TEST BANK Sociology: A Brief Introduction 14th Edition by Richard Schaefer
TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology Chapter 2: Sociological Research Chapter 3: Culture Chapter 4: Socialization and the Life Course Chapter 5: Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure Chapter 6: Mass Media and Social Media Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control Chapter 8: Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States Chapter 9: Global Inequality Chapter 10: Racial and Ethnic Inequality Chapter 11: Stratification by Gender and Sexuality Chapter 12: The Family and Household Diversity Chapter 13: Education and Religion Chapter 14: Government and the Economy Chapter 15: Health, Population, and the Environment Chapter 16: Social Change in the Global Community
Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology 1) The awareness that allows people to comprehend the link between their immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world is called
A) B) C) D)
the sociological imagination. anthropology. a theory. verstehen.
2) Trying to understand why your roommate prefers a certain genre of music over others is an example of using one's
A) B) C) D)
3)
cultural capital. conflict perspective. double consciousness. sociological imagination.
A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society
A) B) C) D)
from the perspective of personal experience. from the perspective of cultural biases. as an outsider. as an insider.
4) C. Wright Mills advocated the use of the sociological imagination in looking at divorce in the United States, because divorce
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A) B) C) D)
5)
is a serious personal problem for numerous men and women. is not just an individual's personal problem but a societal concern. may create emotional scars for divorcees. has been a serious problem throughout history.
The scientific study of social behavior and human groups is known as
A) B) C) D)
psychology. political science. anthropology. sociology.
6) The body of knowledge obtained by using methods based on systematic observation is called a(n)
A) B) C) D)
7)
theory. verstehen. science. ideal type.
Sociology is considered a science because sociologists
A) B) C) D)
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teach at respected universities. engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding. receive government funding for research projects. construct middle-range theories to explain social behavior.
2
8)
Sociology, anthropology, economics, and history are fields within the
A) B) C) D)
natural sciences. social sciences. medical sciences. humanities.
9) Which academic discipline emphasizes the influence of society on people's attitudes and behavior and the ways in which people shape society?
A) B) C) D)
anthropology economics sociology physics
10) Which social science would be interested in studying individual cases of emotional stress among workers, investors, and business owners?
A) B) C) D)
history economics sociology psychology
11) While psychologists would look at the issue of climate change by studying its impact on the well-being of individuals who live and work in areas most vulnerable to it, sociologists would more likely study how climate change impacts
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A) various parts of the population more than others due to economic, social, or political dynamics. B) which politicians get elected based on their positions on climate change. C) long-term economic growth and well-being. D) the stock market and investments in retirement accounts.
12)
A social scientist would be likely to study the
A) B) C) D)
13)
Sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are not
A) B) C) D)
14) a(n)
composition of a meteorite discovered in a remote area of Siberia. reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the United States. newest procedure in heart transplant surgery. possibility of life on Mars.
published. reliable. politically correct. easily disseminated.
An attempt to explain problems, actions, or behavior in a comprehensive manner is called
A) B) C) D)
science. typology. theory. ideal type.
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15)
In Émile Durkheim's study of suicide, he related suicide rates to
A) B) C) D)
16)
Émile Durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he
A) B) C) D)
17)
developed conclusions based on a systematic examination of data. carefully studied the personalities of hundreds of suicide victims. worked in a university setting. divided suicide into four distinctive categories.
Émile Durkheim is known for his classic sociological study of
A) B) C) D)
18)
divorce rates. the genetic predisposition for depression. the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society. climatic conditions such as oppressive heat, heavy rain, and cold winters.
suicide. abortion. soccer. crowd control.
The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French thinker
A) B) C) D)
Émile Durkheim. Auguste Comte. Harriet Martineau. Marcel Marceau.
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19) Which sociologist translated the works of Auguste Comte into English and emphasized the impact economies, laws, trade, and population could have on contemporary social problems?
A) B) C) D)
Émile Durkheim Jane Addams Harriet Martineau Talcott Parsons
20) Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change over time?
A) B) C) D)
21)
Émile Durkheim Charles Darwin Harriet Martineau Herbert Spencer
Anomie refers to a
A) construct or model for evaluating specific cases. B) loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. C) classification scheme containing two or more categories. D) type of suicide caused by depression.
22)
The concept of anomie was introduced into sociology by
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A) B) C) D)
Auguste Comte. Émile Durkheim. Max Weber. C. Wright Mills.
23) The concept that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was
A) B) C) D)
verstehen. cultural capital. anomie. social capital.
24) A sociologist interviews high-salaried corporate chief executive officers (CEOs) to discover whether they feel stress in their everyday lives as a result of the pressure to produce at an unrealistic level. This sociologist is employing
A) B) C) D)
25)
alienation. anomie. verstehen. globalization techniques.
An ideal type is a(n)
A) body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation. B) construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. C) detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically. D) initiator of people's attitudes or behavior.
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26)
Durkheim's work was influenced by Marx, because both researchers were concerned with
A) B) C) D)
27)
the lives of workers. evolution. verstehen. ideal types.
In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that the working class must
A) B) C) D)
ally with capitalists to build a better world. try to work toward a return to feudalism. overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies. ignore all aspects of class divisions.
28) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. … The have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!"
A) B) C) D)
bourgeoisie proletarians Vulcans middle classes
29) Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms; that is, he believed that a system of relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers.
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A) B) C) D)
30)
environmental, economic, and cultural religious and governmental political, environmental, and historical economic, social, and political
In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between
A) B) C) D)
separate genders that clash in pursuit of their own interests. economic classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests. different races that clash in pursuit of their own interests. the religious and the nonreligious, who clash in pursuit of their own interests.
31) Which of the following sociologists advocated for the study of social problems such as those experienced by Blacks in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
Robert Merton Jane Addams W. E. B. DuBois C. Wright Mills
32) For W. E. B. DuBois, which of the following is/are essential to combat prejudice and achieve tolerance and justice?
A) B) C) D)
mass protests common sense knowledge surveys
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33) W. E. B. DuBois saw the importance of religion to society and focused on religion's impact at the
A) B) C) D)
34)
individual level. community level. state level. national level.
The division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
racial fetishism. double rejection. bipolar racism. double consciousness.
35) To express his experience of living a dual existence in the United States, W. E. B. DuBois developed the concept of
A) B) C) D)
36)
double consciousness. racial fetishism. double rejection. bipolar racism.
In his study of society, Charles Horton Cooley focused on
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A) B) C) D)
class issues. divorce. intimate, face-to-face groups. suicide.
37) Early female sociologists such as Jane Addams were often active in poor urban areas as leaders of community centers known as
A) B) C) D)
settlement houses. communes. collective homes. utopian communities.
38) Who was the journalist and educator who worked with Jane Addams to successfully prevent racial segregation in the Chicago public schools?
A) B) C) D)
Ida Wells-Barnett Charles Horton Cooley W. E. B. DuBois Harriet Martineau
39) Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the 20 thcentury the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to
A) B) C) D)
theorizing and gathering information. a deemphasis on the scientific method. applied sociology. advocacy of civil rights for minorities.
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40) In Robert Merton's theory, in which he provides explanations for deviant behavior, people who accept the goal of pursuing wealth but use illegal means to do so (like robbery, extortion and burglary) are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
41)
Which of the following would be an example of cultural capital in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
42)
criminals. ideal types. the proletariat. innovators.
the reciprocal trust inherent in social networks knowledge of great American authors a close network of extended relatives knowledge of Lao cuisine
Social networks built on reciprocal trust are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
cultural capital. latent functions. manifest functions. social capital.
43) Which sociologist saw society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which helps to maintain the system as a whole?
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A) B) C) D)
Karl Marx Erving Goffman Max Weber Talcott Parsons
44) Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are considered
A) B) C) D)
microsociology. interactionism. macrosociology. dramaturgy.
45) laboratories.
A) B) C) D)
stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in
Microsociology Macrosociology Middle-range sociology Conflict theory
46) A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada, England, the United States, and France is an example of
A) B) C) D)
alienation. anomie. microsociology. macrosociology.
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47) A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of
A) B) C) D)
48)
embraces the study of formal organizations and social movements.
A) B) C) D)
49)
Global sociology Microsociology Macrosociology Mesosociology
Studying the impact of the Dakota Access Pipeline on the environment is an example of
A) B) C) D)
50)
conflict theory. functionalism. macrosociology. microsociology.
mesosociology. microsociology. macrosociology. global sociology.
The study and comparison of the cultural norms of two nations is a component of
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A) B) C) D)
51)
The study of international crime rates is an example of
A) B) C) D)
52)
mesosociology. microsociology. macrosociology. global sociology.
mesosociology. microsociology. macrosociology. global sociology.
Émile Durkheim's cross-cultural study of suicide falls into the category of
A) B) C) D)
mesosociology. microsociology. global sociology. psychology.
53) A sociologist who studies the unequal economic realities of working men and women is most likely working from which theoretical perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist interactionist conflict global
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54) Which sociological perspective would view society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
55) An unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
manifest. conflict. dysfunction. latent.
56) Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
57) According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life would be passed on from one generation to the next if it
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A) B) C) D)
58)
can be used by one group to subjugate another group. enhances impression management. serves some identifiably useful function. is dysfunctional.
Which of the following could be considered a manifest function of colleges?
A) B) C) D)
They are a place to meet future marital partners. They sometimes fail to teach students how to read or write effectively. They help to hold down unemployment. They prepare students for postcollege careers.
59) An element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or reduce its stability is known as a
A) B) C) D)
latent function. manifest function. dysfunction. conflict function.
60) Children who experience divorce in their family are more likely to experience divorce themselves when they are adults. This could be considered an example of a
A) B) C) D)
dysfunction of families. latent function of families. manifest function of families. proactive function of families.
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61)
Which sociological perspective sees the social world as being in continual struggle?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
62) Critics of the movie industry often assert that most major movie studio executives are wealthy white males who exclusively decide which movies will be produced and which actors will get jobs. This analysis reflects the
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. global perspective.
63) How institutions such as the government may help to maintain the privileges of some groups over others is a topic of interest for
A) B) C) D)
globalization theorists. conflict theorists. interactionist theorists. functionalist theorists.
64) Which sociological approach focuses on the macro level and sees inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization?
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A) B) C) D)
65)
functionalist perspective global perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Which sociologist explored what it meant to be female and Black in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
Jane Addams Ida Wells-Barnett Harriet Martineau Warren St. John
66) Theorist Eve Sedgwick (1990) argues that any analysis of society is incomplete if it does not include
A) B) systems. C) D)
both macro- and micro-level inquiries of the subject of study. a consideration of the patriarchal nature of government and business management the spectrum of sexual identities that people embrace. comprehensive data on the common symbology that the society has adopted.
67) Which sociological perspective generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
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68) Which sociological perspective holds the view that people create their social worlds through interaction and manipulation of symbols?
A) B) C) D)
69)
Which sociologist is widely regarded as the founder of the interactionist perspective?
A) B) C) D)
70)
functionalist conflict interactionist global
C. Wright Mills George Herbert Mead Charles Horton Cooley Erving Goffman
Which sociological perspectives are most concerned with macro-level analysis?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist and interactionist perspectives global and interactionist perspectives interactionist and conflict perspectives functionalist and conflict perspectives
71) Inequality, capitalism, and stratification are key concepts of which theoretical perspective?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
72) In examining any aspect of society, which sociological perspective emphasizes the contribution the given aspect makes to overall social stability?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
73) Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that the social order is based on coercion and exploitation?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
74) The state of Ohio has a dwindling population. In an effort to increase the birthrate in the state, it offers a $5,000 bonus to all families who have a childin the state inthe next three years.Which of the following is the latent function of this policy?
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A) an increase in the birth rate for the state of Ohio B) an increase in the population in the state of Ohio C) an increase in the demand for teachers as a result of more children in Ohio's school system D) an increase in the state's budget deficit due to the number of bonuses distributed to families
75) Which sociological approach would view sports as a medium through which people's social positions as players, coaches, and referees are defined?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
76) Which sociological perspective would view sports as a form of big business in which profits are more important than the health and safety of athletes?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
77) Which sociological perspective would view sports as a safety valve for both participants and spectators, allowing them to shed tension and aggressive energy in a socially acceptable way?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
78) Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that sports help to maintain people's physical well-being?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
79) The view that sports perpetuate false ideas—such as that success can be achieved simply through hard work, opportunity is equal for everyone, and failure is the individual's fault—would most likely be held by
A) B) C) D)
functionalists. conflict theorists. interactionists. queer theorists.
80) Which sociological perspective would suggest that despite class, racial, and religious differences, teammates in sports teams may work together harmoniously, build relationships, and even abandon previously held stereotypes and prejudices?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective queer theory interactionist perspective feminist perspective
81) Which sociological perspective would highlight the reluctance among professional athletes to display any sexual identity other than heterosexuality in public?
A) B) C) D)
interactionist perspective queer theory feminist perspective functionalist perspective
82) The view that laws are set up to protect only those who are in positions of power is most consistent with the
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. feminist perspective.
83) The sociological perspective in which human beings are viewed as living in a world of meaningful objects is called
A) B) C) D)
functionalism. globalism. interactionism. feminism.
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84) of
Medical sociology and environmental sociology are specializations within the discipline
A) B) C) D)
85)
basic sociology. applied sociology. clinical sociology. theoretical sociology.
Which one of the following statements is true?
A) B) C) D)
Clinical sociologists take direct responsibility for implementing their ideas. There are no established methods for educating clinical sociologists. Applied and clinical sociology are the same. Clinical sociology has existed for only the past 20 years.
86) Those who use sociological research to facilitate change by altering social relationships (like practicing family therapy) or restructuring social institutions (like reorganizing a medical center) would most likely be considered
A) B) C) D)
basic sociologists. clinical sociologists. applied sociologists. macro sociologists.
