NCE/LPC Exam Study Guide 100% Correct Ego's need for immediate gratification. - Pleasure Principle The cause or ____________of abnormal behavior is difficult to determine in most cases. Etiology An individual who is happy,autonomous, & creative has reached ______________. - Selfactualization This is necessary from parents for children to develop healthy concepts. (Rogers) Unconditional Positive Regard Accomplished by rewarding success of desired behavior. - Shaping Learning method involving the conditioning of new stimuli to existing responses. - Classical Conditioning A behavior modification used to establish new behavior. - reinforcement The designations "common," "personal," & "cardinal" refer to ______________. - Trait Theory Individuals are in an interactional relationship with their environment. - contextual worldview Freud believed human behavior is mainly motivated by the psychosexual energy called __________. - libido Relearning by using a particular stimulus to establish a new, more adaptive response counter conditioning Idea that there are many different ways to interpret events, each one leading to different behaviors. - Kelly's concept of Constructive Alternativism A severe psychological disorder involving loss of contact with reality. - Psychosis Process of development and body change resulting from heredity rather than learning. Maturation Vicarious conditioning occurs through observed________. - modeling The unpleasantness of _________motivates individuals to avoid or reduce inconsistencies in cognitive structure. - cognitive dissonance
Used by individuals to maintain feelings of adequacy and self-worth rather than coping directly with a stressful situation. - defense mechanisms Used to help reduce anxiety experienced by an agoraphobic client. - systematic desensitization Skinner believes the social environment provides a variety of __________to help shape human behavior. - consequences Patterns of ____________that may be organic, psychological, or sociocultural in origin. abnormal behavior The tendency toward subjective functioning, with the self being of greatest importance. Jung's theory of Introversion Behavior modification programs in schools/group homes used to motivate participants. token economy This approach to human functioning stresses the importance of each individual's perception of reality. - Phenomenological Emphasizes the importance of genetic and physical contributors to maladaptive behavior. biological viewpoint Use of family constellation - Adler traits and values - Allport vicarious conditioning - Bandura 16 Personality Factor Questionairre - Cattell stage theory of development - Erikson Cognitive dissonance - Festinger id, ego, superego - Freud introversion-extroversion - Jung cognitive meaning making - Kegan Role Construct Repertory Test - Kelly Justice Reasoning & Moral development - Kohlberg
Life Space - Lewin seven-stage ego development - Loevinger Self-actualization - Maslow Thematic apperception test - Murray Russian Psychologist - Pavlov dualism, relativism, & commitment - Perry original child psychologist - Piaget actualizing tendency - Rogers principle of reinforcement - Skinner interpersonal personality theory - Sullivan stimulus-response-consequence - Thorndike father of American behaviorism - Watson systematic desensitization - Wolpe The main factor in defining a minority. - Oppression In order to better serve Hispanic American clients, counselors should be__________& _____________. - bilingual and bicultural Counselors who do not resolve their own__________will undermine their own work with minority clients. - prejudice The "Superwoman Syndrome" is an exampe of ______. - role strain When too many demands come from various areas of a person's life this results. - role conflict Sex role ___________ is unhealthy, where ___________promotes better functioning. stereotyping, androgyny Times of change from one role or stage to the next are referred to as ______________. transitions
______________ or __________________makes employment, housing, medical, and other services difficult to obtain. - Discrimination against elderly, ageism This is detrimental to a counselor's work with gay men or lesbian women. - homophobia In determining treatment situations for clients, counselors should look for _____________. least restrictive environment Public law 94-192 improved services for children with ________________. - disabilities _____________or ________________ are more distinct in early life and more alike in the elderly. Gender roles, Sex roles In building rapport with minority clients, counselors need to be aware of ___________. nonverbal communication Child, parent, & grandparent are the major ________. - family roles Females actually have greater ___________ than males. - verbal ability The balance between work life, family life, and leisure. - role integration _______________ dictate the customs, attitudes, and beliefs of a particular racial or ethnic group. - culture-bound values Culture conflict is a major issue for many _________. - Asian Americans Pessimism, stoicism, & laziness are stereotypes of ______________. - Native Americans The counselor must accurately diagnose the problem taking cultural norms into consideration before - effective intervention can take place. The belief that clients should change to fit the environment. - autoplastic view The belief tht suggests changing the outside world. - Alloplastic view Counselors are often called