaparte C) Georges Danton D) Maximilien Robespierre
35. What group did the Jacobins try to suppress as part of their efforts to establish national unity? A) Sans-culottes B) Writers C) Women D) Peasants
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36. The Thermidorian reaction saw what group reassert its authority in French politics? A) The nobles B) The middle class C) The monarchists D) The peasantry
37. Why did the Directory continue to support France's military expansion? A) They feared the army would turn against them if it was recalled. B) They hoped to spread republican revolution throughout Europe. C) The wars helped to alleviate domestic economic problems, including unemployment. D) They feared a coup d'état if they made peace.
38. The Napoleonic Code asserted two fundamental principles of the revolution, the legal equality of all male citizens and what else? A) Equality of women B) A strong military C) Absolute protection of wealth and property D) Universal suffrage
39. Why did Napoleon negotiate the Concordat of 1801 with the pope? A) He was a devout Catholic. B) He was afraid that the pope would throw his support to France's opponents. C) He hoped that the Catholic Church would help stabilize society and maintain order. D) He wanted to use Church funds to help operate the French government.
40. How can France be described politically under Napoleon? A) It saw the rise of three major political parties. B) It was governed by authoritarianism. C) It allowed freedom of speech and the press. D) It gave women more political power than ever before.
41. What stopped Napoleon's plans to invade Britain? A) He was wrapped up in a war with Austria and Holland. B) France's signing of the Treaty of Amiens prevented him from invading. C) His navy experienced huge losses at the Battle of Trafalgar. D) He decided to attack Russia instead.
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42. What was a consequence of Napoleon's Grand Empire? A) It encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism. B) It brought a return of serfdom to parts of Europe. C) It was generally popular among the local populations. D) It led Napoleon to be regarded as the “liberator of Europe.”
43. After he was defeated at Waterloo in 1815, what happened to Napoleon? A) He was executed. B) He was imprisoned in Paris. C) He was imprisoned on the island of St. Helena. D) He was exiled to Elba.
44. The white elites of Saint-Domingue were angered when the National Assembly in France granted political rights to whom in 1791? A) Slaves B) Native Americans C) Women D) Free people of color
45. In August 1791, who revolted on the island of Saint-Domingue? A) Free people of color B) Slaves C) All people of color D) Spanish laborers
46. Why did civil war break out in Saint-Domingue in 1799? A) Tensions between freed slaves and free people of color created the conflict. B) White elites invited the Spanish army to help defeat the freed slaves. C) White elites received reinforcements and moved against the freed slaves. D) Freed slaves allied with slaves from other islands to defeat colonists.
47. What was one of the goals of Spain's reform program in its colonies in the eighteenth century? A) To bring the church under tighter control B) To improve colonial manufacturing C) To squelch all liberal ideas D) To revive silver production
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48. What is true about the relationship between the Creoles and the peninsulares in Latin America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? A) The Creoles resented the economic and political dominance of the peninsulares. B) The two groups joined forces against the Indians and mestizos. C) Both competed for favors from Spain. D) The peninsulares tried to woo the Creoles into an alliance.
49. Spaniards, Creoles, and Indian nobles joined forces to defeat who in 1780? A) Simon Bolivar B) Tupac Amaru C) Toussaint L'Ouverture D) The Cabildos
50. The ruling royal family of a European country fled to what colony to protect its dynasty? A) Haiti B) Peru C) Mexico D) Brazil
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Answer Key 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. C 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. C 32. A 33. A 34. D 35. C 36. B 37. C 38. C 39. C 40. B 41. C 42. A 43. C 44. D
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45. B 46. A 47. A 48. A 49. B 50. D
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. In the eighteenth century, what factors erased the old distinctions between the aristocracy and merchants?
2. What other European countries became involved in the American Revolution, and why?
3. What limited France's ability to pay its national debts in the 1780s?
4. In what ways did the three estates of the Estates General agree and disagree on issues in 1789?
5. How did the National Assembly change the religious culture of France?
6. With whom did the National Convention go to war, and why? How did they conduct themselves at war?
7. What were the economic reforms of the Committee of Public Safety under Robespierre? What role did the sans-culottes play in these reforms?
8. What were the three basic components of Napoleon's Grand Empire? How did this imperial organization affect the course of European history?
9. Why did Britain and Spain become involved in the revolts in Saint-Domingue?
10. What were the goals of Simón Bolívar? Were they achieved?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The growth of economy increased the financial divide between the rich and poor but erased some of the distinctions between the middle class and the aristocracy. The aristocracy began to invest their money into business and industry, while merchants used their new wealth to buy land, estates, and titles. Intermarriage between the two classes also erased some of the boundaries. 2. Answer would ideally include: The French sent guns, gunpowder, and volunteers to assist the American rebels because of their desire to get revenge on the British for defeating them in the Seven Years' War. Spain and the Netherlands also declared war on Britain, and Russia led the League of Armed Neutrality to limit the ability of the British to ship goods and men to America. The French probably wanted to gain more territory in the colonies at the expense of Britain. The other countries were also concerned with the British victory in the Seven Years' War and the growing strength of the British trade empire. 3. Answer would ideally include: King Louis XV tried to raise taxes to pay for France's costs in the Seven Years' War, but the high courts of France, the parlements, refused to agree to the increase in taxes, in part because Louis was threatening to tax the nobles. Louis then turned to outside moneylenders, which increased the national debt. By the 1780s, over half of the French budget went to paying the interest on the debt. France had no central bank, no paper currency, and no means of creating credit to cover these debts. Furthermore, France's tax system was out of date and needed reform. The failed harvest of 1788 also limited resources. 4. Answer would ideally include: All three estates wanted to replace the absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy and grant more powers to the Estates General to approve laws and taxes. The three estates disagreed, however, on which of them would dominate the reformed Estates General. The more numerous third estate wanted to create a unified Estates General in which they dominated, but the nobles of the first estate wanted to protect their privileges. 5. Answer would ideally include: The National Assembly weakened the power of the Catholic Church in France by repealing the traditional tithes the commoners owed to the church. It granted religious freedom to French Jews and Protestants, nationalized the Catholic Church's property, and abolished the monasteries. The church's former property was used to provide collateral for a new paper currency. In 1790, the Assembly attempted to liberalize the church by creating a Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which formed a national church and an elected priesthood. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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Austria and Prussia declared themselves against the National Convention in 1791, when the French monarch and his family were arrested for treason. Monarchies themselves, Austria and Prussia viewed the arrest of a king as unacceptable and said they were declaring war on Louis XVI's behalf. The French responded by declaring outright war on the Austrian Habsburg emperor, as a war against tyranny. Prussian forces joined in on the side of Austria. In 1793, the National Convention declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain, in part because the French were occupying land in Belgium and were concerned about international reprisals. The enemies of France came to be known as the First Coalition. 7. Answer would ideally include: The sans-culottes, whose support had helped put Robespierre in charge of the Committee of Public Safety, pushed for reforms of fair prices, moral economic order, and a planned economy designed to limit the power of wealthy capitalists and aristocrats. Maximum prices were instituted, fixing the price of bread on behalf of the poor of Paris. 8. Answer would ideally include: The three parts of Napoleon's empire included the continued expansion of France proper (adding Belgium, Holland, parts of northern Italy, and German territory), dependent satellite kingdoms, and independent but allied kingdoms (Austria, Prussia, and Russia). Both satellites and allied states were expected to support Napoleon's Continental System of blockades against England. This division of Europe created blocks of alliances that persisted throughout the nineteenth century and tended to isolate Britain. 9. Answer would ideally include: The Spanish had a colony nearby, Santo Domingo, and supported the rebel slaves, bringing slave leaders and soldiers into the Spanish army. The British navy blockaded the colony, and British troops captured French territory. Both Spain and Britain were trying to take advantage of the instability of the French colony to seize more colonial territory. 10. Answer would ideally include: Bolívar came from an aristocratic background and gained important military experience. His first effort to gain independence for a United States of Venezuela failed quickly, but he continued his fight against Spanish forces and declared New Granada a republic in 1819. His dreams of an even greater union could not overcome the differences of the land, and he wound up greatly disillusioned.
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Chapter 23 Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Why was Britain the first industrial nation?
2. The railroad has been called the crowning glory of the Industrial Revolution. Describe the impact of the railroad on the development of industry in Britain and on the European continent.
3. After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, industrialization began to spread to the European continent. Trace the course of industrial development there. What were the key features of this development? What were the positive and negative aspects of being a “follower” nation?
4. The Industrial Revolution not only transformed British industry and society, but it also called forth a multifaceted reform effort to cope with the societal problems created by industrialization. What were the goals and motivations of both the parliamentary reform movement and the labor movement in nineteenth-century Britain? What were the successes and failures?
5. What was the impact of industrialization on the women of Britain? Were these changes positive or negative? How have historians interpreted these changes?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Several factors prepared England to take the lead in the Industrial Revolution, including the country's physical environment (availability of water transport), the impact of the Agricultural Revolution, a strong cottage industry, government stability and a positive attitude toward commercial and industrial expansion, a unified national market, capitalistic spirit, human capital in terms of labor and technological innovators, and credit facilities and instruments (such as the Bank of England and limited liability). Several of these features are unique to Britain, although the presence of all of them in one place at one time was a major contribution. 2. Answer would ideally include: Stephenson's famed locomotive, the Rocket, was a technological and financial success. The railroads quickly became a leading sector of a developing economy. They themselves were large consumers of steel, wood products, coal, machined parts, capital, and labor. They helped to create nationally unified markets and led to the decline of regionalism; they also increased the pace of rural-to-urban migration. Their ability to travel extreme distances in relatively short time had an important impact on psychological perceptions of mobility and the pace of economic growth. Some of the new values and attitudes were captured by painters such as Claude Monet. 3. Answer would ideally include: The spread of industrialization to the European continent was facilitated by the emigration of British experts, and thus continental industrialization began by emulating British models and methods. European countries also had ready supplies of labor (particularly skilled artisans), merchants to invest in new businesses, and a tradition of putting-out methods. Belgium was an early leader. Strong continental governments— such as France, Prussia, and Russia—encouraged industry, even enactinghigh tariffs to protect domestic industry. Governments also sponsored the building of industrial infrastructure, such as railroads. Following Britain in industrialization also allowed continental countries to avoid some of the problems that Britain faced. 4. Answer would ideally include: Industrialization created many problems related to working conditions, living conditions, class conflict, and the exploitation of workers. In the early nineteenth century, social reformers began to urge parliament to reform labor and industry. Some of these reformers were members of the industry themselves. The first reforms came from the top of society: the Factory Act of 1833, which limited working hours for children, and the Mines Act of 1842, which prohibited underground work for women and children. The Combination Acts of 1799 had outlawed unions and strikes and limited the working classes' participation in the reform movement. The repeal of these acts in 1824 led to the creation of unions. Robert Owen attempted to create a single national union, the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, but this movement failed in favor of craft-specific unions. The Chartist movement sought more political
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power for labor. 5. Answer would ideally include: Prior to the Industrial Revolution, women played a key role in the putting-out system. In the early textile factories, women (along with children) were an important source of labor. Over time, industrialization altered the roles of both genders. A new, gender-based division of labor emerged; after the 1830s, child labor was increasingly restricted, and fewer women found opportunities for work. More and more women were expected to stay home, and the domestic sphere became the woman's world. Middle-class women in particular found themselves cut out of family businesses and isolated to the home. When women did work, they were either unmarried and confined to “woman's jobs” or they tended to be from poor families and were paid substantially less than men. A class stereotype developed: Poor women worked outside the home; middle- and upper-class women did not. Some historians think these shifts in labor and gender are just a continuation of traditional patriarchy; others point to the practical changes in women's lives with the shift to factory discipline and working specified hours, which was hampered by women's needs for child care. Still other historians note that segregating unmarried women to particular jobs was an attempt to have the factory replace the family as the guardian of young women.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-14: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Industrial Revolution b. spinning jenny c. water frame d. steam engines e. Rocket f. Crystal Palace g. iron law of wages h. tariff protection i. Factory Act of 1833 j. separate spheres k. Mines Act of 1842 l. Luddites m. class-consciousness n. Combination Acts
1. A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
2. A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
3. The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
4. English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
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5. An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
6. A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill—a factory.
7. English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
8. The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
9. A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
10. A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
11. Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
12. English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
13. Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
14. A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
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Answer Key 1. h. tariff protection 2. a. Industrial Revolution 3. e. Rocket 4. k. Mines Act of 1842 5. m. class-consciousness 6. c. water frame 7. n. Combination Acts 8. f. Crystal Palace 9. b. spinning jenny 10. d. steam engines 11. l. Luddites 12. i. Factory Act of 1833 13. g. iron law of wages 14. j. separate spheres
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following was a result of the boom in agricultural production of the eighteenth century? A) Families began to stockpile foodstuffs for shortages. B) Large numbers of people began leaving cities to move to farms. C) People had more money to spend on manufactured goods. D) People put more money into banks for saving.
2. Which of the following was true of transportation in the eighteenth century? A) No part of England was more than fifty miles from navigable water. B) Shipping goods by water cost more than by land. C) Italy had Europe's cheapest transportation system, thanks to the old Roman roads. D) Few goods were transported more than fifty miles from where they were produced.
3. When was the term Industrial Revolution coined? A) 1790s B) 1830s C) 1920s D) 1930s
4. In which British industry did the first modern factories begin to appear? A) The furniture-making industry B) The steel industry C) The textile industry D) The china and pottery industry
5. In the English putting-out system, what did merchants do with raw materials? A) They sent them to colonial factories to be worked into final products. B) They traded them to the Dutch for finished cloth. C) They loaned them to local cottage workers who processed them at home. D) They sent them to factories they owned in English villages for processing.
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6. What was one of the major limitations of the putting-out system in the British textile industry? A) There was not enough cotton to meet demand. B) There were too many spinners driving prices down. C) There was an overabundance of thread. D) There were not enough spinners to meet demand.
7. Who invented the spinning jenny around 1765? A) James Hargreaves B) Friedrich Engels C) Samuel Crompton D) James Watt
8. In eighteenth-century England, what were the first mechanized cotton-spinning machines powered by? A) Wood-fired steam engines B) Coal-fired steam engines C) Water D) Draft horses on treadmills
9. Which of the following was one difference between Hargreaves's spinning jenny and Arkwright's water frame? A) The water frame was hand-powered. B) The jenny produced thinner thread. C) The water frame produced a weaker thread. D) The water frame could be worked by one woman.
10. What did Edmund Cartwright invent in 1785? A) A hybrid jenny and water frame B) A special cotton harvester C) A power loom D) A better steam engine
11. The labor force of the early rural textile factories was recruited primarily from what group? A) Cottage industry workers B) Young children abandoned by their parents C) Persons from debtors' prisons D) Young Irishmen
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12. By 1831, the mechanized cotton textile industry accounted for how much of England's entire industrial output? A) 75 percent B) 22 percent C) 10 percent D) 6 percent
13. What was the most serious obstacle impeding industrial development in Britain in the eighteenth century? A) A lack of investment capital B) The Napoleonic Wars C) An energy shortage D) A labor shortage
14. Which of the following was the primary source of heat for all European homes and industries until the eighteenth century? A) Wood B) Coal C) Water D) Peat
15. Coal was an essential ingredient in the manufacture of what eighteenth-century product? A) Iron B) Grain C) Road gravel D) Cloth
16. What was one of the earliest uses for steam engines? A) To pump water out of coal mines B) To heat large rooms and buildings C) To burn wood to produce steam D) As central power sources for the new factories
17. How did James Watt fundamentally improve the Newcomen steam engine? A) He used coal instead of wood for fuel. B) He added a condenser to the engine. C) He introduced gears to change the power ratio. D) He made an airtight seal on the cylinders.
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18. Who invented the steam-powered rolling mills, which allowed for the production of iron in any shape or form? A) Henry Cort B) James Nasmyth C) Thomas Newcomen D) Thomas Savery
19. By 1844, Britain was producing 3 million tons of what metal? A) Steel B) Iron C) Copper D) Bronze
20. The world's first important steam-powered train, the Rocket, provided service between what two English cities? A) Bath and Exeter B) London and Sheffield C) Leeds and Newcastle D) Liverpool and Manchester
21. By reducing the cost of shipping freight, the railroad A) proved to be a boon to cottage workers and urban artisans. B) reduced the volume of world trade. C) strengthened regional economies. D) created national markets.
22. By the opening of the Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851, Great Britain A) produced 10 percent of the world's industrial goods. B) had risen to 8 percent of the world's population. C) produced 92 percent of the world's coal. D) produced more than 50 percent of the world's iron and cotton cloth.
23. What did the British economist Thomas Malthus conclude in his 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population? A) That population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels B) That men and women should limit population growth by marrying late in life C) That the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity D) That checks to population growth would harm the British economy
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24. What did David Ricardo argue in his iron law of wages theory? A) That the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence levels B) That England's industrial production could not be sustained unless wages were increased C) That unions were needed to protect the income of industrial workers D) That dramatic improvements needed to be made in the lives of the working-class poor
25. What was the first country on the European continent to emulate the new industry of Britain? A) Prussia B) France C) Belgium D) Spain
26. Outside of Europe, what country industrialized the earliest? A) The Ottoman Empire B) India C) Japan D) Egypt
27.
How did Britain attempt to maintain its industrial advantage over continental Europe? A) By making it illegal for skilled industrial workers and technicians to leave Britain B) By enacting restrictions that prohibited continental Europeans from visiting C) By refusing to hire industrial workers who had family on the European continent D) By prohibiting industrial workers from moving from one industry to another
28. What British-style industry did William Cockerill and his sons introduce to French-occupied Belgium in 1799? A) Coke production B) Iron smelting C) Cotton spinning D) Railroads
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29. After the Napoleonic Wars, the French government imposed tariff protections to prevent which of the following? A) Paying more for imported goods B) The import of cheaper foreign (often British) goods C) Losing skilled labor to other states D) An influx of cheaper migrant workers
30. On the European continent, who took on the majority of the costs of building railroads? A) The governments B) Private investors C) Commercial banks D) Conglomerates
31. Which of the following was a key development that encouraged continental European banks to invest in industrialization? A) They were allowed to make all active partners liable for the firm's debts. B) They began to establish limited-liability investments. C) They replaced many of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers. D) They began to recruit bank deposits from the landed aristocracy.
32. One reason that cottage workers were reluctant to work in factories is that they resembled which of the following? A) Schools B) Churches C) Hospitals D) Poorhouses
33. In 1802, the British Parliament banned which of the following in factories? A) Women workers B) The use of pauper apprentices C) Employing whole families D) Overseers
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34. How did early factory work affect family life? A) Traditional family structures were irrevocably broken. B) Families were often separated as parents abandoned children to pursue factory work. C) Factory work upset traditional gender roles as women increasingly worked outside the home. D) Workers often came to the mills and mines and were employed as whole family units.
35. What did Robert Owen argue in 1816? A) That employing children in factories was dangerous for them B) That women made the most practical source of labor C) That using orphans as labor solved the problem of too many orphans D) That factories were protecting the family by providing new opportunities
36. The Factory Act of 1833 limited the factory workday of children between nine and thirteen to how many hours? A) Four B) Six C) Eight D) Ten
37. What did the Factory Act of 1833 stipulate about children under nine years of age in the factories? A) They had to be released immediately from their debts. B) They were banned from employment. C) They were allowed to work only six hours a day. D) They could work only if their parents also worked.
38. What was particularly difficult for married women involved in factory work after the 1830s? A) They had to balance factory work with child care and responsibilities at home. B) They were often required to work more hours than men. C) They had to agree to bring their children to work at the factory. D) They were excluded from textile work.
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39. According to the text, the Mines Act of 1842 prohibited underground work for all women because of concerns about which of the following? A) The extremely hard physical labor demanded of the work B) The sexual morality of the miners C) The danger to the health of the fetus in pregnant female miners D) The low rates of pay for women as compared to men
40. What has recent scholarship concluded about the economic condition of the British working class in the early years of the Industrial Revolution? A) The working class's standard of living improved steadily from the beginning of industrialization. B) The early years of industrialization were hard ones, and significant economic improvement did not come until after 1840. C) The standard of living for British workers did not ever improve as a result of industrialization and in fact deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century. D) Only skilled workers enjoyed improvements in their standard of living, while less-skilled industrial workers never experienced economic improvement.
41. By 1830 in Britain and by 1860 in Germany and France, what had changed about leading industrialists? A) They were mostly from poor backgrounds and built their businesses from scratch. B) They were more likely to have inherited their businesses. C) They were unaware of how they differed from others financially. D) They were more likely to leave their business to a daughter than in earlier times.
42. What did the poet William Blake think about industrialization? A) He celebrated the tremendous power of the new mills. B) He called the early factories “satanic mills” and protested the hard life of the poor. C) He saw the factories as the heralds of a more fair and just world. D) He praised industrialization for bringing wealth to the poor.
43. Handicraft workers who smashed the new machines they believed were putting them out of work were known as what? A) Socialists B) Communists C) Luddites D) Wobblies
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44. Who wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England? A) Friedrich Engels B) Karl Marx C) Robert Owen D) Friedrich List
45. The Condition of the Working Class in England proposed that A) the social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution. B) the new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage and agricultural workers. C) industrialization was generally good for society and that the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving. D) the class-consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution.
46. What did Edwin Chadwick see as a positive effect of industrialization on the working people? A) That industrialization appeared to be giving working people greater purchasing power B) That including women and children in the workforce would increase general morality C) That industrialization kept people safer by giving them the opportunity to work indoors, in the safety of factories D) That industrialization allowed more people to move to cities, where they could gain more life experiences
47. By the mid-nineteenth century, a new paradigm of social relations suggested that A) individuals were members of separate classes based on their relationship to the means of production. B) most people did not develop an awareness of their particular social class. C) an ideal society would adopt equality for women. D) peasants and industrial workers saw themselves as united “laborers” against the traditional aristocracy.
48. In 1850, what two occupations employed the most people in Britain? A) Farming and domestic service B) Domestic service and coal mining C) Factory labor and coal mining D) Factory labor and farming
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49. What was the aim of the Combination Acts of 1799? A) To prohibit monopolies in the textile industry B) To prevent English companies from using loans from foreign banks C) To outlaw labor unions and strikes D) To make it illegal for one person to own factories in more than a single industry
50. What was the key demand of the Chartist movement? A) Universal suffrage for all men B) An eight-hour workday and a minimum wage C) A ban on women and children working in the factories D) The repeal of the Combination Acts
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Answer Key 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. D 21. D 22. D 23. B 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. B 34. D 35. A 36. C 37. B 38. A 39. B 40. B 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. A
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45. B 46. A 47. A 48. A 49. C 50. A
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. Describe some of the challenges of the putting-out system. How did those challenges contribute to the development of new technologies?
2. What geographic features encouraged England's industrialization?
3. Choose and describe two inventions that made a significant contribution to the Industrial Revolution. How did the inventions contribute to the Industrial Revolution?
4. Why did early textile factories turn to abandoned children for labor, and under what conditions did these children live and work?
5. In addition to the coal mines, what industries used the steam engines of James Watt?
6. What role did war play in how the European continent industrialized?
7. How did continental governments promote industry?
8. How did industrialization alter the class system of Europe?
9. Why were cottage workers so reluctant to work in the factories?
10. Describe working conditions in English factories between 1790 and 1835. Did they change?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Despite the extensive use of the putting-out system during the eighteenth century, in the British textile industry after about 1760, the system's limitations began to outweigh its advantages. Merchants found that the putting-out system was not very efficient. Spinners had a difficult time producing enough thread to keep cloth weavers well supplied. Furthermore, scattered rural labor was hard to control, and cottage workers often worked in spurts. When workers fell behind or did not succeed at making their quotas, there was little that the merchant could do. As a result, merchants increasingly searched for more efficient methods of production. 2. Answer would ideally include: England had hundreds of miles of rivers and navigable canals that made it easier to move goods and labor around. England (and Wales) had enormous deposits of iron and coal, which would prove key to industrialization. England also possessed a lot of agricultural land, which over time had led to the growth of a large class of hired agricultural laborers. These rural wage earners, who were more mobile than village-bound peasants in other European countries, formed a strong potential labor force for new industries. England was also cut off from the continental wars and disruptions of the late eighteenth century. 3. Answer would ideally include: The choice of invention will determine this answer; inventions include the spinning jenny, water frames, the power loom, the steam engine, and the railroad. 4. Answer would ideally include: Because the early factories had very harsh working conditions, adult laborers did not want to work in them. There were no legal protections for abandoned children, who were under the authority of parish officers. This made the orphans a ready and cheap source of labor. Factories took the children in as apprentices and housed them—which saved the parishes money—and the child workers were treated with brutal discipline. 5. Answer would ideally include: Steam engines were quickly employed in flour mills, malt mills, flint mills, and, in the West Indies, sugar mills. They easily took the place of waterpower. In the iron industry, the steam engines were used to increase the production of pig iron, and steam-powered rolling mills led to a general increase in the production of iron. 6. Answer would ideally include: War on the European continent, especially the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, delayed industrialization there somewhat (by disrupting trade and creating inflation that tied up resources), but it also opened up opportunities. For instance, Fritz Harkort, a Prussian officer stationed in England during the Napoleonic Wars, observed English industry and built steam engines on his return to Prussia. The flood of British
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goods as soon as the war ended also brought continental governments to increase tariffs and protection of domestic industry. 7. Answer would ideally include: Governments sponsored industry by instituting tariff protections, placing high tariffs on foreign imports to protect internal economies. The French, for instance, put tariffs on British imports. Continental governments took on the costs of building railroads, particularly in Belgium. In Prussia, the government agreed to protect any private investors who were willing to sponsor the railroads. Governments also collaborated with corporate banks willing to invest in private industry. 8. Answer would ideally include: Early industrialists came from many different social backgrounds—merchant families, artisans and skilled workers, and ethnic and religious minorities—and were all seeking opportunity. By the middle of the nineteenth century, industrial power had shifted to a new generation, who inherited the business. Thus industrialization created a new hereditary power class. The working class would also develop new class identities. The poor working class was much poorer than the poor urban and rural classes of the past had been. A new division of economic status appeared. 9. Answer would ideally include: Cottage workers in the putting-out system had more freedom than factory workers. While working at home had allowed cottage workers to set their own schedule, working in factories meant following a particular schedule; long, monotonous hours gauged to the speed of the machine; and being under the close supervision of managers. Breaking work rules, or even being injured at work, could lead to fines—or physical punishment if the worker was a child. Early factories also resembled English poorhouses, which increased cottage workers' fear of factories and hatred of factory discipline. 10. Answer would ideally include: In the earliest factories before the reform movements, hours were very long, and children were expected to work thirteen to fourteen hours per day, six days a week. The children lived in strictly disciplined dormitories. In other factories, women might bring their young children to work with them. Families might work together in factories, but as children were excluded from factories by labor reforms, women found it difficult to balance work with child care. Reforms first limited the hours children could work; then they required the inclusion of education for children; finally, they restricted children from working in certain industries altogether.
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Chapter 24 Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. The years 1815 to 1848 saw the emergence and evolution of socialism in France. Describe this evolution, being sure to emphasize the ideology's principal components. How did socialism reflect the attitudes and aspirations of working people of the time? How did the revolution of 1848 reflect the impact of socialist ideals?
2. What were the forces driving political reform in England after 1815, which involved the expansion of suffrage and the passage of laws regulating factory labor?
3. How do we account for the early success and later collapse of the revolutionary movements of 1848?
4. The 1860s saw the success of the nation-building efforts of Cavour in Italy and Bismarck in Germany. Choose either location and describe the process by which unification was achieved, assess the reasons for success, and indicate the consequences.
5. How did the lives of European women change during the second half of the nineteenth century?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Socialism began in France after the fall of Napoleon. Socialists were concerned that the political revolution in France and the industrialization in England were leading to selfish individualism and division. They proposed a further reform of society to promote cooperation and more of a sense of community. They wanted the government to organize the economy in such a way that it helped the poor. They were generally opposed to the concept of private property or thought it needed to be controlled by the government. The leading thinkers were Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Marx. Marx, of course, emphasized the role of labor, most explicitly reflecting the interests of the working class. Saint-Simon and Fourier were less class-conscious; Fourier was the most radical in suggesting a total emancipation of women. The revolution of 1848 began with a popular revolt of Paris's working classes, who were responding to socialist ideology and a demand for full male suffrage and replacing capitalist employment with socialist workshops. The revolution of 1848 led to the election of moderate republicans who wanted to avoid any further radical socialist changes. When the government tried to repress the workers, they rebelled again and rioted until stopped by the army. Ultimately, the revolution of 1848 was a failed socialist movement. 2. Answer would ideally include: Between 1815 and 1832, the British aristocracy was determined to defend its privileges against popular reforms. Beginning in 1832, however, Britain moved in the direction of a more democratic government, and the Reform Bill of that year increased the number of voters by 50 percent. The House of Commons became more important to the government, and it was expanded with new members from the nation's industrialized areas. These more liberal moves were combined with harsh measures toward the poor. Workhouses relieved the middle class of providing local relief and often broke up poor families. In 1847 workers' rights were addressed with the passage of the Ten Hours Act, which regulated the factory workday for women and children. Aristocrats took the lead in pushing legislation to regulate factory conditions. 3. Answer would ideally include: The essay should begin with a narrative of the course of the revolutions of 1848, from origins to eventual collapse. Each revolution began as a liberal response to perceived failures by existing government. In France, this was the failure of the government to address the needs of both the working and middle classes (more voting rights in particular). In Austria, the revolution began as student protests in demand of suffrage, but another component was nationalist demands by Hungary. In Prussia, middle-class liberals wanted to limit the power of the monarchy. All of the revolutions collapsed as a result of the problems of building new governments, rival goals of coalition members, and a resurgence of the forces of order. In France, the middle classes panicked at giving the lower classes too much power; in Hungary, other ethnic minorities resisted the creation of a Hungarian-dominated state; and in Austria, the peasants abandoned their revolt after serfdom was abolished.