87) The use of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as
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A) B) C) D)
pure science. clinical sociology. applied sociology. basic sociology.
88) George Herbert Mead was committed to social reform and sought to help policymakers by serving on committees formed to address Chicago's labor problems and public education. His work on these committees would be considered
A) B) C) D)
89)
the dramaturgical approach. applied sociology. basic sociology. globalization.
What is considered to be the major theme of analysis in sociology today?
A) B) C) D)
social inequality individual inferiority genetic influences mental disturbances
90) Functionalists had the upper hand in sociology in the 1900s in the United States, but widespread social unrest since the late 1960s has made increasingly persuasive.
A) B) C) D)
the conflict approach the feminist approach the interactionist approach the microsociology approach
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91) A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
social inequality. pure sociology. applied sociology. social psychology.
92) The impact of Hurricane Katrina on residents of the Gulf Coast drew attention to in the United States, as the people who were hit the hardest by the massive storm were the poor, who had the greatest difficulty evacuating beforehand.
A) B) C) D)
social inequality globalization pure sociology anomie
93) Describe what C. Wright Mills meant by the term sociological imagination. Provide an example of how you would apply the tool.
94) Discuss what separates sociology from common sense. Be sure to give some examples of how sociological research might dispel commonly accepted views.
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95) Summarize the contributions of Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx, and W. E. B. DuBois to the field of sociology. Be sure to note any theoretical differences they may have with one another.
96) Define the concepts social capital and cultural capital. Then, perform some reflexive thinking and list all the examples of social and cultural capital you possess so far. How does your social and cultural capital differ from that of your friends? How about your classmates?
97) Explain what W. E. B. DuBois meant by double consciousness. Does a white person have this consciousness? Why or why not? What consequences does such a consciousness have on "the self"?
98) Identify a social change that has both manifest and latent functions. Explain the manifest and latent functions that resulted and why you would classify them as such.
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99) Explain the similarities and differences among the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Identify which perspectives use a macro-level or a micro-level of analysis and why.
100) Describe the features shared between conflict theory and the feminist perspective. In what ways do these perspectives differ and why?
101) Describe how queer theory has challenged some long-standing assumptions about the nature of sexual identity and the ways in which it is understood or referenced at the macro-level of society.
102) Discuss why social inequality has become such a dominant theme in the field of sociology today.
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103) Define and discuss globalization. Use the examples in the text to explain the social consequences of globalization and ways some might be seen in positive ways.
104) Sociology is the systematic study of social behavior and the study of individual personality differences. ⊚ ⊚
true false
105) A sociologist who develops theories based off his or her experiences and conversations is using common sense, rather than scientific analysis, to formulate those theories. ⊚ ⊚
true false
106) A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society as an outsider would, rather than solely from the perspective of personal experiences and cultural biases. ⊚ ⊚
true false
107) The most effective sociological theories tend to have both explanatory and predictive power. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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108) Theories are attempts to explain events, forces, materials, ideas, or behavior in a comprehensive manner. ⊚ ⊚
true false
109) Karl Marx saw the factory as the center of conflict between society's exploiters and the exploited masses. ⊚ ⊚
true false
110) Very early in the 20th century, the focus of sociology shifted from theorizing and information gathering to a more active interest in transforming society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
111) Having a grandmother who sits on the board of trustees for your college and helps you gain admission is an example of social capital. ⊚ ⊚
true false
112) Knowledge of Van Gogh, Rembrandt, and the works of other celebrated painters would be an example of cultural capital. ⊚ ⊚
true false
113) One of Robert Merton's most significant contributions to sociology was the attempt to merge the micro-level and macro-level approaches to the study of society. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
114)
true false
All sociologists view the world as a stable and ongoing entity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
115) The conflict perspective emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. ⊚ ⊚
116)
true false
The conflict perspective considers how laws reinforce the position of those in power. ⊚ ⊚
true false
117) Applied sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
118) The goal of applied sociology is to assist in solving social problems, such as poverty and homelessness. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 1 1) A 2) D 3) C 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) B 8) B 9) C 10) D 11) A 12) B 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) A 17) A 18) B 19) C 20) D 21) B 22) B 23) A 24) C 25) B 26) A Version 1
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27) C 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) C 32) C 33) B 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) A 38) A 39) A 40) D 41) B 42) D 43) D 44) C 45) A 46) D 47) D 48) D 49) A 50) D 51) D 52) C 53) C 54) A 55) D 56) A Version 1
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57) C 58) D 59) C 60) A 61) B 62) B 63) B 64) D 65) B 66) C 67) C 68) C 69) B 70) D 71) B 72) A 73) B 74) C 75) C 76) B 77) A 78) A 79) B 80) C 81) B 82) B 83) C 84) B 85) A 86) B Version 1
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87) C 88) B 89) A 90) A 91) A 92) A 104) FALSE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) TRUE 108) TRUE 109) TRUE 110) FALSE 111) TRUE 112) TRUE 113) TRUE 114) FALSE 115) FALSE 116) TRUE 117) FALSE 118) TRUE
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Chapter 2: Sociological Research 1) Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem?
A) B) C) D)
2)
scientific method social science experiment value neutrality
Which of the following is the second step of the scientific method?
A) B) C) D)
defining the problem selecting the research design reviewing the literature collecting and analyzing data
3) If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to
A) B) C) D)
4)
review the literature on date and acquaintance rape. define the problem. create a hypothesis. choose a research design.
After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process?
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A) B) C) D)
5)
Sociologists conduct reviews of literature to do which of the following?
A) B) C) D)
6)
to define the problem to generate ideas for future research to formulate a hypothesis to choose a research design
to refine the problem under study to identify potential sources of funding to determine whether a research study is in fact feasible to analyze the data and formulate conclusions
An operational definition is
A) a speculative statement about the relationship between two variables. B) the extent to which a measure provides consistent results. C) an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept. D) a relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other.
7) A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(n)
A) B) C) D)
research design. operational definition. hypothesis. theory.
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8) The use of the discipline of sociology to yield practical applications for human behavior and organizations is known as
A) B) C) D)
9)
The use of photographic and video documentation in sociological study is known as
A) B) C) D)
10) as a
applied sociology. ethnography. clinical sociology. qualitative research.
iconography. visual sociology. secondary sociology. image analysis.
A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known
A) B) C) D)
correlation. hypothesis. sample. research design.
11) The statement "women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
12)
an operational definition. a hypothesis. a research design. an independent variable.
A variable is
A) a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions. B) the extent to which a measure provides consistent results. C) the unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their subjects. D) a speculative statement about the relationship between two traits.
13)
Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of
A) B) C) D)
indexes. scales. variables. operational definitions.
14) The variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable is referred to by social scientists as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
independent variable. dependent variable. spurious variable. operational variable.
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15) Researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. Within this study, pet ownership is the
A) B) C) D)
independent variable. dependent variable. spurious variable. operational variable.
16) Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)
A) B) C) D)
hypothesis. independent variable. dependent variable. index.
17) Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, suicide is a(n)
A) B) C) D)
hypothesis. independent variable. dependent variable. index.
18) The race of criminal offenders is found to determine the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, the frequency with which capital punishment is administered would be considered the
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A) B) C) D)
19)
hypothesis. independent variable. dependent variable. index.
Which of the following relationships best shows causal logic?
A) The time spent reviewing for a test may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of, getting a high score. B) Being less integrated into society may be directly related to, or produce a lower likelihood of, suicide. C) The time spent tending to one's vegetable garden may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of, overgrowth. D) Being more involved in extracurricular activities may be directly related to, or produce a lower likelihood of, college admission.
20) a
A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as
A) B) C) D)
control variable. dependent variable. correlation. cross-tabulation.
21) A recent study at the University of Oklahoma reassured parents helping their children with schoolwork during the pandemic because the study found that
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A) parental involvement with homework improved educational outcomes for both good and more modestly performing children. B) parental involvement with homework resulted in poorer educational outcomes for all children. C) parental involvement with homework improved students' extracurricular outcomes. D) parental involvement with homework induced teachers to award higher grades to all children.
22)
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the
A) B) C) D)
experimental group. representative group. study group. control group.
23) A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of television violence on children. The set of children that are shown the violent cartoons are considered the
A) B) C) D)
experimental group. control group. independent variable. dependent variable.
24) A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of energy drinks on sleep. The individuals who are given a placebo drink are considered the
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A) B) C) D)
independent variable. control group. experimental group. dependent variable.
25) A study is being done on the effects of a new antibiotic on cognitive ability. In this scenario, the antibiotic is considered to be the
A) B) C) D)
experimental group. control group. independent variable. dependent variable.
26) A researcher finds that those who have children at a young age are significantly more likely to have lower levels of education as a result of early childbearing. This would be an example of
A) B) C) D)
a hypothesis. a correlation. causal logic. an effect.
27) The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other, is known as
A) B) C) D)
observation. causal logic. a correlation. an index.
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28) The statement "Eating fewer fats and carbohydrates will lead to weight loss" is an example of
A) B) C) D)
causal logic. a dependent variable. an independent variable. a cross-tabulation.
29) The relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
index. correlation. operational definition. scale.
30) "Data indicate that people who prefer to watch televised news programs are less knowledgeable than those who read newspapers and newsmagazines." This statement is an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
causality. correlation. independent variable. law.
31) In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?
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A) B) C) D)
random sample quota sample index sample Roper sample
32) If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a
A) B) C) D)
33)
A research measure that provides consistent results is considered
A) B) C) D)
34)
scale. control variable. quota sample. random sample.
valid. reliable. an index. a scale.
Validity refers to
A) B) C) D)
the provision of consistent results. independent, rather than dependent, variables. the accurate measurement of the phenomenon under study. the ethical standards that are followed by sociologists.
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35) What type of sample is specifically used for gathering information about clandestine or difficult-to-identify groups?
A) B) C) D)
36)
snowball sample random sample valid sample blind survey
A research design is a(n)
A) explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept. B) speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. C) indicator of attitudes, behaviors, or characteristics of people or organizations. D) detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.
37) A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as
A) B) C) D)
observation research. a survey. secondary analysis. an experiment.
38) To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as
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A) B) C) D)
a secondary analysis. participant observation. a survey. a content analysis.
39) Following a recent concern about depiction of masculinity in mass media, a sociologist wanted to determine how men are portrayed in the lyrics of mainstream country music and studied songs from the Billboard music charts from the 1980s to the present. This sociologist employed the technique of
A) B) C) D)
content analysis. ethnography. survey. experiment.
40) Ethnography is the most common form of research, which relies on what is seen in the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data.
A) B) C) D)
41)
quantitative qualitative observational experimental
Which of the following statements is true of cell phone users?
A) B) C) D)
Cell phone users are more likely to answer all incoming calls. Cell phone users are more likely to complete surveys. There is a higher proportion of nonadults on cell phones. There is a higher proportion of females on cell phones.
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42) When sociologists want to study a possible cause-and-effect relationship, they may conduct , which is an artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables.
A) B) C) D)
a survey. observation. secondary analysis. an experiment.
43) A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the community's social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is conducting
A) B) C) D)
a content analysis. a secondary analysis. a quantitative study. ethnographic research.
44) Which of the following was identified as one of the initial challenges that a participant observer may face when conducting an ethnography?
A) B) C) D)
receiving adequate resources, such as funding gaining acceptance from the unfamiliar group identifying a group to observe acquiring the necessary approvals to conduct the research
45) When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the technique is called Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
46)
an experiment. a survey. face-to-face interview. participant observation.
When conducting ethnographic research as a participant observer, the investigator must
A) B) C) D)
develop friendships with key members of the study group. not be concerned about gaining acceptance by the study group. maintain some degree of detachment. use the same persona in the control group as he or she did with the study group.
47) An artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables and to introduce control variables is known as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
survey. experiment. replication. research design.
48) People may behave differently in artificial situations than they would in the "real world." This poses a particular problem for researchers using
A) B) C) D)
questionnaires. content analysis. replication. laboratory experiments.
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49) Regina wants to study the homeless in her home town. In order to do so, she lives at a homeless shelter for a month. During this time, she does everything that the women she is studying do and tells no one of her true identity. This method is
A) B) C) D)
an experiment. a survey. face-to-face interview. participant observation.
50) What term do sociologists use for the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation?
A) B) C) D)
control group effect spurious response Hawthorne effect skewing
51) A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved intheir interactions. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
52)
replication. secondary analysis. the Hawthorne effect. value neutrality.
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use
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A) B) C) D)
53)
Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be
A) B) C) D)
54)
more valid than other forms of research. more reliable than other forms of research. a nonreactive form of research. an outdated mode of research.
Which of the following statements pertaining to secondary data analysis is true?
A) B) C) D)
55)
questionnaires and interviews. participant observation. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another researcher. control groups.
It influences people's behavior. The data is generally difficult to acquire. It can provide researchers with everything they need. It does not require the collection of new data.
An inherent problem in using secondary sources of data is that
A) B) C) D)
the researcher may not find the exact data needed for their own research. the data are plagued with statistical errors. the researcher may be more careless when using someone else's data. all of the analysis has been completed by an initial research team.
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56) A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
content analysis. replication. survey research. an experiment.
57) Which of the following existing data sources is used most frequently for sociological research?
A) B) C) D)
58)
census data scientific records personal journals newspapers
Cost-efficiency is an advantage associated with which of the following research designs?
A) B) C) D)
59)
survey ethnography experiment existing sources
study of Italian street-corner men used participant observation.
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A) B) C) D)
Terry Mizrahi's William F. Whyte's Max Weber's Vilfredo Pareto's
60) Which of following principles is included in the American Sociological Association's (ASA) Code of Ethics?
A) B) C) D)
61)
maintaining popularity ability to disregard transparency protection of research subjects from personal harm subjectivity in research
Most sociological research uses
A) B) C) D)
as sources of information.
people newspapers scientific data census data
62) Why was Rik Scarce, a doctoral student at Washington State University, placed in jail in 1993?