to collaborate with medical and legal personnel when dealing with - abuse As nontraditional families increase, the traditional_____________ is declining. - nuclear family This decreases as one's age increases. - cohort group Lesbians and gays reveal their sexual orientation to themselves and/or others. - The process of coming out
grieving process - Kubler-Ross emic-etic dilemma - Draguns life-career rainbow - Super primarily from China, Japan, & the Phillipines - Asian Americans life review therapy - Butler American Indian, Alaska Native, and New Indian - Native Americans primarily African - Black Americans developmental stages - Erikson MID model - Atkinson, Morten, & Sue Sex Role Inventory - Bem primarily Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican - Hispanic Americans five life-span eras - Levinson This may be basic, additive, or subtractive. - empathy This treatment focuses on the client's past. - psychoanalysis When counselors accept and value clients without reservation, they demonstrate __________. - UPR This type of therapy insists that clients take full responsibility for their actions. - reality Humanistic counselors believe clients are inherently moving towards ____________. - selfactualization This relationship is voluntary, professional, and egalitarian. - consultation Counselors who consistently behave in accordance with their own values and perceptions are showing - genuiness. This counselor has a personal style incorporating various theories and approaches. eclectic According to __________, clients' current behaviors, feelings, and actions are based on their life scripts. - TA View
__________developed scales for measuring empathy, genuiness, and respect. - Carkhuff Counselors who fear rejection or closeness and affection may have difficulty developing _________in the helping relationship. - intimacy Clients feel they have really been understood when counselors use accurate ______________. reflection of content and feeling. _____________ uses an approach that is very effective for treating depression. - Beck Counselors who apply complete thinking, feeling & behavior towards clients, use helping skill known as - attending This approach explores what is affecting the client in the here and now. - Gestalt Listening, attending, & inquiring - helping skills _____________recognized the importance of a person's position in the family constellation. Adler When a client directs toward the counselor feelings that were once attached to a significant other, _________ takes place. - transference He introduced the concept of observational learning. - Bandura A process of eliminating anxiety by pairing the anxiety-evoking situation with a relaxing response. - systematic desenstization A basic premise of ____________ is that people are influenced by the consequences of their behavior. - behavior modification This view holds that individuals are essentially good in nature with a tendency toward growth and productivity.. - client-centered view Flooding the client with anxiety-producing stimuli within a safe setting is called - implosive therapy Counselors who keep confidentiality, are reliable, and are dependable slowly develop trustworthiness The concept of collective unconscious was introduced by - Jung Adler - individual psychology Bandura - social learning theory
Beck - cognitive therapy Berne - TA Caplan - mental health consultation Carkhuff - counselor response scales Egan - helping skills Ellis - RET & REBT Frankl - paradoxical intention Freud - psychoanalysis Gendlin - focusing Glasser - reality therapy Horney - neo-Freudian Ivey - microskills Jung - analytical psychotherapy Kurpius - consultation modalities Maslow - hierarchy of needs Moreno - psychodrama Parsons - father of guidance Perls - gestalt Rogers - person-centered Schein - process consultation Skinner - behavior modification Wolpe - behavior therapy
This leadership style leaves all the group decision making up to the members of the group. Laissez-faire The group's attractiveness to it's members is known as - cohesiveness One of the first things a group needs to do is start developing rules of conduct, known as norms One of the basic techniques in transactional analysis is called - life-script analysis Personal growth group leaders are referred to as - facilitators This consists of the members of the groups analyzing the group's functioning. - group process Members may join at any time during the life of this type of group. - Open Group A direct expression of one's views and feelings in a conflict situation that also invites the oppostition to do the same. - confrontation One way groups are helpful is by providing members with - in vivo This concludes that group members change their behavior as a result of being observed. The Hawthorne Effect "What happens in the group stays in the group" is an underlying assumption of confidentiality According to Gazda, the stage linking exploration and action is the - transition "Primary," "secondary," and "tertiary" refer to - prevention These define the expectations of the group concerning the group members. - Group roles Counselors who focus on the group as a whole use - horizontal intervention This occurs when clients project onto the therapist feelings having to do with past relationships. - transference A method of letting clients know ahead of time the nature, expectations, and goals of the group, especially in mandatory groups. - Informed consent Neurotic personalities are better handled in ____________ rather than group counseling. group psychotherapy