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4. Answer would ideally include: For Italy, the revolution of 1848 had attempted to create a democratic Italian republic. Instead, conservative forces, such as the pope, reacted in fear and pushed for unification of Italy under the conservative monarchy of Sardinia-Piedmont. Count Cavour, who ran Sardinia for King Victor Emmanuel, used diplomacy, warfare, urban uprisings, and the popularity of the superpatriot Garibaldi to create an Italian state. Consequences include Italian unification, impact on German desires, weakening of France, and “colonial” subjugation of southern Italy by the north. Nation building in Germany was a constitutional struggle between Bismarck and the parliament over taxation and sovereignty. Bismarck used two methods to build the German state: ignoring Parliament when it did not agree with him and promoting German identity through war (for example, the Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War). Success stemmed from the earlier efforts at unity (such as the Zollverein) that laid a foundation for Prussian leadership, Bismarck's diplomacy, and Prussian military reforms and expertise. Consequences include the German Empire as the most powerful state in Europe, upsetting the balance of power; intoxication of nationalistic pride in Germany; the destruction of German liberalism as a political opposition force in the new German Empire; and Prussian domination of Germany. 5. Answer would ideally include: Married women were increasingly confined to the home and separated from the public sphere, as work was something men did elsewhere, away from the home (as opposed to the traditional model of working in or near home). Only women who had to work did— and did so for less money and opportunity than men. Women lacked legal rights and educational equality. Middle-class women (who were discouraged from working outside the home) agitated for education and property rights. But women were also politicized, and socialist women argued for the rights of working-class women in particular. At the same time, the domestic sphere and women's roles in it were romanticized. If the urban, industrialized world was cold, the home was emotional and sentimental.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-17: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Congress of Vienna b. conservatism c. liberalism d. laissez faire e. nationalism f. socialism g. bourgeoisie h. proletariat i. modernization j. October Manifesto k. germ theory l. evolution m. Social Darwinism n. romanticism o. Dreyfus affair p. Zionism q. revisionism
1. A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain) and France held in 1814–1815 to fashion a general peace settlement that attempted to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France.
2. The changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time.
3. The application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs, it sees the human race as driven to ever-greater specialization and progress by an unending economic struggle that determines the survival of the fittest.
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4. A radical political doctrine that opposed individualism and the fragmentation of society and that advocated international cooperation and a sense of community; key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
5. A political philosophy that stressed retaining traditional values and institutions, including hereditary monarchy and a strong landowning aristocracy.
6. A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.
7. A philosophy whose principal ideas were equality and liberty; proponents demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
8. An effort by various socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.
9. The idea that each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and that could serve as the basis for an independent political state.
10. The movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodor Herzl.
11. The idea that disease is caused by the spread of living organisms that can be controlled.
12. A doctrine of economic liberalism advocating unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
13. The Marxist term for the modern working class. _
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14. A movement in art, literature, and music characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
15. The well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups.
16. The idea, developed by Charles Darwin, that all life had gradually evolved from a common origin through a process of natural selection; as applied by thinkers in many fields, the idea stressed gradual change and continuous adjustment.
17. The result of a great general strike in Russia in October 1905, it granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma (parliament) with real legislative power.
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Answer Key 1. a. Congress of Vienna 2. i. modernization 3. m. Social Darwinism 4. f. socialism 5. b. conservatism 6. o. Dreyfus affair 7. c. liberalism 8. q. revisionism 9. e. nationalism 10. p. Zionism 11. k. germ theory 12. d. laissez faire 13. h. proletariat 14. n. romanticism 15. g. bourgeoisie 16. l. evolution 17. j. October Manifesto
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What did the members of the Quadruple Alliance have in common? A) They wanted to take advantage of France's defeat to gain land. B) All were conservative monarchies and wanted to keep France in check. C) They were more concerned with their colonial reforms than European stability. D) They had been allies of Napoleon until they changed sides.
2. What ideas united the victorious allies at the Congress of Vienna? A) They were all motivated by traditional ideas about the balance of power. B) They all wanted to resurrect the Holy Roman Empire under Habsburg rule. C) They were all motivated by a desire to punish France harshly and reduced it in size. D) They sought to establish constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon.
3. Austria's foreign minister, Klemens von Metternich, dominated the politics and policies of what? A) Russia B) The Austro-Hungarian Empire C) The German Confederation D) Great Britain
4. Which of the following was true of the Karlsbad Decrees? A) They sparked the revolutions of 1848. B) They instituted repressive measures in the German Confederation. C) They established a constitutional monarchy in France. D) They created a military alliance out of the Congress of Vienna.
5. Why did Klemens von Metternich despise liberalism? A) He thought liberalism created hierarchically organized societies. B) He thought liberalism only supported the interests of the intellectual elites. C) He felt liberalism had been responsible for a generation of war. D) He believed liberalism ignored the interests of small ethnic groups within a nation.
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6. Which of the following is a doctrine of economic liberalism that emphasizes unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference? A) Laissez faire B) Mercantilism C) Trickle-down economics D) Value theory
7. Between 1815 and 1850, most people who believed in nationalism A) opposed liberalism. B) also favored democratic republicanism. C) were concerned about growing industrialization. D) distrusted the common masses.
8. What did liberals and democrats see as the ultimate source for good government? A) The monarchy B) God C) The people D) Scientific rationalism
9. Where did the doctrine of socialism begin? A) Russia B) Great Britain C) Germany D) France
10. Early French socialists focused on which of the following? A) Workers' revolutions B) Land use reform C) Overthrowing monarchies D) Economic planning
11. Charles Fourier called for the abolition of what? A) Marriage B) Monarchies C) Feudalism D) Democracies
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12. Who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx? A) Henri de Saint-Simon B) Charles Fourier C) Friedrich Engels D) Robert Owen
13. What class did Marx believe would rise up in revolution? A) The landed aristocracy B) Intellectuals C) The middle class D) Industrial factory workers
14. The Ten Hours Act limited the factory workday for which of the following groups? A) Women and children B) Young men C) All workers D) Weavers
15. The Great Famine of 1845–1851 devastated the population of what country? A) England B) Ireland C) France D) Russia
16. Which of the following was a primary cause of the French Revolution of 1848? A) The landed aristocracy was dissatisfied over questions of property ownership. B) Workers in France's silk factories were upset over factory wages. C) Women in the major cities were angry over high bread prices. D) The French government refused to consider electoral reforms.
17. What kind of government emerged in France in the aftermath of the revolution of 1848? A) An enduring socialist government B) A conservative government led by an emperor C) A moderate democratic republic with universal manhood suffrage D) A military dictatorship led by the army's top general
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18. To help Austria subdue Hungary, what country's leader sent troops to occupy the territory in 1849? A) Bohemia B) France C) Russia D) Prussia
19. The fatal obstacle to German unification under Prussian leadership in 1850 was the A) middle class's lack of enthusiasm. B) opposition of Austria and Russia. C) war with Hungary. D) opposition of Britain and France.
20. Cavour sought to unite Italy under the authority of what state(s)? A) The Papal States B) Naples C) Sardinia D) Sicily
21. In a plan to force Austria to give up its territory in Italy, Cavour secured a secret alliance with what country? A) Great Britain B) Prussia C) Russia D) France
22. Who was the leader of the final campaign to unite north and south Italy? A) Giuseppe Garibaldi B) Camillo Benso di Cavour C) Father Gioberti D) Victor Emmanuel
23. What was the most significant difference between Austria and the rest of the German states in 1853? A) Language B) Economic interests C) Political systems D) Ethnic makeups
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24. The long-established customs union among the German states was known as the A) Red Shirts. B) Zollverein. C) Werke. D) North German Confederation.
25. Why did Prussia's King William I try to raise taxes in 1862? A) He wanted to double the size of the army. B) He planned to invade Austria. C) He wanted to build new industries. D) He was hoping to acquire more colonies.
26. What was one important German response to the Austro-Prussian War of 1866? A) Industrial workers rebelled and captured William I. B) Critics of the government were imprisoned and/or deported by Bismarck. C) Middle-class liberals adopted Bismarck's brand of nationalism. D) Catholics formed a political party to protect their interests.
27. From Bismarck's point of view, the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 was aimed at accomplishing what? A) Getting southern German states to accept German unification B) Placing a relative of the Prussian king William I on the Spanish throne C) Overthrowing French democracy and conquering France D) Getting revenge for the defeats of the Napoleonic Wars
28. Which of the following pushed Russia toward modernization? A) The loss of Silesia to Austria B) An unsuccessful war with Poland C) A rebellion of serfs D) The Crimean War
29. What ended the era of Alexander II's reforms? A) A massive peasant revolt B) His assassination C) His army's failed invasion of Manchuria D) An outbreak of cholera
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30. The October Manifesto of Nicholas II created the Duma, which was what? A) A reform movement with the army B) The new liberal constitution of Russia C) A modern railroad to Siberia D) Russia's popularly elected parliament
31. How did the invention of the steam engine affect urbanization? A) It mechanized agriculture and drew people away from urban areas. B) It allowed for the building of factories away from water, thus contributing to urbanization. C) It encouraged the development of commuter rail systems based on the steam locomotive. D) It generated so much pollution that factories were moved to the outskirts of towns.
32. What did Edwin Chadwick believe about poverty? A) That cleaning up the urban environment would reduce poverty B) That individual character was the key to economic success C) That alcohol consumption was the root cause of poverty D) That poverty was the “breeding grounds for success”
33. For what is Georges Haussmann best remembered? A) Leading massive rebuilding projects in Paris B) Developing the antiseptic method C) Writing realistic novels of lower-class life D) Promoting positivist philosophy
34. What transportation innovation was introduced to European cities in the 1890s? A) Trains B) Steam cars C) Bicycles D) Electric streetcars
35. How did the upper middle class change as the nineteenth century progressed? A) It tended to merge with the old aristocracy. B) It began to form tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. C) It expressed a high degree of social conscience. D) It retained a frugal attitude and modest display of wealth.
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36. At the end of the nineteenth century, white-collar employees were identified with what group? A) The working class B) Labor aristocracy C) The middle class D) The propertied class 37. What was the “labor aristocracy” of the nineteenth century? A) Traditional farm workers B) Highly skilled workers C) Factory owners D) Literate workers
38. Across Europe, what was the favorite leisure time activity of working people? A) Participating in sporting events B) Drinking alcohol C) Attending operas and classical theater D) Watching “cruel sports” such as cockfighting
39. An English law passed in 1882 granted which of the following to married women? A) Voting rights B) Equal wages C) Full property rights D) The right to attend universities
40. In the nineteenth century, same-sex attraction was identified as which of the following? A) A perversion B) Acceptable only among the upper classes C) A generally accepted sexual practice D) Legally protected for single men only
41. What did Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection tend to reinforce? A) Views of secularists such as Spencer and Marx B) The bacterial theory of disease tested by Pasteur C) The Catholic Church's opposition to expansion of political participation D) The drive for universal public education in Europe
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42. What was an important argument of the philosopher Herbert Spencer? A) That the new science of sociology could uncover the basic laws of human society B) That there was a divine creation for each species of animal C) That the concept of “race” had no scientific basis D) That the human race was driven by “the survival of the fittest”
43. In central and eastern Europe, what did romantic writers focus on? A) Subjects from the ancient world B) Emulating French culture C) Local languages and peasant folktales, songs, and proverbs D) The glorification of their national heroes
44. By 1913–1914, where had women gained the right to vote? A) Great Britain and Sweden B) France and the Netherlands C) Germany D) Norway and parts of the western United States
45. Which of the following was a primary motivation for Bismarck's social reforms? A) The economic depression of the 1870s B) His fear and distrust of socialism C) His humanitarian concern for the suffering of the urban poor D) His gradual shift toward liberalism
46. What changed politically in France as a result of the brutal destruction of the Paris Commune? A) Radicals made strong gains in the 1871 national elections. B) The National Assembly was closed. C) The 1871 national elections were called off. D) France formed a new national unity.
47. Which of the following was a consequence of the Dreyfus Affair? A) It revived the prestige of the French army. B) It drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites. C) It revived republican distrust of Catholicism. D) It fanned the flames of French imperialism.
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48. What was the most troublesome political problem for Great Britain immediately prior to World War I? A) Suffrage for women B) National health insurance C) Independence for India D) Irish home rule
49. In the dual monarchy, what group gained independence in Hungary? A) Serbs B) Magyars C) Czechs D) Lutherans
50. What did the journalist Theodor Herzl advocate? A) The full emancipation of Jews in Prussia B) Economic equality for German women C) The creation of a Jewish state D) The unification of Austria and Prussia
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Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. B 16. D 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. C 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. A 34. D 35. A 36. C 37. B 38. B 39. C 40. A 41. A 42. D 43. C 44. D
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45. B 46. D 47. C 48. D 49. B 50. C
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What were the guiding principles behind the Quadruple Alliance and the Congress of Vienna? 2. What were the elements of a nationalist “imagined community”?
3. Describe the different ethnic groups that made up the Austrian Empire. What impact did those groups have on the revolutions of 1848?
4. In terms of Italian unification, what did Victor Emmanuel, Cavour, and Garibaldi have in common, and how did they differ?
5. Was the new German Empire of 1871 a nationalist or a liberal state? Explain.
6. What was the bacterial revolution?
7. How did transportation change in nineteenth-century Europe, and how did this change the lives of urban citizens?
8. How did the working class become subdivided into specialized classes?
9. What were the major problems facing nineteenth-century European cities? How and with what degree of success were these problems addressed?
10. How did scientific theory and concepts of race intersect in the late nineteenth century?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The Quadruple Alliance was composed of conservative aristocratic monarchies that met at the Congress of Vienna. They wanted to redraw the map of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in such a way as to protect their political systems and to find a peace settlement that would last. One of their primary goals was to limit the power of France. They also wanted to restore a conservative political order in repudiation of revolutionary goals. 2. Answer would ideally include: “Imagined communities” were abstract concepts of national identity centered on standardized national language and cultural unity. Unity would be built with symbols (such as flags) and ceremonies that would highlight ethnic festivals and public demonstrations of that unity. The notion of an imagined community built on Johann Fichte's idea that each ethnic group had its own cultural unity. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Austrian Empire was made up of several ethnic groups. The two largest groups were the Austrians themselves and Hungarians. In 1848 the Hungarians were demanding more autonomy in the empire. The smaller ethnic groups included Croats, Serbs, Romanians, and Czechs, who resisted being dominated by the Hungarians as well as by the Austrians. Squeezed by both German and Hungarian nationalists, Czech nationalists in Bohemia for instance, created a particularly strong opposition. The number of nationalisms within the Austrian Empire enabled the monarchy to play one ethnic group off against another. 4. Answer would ideally include: Victor Emmanuel was king of Sardinia but ruled under a liberal constitution. He and Cavour were determined to unite northern Italy by promoting economic development and using the guise of war with Austria to develop nationalist feelings. Plus, Cavour had an agreement with France stipulating that if the French fought with Sardinia, the Italian kingdom would get land from Austria. While Victor Emmanuel was diplomatically maneuvering to create a unified Italy in the north, Garibaldi was leading pro-unification nationalist rebels in the south. Cavour supported Garibaldi's volunteer forces. Cavour brought the state; Garibaldi brought the people. 5. Answer would ideally include: The German Empire was much more of a nationalist state; this was true despite the fact that voters consistently sent liberal majorities to the parliament. Bismarck achieved unification by war and by making Prussia a military state. Whenever he needed more taxes, Bismarck simply declared them and ignored Parliament if it disagreed. After the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck did make a public show of negotiating with the middle and working classes, but mostly by having them agree to whatever he had already done. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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The bacterial revolution was the discovery of germs and the role they played in disease. This discovery helped overturn the prevailing “miasmic” theory that disease was spread by foul odors. Louis Pasteur formulated the germ theory when he discovered the process that bears his name: heating living organisms in a fermenting beverage kills the organisms (which were in fact bacteria). Later, German scientists studied how bacteria lived. Discovery of germs causing specific diseases led to the discovery of their cures (vaccines) and to the sterilization of hospital equipment. All of this led to fewer deaths due to disease and infections. 7. Answer would ideally include: In the late nineteenth century, many European cities added mass transit for the first time. First were the horse-drawn streetcars, then the electric streetcar. People used these to get to work during the week and to go to parks, the countryside, and entertainment venues on weekends. A new culture of leisure and entertainment was created, and new housing patterns emerged as cities were able to expand geographically and become less crowded. 8. Answer would ideally include: Economic development and specialized skills separated different groups in the working class. “Skilled,” “semiskilled,” and “unskilled” became class categories, each with its own culture and lifestyle. Highly skilled workers formed a “labor aristocracy,” which was further divided between those who worked in management positions in industry and those who had preindustrial artisanal skills. 9. Answer would ideally include: Even before the nineteenth century, the cities of Europe faced many pressing problems, including overcrowding and housing shortages, transportation, pollution, disease, and crime. Each problem was addressed with a specific remedy: sewage systems, urban renewal and housing projects, public health and scientific research, improved lighting, and urban mass transit. Baron Haussmann's Paris is the prime example of a rebuilt city. 10. Answer would ideally include: The emphasis on science in the nineteenth century led many to find “scientific” justifications for racial categories and prejudices. Herbert Spencer applied Darwin's “struggle for survival” to human society. Social Darwinism, or the idea that society will evolve and the stronger will become more powerful, became prevalent among politicians and theorists. European and American scientists looked for anthropological proof that white races were superior to nonwhite races. Southern Europeans, Jews, and Africans were all categorized as lesser races and separated from the “Nordic” or “Aryan” race.
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Chapter 25 Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. What internal factors influenced African societies? In what ways did those factors overlap with the European influences on the area?
2. Describe the imperial system in Africa. How can we account for the apparent differences of policies in the various regions of the colonized world? What impact did the imperial system have on the native peoples of these regions?
3. What were the key components of the new imperialism? How does the British takeover of Egypt exemplify the transition from the old to the new form of imperialism?
4. What factors contributed to the weakness of the Ottomans in the nineteenth century? How did this weakness manifest itself?
5. How can we explain the phenomenal Western expansion at the end of the nineteenth century? How do scholars differ in their interpretation of Western advantages?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Europeans ended the transatlantic slave trade, which had an important effect on the economy of sub-Saharan Africa. The internal slave trade in the region increased, and the economy was also changed by the emergence of a tropical products export market, the birth of a middle class, and the Islamic revival in West Africa, the Islamic revival in East Africa, and the decline of Ottoman power. At the same time, European nations began the scramble for Africa and divided the region into protectorates that increased European influence. Exports from the region prepared North Africa to take an important role in world trade; however, both Europe and native powers wanted to control that trade. 2. Answer would ideally include: The basic goals of the imperial system were integration of the colonial economy into the world market for European advantage, economic self-sufficiency of colonies, and the imposition and maintenance of law and order. These goals were met in a variety of ways by different European powers: military force, bureaucracy, taxation policies, forced labor, and railroad construction. The Congo, Kenya, the Gold Coast, and Java are models of different approaches by European powers. The impact of the imperial system included the monetization of rural economy; the emergence of agricultural export economies; hostility toward European rulers; and educated native elites seething with resentment and adhering to liberating ideologies such as nationalism and socialism. 3. Answer would ideally include: One can argue that the newer version of imperialism is not fundamentally different, but there are variations on the old approach. Although the potential for economic gain was still a factor in new imperialism, the new colonies were not immediately economically beneficial to the European colonizers. The new colonies were seen as important for national security, military power, and international prestige. European nations were also motivated by new Social Darwinist ideas about the superiority of the white races and the “civilizing mission” of the colonial powers. Egypt is a model of the key components of the new imperialism: formal political control, military force, and self-justifying ideology. 4. Answer would ideally include: The most pronounced weakness of the Ottoman Empire was their military. At their height, the Ottomans relied on their elite janissary corps of slave soldiers. By the nineteenth century, the janissaries had become a corrupt and hereditary caste, no longer personally loyal to the sultan. They also resisted the introduction of Western-style weapons and methods, and when the sultan wanted to reform them, he had to use military force. The Ottomans lost control over Serbia, Greece, North African provinces, Algeria, and ultimately Egypt. These territories either won their independence from the Ottomans or were taken over by European powers. In the case of Egypt, Muhammad Ali used his position as the governor of Egypt to seize Syria, which ultimately led to British
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intervention in Egyptian politics. Ottoman reforms required European assistance, which European powers saw as a sign of weakness. 5. Answer would ideally include: There are various, interconnected causes, such as economic competition among the European powers and especially British adherence to the policy of free trade; the search for new markets, raw materials, and outlets for excess capital; European governments using imperial triumphs to divert attention from domestic problems; the primacy of international politics and the need to retain one's relative position, a cause to which strategic needs are connected; the weakness of non-European states; and cultural and religious zeal. While some scholars stress the importance of science, technology, and capitalism in helping to create wealth, others argue that the West used its political, economic, and military power to steal much of its riches.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-14: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. palm oil b. jihad c. Sokoto caliphate d. Berlin Conference e. protectorate f. Afrikaners g. new imperialism h. quinine i. white man's burden j. Tanzimat k. Young Turks l. great migration m. migration chain n. great white walls
1. The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.
2. The movement of peoples in which one strong individual blazes the way and others follow.
3. A meeting of European leaders held in 1884–1885 to lay down basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa.
4. Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa.
5. Religious war waged by Muslim scholars and religious leaders against both animist rulers and Islamic states that they deemed corrupt.
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6. Discriminatory laws built by Americans and Australians to keep Asians from settling in their countries in the 1880s.
7. An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics.
8. Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms; they helped pave the way for the birth of modern secular Turkey.
9. A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.
10. An autonomous state or territory partly controlled and protected by a stronger outside power.
11. The mass movement of people from Europe in the nineteenth century; one reason that the West's impact on the world was so powerful and complex.
12. Founded in 1809 by Uthman dan Fodio, this African state was based on Islamic history and law.
13. The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.
14. A set of radical reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model.
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Answer Key 1. i. white man's burden 2. m. migration chain 3. d. Berlin Conference 4. f. Afrikaners 5. b. jihad 6. n. great white walls 7. h. quinine 8. k. Young Turks 9. a. palm oil 10. e. protectorate 11. l. great migration 12. c. Sokoto caliphate 13. g. new imperialism 14. j. Tanzimat
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. After 1775, a campaign to abolish slavery began in what country? A) The United States B) Britain C) France D) Egypt
2. Economically, British abolitionists sought to replace the African slave trade with trade in which of the following? A) Wheat and barley B) Gold and silver C) Coffee and cotton D) Tropical products
3. Who did Uthman dan Fodio declare a jihad against in 1804? A) The Ottomans B) The Egyptians C) The state of Gobir in the northern Sudan D) The Swahili states
4. By 1880, what united western and central Sudan? A) Islam B) The slave trade C) The palm oil trade D) European colonialism
5. What was one consequence of the spread of Islam in the Sudan? A) Fewer women married. B) Slavery was abolished in the region. C) The trans-Saharan trade doubled. D) A written constitution was established.
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6. In what area of Africa did Sayyid Said, the imam of Oman, center his trade and Islamic conversion? A) Sudan B) Egypt C) Zanzibar D) Ethiopia
7. The colonization of Africa was so thorough that by 1914 the only independent nations left were Liberia and what other nation? A) Morocco B) Sudan C) Ethiopia D) Senegal
8. What European country first colonized the Congo? A) Belgium B) Germany C) France D) England
9. King Leopold II promised his fellow European powers that he would do what in the Congo Free State? A) Free all slaves he encountered and rid the territory of slave traders B) Promote Christianity and civilization C) Build schools D) Increase the exportation of palm oil to further industrialization in Europe
10. The Berlin Conference was organized by Premier Jules Ferry of France and what other leader? A) Muhammad Ali of Egypt B) Leopold II of Belgium C) Otto von Bismarck of Germany D) Mahmud II of the Ottomans
11. The Berlin Conference established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on which of the following in order to be recognized by other states? A) “Extraterritoriality” B) “Direct annexation” C) “Effective occupation” D) “Military subjugation”
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12. Who won the battle of Omdurman in 1898? A) Sudanese Muslims B) The Belgians C) The Dutch D) The British
13. Leopold and the companies of the Congo made a fortune from the trade of what cash crop? A) Tea B) Slaves C) Raw rubber D) Iron
14. Cape Town was originally established as a supply station for whom? A) The Dutch B) Britain C) Belgium D) Portugal
15. Who was Shaka, and why was he significant? A) He was the British-appointed ruler of the Cape Colony who worked to impose and enforce British policies in Africa. B) He was the leader of Ethiopia's resistance to Italian imperialism and was successful in achieving independence for Ethiopia. C) He was a Zulu leader who revolutionized African warfare and created the largest and most powerful African society in southern Africa in the nineteenth century. D) He was the leader of a protest against working conditions at the DeBeers' diamond mines who spread knowledge of the atrocities there throughout Europe.
16. What motivated the Afrikaners to make their Great Trek northward in 1836? A) They were looking for better farmland. B) They heard that diamonds had been found. C) They wanted to protest the atrocities being committed against blacks in South Africa. D) They resented the movements toward black equality taking place in the Cape Colony.
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17. Cecil Rhodes and De Beers dominated the African trade in what? A) Slaves B) Rubber C) Diamonds D) Ivory 18. In the view of European imperialists in Africa, what did “good government” mean? A) That the government provided basic services B) That the government focused on helping all people accumulate material wealth C) That the government ensured law and order D) That the government ruled through elected representatives
19. In most European colonial governments, what happened with the bulk of tax revenues? A) The greatest part of the revenues was transferred to Europe. B) Most of the money collected went into basic services. C) Virtually all of the tax revenues went to the land-owning Europeans. D) The highest percentage of the revenues went to the salaries of local government officials.
20. What was the main economic goal of European imperialists in Africa? A) To encourage sustainable indigenous industrial development B) To connect Africa to world markets in a way that would be profitable for the Europeans C) To develop markets for industrial goods in the European colonies D) To develop new settlements to be populated by working-class Europeans
21. Where did a series of Anglo-Asante wars eventually establish a British protectorate in Africa? A) South Africa B) The Sudan C) The Gold Coast D) Rhodesia
22. The British introduced what cash crop to the Gold Coast? A) Cocoa beans B) Yams C) Cotton D) Coffee
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23. In the Gold Coast, how did the British treat the indigenous population politically? A) They kept all blacks in oppressive, menial conditions without any voting rights. B) They excluded them and brought in Indian civil servants to administer their colonies. C) They allowed black elites to vote in local elections. D) They sold local administrative positions to British merchants.
24. In addition to the British, what other members of their empire settled in British East Africa and became the middle class? A) Australians B) Indians C) Afrikaners D) The Welsh
25. The harsher colonial rule experienced in East Africa (modern Kenya) resulted from which of the following? A) The British settlers' dismissive attitudes toward the local population B) The fierce resistance of East African natives to British rule C) Fervent Islamic revivalism in the region and persecution of Christians D) The absence of gold ore, forcing greater exploitation by the colonial government
26. Western expansion into Asia and Africa reached its peak between what years? A) 1850 and 1890 B) 1880 and 1914 C) 1871 and 1882 D) 1914 and 1939
27. Why was Great Britain motivated to engage in imperialism in the 1870s? A) It had developed no new colonies since the loss of its North American colonies. B) It wanted to civilize the Africans more than it did the Indians. C) Its soaring population had created a massive shortage of jobs at home. D) Its lead in industrial domination was declining.
28. Quinine proved an effective protection against what debilitating disease? A) Smallpox B) Malaria C) Syphilis D) Yellow fever
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29. Rudyard Kipling wrote his poem “The White Man's Burden” in response to which of the following? A) America's seizure of the Philippines B) The British crown's takeover of India C) The British victory in the Anglo-Boer War D) America's sponsorship of the freed slaves' colony of Liberia
30. How did the Ibo of Nigeria respond to the British arrival in East Africa? A) They violently resisted European colonization. B) They adapted to British rule and ran their colonial state through elected offices. C) They became highly Christianized. D) Their tribal officials agreed to build hundreds of miles of railroads.
31. In the face of European imperialism, what was the most common initial response of African and Asian rulers? A) They generally deemed it unwise to resist. B) They immediately began diplomatic negotiations. C) They displayed measured indifference. D) They raised violent opposition.
32. Which of the following describes the process of hegemony? A) Using military force and harsh discipline to maintain control B) Maintaining domination by providing advantages to a select few C) Importing large numbers of settlers to replace or overpower native populations D) Spreading religious and cultural practices that encourage submission to an imperial power
33. What Western political philosophy led some natives to resist colonial rule? A) Nationalism B) Skepticism C) Objectivism D) Neoclassicism
34. In 1830, France began a long and bloody effort to conquer what province? A) Syria B) Algeria C) Iraq D) Iran
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35. By the nineteenth century, the Ottoman janissary corps had been transformed into A) a corrupt and privileged hereditary elite. B) elite, innovative infantry units. C) a slave army of Armenians. D) Shi'a converts.
36. What sparked the Ottoman janissary revolt of 1826? A) A janissary had been stoned for desertion. B) The government put pork into rations. C) The janissaries were ordered to drill in European style. D) The sultan ordered the disbanding of the janissaries.
37. Who was the Ottoman governor who led Egypt in the years following the Napoleonic wars? A) Abbas II B) Abdul Assar C) Ataturk D) Muhammad Ali
38. What did Europeans fear about Muhammad Ali taking over parts of the Ottoman Empire? A) That he was a Zionist B) That he was too friendly with Russia C) That the Ottomans would cease to be a buffer between western Europe and Egypt D) That his dynamic personality would revive Ottoman power
39. Which of the following was a series of Ottoman reforms issued in 1876 and designed to remake the empire on a western European model? A) Tantuni B) Tanzimat C) Janissary D) Dervishme
40. How did Muhammad Ali raise money to pay for his army and the industrialization of Egypt? A) He developed commercial agriculture. B) He reopened the slave markets. C) He borrowed money from Russia. D) He built large cotton mills.