A) B) C) D)
for preserving the confidentiality of a source involved in his research for raiding a university laboratory for "snitching" on university administrators for forging transcripts
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63) Which of the following is true regarding the Exxon Corporation after the 1989 Valdez disaster?
A) Exxon solicited anthropologists to do research on jury deliberations. B) Exxon offered research money for sociologists doing research on jury deliberations. C) Due to the controversy, none of the research funded by Exxon was published in peerreviewed journals. D) Ultimately, Exxon settled, awarding each plaintiff close to $100,000.
64) Which of the following was a common criticism of Exxon's actions after the 1989 Valdez disaster?
A) Exxon did not pay sociologists well enough for the research they did on jury deliberations. B) Exxon publicly agreed to fund only those sociologists who were known to be in favor of Exxon's policies and actions. C) No legal scholars were approached to do research on jury deliberations. D) Exxon did not volunteer to fund research on clean-up technologies or long-term environmental costs.
65)
Objectivity in the interpretation of data is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
external validity. reliability. value neutrality. internal validity.
66) Value neutrality focuses on which of the following challenges associated with sociological research and ethics? Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
the influence of a person's opinions and biases on the interpretation of data the relationship between the interviewer and the participant conflicts of interest associated with the funding of the research protecting subjects from personal harm
67) Which sociologist argued that sociological research should be open to bringing about social change and to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists?
A) B) C) D)
Jane Poulson Joyce Ladner Earl Wright II Karen Barkey
68) Recently, feminist scholars have become interested in self-injury, due in part to research that shows of self-injurers are female.
A) B) C) D)
69)
15 percent 50 percent 75 percent 85 percent
Which of the following is a common characteristic among feminist researchers?
A) B) C) D)
They tend to involve and consult subjects more than other researchers. They are more oriented toward stability rather than change. They are more inclined to conduct research that appeases the masses. They tend to focus more on quantitative than on qualitative data.
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70) To better understand male self-injurers, researchers Adler and Adler are currently testing what hypothesis?
A) B) C) D)
Self-injury is a manifestation of hypermasculinity in the tolerance of pain. Self-injury is a subconscious response to childhood trauma. Self-injury is a reflection of a need for control. Self-injury is a response to drug or alcohol addiction.
71) What conclusion did the National Bureau of Economic Research reach about gays and lesbians as subjects of sociological research?
A) Most research treats its gay and lesbian subjects with contempt. B) Most research considers the possibility that its subjects might be gay or lesbian. C) Most research underreports the number of gays and lesbians in the population. D) Most research begins from a position that sexuality is fluid and that gays and lesbians are in a state of transition.
72) The technique in which respondents are asked whether they consider themselves to be heterosexual in the context of other much less sensitive questions (such as “Did you spend a lot of time playing video games as a child?") is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
73)
value neutrality. operationalization. causal logic. veiled reporting.
We lack reliable data on patterns of sexual behavior because
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A) it is difficult for researchers to even broach the subject. B) until AIDS emerged in the 1980s, there was little scientific demand for data on sexual behavior except for specific concerns such as contraception. C) government funding for studies of sexual behavior is available, but not many want to ask for it. D) there has been an increase in the use of inaccurate data over the past decade.
74) Which of the following statements regarding Ogas and Gaddam's 2011 study on human sexual behavior is accurate?
A) Ogas and Gaddam could not distinguish between online fantasies and rational desires. B) Ogas and Gaddam were unable to differentiate the data pertaining to the web searches and the websites. C) Ogas and Gaddam found that women and men do not differ in their preferences. D) Ogas and Gaddam were able to distinguish between a single search and repeated search by the same person.
75) Which of the following has/have continuously perpetuated a highly sexualized environment?
A) B) C) D)
76)
mass media government health organizations religious organizations
Define the term scientific method and the five basic steps used in the scientific method.
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77) Discuss how a researcher might select a random sample of subjects for a research study. Which sample selection methods should researchers use, and which methods should be avoided?
78) Describe the various types of research designs and discuss the strengths and weakness of each design. Which type of research design is most commonly used by researchers, and which type of research design is the least reliable?
79) Discuss the issue of ethics and social research. Why is ethics crucial to social research, and what can be done to prevent ethical problems from taking place?
80)
In the context of ethics and social research, how can research be harmful to human life?
81) Define value neutrality and discuss its significance in sociological research. What issues can arise if value neutrality is ignored?
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82) Discuss the various ways feminist scholars differ in their interests and methodology from other scholars. Would feminist scholarship be considered an application of the functionalist, interactionist, or conflict perspective?
83) Explain how "veiled reporting" may result in underreporting of gay and lesbian subjects in survey research.
84) Discuss the difficulties of studying human sexuality. What factors have contributed to the availability and quantity of data pertaining to the subject?
85) Describe how the Internet can be used to conduct social research. Is the Internet a good or bad place to conduct social research?
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86)
The third step in the scientific method is reviewing the literature. ⊚ ⊚
true false
87) In the statement "The more a person exercises, the longer he or she will live," longevity is the independent variable. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) A magazine asks its readers to complete a survey that questions them about their sexual practices. Based on the responses that it receives, the magazine publishes an article entitled "The Sexual Practices of Men and Women in the U.S." This magazine has conducted a valid random sample to support its article. ⊚ ⊚
true false
89) Validity refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study. ⊚ ⊚
true false
90) Not disclosing all sources of financial support is an example of an ethical violation, according to the APA's Code of Ethics. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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91) The anonymity and confidentially of a subject is of the utmost importance when conducting sociological research. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) Feminist theorists always see work and leisure and paid and unpaid domestic work as two separate spheres. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) Feminist researchers tend to involve and consult their subjects more than other researchers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
94) Most research significantly underreports the proportion of gays and lesbians in the population. ⊚ ⊚
true false
95) The veiled reporting technique requires that researchers remain anonymous throughout the entire study. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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96)
Big data is only available to individuals with significant funding. ⊚ ⊚
true false
97) Having data before assuming a hypothesis is correct is not recommended for sociological research. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 2 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) B 10) B 11) B 12) A 13) C 14) A 15) A 16) B 17) C 18) C 19) A 20) A 21) A 22) D 23) A 24) B 25) C 26) B Version 1
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27) B 28) A 29) B 30) B 31) A 32) D 33) B 34) C 35) A 36) D 37) B 38) C 39) A 40) B 41) C 42) B 43) D 44) B 45) D 46) C 47) B 48) D 49) D 50) C 51) C 52) C 53) C 54) D 55) A 56) A Version 1
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57) A 58) D 59) B 60) C 61) A 62) A 63) B 64) D 65) C 66) A 67) C 68) D 69) A 70) A 71) C 72) D 73) B 74) A 75) A 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) TRUE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) FALSE Version 1
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97) FALSE Chapter 3: Culture 1) Anthropologist Horace Miner's description of the body ritual among the Nacirema is used to show
A) B) C) D)
cultural differences in what is considered "beautiful." the effects of media on a person's body image. the ability to learn something new about society. how cultural sociology has evolved over the years.
2) The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as
A) B) C) D)
culture. society. socialization. social structure.
3) A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture are referred to as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
4)
culture. society. folkway. argot.
A society
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A) B) C) D)
5)
All objects and ideas within a society constitute its
A) B) C) D)
6)
is a dependent group that owes allegiance to a larger group. is the largest form of human group. contains several different cultures. contains one subculture and many cultures.
argot. culture. folkways. inventions.
All societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs known as
A) B) C) D)
cultural integration. cultural diffusion. cultural universals. cultural relativism.
7) In his research, George Murdock determined which of the following to be a cultural universal?
A) B) C) D)
war astronomy funeral ceremonies mathematics
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8)
Which of the following is/are a cultural universal, according to Murdock?
A) B) C) D)
sexual restrictions war dinner education
9) The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called
A) B) C) D)
10)
culture shock. cultural relativism. ethnocentrism. value stability.
Which of the following is an example of an ethnocentric belief?
A) B) C) D)
viewing Middle Eastern countries as developed and equal counterparts acknowledging that the child-rearing practices of African cultures are successful being repelled by the American practice of living in a household with dogs and cats appreciating the Hindu religion's belief that cows are sacred
11) An American traveling abroad observes locals eating chocolate-covered crickets. She expresses disgust to her traveling companions. She is exhibiting
A) B) C) D)
xenocentrism. ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. monophobicism.
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12) An American traveling abroad observes locals eating chocolate-covered crickets. While she does not partake in this "treat" herself, she does not judge the practice. She is exhibiting
A) B) C) D)
xenocentrism. ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. monophobicism.
13) Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. In this way, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
14) A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of the groups encountered there in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
xenocentrism. ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. cultural deconstruction.
15) Which of the following concepts involves the kind of value neutrality in scientific study that Max Weber saw as being so important? Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
16)
Sociobiology is the systematic study of
A) B) C) D)
17)
xenocentrism cultural integration cultural relativism ethnocentrism
the social structure within the animal kingdom. the interactions between humans and higher animal forms. the psychological influences on biological behavior. how biology affects human social behavior.
In its extreme form, sociobiology suggests that
A) B) C) D)
all behavior is the result of genetic or biological factors. social interactions play a role in shaping people's conduct. human nature is not affected by the genetic composition of a group of people. there is no biological basis for social behavior.
18) Which sociological perspective suggests that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to feel cohesive and maintain its identity?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
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19) An argot is a specialized language used by members of a subculture. Doctors and nurses, for example, have developed a language system that is not easily understood by patients but enables medical professionals to communicate more easily, rapidly, and precisely with one another. Which sociological perspective is likely to emphasize the value of this specialized medical language?
A) B) C) D)
20)
Language is an important component of
A) B) C) D)
21)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
diffusion. cultural capital. cultural universals. material culture.
Gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images all fall within the category of
A) B) C) D)
nonverbal communication. mores. cultural capital. formal norms.
22) In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women in certain occupations?
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A) B) C) D)
23)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture is called
A) B) C) D)
a material culture. sanctioning. language. an argot.
24) Which sociological perspective would argue that subcultures often emerge because the dominant society has unsuccessfully attempted to suppress a practice regarded as improper, such as the use of illegal drugs?
A) B) C) D)
25)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Facing forward in an elevator can be considered a(n)
A) B) C) D)
informal norm. formal norm. subculture. sanction.
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26)
In American society, we often formalize norms into
A) B) C) D)
27)
folkways. mores. laws. values.
A law is
A) a norm governing everyday social behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern. B) an informal norm that is deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. C) a formal norm enforced by the state. D) a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.
28)
The established standards of behavior maintained by a society are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
29)
symbols. sanctions. norms. argots.
Informal norms are
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A) norms governing everyday social behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern. B) deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. C) made by a government for a society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the power of the state. D) norms that are written down and specify strict punishment for violators.
30)
Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as
A) B) C) D)
mores. sanctions. informal norms. formal norms.
31) While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and grossly picks his nose. He is violating
A) B) C) D)
32)
statutes. laws. informal norms. formal norms.
Mores are
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A) norms governing everyday social behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern. B) norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. C) norms that are made by government for society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the power of the state. D) norms that are made by a few individuals and are often considered unnecessary.
33) Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as
A) B) C) D)
mores. cultural universals. folkways. laws.
34) Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper, as well as bad, undesirable, and improper, are known as
A) B) C) D)
values. folkways. mores. sanctions.
35) According to sociologist Robin Williams, which of the following is considered an American value?
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A) B) C) D)
36)
According to research, the proportion of students who cheat is often higher among
A) B) C) D)
37)
greed equality frugality supremacy of faith
elementary school students. middle school students. high school students. college students.
Which of the following is considered a negative, informal sanction?
A) B) C) D)
demotion jail sentence humiliation expulsion
38) John is pulled over by a police officer for speeding on the Pennsylvania turnpike. He is given a fine of $120.00 and sent on his way. The fine is considered a
A) B) C) D)
more. sanction. norm. law.
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39)
Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as
A) B) C) D)
40)
folkways. mores. values. sanctions.
Which of the following is an example of a positive formal sanction?
A) B) C) D)
salary bonus demotion smile frown
41) A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
a sanction. replication. a more. a typology.
42) A worker is frequently late, takes extended "coffee breaks," and makes numerous mistakes while working on important tasks. As a result of poor performance, the worker is fired. This is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
a sanction. a law. cultural diffusion. replication.
43) Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture may be experiencing
A) B) C) D)
culture shock. ethnocentrism. a counterculture. a sanction.
44) Psychologist Shalom Schwartz researched values in more than 60 countries and found which of the following values to be widely shared?
A) B) C) D)
45)
benevolence holding grudges disloyalty dominance over others
A subculture is
A) a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society. B) a large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture. C) the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. D) a specialized language that is used by members of a group.
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46) In India, the harsh conditions that keep employees of international call centers at work on Indian holidays, only able to take time off twice a year, in contact only with one another, and unable to see friends and family, have created a new
A) B) C) D)
subculture. counterculture. dominant culture. material culture.
47) In the United States, athletes who play p arkour and young people who vape are examples of
A) B) C) D)
cultures. countercultures. subcultures. contracultures.
48) The use of the terms substitutesand cloud chaserswithin the vaping community are examples of
A) B) C) D)
an argot. a taboo. linguistics. nonverbal language.
49) Which sociological perspective maintains that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power and help those groups maintain their superior status?
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A) B) C) D)
50)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
A dominant ideology is
A) interests. B) C) D)
a set of cultural beliefs that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political a subculture that rejects societal norms and values and seeks an alternative lifestyle. a specialized language used by members of a group or subculture. a set of beliefs that attempt to sow discord amongst members of society.
51) Which sociological perspective argues that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
52) Ultraconservative militia groups, usually secretive, well-armed, and anti-government, are seen to be on the rise in the United States. These groups a good example of
A) B) C) D)
a dominant culture. a counterculture. a material culture. a dominant ideology.