When group members give _____________to another group member, they are letting that person know how his/her behavior affects others. - feedback Established principles that guide counselors in the conscientious practice of their profession are known as - ethics Another name for laboratory group is - sensitivity group An action method of group therapy that was first developed in Vienna. - Psychodrama A ___________________ has an M.D. degree, where a __________________ has a Ph.D. degree. Psychiatrist, Psychologist A diagram that depicts relationships within a group is called a - sociogram An observation that can be scientifically described is said to be - phenomenological Adler - family group guidance Bale - interaction analysis Bandura - learning theory Benne and Sheats - roles:task, individual, maintenance Lewin - term:group dynamics Luft and Ingram - Johari's window Moreno - psychodrama Rogers - group centered Yalom - curative factors The matching approach to a career development is known as - trait and factor Role-playing is a form of the career development approach known as - simulation _________'s theory of career development uses the hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow. Roe The Dictionary of Occupational Titles codes occupations according to field and gives reference to - data, people, and things
If the test has high ___________, we can assume the test actually measures what it claims to measure. - validity This refers to average performance consdiering the mean, median, and mode. - central tendency The ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. - Ratio IQ Score Kuder-Richadson Formula 20 is a mathematical formula used to estimate ________________ or homogeneity. - Internal Consistency In a sociogram, an unselected individual is referred to as this. - Isolate This is the most frequently occurring score in a given distribution. - Mode If scores pile up at one end of the distribution or the other, it is said to be a ___________________________. - Skewed Distribution A normal score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. - T-Score A typing test is an example of a _________________ test. - Proficiency ___________________ refers to the extent to which measurements correlate with a particular criterion when both are measured at the same time; whereas ________________________refers to the correlation between test scores on a particular criterion and later performance on the same criterion. - Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity The tendency for an individual's score to move closer to the mean on subsequent testing is known as this: - Regression Effect The degree to which scores in one distribution explain scores in another distribution is referred to as _________________________. - Shared Variance The _______________________, a common rating error, causes the rater to evaluate a subject based on an overall impression, rather than on the particular trait in question. - Halo Effect Kaufman Asessment Battery for Children - Intelligence Kuder - Interest MMPI - Personality Myers-Briggs - Personality WAIS - Intelligence
______________ scales are interval scales with an absolute zero point. - Ratio Standard deviation is a measre of this. - Variability Measure of central tndency include ______________, __________________, and _________________. Mean, Median, Mode In research, a varbiable that is a conseqence of an antecedent variable is called this. Dependent Variable This type of scale places objecs or individuals into categories. - Nominal Scale Maturation, regression and experimental mortality are examples of threats to this. Internal Validity To compare the mean scores of two groups, this test should be used. - T Test Interval and ratio data are ___________________, and nominal and ordinal are _______________________. - Quantitative data; Qualitative Data In this type of research, the independent variable is not within the control of the researcher. - Ex Post Facto When two or more groups are being compared, the omnibus _________________ can be used to determine if any significant diferences exist. - F Test When ______________________________ is used, each member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen. - Simple Random Sampling The calculated and critical t values are compared to determine whether or not to reject this. - Null Hypothesis This has to do with the generalizability of the results of a study. - External Validity This refers to the strength of the relationship between two variables. - Correlation Hawthorne - An Experimental effect that threatens internal validity Likert - Summated Rating Scales Solomon - Research design with three or four groups A counselor who meets the educational and exprimental requirements may become a(n) _____________________ of the AAMFT. - Clinical member
Counselors who are devoted to self-improvement as well as improvement of the counseling profession are said to have good _______________________ ____________________. - Professional Orientation Although professional ________________ are not legally binding, they are enforced by professional organizations. - Ethics Before conducting research with human subjects, professional counselors should obtain this. - Informed Consent Counselors are guilty of this when they date or have other nonprofessional involvement with clients. - Dual Relationships