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41. Who built the Suez Canal? A) The British East India Company B) A French company C) Ottoman janissaries D) Muhammad Ali's army
42. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh both advocated for which of the following? A) Islamic reform and rejuvenation B) Extreme fundamentalist Islam C) Islamic accommodation of Christianity D) Democratic reforms in Egypt
43. Why did Qasim Amin believe the Islamic world had fallen behind the West? A) Because they had not industrialized B) Because they had failed to educate women C) Because they lacked strong leadership D) Because they did not participate in global trade
44. What was one reason the British seized Egypt in 1882? A) Anti-European riots erupted in Alexandria. B) British merchants violated Islamic law. C) An independent Jewish state was declared in Palestine. D) The French military had attempted to depose the ruler Tewfiq.
45. Which statement is true about global living standards in 1750? A) The average living standard in Europe was no higher than in the rest of the world. B) The average living standard in Europe was significantly higher than in the rest of the world. C) Living standards in Muslim empires were still higher than in Europe. D) The living standard in China was higher than the rest of the world.
46. As a result of the growth of trade, Europeans made massive foreign investments A) in Ireland and South Africa. B) in its colonies in Asia and Africa. C) in other European countries, the United States, and its old dominions like Canada and Australia. D) in Russia.
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47. During the great migration of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the vast majority of migrants were A) from China and South Asia. B) from Europe. C) African slaves. D) Jews from Eastern Europe.
48. The European migrant was most often A) a middle-class professional. B) an urban, skilled factory worker. C) a small peasant landowner or rural craftsman. D) the poorest rural, landless peasant.
49. Between 1750 and 1900, what was the Asian population trend? A) There was a dramatic decline. B) It mirrored population growth in Europe. C) It was far outpaced by that of Africa. D) There was little overall change. 50. In America and Australia in the 1880s, “great white walls” were actually what? A) Physical walls surrounding Asian settlements B) Discriminatory laws against Asian migrants C) Laws allowing Asian labor on plantations D) Factory dormitories to keep Asian and white workers apart
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Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. B 29. A 30. C 31. D 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. D 39. B 40. A 41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A
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45. A 46. C 47. B 48. C 49. B 50. B
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What role did slavery play in the internal economy of sub-Saharan Africa?
2. What were the long-term implications of the Sokoto caliphate?
3. How did the politics of Europe in the late nineteenth century shape the organization of the European colonies in the scramble for Africa?
4. How was the development of southern Africa different from the development of the rest of sub-Saharan Africa?
5. What caused tensions between Afrikaners and the British in southern Africa?
6. What did Cecil Rhodes contribute to British imperialism and the history of South Africa?
7. What were the causes of the late-nineteenth-century new imperialism? 8. How were the Tanzimat reforms “Western” in character?
9. What role did technology and infrastructure play in developing world markets in the nineteenth century?
10. What motivated people to migrate in the nineteenth century?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Slavery was a key component of the internal economy. West African rulers and warlords who had benefited from the Atlantic slave trade succeeded in redirecting some of their slaves into the production of goods for world markets. This was possible because slavery and slave markets remained strong in sub-Saharan Africa, as local warfare and slave raiding continued to enslave large numbers of men, women, and children. A tiny middle class began to develop, spurred significantly by the role of women merchants. As the export of slaves out of Africa to the Americas decreased, the use of slaves within the sub-Saharan economy increased. 2. Answer would ideally include: The triumph of the Sokoto caliphate had profound consequences for Africa. The caliphate was based on Islamic history and law, which provided legal stability and gave sub-Saharan Africa a sophisticated written constitution. Islam became a unifying force and penetrated past the ruling and merchant classes for the first time. Furthermore, because Islam accepted slavery, the slave trade in the region increased. 3. Answer would ideally include: The emergence of Germany as a significant power in European politics was reflected in the fact that Bismarck took the lead in the Berlin Conference that determined the imperial policy in Africa. The conference established the principle of “effective occupation” and promised to stop black and Islamic slave traders. Concern about the general imperial power of Britain led Germany and France to collaborate on who took what colony. Economic competition also drove the acquisition of new colonies. 4. Answer would ideally include: The development of southern Africa diverged from the development of the rest of sub-Saharan Africa in important ways. In southern Africa, whites settled in large numbers, modern capitalist industry took off, and British imperialists had to wage all-out war to maintain control. The British and Dutch (Boers) fought a war against one another from 1899 to 1902 for control of the region. The discovery of diamonds and gold in the region funded industrial development. Unlike sub-Saharan Africa, which was claimed, southern Africa was settled. 5. Answer would ideally include: When they took over the region of southern Africa, the British altered the relationships between the races. In 1834 they abolished slavery in the Cape Colony and introduced color-blind legislation. Missionaries also treated the natives as equal. The Dutch Afrikaners resented this and, fearful of losing their power to natives, went on the Great Trek to find land they could run independently. They set up the Orange Free States and Transvaal. After gold was discovered in Transvaal, British encroachment continued and eventually led to the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902. The British eventually won the war but also promised the Boers (now Afrikaners) representative government in the new
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Union of South Africa. The British-Afrikaner government cooperated tenuously to set the colony on the road to what would eventually become a fully segregated society. 6. Answer would ideally include: Cecil Rhodes and his De Beers mining company monopolized diamond and gold mining in South Africa. Rhodes used missionaries and his financial wealth to force African chiefs to accept British protectorates, and his activity led Britain to bring Northern and Southern Rhodesia into the British Empire. For example, King Lobengula met with some of Rhodes's men and was tricked into signing the Rudd Concession, which handed much of Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) over to Rhodes. Regardless of the deception involved, Queen Victoria gave Rhodes's British South Africa Company a royal charter to occupy the land on behalf of the British government. After gold was discovered in the Boer state of Transvaal, Rhodes's activity helped instigate the South African war of 1899–1902 (the Anglo-Boer War) between the British and the Afrikaners. Eventually the British created the Union of South Africa, a segregated society in which blacks were treated much more harshly than they had been under previous British rule. 7. Answer would ideally include: Western expansion into Africa and Asia was limited before 1880, but the scramble to acquire colonies after that began a new era of imperialism. Economic motives played an important role, especially for the British, who feared they were losing their advantage and wanted to secure raw materials. European rivalries reflected Social Darwinist ideas that the strongest should conquer the weaker or more “inferior” peoples. Technological and military superiority made battles clearly unequal, and the newly discovered quinine controlled malaria and made further exploration into Africa possible. Domestic political and class conflict encouraged politicians to divert attention outward in their attempts to create a sense of national unity. Special interest groups also encouraged the search for new land. 8. Answer would ideally include: Modeled on nineteenth-century liberal reforms, the Tanzimat reforms called for the equality of Muslims, Christians, and Jews before the law and in business; security of property; and modernization of the bureaucracy and military. New commercial laws liberalized trade and investment. These liberal reforms typified European reforms. Slavery was curtailed, Western-style culture was adopted, and the upwardly mobile embraced Western education. 9. Answer would ideally include: Intercontinental trade was facilitated by technological advancements such as the introduction of steam power in transportation. Steamships moved goods from continent to continent, and colonial powers built railroads in their holdings. Travel and transportation also became cheaper. Development of local infrastructure (roads, railroads) connected cities and regions to the global markets. The development of industry led to the need for new raw materials such as jute and rubber, in addition to the traditional agricultural exports (such as tea). Because the world was more connected, the
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companies in one country were investing in industry in other countries. 10. Answer would ideally include: The most common reason for migrating was economic. Some people migrated from rural areas to urban centers; others migrated to new countries. They were looking for jobs and economic opportunities. They migrated because of war, famine, overpopulation, and lack of jobs at home, and to escape ethnic or religious prejudice. Asian labor migrated from one colonial holding to another, and some Europeans encouraged this to replace African labor. Most of those who migrated were young, unmarried, and seeking opportunity. Eventually ties of family and friendship played a crucial role in building a chain migration.
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Chapter 26 Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. There has long been debate among historians and politicians about the nature and consequences of British rule in India. What were the benefits of British rule for India? What were the costs?
2. Although Christian missionaries did not convert the majority of any Asian population to their religion, they did have a strong influence on various Asian societies in the nineteenth century. Explain how Christian missionary activity affected various Asian societies, and discuss how native elites viewed the missionaries.
3. What were Britain's goals in regard to China in the nineteenth century? How did those goals change over time, and why?
4. How did the Meiji reformers in Japan set about creating a new, Western-style nation-state? What Western models did they choose for different institutions, and why?
5. How did the development of a global labor market in the later nineteenth century fuel the emigration of millions from Asia?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Beginning when the British East India Company ruled India, the British instituted several social reforms: slavery was outlawed, banditry was suppressed, Sati was outlawed, and new laws designed to improve women's position in society were introduced. British rule meant foreign rule and the replacement of the traditional elite education systems with British education. Most tax revenues went toward military expenditures, although there were improvements in infrastructure (water supplies, railroads, telegraph lines, and so forth). Most Indian peasants remained extremely poor, and many were forced off their land and became laborers for low wages on plantations. 2. Answer would ideally include: Christian missionaries made the most actual conversions in Vietnam and Korea––in Vietnam in part because of strong support from the French colonial government. Also, the French took over Indochina in part as a reaction to the Vietnamese persecution of Christian converts and missionaries. Thus, Christian missionary activity stimulated more colonization. In India, the British discouraged missionary activity for fear of destabilizing society by provoking Hindu or Muslim resistance. Many Christian missionaries lived in China among the common people but did not gain large numbers of converts. Missionary activity had an inadvertent negative impact on China: It inspired Hong Xiuquan and his Taiping Rebellion and angered the Boxers. As with Christian missionaries in Vietnam, missionaries in China stimulated more colonization. The Boxer Rebellion inspired European powers to force China to submit even more authority to foreign powers. In China and elsewhere in Asia, the missionaries were also key intermediaries in the introduction of Western thought and even technology. In China, they were more influential in this way than in actual conversions. 3. Answer would ideally include: Britain's main goal was to increase trade relations with China. Britain imported tea from China, but China was not interested in any products the British made. Thus, the only thing Britain had to trade for tea was silver. In the 1820s, Britain began to export opium to China. When the Chinese protested the opium trade, the British responded by sending warships to force China to open up more of its trade; a second expeditionary force left Britain in control of several port cities. Britain continued to push for more diplomatic relations and favorable trade with China; it was joined by France and even Japan in forcing China to grant more and more concessions. 4. Answer would ideally include: The Meiji reformers used the emperor as a symbol of the new Japanese nation under the guise of “restoring” him to power. They embarked on a radical program to remake Japan as a modern, European-style nation-state. They abolished the privileges of the samurai and the old feudal domains, centralized the government, introduced conscription (copied from France) and universal public education, provided government support for industrialization, and in 1889 introduced a constitution providing for a kind
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of constitutional monarchy. The Meiji oligarchs selected European models deliberately. They imitated the German constitution, because it gave more power to the executive than the constitutions of the United States, France, or Britain. They modeled their navy on the British navy, and their army and military education on those of Germany. 5. Answer would ideally include: As the global labor market expanded in the nineteenth century, Asian laborers emigrated to work in the Caribbean, South America, Madagascar, North America, and elsewhere. Migration within Asia (for example, of Indians to Malaysia) was also extensive. In many cases, this migration resulted from direct recruiting efforts; for example, British plantation owners in the Caribbean needed to replace recently freed African slave labor. In other cases, such as that of Japanese emigration to Hawaii and South America, the impetus came from the migrants themselves. The number of Asians emigrating in the nineteenth century did not come close to the number of Europeans who left Europe during the same period.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-14: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Great Mutiny / Great Revolt b. Indian Civil Service c. Indian National Congress d. Java War e. Nguyen Dynasty f. Opium War g. extraterritoriality h. Taiping Rebellion i. Boxers j. 1911 Revolution k. gunboat diplomacy l. Meiji Restoration m. Russo-Japanese War n. indentured laborers
1. The bureaucracy that administered the government of India. Entry into its elite ranks was through examinations that Indians were eligible to take, but these tests were offered only in England.
2. A Chinese secret society that blamed the country's ills on foreigners, especially missionaries, and rose in rebellion in 1900. 3. The 1867 ousting of the Tokugawa Shogunate that “restored” the power of the Japanese emperors.
4. Laborers who in exchange for passage agreed to work for a number of years, specified in a contract.
5. The terms used by the British and the Indians, respectively, to describe the last armed resistance to British rule in India, which occurred in 1857.
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6. The uprising that brought China's monarchy to an end.
7. The legal principle that exempts individuals from local law, applicable in China because of the agreements reached after China's loss in the Opium War.
8. The 1825–1830 war between the Dutch government and the Javanese, fought over the extension of Dutch control of the island.
9. The 1839–1842 war between the British and the Chinese over limitations on trade and the importation of opium into China.
10. A political association formed in 1885 that worked for Indian self-government.
11. A massive rebellion by believers in the religious teachings of Hong Xiuquan, begun in 1851 and not suppressed until 1864.
12. The imposition of treaties and agreements under threat of military violence, such as the opening of Japan to trade after Commodore Perry's demands.
13. The last Vietnamese ruling house, which lasted from 1802 to 1945.
14. The 1904–1905 war between Russia and Japan fought over imperial influence and territory in northeast China (Manchuria).
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Answer Key 1. b. Indian Civil Service 2. i. Boxers 3. l. Meiji Restoration 4. n. indentured laborers 5. a. Great Mutiny / Great Revolt 6. j. 1911 Revolution 7. g. extraterritoriality 8. d. Java War 9. f. Opium War 10. c. Indian National Congress 11. h. Taiping Rebellion 12. k. gunboat diplomacy 13. e. Nguyen Dynasty 14. m. Russo-Japanese War
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. By the end of the nineteenth century, which of the following could be considered the strongest country in Asia? A) China B) Japan C) India D) Korea
2. Before 1757, who appeared to be Britain's main rivals for control of India? A) The Portuguese and the Spanish B) The Chinese and the Portuguese C) The French and the Dutch D) The Persians and the French
3. In 1818, the British East India Company controlled territory in India that was occupied by A) 35 million people. B) more people than lived in all of China. C) 60 million people. D) more people than lived in all of western Europe.
4. Who made up the Indian rebels in the Great Revolt of 1857? A) Poor peasants B) Brahmins C) Local princes D) Sepoy troops
5. Indian resentment of which of the following contributed to the Great Revolt of 1857? A) Tax increases—particularly the salt tax—by the British B) British refusal to employ members of the lower castes in the army C) The East India army's use of cattle or pig grease on rifles D) Queen Victoria's adoption of the title “Empress of India”
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6. How did British rule in India change after the Great Revolt of 1857? A) India was ruled directly by the British government. B) Queen Victoria appointed an Indian Governor-General who answered directly to her. C) The British East India Company closed British schools for the Indian elite. D) Britain made it illegal for the lower castes to own rifles.
7. What title did Queen Victoria adopt in 1877? A) Queen of India B) Empress of India C) Raja Britannica D) Governor-General
8. The export of what commodity from India to China would have far-reaching effects for all concerned? A) Opium B) Tea C) Pepper D) Indigo
9. By 1900, what had happened to India's textile industry? A) It became the world's largest exporter of finished cotton products. B) It exploded in size and became the nation's largest employer. C) It suffered a huge blow from the loss of millions of jobs. D) It was selling its machine-spun yarn and cloth to England at artificially low prices.
10. Britain's improvement of transportation in India resulted in the spread of disease, especially which one? A) Smallpox B) Malaria C) Tuberculosis D) Cholera
11. Rammohun Roy created a society that tried to reconcile Western philosophy and what sacred Indian text? A) The Upanishads B) The Mahabharata C) The Ramayana D) The Rigveda
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12. What did most British elites believe about Indian people? A) That they were inherently inferior B) That their culture was worthy of respect C) That they would not continue to accept British rule D) That they were incapable of bravery or courage
13. According to the text, which Indians were most upset by Britain's systematic racism? A) The poorest rural peasants and small farmers B) Urban shopkeepers and small merchants C) Well-educated, English-speaking elites D) Members of the servant class who worked directly under the British
14. The Indian National Congress demanded that the government spend more of its budget on what? A) Military supplies B) Expansion of borders C) More industrialized farming D) Reducing poverty
15. The British transported so many laborers to Malay that its population became one-third Malay, one-third Indian, and one-third what other nationality? A) British B) Chinese C) South African D) Burmese
16. What group can be regarded as fundamentally responsible for modernity in Indonesia? A) Dutch colonists in the nineteenth century B) Immigrants from India in the late nineteenth century C) Military and government specialists from Japan D) The Chinese explorer Zheng He
17. Under the Culture System, what was required of Indonesian peasants? A) They had to conduct all business transactions in Dutch. B) They were required to devote one-fifth of their land to export crops for taxes. C) They were required to convert to and attend the Dutch Reformed Church. D) They had to work on large, state-run farms, which grew only cash crops.
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18. After coming to power in 1802, the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam modeled its bureaucracy on which of the following? A) The British colonial government of India B) Meiji Japan C) Confucian ideals D) The Ottoman Empire's administrative structure
19. In the 1820s, Vietnam's ruler considered what to be one of the great threats to the unity of his country? A) British imperialists B) Chinese traders C) Cambodian refugees D) French Catholic missionaries
20. In the 1850s, the Vietnamese government executed large numbers of people who had what in common? A) They were all military traitors. B) They were all Vietnamese Christians. C) They were all Confucian scholars. D) They were all French settlers.
21. What modern countries made up French Indochina, circa 1887? A) Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia B) Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia C) Vietnam, Laos, China D) Vietnam, Cambodia, Tibet
22. Vietnamese nationalism is believed to trace much of its inspiration to which of the following? A) Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 B) China's “Hundred Days” Reform program C) Gandhi's fight against British rule in India D) The U.S. Declaration of Independence
23. How did King Chulalongkorn of Siam manage to keep his nation's independence? A) He played the British and the Dutch off of each other. B) He negotiated a balance between France and Prussia by making promises to both nations. C) He played Britain and France off of each other. D) He negotiated a monetary settlement with Japan and Russia.
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24. The United States acquired the Philippines from Spain in what year? A) 1866 B) 1882 C) 1898 D) 1904
25. During the years of Spanish rule, who most often served as intermediaries between the Filipinos and the Spanish? A) Filipino elites B) Spanish priests C) Filipino monks D) American missionaries
26. Following the acquisition of the Philippines by the United States A) U.S. forces spent four years in a bloody war to suppress Filipinos who sought independence. B) the Americans were expelled by the Filipinos who established Philippine independence. C) the United States sold the islands to Japan for $26 million and fishing rights in the Sea of Japan. D) the Americans proposed a twenty-year phase of self-rule for Filipinos.
27. The sale of which of the following products allowed Great Britain to upset the balance of trade that had previously been in China's favor? A) Rifles B) Opium C) Steam engines D) Coffee
28. Which of the following events drove the British to settle Hong Kong? A) The Chinese expelled them from Guangzhou. B) The Chinese offered to give them Hong Kong in return for opium. C) The British conquered it during the Opium War. D) The British were expelled from Macao.
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29. Who did Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Taiping Rebellion, claim to be? A) A descendant of Ming emperors B) The younger brother of Jesus C) The rightful emperor to the throne D) A Daoist god
30. What was the ultimate goal of the Taiping rebels in China? A) To establish a utopia with equal landholdings and equality of men and women B) To expel all Western influences from China and kill all Christian missionaries C) To restore the Ming Dynasty to power and get rid of the “foreign” Manchus D) To create a socialist society based on the teachings of Marx and Engels
31. Who did the Manchus call on to help put down the Taiping Rebellion? A) The British and French armies B) Their own Manchu banner army units C) The Mongols, who sent elite horsemen D) Chinese scholar-officials who raised armies to suppress the rebels
32. What was a consequence of the 1894 naval war between Japan and China? A) China won and forced Japan to give up Okinawa. B) Russia mediated a peace agreement that allowed the Japanese to occupy Beijing. C) China was defeated and forced to cede Taiwan to Japan. D) China was saved from defeat only by the intervention of the British navy.
33. Who stopped the reforms of the Qing emperor in 1898? A) British forces B) The empress dowager C) Taiping rebels D) Boxers
34. In the Boxer Rebellion, the Boxers blamed China's problems on which of the following? A) Militarism in Japan B) Foreign missionaries who criticized the nation C) The emperor, whom they called weak and corrupt D) European imperialism across Asia
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35. Who was a key figure in the introduction of the ideas of democracy and revolution into China? A) Sun Yatsen B) Hong Xiuquan C) Lin Xezu D) Tsui Hark
36. What was a consequence of the 1911 Revolution in China? A) China became a constitutional monarchy. B) China came under the direct rule of Britain. C) China became a republic modeled on Western political ideas. D) China agreed to self-rule for all of its provinces. 37. When U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan in 1853, who was the real ruler of the country? A) The emperor B) The high priest of the Shinto religion C) The Tokugawa shogun D) The head of the army 38. Who in Japan agitated under the slogan, “Revere the emperor and expel the barbarians”? A) The shogun B) Retired emperors C) The samurai D) Peasants
39. Japan modeled its Constitution of 1889 on that of what country? A) France B) England C) Germany D) The United States
40. Under Japan's 1889 constitution, how were the prime minister and cabinet appointed? A) They were elected through a democratic popular election. B) They were chosen and appointed by the emperor. C) They were selected by the Diet. D) They were chosen by a committee of the elite samurai class.
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41. During the Meiji era, how did Japan view China? A) As a model of how to respond to Western economic and military pressure B) As the source for much of its high culture, including the writing system C) As a popular tourist destination D) As an object lesson in the dangers of not modernizing
42. How did Japan take the lead in silk exports to Europe? A) By importing many tons of raw silk B) By forcing all peasant women to spin silk thread C) By introducing the mechanical reeling of silk D) By building the largest shipping navy in the world
43. What are zaibatsu? A) Japan's new parliament B) Japanese industrial conglomerates C) The articles of the Meiji constitution D) German-style military schools
44. During the Meiji era, Japan became an imperial power, making which of the following into its colonies? A) The Philippines and Laos B) Taiwan and Korea C) China and Mongolia D) Manchuria and Siam 45. How did Korea initially respond to Western calls that the country be “opened” to the West in the second half of the nineteenth century? A) By reluctantly opening its borders B) By enthusiastically welcoming all foreign diplomats to the capital C) By insisting that foreign relations be handled through China D) By attacking any foreigners who attempted to enter the country
46. What was the primary cause of the Russo-Japanese War? A) Competition between Japanese and Russian imperialist desires in Manchuria B) A struggle between the two powers to gain control of Korea C) An attempt by Japan to get mining interests in the Russian colony of Siberia D) Japan's desire to demonstrate its military might to the West
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47. Which of the following had the most converts to Christianity despite having been paid much less attention by Western missionaries than other Asian countries? A) Japan B) Korea C) Laos D) Siam
48. By 1900, India and China took the lead in exporting which of the following? A) Silk B) Coffee C) Labor D) Coal
49. Which of the following could be said of all Asian countries by the nineteenth century? A) They had all become Christian. B) They had all been in contact in one form or another with the West. C) They had all adopted Westernized forms of currencies. D) They were all affected to one degree or another by the opium trade.
50. Of all the Asian countries in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which came to rival the West in urbanity and education? A) Japan B) China C) India D) Korea
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Answer Key 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B 21. A 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. C 38. C 39. D 40. B 41. D 42. C 43. B 44. B
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45. C 46. A 47. B 48. C 49. B 50. A
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. How did British rule unify India?
2. In what ways did English rule in India prepare the natives for the self-rule movement that began there?
3. How did British control of India affect British foreign policy?
4. How was Siam able to retain its independence from imperialist powers?
5. What kinds of problems did China's overpopulation cause in the nineteenth century?
6. What were the aims of the self-strengthening movement? Was the movement successful? 7. How did Japan and China differ in “opening” their respective nations to the West?
8. How did the Meiji reform the military? What were the models for these reforms?
9. Trace the development of Australia as an immigrant destination.
10. Describe how, at the start of the nineteenth century, regional Asian societies varied much more than those of any other part of the world.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The British introduced a British-style, English-language education system to India and created a new, well-educated, English-speaking Indian bureaucracy. The British also reformed law, placing everyone in India under one law code and legal administration. University graduates were unified under one Indian identity, rather than viewing themselves as residents of separate states, kingdoms, castes, or groups. This did not, however, erase all religious divisions. 2. Answer would ideally include: By introducing a Western-style, English-language education system and Western philosophy, the English were also introducing Western ideas of liberal freedoms, nationalism, and democracy. Indians under British rule also learned about the freedoms given to other British colonies, such as Australia and Canada. Indian lawyers trained in English law were instrumental in forming the Indian National Congress. 3. Answer would ideally include: In the nineteenth century, defending India was the key to Britain's foreign policy. Control of India led to Britain acquiring a larger empire and seeking more economic opportunities. Britain expanded its authority in Asia to protect India; by 1826 Britain had annexed Burma, Singapore, and Malaya in the Strait of Malacca (through which British trade between India and China moved). In both regions, the British developed trade and moved labor around. 4. Answer would ideally include: Siam used its location—between the British colony of Burma and the French territory of Indochina—to preserve its independence. It was not colonized by either and played the two European powers off of each other. King Chulalongkorn also modernized and Westernized himself and his kingdom, which helped to protect it. He studied Western sciences and modernized his state to centralize it, making it stronger and less tempting for colonial powers. 5. Answer would ideally include: Overpopulation caused economic and social problems for China. Farm sizes shrank, and forests were plowed under to make new farmland. As the labor pool grew, wages fell. Because daughters were considered superfluous, female infanticide increased. Ultimately, this led to a shortage of marriageable women, which led many young men to leave home and seek their fortunes elsewhere; some found employment, while others became bandits and criminals. Of the latter, some joined in rebellions such as the Taiping Rebellion. 6. Answer would ideally include: China's self-strengthening movement attempted to modernize and Westernize the nation—primarily the military—to address the threat of Western colonizers. In addition,
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the Chinese also decided to build new industries such as railway lines, steam navigation, coal mines, telegraph lines, and textile factories. Despite resistance from conservatives—who thought that copying the West was admitting defeat by the West— China gradually modernized and Westernized. 7. Answer would ideally include: To some extent, both Japan and China were forced, with military threats, to open up to the West, specifically to Western trade. The opening up of China was more gradual and more chaotic. Exposure to Western ideas, including Christianity, mixed with the nation's internal problems (such as overpopulation) and left the empire destabilized and vulnerable to more Western domination. At the same time, a weakened China also lost a major war to Japan. Japan resisted opening to the West at first but quickly came to believe that modernization and Westernization were necessary to protect itself. While China modernized reluctantly under the self-strengthening policy, Japan went at it eagerly with the Meiji Restoration. Whereas China lost control of territory to European powers, Japan became an imperialist power and exerted influence over China. 8. Answer would ideally include: As part of its modernization, Westernization, and centralization programs, the Meiji Restoration completely remade the Japanese military. As with many of the Meiji reforms, Japan studied and then adapted European models. In 1872, Japan implemented a conscription plan copied from the French. It then created a military school, the War College, copied from the Germans and staffed by German instructors. Young samurai were trained there to be a new, professional, officer corps. This also solved the problem of what to do with the samurai as a class. 9. Answer would ideally include: In May 1787 a British fleet of eleven ships packed with one thousand felons and their jailers began an eight-month voyage to Australia. Up until when the penal colony system was abolished in 1869, a total of 161,000 convicts were transported to Australia. Convicts became free when their sentences expired or were remitted, and few returned to England. Governor Phillip and his successors urged the Colonial Office to send free settlers to Australia, not just prisoners. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, a steady stream of people relocated. 10. Answer would ideally include: In the temperate zones of East Asia, the old established monarchies of China, Japan, and Korea were all densely populated and boasted long literary traditions and traditions of unified governments. They had ties to each other that dated back many centuries and shared many elements of their cultures. South of these countries, in the tropical and subtropical regions, cultures were more diverse. India was just as densely populated as China, Japan, and Korea, but politically and culturally less unified, with several major languages and dozens of independent rulers reigning in kingdoms large and small, not to mention the growing British presence. In both India and Southeast Asia, Islam was much more important than it was in East Asia, although there was a relatively small Muslim minority in China. All of the countries with long written histories and literate
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elites were greatly removed from the thinly populated and relatively primitive areas without literate cultures and sometimes even without agriculture, such as Australia and some of the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia.
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Chapter 27 Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. How did emancipation for slaves develop differently across Latin and South America? Why were patterns of emancipation different?
2. What challenges confronted Mexico's leaders in the decades following independence? What factors weakened the Mexican state?
3. What advantages did immigrants offer to their host societies in the Americas? What problems came with immigration?
4. How did immigration shape Canada's development?
5. In many respects, the economies and societies of Latin America and North America were shaped by immigration. Discuss this contention critically, being sure to note both the distinctive and the similar features in the history of immigration to the United States, Canada, and Latin America.