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53)
Countercultures thrive among
A) B) C) D)
54)
Discovery is the
A) B) C) D)
55)
combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. process of introducing new elements into a culture. process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality. process by which cultural items spread to different groups.
Invention is the
A) B) C) D)
56)
the young. the elderly. females. the working class.
process of combining existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. process of introducing new elements into a culture. process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality. process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society.
Communism, the Episcopalian religion, and the microwave oven are all examples of
A) B) C) D)
diffusion. norms. invention. discovery.
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57)
Diffusion is the
A) B) C) D)
combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. process of introducing new elements into a culture. process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality. process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society.
58) English-speaking people in the United States commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
nonmaterial culture. cultural diffusion. cultural shock. cultural relativity.
59) Given that cultural diffusion could upset the stability of a society, which perspective is most likely to argue that most cultures resist new cultural components that do not fit comfortably into their social system?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
60) According to a May 2017 national survey, which of the following racial/ethnic groups considers health care to be one of the most important issues facing the nation?
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A) B) C) D)
61)
African Americans Asian Americans Latinos Native Americans
Which of the following is among the criticisms of globalization?
A) It allows dominant businesses without borders to benefit the very wealthy in industrial countries at the expense of the poor in less developed countries. B) It helps nations take their place in the world of commerce and brings in income. C) It helps people stay connected via the communications revolution. D) It gives nations access to knowledge that can improve living standards and save lives.
62)
George Ritzer's concept of "the McDonaldization of society" refers to the
A) placement of a McDonald's franchise in every community with more than 5,000 inhabitants by the year 2010. B) principles used by fast-food restaurants developed in the United States reflected in a growing number of sectors of societies throughout the world. C) absence of fast-food franchises in certain countries throughout the world. D) placement of a McDonald's franchise in every country without adjusting the menu to cultural trends.
63)
The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives are called
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A) B) C) D)
64)
norms. material culture. nonmaterial culture. values.
Nonmaterial culture
A) B) C) D)
is more resistant to change than material culture. is less resistant to change than material culture. changes at the same pace as material culture. does not change once it has been created.
65) A basketball arena, an airliner, a slice of pizza, and a television can all be considered examples of
A) B) C) D)
66)
xenocentrism. nonmaterial culture. material culture. argots.
A new Ford Explorer can be considered a part of
A) B) C) D)
material culture. nonmaterial culture. an argot. substance culture.
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67) The ways of using material objects, together with customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication, are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
68)
material culture. nonmaterial culture. mores. substance culture.
Culture lag is
A) the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. B) viewing people's behavior from the perspective of one's own culture. C) the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives. D) a period of maladjustment during which the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.
69)
Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are
A) B) C) D)
70)
less likely to resist change to their material culture. less likely to resist change to their nonmaterial culture. more likely to modify cultural universals. less likely to change their folkways.
Culture shock is
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A) the act of viewing people's behavior from the perspective of one's own culture. B) the feeling of surprise that is experienced when people witness cultural practices different from their own. C) being unaware of the existence of other cultures. D) a set of beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
71) Beth, who has lived all her life in an affluent neighborhood in New York City, travels to Africa and is introduced to living in a dirt-floored hut while she works digging canals for a service trip. It is safe to say she is experiencing
A) B) C) D)
cultural relativity. cultural diffusion. culture shock. cultural integration.
72) A member of a rural Indian tribe in Central America who moves to a large city, such as Mexico City, will probably experience
A) B) C) D)
73)
cultural relativity. cultural diffusion. culture shock. cultural integration.
Bilingualism is the use of two or more languages
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A) in all sectors of public and private life. B) in particular settings, such as workplaces or educational facilities, treating each language as equally legitimate. C) only in educational settings. D) only in workplaces.
74) The belief that conformity to a single language helps to unify members of a society reflects which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
75) "Attacks on bilingualism represent an ethnocentric point of view." This statement best reflects the views of which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
76) The statement "Attempts to create bilingualism in the U.S. represent a case of subordinated language minorities seeking opportunities for self-expression" reflects the views of which sociological perspective?
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A) B) C) D)
77)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Which of the following are an example of an ethnocentric view of bilingualism?
A) efforts to introduce a constitutional amendment declaring English as the nation's official language B) efforts to establish the proper form for bilingual programs C) efforts to mandate the instruction of children in bilingual education D) efforts to maintain English as a Second Language programs in schools with a majority of immigrant children
78) Define the term ethnocentrism and discuss why functionalists and conflict theorists disagree over the utility of ethnocentrism.
79) Define and discuss symbols. Identify one symbolic monument (e.g. the September 11, 2001, memorial). Explain what the monument symbolizes.
80) Identify the various types of social norms and offer examples. Describe the various sanctions associated with violations of the various social norm types.
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81) Define the term globalization, and describe how globalization affects culture today. Give an example to support your answer.
82)
Discuss the McDonaldization of society. How does it relate to globalization?
83) Social scientists claim that it is not easy to identify a core culture in the United States. Why is this so?
84) Discuss countercultures. What are they and why do they happen? Provide one example of a counterculture.
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85) Explain the differences among innovations, discoveries, inventions, and diffusion. Give examples of each to clarify the differences.
86) Define bilingualism. What are the policy implications of bilingualism in the United States?
87)
Discuss bilingualism in relation to the sociological perspectives.
88) What specific aspects of material culture in the United States contribute to the culture of cheating at the college level? In what way have adults reinforced this culture of cheating?
89) Discuss how sanctions played a role in various states' responses to the coronavirus pandemic. How have varied responses nationally created cultural tensions about what behaviors should be considered mores?
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90)
Cultural universals are common beliefs or practices found in every society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
91) The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before is referred to as discovery. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) Viewing a person's behavior from the perspective of their culture is known as cultural relativism. ⊚ ⊚
93)
true false
Sociobiology is founded on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. ⊚ ⊚
true false
94) The feminist perspective views gender-related language as contributing to the traditional acceptance of men and women entering certain occupations. ⊚ ⊚
95)
true false
Nonverbal communication is the same in all cultures.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
96) Wearing two different-colored socks and a tie that does not match the shirt with which it is worn are examples of violations of folkways and informal norms. ⊚ ⊚
97)
In a culture, virtually all citizens follow the same set of norms and values. ⊚ ⊚
98)
true false
The polarization of society over controversial cultural elements is referred to as a culture
⊚ ⊚
100)
true false
Severe sanctions serve to punish those who violate informal norms. ⊚ ⊚
99) war.
true false
true false
Benevolence is a value that is widely shared around the world. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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101) From a functionalist perspective, the social significance of the dominant ideology is that a society's most powerful groups and institutions control the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media. ⊚ ⊚
true false
102) Interactionists maintain that social stability requires a consensus and the support of a society's members. ⊚ ⊚
true false
103) Even within a single nation, certain segments of the populace develop cultural patterns that differ from the patterns of the dominant society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
104) Countercultures thrive among the elderly, especially the baby boomer generation of the 1960s. ⊚ ⊚
105)
true false
Protestantism and democracy are examples of innovation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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106) Diffusion can work through a variety of means, such as exploration and the influence of mass media. ⊚ ⊚
107)
true false
The use of two languages in a particular setting is referred to as multilingualism. ⊚ ⊚
true false
108) Federal policy has always been supportive of bilingualism efforts in the United States, and thus, provides a significant portion of funding to support those efforts at the local level. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 3 1) C 2) A 3) B 4) B 5) B 6) C 7) C 8) A 9) C 10) C 11) B 12) C 13) A 14) C 15) C 16) D 17) A 18) C 19) A 20) B 21) A 22) D 23) C 24) B 25) A 26) C Version 1
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27) C 28) C 29) A 30) C 31) C 32) B 33) C 34) A 35) B 36) D 37) C 38) B 39) D 40) A 41) A 42) A 43) A 44) A 45) A 46) A 47) C 48) A 49) B 50) A 51) B 52) B 53) A 54) C 55) A 56) C Version 1
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57) D 58) B 59) A 60) B 61) A 62) B 63) B 64) A 65) C 66) A 67) B 68) D 69) A 70) B 71) C 72) C 73) B 74) A 75) B 76) B 77) A 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) TRUE 97) FALSE 98) FALSE Version 1
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99) TRUE 100) TRUE 101) FALSE 102) FALSE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) FALSE 108) FALSE Chapter 4: Socialization and the Life Course 1)
Socialization is the process
A) of mentally assuming the perspective of another. B) of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. C) of learning the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. D) of being socialized while also socializing others in one's community.
2) A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
the dramaturgical approach. social promotion. socialization. role taking.
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3) Which term refers to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior?
A) B) C) D)
4)
personality social promotion socialization human nature
The analysis of Isabelle is important because it emphasizes the relevance of
A) B) C) D)
twin studies in sociology and psychology. the consistency of the developmental processes. the sensorimotor stage of development. social interaction in human development.
5) The relative importance of environment and heredity in human development is central to the debate over
A) B) C) D)
nature versus nurture. role versus status. manifest versus latent functions. sociobiology versus biosociology.
6) Sara takes her 4-year-old brother Matt to a carnival for the first time. They decide to ride the merry-go-round. Matt runs to the front of the line. His sister pulls him back and explains they have to stand in line. This is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
7)
nature versus nurture. socialization. personality. degradation.
In his studies of rhesus monkeys, Harry Harlow found that
A) B) C) D)
early childhood deprivation can always be reversed with intense resocialization. social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys. the monkeys' development offered no helpful comparison to human development. midlife deprivation was more serious than early childhood deprivation.
8) In the nature versus nurture debate, what contributions have comprehensive twin studies made?
A) Twin studies have shown that environmental factors are more important than heredity in human development. B) Twin studies have shown that heredity is more important than environment in human development. C) Twin studies have shown that it is the interaction between environment and heredity that is important in human development. D) Twin studies have shown that heredity is irrelevant in human development.
9)
The self is defined as
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A) a distinct identity that sets us apart from others. B) a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole. C) a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of the people who are most important in his or her life. D) a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.
10)
What is the looking-glass self?
A) the sum total of a person's conscious perception of his or her identity as distinct from others B) a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole C) a phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others D) a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior
11) In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others evaluate us, and finally, we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This approach to the development of self represents which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
12)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Charles Horton Cooley is responsible for developing the concept of
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A) B) C) D)
impression management. reverse socialization. the looking-glass self. the preparatory stage.
13) According to the concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to
A) B) C) D)
14)
an increase in self-esteem. the sensorimotor stage of development. destruction of the looking-glass self. a negative self-identity.
According to George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the preparatory stage occurs when
A) children imitate the people around them, particularly family members. B) children begin to pretend to be other people. C) children grasp not only their own social positions, but also those of others around them. D) children observe themselves through the looking-glass self.
15) Contestants on American Idol are allowed time to vent when they are eliminated from the competition. Goffman would call this process
A) B) C) D)
face-work. anticipatory socialization. a degradation ceremony. resocialization.
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16) The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint is known as
A) B) C) D)
role strain. resocialization. face-work. role taking.
17) The child of about 8 or 9 years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions, but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the
A) B) C) D)
preparatory stage. play stage. imitative stage. game stage.
18) During which of Mead's stages of the self does a child begin to "become" a doctor, a parent, a superhero, or a ship captain?
A) B) C) D)
the preparatory stage the game stage the play stage the sensorimotor stage
19) Debbie attends her first day of school, and when she returns home, she "plays school" with her younger brother. As part of this play activity, Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors performed by her teacher during the day. According to George Herbert Mead, Debbie is in which stage of development? Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
the preparatory stage the imitative stage the play stage the game stage
20) Your boss has just screamed at the staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively
A) B) C) D)
demonstrating role taking. playing the part of a significant other. playing the part of a generalized other. completing the preparatory stage of Mead's theory.
21) Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming another's perspective and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?
A) B) C) D)
Erving Goffman George Herbert Mead Alvin Gouldner William F. Ogburn
22) Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole?
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A) B) C) D)
generalized other significant other impression management symbolic other
23) According to George Herbert Mead, during which stage of development do children respond to numerous members of the social environment and grasp their own distinctive social position?
A) B) C) D)
24)
the preparatory stage the game stage the play stage the concrete operational stage
Becky has a toy vacuum. She often pushes it around the living room. Becky is in the
A) B) C) D)
preparatory stage. game stage. play stage. concrete operational stage.
25) Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allison's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of George Herbert Mead's three stages of development?
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A) B) C) D)
26)
the preparatory stage the imitative stage the play stage the game stage
Significant others is
A) Charles Horton Cooley's term for a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole. B) George Herbert Mead's term for altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. C) George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self. D) George Herbert Mead's term for the sum total of a person's conscious perception of his or her identity as distinct from others.
27)
Which of the following is the best example of a significant other?
A) B) C) D)
a casual acquaintance a clerk in a department store a parent someone you met at a party last night
28) Bob is on his first date with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, so she will want to go out with him again. This is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
face-work. impression management. idealization of the other. role taking.
29) Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach, impression management, and face-work?
A) B) C) D)
Charles Horton Cooley George Herbert Mead Erving Goffman Wilbert Moore
30) Early in life, people learn to slant their presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. This process is known as
A) B) C) D)
31)
impression management. reverse socialization. face-work. anticipatory socialization.
The dramaturgical approach is
A) a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers. B) a framework developed by George Herbert Mead. C) used to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interaction with others. D) the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
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32)
Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman's concept of face-work?
A) altering the presentation of self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences B) people's efforts to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public C) institutions that regulate all aspects of a person's life D) the variety of interactionism that utilizes theatrical concepts
33) A person leaves a singles' bar alone and later tells a friend, "There wasn't anyone interesting in the entire crowd." This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
reverse socialization. anticipatory socialization. impression management. face-work.