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Although slaves in Haiti had successfully rebelled in 1804, in other parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, masters sought to gradually emancipate slaves in conjunction with national struggles for independence. Slaves participated in struggles for independence in exchange for freedom, unlike in the United States. Across the regions, slavery was abolished by a conjunction of efforts from those working for abolition and from slaves themselves, who used a variety of forms of resistance, from rebellions to running away, to assert their own independence. The efforts of slaves increased the costs associated with slavery and made it less economically viable. Free womb laws were adopted in many states, as was the practice of exchanging emancipation for military service. Slavery was ended across most of the Caribbean and Central America, including Mexico, in the 1820s and 1830s, and in most of South America in the 1850s and 1860s. Slavery was abolished very late in Cuba (1886) and Brazil (1888), although in Brazil, earlier laws emancipated elderly slaves and children born of slaves. 2. Answer would ideally include: Wars for independence damaged important economic infrastructure, including silver mines. Mexico had difficulty attracting investment to build infrastructure that might strengthen the economy. Political instability contributed also to a weaker state and a weak economy, and a cycle of economic decline set in. Expansionist pressure from the United States and defeat in the Mexican-American War led to the loss, after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), of half of Mexico's territory. Liberal reforms after that conflict triggered conservative and Roman Catholic Church backlash and, eventually, a French invasion in 1862 that established Maximilian of Hapsburg as emperor of Mexico, leading then to further American interference and another revolution to depose Maximilian before a republic was restored in 1876. 3. Answer would ideally include: Large numbers—tens of millions—of immigrants came to the Americas from 1860 to 1914 and transformed host societies, especially in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. Most immigrants were young men. Immigrants brought cheap labor and skills that aided in industrialization and economic development. Immigrants were racially and ethnically diverse, with many coming, especially to Latin America, from China, Japan, South Asia, and the Middle East. Immigrants fed urbanization, but also brought new political ideas, unions, and new religions, such as a large influx of Roman Catholics and Jews to the United States. Ethnic and religious tensions, especially in America, often increased. 4. Answer would ideally include: Canada became a united Dominion with its own national government in 1867, although it continued to recognize the British monarchy. The population of only 5 million in 1900 was increasing rapidly from immigration, even while populations of
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native peoples declined. Large numbers of immigrants came from the United States, Great Britain, and Europe. While some went to growing urban centers, rural population increased as farmers flooded the Canadian prairies and expanded the state westward. Most of the population remained engaged in agriculture. 5. Answer would ideally include: In all of these regions, immigrants contributed directly to economic development and expansion and to the creation of cosmopolitan urban cultures. Immigration also provoked the development of various racial theories and policies, which often encompassed native peoples as well as those from outside these regions. Each region, however, had its own distinct features of how much it did or did not assimilate the immigrants' culture. There are also differences in what kinds of people immigrated into each region. In Latin America, for instance, most of the immigration was of European origin. There was also quite a bit of immigration between Latin American countries. Most immigrants in Latin America found the culture very open to social mobility and assimilation of immigrant culture into local culture. In Canada, there was less assimilation, perhaps due to fewer numbers of immigrants overall, with many Canadian immigrants going to rural areas. Most immigrants settled in either the large cities or in the Midwest. In the United States, immigrants segregated by ethnicity and culture; they created enclaves by culture. Immigrants settled in the large cities, particularly those with industry, where they provided most of the labor force. Immigrant labor contributed to the rapid urbanization of some areas of the United States and also constituted part of the problems of urbanization: large slums, poor sanitation, overcrowding, poverty, and so on. Large populations of immigrants led to the rise in ethnic tension and overtly racist ideologies, such as the anti-Asian attitudes in the American West.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-14: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. neocolonialism b. manifest destiny c. free womb laws d. oligarchs e. anarcho-syndicalism f. Roosevelt Corollary g. Circum-Caribbean h. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo i. liberalism j. Porfiriato k. caudillismo l. Lerdo Law m. Monroe Doctrine n. latifundios
1. The 1848 treaty between the United States and Mexico in which Mexico ceded large tracts of land to the United States.
2. The small number of individuals and families that monopolized political power and economic resources.
3. The belief that God had foreordained the United States to cover the entire continent.
4. An 1856 Mexican law that barred corporate landholdings.
5. The re-establishment of political and economic influence over regions after they have ceased to be formal colonies.
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6. A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the United States would “correct” what it saw as wrongdoing in neighboring countries. _
7. Large landed estates.
8. A philosophy whose principal ideas were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
9. A gradual form of abolition through which children born to slaves gained their freedom.
10. The regime of Porfirio Díaz, who presided in Mexico from 1876 to 1880 and again from 1884 to 1911.
11. Established a U.S. sphere of influence over the Americas by opposing European imperialism on the continent.
12. The region encompassing the Antilles islands as well as the lands that bound the Caribbean Sea in Central America and northern South America.
13. A radical ideology that proposed the revolutionary reorganization of society into an egalitarian community ruled by labor unions.
14. Government by charismatic figures who rule through personal power rather than the functioning of public institutions.
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Answer Key 1. h. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2. d. oligarchs 3. b. manifest destiny 4. l. Lerdo Law 5. a. neocolonialism 6. f. Roosevelt Corollary 7. n. latifundios 8. i. liberalism 9. c. free womb laws 10. j. Porfiriato 11. m. Monroe Doctrine 12. g. Circum-Caribbean 13. e. anarcho-syndicalism 14. k. caudillismo
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What economic and social changes from their earlier colonial condition were characteristic of postindependence states in the Americas around 1900? A) Poverty and marginalization of rural workers continued. B) Indigenous communities became more economically influential. C) Retreat from the global economy produced domestic prosperity. D) Immigration dried up as connections with Europe were broken.
2. What was the dominant ideology in the new nations of the former Spanish Empire in the century after independence? A) Marxism B) Liberalism C) Clericalism D) Republicanism
3. What characterized the rule of caudillos in postindependence Spanish America? A) Continued close ties to European power centers B) Growing influence by native peoples over political systems C) The exercise of personal charismatic leadership D) Federal systems of balanced power
4. What two features characterized Mexico's political situation in the decades before the 1850s? A) Stability and domination of the state by one family B) Constant conflict between church and state, and native and settler populations C) Repeated attempts to return to Spanish rule and republicanism D) Regional rebellions and frequent changes of the presidency
5. What does the fate of the La Valenciana mine in postindependence Mexico exemplify about the nation's economic development? A) The economy became more dependent of the export of precious metals. B) The economy withered and trade collapsed. C) The economy became stronger and more diversified. D) Investment by the United States was needed to strengthen the economy.
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6. What strengthened the economy of the United States in the decades following independence? A) Continued integration into the expanding British economy B) Racial homogeneity in the United States C) The lack of regional economic diversity D) Uniformly strong internal markets
7. After the Mexican-American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded about what percentage of its territory to the United States? A) 25 percent B) 10 percent C) 80 percent D) 50 percent
8. The La Reforma changes to Mexican society in the mid-1850s tended to advance the interests of A) the army. B) liberal leaders. C) conservative landowners. D) the Catholic Church.
9. What was the result of the rule of Pedro II on Brazil after 1840? A) Regular nationalistic revolts B) Continued changes in political leadership C) National unity D) Greater independence from European economic influence
10. In 1822 Emperor Pedro I began his rule of A) Cuba. B) Panama. C) Brazil. D) Colombia.
11. What two new states did the United States admit in 1845? A) Texas and Florida B) Arizona and New Mexico C) Iowa and Florida D) New Mexico and Texas
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12. In what treaty did Mexico cede Texas to the United States? A) Treaty of Veracruz B) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo C) Treaty of Washington D) Treaty of Mexico City
13. What united the experience of slaves in Cuba, the United States, and Brazil? A) Slavery persisted in all three nations much longer than elsewhere in the Americas. B) Slavery was especially brutal in all three states. C) All three states attempted to end slavery, but were prevented from doing so by British influence. D) Slave rebellions were very rare in all three nations.
14. How did the different experience of slaves in the independence movements of Haiti and the United States shape other independence movements across the Americas? A) Colonial elites realized that slaves needed to be freed for independence to succeed. B) Colonial elites in societies with large unfree populations supported more gradual independence. C) Colonial elites realized independence could not be obtained in states with large slave populations. D) Colonial elites became determined to end slavery before independence movements began.
15. Cuba ended slavery in 1886, followed in 1888 by what country? A) Colombia B) Jamaica C) Brazil D) United States 16. “Bloody Kansas” in 1854 referred to A) the forced migration of many free blacks into the Kansas territory. B) a violent conflict between settlers and native peoples. C) a large-scale slave revolt. D) confrontations over the status of Kansas as a slave state.
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17. What was Abraham Lincoln's view on slavery when he was elected president in 1860? A) He wanted it abolished immediately. B) He wanted to stop its spread in the United States. C) He wanted the federal government to purchase the freedom of all slave women and children. D) He wanted an agreement to gradually end it over a 25-year period.
18.
What did the Emancipation Proclamation accomplish? A) It outlawed slavery throughout the United States. B) It limited slavery, allowing it only in the states that were rebelling. C) It initiated the era of Reconstruction. D) It freed all slaves in the rebellious states.
19. How was the role of slaves in Spanish-American independence movements different from that in the United States? A) In Spanish America, slaves mostly fought on the side of Spain. B) In Spanish America, slaves mostly sought return to Africa. C) In Spanish America, slaves took advantage of independence movements to move to frontiers. D) In Spanish America, independence movements offered freedom to slaves.
20. In what sense did race relations in the northern and western United States after the Civil War parallel race relations across much of Latin America? A) In both places, race relations were largely positive. B) In both places, marriage across racial lines was rare. C) In both places, racial discrimination was primarily informal. D) In both places, “Jim Crow” systems of segregation were in place.
21. What characterized slave life in the later years of the slave system in Brazil? A) Slaves were increasingly integrated into their master's families. B) Slave resistance in all of its forms intensified. C) The cost of slavery declined rapidly. D) Many free blacks began to argue against emancipation.
22. What increased economic pressure on indigenous peoples and workers across the Americas in the decades following the American Civil War? A) The strengthening of liberalism in economic systems B) The expansion of slavery C) The reconquest of parts of the Americas by European colonial powers D) Population decline in most areas
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23. What did Porfirio Díaz consider to be his first challenge upon assuming the presidency of Mexico in 1876? A) The establishment of a liberal constitution B) Arranging for a peaceful succession C) Expelling the French-installed emperor, Maxmillian D) Attracting foreign investment
24. What was the Yaqui Indian experience of the Porfiriato in Mexico from 1876? A) They were able to gain access to the technocratic class. B) They had their land taken by the government. C) They were able to finally attain regional autonomy. D) They benefitted from an end to all slavery in Mexico.
25. How were liberal governments in the Americas related to modernization in the region? A) Liberal governments rejected modernization. B) Liberal governments embraced economic modernization but sought to retain older cultural practices. C) Liberal governments worked hard to modernize all aspects of society. D) Liberal governments were rooted in traditional rural economic and social systems.
26. How did the 1883 Law of Barren Lands and other land reforms in Mexico affect the peasantry before 1910? A) Peasants who resisted the land acts became wealthy. B) Peasant share of land ownership rose dramatically. C) Large landowners lost land to small peasant farmers. D) Peasants became less and less likely to own their own land.
27. The War of the Triple Alliance was fought beginning in 1865 when Paraguay A) was attacked by Brazil. B) declared war on Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. C) attempted to end slavery. D) defeated the combined army of its neighbors.
28. In Brazil, what political changes grew out of the conflict with Paraguay? A) The conflict discredited liberalism. B) The conflict strengthened the institution of slavery. C) The conflict strengthened the position of Pedro II. D) The conflict encouraged liberal political reform.
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29. How did the Conquest of the Desert in Argentina from 1878 to1885 change the Argentine economy? A) Argentina was bankrupted by the conflict. B) Argentina gained control of the port of Montevideo. C) Argentina developed rich ranch and farmland. D) Mapuche Indians came to dominate the coastal economy.
30. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Chile and Peru participated in the global economy through the export of A) bat guano. B) cattle. C) slaves. D) rubber.
31. What did Argentinian political philosopher Juan Bautista Alberdi argue about immigration? A) He argued that freed slaves would make the best citizens. B) He argued that immigrants drained precious national resources. C) He argued that immigrants should only come from Protestant nations. D) He argued that massive immigration would strengthen the country.
32. By the turn of the twentieth century, the economies of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico were characterized by A) declining industrial production. B) the growth of domestic industrial production. C) the inability to provide labor for industrial production. D) lack of domestic capital.
33. When slavery was abolished in Cuba in 1886, who replaced Africans in the cane fields? A) Chinese indentured servants B) South Asian free laborers C) Turkish immigrants D) Japanese debtors
34. By the start of the twentieth century, Brazil became the world's largest exporter of A) oil. B) tin and copper. C) cattle. D) coffee.
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35. In 1920, where was the largest Japanese community in the world outside of Japan? A) The United States B) Mexico C) Brazil D) Argentina
36. What group made up most of the migrants in Latin America between the mid-nineteenth century and early twentieth century? A) Married women B) Political refugees C) Unmarried men D) Skilled artisans
37. Between 1850 and 1880, Trinidad and Jamaica experienced large-scale immigration from A) Brazil. B) Great Britain. C) China. D) South Asia.
38. How did immigration and economic changes affect Buenos Aires by the early twentieth century? A) The city became a backwater as other coastal towns grew. B) Because immigration was restricted, growth was only incremental. C) The city became a cosmopolitan metropolis of over 3.6 million. D) Rapid growth led Argentina to relocate the capital inland.
39. What attracted most immigrants to Canada in the 1890s? A) Rich agricultural land in the prairies B) Reports of gold deposits around Hudson Bay C) The fur trade D) Industry around Montreal
40. Why did many industrial employers in the early twentieth century prefer to hire women? A) Women refused to join unions. B) Women were less likely to be injured on the job. C) Women were more likely than men to emigrate. D) Women's wages were much lower.
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41. The U.S. government gave 130 million acres of land to what industry in the nineteenth century? A) The railroad industry B) The oil industry C) The textile industry D) The silver-mining industry
42. How did American industrial workers respond to mass immigration from the 1860s? A) Immigrants were welcomed because they tended to increase wage rates. B) Immigrants were welcomed because they brought European traditions of unionization. C) Immigration led to a decline in cultural and religious traditions among workers. D) Immigration increased racial and religious antagonisms among workers.
43. What percentage of the American population lived in cities by 1900? A) Almost 10 percent B) Almost 30 percent C) Almost 40 percent D) Almost 70 percent
44. To what did the term manifest destiny refer? A) The growth of democracy in the United States B) The spread of the United States over the continent of North America C) The abolition of slavery in the United States D) The industrialization of the United States
45. By 1890, what was characteristic of American expansionist efforts? A) They were directed outward, as the frontier was closed. B) They had halted as industry expanded. C) They were restricted to the Caribbean. D) They were primarily aimed at gaining control of China.
46. What was significant about the 1823 Monroe Doctrine? A) It clarified America's interest in controlling Canada. B) It identified France as America's most important ally. C) It proclaimed the principle of U.S. noninterference in the affairs of Latin America. D) It proclaimed America's determination to keep European influence out of Latin America.
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47. Who financed and controlled the Panama Canal? A) Panama B) The United States C) Coalition of Latin America D) Mexico
48. What dramatic tactic led Cuban rebels to near independence in the 1890s? A) They attacked the United States directly to trigger American intervention. B) They attempted to assassinate the king of Spain. C) They attacked sugar production. D) They adopted a campaign of passive resistance.
49. What does the sinking of the Maine in Havana reveal about the causes of war? A) War can be triggered by different explanations for the same event. B) Wars are never caused by accidents. C) Wars are caused by violations of international law. D) Wars are seldom popular.
50. What role did wars play in shaping the Americas politically and economically? A) Wars slowed the development of liberal principles. B) Wars led to political tyranny but did produce economic growth. C) Wars were avoided to a large extent in the interest of continuing economic progress. D) Wars shaped the social and economic order across the Americas and concentrated wealth.
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Answer Key 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. A 31. D 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. C 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. A 40. D 41. A 42. D 43. C 44. B
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45. A 46. D 47. B 48. C 49. A 50. D
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What were the economic and political ideas associated with liberalism? How did liberalism work in the Americas in practice?
2. How did the political and economic system in Brazil develop in the decades after independence?
3. What defined neocolonialism in Latin America, and why did it develop instead of democracies?
4. What steps did General Díaz take to concentrate land ownership in nineteenth-century Mexico? What repercussions did this change in ownership have for the natives?
5. Why did Latin American countries encourage immigration? Where did immigrants come from?
6. Why did American involvement in Latin America intensify at the end of the nineteenth century?
7. How was slavery abolished in the United States, and how did its abolition affect regional development?
8. Describe the problems of the urban poor and the problems of cities in general.
9. How did ethnicity shape immigrant life in the United States at the turn of the century?
10. Who built and controlled the Panama Canal, and for what purposes?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Liberals were inspired by the French and American Revolutions, and their ideas were the dominant ideology in the Atlantic world. Liberals sought strong central governments that were representative republics. They sought constitutions that supported individual rights, and they were particularly determined to protect the right to buy and sell property. Liberals sought to protect freedoms such as free speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. Liberalism tended to generate and empower oligarchs who concentrated wealth and power. Liberalism also became intertwined with other ideas about race and Social Darwinism later in the century, leading to a fusion of liberal and imperial ideas. 2. Answer would ideally include: Initially Brazil was ruled as a monarchy under Emperor Pedro I from 1822, who was the son of the emperor of Portugal. A liberal constitution was adopted in 1824 and lasted until 1889. Pedro II took over when his father abdicated in 1840, ruling for 49 years and providing political stability. Brazil and Great Britain developed a close commercial relationship that inhibited industrialization, and Brazil continued to practice slavery until 1888. 3. Answer would ideally include: Neocolonialism is a form of continued economic and political domination. When the colonies gained independence, their economies lacked diversity of crops and goods, and European states encouraged them to keep tariffs low and purchase European manufactured goods, inhibiting the development of native industry. Moreover, national sovereignty might be compromised by treaties compelling special treatment for merchants and traders from the dominant country. Under neocolonialism, a state that is politically independent might remain economically dependent and politically weak. 4. Answer would ideally include: Díaz used laws to manipulate the land system. Vast stretches of lands came into the possession of a few hands. The natives and rural poor suffered the most from this concentration. Native land was taken in conflicts, and native peoples were enslaved and removed from traditional territories. As all the land was bought up, often by foreign speculators, and the natives and rural poor became laborers, many of them were stuck in debt peonage. 5. Answer would ideally include: Latin American countries had a lot of territory—much of it croplands or mineral fields requiring intensive labor—and experienced population shortages after slavery ended. Europeans, Japanese, Lebanese, Turks, and Syrians migrated to Brazil; South Asian Indians migrated to Caribbean islands such as Jamaica; Chinese indentured servants migrated to Cuba and Mexico. As a result, Latin American cities became multicultural. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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Private investment in Latin America increased, and the involvement of investors in Latin American politics and the efforts of the U.S. government, in connection with the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, to protect the property and “rights” of investors led to frequent small-scale military interventions. The reignition of the Cuban revolution and American support for the rebels led to the Maine incident and the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, a conflict that led to further American imperial activity in Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. 7. Answer would ideally include: Although the American Revolution did not result in the freeing of the slaves, states in the north gradually abolished slavery, while those in the South maintained it. Every time a new state was added to the union, the question of whether or not it would be a slave state was crucial. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, who was committed to stopping the spread of slavery, led to a bloody Civil War between slave and free states. In 1862 slavery was abolished by proclamation in rebellious states, and after the defeat of the South in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. Although subsequent amendments asserted the citizenship rights of blacks, in the South, Jim Crow laws legalized discrimination and segregation based on race. Military occupation of the South strengthened regionalism and led to a culture where racism and discrimination against former slaves and their descendants took different forms, with segregation predominating in the South and more subtle discrimination common elsewhere. 8. Answer would ideally include: By 1900, the United States had developed a distinctly urban culture, particularly in the North. Filling those cities were factories devoted to heavy industry and millions of immigrant workers to staff them. Nineteenth-century cities were full of railroad tracks, factories, and steel but were also overcrowded, crime- and disease-ridden, and lacking proper sanitation. Both men and women of the urban poor often had to work in physically dangerous conditions. The story of much of the latter nineteenth century is one of tension between the cities' need to grow and add more workers and the overwhelming conditions in which workers had to work and live. Tension eventually led to labor unions and safer environments. 9. Answer would ideally include: Certain kinds of work were typical for particular immigrant groups. Ethnic stereotypes affected immigrants, and they faced harsh pressure at times to acculturate and fit in. Antagonism toward Catholic immigrants was common, and workers in many cases resented ethnic immigrants who they feared would lower wages or take jobs. Jewish immigrants faced anti-Semitism, and anti-Asian race riots occurred in California. Some laws banned immigrants from particular places, especially China. 10. Answer would ideally include: It was hoped by many merchants and traders that a canal could be built to reduce expense and time associated with Pacific/Atlantic trade. French investors initially tried to build the canal but failed. After the Spanish-American War, the American
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government encouraged a Panamanian revolt in Columbia, and then negotiated terms for the canal with the new government. In 1904 a treaty gave the United States control over the canal project and territory associated with it, which became a U.S. territory. Tens of thousands built the canal, which opened in 1914.
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Chapter 28 Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. What changes in the international situation heightened tensions between Britain and Germany in the first decade of the twentieth century?
2. In what ways did nationalism contribute to the origins of World War I, its outbreak, and the course of the war? How did nationalism affect the Treaty of Versailles? 3. Discuss the phenomenon of “total war” and its impact on the social, political, and economic structure of Europe during and after the war.
4. How did the Great War change the opportunities available to women? What happened when the war was over? What did not change, and why?
5. When the provisional government came to power in Russia in March 1917, what problems did it face? How did the Bolsheviks capitalize on these difficulties?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: In the late nineteenth century, Germany began to challenge British domination of international markets. Under the leadership of William II, the Germans also chose to build a world-class battle fleet to rival Britain's. The British viewed this as a threat to their worldwide trade empire and responded with a major naval building program of their own. Germany's involvement in global politics, among other events, led the British to seek international alliances. They signed a treaty with Japan in 1902 and with France in 1904 while also improving relations with the United States. The German insistence on an international conference to resolve the Moroccan crisis of 1905 further alienated the British and drove them to seek still tighter ties with France. 2. Answer would ideally include: Nationalism was one of the key causes of the war; it also affected how the war played out and was crucial to the Versailles process. Furthermore, the war brought up some unexpected nationalist issues. The war began with German nationalism and Bismarck's attempt to protect the new unified Germany with the alliance system. The nationalist desires on the part of Serbia led to the assassination of the archduke and were the catalyst for the war itself. Slavic nationalism and patriotism drew Russia into the war. Arab nationalism drew Hussein ibn-Ali to fight against the Ottomans for Britain. During the war, Irish nationalists sought their own independence in the Easter Rebellion, while Jewish nationalists pushed for a national homeland. Fighting in the war introduced nationalist ideas to African soldiers, who brought them back home and helped inspire independence movements. The Treaty of Versailles tried to address nationalist concerns as it broke apart the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, but in many cases the treaty ended up creating new nationalist debates. 3. Answer would ideally include: “Total war” means the full mobilization of society, including the industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy, finances, labor, politics, and especially the population, both soldiers and civilians, to make supreme sacrifices to win the war. Everything in society was subordinated to winning the war. The western front had an insatiable demand for men and supplies, and the governments of the combatants had to be ready to provide those and to take care of the soldiers. The national industries of all combatant nations were directed toward providing materials for the war. Men were removed from the national labor forces and redirected toward the war. To manage labor and production, labor unions took on a larger role during the war, which they would try to maintain after the war. The movement of men to the front left a gap in the domestic labor forces, which was filled by women. The movement of women back into industry led to changes in the domestic cultures, including a renewed push for women's rights (particularly suffrage) after the war. Furthermore, the societies were also mobilized psychologically, prepared to contribute in any way to the war efforts, including food rationing at home to provide more food for the soldiers at the front. An example of how total war was created can be found in the efforts of Walter Rathenau, who created the
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War Raw Materials Board to ration and distribute raw materials in Germany. Politically, fighting a total war required that states change; in order to provide materials for the war—to mobilize civilian as well as military forces—states had to centralize and take a larger role in determining what was available (food, labor, materials, and so forth) for civilians and soldiers. After the war, not every nation wanted to relinquish that role, and the total-war experience prepared some countries for authoritarian leadership. 4. Answer would ideally include: During the war, many men were at the front lines fighting, so women were expected to provide services on the home front, such as taking the men's places in factories and shops. Women took on jobs in transportation, munitions factories, and offices, and as nurses and doctors. Many of these were highly visible; the whole society was aware that women were working. When the war was over, however, most women were let go and went back to the domestic sphere. Basic gender roles do not seem to have changed. 5. Answer would ideally include: When the provisional government took power in March 1917, the Russian Army had suffered almost three years of defeat. It had to contend with demands to establish a democracy, with the existence of the Petrograd Soviet as a “shadow government,” and with the need to continue the war (the governments' leaders never seriously considered withdrawal from the war). Under these circumstances, the establishment of freedom of speech, democratic elections, freedom of operation for labor unions, and so on proved very risky. In addition, the Petrograd Soviet issued Army Order No. 1, which undermined military discipline. Given the provisional government's unwillingness to legitimize peasant land seizures or make peace, a revolution was likely. The Bolsheviks had a tight revolutionary organization and the willingness to promise land and peace to the peasants.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-16: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. militarism b. Triple Entente c. trench warfare d. total war e. March Revolution f. Petrograd Soviet g. Bolsheviks h. War Communism i. League of Nations j. Treaty of Versailles k. Dawes Plan l. Mein Kampf m. existentialism n. id, ego, superego o. modernism p. functionalism
1. The name given to a highly diverse and even contradictory philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the search for moral values in a world of terror and uncertainty.
2. A variety of cultural movements at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth that rebelled against traditional forms and conventions of the past.
3. The application of the total-war concept to a civil conflict; the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.
4. Fighting behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire; used in World War I with a staggering cost in lives and minimal gains in territory.
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5. The 1919 peace settlement that ended World War I; it declared Germany responsible for the war, limited Germany's army to one hundred thousand men, and forced Germany to pay huge reparations.
6. The alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia in the First World War.
7. A counter-government that was a huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals.
8. The glorification of the military as the supreme ideal of the state with all other interests subordinate to it.
9. Adolf Hitler's autobiography, published in 1925, which also contains Hitler's political ideology.
10. The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve the purpose for which they were made as well as possible.
11. The first phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which unplanned uprisings led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a transitional democratic government that was then overthrown in November by Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
12. Practiced by countries fighting in World War I, a war in which the government plans and controls all aspects of economic and social life in order to make the greatest possible military effort.
13. Freudian terms for the primitive, irrational unconscious; the rationalizing conscious that mediates what a person can do; and the ingrained moral values that specify what a person should do.
14. The majority group; this was Lenin's camp of the Russian party of Marxist socialism.
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15. The product of the reparations commission, accepted by Germany, France, and Britain, that reduced Germany's yearly reparations, made payment dependent on German economic prosperity, and granted Germany large loans from the United States to promote recovery.
16. A permanent international organization established during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars.
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Answer Key 1. m. existentialism 2. o. modernism 3. h. War Communism 4. c. trench warfare 5. j. Treaty of Versailles 6. b. Triple Entente 7. f. Petrograd Soviet 8. a. militarism 9. l. Mein Kampf 10. p. functionalism 11. e. March Revolution 12. d. total war 13. n. id, ego, superego 14. g. Bolsheviks 15. k. Dawes Plan 16. i. League of Nations
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. After the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck's immediate concern was keeping what country or empire isolated? A) Britain B) Austria C) France D) The Ottomans
2. The Triple Alliance of 1882 began when Germany made an alliance with what country? A) Austria B) Russia C) Britain D) France
3. After forcing Bismarck's resignation, what did William II refuse to do? A) Honor any of Bismarck's alliances B) Continue funding the expansion of the German navy C) Continue conflict with France, instead offering to give back some land D) Renew the nonaggression pact with Russia
4. Which of the following contributed in large part to the escalation of tension between Britain and Germany after 1900? A) The Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907 B) Germany's decision to dramatically expand its naval forces C) Increasing British investment in the German economy D) Britain's decision to aid Japan in the Russo-Japanese War
5. The Moroccan crisis led many Western nations to begin to view what country as a threat? A) Germany B) The United States C) Britain D) Austria
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6. What did Serbia and Russia have in common that made them allies? A) Both countries were Slavic. B) Both countries hated Germany. C) Both countries had socialist governments. D) Both countries were predominantly Catholic.
7. Which of the following was one of the Serbian grievances against the Austrian Empire? A) The Austrians had supported the Ottomans in the First Balkan War. B) Austria had repressed Catholic minorities in the empire. C) The Austrians had allied with Russia against Serbia. D) Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908.
8. Which of the following was a result of the first and second Balkan wars? A) Germany had an opportunity to display its impressive new naval firepower. B) The Ottoman Empire suffered major territorial losses. C) Austria-Hungary agreed to give Romania its independence. D) Balkan nationalists suffered significant setbacks.
9. In 1914, Germany expected Austria's war with Serbia would almost certainly bring which country into the conflict? A) Great Britain B) Russia C) The United States D) The Ottoman Empire
10. Germany's Schlieffen plan seemed to indicate that the country A) did not expect to go to war with Russia. B) was relying heavily on Italy and the Ottoman Empire. C) expected a war of approximately thirty months. D) anticipated war on two fronts simultaneously.
11. Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at what battle? A) The Battle of Verdun B) The Battle of the Somme C) The Battle of the Marne D) The Battle of Ypres
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12. During the British and French offenses in 1915, how much territory was gained from the Germans? A) All of Belgium B) One square mile C) Twenty-five miles D) Three miles
13. What happened at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of the Masurian Lakes that would result in far-reaching consequences? A) France stopped two German offensives. B) Russia suffered staggering losses. C) Austria was forced to retreat deep into its territory. D) Germany lost two of its leading generals.
14. Why did Italy enter the war on the Allied side? A) To fulfill treaty commitments made before the outbreak of war B) As a response to Germany's surprise attack C) To protect their vital colonial interests in southwest Africa D) To gain territory from the Austrians
15. Why did Bulgaria join the Central Powers? A) It had a pact with the Ottomans. B) It owed Germany money. C) There were old tensions between it and Serbia. D) It was worried about Russian aggression.
16. What did the British ask Hussein ibn-Ali to do for them in 1915? A) Send troops to the western front B) Revolt against the Turks C) Sell them oil at a discount D) Help Jewish settlers in Palestine
17. Japan's imperialist ambitions were realized when it entered World War I in order gain territory where? A) The Philippines B) Indonesia C) Korea D) Manchuria
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18. The colonial troops who served in World War I took which of the following home with them? A) The concepts of capitalism B) New military techniques C) New higher social status D) The idea of nationalism
19. Why did Germany stop its submarines from sinking merchant vessels without warning? A) The United States entered the war in April 1917. B) The Germans lost the U-38 during an attack on a Q-ship. C) The British bombed German submarine bases. D) The Germans sank the Lusitania passenger ship in May 1915.
20. For what reason is Walter Rathenau remembered? A) For organizing a May Day rally in opposition to the German war effort B) For his involvement in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand C) For his leading role in Germany's total-war mobilization D) For the antiwar novels he wrote after the war
21. What did the Auxiliary Service Law of December 1916 declare? A) All American males between eighteen and forty-five were subject to conscription. B) All German men between ages seventeen and sixty had to work only at jobs connected to the war effort. C) All German women were declared subject to conscription for noncombat roles in the military. D) Irish subjects of the British crown were drafted for service in British arms factories.
22. Which nation enacted the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918? A) The United States B) Great Britain C) Germany D) Italy
23. What group gained prestige from its participation in the total-war effort? A) Catholic charities B) Marxists C) The Temperance League D) Labor unions
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24. At the end of the war, how were women in Britain, Germany, and Austria rewarded for their war efforts? A) They were granted more property rights. B) They were given the right to vote. C) Their salaries were increased. D) They were finally allowed to run for public office.
25. Which of the following characterized the 1916 Easter Rebellion in Ireland? A) It centered on Irish nationalists agitating for self-rule. B) It involved thousands of women protesting the lack of respect for woman suffrage. C) It was a major suffrage rally led by Irish Catholics. D) It was organized and carried out by Irish soldiers as an antiwar protest.
26. Very early in the war, Russia experienced a shortage of what? A) Ships B) Bayonets C) Uniforms D) Shells
27. What can be regarded as Russia's single greatest problem in World War I? A) Inefficient, outdated weapons B) Weak overall leadership C) A lack of nationalist support D) A shortage of ordinary soldiers
28. Who was Tsarina Alexandra's most trusted advisor? A) Vasily Kosoy B) Nicholas Romanov C) Rasputin D) Alexander Popov
29. The tsar abdicated following a bread march in Petrograd held predominately by whom? A) Monks B) Soldiers C) Farmers D) Women
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30. Who declared a provisional government in Russia in March 1917? A) The navy B) The Duma C) The Communist party D) The noble class
31. Which of the following certainly can be regarded to have weakened Russia's provisional government? A) The announcement that Russia was quitting the war B) Government confiscation of large landholdings C) The dissolution of the Duma D) The requirement that it share power with the Petrograd Soviet
32. Who was responsible for initiating the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia in 1917? A) Lenin B) Kerensky C) Trotsky D) Stalin
33. What did Russia give up in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? A) Petrograd B) One-third of its population C) Its right to have an army D) One-half of its railroads
34. Which of the following allowed Lenin and the Reds to win the Russian civil war? A) Many Whites were sympathetic to the Red Army. B) The Whites lacked munitions and manpower. C) The tsar publicly supported the Red Army. D) The Whites failed to create a unified agenda.
35. What happened to the German emperor in November 1918? A) He was captured by American soldiers. B) He abdicated and fled to Holland. C) He was arrested and tried for war crimes. D) He was assassinated by a German communist.
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36. What did President Woodrow Wilson believe would help to avert future wars? A) Creating a League of Nations B) Disarming and punishing Germany C) Continuing wartime alliances D) Fortifying the French-German border
37. France's Georges Clemenceau gave up his demand for a buffer state between France and Germany in exchange for what? A) An extension of the Allied occupation of Germany by five years B) French takeover of the entire German fleet C) French annexation of the Saar D) A defensive military alliance with Britain and the United States
38. According to the Treaty of Versailles, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine became which of the following? A) Independent states B) Part of an Arab commonwealth C) League of Nations mandates D) Territories in a revived Ottoman Empire
39. Which of the following was a major reason British leaders favored a less harsh peace with Germany after World War I? A) The royal families of the two nations had several connections by marriage. B) Prior to the war, Germany had been Britain's second-largest export market. C) Britain hoped to invest in Germany's industrial Ruhr district. D) Britain feared France would dominate the European continent without a strong Germany.
40. When Germany refused to make its second reparations payment in 1922, what was the immediate result? A) The United States recalled its ambassador from Berlin. B) Great Britain broke off diplomatic contact. C) France appealed to the League of Nations. D) France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr district.
41. German Chancellor Streseman agreed to pay reparations, asking for what in return? A) For the British to intervene to suppress the protests in the Ruhr B) For Austria to pay one-half of the reparations C) To trade the Rhineland to France instead of paying cash D) A re-examination of the amount Germany was to repay
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42. Which of the following was included in the Dawes Plan? A) It granted Germany large loans from the United States to promote recovery. B) It ended the reparations program. C) It appointed a British overseer of Germany's debt. D) It allowed Germany to pay a portion of its reparations in goods rather than cash. 43. The “spirit of Locarno” can be said to refer to A) the belief that the Great Depression would never end. B) the belief that free trade agreements would lead to prosperity. C) the belief that the global influence of the Western powers was over. D) the belief that enduring international stability and peace was possible.
44. Which was the following generally characterizes the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact? A) It was an economic alliance between the United States and France. B) It exemplified the isolationist desires of the United States. C) It renounced war as a part of national policy. D) It allowed Britain to have the largest navy and France an army.
45. The parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid- to late 1920s were dominated by what group? A) Social Democrats B) Right-wing nationalists C) Moderate businessmen D) Conservative aristocrats
46. Which of Albert Einstein's accomplishments further undermined Newtonian physics? A) His discovery of quanta B) His theory of special relativity C) His discovery of the radioactive properties of radium D) His successful test to split the atom
47. In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory, the id is the part of the psyche that is believed to be responsible for A) mediating between instinctual drives and reality. B) setting moral limitations on action. C) harboring the instinctual drives for sex, aggression, and pleasure. D) clinging to the mother even after adulthood is reached.
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48. What is Walter Gropius best known for? A) He created the Bauhaus school of architecture. B) He was the most prominent of the Chicago school of architects. C) He specialized in art nouveau architectural design. D) He was considered a genius for creating postimpressionist designs.
49. Paul Gauguin is believed to have painted his greatest works while where? A) In his native south of France B) In prison on Devil's Island C) In the South Pacific D) In the Cotswolds of England
50. How can Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will be described? A) As a masterpiece of Nazi propaganda B) As a bizarre expressionist masterpiece C) As brilliantly dramatizing the Communist view of Russian history D) As inspiring Britain to persevere during the Great Depression
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Answer Key 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. D 41. D 42. A 43. D 44. C
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45. C 46. B 47. C 48. A 49. C 50. A
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What were Bismarck's goals in crafting the alliance system? What limited his success with these alliances?
2. What were the ethnic divisions in the Balkans leading up to World War I? What events precipitated the first and second Balkan wars?
3. In World War I, the western front became an immovable mass of heavily armed, defensive trenches. Why did this happen, and what effect did it have on the war's progress?
4. Why did Africans serve in the British and French armies?
5. What changes did Russia introduce with the March Revolution?
6. What self-governing states were created in the Treaty of Versailles, and what lands were parceled out to the victors as colonies?
7. Why did France want Germany to be treated so harshly after World War I?
8. Where is the Ruhr Valley? Why did France and Belgium occupy this region when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?
9. What was the status of organized Christianity in Europe in the 1920s?
10. Why did the general public find post-1919 philosophy, science, and psychoanalysis unsettling?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Bismarck created a system of alliances following Germany's victory in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871. His main goal was always to protect the stability of Germany, and he had two secondary goals that were designed with that in mind. He wanted to keep France isolated from the other western European powers, both diplomatically and militarily. He also wanted to maintain peace and stability between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires. He knew that the Balkans was an area of potential tension between those two empires. He formed an alliance with Austria, which was joined by Italy (the Triple Alliance of 1882), and he sought out closer relations with Great Britain. Bismarck's alliances unraveled in the 1890s. He was forced to resign by the new Prussian emperor, William II, and Germany's pursuit of a navy threatened Britain, which ended in a British alliance with France. 2. Answer would ideally include: Serbs, Croats, Muslims, and Turks were among the ethnic groups comprising the Balkans. Long part of the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans had recently ceded territory to Austria-Hungary. The Balkan Serbs wanted to be an independent state and looked to Russia, a fellow Slavic nation, for support. Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in a move to prevent Serbian nationalism. With the annexation of these two territories, the two Balkan wars were inevitable. Serbian nationalism led to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and to the beginning of World War I. 3. Answer would ideally include: The Germans expected to quickly march through Belgium and capture Paris, based on how quickly they had been able to do so in the Franco-Prussian War. In 1914, however, the Germans discovered that the Belgians fought back, the British were there to assist them, and the French had mobilized and were able to stall the lines. Both sides were equally matched in manpower and weapons, and the nature of modern weapons (including rapid-fire artillery barrages) discouraged direct attacks. Once both sides were dug in to their trenches, they sat there until the arrival of American forces dramatically increased the Anglo-French side. 4. Answer would ideally include: Some Africans fought out of patriotism for the mother country. Many enlisted in exchange for clothing, food, lodging, and money. Many recruiters promised African recruits better lives when they returned from the war. Some might have fought for the adventure of travel. Many were illiterate and may not have understood what they were volunteering to do. Fighting against and killing Europeans destroyed the impression, encouraged in the colonies, that the Europeans were superhuman. New concepts like nationalism and individual freedoms—ideals for which the Europeans were supposedly fighting—were carried home to become rallying cries for future liberation struggles. 5. Answer would ideally include:
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The March Revolution followed food shortages, bread marches, the creation of a provisional government, and the abdication of the tsar after centuries of authoritarian rule. The reforms were primarily liberal, with the provisional government choosing not to pursue further social revolution. One of the rejected proposals was the confiscation of land for redistribution to peasants. 6. Answer would ideally include: Several independent states were created out of the empires of the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary were separated. Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia were created out of a mishmash of Serbs and Croats. Turkey was created out of the Ottoman Empire. Versailles failed to accommodate the nationalist movements in the Middle East, where Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Palestine were all given to France and Britain as League of Nations mandates (essentially colonies). German holdings in China were mandated to Japan. 7. Answer would ideally include: Because nearly all of the western front was on French soil, it was France that sustained the most physical damage during World War I. France went to Versailles seeking lasting security and revenge for having been attacked twice, in 1870 and 1914. This would require the creation of a buffer state between France and Germany and limitations on the size of the German military. 8. Answer would ideally include: The Ruhr Valley, or Ruhr district, is the center of Germany's industry. When Germany refused to make the second reparations payment, France and Belgium occupied this area in an effort to forcibly take out the reparations in goods and labor. In response, Germany encouraged Ruhr workers to peacefully protest by not working. France cordoned off the Rhineland, the larger area around the Ruhr and a culturally significant part of Germany, in another attempt to get the reparations paid. 9. Answer would ideally include: Prior to the war, many Europeans were much more secular in their culture than they were after the war. Much of the nineteenth century had been an exploration of reason, rather than faith, and a strong belief in the power of science and technology. The war had called that into question, for it seemed to say that human reason is not trustworthy and technology was used to create terrible machines of war. There was a revival of faith after the war, although it was often very existential in nature. 10. Answer would ideally include: Science in the nineteenth century had introduced certitude: what was known was the truth and had a kind of permanence about it. The universe was rational, and so were humans. Natural laws were unchanging. But science in the early twentieth century introduced the idea of uncertainty; the Curies discovered that atoms are not stable, and Rutherford discovered that the atom itself could be split. Philosophy had moved away from certainty as well; existentialism was an attempt to find order in a disorderly universe. Freud taught people that their own minds were uncertain and that people
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behaved in ways they could not always understand or control. All this uncertainty contributed to an unsettled feeling.
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Chapter 29 Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Western ideologies of nationalism and Marxism were used by many Asians as weapons against Western imperialism. Why were these two ideologies useful in the struggle against imperialism? How does the history of China in this era exemplify this?
2. World War I and the Treaty of Versailles had a profound impact on the historical development of Asia. Describe this impact. Can an argument be made that even without the experience of World War I and the Versailles settlement, independence and change would have taken place in Asia anyway? 3. “As in the West, Asian nationalism was both a creative and destructive force.” Discuss this quote critically, being sure to indicate the positive and negative consequences of the movement.
4. How did Mustafa Kemal transform Turkey? Was he successful?
5. From 1911 until 1949, China was in a state of chaos. Why was it so difficult to rebuild a stable Chinese state after the collapse of the Qing Dynasty?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Some Asians under European rule or influence found both ideologies liberating as an alternative way of thinking about political power. Both are effective as a means of organizing resistance and challenging the old order. Marxism-Leninism, for example, offered the vision of apparent equality of national minorities in the Soviet Union, support of all colonial revolutionary movements, and the tactical implications of peasants in preindustrial states. It was also helpful to use an ideology that the Europeans had themselves invented as a way to protest European rule. A case study of China should address the collapse of the Manchu Dynasty, the cultural and intellectual renaissance, and the movements of Sun Yatsen and Mao Zedong, both of whom had some exposure to European philosophies. 2. Answer would ideally include: The war exposed the West as disunited and vulnerable. Although most Asians were generally uninterested in the war, the war's impact was greater in regions where European presence was greater. Colonial subjects drafted into the war were exposed to democratic and republican ideas, which they brought home after the conflict. During the war, Britain and France made promises to gain support of colonial peoples, giving rise to hopes of independence. Woodrow Wilson's focus on national self-determination at Versailles gave many colonial subjects hope for independence, although in many cases those hopes were dashed with the announcement of the mandates system set up by the League of Nations. Marxist-Leninist thought was also a powerful ideological tool employed by Asian radicals. The essay should conclude with a focus on the aspirations raised by the war and by President Wilson, the stifling of those aspirations, and then the coming of a new ideological tool to supplement the older one of nationalism. Although the war had an immediate impact on Asia, it is likely that independence movements would have taken place even without the war, as the spread of nationalist ideas from western Europe into Asia (particularly into India and China) was already under way when the war began. Several leaders of subsequent nationalist movements, such as Ho Chi Minh from Vietnam, studied in the West and were exposed to Western philosophies such as nationalism, liberalism, and Marxism, which would form the ideological framework for Asian independence movements. 3. Answer would ideally include: The creative, or positive, aspects of nationalism are obvious with the success of the nationalist movements in Asia: creation of the Turkish republic, self-government for India, true independence and reform in China, economic development in Japan, independence of various Arab states, independence of Persia, and in many places the emergence of a more unified national population. The darker side of nationalism is a bit more subtle: impact of nationalism on traditional cultures (Atatürk's reforms are a good example), violent conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India, Japan's invasion of China, and the Arab-Jewish conflict in the Middle East. 4. Answer would ideally include:
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Mustafa Kemal had fought in World War I, defending the Dardanelles against the British. After the war he observed the European powers picking apart the Ottoman Empire. He led the Turkish army against a Greek army that was attempting to take over Ottoman territory. He convinced the National Assembly to depose the sultan and allow him to take over as president. His approach to reforming Turkey was to modernize, Westernize, and secularize. He had a republic created and instituted secular laws, schools, and legal courts. Ottoman men and women were to dress in Western-style clothes. But Kemal enforced all his reforms through an authoritarian rule. He was mostly successful, although he did create some religious discontent among devout Muslims. 5. Answer would ideally include: Imperialist pressure, largely from Japan, contributed to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and made it very difficult to consolidate a new government. During World War I, Japan extracted a number of concessions from the central government of China, most of which received the Allies' stamp of approval under the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The miserable lot of the peasants, the continued Japanese pressure on China, and the example of Lenin's Soviet Union, which endorsed national self-determination for non-European peoples, made communism seem a reasonable solution to many Chinese intellectuals. Simultaneously, with the Nationalist Party of Sun Yatsen, there arose a Communist Party, at first based in the cities but later in the countryside. The Communists survived the purges of the 1930s and remained in opposition to Nationalist attempts to establish a stable base of power.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-12: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. Permanent Mandates Commission b. Sykes-Picot Agreement c. Balfour Declaration d. Treaty of Lausanne e. Majlis f. kibbutz g. Lucknow Pact h. satyagraha i. May Fourth Movement j. New Culture Movement k. zaibatsu l. Long March
1. The national assembly established by the despotic shah of Iran in 1906.
2. A Chinese nationalist movement against foreign imperialists; it began as a student protest against the decision of the Paris Peace Conference to leave the Shandong Peninsula in the hands of Japan.
3. Giant conglomerate firms in Japan.
4. The 1916 secret agreement between Britain and France that divided up the Arab lands of Lebanon, Syria, southern Turkey, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq.
5. A Jewish collective farm on which each member shared equally in the work, rewards, and defense.
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6. The 6,000-mile retreat of the Chinese Communist army to a remote region on the northwestern border of China, during which tens of thousands lost their lives.
7. A commission created by the League of Nations to oversee the developed nations' fulfillment of their international responsibility toward their mandates.
8. An intellectual revolution, sometimes called the Chinese Renaissance, that attacked traditional Chinese, particularly Confucian culture, and promoted Western ideas of science, democracy, and individualism, from around 1916 to 1923.
9. The 1923 treaty that ended the Turkish war and recognized the territorial integrity of a truly independent Turkey. 10. Loosely translated as “soul force,” which Gandhi believed was the means of striving for truth and social justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the oppressor.
11. A 1916 alliance between the Hindus leading the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.
12. A 1917 statement by British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour that supported the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
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Answer Key 1. e. Majlis 2. i. May Fourth Movement 3. k. zaibatsu 4. b. Sykes-Picot Agreement 5. f. kibbutz 6. l. Long March 7. a. Permanent Mandates Commission 8. j. New Culture Movement 9. d. Treaty of Lausanne 10. h. satyagraha 11. g. Lucknow Pact 12. c. Balfour Declaration
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What is one way in which World War I affected Asia? A) German colonies were given self-rule in return for their support during the war. B) Hundreds of thousands of Asians were drafted into military service by the Allies. C) Great Britain promised Arab nationalists it would expel Jews from Palestine. D) China and Japan were intently interested in the outcome.
2. In addition to using natives as soldiers in World War I, how else might the war have impacted the colonies? A) Colonial administrators were away fighting, leaving natives in charge. B) Stories about the war were popular with natives. C) Disillusioned soldiers from the war settled in the colonies. D) Colonial administrators increased taxes to pay for the war, which resulted in inflation.
3. For Asians, what was the most important aspect of President Wilson's Fourteen Points? A) Educated Asians were particularly interested in Wilson's idea of national self-determination. B) Most Asians were very excited about the prospect of the League of Nations. C) West Asians, in particular, were very supportive of the mandate system. D) The most important aspect to Asians was the promise of open diplomacy.
4. How could Western imperialism be regarded in 1918? A) It was much stronger than it had been in 1914. B) It was essentially over in Asia but continuing in Africa. C) It was weakened, but still very much alive. D) It was essentially over in Africa but continuing in Asia.
5. What was the stated intention of the mandates system? A) To allow Western nations to trade mandates with each other B) To fully absorb the mandates into European countries C) To completely free mandates of any European presence D) To prepare the mandates to be self-governing
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6. Which of the following was true of the mandates system in the League of Nations? A) It demonstrated that the West was committed to the modernization of its colonies. B) It showed that the Europeans were committed to maintaining the imperial system. C) It was generally well received in Asia. D) It was included at the request of Indian nationalists.
7. What did Lenin declare about the Asian inhabitants of the new Soviet Union in 1917? A) He said Asians were incapable of becoming real Communists. B) He said they were the single greatest threat to Soviet security. C) He said that they were complete equals of the Russians. D) He said they could remain only if they were segregated from the rest of the population.
8. What was one of the goals of the Young Turks? A) They were determined to destroy the Ottoman Empire. B) They wanted to defeat Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria. C) They wanted to form an alliance with France to defend against Russian aggression. D) They wanted to modernize, but still maintain, the Ottoman Empire.
9. Who was responsible for the wholesale slaughter of Armenians during World War I? A) Allied soldiers B) The Turkish government C) Serbian nationalists D) Russian Bolsheviks
10. Why did Arab nationalists fight for the British in World War I? A) They were promised a salary during the war and a pension after. B) They were promised a home within the British Empire. C) They were promised an independent Arab homeland. D) They were promised passage to Australia.
11. The Sykes-Picot Agreement between England and France called for which of the following? A) The establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine B) The division of the Ottoman Empire between the two Western powers C) The establishment of the mandates system D) The peaceful decolonization of western Asia
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12. What document called for the establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine? A) Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points B) The Versailles peace settlement C) The Balfour Declaration D) The Lucknow Agreement
13. What did some British Cabinet members hope would occur if they created a Jewish homeland in Palestine? A) They hoped that someday the Jews would help them protect the Suez Canal. B) They hoped that Jews would allow the British to establish military bases in their country. C) They thought they could use the Jews to negotiate lower oil prices. D) They hoped that someday the Jews might want to settle in India.
14. Which of the following appeared to be an immediate consequence of Arab cooperation with the British in World War I? A) Arabs displaced Turks as the dominant group in the Ottoman Empire. B) A large, independent Arab state was established. C) Several independent Arab states were established. D) Western imperialism took the place of Turkish rule in the Middle East.
15. What treaty formally recognized Turkish independence? A) The Treaty of Versailles B) The Treaty of Lausanne C) The Balfour Declaration D) The Sykes-Picot Agreement
16. Mustafa Kemal believed the restoration of Turkey should be based on which of the following? A) Marxism-Leninism B) Islamic fundamentalism C) A constitutional monarchy D) Modernization and secularization
17. Mustafa Kemal's political party system in Turkey was modeled on the example of what group? A) The Nazis B) Italian Fascists C) The Bolsheviks D) The Iraqi Baath party
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18. Kemal declared that Turkish law was going to be based on which of the following? A) European secular law B) Sacred shari'a law C) The new Soviet law code D) Traditional Turkish customs
19. Mustafa Kemal took the surname Atatürk, which meant A) “defender of the people.” B) “fighter of infidels.” C) “father of the Turks.” D) “leader.”
20. What was Persia renamed in 1935? A) Iran B) Afghanistan C) Turkmenistan D) Azerbaijan
21. Reza Shah Pahlavi proclaimed himself shah following which event? A) The Kemal reforms in Turkey B) The discovery of oil in Persia C) His conversion to Christianity D) A British attempt to take over Persia
22. Why were the reforms of Reza Shah Pahlavi less successful than those of Kemal? A) Persia lacked sufficient resources to finance Pahlavi's reform efforts. B) There were too few European-educated elites in Persia to carry out secular changes. C) Persia's religious leadership rejected his Marxist approach. D) The German militarily interfered with Pahlavi's rule.
23. Afghanistan became an independent state under the rule of what leader? A) Emir Amanullah B) Mustafa Kemal C) Mahatma Gandhi D) Abdulla ibn-Ali
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24. According to the terms of Faisal bin Hussein's negotiations with the British, he became the ruler of Iraq and the British received what in return? A) All tax revenues from the kingdom B) More soldiers for their army C) Control of the Iraqi oil fields D) Protection for the Suez Canal
25. After 1936, the British in Egypt agreed to keep their troops in what location? A) Near the Nile B) A base in Cairo C) A base in the Sinai D) The Suez Canal Zone
26.
What were Theodor Herzl's beliefs with regard to Judaism? A) That Zionism was a grave threat to European Judaism B) That the security of Jews could be obtained only if they moved to the United States C) That all of Palestine should be given to the Jews D) That only a Jewish state could guarantee Jews their dignity and security
27. Why did Palestine become the destination of most Jewish immigrants after 1921? A) The educated Arab population living there welcomed Jewish intellectuals. B) The United States placed severe limits on immigration from eastern Europe. C) Anti-Semitism among Arabs was in decline and businesses were cheap. D) The Balfour Declaration was revoked by the League of Nations.
28. In 1938 Arabs and Jews in Palestine A) agreed to a British plan to limit Jewish population. B) agreed that British rule had to be terminated. C) were both receiving military aid from the Soviet Union. D) were engaged in a civil war.
29. What is a kibbutz? A) A kind of garment B) A collective farm C) A military official D) A type of alliance
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30. In 1916 leaders of the Congress Party and India's Muslim League signed what agreement? A) The Bombay Agreement B) The Rowlatt Acts C) The Lucknow Pact D) The Hyderabad Treaty
31. How did the Rowlatt Acts allow the British to rule India? A) Through “emergency measures” B) Along the lines of Hindu morality C) By strictly capitalist interest D) According to new liberal ideals
32. The British commander who ordered what became known as the Amritsar Massacre acted because Indians had gathered A) on the day all public meetings had been banned. B) to hear Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi speak. C) to protest British repression. D) in open defiance of the Rowlatt Acts.
33. How were Indians in South Africa treated at the turn of the twentieth century? A) They were considered “whites” and enjoyed privileges. B) They were respected as wealthy merchants and were treated well. C) They were subject to discriminatory laws and prejudice. D) They could not live as free people.
34. As a result of discriminatory laws passed by British settlers, poor Indians in South Africa had to either return to India or do which of the following? A) Enroll in an English-language school B) Work on a plantation C) Tend to cattle D) Work as laborers in the diamond mines
35. Which of the following is a loose translation of satyagraha? A) “Soul force” B) “Great soul” C) “Self-rule” D) “Free will”
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36. While in South Africa, Gandhi was A) a leader in a movement to gain more rights for both Indians and blacks. B) imprisoned for two years for calling for better working conditions for Indians. C) the undisputed leader of the Indians. D) a little-known lawyer.
37. How did South African leaders respond to Indians' demands for greater rights in 1914? A) They began arresting and imprisoning scores of prominent Indians. B) They executed more than four hundred Indians. C) They responded by drafting thousands of Indians into the military. D) After a long resistance, they agreed to many of the Indians' demands.
38. What did the nationalist movement fundamentally mean to Gandhi? A) It was the only important political goal. B) It meant Hindu nationalism. C) It was unworthy of the truly pious individual. D) It was intimately connected to moral and social betterment.
39. In 1931 Gandhi and tens of thousands of Indians were beaten and jailed for what reason? A) They had refused to take jobs working for the British. B) They had refused to buy English cloth. C) They were involved in a massive resistance campaign against the tax on salt. D) They were protesting the liquor tax.
40. Who was Yuan Shigai? A) The founder of Chinese communism B) The leader of the Boxer Rebellion C) Jiang Jieshi's best general D) A former Manchu general who led the first Chinese republic
41. Who was the May Fourth Movement directed against? A) Foreign missionaries B) Chinese Communists C) Warlords and imperialists D) The Manchu Dynasty
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42. Where was Jiang Jieshi, the successor to Sun Yatsen, educated? A) Britain B) Japan C) Tibet D) Korea
43. What was the philosophical focus of China's New Culture Movement? A) It advocated new, anti-Confucian virtues such as individualism. B) It rejected Marxism-Leninism. C) It sought a return to Confucian ethical government and society. D) It promoted an ideological reconciliation between China and Japan.
44. Above all else, what did the Japanese ultranationalists support? A) Foreign expansion B) A complete rejection of Chinese Buddhism C) Strict isolationism D) The restoration of the emperor to power
45. In the 1920s and 1930s, Japanese ultranationalists could be characterized by the fact that they A) embraced large corporations. B) sought to coexist with Marxists. C) attempted to break from old cultural traditions and practices. D) were violently anti-Western.
46. What event allowed the ultranationalists to assume a dominant position in Japan? A) The signing of the Treaty of Versailles B) The U.S. acquisition of the Philippines C) The Japanese attack on Manchuria D) The Great Depression
47. Japan resigned from the League of Nations after the League objected to Japanese aggression in what country? A) Korea B) Vietnam C) Manchuria D) The Philippines
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48. In China, what was the Long March? A) The Communist offensive that ended with their taking of Beijing B) The effort of 50,000 troops to defend the main Communist army at Kunlun Pass C) Mao Zedong's symbolic description of the Communists' rise to power D) A tactical Communist retreat during which tens of thousands lost their lives
49. In the late nineteenth century, 80 percent of the Filipino population practiced what faith? A) Catholicism B) Buddhism C) Islam D) Hinduism
50. The U.S. Congress made the Philippines a self-governing commonwealth in A) 1899. B) 1919. C) 1934. D) 1939.
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Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. C 20. A 21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. D 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A 32. A 33. C 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. D 39. C 40. D 41. C 42. B 43. A 44. A
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45. D 46. D 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. C
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. Describe the impact of World War I and the postwar settlement on the political boundaries and conflicts in the Middle East.
2. How did the Young Turks inadvertently create Arab nationalism?
3. Why did the Arabs feel betrayed by the British and the French at the end of World War I?
4. What was the purpose of the Balfour Declaration, and what were its immediate complications?
5. How did Mustafa Kemal's reforms of Turkey change the lives of women? Were any of the changes negative?
6. What challenges did Reza Shah Pahlavi face as he attempted to reform Persia?
7. Why was Turkey better able to modernize than Persia (Iran) after World War I?
8. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the British offered Indians several compromises to full self-rule. What were the British intentions?