34) Which social scientist believed that people are in constant conflict between their natural impulsive instincts and societal constraints?
A) B) C) D)
Sigmund Freud Harry Harlow Charles Horton Cooley George Herbert Mead
35) A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of Jean Piaget's four stages of development?
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A) B) C) D)
concrete operational sensorimotor formal operational preoperational
36) Susie is beginning to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, Susie is in the
A) B) C) D)
sensorimotor stage. preoperational stage. concrete operational stage. formal operational stage.
37) Which of the following is the third stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
A) B) C) D)
38)
the preoperational stage the concrete operational stage the formal operational stage the sensorimotor stage
Most adolescents seek jobs in order to
A) B) C) D)
identify a career choice. make spending money. assist with their parents' household expenses. pay for education.
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39)
Gender roles are
A) expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. B) the genetically predetermined patterns of behavior assigned to males and females. C) universally consistent learned behaviors of males and females. D) the biological characteristics of males and females, such as genital organs, hormones, and body hair.
40) The Amish period of discovery in which young people attend barn dances and break social norms is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
rumspringa. enlightenment. worldly activities. adolescence.
41) Which conflict theorists have suggested that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful?
A) B) C) D)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis Friedrich Engels and Thomas Mann Daniel Albas and Cheryl Albas
42) The statement, "Black parents have learned that children as young as age 2 can absorb negative messages about Blacks in children's books, toys, and television shows" most likely supports the views of which sociological perspective? Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
43) Which sociological perspective emphasizes how schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
44) As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
45) Which of the following statements reflects a functionalist view of education as a socializing agent?
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A) Schools can reinforce the divisive aspects of society, especially those of social class. B) Schools are frequently used by those in power to maintain their power and to continue the subjugation of those with lower status. C) Schools are responsible for teaching the values and norms of the larger society. D) A teacher's style may often influence classroom interaction.
46) As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of
A) B) C) D)
the family. the state. religion. mass media.
47) When a deadly tsunami hit the coast of South Asia in 2004, many more men survived than women. This disparity was because of specifically defined in which sonswere taught to swim by their fathers in preparation for lives as fishermen, and daughterswere not. A) B) C) D)
face-work gender roles personalities social interactions
48) Which of the following statements regarding the use of media and technology as an agent of socialization is true?
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A) B) resources. C) D)
49)
Socialization tends not to occur online. Today, the question is no longer if young people are plugged in, but how they use the The age at which people go online has been increasing. A large percentage of teenagers are using the radio for socialization.
Though research on media use and children remains limited, experts contend that
A) digital media use should be encouraged for children between the ages of 18 and 24 months. B) only video-chatting with adult supervision should be used for children younger than 18 to 24 months. C) parents should allow children between the ages of 18 and 24 months to engage in solo media use. D) the quality of programming young children are exposed to has no effect on brain development.
50)
Prior to the 20th century, the protective function belonged to
A) B) C) D)
51) the
hospitals. the family. child care centers. mental health clinics.
Organized religion and government have impacted the life course by reinstituting some of once observed in agricultural communities and early industrial societies.
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A) B) C) D)
52)
Rites of passage are
A) B) C) D) females.
53)
beliefs folkways informal norms rites of passage
gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication. stressful periods of self-evaluation, often occurring between 35 and 50 years of age. rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another. expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and
Which of the following statements about rites of passage is true?
A) The quinceañera ceremony among Hispanic girls is considered a rite of passage. B) All segments of American society celebrate the arrival of adulthood with the same rite of passage. C) People in all societies experience adolescence between the ages of 15 and 17. D) Rites of passage are transitions that initiate someone into a new phase, while rites of departure are those that separate someone from an old phase.
54) A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of
A) B) C) D)
role taking. impression management. rites of passage. face-work.
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55)
Life course theorists suggest socialization
A) B) C) D)
56)
stops after a person experiences a rite of passage. continues through all stages of the life cycle. is attributable solely to biological influences. is attributable to both biological and physical influences.
Anticipatory socialization refers to
A) the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a culture. B) processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships. C) the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. D) the process whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.
57) A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer. She takes swimming lessons, joins her school's swimming team, reads magazine articles about champion swimmers, and goes to swimming meets at a nearby college. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
reverse socialization. resocialization. desocialization. anticipatory socialization.
58) Which of the following terms refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life? Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
59)
Which of the following is an example of a total institution?
A) B) C) D)
60)
role divestment resocialization desocialization anticipatory socialization
a high school a mental hospital a Girl Scout troop the New York Mets
In total institutions, people may be subjected to humiliating rituals known as
A) B) C) D)
degradation ceremonies. resocialization. anticipatory socialization. reverse socialization.
61) An inmate enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by number. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
anticipatory socialization. a rite of passage. a degradation ceremony. ascription.
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62) Starting around age 40, adults often experience a stressful period of self-evaluation, commonly known as
A) B) C) D)
resocialization. a degradation ceremony. a midlife crisis. anticipatory socialization.
63) Jane has two young, active children. She is also the primary caregiver for her aging father, who still lives alone but needs help around the house and assistance in getting to doctors' appointments. Which of the following best describes Jane's situation?
A) B) C) D)
Jane is a member of the sandwich generation. Jane is a member of Generation X. Jane is experiencing a rite of passage. Jane is experiencing a midlife crisis.
64) According to gerontologist Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, in what phase of the retirement experience do retirees learn to deal with life after retirement in a reasonable and comfortable fashion?
A) B) C) D)
65)
near phase stability phase reorientation phase honeymoon phase
In the near phase of Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, retirees
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A) B) C) D)
feel a sense of let-down as they deal with their new lives. can no longer engage in basic, day-to-day activities such as self-care and housework. develop a more realistic view of their retirement options. establish a specific departure date from their jobs.
66) Which of the following statements explains the recent increase in the labor force in the oldest segments of the population?
A) B) C) D)
Social Security benefits have increased in recent years. Life expectancy for older people has decreased in recent years. Older people are more concerned about maintaining their health insurance. Quality of life for older people has decreased in recent years.
67) Areas where older Americans congregate and that gradually become informal centers for senior citizens are known as
A) B) C) D)
retirement communities. naturally occurring retirement communities. nursing homes. assisted living communities.
68) Which of the following is responsible for propelling mothers of young children into the working world?
A) B) C) D)
the need for additional family income the decrease in single-parent families increased job opportunities for men the decrease in the gender pay gap
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69)
Which of the following statements is true regarding child care in the United States?
A) Children under the age of 5 are more likely to be cared for by their grandparents or other relatives. B) High-quality child care centers adversely affect the socialization of children. C) The majority of infants in the United States are cared for by their parents. D) The federal government does not support child care.
70) Discuss the nature versus nurture debate with respect to the socialization of one's social self or personality.
71) Describe George Herbert Mead's various stages of the self. Define the terms generalized otherand significant other.
72) Identify the various agents of socialization and discuss the importance of each in the formation of a social self.
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73) Describe how the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives interpret the role of socialization in creating a social self in society.
74)
Discuss the importance of peer groups in children's social development.
75)
Describe the ways in which media and technology impact youth in the United States.
76) Identify and describe a rite of passage in your culture. Why are rites of passage important?
77) Explain the differences and similarities among socialization, resocialization, and anticipatory socialization.
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78) Discuss the various stages of retirement. What factors can complicate the retirement process?
79)
Discuss child care in the United States from various sociological perspectives.
80) In the nature versus nurture debate, most social scientists maintain that nurture is considerably more important than nature. ⊚ ⊚
true false
81) Parents must concern themselves with an infant's physical needs in addition to social development. ⊚ ⊚
true false
82) Identical twins brought up in dramatically different social environments score differently from one another on intelligence tests. This finding supports the impact of socialization on human development. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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83) Studies of identical twins have proved conclusively that biological factors alone influence human development. ⊚ ⊚
84)
true false
Girls are socialized differently than boys in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
85) The members of your nuclear family, your athletic coach, a teacher in a large lecture hall, and your best friend are all significant others. ⊚ ⊚
true false
86) Individuals who learn to slant their presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences are participating in impression management. ⊚ ⊚
87)
Education, religion, and the government all impact an individual's socialization. ⊚ ⊚
88)
true false
true false
The family is the most important agent of socialization in the United States.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
89) Within peer groups, individuals tend to associate with others who are close in age and enjoy a similar social status. ⊚ ⊚
true false
90) Gender roles are the biologically determined patterns of behavior that are appropriate for males and females. ⊚ ⊚
91)
Socialization does not take place online. ⊚ ⊚
92)
true false
true false
Religion and the state are examples of agents of socialization. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) The methods of celebrating rites of passage can provide a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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94)
Individuality is often lost within total institutions. ⊚ ⊚
95)
true false
Socialization ends when you become an adult. ⊚ ⊚
true false
96) Retirement is not a single transition, but rather a series of adjustments that vary from one person to another. ⊚ ⊚
97)
true false
Preschoolers typically are not cared for by their parents. ⊚ ⊚
true false
98) Few people in the United States or elsewhere can afford the luxury of having a parent stay at home, or of paying for high-quality live-in child care. ⊚ ⊚
99)
true false
Finding affordable child care is not a problem in the United States.
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⊚ ⊚
100)
true false
Nearly all child care workers are women. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 4 1) C 2) C 3) A 4) D 5) A 6) B 7) B 8) C 9) A 10) C 11) C 12) C 13) D 14) A 15) A 16) D 17) D 18) C 19) C 20) A 21) B 22) A 23) B 24) A 25) D 26) C Version 1
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27) C 28) B 29) C 30) A 31) A 32) B 33) D 34) A 35) B 36) B 37) B 38) B 39) A 40) A 41) B 42) B 43) B 44) A 45) C 46) A 47) B 48) B 49) B 50) B 51) D 52) C 53) A 54) C 55) B 56) B Version 1
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57) D 58) B 59) B 60) A 61) C 62) C 63) A 64) B 65) D 66) C 67) B 68) A 69) A 80) FALSE 81) TRUE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) FALSE 86) TRUE 87) TRUE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) TRUE Version 1
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97) TRUE 98) TRUE 99) FALSE 100) TRUE Chapter 5: Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure 1) Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards
A) indicated that it is impossible to replicate a "real life" situation in a laboratory. B) demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur. C) indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics. D) demonstrated that a social structure cannot influence the type of social interactions that occur.
2)
Social interaction is
A) the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective participation in social groups. B) the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships. C) the ways in which people respond to one another. D) a series of relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
3)
According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that
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A) B) C) D)
4)
the reality of humans is shaped only by our perceptions. humans respond to behavior in a negative fashion. humans interpret or define each other's actions, instead of merely reacting to them. humans will only react to each other's actions.
Which of the following is true regarding marriage in Japan?
A) B) C) D)
Most husbands do not call their wife by name. Husbands say "I love you" more often than those of other nationalities. Most married Japanese couples do not actually love one another. Marriage is considered more a relationship than a social status.
5) William I. Thomas wrote from which perspective when observing that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation, but also to the meaning that person or situation has for them?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
6) Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?
A) B) C) D)
socialization social structure social interaction culture
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7) Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status?
A) B) C) D)
8)
social role structural role achieved role ascribed role
Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?
A) The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner. B) Social roles are always performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed, but not achieved, statuses. C) Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual. D) Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.
9) Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society's stability by enabling members to anticipate the behavior of others and to pattern their own actions accordingly?
A) B) C) D)
10)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
A social network is
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A) a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people define and redefine its character. B) an attempt to reach agreement with others concerning some objective. C) a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people. D) the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
11) Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs?
A) B) C) D)
12)
social networks social institutions functional prerequisites communities
Which of the following is/are an example of a social institution?
A) B) C) D)
the U.S. government a group of passengers on a city bus the members of a stamp-collecting society a children's playgroup
13) Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society?
A) B) C) D)
status culture social structure Gemeinschaft
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14) Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find jobs as a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples of
A) B) C) D)
statuses. social roles. groups. social networks.
15) Ray is an African American male who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status?
A) B) C) D)
16)
social worker male African American college student
An ascribed status is a social position
A) attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. B) "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. C) that is earned. D) that is reached as a result of negotiation.
17)
Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's
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A) B) C) D)
18)
race, gender, and age. age, educational achievements, and gender. employment status, age, and race. gender, race, and social class.
Which of the following is considered an achieved status?
A) B) C) D)
race gender occupation age
19) Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses because they often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
20) You walk into your women's studies class, and you look at the person sitting to your left. He is the only male in the class; he is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a bag with a tennis racquet. Which of these characteristics is most likely to determine his master status in the context of this class?
A) B) C) D)
age marital status gender interest in tennis
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21)
Which of the following statements about ascribed statuses is correct?
A) They are easy to change when an individual becomes older. B) They have the same social meaning in every society. C) They are based on an individual's skills. D) Although they are generally biological in origin, they are significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to them within a given culture.
22)
An achieved status is a social position
A) attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. B) "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. C) that is assigned to an individual at birth. D) that is given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.
23) Penelope is a 20-year-old Hispanic female. She is currently enrolled at her local community college. The achieved status in this scenario is
A) B) C) D)
24)
Penelope's education. Penelope's gender. Penelope's age. Penelope's race/ethnicity.
A master status is a
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A) category used by sociologists for any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. B) social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. C) status that dominates other statuses and thereby determines a person's general position within society. D) series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
25) When Malcolm X's eighth grade teacher ignored Malcolm's academic and social successes and dismissed his desired career goal of lawyer and instead suggested he become a carpenter, the teacher was viewing Malcolm's race as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
achieved status. master status. ascribed status. assigned status.
26) Which term refers to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social positions?
A) B) C) D)
role strain role conflict role ambiguity role exit
27) Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might create
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A) B) C) D)
role strain. role conflict. role exit. status displacement.