9. Why was Gandhi able to win concessions from Great Britain using nonviolent tactics?
10. What were the external factors that gave rise to ultranationalists in Japan?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: During the war, the British and the French made promises to different peoples, to keep them fighting, such as the promises to create Jewish and Arab homelands. They encouraged the Arabs to rise up against the Ottomans. The League of Nations created after the war spoke of self-determination, but the Treaty of Versailles transferred the Ottoman and German colonies to the British and the French, with no self-rule. The mandates created by the Treaty of Versailles were supposed to prepare the mandate colonies for freedom, but they set no timetable as to when that would occur. 2. Answer would ideally include: In their attempts to reform and modernize the Ottoman Empire, the Young Turks also wanted to preserve the empire and its traditions. They promoted Turkish identity, nationalism, language, and culture. The Ottoman Empire, however, had been multilinguistic, multiethnic, multireligious, and multicultural, and by promoting one culture over all of the others, the Turks drew out the Arabs' nationalist identity. 3. Answer would ideally include: The British convinced the Arabs to rise up against the Ottomans and made vague promises about creating an Arab homeland. In 1916, Britain and France secretly negotiated the Sykes-Picot Agreement, in which they drew up their plans for the Middle East for after the war: France would take Lebanon, Syria, and southern Turkey, while Britain would have Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq. The Arabs learned about this agreement and realized that the British had no intention of creating an Arab homeland. The Arabs also learned about the Balfour Declaration, in which the British promised to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine after the war. When the war ended, and the League of Nations created the mandate system, the Arabs learned that they had just exchanged one imperial power (the Ottomans) for two others (the British and the French). 4. Answer would ideally include: The Balfour Declaration was a British promise during World War I to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine after the war was over. The Balfour Declaration was ultimately incorporated into the Versailles settlement. Arabs pointed to a Jewish homeland in Palestine and dismissed it as another form of Western imperialism, forced on the region from the outside. Furthermore, the kind of state the British were promising the Jews was very different—made up of one religion and one ethnicity—from the kinds of states the Arabs, Ottomans, and Persians in the area were accustomed to. 5. Answer would ideally include: Under Kemal, Turkish women received the right to vote. Islamic law was replaced with a civil law code modeled on secular European law codes, which included the right of women to divorce their husbands. Men were also limited to one wife. Other reforms also affected women, like increased education and literacy and the promotion of Westernized and modernized clothing. However, Turkish women lost their heritage and
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traditions and some of the protections of traditional Islamic law. 6. Answer would ideally include: Persia was a largely underdeveloped country with deserts, mountains, and very little communication. Very few of the populace could read; certainly the rural population was illiterate. In addition to Persians, the Persian state included several ethnic minorities (particularly Arabs and Kurds). The Islamic leaders were opposed to Western culture and to secular Islam. There were few Persians who were educated in the West. 7. Answer would ideally include: Mustafa Kemal and Reza Shah both wanted to modernize and Westernize their respective states. But Mustafa Kemal's Turkey had more interaction with the West than Reza's Persia; there were few Western-educated people in Persia. The Persian Empire also had powerful religious leaders who opposed any modernization—a problem that Turkey did not have. Furthermore, Mustafa had fought with and against Europeans in World War I and, unlike Reza, was simply less isolated. 8. Answer would ideally include: In 1917 the British announced a policy in India that gave Indians partial self-rule. The British created a dual administration, in which the British retained authority over taxes, police, and law courts but Indian officials (who were elected) were put in charge of agriculture and health. This attempt to address the many Indian demands for more autonomous rule largely failed. It was followed by the creation of emergency measures such as the Rowlatt Acts. 9. Answer would ideally include: Gandhi's big advantage was that he was able to mobilize the masses, not just one particular group. Previous independence movements had drawn on one particular class or group. As a lawyer trained in British law, Gandhi was able to present legal arguments as to why the Indians should have self-rule. In addition to nonviolent, mass-protest movements, Gandhi also reorganized the Indian National Congress. He lobbied for legal, social, and economic reforms. Because his methods were so diverse, it was difficult for the British to defeat him. He frustrated them, and in 1931 they began to negotiate concessions with him. 10. Answer would ideally include: As the Meiji reforms modernized and Westernized Japan, the ultranationalists were aggressively anti-Western, antidemocratic, anticapitalist, and anti-Marxist. They also had an imperialist attitude toward Asia: They were determined to protect “Asia for Asians” but with themselves in power over other Asian peoples. This was their justification for taking control of the Shandong Peninsula, Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria. They used the presence of Westerners in these areas to rally supporters. When the Great Depression in the 1930s hit Japan particularly hard, the ultranationalists used the high unemployment rate and wage collapse to rally supporters to their cause by blaming modernization and Westernization.
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Chapter 30 Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the world suffered through the Great Depression. What were the causes of the economic collapse? How did the United States and the European states respond to this crisis? How effective were their responses? What were the consequences of the Great Depression? 2. Describe Stalin's “revolution from above.” What factors prompted Stalin's actions, and what were his goals? How successful was the revolution?
3. Some have argued that strong actions by England and France in the mid-1930s would have prevented World War II and that appeasement merely whetted Hitler's appetite. How accurate is this statement?
4. The most horrifying aspect of Hitler's ideology and his regime was its anti-Semitism, culminating in the Final Solution, which claimed over 6 million lives including millions of Jews. Describe Nazi policies toward the Jews of Europe, being sure to indicate the basis of Hitler's anti-Semitism. Were ordinary Germans Hitler's willing accomplices?
5. What factors contributed to the Grand Alliance's military success? What were the turning points in the Allies' march to victory?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The cause of the Great Depression was the U.S. stock market crash of 1929, itself caused by a stock market boom; people bought stocks with borrowed money, and when prices started falling, people began to sell their stocks, and a financial panic followed. There were many long-term contributing factors to the Great Depression, including the Dawes Plan. After World War I, America loaned money to European countries to pay their debts to each other, which often meant this money was used to pay America for other loans. The circular flow of money indicated a fragile world economy. The spread of the Great Depression was increased by nationalistic economic policy, such as high tariffs on imports. In addition to tariffs, each country had its own way of dealing with the Great Depression. Scandinavia ran up a large deficit to fund public works and keep money in circulation. The consequences of this economic depression include the immediate effect of mass unemployment and decreases in production; related to those two were personal crises of loss of morale and a loss of homes and disruption of families. The long-term consequences were a shift in governmental policies in some countries toward more government aid and spending. In the United States, Roosevelt's New Deal—including the National Recovery Administration, Works Progress Administration, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act—attempted to reform and reinvigorate the economy. Political consequences included the increased popularity of Fascist, Socialist, Communist, and Radical Parties; these parties blamed governments for the depression and offered solutions to the ongoing economic crisis. The years of the Great Depression are considered to be when the stock market crashed in 1929 to 1943 when World War II industrial production brought the depression officially to an end. 2. Answer would ideally include: The “revolution from above” refers to Stalin's efforts to transform the Soviet Union: collectivization, centralized planning (especially the five-year plans with their emphasis on heavy industry), and political propaganda and terror, including the purges. Stalin's reforms were responding to several problems (from Stalin's point of view). One of Stalin's biggest problems were the peasants of the Soviet Union. Following the revolutions of the early twentieth century, the peasants finally owned their own land. Stalin was convinced that over time they would start to think like capitalists, and therefore, he set out to destroy them as a class. This he achieved through the collectivization process. Collectivization did not produce any agricultural surpluses, but it did break the peasants as a class. Stalin also believed that the Soviet Union needed to industrialize quickly in order to catch up to the productive capacity of the West. The five-year plans of Stalin set out to rapidly industrialize, with a focus on heavy industry. This was very successful and involved the assistance of American engineers. Stalin may have viewed his “revolution from above” as a success, but its accompanying purges were brutal and led to the imprisonment and deaths of millions. 3. Answer would ideally include: Hitler's appetite was not the only cause of World War II, although it was an important
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aspect. Other factors include lingering German resentment about the Versailles settlement, ardent German nationalism, and the sense that German national interest had been violated. At the same time, there were factors that encouraged appeasement in the West, including post–World War I war weariness, pacifism, fear of the Soviet Union, and British guilt over the Versailles settlement. While it is probable that Hitler's appetite was unappeasable, it is also likely that given the other factors involved, England and France were unable to take a stronger stand against Hitler's demands. 4. Answer would ideally include: Hitler's anti-Semitism was something he learned from extreme nationalists in Austria. It was based on Social Darwinism and the idea of the superiority of Germanic races and inferiority of the Jews. As he amassed more power, Hitler instituted a series of legal restrictions and segregations of Jews. The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 defined a Jew as anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents and stripped all Jews of German citizenship. In 1938 the persecution of Jews escalated in Kristallnacht, in which Jewish houses, businesses, and synagogues were attacked. Much of the violence was done by German civilians, which indicates a level of willingness of the German people to participate in Hitler's anti-Semitic violence. There were also restrictions on Jews leaving Germany. The violence and persecution culminated in the Holocaust, the systematic extermination of the Jews as a people. Few German citizens protested these actions of violence and persecution, another sign of the willingness of the German people to participate in the anti-Semitic violence. How many Germans knew of the extent of the Holocaust as it occurred is unknown. 5. Answer would ideally include: Members of the Grand Alliance possessed key factors that contributed to the Alliance's success: a large population, high productive capacity, plentiful natural resources, control of the seas, and sound leadership. At the same time, the Axis powers had definite inherent weaknesses: unstable leadership and shortages of natural resources. There were various turning points in the war: Coral Sea, Midway, El Alamein, Stalingrad, Normandy, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A good essay would indicate how Allied victories in these turning points reflected the strengths of the Allies and the weaknesses of the Axis powers.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-15: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. New Deal b. Popular Front c. totalitarianism d. fascism e. five-year plan f. New Economic Policy (NEP) g. collectivization h. Black Shirts i. Lateran Agreement j. Nazism k. Enabling Act l. blitzkrieg m. New Order n. Holocaust o. Europe first policy 1. Launched by Stalin in 1928 and termed the “revolution from above,” its goal was to modernize the Soviet Union and generate a Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity. 2. “Lightning war” using planes, tanks, and trucks, first used by Hitler to crush Poland in four weeks.
3. A movement born of extreme nationalism and racism and dominated by Adolf Hitler from 1933 until the end of World War II in 1945.
4. A New Deal–inspired party in France that encouraged unions and launched a far-reaching program of social reform.
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5. The military strategy, set forth by Churchill and adopted by Roosevelt, that called for the defeat of Hitler in Europe before the United States launched an all-out strike against Japan in the Pacific.
6. Franklin Delano Roosevelt's plan to reform capitalism through forceful government intervention in the economy. 7. The attempted systematic extermination of all European Jews and other “undesirables” by the Nazi state during World War II.
8. A radical dictatorship that exercises complete political power and control over all aspects of society and seeks to mobilize the masses for action.
9. Stalin's forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises.
10. A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for the pope's public support.
11. A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, anti-socialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military.
12. A private army under Mussolini that destroyed Socialist newspapers, union halls, and local Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of northern Italy.
13. Hitler's program, based on the guiding principle of racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples above “inferior” Latin peoples and, at the bottom, “subhuman” Slavs and Jews.
14. An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.
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15. Lenin's 1921 policy re-establishing limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration.
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Answer Key 1. e. five-year plan 2. l. blitzkrieg 3. j. Nazism 4. b. Popular Front 5. o. Europe first policy 6. a. New Deal 7. n. Holocaust 8. c. totalitarianism 9. g. collectivization 10. i. Lateran Agreement 11. d. fascism 12. h. Black Shirts 13. m. New Order 14. k. Enabling Act 15. f. New Economic Policy (NEP)
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. When and why did the Great Depression start? A) It began in 1923 when Germany defaulted on its reparations. B) It began in 1935 when the WPA was established. C) It began in 1929 when the U.S. stock market crashed. D) It began in 1931 when Japan invaded Manchuria.
2. One of the first measures the United States took to deal with the financial panic was to raise which of the following? A) Tariffs B) Income tax C) Wages D) The national debt
3. What did the economist John Maynard Keynes believe that governments should do during economic depressions? A) Spend less and save cash B) Cut services and raise taxes C) Spend more and stimulate the economy D) Suspend stock trading for one year
4. How much lower was global industrial output in 1933 than it had been in 1929? A) 13 percent B) 25 percent C) 38 percent D) 50 percent
5. What was thought to be the fundamental goal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal? A) To preserve capitalism by reforming it B) To have the federal government dictate the national economy C) To create a socialist economy D) To reduce public regulation of the economy
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6. What was the first area of the U.S. economy that Roosevelt's New Deal sought to reform? A) Heavy industry B) Agriculture C) Labor D) Poor housing
7. Why was the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 instituted? A) To limit the number of crops planted and drive up the price B) To buy up and destroy surplus crops and indebt the government C) To raise prices and farm income by limiting production, thereby driving up the price D) To encourage the trade of crops for fuel and help the oil and gas industries
8. President Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration was established to do which of the following? A) Dictate how many employees every business should have B) Stabilize the nation's banks C) Create unemployment insurance that paid the jobless D) Solve the problem of unemployment
9. When World War II began in 1939, how many unemployed workers were there in the United States? A) About 2 million B) Just under 4 million C) 8 million D) 10 million
10. How did the Scandinavian countries under socialist leadership respond to the Great Depression? A) They raised tariffs to isolate the countries economically. B) They used large-scale deficits to finance public works projects and maintain production. C) They created the Scandinavian Economic Union and pooled resources. D) They borrowed money from the United States to fund unemployment insurance.
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11. How did Britain respond to the Great Depression? A) It worked to encourage production and increase exports. B) It instituted large-scale deficit spending policies. C) It followed orthodox economic theory and concentrated increasingly on domestic markets. D) It increased investments in its colonies.
12. The formation of the Popular Front in France was a response to which of the following? A) The occupation of the Ruhr B) U.S. isolationism C) The growth of communism D) The growth of fascism
13. During the Great Depression, what happened to the price of rice in Asia? A) It fell by two-thirds between 1929 and 1932. B) It tripled by 1932. C) It exceeded the average income by 20 percent. D) It remained the same, but yields decreased.
14. Why did Japan invade Manchuria in 1931? A) Japan was after Manchuria's industrial complexes. B) Control of Manchuria would provide Japan with better access to China. C) Japan wanted the mainland territory for Japanese settlers. D) Manchuria was rich in raw materials.
15. What could be thought of as the main interest of most conservative authoritarian regimes? A) Maintaining the status quo B) Territorial expansion C) Engaging in war D) Forcing society into rapid change 16. The concept of “totalitarianism” originated A) in Bolshevik émigré circles before World War I. B) in the German press during World War I. C) with the total war efforts of World War I. D) among American anticommunists after 1945.
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17. Stalin's five-year plans were designed to be what kind of a revolution? A) A revolution by the people B) A revolution for the state C) A nonviolent revolution D) A revolution from above
18. Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with what group? A) Urban industrial workers B) Rural peasants C) White counter-revolutionaries D) Foreign capitalists
19. Why was it Stalin who assumed the leadership of the Soviet Union following the death of Lenin? A) He had done most of the planning of the 1917 revolution. B) There were no other serious contenders for the leadership position. C) He had the support of the Communist Party. D) The Red Army was fiercely loyal to Stalin.
20. By the end of 1927, Stalin had A) abolished all political offices but his own. B) achieved absolute power in the Soviet Union. C) negotiated a compromise with moderates to win their political support. D) installed Trotsky as a figurehead premier while he held the real power. 21. What was one of Stalin's rationales for the “second revolution”? A) He thought that the Soviet Union's survival depended on catching up with the West. B) He wanted to finish what Lenin had started. C) He wanted to keep the peasants distracted and prevent them from revolting. D) He was attempting to move agriculture to south Russia.
22. Stalin ordered what group to be obliterated as a class? A) Kulaks B) Intellectuals C) Nobles D) Artists
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23. What did many Russian peasants do to their crops in order to protest collectivization? A) They traded them. B) They sold them. C) They burned them. D) They hid them.
24. The most impressive accomplishments of Stalin's five-year plans can be regarded to have occurred in what area? A) Collectivized agriculture B) Heavy industry C) Consumer goods D) Foreign trade
25. Many of Stalin's new factories were built by engineers from what country? A) China B) Japan C) Britain D) The United States
26. By 1950, 75 percent of all Soviet doctors were what? A) Retired army officers B) Jews C) Women D) Former kulaks
27. An early indication foreshadowing Stalin's reign of terror was the murder of A) Sergei Kirov. B) Trotsky. C) Lenin's daughter. D) Kerensky.
28. By 1941, what group made up one-half of all Communist Party members in the Soviet Union? A) American expatriates B) Women C) New members who had joined since the purges D) Enemies of Stalin
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29. Italian workers felt cheated by World War I because they had been promised what in exchange for fighting? A) New labor unions B) Secularization of the state C) Tax cuts D) Social and land reforms
30. The term fascist comes from the Italian word for what? A) “A union of forces” B) “Strength” C) “Fist” D) “National authority”
31. Benito Mussolini's private army was known as what? A) The Cheka B) The Brown Shirts C) The Black Shirts D) The Stasi
32. What may be thought of as a crucial reason that Mussolini was able to stay in power? A) He introduced land and labor reforms. B) He enforced harsh racial laws. C) He made a deal with the old conservative elites. D) He destroyed the old power system.
33. Whose support did Mussolini gain with the Lateran Agreement? A) The pope and the Catholic Church B) Italian labor unions C) Nazi Germany D) The military officer class
34. What characterized Mussolini's policies for women? A) They were more far-reaching than those in the Soviet Union. B) He liberalized divorce laws. C) He required that women be given 20 percent of all higher-level jobs in industry. D) He favored a return to traditional roles and encouraged women to have many children.
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35. As a young man, Adolf Hitler formed many of his anti-Semitic beliefs while living where? A) Munich B) Berlin C) Vienna D) Linz
36. What was one of Hitler's beliefs about Jews? A) That they were misunderstood B) That they were republicans C) That they were liberals D) That they were Marxist socialists
37. In Mein Kampf, Hitler presents his basic anti-Semitic ideas and his conviction that Germany needed more land for what purpose? A) Large-scale factories B) Expansion C) Exiling Jews D) Collectivized farming
38. Hitler acquired absolute dictatorial power as a result of what event? A) The passage of the Enabling Act B) A wave of strikes by German labor unions C) The death of President Hindenburg D) The assassination of a German diplomat by a Jew
39. Which of the following characterized Nazi culture under Hitler? A) It was antiwar. B) It was pro-multicultural. C) It was anti-intellectual. D) It was pro-free market.
40. The Nuremberg Laws A) ordered all professional Jews to leave Germany. B) created the secret police, the Gestapo. C) deprived German Communists of the right of citizenship. D) stated that anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was Jewish.
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41. Many historians believe that the beginning of the Final Solution occurred with what event? A) Kristallnacht B) The failed coup of 1925 C) The publication of Mein Kampf D) The 1934 purging of the Nazi party
42. By 1938, Hitler's domestic policies had resulted in which of the following? A) Heavy taxation to pay for his highways, sports stadiums, and rearmament programs B) A steady drop in unemployment C) Greater economic equality for women D) Little improvement in the average standard of living 43. The British were willing to “appease” Hitler because they thought who was a bigger threat to Europe's stability? A) Jews B) Mussolini C) The unemployed D) Soviet communism
44. What country did Mussolini invade in 1935? A) Libya B) Ethiopia C) Hezbollah D) Syria
45. In August 1939, Germany and what other country signed a ten-year nonaggression pact? A) Poland B) Japan C) The Soviet Union D) Great Britain
46. In June 1941, Hitler ordered what military action? A) An aerial “blitz” of London to break the will of England B) An attack on the Soviet Union C) The building of an atomic weapon D) Establishment of the Vichy government in France
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47. In September 1940, Japan signed a formal alliance with what country? A) The United States B) China C) Germany D) The Soviet Union
48. Which of the following was true of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? A) It destroyed the entire Pacific fleet of the United States. B) It came only minutes after Japan had declared war on the United States. C) It did not affect American aircraft carriers. D) It was supported by German U-boats.
49. During the war, Japan claimed that it was freeing Asians from which of the following? A) Communist hegemony B) The threat of communism C) Monarchical rule D) Western imperialism
50. What World War II battle was the turning point for the Allies in the Pacific in 1944? A) Battle of Midway B) Battle of Leyte Gulf C) Battle of the Coral Sea D) Battle of Guadalcanal
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Answer Key 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. C 36. D 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. D 41. A 42. B 43. D 44. B
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45. C 46. B 47. C 48. C 49. D 50. B
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. At the onset of the Great Depression, what actions by nations worsened the economic conditions? What steps could these nations have taken to improve conditions?
2. What was the New Deal? In what ways did it succeed, and in what ways did it fail?
3. What was the difference between totalitarianism in the Soviet Union and in Germany?
4. How did Stalin's reforms of Soviet society transform the lives of Soviet women?
5. What were some of the problems Italy had to deal with before World War I? Did any of these problems change with the war?
6. Who had the more totalitarian government, Benito Mussolini or Joseph Stalin?
7. How did Hitler and the Nazi Party use propaganda to gather support? What kinds of propaganda did they use?
8. What kinds of Germans were critical of Nazism?
9. What made the Grand Alliance such a powerful adversary against Hitler and Nazi Germany?
10. Why did Japan lose the war in the Pacific? Was there a turning point in the fighting?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Nearly every country responded to the Great Depression in two ways: high tariffs to protect domestic production and reducing government spending. John Maynard Keynes believed that governments should have run up large deficits to stimulate their economies instead. The more the government spent, the lower the unemployment rate would be. If unemployment went down, people would have more money to spend on products, and the economy might improve. 2. Answer would ideally include: The New Deal was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's reform of the American economy. Roosevelt used a series of government interventions to stimulate the economy and lift some of the burden for recovery from the individual. The relief programs included the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which fixed farm prices; the Works Progress Administration, which hired unemployed Americans to construct public buildings, bridges, and highways; a national social security system, old-age pensions, and unemployment benefits; and the National Labor Relations Act, which protected unions and collective bargaining. The New Deal did not lift the United States out of the depression entirely, however; unemployment remained high until World War II broke out. 3. Answer would ideally include: The difference was essentially about attitudes toward private property. In the totalitarianism of Stalinist Russia, there was no such thing as private property. All property belonged to the state, and there was no distinction by class, at least ideally. In the totalitarianism of Nazi Germany, private property was not nationalized and classes remained. Both states were totalitarian, meaning that their governments had total control over all aspects of state and society. 4. Answer would ideally include: In 1917, Russian women had been granted equal legal rights with men and were urged to work outside the home. Stalin continued to urge women to work outside the home in factories, heavy industry, construction, and on farms. Women were also encouraged to have advanced degrees, particularly in science and technology. At the same time, Stalin also encouraged women to still marry, have children, and support traditional family values. 5. Answer would ideally include: Italy had many problems before the war: poverty, opposition of conservative Catholics and landowners to middle-class lawyers and politicians who ran the country for their own benefit, and tensions between the church and state. Italy had fought on the side of Britain and France in World War I and hoped to acquire land, especially from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. But at Versailles, Italy was largely ignored. Many Italians felt betrayed by the war; being on the victorious side neither solved nor alleviated
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prewar problems. The result was a political tug-of-war between socialists (popular with workers and peasants) and conservatives (landowners). 6. Answer would ideally include: Totalitarianism is defined as a dictatorship that has complete political power and control over all aspects of society. Totalitarian states are also able to mobilize their societies for large-scale actions. Students could answer this with either Stalin or Mussolini, discussing the five-year plans under Stalin, the land reform in Italy, and the suppression of the press. Both men placed their societies completely under the control of the ruling party, Communist or Fascist, and both had a secret police to enforce the state's single-party plan. The book notes, however, that Mussolini's state was much less ruthless and did not persecute political prisoners the way that Stalin did. 7. Answer would ideally include: Hitler and the Nazi Party used all forms of propaganda, from film to posters to books. The most effective method was Hitler's speeches; Hitler would use his charisma to manipulate the crowd, using emotive words such as references to the Versailles treaty, Jews, and Germany. These phrases would have elicited strong emotions in the audience. Hitler also tailored his speeches to specific classes and groups, such as middle- and lower-class groups. Hitler's Mein Kampf was also a propaganda tool. 8. Answer would ideally include: Critics of Hitler and the Nazis included competing political parties, such as the Communists and Socialists. Catholic and Protestant groups also objected to the secularism of Hitler's Germany. Some high-ranking army officers also complained. Under the Nazi regime, critics of the Reich were arrested and imprisoned, and great numbers were executed. 9. Answer would ideally include: The Grand Alliance linked the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union. Individually, they each possessed most of the resources necessary to defeat Nazi Germany; collectively, their victory seems ensured. The United States had a large population and industry; Britain had a strong economy and was completely mobilized for war; the Soviet Union had the factories, a large population, and the supplies. All three nations had the support of the masses, which also prepared them to defeat Germany. 10. Answer would ideally include: Several factors contributed to Japan's loss to the Allies: America could read Japan's secret code; American industry could produce twice as many aircraft as Japan; Japan's empire was overextended and easy to break up piecemeal; and the American island-hopping campaign showed their determination to defeat Japan. The turning point might be either the Battle of Midway, in which the Americans established naval equality with Japan, or the Battle of Leyte Gulf, a four-day battle that devastated the Japanese navy.
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Chapter 31 Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. What motivated the nations of Europe to seek unity in the postwar era? What were the successes and failures of these efforts? What factors explain the successes and failures?
2. What were the key drivers of western Europe's economic recovery? Were these the same factors that drove Japan's recovery? 3. Describe the process of “de-Stalinization” that the Soviet Union underwent after Stalin's death. What was its impact domestically and internationally? Why did later Soviet leaders re-Stalinize?
4. How did African nationalism grow during the postwar era? What did it accomplish?
5. What was the dominant dynamic in the social and political upheavals of 1968?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: From 1945 to the present, western Europe has consistently moved toward more unity. Leaders such as Konrad Adenauer of West Germany were instrumental in the recovery process. It began with economics—with the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the signing of Treaty of Rome, and the economic unity of the Common Market—and then proceeded legally and politically, leading to the creation of the European Union. Some leaders were interested in unity to promote faster recovery; others thought a unified Europe would be less likely to go to war again. Some leaders were not entirely comfortable with unity, and the process went slowly. The major factors of success were fear of the horrors of the war, the commitment of the early leaders, and the Cold War. Nationalism deterred the unification movement in parts of Europe. 2. Answer would ideally include: Much of Europe's industrial sectors were destroyed by the war. Recovery began with the Marshall Plan from the United States, which poured millions of dollars in aid into devastated European economies. European countries each undertook measures that promoted economic recovery. For instance, France nationalized banks and put money into industry. Migrant workers from southern Europe and elsewhere were invited in, contributing much-needed labor. Japan likewise began the postwar period with devastated industrial centers, but it was occupied by the American military, which set about reforming Japan in all areas, including its economy. Japanese politicians made rebuilding industrial infrastructure a priority, and land redistribution strengthened agriculture, while labor laws improved conditions for workers. 3. Answer would ideally include: The process of de-Stalinization began with some in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union admitting Stalin's methods had been harsh, as Khrushchev did. His de-Stalinization program involved dismantling the repressive apparatus, allowing increased openness for artistic expression, placing a greater emphasis on the consumer sector of the Soviet economy, and attempting to improve diplomacy with the West. The impact of de-Stalinization on the Soviet Union includes artistic freedom (Solzhenitsyn), a rising standard of living, a shakeup in the membership of the Communist Party, and relaxation of labor discipline. For the Warsaw Pact countries, the impact of de-Stalinization was rebelliousness in Poland and Hungary. For the world, de-Stalinization meant a normalization of relations with the West and increased Soviet aid to Third World nations. Opposition to Khrushchev's policies gained momentum as party members feared they would threaten the party's power. When Khrushchev's policy toward dealing with the West became erratic—and ultimately unsuccessful—he was removed from power, and his attempts at reform reversed. 4. Answer would ideally include: Already existing movements for political autonomy and independence from colonial
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rule strengthened rapidly in the postwar era. Pan-Africanist ideas circulating among Western-educated Africans and their descendants became popular with more radical Africans of humbler origins in the years after the war, and charismatic leaders in emerging nations like Ghana worked for self-government, negotiating new relationships with colonial states. Colonial states reacted differently to independence movements, but from the 1950s African states rapidly won freedom and established new nations, although often within the boundaries established by colonial powers. 5. Answer would ideally include: Pressures for social change boiled over worldwide, typically led by students and workers. Economic growth, the rise of consumer culture, and rapid changes in society fueled eagerness for change, and early backlash against movements early in the year led to increasingly radical demands for rapid social and political change in cities like Paris and Cordoba. In the end, as protests escalated, a strong backlash was generated, and disturbances and movements for change were violently suppressed. Conservatives sought to slow down or reverse social change by putting down disorder, and military and police forces were involved in violent repression.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-24: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. modernization theory b. Pan-Africanists c. liberation theology d. Marshall Plan e. populists f. Civil Rights Act g. Red Guards h. Truman Doctrine i. economic nationalism j. Muslim League k. Great Leap Forward l. NATO m. cocoa holdups n. National Liberation Front o. Arab socialism p. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution q. Cold War r. superpowers s. de-Stalinization t. import substitution industrialization (ISI) u. pieds-noirs v. dependency theory w. Common Market x. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
1. The European Economic Community created in 1957.
2. The 1964 U.S. act that prohibited discrimination in public services and on the job.
3. The belief that development in some areas of the world locks other nations into underdevelopment.
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4. A modernizing, secular, and nationalist project of nation building aimed at economic development and the development of a strong military. _
5. American plan for providing economic aid to Europe to help it rebuild.
6. Mass protests in the 1930s by Gold Coast producers of cocoa who refused to sell their beans to British firms and instead sold them directly to European and American chocolate manufacturers.
7. Politicians who appealed to the working class and poor with appeals to nationalism and to social justice.
8. A systematic effort by Latin American nationalists to end neocolonialism and to free their national economies from American and western European influences.
9. The belief that all countries evolved in a linear progression from traditional to mature.
10. The use of trade barriers to keep certain products out of one's country so that domestic industry can emerge and produce the same goods.
11. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western nations.
12. A movement within the Catholic Church to support the poor in situations of exploitation that emerged with particular force in Latin America in the 1960s.
13. The victorious anticolonial movement in Algeria.
14. The predominantly Catholic French population in the French colony of Algeria, called “black feet” because they wore black shoes instead of sandals.
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15. A movement launched by Mao Zedong that attempted to purge the Chinese Communist Party of long-serving bureaucrats and recapture the revolutionary fervor of his guerrilla struggle.
16. Mao Zedong's acceleration of Chinese development in which industrial growth was to be based on small-scale backyard workshops run by peasants living in gigantic self-contained communes.
17. Countries whose military (or economic) might dwarfed that of other countries.
18. Political party in colonial India that advocated for a separate Muslim homeland after independence.
19. The liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union, led by reformer Nikita Khrushchev during his years as the head of the Soviet Union (1953–1964).
20. People who sought black solidarity and envisioned a vast self-governing union of all African peoples.
21. The postwar conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union.
22. Created in 1964, a loose union of Palestinian refugee groups opposed to Israel and united in the goal of gaining Palestinian home rule.
23. American policy of preventing the spread of Communist rule.
24. Radical cadres formed of Chinese youth who would attack anyone identified as an enemy of either the Chinese Communist Party or Chairman Mao.
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Answer Key 1. w. Common Market 2. f. Civil Rights Act 3. v. dependency theory 4. o. Arab socialism 5. d. Marshall Plan 6. m. cocoa holdups 7. e. populists 8. i. economic nationalism 9. a. modernization theory 10. t. import substitution industrialization (ISI) 11. l. NATO 12. c. liberation theology 13. n. National Liberation Front 14. u. pieds-noirs 15. p. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 16. k. Great Leap Forward 17. r. superpowers 18. j. Muslim League 19. s. de-Stalinization 20. b. Pan-Africanists 21. q. Cold War 22. x. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 23. h. Truman Doctrine 24. g. Red Guards
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The central feature of the Marshall Plan was A) a formal military alliance. B) food and economic aid. C) the provision of nuclear armaments. D) military aid to African states.
2. What defined the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War? A) Both nations were determined to dominate NATO. B) Both nations sought to spread their culture through imperialism and “civilize” other states. C) Both nations engaged in a fierce commercial rivalry. D) Both nations saw themselves as the defenders of important ideological principles.
3. How did the United Nations differ from the earlier League of Nations? A) The United Nations was designed to mediate international conflicts. B) The United Nations was envisioned as a smaller organization. C) The League of Nations was not made up of nation-states. D) The United Nations had a more ambitious role to play.
4. The United Nations Security Council A) was made up of most of the smaller member states. B) had the power to launch nuclear attacks. C) included five main regional powers who held veto power. D) supported the Soviet Union in the Cold War.
5. At the Potsdam Conference, why did Stalin reject free elections in eastern Europe? A) He worried that the United States would manipulate the results. B) He argued that they would not be impartial because the United States would try to control them. C) He worried that the results would be anti-Soviet and destroy his plans of a buffer zone. D) He worried they would obligate the Soviet Union to shoulder the cost of war refugees in the region.
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6. What was the central premise of Raúl Prebisch's dependency theory? A) That many countries remained borrowers of capital and technology and producers of primary commodities B) That many countries were dependent on the military power of the United States C) That newly independent countries were dependent on great leadership D) That many nations depended on the generosity of the international community
7. What was the goal of the Truman Doctrine? A) To contain communism to areas already occupied by the Soviet army B) To rebuild the western European economies C) To force the Communists out of eastern Europe D) To destroy Communist parties in western Europe
8. Western allies began the Berlin airlift in response to which of the following? A) The inability to adequately aid citizens because of the destruction caused by the war B) The humanitarian crisis in Berlin that followed the collapse of the Third Reich C) The outbreak of the Korean War D) Stalin's blockade of all road traffic through the Soviet zone of Germany
9. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was originally formed as which of the following? A) An anti-Soviet military alliance B) A pan-European unity alliance C) An economic alliance to promote peace D) A union of American states
10. Why was India split into two separate independent nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947? A) Great Britain insisted that India be split into two nations as a condition of granting independence. B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League insisted on the creation of an independent Muslim state. C) Mohandas Gandhi and the Indian National Congress Party insisted on the creation of an independent Hindu state. D) A popular vote across India determined that the nation should be split into a Muslim state and a Hindu state.
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11. After gaining independence from Pakistan in 1971, Bangladesh struggled to find political and economic stability due to A) famines resulting from monsoon floods, tornadoes, and cyclones in the Ganges Delta. B) continued violent clashes with Pakistan even after the civil war, which depleted resources. C) the introduction of communism and subsequent struggle to establish a stable government. D) religious disputes within the country's population.
12. Which of the following resulted after Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the Egyptian army to take control of the Suez Canal in 1956? A) The Soviet Union joined forces with Britain and France to prevent Egyptian control of the canal. B) A violent battle erupted, and the resulting treaty established joint control of the canal between Egypt, Britain, and France. C) The United States, fearing a Soviet-Egyptian alliance, negotiated a cease-fire granting Egypt control of the canal. D) The Soviet Union, fearing a U.S.-Egyptian alliance, negotiated a cease-fire granting Egypt control of the canal.
13. In 1947, what happened when the United Nations proposed partitioning Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states? A) The proposal was accepted by both sides. B) The proposal was accepted by the Jews but rejected by the Arabs. C) The proposal was accepted by the Arabs but rejected by the Jews. D) The proposal was rejected by both sides.
14. Who took control of territory including the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights after the Six-Day War in 1967? A) Jordan B) Israel C) Egypt D) Palestine
15. Why did Jiang Jieshi and 2 million others flee to Taiwan in 1949? A) They were fleeing the largest typhoon in Chinese history. B) They were fleeing the Communist takeover of mainland China. C) They were fleeing yet another Soviet invasion. D) They were fleeing American advances into North Korea.
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16. How can American military involvement in Vietnam be characterized? A) It never had much support in the general population. B) Intervention in Vietnam was based on U.S. imperialism. C) It grew out of the ideology of containment. D) It was part of a larger strategy to destroy the Soviet Union.
17. In 1946, real power in Japan was in the hands of A) Japanese businessmen. B) the emperor. C) General Douglas MacArthur. D) Japanese military officials.
18. Article 9 of Japan's postwar constitution did which of the following? A) It banned ultranationalists from holding office. B) It established a command-and-control economy. C) It gave women the right to vote. D) It abolished all Japanese armed forces.
19. What were the effects of the American occupation of Japan? A) Japan remained politically divided. B) Japanese people became increasingly anti-American. C) Japanese culture became increasingly traditional as Japanese people resisted occupation. D) Japan became an economic power and a strong American ally.
20.
How was Korea divided in 1945? A) Into four zones of influence B) Into Soviet and American zones of occupation C) Into Soviet and Japanese zones of occupation D) Into United Nations mandate zones
21. What was Richard Nixon's strategy of Vietnamization? A) It transferred the burden of fighting the war to the Vietnamese. B) It sought an immediate American withdrawal from the conflict. C) It insisted that the commanders of the war effort be Vietnamese generals. D) It sought to broaden the conflict from Vietnam to other neighboring states.
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22. What was the goal of Pan-Africanist thinkers? A) They sought political revolutions in the West that might free Africa. B) They sought to unite Africa under a single strong ruler. C) They sought to spread African values into Europe and North America. D) They sought black solidarity and self-government for Africans.
23. How did European African intellectuals in the 1920s criticize colonial rule? A) They condemned the absence of Africans in the governance of colonies. B) They denounced government-supported chiefs who obeyed white rulers. C) They condemned European missionaries for using their positions to achieve political control. D) They demanded immediate and complete independence.
24. How were post–World War II African leaders different from the interwar generation? A) They were more willing to cooperate with colonial authorities. B) They were less likely to be Western-educated. C) They were typically of more humble origins. D) They were mostly returned soldiers.
25. What factor led Ghana to become the first sub-Saharan African colonial states to achieve independence? A) As a former French colony, Ghana had a weak colonial connection. B) Ghana had a long tradition of independent political power. C) Ghana was home to especially violent and warlike tribes. D) Revolution in Ghana was organized by a capable and charismatic leader.
26. How did white settlers in Africa respond to postwar independence movements? A) They fought to preserve their privileged position. B) They generally led the independence movements. C) They attempted to unite in a white settlers union. D) They gave away much of their land in exchange for the right to emigrate.
27. How did Charles de Gaulle moderate calls for independence in French African colonies? A) He threatened violent resistance to rebellions. B) He insisted that all Africans leave France and return to strengthen African independence movements. C) He forbade French settlers from returning from Africa. D) He offered a French Commonwealth as an alternative to a complete break.
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28. How was decolonization different for Portuguese colonies in the postwar era? A) Portugal offered independent states continued economic partnerships. B) Portugal attempted to keep its colonies in perpetuity. C) Portugal insisted newly independent states affiliate with Brazil. D) Portugal's laws prohibited white settlement.
29. What were the goals of economic nationalists in postwar Latin America? A) They sought to return people to the land. B) They sought economic domination of neighboring states. C) They sought to end neocolonialism and develop industry. D) They looked to expand their states politically by developing strong economies.
30. What characterized the Mexican constitution of 1917? A) It was radically nationalistic and called for universal suffrage. B) It established a constitutional monarchy. C) It favored large landowners at the expense of peasants. D) It was nearly an exact copy of the American constitution.
31. Juan Perón sought to transform the postwar Argentinian economy by A) demanding that farmers switch to industrial production. B) confiscating peasant agricultural production to resell it domestically. C) encouraging the development of a domestic fashion industry. D) arranging for government purchase and resale of all agricultural production.
32. What contributed to the collapse of Perón's government in 1955? A) A small-scale American invasion B) The death of his popular wife Evita C) The unwillingness of Perón to rule outside the law D) An economic boom that provoked rivals
33. How was the development of Brazil and Mexico in the immediate postwar decades similar? A) Both states experienced political disorder but economic prosperity. B) Both states stagnated economically. C) Both states experienced economic growth and political stability. D) Both states failed to industrialize and remained largely illiterate.
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34. In what sense was the Cuban Revolution in 1959 disruptive to economic and social progress across Latin America? A) The revolution forced democratic reforms. B) The revolution was popular among leading Latin American oligarchs. C) The revolution led to a large-scale American invasion of Cuba. D) The revolution led to widespread concerns about the spread of Marxism.
35. What political and social elements was Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista closely allied with? A) Wealthy Cubans and multinational corporations B) Expatriate elites and the Catholic Church C) Liberal social reformers and journalists D) Marxists and populist nationalists
36. What was the relationship in the Cuban Revolution between Fidel Castro and Che Guevara? A) Castro was Guevara's second-in-command. B) Guevara was Castro's second-in-command. C) Both men were equals in leading the revolution. D) Guevara attempted to gain control of the revolution from Castro.
37. What was the relationship of Castro and the Cuban Revolution to Communist ideology? A) Castro was driven to seek the support of the Soviet Union after America opposed the revolution. B) Castro was a Communist, but he allowed the revolution to proceed democratically. C) Castro was not a Communist, but Guevara was. D) Cuban Communists seized control of Castro's revolution shortly after he came to power. 38. What was Nikita Khrushchev's “secret speech” in 1956? A) An endorsement of the capitalistic system of the West B) A rejection of communism as theorized by Marx C) A condemnation of the crimes of Stalin D) A promise to undertake a war against NATO
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39. Which of the following describes Konrad Adenauer's administration in postwar Germany? A) It was propped up in power by the Soviet Union. B) It was short-lived, as he was assassinated by Soviet agents for working with the United States. C) It was led by a small, neofascist party of ultranationalists who resisted democratic reforms. D) It brought Germany firmly into the Western capitalist camp.
40. Workers who came to Europe after the war to fill low-paying jobs were known as what? A) Migrants B) Day laborers C) Guest workers D) Indentured servants
41. The first attempt at unifying Europe came from which industry? A) Banking and finance B) Coal and steel C) Agriculture D) Tourism
42. Who prevented a number of western European nations from joining the Common Market? A) Charles de Gaulle B) Konrad Adenauer C) Georges Pompidou D) Alcide De Gasperi
43. After World War II, the Soviet Union presented itself as the global defender of the rights of A) workers. B) party members. C) liberals. D) capitalists.
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44. What was the only European Communist country to resist Soviet domination after 1945? A) Hungary B) Yugoslavia C) Czechoslovakia D) Romania
45. What allowed Yugoslavia to reject Soviet control? A) Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia, was not a Communist. B) Yugoslavia had rich oil reserves and a consumer economy. C) There was no Russian army in Yugoslavia. D) The United States sent aid to Yugoslavia to keep the country democratic.
46. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's novel, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, is a grim portrait of what? A) The battle of Stalingrad B) The workday at a Stalin-era factory C) Life in a Stalinist concentration camp D) Everyday life in the capitalist West
47. What European city was divided by a wall in 1961? A) Berlin B) Moscow C) Budapest D) Stalingrad
48. Khrushchev was removed from office in 1964, two years after his failed attempt to A) build the Berlin Wall. B) promote more private agriculture. C) install a permanent cache of missiles in Cuba. D) quell a rebellion in Poland.
49. What happened when the leaders of the Czechoslovakian reform movement of 1968 gained a majority and replaced a long-time Stalinist leader with Alexander Dubèek, whose new government launched dramatic reforms? A) Dubèek abolished the Communist Party and instituted democratic elections. B) The reform leaders removed Czechoslovakia from participation in the Warsaw Pact. C) Capitalism and liberalism were reintroduced with great success. D) Military troops from Russian and eastern Europe occupied Czechoslovakia.
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50. Which U.S. President passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964? A) Lyndon Johnson B) Franklin Roosevelt C) John F. Kennedy D) Dwight Eisenhower
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Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. D 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. D 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. D 32. B 33. C 34. D 35. A 36. B 37. A 38. C 39. D 40. C 41. B 42. A 43. A 44. B
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45. C 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. D 50. A
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What were the roots of the Cold War?
2. Decolonization after World War II was a process of political decolonization combined with economic neocolonialism. Explain how that is possible.
3. What factors contributed to the push in postwar Europe for political and economic unity?
4. How did the Middle East develop after World War II?
5. To what extent was the revolution in Cuba a Communist takeover of a popular democratic state?
6. What were the different opinions within the Soviet Communist Party about de-Stalinization and its effects?
7. What factors led to the civil rights revolution in the United States?
8. What role did students play in the political disruptions of 1968?
9. How did migrant labor reshape western European society?
10. What was the effect on Japan of the postwar American occupation?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The political outcome of the World War II led to disputes that developed into the Cold War. American demands for free elections across Europe and Truman's determination to confront the Soviet Union over its decision to establish “buffer” satellite states were important factors. The Soviet overthrow of a democratically elected government in Czechoslovakia and the implementation of the Berlin blockade in 1948 heightened tensions. Underlying ideological divisions also contributed. 2. Answer would ideally include: By the 1960s, nearly all of Europe's former colonies were politically independent states. But Europe still relied on its former colonies for raw materials. Most colonies developed only one or two crops or manufactured goods; if the European nation that once controlled the colony continued to maintain trade in that item, the former colony remained dependent on the European country. This relationship somewhat resembled the dependent colonial relationship and was known as neocolonialism. 3. Answer would ideally include: Despite different political paths after World War II, many Europeans believed that only unity could forestall future conflicts. Marshall Plan cooperation led the French premier to propose an international organization to control European steel and coal production. In 1952 six nations united for that purpose, and in 1957, these states signed the Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Common Market, which sought to reduce tariffs and create a single European market. 4. Answer would ideally include: Arabs emerged from colonial rule by establishing new nations rooted in Arab socialism. In Egypt, Nasser overthrew the monarchy and established a centralized socialist state. A Pan-Arab movement inspired by events in Egypt established similar states in other formerly colonized Arab nations. The United Nations established a Jewish state in Palestine in 1948, which led to longstanding conflict between Arab nationalists and the state of Israel. 5. Answer would ideally include: Although prosperous, Cuban wealth was not equally distributed, and beginning in 1953 Fidel Castro and Che Guevara led a revolution against the government of Fulgencio Batista. They seized power in 1959 and put in place measures for land reform, the nationalization of industries, and rent limits. American attempts to depose Castro pushed the Cuban revolutionaries into an alliance with the Soviet Union and led Castro to declare himself a Marxist-Leninist in 1963. Castro also attempted to spread Communist revolution across Latin America. 6. Answer would ideally include: After the death of Stalin, some in the Communist Party thought his practices had been
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too harsh. Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin's successor, reduced state intervention in many aspects of Soviet life: industry produced more consumer goods, control over workers was relaxed, and artists, writers, and intellectuals were given more leeway by state censors. Poland and Hungary were given more autonomy in the Soviet satellite system. Some in the party blamed the rioting and rebellion that went on in Poland and Hungary on de-Stalinization and feared that it would threaten the Communist Party in general. Party opposition to Khrushchev's policies increased, and he was forced out of office within two years of the Cuban Missile Crisis. 7. Answer would ideally include: The struggle against segregation and discrimination against African Americans in the United States was led by the NAACP, who challenged the system in the courts. Nonviolent and peaceful resistance was also undertaken, and Martin Luther King led a movement against discrimination inspired by Christ and Gandhi. When Lyndon Johnson won the presidential election in 1964, he secured the enactment of the Civil Rights Act, which ended workplace discrimination and in public services. 8. Answer would ideally include: The youth culture was heavily influenced by the overall consumer culture of that decade and was energized by the possibilities of rapid and radical change. Students also became politicized and critical of the established order. Youth culture's most obvious political influence was their opposition to the Vietnam War and their support of the civil rights movement. Although protests against the war began in the United States, they quickly spread to European cities and beyond. In 1968, students were active in the Prague Spring, and a student strike in Paris over university conditions radicalized after a government crackdown. Similar movements appeared elsewhere in western Europe, and in Argentina, students seized control of the city of Cordoba. Mexican students opposed the heavy-handed PRI regime. 9. Answer would ideally include: Laborers from Italy, North Africa, Turkey, Greece, and Yugoslavia drove economic recovery in western Europe. They were especially important in strengthening the German economy. Governments labeled the laborers as “guest workers” to emphasize their temporary status, although many remained as permanent immigrants. Settled migrant communities came to resent second-class status. 10. Answer would ideally include: The American occupation left Japan's powerful bureaucracy largely intact and used it to implement fundamental social and economic reforms. Land reform and labor reform were important American priorities. Economic recovery was a national priority, especially the rebuilding of industrial infrastructure, and the economy took off and grew quickly. Japan was an important American ally in the struggle against communism in Asia.
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Chapter 32 Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. How did the oil embargo and the policies of OPEC affect the economic development of the United States?
2. How did the Palestinian-Israeli conflict shape the development of Arab states, especially Egypt?
3. Why was there so much violence in Central America during the Cold War?
4. What led to the Four Modernizations movement of China? Were they all equally successful? Explain what was missing from this attempt at reform.
5. How has Pakistan developed politically and economically since the 1970s?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: In 1973 OPEC implemented a successful embargo of America and western Europe, and energy costs quadrupled. The United States was unable to break the cartel and lost influence globally. Oil prices remained high, and revolution in Iran caused a second oil shock in 1979. Prices increased, and energy costs slowed economic growth, triggering inflation and low wage growth (stagflation). Banks raised interest rates, slowing economic growth further and leading to a major recession. Reduced consumer demand lowered inflation but also damaged economies that sought to export to the United States. Rising debt combined with rising interest rates globally produced a global debt crisis. The debt crisis allowed the United States to gain economic leverage and impose neoliberal free-market reforms globally. 2. Answer would ideally include: OPEC organization, which was effective in response to the Yom Kippur War in 1973, left Israel feeling vulnerable and empowered oil-exporting Arab nations. The wealth of oil-producing Arab states changed power relations between Arab countries, as did the rise of Islamic militancy. Egypt and the United States engaged in a peace process with Israel in 1979 that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt and led to American aid to Egypt but also spread division as most Arab states did not support the process, and Islamic radicals assassinated Anwar Sadat in 1981. Tensions between Israel and other Arab states continued, and the peace between Egypt and Israel has been placed under considerable pressure by the rise of Hamas in Palestine, by the deteriorating conditions in the Gaza Strip and West Bank since the death of Yasir Arafat in 2004, and by the revolution in Egypt in 2011, which led to growing uncertainties in Egyptian politics. 3. Answer would ideally include: Central American economies were dominated in many cases by American interests. Movements arose during the Cold War era aimed at nationalism and reducing American influence, while peasants sought land reform and political rights. Marxist revolutionary movements and other radical social reformers gained strength in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, while the United States backed right-wing interests that included the military and powerful dictators. In Nicaragua, the U.S. backed right-wing insurgents in their struggle against the successful Sandinista revolutionary movement that overthrew dictator Anastasio Somoza. War and conflict were widespread until Costa Rican president Oscar Arias mediated peace talks in 1986 that led to open elections. These did not alleviate poverty and violence, which have persisted. 4. Answer would ideally include: Mao's attempts to reform China along strict Marxist lines, with an emphasis on purging dissent and heavy labor on a small scale, had created greater social equality but destabilized the country in other ways. City dwellers in particular felt a sense of chaos, perhaps because the largest cultural changes occurred there. Intellectuals and technicians, who as a class had been purged in the Cultural Revolution, fought back to
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reclaim their influence. Ultimately, Mao's Cultural Revolution had failed. In response, Deng Xiaoping, who assumed leadership of China after Mao's death, instituted the Four Modernizations as part of an effort to remake China yet again, undoing some of the problems created by Mao. Deng singled out four areas of the economy and industry for some degree of modernization and experimentation, the opposite of Mao's rigid policies. The four areas modernized were agriculture (large collectives were replaced with more traditional family farms and cash crops), industry (which remained state-owned, but foreign-owned factories were allowed to open and some private enterprise was allowed), science and technology, and national defense (which also remained in government hands). The agricultural reforms were the most successful and benefited the peasantry greatly. Industry and technology also did well. One area not addressed by Deng's reforms was societal changes brought on by economic changes. China experienced dissent in 1989 as a result. The Communist Party retained a monopoly on political power and did not respond to the worldwide movement toward more democracy and political freedom. University students, however, did respond to that movement and the lack of political change in China and began a series of demonstrations and protests in 1989. 5. Answer would ideally include: Military rule in Pakistan led to a close alliance with the United States, and Pakistan received considerable U.S. assistance. Relations with both the United States and India worsened considerably as Pakistan developed nuclear weapons by 1998, which nearly precipitated war with India. Pakistani-based terrorist groups have attacked targets in India, and Pakistani support for the Taliban and others in Afghanistan in their struggle against Soviet occupation led to close connections between the Taliban and al-Qaeda, including their operation in parts of Northwest Pakistan. While Pakistan's dictator Perez Musharraf renewed alliances with the United States after September 2001, he was forced to resign when his political rival Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in 2007.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-14: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. African National Congress (ANC) b. perestroika c. Tiananmen Square d. intifada e. neoliberalism f. European Union (EU) g. petrodollars h. détente i. apartheid j. junta k. glasnost l. Washington Consensus m. “Japan, Inc.” n. Solidarity
1. The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions.
2. Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev's popular campaign for openness in the government and the media.
3. The main black nationalist organization in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela.
4. The global recirculation by international banks of profits from the higher price of oil.
5. A nickname from the 1980s used to describe the intricate relationship of Japan's business world and government.
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6. A return to policies intended to promote free markets and the free circulation of capital across national borders.
7. The system of racial segregation and discrimination that was supported by the Afrikaner government in South Africa.
8. A prolonged campaign of civil disobedience by Palestinian youth against Israeli soldiers; the Arabic word intifada means “shaking off.” _
9. Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev that permitted an easing of government price controls on some goods, more independence for state enterprises, and the establishment of profit-seeking private cooperatives to provide personal services for consumers.
10. An economic and political alliance of twelve European nations formed in 1993 that has since grown to include twenty-seven European nations.
11. workers and political reform.
12. Policies restricting public spending, lowering import barriers, privatizing state enterprises, and deregulating markets.
13. The site of a Chinese student revolt in 1989 at which Communists imposed martial law and arrested, injured, or killed hundreds of students.
14. A government headed by a council of commanders of the branches of the armed forces.
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Answer Key 1. h. détente 2. k. glasnost 3. a. African National Congress (ANC) 4. g. petrodollars 5. m. “Japan, Inc.” 6. e. neoliberalism 7. i. apartheid 8. d. intifada 9. b. perestroika 10. f. European Union (EU) 11. n. Solidarity 12. l. Washington Consensus 13. c. Tiananmen Square 14. j. junta
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What enabled the OPEC cartel to control the price of oil in 1973? A) America's support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War B) The death of Anwar Sadat, who had opposed the cartel C) The Iranian revolution D) Coordination with Britain, where oil had been discovered in the North Sea
2. How did the oil embargo affect America's standing in the world? A) The embargo increased respect for America as American pressure finally broke the embargo, benefitting other Western economies. B) The embargo led other producers of raw materials to challenge American influence over the global economy. C) The embargo ended the importance of the U.S. dollar as a global currency. D) The embargo led to a widespread perception of declining American influence.
3. How did Brazil's military leaders react to the embargo of 1973? A) Brazil remained a staunch American ally. B) Brazil resisted American pressure to continue supporting Israel. C) Brazil moved closer to the Soviet Union. D) Brazil switched to nuclear power as much as possible.
4. How did Europeans respond to the oil shocks of the 1970s? A) Increasing political radicalism B) Switching to a large degree to coal and natural gas C) Increasing bicycle and mass transit use D) Supporting an American invasion of Iraq
5. How did petrodollars change the world economy from the 1970s? A) They enriched developing countries. B) They ensured that the industrialized West did not suffer inflation. C) The ended the economic hegemony of the United States and western Europe. D) They increased the availability of loans for developing states.
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6. How did the neoliberalism of the 1980s change the world economy? A) Neoliberalism contributed to a shift in economic power to the developing world. B) Neoliberalism increased the influence of free-market political ideals in the global economy. C) Neoliberalism encouraged more developing countries to align themselves with the Soviet Union. D) Neoliberalism undermined the “Washington Consensus.”
7. What characterized the global economy in the 1970s and 1980s? A) Deflation and recession B) Hyperinflation C) Stagflation and boom/bust cycles D) A credit crunch
8. What contributed to the discrediting of the PRI in Mexico after 1968? A) Corruption and failed neoliberal policies B) Close association with discredited Marxist ideas C) War with Central American states D) A failed attempt to establish a free trade agreement (NAFTA)
9. How did newfound oil wealth affect the development of Nigeria from the 1960s? A) Nigeria experienced steady economic development with a weak political system. B) The military became less influential over Nigerian politics. C) Religious differences became less central to political divisions. D) Political and cultural unity remained elusive as the economy endured boom and bust cycles.
10. What happened when Nigerian dictator General Sani Abacha died suddenly in 1998? A) Another military dictatorship quickly emerged. B) Nigerians established a new constitution and shifted to civilian rule. C) Nigeria dissolved as a nation-state. D) The country's Muslim minority was disenfranchised.
11. What country was the recognized leader of the Arab world in the 1970s? A) Syria B) Iraq C) Egypt D) Libya
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12. What goal of Hezbollah contributed to Middle East violence after the Camp David Accords of 1979? A) Their determination to attack the United States B) Their support of Soviet involvement in Afghanistan C) Their rejection of any notion of Palestinian statehood D) Their determination to destroy the state of Israel
13. What did Yasir Arafat agree to do in 1993? A) Attack Israel B) Renounce the use of violence C) Ally with China D) Surrender to Israel
14. What was the intifada of the 1980s? A) An Egyptian revolution B) An Israeli political party C) An Iranian uprising D) A civil disobedience campaign
15. What was a consequence of the Yom Kippur War in 1973? A) Israel was briefly conquered. B) Chemical weapons were used. C) The United States became more involved in peacemaking efforts. D) Arab states were seriously weakened.
16. The 1995 assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin A) illustrated the divisions within Israeli society over the issue of peace with the Palestinians. B) was carried out by the Palestine Liberation Organization. C) underscored the extent of opposition Palestinians had toward Israel. D) led to the forced expulsion of the remaining Arabs in Palestine.
17. Hamas won a majority of seats in the Palestinian legislature, which led to A) immediate reopening of peace talks with Israel. B) Israel building a wall around the West Bank. C) the assassination of Yasir Arafat. D) Israel suspending aid to the Palestinian Authority.
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18. U.S. President Jimmy Carter brokered a historic peace treaty between what two Middle East political entities at the 1979 Camp David Accords? A) The Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel B) Syria and the Palestine Liberation Organization C) Egypt and Israel D) Jordan and the Palestine Liberation Organization
19. What led many Arab leaders to denounce Egypt in 1977? A) Nasser lost the Six-Day War. B) Egypt signed a peace settlement with Israel. C) Sadat was assassinated. D) Mubarak was accused of embezzling Arab League funds.
20. Where did populist uprisings that occurred in North Africa and the Middle East begin in 2010–2011? A) Syria B) Libya C) Israel D) Tunisia
21. What contributed to the outbreak of war between Iran and Iraq in 1980? A) Missionary activity by Iranian Christians B) A Hezbollah takeover in Iraq C) Israeli support for the Iranian regime D) Shi'ite and Sunni tensions
22. What characterized American policy toward Latin America in the decades following the Cuban Revolution in 1959? A) The United States supported dictators with military aid in an effort to prevent the spread of communism. B) The United States focused on encouraging rapid development in hopes of isolating Cuba. C) The United States adopted a “new Marshall Plan” for Latin American nations. D) The United States endorsed the spread of some aspects of the new Cuban system.
23. Who deposed Guatemalan reformist president Jacobo Arbenz in 1954? A) The KGB B) The CIA C) The Guatemalan senate D) A Honduran invasion
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24. What characterized the Chilean Junta of Augusto Pinochet established in 1973? A) Sympathy for Communist ideas B) A close working alliance with Salvador Allende C) Hostility to American activity in the region D) Radical neoliberal economic reforms 25. Why was Brazil especially vulnerable to the “oil shock” of 1979? A) It imported a particularly significant amount of oil. B) It had a democratic form of government. C) It had the largest foreign debt in the developing world. D) It paid especially high wages, contributing to inflation.
26. What role did the ANC and SWAPO play in the political development of South Africa in the 1970s? A) They led the military fight against the government of South Africa. B) They worked to suppress black militants. C) They assassinated F. W. de Klerck in 1989. D) They refused to accept seats in the South African parliament.
27. What led to Rhodesia's declaration of independence in 1965? A) The unwillingness of blacks to share power B) The political ideas of Nelson Mandela C) Portuguese colonial policies D) White supremacist attitudes
28. Who took control of the South African government in the 1970s? A) A council of ANC and SWAPO members who dismantled the “total strategy” policy B) Nelson Mandela, who was elected president, and vice president Frederik W. de Klerk C) The “securocrats,” a group of military and intelligence officers who enforced apartheid D) Officials from neighboring countries who implemented policies to protect black citizens
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29. How was apartheid ended in South Africa? A) Through a successful military campaign against the government B) Through dialogue forced by international pressure C) Through the death of F. W. de Klerck D) Through the personal intervention of Jimmy Carter
30. What was the objective of the Chinese Cultural Revolution? A) To mobilize the masses and create greater social equality B) To foster economic modernization by concentrating on heavy industry C) To foment a worldwide Communist revolution D) To overthrow Mao and the Red Guards
31. How did Chinese-American relations change after 1969? A) They improved in limited but lasting ways. B) They were transformed for the better. C) War broke out between the two countries over Korea. D) They soured as China grew closer to the Soviet Union.