28) The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as
A) B) C) D)
29)
Transitioning from high school to college is an example of
A) B) C) D)
30)
role conflict. role strain. role exit. resocialization.
role conflict. role exit. role acceptance. role strain.
Role exit is defined as
A) the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity. B) a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person. C) a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position occupied by an individual. D) a set of expectations of people who occupy a given social position.
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31) In Ebaugh's four stages of the process of role exit, which of the following is a core element of the first stage?
A) B) C) D)
searching for alternatives identity creation doubt action
32) A(n) is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact.
A) B) C) D)
33)
group negotiation team organic solidarity aggregate
A primary group is a small group that is
A) B) C) D)
characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behavior. characterized by impersonality and no face-to-face associations.
34) Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of roles and statuses?
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A) B) C) D)
35)
Which of the following is likely to be a primary group?
A) B) C) D)
36)
secondary groups primary groups aggregates formal organizations
all the players in the National Hockey League the American Civil Liberties Union the members of a neighborhood softball team all American citizens
Which type of group is most important for socialization?
A) B) C) D)
primary groups coalitions out-groups secondary groups
37) Which term refers to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding?
A) B) C) D)
primary group secondary group tertiary group reference group
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38)
Which of the following are most likely to be a secondary group?
A) B) C) D)
39)
Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary group?
A) B) C) D)
40)
They are generally small. Relationships are generally superficial. The dynamic is cooperative and friendly. The interaction is intimate and usually a face-to-face association.
Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n)
A) B) C) D)
41)
the members of a small weekly seminar in cultural diversity the members of a small commune in Idaho the members of the United Nations' General Assembly the members of a family
dyad. triad. in-group. out-group.
A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a(n)
A) B) C) D)
social network. primary group. reference group. out-group.
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42) Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the outgroup. Sociologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of "in-group virtues" into
A) B) C) D)
"in-group vices." "out-group virtues." "out-group vices." goal "displacement."
43) The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would probably be stressed by which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
44) A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class, she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered
A) B) C) D)
a reference group. a secondary group. a focus group. a status group.
45) Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief? Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
46) Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
A) B) C) D)
primary group secondary group tertiary group reference group
47) A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration. For this student, these detectives could be considered
A) B) C) D)
48)
an out-group. a focus group. a triad. a reference group.
A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
an out-group. a focus group. a coalition. a reference group.
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49)
Which of the following statements pertaining to coalitions is true?
A) B) C) D)
Coalitions can be broad-based. Coalitions can usually only take on one objective. Coalitions are formed with groups that are small. Coalitions can only be narrow.
50) Sociological research that maps sexual relationships amongst high school students is an example of research on
A) B) C) D)
ascribed statuses. role exit. social networks. social institutions.
51) A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of
A) B) C) D)
52)
role connection. impression management. status assistance. social networking.
Which of the following networks are more likely to become elitist or exclusionary?
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A) B) C) D)
53)
in-groups out-groups reference groups coalitions
According to the text, networking online has some drawbacks, such as
A) B) C) D)
its face-to-face encounters. its distortion of social reality. its emphasis on letter writing. its reliance on technology.
54) Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must accomplish certain major tasks if it is to survive?
A) B) C) D)
55)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Functional prerequisites are
A) tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive. B) organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. C) social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people. D) attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
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56)
Which of the following reflects the functionalist perspective regarding social institutions?
A) B) C) D)
Finding or producing new members is not sufficient. Groups should not replace personnel when they die. Patriotism does not generally help people develop and maintain a sense of purpose. Failure to preserve order is not dangerous.
57) The patriotic behavior of U.S. citizens on January 20, 2009, in coming to witness the inauguration of President Barack Obama represents what kind of functional prerequisite?
A) B) C) D)
58)
The conflict perspective argues that social institutions
A) B) C) D)
59)
teaching new recruits preserving order replacing personnel providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society. preserve order and equality. train personnel equitably. provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.
The role of a social institution from a functionalist perspective is to
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A) B) C) D)
meet basic social needs. foster everyday behavior. preserve autonomy. influence the masses.
60) Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that our social behavior is conditioned by the roles and statuses we accept, the groups to which we belong, and the institutions within which we function?
A) B) C) D)
conflict interactionist global functionalist
61) Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff members in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities affects their social behavior?
A) B) C) D)
62)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Groups designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency are called
A) B) C) D)
informal organizations. formal organizations. coalitions. primary groups.
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63)
Which of the following is an example of a formal organization?
A) B) C) D)
64)
a community college basketball team the people in a New York City subway car the General Motors Corporation the local kids' swim team
A bureaucracy is a(n)
A) two-member group. B) small group in which there is little intimacy or mutual understanding and in which relationships are impersonal. C) organization established on the basis of common interest whose members volunteer or even pay to participate. D) component of a formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.
65) A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called a(n)
A) B) C) D)
coalition. ideal type. metaphor. questionnaire.
66) By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of
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A) B) C) D)
employment based on technical qualifications. hierarchy of authority. division of labor. written rules and regulations.
67) In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels charged that the capitalist system reduces workers to a mere "appendage of the machine," which leads to extreme
A) B) C) D)
motion sickness. alienation. anomie. goal displacement.
68) Which of the following do Marx and conflict theorists believe is weakened by restricting workers to very small tasks?
A) B) C) D)
job security family values economic positions hierarchy of control
69) The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems is known as
A) B) C) D)
goal displacement. oligarchy. manifest destiny. trained incapacity.
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70) The failure of various government intelligence-gathering organizations to detect the terrorist planned attacks of September 11, 2001, illustrates which poorly functioning aspect of government bureaucracy?
A) B) C) D)
division of labor hierarchy of authority impersonality employment based on technical qualifications
71) A college is run by a board of trustees, which hires a president, who in turn selects vice presidents, deans, and other administrators. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of
A) B) C) D)
72)
written rules and regulations. division of labor. impersonality. hierarchy of authority.
Goal displacement is
A) the tendency for workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. B) a principle of organizational life according to which each individual within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. C) overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy. D) the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
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73) A domestic abuse counselor fails to listen to an injured woman because the woman has no valid proof of U.S. citizenship. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
74)
goal displacement. goal multiplication. trained incapacity. hierarchy of authority.
Which of these comments about a bureaucracy is correct?
A) The division of labor does not really produce any positive consequences. B) The hierarchy of authority has the negative consequence for the individual of depriving employees a voice in decision making. C) An organization's written rules and regulations have the positive consequence of leading to goal displacement. D) Hiring is based on technical qualifications rather than on favoritism.
75) The untested hypothesis that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
76)
goal displacement. the Peter principle. trained incapacity. bureaucracy.
Bureaucratization is
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A) an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability. B) organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. C) the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic. D) the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its traditional goals have been either realized or denied.
77)
The "iron law of oligarchy" is a principle
A) of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals. B) by which organizations are established on the basis of common interests. C) of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. D) by which organizations are created to maximize efficiency and effectiveness.
78)
Oligarchies emerge because
A) people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal. B) the most capable people always rise to the top of a bureaucracy, and they are respected by their followers, who permit them to rule unhindered. C) the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby reinforce the process of rule by a few. D) people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal; and the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby reinforce the process of rule by a few.
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79) Activists in a large city join forces to create a new organization with the goal of preserving landmark buildings that have historical importance. At first, the organization functions democratically, but over time it is taken over by three people. These leaders establish a bureaucratic structure that helps them to maintain control of the organization. These developments can be best explained by
A) B) C) D)
Parkinson's law. the Peter principle. the iron law of oligarchy. the scientific management approach.
80) According to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost entirely by
A) B) C) D)
81)
economic rewards. fear of their superiors. norms of conformity to the group. the need for job satisfaction.
Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on
A) the dangers of collective bargaining. B) the role of people, communication, and participation among the company executives. C) the conflict perspective's critique of capitalism. D) workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.
82) The process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide is called
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A) B) C) D)
globalization. corporatization. privatization. McDonaldization.
83) Groups consisting of organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer are called
A) B) C) D)
84)
political parties. labor unions. reference groups. coalitions.
Émile Durkheim argued that social structure depends on which of the following?
A) B) C) D)
leadership laws division of labor hierarchy
85) Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more
A) B) C) D)
mechanical. organic. preservationist. institutionalized.
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86) Ferdinand Tönnies used the term to refer to communities that are large, impersonal, and often urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.
A) B) C) D)
87)
Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft mechanical solidarity organic solidarity
Ferdinand Tönnies would view a hunting-and-gathering society as an example of a
A) B) C) D)
Gemeinschaft. Gesellschaft. coalition. bureaucracy.
88) In a small town in the Midwest, all the children attend the same school and most of the community members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else, and they have shared numerous experiences with one another. This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies as
A) B) C) D)
Gesellschaft. organic solidarity. mechanical solidarity. Gemeinschaft.
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89) Today, Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger bagged his groceries. Then he went to a fast-food restaurant and purchased a hamburger from another stranger, and on his way home he stopped at an intersection, in response to the raised hand of an unknown police officer. These experiences are all characteristic of
A) B) C) D)
90)
In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of
A) B) C) D)
91)
Gesellschaft relationships. organic solidarity. mechanical solidarity. Gemeinschaft relationships.
farming. education. technology. banking.
Which of the following describes a characteristic of Gemeinschaft?
A) B) C) D)
Social interactions are impersonal and task-specific. People maintain a spirit of cooperation and unity of will. Self-interest dominates. People are more tolerant of deviance.
92) Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection?
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A) B) C) D)
postmodernism negotiated order industrialization sociocultural evolution
93) A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n)
A) B) C) D)
agrarian society. hunting-and-gathering society. horticultural society. slash-and-burn farming society.
94) The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food and tending small gardens. Their primary tool is a stone axe, which they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
agrarian society. horticultural society. hunting-and-gathering society. postmodern society.
95) In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, members are engaged primarily in food production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow. This type of society is called a(n)
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A) B) C) D)
96)
A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n)
A) B) C) D)
97)
hunting-and-gathering society. agrarian society. horticultural society. postmodern society.
industrial society. postindustrial society. postmodern society. preindustrial society.
Which of the following was characteristic of the emergence of postmodern societies?
A) Workplaces moved from the family cottage to centralized locations. B) Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent. C) Formal educational institutions developed. D) Consumer goods and media images were consumed on a mass scale.
98) A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(n)
A) B) C) D)
industrial society. postmodern society. postindustrial society. agrarian society.
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99) A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(n)
A) B) C) D)
preindustrial society. postindustrial society. industrial society. postmodern society.
100) Daniel Bell views postindustrial societies as consensual, because he believes that postindustrial societies are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment working for the common good. Bell's view represents which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
101) The practice of buying more than we need or want, often more than we can afford, is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
capitalism. McDonaldization. hyperconsumerism. consumerism.
102) A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(n)
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A) B) C) D)
preindustrial society. industrial society. postindustrial society. postmodern society.
103) In the United States, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese foods, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
preindustrial society. industrial society. postindustrial society. postmodern society.
104) According to sociologist Herbert Blumer (1969), there is one distinctive characteristic of social interaction among people. Identify and discuss this characteristic. Provide an example from your own experience that illustrates this distinctive characteristic.
105)
Identify and discuss the elements of social structure.
106) Explain the difference between ascribed and achieved statuses, and give examples to support your answer.
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107)
Explain the difference between role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
108) Compare and contrast the different types of groups. Can you offer some examples (either personal or anecdotal) to demonstrate your understanding of the different types?
109)
Explain the ways in which a social network can either help or hinder a person.
110) Define and discuss social institutions. Why are the mass media considered a social institution?
111) Discuss how the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism view the role of social institutions in society. Version 1
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112) Discuss Max Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy. Is it possible to have a perfect bureaucracy? Why or why not?
113)
Describe some of the potential negative consequences of the process of bureaucratization.
114) Define and discuss labor unions. What are some of the factors are contributing to the decline in union membership?
115) Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski's stages of sociocultural evolution, and explain how his view differs from those of Émile Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity and Ferdinand Tönnies's Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
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116) Define and discuss sociocultural evolution. How does this pattern help explain the changes in human societies?
117)
Reality is shaped by our definitions—but not our perceptions and evaluations. ⊚ ⊚
118)
true false
Social reality is literally constructed from our social interactions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
119) With the coronavirus pandemic, social reality was significantly impacted by the wearing of face coverings, but that impact was not equally felt. Recent research indicates that Black men using masks in public, even when expected, were frequently viewed suspiciously and even denied entry to stores that recommended face coverings. ⊚ ⊚
120)
Ascribed, achieved, and master are all examples of social statuses. ⊚ ⊚
121)
true false
true false
Positive age-seniority language distinctions are uncommon in the United States.
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⊚ ⊚
122)
Gender is an ascribed status. ⊚ ⊚
123)
true false
Twitter has functioned as an important social networking tool. ⊚ ⊚
124)
true false
true false
The mass media are an example of a social institution. ⊚ ⊚
true false
125) A condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society is referred to as alienation. ⊚ ⊚
126)
true false
Bureaucratization only takes place within large-group settings. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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127) Coalitions consist of organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer. ⊚ ⊚
true false
128) Sociologists have linked the recent decline in private-sector union membership to a widening gap between hourly workers' wages and managerial and executive compensation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
129) Émile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is characteristic of the interdependence of people in a complex society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
130) The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental perspective and envisions different types of social structures coexisting within the same society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 5 1) B 2) C 3) C 4) A 5) C 6) B 7) A 8) C 9) A 10) C 11) B 12) A 13) A 14) A 15) D 16) B 17) A 18) C 19) B 20) C 21) D 22) A 23) A 24) C 25) B 26) B Version 1
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27) B 28) B 29) B 30) A 31) C 32) A 33) B 34) B 35) C 36) A 37) B 38) C 39) B 40) C 41) D 42) C 43) B 44) A 45) A 46) D 47) D 48) C 49) A 50) C 51) D 52) A 53) B 54) A 55) A 56) A Version 1
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57) D 58) A 59) A 60) B 61) C 62) B 63) C 64) D 65) B 66) C 67) B 68) A 69) D 70) A 71) D 72) C 73) A 74) D 75) B 76) C 77) A 78) D 79) C 80) A 81) D 82) D 83) B 84) C 85) B 86) B Version 1
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87) A 88) D 89) A 90) C 91) B 92) D 93) B 94) B 95) B 96) A 97) D 98) C 99) B 100) A 101) C 102) D 103) D 117) FALSE 118) TRUE 119) TRUE 120) TRUE 121) TRUE 122) TRUE 123) TRUE 124) TRUE 125) TRUE 126) FALSE 127) FALSE 128) TRUE 129) FALSE Version 1
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130) FALSE Chapter 6: Mass Media and Social Media 1) Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences?