32. Who was the leader of the moderates who came to power after Mao Zedong's death in 1976? A) Zhao Ziyang B) Sun Yatsen C) Hu Shi D) Deng Xiaoping
33. What was an important component of Deng Xiaoping's agricultural policies? A) Accelerating the pace of collectivization B) Allowing peasants to farm in small family units C) Importing massive amounts of Western technology D) Focusing his efforts on cash crops to enrich the overall economy
34. Who led the protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989? A) Soldiers B) Students C) Industrial workers D) Women
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35. In the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square massacre, Deng and his government A) ended the program of economic liberalization. B) initiated a series of political reforms. C) collapsed and were replaced by new leadership. D) reaffirmed economic liberalization but suppressed calls for political liberalization.
36.
Which of the following describes China's economic situation in the 1990s? A) China's policies coupled economic freedom with political repression. B) Economic policies rejected consumerism and returned to pure Marxist ideology. C) China returned to an agrarian lifestyle and demolished industry. D) China followed Russia's lead and encouraged open debate about government policies.
37. What did China refuse to allow the dissident Liu Xiaobo to do in 2010? A) Emigrate to the United States B) Travel to accept the Noble Peace Prize C) Become the new Dalai Lama D) Publish a novel that criticized communism
38. Collectively, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea were known as what? A) The Asian Alliance B) Southeast Asia for Peace C) The “Asian Tigers” D) The Asian Economic Union
39. What was an important step in economic recovery after World War II for both South Korea and Taiwan? A) Rapid industrialization B) Creating national labor unions C) Nationalizing utilities D) Radical land reform
40. Which of the following became a Special Administrative Region in China? A) Hong Kong B) Tibet C) Mongolia D) Taiwan
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41. What characterized the development of capitalism in postwar Japan? A) Cheap immigrant labor B) Free-trade arrangements and partnerships with China C) Dependency on American approaches to structuring state-industry relations D) Managed and protected
42. What happened to Benazir Bhutto in 2007 in Pakistan? A) She killed Osama bin Laden. B) She resigned as prime minister. C) She beat Perez Musharraf in an election. D) She was assassinated.
43. How did the BJP change Indian politics in 1998? A) They came to power, strengthening Hindu nationalism. B) They provoked a war with Pakistan. C) They urged India to strengthen Commonwealth ties. D) They demanded an end to Indian democracy.
44. What characterized the long rule of Indira Gandhi in India? A) She worked to unite Hindus and Muslims. B) She was a determined democrat. C) She alternately supported and then sought to undermine democratic rule. D) She opposed nearly all exercises of state power.
45. What did the government of Pakistan announce in 1998? A) They had captured Osama bin Laden. B) They had developed nuclear weapons. C) They were planning to invade Afghanistan. D) They were no longer a secular state.
46. Why did Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf go into exile in 2008? A) He feared assassination. B) He had been defeated in the polls and was certain he was going to be impeached. C) He knew he would be forced to make reforms that he did not want. D) He was forced out by a popular uprising.
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47. What was Jimmy Carter's reaction to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? A) He called for understanding and détente. B) He urged the government in Afghanistan to cooperate with the Soviets. C) He mobilized the American military. D) He was alarmed and détente stalled. 48. Who argued in the 1980s that the Soviet Union was an “evil empire”? A) George H. W. Bush B) Jimmy Carter C) Ronald Reagan D) Margaret Thatcher
49. What did the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 change about the European Community? A) It established a single currency, the euro. B) It made the European Community an active military alliance. C) It committed the European Community to admitting Russia. D) It promised a complete political union of all European states.
50. What was similar about the approach to dictatorship taken by South Korea's Park Chung Hee and Brazil's Ernesto Geisel? A) Both men resigned to allow democratic elections. B) Both men went to war as a means of building support. C) Both men pursued aggressive industrialization. D) Both men rejected alliances with the United States.
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Answer Key 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. A 31. A 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. A 41. D 42. D 43. A 44. C
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45. B 46. B 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. C
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences.
1. What led to the rise of OPEC as a global economic force in the 1970s?
2. When and why did China abandon its Communist form of economy in favor of capitalism?
3. How did Mikhail Gorbachev attempt to reform the Soviet economy?
4. Why did military dictatorship end in Argentina in the 1980s?
5. How did Portugal decolonize in Africa?
6. What factors have influenced the relationship between the United States and Pakistan?
7. How has Hindu nationalism changed the balance of power in India?
8. Why did Yasir Arafat and Israel agree to start a peace process in 1993?
9. Why did Egypt lose its status as the leader of the Arab world in the 1970s?
10. What were the consequences of Hamas's electoral victory in January 2006 through 2010?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: Attempts to form an oil cartel failed until the Yom Kippur War and American support for Israel united Arab oil producers to embargo Europe and the United States for supporting Israel. Oil prices rose in response and remained high. The global economy was transformed by the new economic realities, as inflation rose and wages stagnated in the United States, and as petrodollars made credit and debt connected to development a new dynamic in the global economy. 2. Answer would ideally include: China's move to a more capitalist economy began with the Four Modernizations movement of Deng Xiaoping. These reforms were expanded in the 1990s, with more private enterprise, more foreign investment, and a consumerist culture. The living standard rose even as China continued political repression. China is now the world's second largest economy. It is possible that the economic successes have distracted the Chinese people from their cultural repressions. 3. Answer would ideally include: After he became premier in 1985, Gorbachev tried to “democratize” the Soviet system. Perestroika sought to add elements of the marketplace to the Soviet economy, while the bolder policy of glasnost sought to end censorship and allow significant free speech. Free elections were held, and independent parties began to operate from 1989. Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan, and no action was taken to restrict the rapid development of new political freedoms and movements in eastern Europe. 4. Answer would ideally include: After Juan Perón was deposed in 1955, military leaders controlled the Argentine government until he was briefly reinstated before his death. Threats from Marxists led to another military takeover in 1976, and the regime waged a “dirty war” against leftists and reformers. Flushed with success, the government attempted in 1982 to claim the Malvinas/Falkland islands off the southern coast, a British territory. In the conflict that ensued, the government was severely weakened by their defeat and a civilian president took office after elections in 1983. 5. Answer would ideally include: Portugal, poor after the Second World War, still had a large empire in Africa, and dictator António Salazar depended on revenue from Angolan diamond mining. Portugal also sponsored immigration to Africa and tried to resist decolonization. Violent campaigns for decolonization were launched in Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and Mozambique. Portugal's colonies become independent in 1974–1975. The movements that obtained independence were radicalized by the conflicts and made common cause with liberation struggles across southern Africa. 6. Answer would ideally include:
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The relationship has been shaped by each country's political and military needs. The two countries were allies during the 1980s, when Pakistan supported Afghanistan against the Soviet invasion in 1979. When Pakistan pursued a nuclear program in the 1990s, the United States pulled back until Pakistan became an important ally again after 2001. The United States gave Pakistan money and military aid as long as Pakistan helped the United States fight al-Qaeda. The relationship between the countries has deteriorated since the U.S. commando raid into a Pakistani city, which resulted in the assassination of Osama bin Laden. 7. Answer would ideally include: Hindu nationalists have criticized the Congress Party that has ruled India since 1947 for being too Western, too secularist, and too accommodating to the Muslims of India. Hindu nationalists want India to be based on Hindu culture and religious tradition. The nationalist party briefly took over the government from 1998 to 2004. 8. Answer would ideally include: Yasir Arafat had led the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) since 1964; in 1987, however, young Palestinians rose up against Israel in a movement called the intifada. Because Arafat did not control the intifada, he felt it threatened his power in Palestine. Arafat's PLO was a secular movement, while the intifada was an Islamist movement. Concern over the growing power of Islamic fundamentalism and loss of his political power led Arafat to seek a peace settlement with Israel. In exchange, Arafat promised to renounce terrorism and stop demanding that Israel withdraw from land it occupied in 1967. 9. Answer would ideally include: Until 1977, Egypt was the leader of the Arab world because of its strong military and support for pan-Arab unity. But in 1977 Egypt entered into a peace settlement with Israel. Egypt's president, Anwar Sadat, also made an official visit to Israel. The rest of the Arab world felt that Egypt had betrayed Arab interests, and Egypt was suspended from the Arab League for a decade. Egypt has also received financial support from the United States, which has upset other Arab states. 10. Answer would ideally include: Hamas was a Sunni political party that Israel considered to be a terrorist organization. The United States and the EU suspended aid to the Palestinian Authority, which governed the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Economic and humanitarian conditions in those places deteriorated and poverty increased. A Turkish-sponsored freedom flotilla that tried to break the blockade in 2010 was prevented by Israel from doing so. The blockade ended in 2010 due to international pressure, but restrictions placed on the regions by Israel on the movement of peoples remain in place.
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Chapter 33 Answer each of the following questions in an essay. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
1. Despite the end of the Cold War, many people still worry about new threats to world peace and security. What are these threats? How has the international community dealt with them?
2. Discuss the green revolution and its successes. What factors have affected the spread of this agricultural revolution?
3. How have rights expanded globally in recent decades? What has contributed to this development?
4. How have multinational corporations shaped the global economy? Discuss in terms of costs and benefits, as well as the history of their development.
5. How has rapid economic and social change in the developing world affected women?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The contemporary era has seen a great deal of violence: many regional and international wars were fought between 1945 and 1979 (the height of the Cold War). Although the Cold War is over, the threat of nuclear war still lingers, made more threatening by efforts of states such as North Korea and Iran to create a bomb and the detonation of nuclear devices by archrivals India and Pakistan. There have also been numerous regional disputes based on ethnic disagreements and religion. Another threat to world peace comes from al-Qaeda and affiliated organizations, of which the September 11, 2001, attacks are a prime example. The international community has attempted to deal with those threats via the United Nations, economic sanctions, and military intervention. The Iraq conflict that began in 2003 shows how nation-states acting in relation to perceived threats can still generate large-scale and bloody conflict. The ongoing and protracted wars in Iraq and Afghanistan bring up the question of the proper role of the United States in foreign affairs. 2. Answer would ideally include: The essay should begin with the technological breakthroughs that led to the green revolution: American development of hybrid seeds and early success in Mexico. Concerns about sustaining food supplies in the face of population increase continued to drive innovation in agriculture. Also, the development of “miracle rice” and the adaptation of the techniques of the revolution to peasant farming in Asia should be discussed. The revolution offered hope to industrializing nations, although much of the economic benefit has gone to larger landholders. The role of land ownership, especially the presence of large-scale landowners, is the critical factor in how successful the green revolution was in any one area. In countries without large capital (from either private or governmental sources), the green revolution has been less successful. Many, especially in Europe, fear the consequences of the spread of genetically engineered crops and declining biodiversity. 3. Answer would ideally include: There has been a growing focus in the United States and western Europe on liberal individual freedoms since the 1960s. A global gay rights movement began in the 1970s and intensified with the AIDS epidemic. The movement broadened in the 1990s into concerns about discrimination in employment, education, and public life, and campaigns to legalize gay marriage have succeeded across the West and beyond in recent years. The women's struggle for equality and for progress on other issues of critical concern to women has advanced at different rates but is an important priority for the United Nations. Concerns about poverty and its effects on women and workplace equality reflect the reality that globally the social class of women often affects their access to equal opportunity. Children's rights campaigners have also made progress in the United Nations, and campaigners are particularly focused on addressing poverty as it affects children. 4. Answer would ideally include:
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Multinational corporations emerged rapidly from the 1950s. The definition of multinational corporations should be included. Emphasize that they have an international rather than a national focus on their business. By 1971, they accounted for one-fifth of the noncommunist world's annual income, and they are increasing in economic importance. Spread of capitalism, industrialization, and global capital markets all contributed, and there were advantages to being able to manipulate national controls in relation to various aspects of the business. Products and consumer practices are more easily spread globally, and developing countries are more thoroughly integrated into the global marketplace. Monopolies are encouraged. Some critics associate the multinational corporations with neocolonialism. Multinationals support and benefit from economic liberalization, and they also help to encourage national markets to be more open. They have contributed to economic volatility and may intensify recessions. Multinational corporations complicate and limit the utility of national economic policymaking. 5. Answer would ideally include: Out-migration has emptied many rural African villages of men, which has forced rural women to take over the position of head of household. African women have become more independent as a result. Also, in Latin America, many young women have found urban work in manufacturing or domestic service. Less positively, women make up the majority of the world's poor, a trend that is called the feminization of poverty. Women in many developing countries still lack political and economic rights. Increased birth control options have not reduced the birth rate for poor females, especially adolescents. This problem is intensified by an increase in sex trafficking involving women.
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Name:
Date:
Use the following to answer questions 1-8: Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section. Terms a. feminization of poverty b. megacities c. green revolution d. bazaar economy e. digital divide f. multinational corporations g. middle powers h. global warming
1. The belief of the majority of the world's scientists that hydrocarbons produced through the burning of fossil fuels have caused a greenhouse effect that has increased global temperatures over time. _
2. The gap between levels of access to computing, Internet, and telecommunications between rich and poor regions and populations.
3. The issue that those living in extreme poverty are disproportionately women.
4. Countries with significant economic influence that became increasingly assertive regional leaders after the Cold War.
5. The increase in food production stemming from the introduction of high-yielding wheat, hybrid seeds, and other advancements.
6. Cities with populations of 5 million people or more.
7. Business firms that operate in a number of different countries and tend to adopt a global rather than a national perspective.
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8. An economy with few salaried jobs and an abundance of tiny, unregulated businesses such as peddlers and pushcart operators.
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Answer Key 1. h. global warming 2. e. digital divide 3. a. feminization of poverty 4. g. middle powers 5. c. green revolution 6. b. megacities 7. f. multinational corporations 8. d. bazaar economy
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Name:
Date:
Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. What was meant by scholars who argued that the fall of the Berlin Wall led to an “end of history”? A) They meant that the past no longer mattered. B) They meant Western-style liberalism had triumphed for all time. C) They meant that universities would soon serve no purpose. D) They meant that all that mattered was science.
2. Why has the triumph of liberal ideology tended to produce activism? A) Liberalism has tended to increase inequality. B) Liberalism often involves the imposition of fundamentalist beliefs. C) Liberal leaders have tended to be tyrants. D) Activism seeks to expand opportunities for wealth creation.
3. Of the increasingly assertive middle powers, what has become the dominant nation-state in South America? A) Peru B) Brazil C) Argentina D) Chile
4. The emerging multipolar political system has been characterized by which of the following? A) The rise of new superpowers to challenge the United States and Russia B) Economic consolidation and cooperation among superpowers C) New and continuing regional wars D) Increased reliance on the United Nations to resolve conflicts
5. Many of the civil wars since the 1990s have been caused by which of the following? A) Economics and trade B) Political ideology C) Ethnic rivalries D) Industrialization
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6. Which country has abandoned its nuclear weapons program? A) Libya B) India C) Pakistan D) Israel
7. What relationship led to the September 11 attacks on the United States? A) Israel's support for Hamas B) Iran's support for Hezbollah C) Iraq's support for al-Qaeda D) Taliban support for al-Qaeda
8. On March 11, 2004, 191 people were killed by a bombing in a train station in what European city? A) Hamburg B) London C) Paris D) Madrid
9. Which of the following characterizes terrorism in the world since 2001? A) It has been largely directed by Osama bin Laden. B) It has coalesced around al-Qaeda. C) It has been aimed mostly at the United States. D) It has fragmented into many loosely connected cells and movements.
10. What did Barack Obama promise Americans he would do about the conflict in Iraq after the 2008 election? A) “Double down” on efforts to win the war B) Continue the war with Chinese support C) Withdraw as soon as Osama bin Laden was killed D) Withdraw from the conflict
11. What have several former Soviet republics done with their nuclear weapons since the breakup of the Soviet Union? A) Destroyed them B) Transferred their nuclear capabilities to energy plants C) Returned their nuclear weapons to Russia D) Sold them to the United States and Great Britain
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12. One concern about North Korea's nuclear program is that it will produce warheads capable of reaching what country? A) India B) Japan C) The United States D) The United Kingdom
13. What are the major factors driving global migration? A) Pursuit of economic opportunity and flight from persecution B) Declining costs associated with travel C) The relative ease of returning to native countries D) Warfare
14. What has contributed to growing restrictions on immigration since the 1980s? A) Increasing cultural homogeneity in host nations B) Growing reluctance from employers to hire foreign workers C) Slowing economic growth in host nations D) Stricter United Nations regulations affecting the treatment of migrants
15. Which of the following describes the bazaar economy common in cities in the developing world? A) It largely caters to urban elites and tourists. B) It is generally controlled by organized crime. C) It is tightly regulated by the government. D) It is largely composed of small traders and unskilled labor.
16. How many megacities (those with 5 million or more inhabitants) were there in 1950, and how many do estimates suggest there will be by 2015? A) Zero, seventeen B) Four, twenty C) Eight, fifty-nine D) Twelve, eighty-four
17. Which of the following has led to more than half of urban growth? A) Improved health care in cities B) The attraction of new industrial jobs C) Rural migration to cities D) Wars, food shortages, and disease epidemics
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18. Who makes up the great majority of Asian and African migrants to the cities? A) Entire families B) Young married couples C) Young men D) Single women
19. How did the growing migration of some individuals change the lives of rural African and Asian women? A) It left many of them destitute as their husbands abandoned them to find work in the cities. B) It reduced the overall number of children as many married later. C) It created more pressure to get married and travel to the city with a husband. D) It encouraged women's independence as many became heads of households after men left.
20. How has the presence of multinational corporations in developing nations affected those nations? A) Multinational corporations have encouraged the sale of products specifically tailored to the interests of the local markets. B) Multinational corporations have spread the products and values of a consumer society among the elites of developing nations. C) Multinational corporations have led to sharp declines in unemployment and poverty. D) Many multinational corporations have created social tensions as they often refuse to hire local business leaders to important positions in their operations.
21. How has the relationship of the developing world to global systems of capital and production changed in the past decade? A) Developing countries are increasingly connected to the Chinese economy. B) Developing countries have stopped turning to Western banks. C) The labor force in the developing world is less mobile. D) The economies of developing countries have become less subject to external influences.
22. Why were the effects of the recession that began in 2008 in Europe especially harsh for countries such as Greece? A) Smaller states had larger debts. B) Smaller states were not integrated into the European Union. C) Smaller states had less influence over European monetary policy. D) Smaller states were more closely tied to the American economy.
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23. What influenced the development of the 1981 World Health Organization's new standards for breast-milk substitutes? A) Pressure from governments in Africa B) Mass deaths in the non-Western world C) The Nestlé boycott D) Reforms suggested by formula producers
24. Rachel Carson is most famous for her book A) The Population Bomb. B) Silent Spring. C) Fatal Harvest. D) North America Tomorrow.
25. What was the greatest environmental concern at the beginning of the twenty-first century? A) Nuclear waste B) Global warming C) Acid rain D) Species extinction
26. What was an important outcome of the Nestlé boycott that began in 1977? A) The bankruptcy of Nestlé. B) The rapid improvement in water quality in the developing world. C) The formation of an international social movement. D) An end to the independence of multinational corporations in the global economy.
27. Which of the following has been a major change regarding the health of the world's poorest women? A) Almost none of them die in childbirth anymore. B) Heart disease has been largely eradicated in the poor women of Asia and Africa. C) Fewer poor women are contracting AIDS. D) The birthrate for poor women has slowed.
28. About 90 percent of all persons who die from AIDS and 86 percent of those currently infected with HIV live in A) South Asia. B) sub-Saharan Africa. C) North America. D) East Asia.
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29. How have United Nations member states viewed the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child? A) Most have rejected it. B) It has been ratified by more than 190 countries. C) Western countries have rejected it, while developing countries have accepted it. D) Most Western countries have accepted it, while developing countries have rejected it.
30. What characterized the progress of the movement for lesbian, gay, and transgender rights from the 1970s forward? A) A liberalization of laws primarily in Europe B) A liberalization of laws globally, except in North America C) A liberalization of laws, mostly in Europe and North America D) A liberalization of laws across Europe and the Americas, but not in most other parts of the world
31. What characterized twentieth-century gains for women in access to education, political representation, and employment? A) Little progress on the political front B) A class divide, with much greater progress for the affluent C) A class divide, as the less affluent “caught up” to gains the wealthy had already achieved D) Progress, primarily outside of the western world 32. What do programs like Mexico’s CCT and Brazil’s Bolsa Family offer to families in poverty? A) Stipends or subsidies for improving the education of their children B) Stipends for parents who remain married C) Stipends for families who are willing to put their children up for adoption D) Subsidies for families who agree to undergo sterilization
33. After World War II, scientists developed a vaccine against what crippling disease? A) Chicken pox B) Malaria C) Smallpox D) Polio
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34. What has happened to the global population since 1950? A) It has increased slightly. B) It has increased by nearly 1 billion. C) It has doubled. D) It has increased by 4.5 billion.
35. The accelerated population growth of the developing world since 1945 was primarily a result of which of the following? A) The green revolution B) The medical revolution C) Industrialization D) The decline in terrorism
36. In 1979, the World Health Organization announced that it had eradicated what deadly disease? A) Smallpox B) Cholera C) Rubella D) The bubonic plague
37. In 2003, the Human Genome Project had successfully A) cloned a mammal. B) found the cause of birth defects. C) mapped and sequenced human DNA. D) doubled the average human life expectancy.
38. What was the thesis of Paul Ehrlich's 1968 book The Population Bomb? A) That the poverty of the Third World would result in savage racial wars. B) That a green revolution could solve the world's overpopulation problem. C) That conflict between liberalism and communism would destroy the world. D) That it was too late to prevent hundreds of millions of people from starving.
39. The green revolution began with the development of new strains of wheat in what country? A) India B) Egypt C) Austria D) Mexico
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40. The green revolution's greatest successes have come in which Asian countries? A) Those dominated by large-scale estate farms B) Those that have collectivized farming C) Those with broad-based peasant ownership of land D) Those where tenant farming predominates
41. Why have many countries banned the import of genetically altered crops? A) They are too expensive to import. B) The effects of such crops on humans are unknown. C) They compete with natively developed, genetically altered crops. D) They taste poorly compared to naturally grown crops.
42. What pattern characterizes the change in birthrates globally since the 1970s? A) Birthrates are declining in industrialized countries but are increasing elsewhere. B) Birthrates are increasing in wealthy countries but decreasing in poorer countries. C) Birthrates have increased slightly globally. D) Birthrates are declining in both the industrialized and the developing world.
43. Which religious group(s) has (have) been most hostile to birth control? A) Catholics and Muslims B) Buddhists and Hindus C) Protestants D) Jews
44. What has prevented AIDS medications from being more widely distributed in South Africa? A) No one has been willing to distribute them for free. B) No effective medications have been developed. C) The lack of facilities makes them impossible to administer there. D) Availability of the medications cannot keep up with the need. 45. The “information age” has developed out of the parallel development of A) human social skills and population. B) electrification and transport. C) computing and communication technologies. D) stable governments and private corporations.
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46. What social institutions were especially important in the dissemination of communication technologies? A) Churches B) Voluntary associations C) Governments D) Private corporations
47. What recent technological development has had the greatest impact on human communication? A) The Internet B) The cell phone C) Television D) Film
48.
Governments have found that new communication technologies A) make both censorship and privacy more difficult to enforce. B) make populations easier to manipulate. C) can be easily controlled at “node points.” D) make revolutions less likely.
49. How has the digital revolution affected the problem of inequality? A) Communication has made inequality harder to sustain. B) Technology has encouraged the breakup of large corporations. C) Rural areas have been relatively advantaged by new technologies. D) A “digital divide” has emerged that perpetuates inequalities. 50. In what sense has history not “ended”? A) The Cold War has continued. B) Technological change has slowed but not halted. C) Cycles of economic growth and crisis have persisted. D) While regional conflict has ended, change has not.
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Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. B 21. A 22. C 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. D 28. B 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. D 39. D 40. C 41. B 42. D 43. A 44. D
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45. C 46. C 47. A 48. A 49. D 50. C
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Name:
Date:
Answer each question with three or four sentences. 1. What are the middle powers, and how do they create “multipolar” political landscapes?
2. What attempts have been made to limit nuclear proliferation since 1945? Which attempts have been successful, and which have not?
3. How has the U.S. struggle against al-Qaeda progressed, and how has it affected other nations?
4. The postindependence era has seen the emergence of gigantic cities in the developing world. Why?
5. What evidence suggests that global interdependence is now a part of world affairs? Do you think these relationships will make wars more or less likely, and why?
6. What are the greatest environmental challenges facing the world? Are these environmental problems concentrated in certain regions of the world? If so, where?
7. What migration patterns emerged in Africa, Asia, and Latin America after 1945?
8. What have been some of the notable successes of the twentieth-century medical revolution? What challenges remain?
9. What led to the communication revolution?
10. What is the digital divide, and how does it reflect contemporary global realities?
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Answer Key 1. Answer would ideally include: The middle powers are countries that have heavy regional influence. Not as big as the superpowers and not developing countries, the middle powers are economically and politically dominant in their region. Examples are Brazil (South America), Mexico (Spanish-speaking Americas), France and Germany (Europe), Nigeria and South Africa (sub-Saharan Africa), Egypt, Iran, India, and Japan. Increasingly assertive middle powers jockey for regional leadership and sometimes come into conflict, which contributes to the growing multipolar nature of world politics. 2. Answer would ideally include: The two big nuclear powers since 1945 are the United States and the Soviet Union. Those two nations have signed a series of treaties that limited either building or testing nuclear weapons or reduced the number of weapons. These treaties include the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1970 and the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks in the 1970s. The United Nations has also used its tools, such as economic sanctions, to try to prevent new nuclear powers from developing (Iran). Methods that involve nations voluntarily seeking to limit nuclear proliferation, such as the United States and Russia (who gave up its nuclear arsenal), have been more successful than attempts to force another country to give them up or not develop them in the first place. Several states have tested and developed nuclear weapons, including China, France, the United Kingdom, Israel, India, and Pakistan. Other states, notably North Korea and Iran, are working toward becoming nuclear powers with weapons and delivery systems. 3. Answer would ideally include: After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States demanded that the Taliban in Afghanistan surrender the al-Qaeda leadership. A military coalition that included NATO members, Russia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan rebels coordinated an attack against the Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and elsewhere. The Afghan government was replaced, and the coalition continued the conflict against the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Other groups, especially in the Middle East and Africa, affiliated with al-Qaeda continued attacks on Western targets (notably in Madrid and London), and the United States decimated al-Qaeda and affiliated groups around the world. In 2011, the United States found bin Laden's hideout in Pakistan and killed him. The 2003 invasion of Iraq was a controversial attempt to re-order the Middle East and respond to concerns about al-Qaeda, weapons of mass destruction, and the problem (as President Bush saw it) of Iraq as an international pariah. Support for the invasion came from Britain and other states willing to cooperate with the United States, but there was much concern in the United Nations and around the world about the invasion, as most believed Iraq did not intend to attack the United States or its neighbors. The United States and its allies achieved an easy military victory, but the challenge of filling the resulting power vacuums caused by the invasion in Iraq and the Middle East proved very challenging, leading to a prolonged insurgency and mass casualties in Iraq before President Obama
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arranged a withdrawal in 2011. Iraq and other places in the Middle East continue to be places where militant groups loosely affiliated with al-Qaeda proliferate. 4. Answer would ideally include: The general growth of populations in developing nations contributed to larger cities. Much of urban growth, however, is due to rural migration. A combination of the green revolution (which makes agriculture more labor-effective) and an increasing number of manufacturing jobs in urban centers has encouraged people to move to cities. Megacities have been proliferating and will increase even more in the future. 5. Answer would ideally include: Multinational corporations, urbanization, the use of private investments and national investments from one country to another, the continued economic involvement of Western powers in non-Western countries, and international agencies such as OPEC, which are intended to create international agreements about use and sale of resources, are all evidence of how interconnected the world is. Migration also demonstrates the global nature of not only capital, but also labor markets. Answers to the second question may vary. 6. Answer would ideally include: Environmental problems include chemical waste, depletion of natural resources (particularly energy supplies), deforestation, environmental degradation and pollution, and endangered species. Although some problems are more pronounced in some areas, scientists and policymakers have realized that the environment does not have boundaries, and problems in one area are problems for all. Currently, the most pressing problem is global warming. 7. Answer would ideally include: Africa, Asia, and Latin America all saw traditional family patterns affected by large-scale urban migration. In Africa and Asia, the majority of migrants to cities were young men, many of whom first moved to the cities temporarily and married or sent for their wives and children only after they had secured a foothold. Rural women who remained in the villages found themselves heads of households as a result, and they became unprecedentedly self-reliant and independent. In Latin America, single women were just as likely to move to cities as single men; women were in demand in cities as domestic servants, and many left to escape male-dominated villages, where they faced narrow social and economic opportunities. Whole families in Latin America also tended to migrate to cities together, instead of in stages, and were more likely to relocate permanently. 8. Answer would ideally include: Understanding of germ theory and other causes and treatments of diseases has led to important advances, and vaccines have been developed for polio, measles, mumps, chicken pox, and hepatitis B. Better trained health personnel around the world, especially in poorer places, saves many lives, and life expectancies are increasing. Some curable diseases like malaria and tuberculosis still kill too many, and HIV/AIDS, despite
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the development of better forms of treatment, is widespread in Africa, as drugs designed to treat HIV are sometimes unavailable to the poor. 9. Answer would ideally include: The convergence over the last century of computing and communication technologies has changed the world. Government-supported radio and television did much to promote political change but also to develop the technologies, and the widespread use of cell phones and the Internet has made both communication and information much more widely and rapidly available. The Internet in particular has opened up seemingly infinite possibilities for global access to information and knowledge. 10. Answer would ideally include: The successful spread of Internet access, computing, and cell phones means that the consequences for those who cannot afford access are deepened marginalization and disadvantage. There is uneven production and consumption of computer technology, reflecting class and national inequalities. The divide is related to both class and geography.
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