A) B) C) D)
2)
Magazines would be considered
A) B) C) D)
3)
transmitters opinion leaders mass media narcotizers
transmitters. opinion leaders. mass media. narcotizers.
Which of the following is true of mass media in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
New technologies have changed people's viewing and listening habits. People do not spend a lot of time with the new forms of media. Media consumers continue to prefer television, as opposed to portable devices. New forms of media only provide information on celebrities.
4) Which sociological perspective would likely contend that the role of the mass media is to provide socialization and entertainment, enforce social norms, confer status and promote consumption?
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A) B) C) D)
5)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Sociologist Robert Park studied
A) the history of radio broadcasting. B) how newspapers helped immigrants to the United States adjust to their environments and taught them the customs and opinions of people in their new home country. C) the role the Internet played in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, tragedy. D) rock music as a social problem.
6) Which of the following would the functionalist perspective most likely view as creating the greatest collective experience?
A) B) C) D)
a college student studying quietly in the library a person exercising in a public park the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 police arresting a shoplifter
7) The emergence of online communities developing around common interests or shared identities is being considered a new sort of
A) B) C) D)
interactive niche. tribalism. online nest. identity cell.
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8) Which of the following is considered one way the media reaffirm proper behavior in society?
A) B) C) D)
newscasters discussing narcotic desensitizing a daytime talk show discussion on homosexuality movie and TV scenes showing criminals getting caught by authorities movie and TV scenes depicting the rape of women
9) Which of the following would have the greatest impact in terms of reaffirming social norms of proper behavior?
A) B) C) D)
watching a televised funeral procession watching and listening to a Celine Dion video watching and listening to a televised cable newscast watching a televised execution of a mass murderer
10) Which sociological perspective would most likely focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
11) People, organizations, and public issues featured regularly on various news sites is a method used to
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A) B) C) D)
confer status. celebrate events. provide fortune. promote objectivity in reporting.
12) The function of media advertising is to support the economy, provide information about products, and underwrite media costs associated with
A) B) C) D)
conferment of status. promotion of consumption. enforcement of social norms. surveillance of the social environment.
13) The widespread dissemination of compromising images meant to be shared only among close friends is one aspect of the social phenomenon called
A) B) C) D)
14)
cyberbullying. blackmail. bribery. cyberstalking.
Media advertising contributes to a
A) B) C) D)
consumer culture. counterculture. nonmaterial culture. hierarchical culture.
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15) Which of the following terms refers to the phenomenon in which a massive amount of coverage results in the audience becoming numb and failing to act on the information regardless of how compelling the issue?
A) B) C) D)
16)
narcotizing dysfunction surveillance function gatekeeping hyperconsumerism
Which of the following have sociologists suggested is a dysfunction of the mass media?
A) B) C) D)
conferring status having a narcotizing effect integration of a common view providing a collective experience
17) People ignoring credible warnings about terrorist attacks due to the massive amount of coverage in the aftermath of September 11, 2001, is an example of
A) B) C) D)
gatekeeping. the surveillance function. a narcotizing dysfunction. the dominant ideology.
18) If people failed to contribute money because a massive amount of media coverage made them less sensitive to the needs of victims of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, this would be an example of
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A) B) C) D)
selfishness. the narcotizing effect. globalization. socialization.
19) Which sociologist(s) first identified the effects of viewer fatigue and created the term narcotizing dysfunction?
A) B) C) D)
20)
Robert Park Deena Weinstein Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton David Demers
Which of the following statements is true?
A) The narcotizing dysfunction of the media was identified in the 1980s after a deluge of cable news programming. B) Massive amounts of information tend to excite audiences. C) The numbing effect of the narcotizing dysfunction may prevent people from taking action in response to compelling issues. D) The term narcotizing dysfunction was created by feminist scholars.
21) Which sociological perspective(s) would most likely emphasize that the mass media exacerbate many divisions in our society, including those based on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict and feminist perspectives interactionist perspective global and interactionist perspectives
22) The process by which a relatively small number of people control what eventually reaches the audience is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
the dominant ideology. gatekeeping. the surveillance function. the narcotizing dysfunction.
23) A major network news agency that discourages reporting of issues concerning homosexuality is most likely practicing
A) B) C) D)
a dominant ideology. a narcotizing dysfunction. a surveillance function. gatekeeping.
24) George is the executive producer of a small recording company with an established label. He rejects a popular local band because it competes with a group already on their label. He functions as a
A) B) C) D)
gatekeeper. censor. comptroller. watchdog.
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25)
Which medium experiences the LEAST amount of gatekeeping?
A) B) C) D)
television radio the Internet publishing
26) Which sociological perspective would most likely focus on gatekeeping as a process that reflects a desire to maximize profits by those with power and authority?
A) B) C) D)
27)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
The term media monitoring is used most often to refer to
A) B) C) D)
parents checking what their child watches. the government censoring media. interest groups' monitoring of content. studios following what is a "hit."
28) The U.S. government was heavily criticized for which of the following media monitoring behaviors after the September 11, 2001, attacks?
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A) B) C) D)
29)
censoring college newspaper Internet content editing Clear Channel Radio news program broadcasts censoring ABC Nightly News reports authorizing wiretaps of U.S. citizens' telephone conversations
Eli Pariser wrote The Filter Bubble, which discusses the
A) B) C) D)
competition between search engines. monopoly created by Google. way in which search engines filter our searches to what we are already familiar with. access or lack of access created by the digital divide in the United States.
30) Globally, low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries have far less access than others to the latest technologies. This gap is referred to as the
A) B) C) D)
digital enclosure. digital world. digital dam. digital divide.
31) What term refers to the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests?
A) B) C) D)
gatekeeping surveillance function narcotizing dysfunction dominant ideology
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32) The inclusion of local news on 24-hour cable news channels initially contributed to the growth of
A) B) C) D)
around-the-clock media. community-centered media. local-centric media. hyper-local media.
33) Which sociological perspective would most likely support the idea that a dominant ideology is created through the use of media images that construct a reality protecting the interests of the powerful?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
34) In the summer of 2020 many Americans discovered the importance of hyper-local media outlets like patch.com for
A) B) C) D)
information about where they could get curbside food pick-up during the quarantine. information related to refugee migration patterns. information about global organizations helping hospitals in Europe. information about global fashion trends.
35) Realistic portrayals of minorities, working-class people, gays and lesbians, people with disabilities, overweight people, and older people tend to be ignored by mass media decisionmakers, primarily because
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A) B) C) D)
viewers only enjoy fantasizing about being rich and powerful. most media decisions are driven by Nielsen ratings. most media decision-makers are overwhelmingly by white, male, and wealthy. minorities and working-class people feel ashamed of their social position.
36) The creation of unreliable generalizations that distort the reality of persons, groups, and cultures is called
A) B) C) D)
posture enabling. the surveillance function. the narcotizing dysfunction. stereotyping.
37) Which sociological perspective is most likely to be concerned with the distortion of gender roles and stereotyping on television, often rooted in the media's willingness to promote more traditional views?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
38) Which of the following statements about the media's portrayal of gender roles would the feminist perspective most likely endorse?
A) B) C) D)
Women are overrepresented in most television roles. Women are often portrayed as being in need of rescue by males. Men are often portrayed as compliant, working-class persons. Women are portrayed as overweight and dull in most television roles.
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39) Which sociological perspective is more likely to study the media's influence on society from the micro level to determine how social behavior is shaped?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
40) Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with manipulation of "photo ops" to create an image of self-serving reality?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
41) Fans of the TV show Star Trek meet in costume at a convention celebrating the anniversary of the show's conception. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus attention on this event?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
42) According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the collective benefit of social networks, which are built on reciprocal trust, is called
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A) B) C) D)
constant connectivity. group cohesion. social capital. communal stake.
43) The personalized approach to news information gathering, where people avoid sounds, images, and ideas they do not enjoy or approve of, has beenreferred to by Cass Sunstein (2002) as
A) B) C) D)
cultural lag. global torrent. egocasting. the global village.
44) According to the text, cell phones have played an essential role in aiding in the global refugee crisis by providing
A) B) C) D)
monetary transactions in real time. translation services in real time. migration statistics in real time. geotagging in real time.
45) Conflict theorists typically emphasizethe way powerful groups transmit society’s dominant ideology through the media and the technological gap between the haves and havenots, which is called
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A) B) C) D)
the conferral of status. the promotion of consumption. the digital divide. the enforcement of social norms.
46) Even if the audience for a certain form of mass media is spread out over a wide geographic area and the members do not know one another, they will be somewhat distinctive in terms of
A) B) C) D)
general interest. age, gender, income, political party, formal schooling, race, and ethnicity. the size of the grouping. height and weight.
47) A person who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication is referred to as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
48)
gatekeeper. opinion leader. specialist. concentrator.
Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld
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A) pioneered the study of opinion leaders in his research on voting behavior in the 1940s. B) described the depiction of women as reflecting "innumerable small murders of mind and spirit (that) take place daily." C) researched rock music and found no sociologically credible evidence that rock caused sexual promiscuity, rape, drug abuse, Satanism, or suicide. D) studied how newspapers helped immigrants to the United States adjust to their environments and taught them the customs and opinions of their new country.
49) In an effort to better understand and combat a malaria outbreak in Kenya, public health researchers were able to map the spread of the disease by monitoring the content of
A) B) C) D)
television reports. text messages. emails. health surveys.
50) Who predicted nearly 60 years ago that the rise of electronic media would create a "global village," thereby reducing the barriers created by physical distance?
A) B) C) D)
Erving Goffman Vivian Gornick Darnell Hunt Marshall McLuhan
51) Which metaphor for the media's reach does sociologist Todd Gitlin consider more apt than "global village"?
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A) B) C) D)
52)
global torrent global wave global city global metropolis
The complex issues of censorship can be considered an illustration of
A) B) C) D)
social capital. material culture. culture lag. nonmaterial culture.
53) Which of the sociological perspectives would more than likely take a positive view of the Internet, pointing to its manifest ability to facilitate communication?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective global perspective interactionist perspective conflict perspective
54) Which of the sociological perspectives would express concern about those with power, whether media companies or governments, exercising control over what people can see and read?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective global perspective interactionist perspective conflict perspective
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55) Which of the sociological perspectives would see the debate over media content as an extension of everyday life?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective global perspective interactionist perspective conflict perspective
56) Discuss the role of the mass media from the functionalist perspective and give examples to illustrate the impact of mass media on social life.
57) Discuss how the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan may have had a narcotizing effect for some viewers, and provide illustrations to support your answer.
58) Discuss the role of the mass media from the conflict perspective. Define the term gatekeeping and give examples to illustrate its effects on society.
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59) Discuss how the interactionist view is useful in analyzing the role of the audience when trying to understand the impact of the media on social life.
60) Discuss the similarities between the conflict perspective and feminist perspective regarding the significance of the media in shaping social attitudes.
61) Discuss the concept of segmented audience. What drives this type of specialized audience? Can you offer some particular examples that demonstrate the positive and negative effects of this phenomenon?
62) Why does the lack of Internet connectivity impact developing nations in such a negative way?
63) Discuss censorship. Do you believe that the Internet should be a free and open exchange of ideas and information? Why or why not?
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64) Discuss why decisions made in the media are often vulnerable to stereotyping, offering some examples. What particular sociological perspective(s) would consider this problem created by the media itself?
65) The media often reaffirm proper behavior by showing what happens to people who violate social expectations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
66) The narcotizing dysfunction can desensitize an audience to suffering and can influence the degree to which that audience might conclude that a solution to a crisis has already been found. ⊚ ⊚
true false
67) A producer who declines the idea to add a gay character to a storyline because she feels it would "upset certain audience members" is performing a gatekeeping role. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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68) Functionalists believe the media reflect and even exacerbate many of the divisions in our society and world, including those based on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class. ⊚ ⊚
true false
69) For developing nations, the consequences of the global disconnect are far more serious than an inability to surf the Internet. ⊚ ⊚
70)
true false
Female and male athletes are treated equally by the media. ⊚ ⊚
true false
71) Among the major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism, and the feminist perspective, conflict theorists would be most likely to suggest that the mass media serve a useful function in society by bringing members together in a collective experience. ⊚ ⊚
true false
72) Feminists typically share the view of conflict theorists that the mass media stereotype and misrepresent social reality. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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73) The media audience is always a secondary group of observers who are spread over a wide geographic area and can most accurately be analyzed from the functionalist perspective. ⊚ ⊚
74)
true false
Not all countries are equally connected across the globe. ⊚ ⊚
true false
75) The postmodernist media have created a global village where physical distance is no longer a barrier. ⊚ ⊚
true false
76) The increase in the use of mass media, specifically electronic media, has allowed for abuses of personal privacy. ⊚ ⊚
true false
77) Issues of censorship in the United States lead immediately to the First Amendment of the Constitution. ⊚ ⊚
78)
true false
In general, support for censorship in the United States is very strong.
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⊚ ⊚
79)
true false
On the Internet, it is often users, rather than content providers, that must censor content. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 6 1) C 2) C 3) A 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) C 9) D 10) A 11) A 12) B 13) A 14) A 15) A 16) B 17) C 18) B 19) C 20) C 21) B 22) B 23) D 24) A 25) C 26) B Version 1
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27) C 28) D 29) C 30) D 31) D 32) D 33) B 34) A 35) C 36) D 37) D 38) B 39) C 40) C 41) C 42) C 43) C 44) C 45) C 46) B 47) B 48) A 49) B 50) D 51) A 52) C 53) A 54) D 55) C 65) TRUE Version 1
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66) TRUE 67) TRUE 68) FALSE 69) TRUE 70) FALSE 71) FALSE 72) TRUE 73) FALSE 74) TRUE 75) TRUE 76) TRUE 77) TRUE 78) FALSE 79) TRUE Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control 1)
Deviance is behavior that
A) B) C) D)
always violates the laws of a society. is always illegal. violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. is always anomic.
2) Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known?
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A) B) C) D)
3)
Which of the following would be categorized as deviant in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
4)
individuals who are against democratic values individuals who dislike school individuals with mental illness individuals with type A personalities
Being late for a class can be categorized as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
5)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
deviant act. accident. crime. infraction.
Which of the following is true of deviance?
A) B) C) deviant. D)
Deviance is objective and set in stone. Deviance is subject to social definition within a particular society and time. Individuals with the lowest status in society define what is acceptable and what is
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6)
A label used to devalue members of certain social groups is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
7)
The term social control refers to
A) B) C) D)
8)
deviance. obedience. sanction. stigma.
justifications for deviant behavior. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. behavior that violates the norms of a group.
Sanctions are defined as
A) penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. B) justifications for deviant behavior. C) rules made by a government. D) a loss of direction when the social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
9) Which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
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10) Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers, with peers defined as individuals of a person's own status who have no special right to direct that person's behavior?
A) B) C) D)
11)
labeling conformity deviance obedience
Obedience refers to
A) going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct one's behavior. B) compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. C) penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. D) going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct one's behavior, as well as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
12)
According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will
A) conform to the attitudes and behaviors of their peers even if such attitudes and behaviors are racist. B) obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behavior may harm another individual. C) disobey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, in most instances, if the behavior may harm another individual. D) not conform to the attitudes and behavior of their peers if racism is expected.
13)
What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?
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A) B) C) D)
to better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II to better understand the deterrence power of the death penalty to better understand the fear of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials to better understand optimal ways to raise children
14) Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
15)
norm. folkway. formal sanction. informal sanction.
An individual being imprisoned for murder is an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
formal sanction. value. informal sanction. norm.
16) Clyde is charged with criminal mischief and imprisoned for "tagging" or vandalizing a highway overpass. The punishment is an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
formal sanction. value. informal sanction. norm.
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17) Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as
A) B) C) D)
neutralization. conformity. informal social control. formal social control.
18) Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers—is called
A) B) C) D)
neutralization. conformity. informal social control. formal social control.
19) A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee's action is an example of
A) B) C) D)
formal social control. informal social control. neutralization. enforcement of regulatory law.
20) Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?
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A) B) C) D)
21)
anomie theory of deviance labeling theory control theory theory of differential association
Control theory states that we
A) are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behavior, we use them as role models and act in the same manner. B) are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society. C) are "convinced" to act in a law-abiding manner because of the "control" that law enforcement agencies have over our lives. D) act in a conforming manner because of a fear of individuality.
22)
Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists?
A) B) C) D)
environmental influences genetic roots social structure Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
23) The contemporary study of possible genetic roots of criminality is but one aspect of the larger debate over
A) B) C) D)
biostatistics. sociobiology. impression management. conformity.
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24) "Deviance helps to define the limits of proper behavior." This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
25)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
In Émile Durkheim's view,
A) the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability. B) labeling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person's becoming deviant. C) people accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill their aspirations. D) the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior, and people accept or reject the goals of a society.
26) What is Durkheim's term for a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?
A) B) C) D)
27)
anomie neutralization cultural transmission disobedience
In which of the following would anomie be felt to its greatest degree?
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A) A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s. B) An individual takes a shortcut to school and gets lost. C) A woman wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several charities that are important to her. D) A teen leaves her job at the end of summer when school resumes.
28)
In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton creates
A) five distinct types of deviance. B) a typology to explain the basic kinds of adaptations people make to culture. C) the idea that people will always follow one of six modes of adaptation and maintain that mode for an extended period of time. D) the suggestion that conformists tend to ignore societal goals.
29) In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as
A) B) C) D)
ritualists. rebels. innovators. retreatists.
30) An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money to purchase one. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, so he steals one from a local store by using his technological skills to bypass the store's security system. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?
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A) B) C) D)
conflict theory labeling theory anomie theory of deviance cultural transmission theory
31) Arnold gets an "A" on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the "class brain" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
ritualist. retreatist. rebel. innovator.
32) An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn't have time to administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance. According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be a(n)
A) B) C) D)
ritualist. rebel. innovator. retreatist.
33) According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the Irish Republican Army would typically be classified as
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A) B) C) D)
rebels. ritualists. conformists. innovators.
34) Which sociological perspective explains why rule violations persist despite pressures to conform and obey, but fails to explain how a particular person decides to commit a deviant act or why crimes do or do not occur at the level of the individual?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
35) Which approach was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others?
A) B) C) D)
labeling theory cultural transmission societal-reaction approach techniques of neutralization
36) Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of the national anthem. Although Monica had never used marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same behavior as her new friends. This is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
differential association and anomie. conformity and labeling. labeling and social disorganization. differential association and conformity.
37) Bob works as a cashier in a supermarket. His boss instructs him to include the price of a new broom—which Bob's boss has deceptively placed near the register—on everyone's bill. Bob's boss also encourages him to change the dates on expired food items, so the items can continue to be sold. Eventually, Bob begins to develop his own deceptive sales practices. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
labeling. anomie. differential association. dramaturgy.
38) Which approach attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions?
A) B) C) D)
39)
cultural transmission labeling theory social disorganization theory conflict theory
Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory?
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A) B) C) D)
40)
too much focus on larger forces seems to "blame the victim" doesn't recognize healthy, viable organizations in bad areas deems troubled areas hopeless and beyond rehabilitation
The societal-reaction approach is also known as
A) B) C) D)
the human relations approach. the anomie theory of deviance. labeling theory. the dramaturgical approach.
41) A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward particular students affect students' performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This illustrates which explanation of deviance?
A) B) C) D)
anomie theory labeling theory cultural transmission differential association
42) Which of the following would most likely be the focus of labeling theorists who are researching how certain individuals or groups have the power to define labels?
A) B) C) D)
sexual predators and prostitutes gamblers and money launderers regulators of social control, like police and legislators sexual predators and prostitutes, and gamblers and money launderers
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43) The social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with which other sociological explanation of deviance?
A) B) C) D)
differential association theory labeling theory anomie theory of deviance social disorganization theory
44) A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is
A) B) C) D)
white and non-Hispanic. Black. Hispanic. Asian or Native American.
45) Which sociological perspective would be particularly concerned about studies that show that white criminal offenders receive shorter sentences than comparable Latino and African American offenders?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
46) An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others with less power. This view shares an emphasis on the social significance of power maintained by the
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. global perspective.
47) A bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentenced to three years' probation and a $50,000 fine. At the same time, a female teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing $500. The teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential treatment would be of particular concern to sociologists using the
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. global perspective.
48) Which perspective would look to the disproportionate economic and lobbying power wielded by groups such as the National Rifle Association in the debate over gun violence in U.S. society?
A) B) C) D)
49)
functionalist conflict interactionist feminist
Crime is a violation of
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A) B) C) D)
criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions. informal norms that are sanctioned with stigmas. normative behaviors that are considered by society to be proper conduct.
50) Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute, gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would argue he has committed various
A) B) C) D)
51)
organized crimes. victimless crimes. white-collar crimes. corporate crimes.
A professional criminal is
A) an affluent individual who commits crimes in the course of daily business activities. B) always a member of a highly structured criminal organization that is involved in smuggling, drug trafficking, prostitution, and gambling. C) a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a degree of status among other criminals. D) an individual who commits one to two crimes within his or her lifespan.
52)
An important aspect of a professional criminal's work is
A) B) C) D)
studying crime statistics. boundary maintenance. developing skilled techniques. goal multiplication.
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53) is the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs.
A) B) C) D)
54)
Routine activities crime Victimless crime Organized crime White-collar crime
The term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refers to
A) the migration of immigrant groups into communities previously occupied by other immigrant groups. B) the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to another. C) the process during which the membership of law enforcement agencies is passed from one ethnic group to another. D) the migration of immigrant groups to suburbia.
55) In a city on the East Coast, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family" in the 1930s, but they were eventually displaced by leadership from many different groups of immigrants from Russia, Pakistan, China, and Nigeria at the end of the 20th century. This would be an example of
A) B) C) D)
assimilation. ethnic succession. labeling. differential association.
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56)
Crime that occurs across multiple national borders is known as
A) B) C) D)
transnational crime. white-collar crime. organized crime. global crime.
57) What type of crime is motivated by characteristics such as race, religion, sexual orientation, or disability?
A) B) C) D)
white-collar crime professional crime hate crime victimless crime
58) According to crime statistics, hate crimes focus most frequently on which of the following?
A) B) C) D)
sexual orientation disability religion race
59) What term refers to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business activities?
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A) B) C) D)
professional crime organized crime index crime white-collar crime
60) A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a presidential aide. This type of crime is called
A) B) C) D)
61)
professional crime. white-collar crime. organized crime. an index crime.
Which of the following is true of white-collar crime?
A) The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine. B) Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as conviction for a street crime would. C) The label "white-collar criminal" carries a greater stigma than "felon convicted of a violent crime." D) They are more likely to be treated unfairly in the prison system.
62)
The most serious limitation of official crime statistics is that
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A) they include only those crimes actually reported to law enforcement agencies, and many crimes are not reported because of distrust of law enforcement by ethnic and racial minority groups. B) law enforcement agencies have poor record-keeping practices. C) law enforcement agencies rotate with political administrations so the statistics only reflect information from that administration. D) law enforcement agencies misrepresent the number of crimes so the public feels safer.
63) Which sociological perspective would argue that the persistence of social inequality in today’s society puts poor people at a disadvantage in the criminal justice system?
A) B) C) D)
conflict functionalist global interactionist
64) Numerous studies show that defendants are more likely to be sentenced to death if their victims were white rather than Black, andthere is some evidence that Black defendants, who constituted 42 percent of all death row inmates in 2020, are more likely to face execution than whites in the same legal circumstance. Which sociological perspective would argue that this is justification to eliminate the death penalty? A) B) C) D)
conflict perspective interactionist perspective functionalist perspective global perspective
65) Why are rates of violent crime generally so much higher in the United States than in Western Europe?
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A) Sharp disparities between poor and affluent citizens, significant unemployment, and substantial alcohol and drug abuse, combine to produce a climate conducive to crime. B) American society places less emphasis on individual economic achievement than other societies do. C) American society's stricter gun laws make it more likely that people have to steal guns to commit crimes. D) The United States promotes individual achievement by any means necessary, so citizens feel compelled to act illegally to get ahead.
66) Discuss why the definitions of deviance and social stigma are dependent on cultural variations and socially accepted norms. Give examples of how people are stigmatized for behaviors they may no longer engage in.
67)
How is binge drinking both deviant and conformist?
68) Explain why deviant behavior is not always negative. Provide examples in your discussion.
69) Discuss the various components of social control. Identify and describe how sanctions may be used to control the expectations of society regarding people's actions and behaviors. Version 1
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70) Describe the similarities in and differences between conformity and obedience, according to Stanley Milgram. Give examples to support both concepts.
71) Describe the debate surrounding capital punishment in the United States and elsewhere. Include the various arguments of at least one sociological perspective.
72) Discuss government social control and its criticisms. Do you agree or disagree with the criticisms?
73)
Explain why sociologists see the creation of laws as a social process.
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74) Discuss the relationship between cultural transmission and differential association in explaining deviance or criminal acts. Give an illustration of how a person would likely become criminal using the differential association process.
75)
Discuss the differences between deviance and crime.
76) Define and discuss white-collar crime. How does it compare to street crime? How do punishments for either vary and what are some theories about why? Provide examples.
77) According to crime trends, there has been a significant decline in violent crime in the United States in recent years. Why is this so?
78) Explain why theNational Crime Victimization Survey was instituted in 1972 and what it is. How are victimization surveys meant to contribute to our understanding of criminal activity?
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79) Discuss the role racial discrimination has played in the criminal justice system's use of the death penalty. Which sociological perspective is most concerned with this issue?
80) Discuss gun control via the sociological perspectives: conflict, functionalist, and interactionist.
81) According to journalist Naomi Wolf, women in the United States who do not conform to the beauty myth are viewed as deviant. ⊚ ⊚
true false
82) Stigma refers to an exaggerated ideal of beauty, beyond reach of all but a few females, which has unfortunate consequences. ⊚ ⊚
true false
83) Technological innovations such as smartphones cannot redefine social interactions and the standards of behavior related to them. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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84)
From a sociological perspective, deviance is hardly objective or set in stone. ⊚ ⊚
85)
What is deviant in one culture may be celebrated in another. ⊚ ⊚
86)
true false
true false
Laws, dress codes, and games all express social norms. ⊚ ⊚
true false
87) Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure is referred to as conformity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) Adults in the United States view corporal punishment of children as a proper and necessary means of informal social control. ⊚ ⊚
89)
true false
Binge drinking can be regarded as both an act of conformity and a deviant act.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
90) Control theory reminds us that while the media may focus on crime and disorder, most members of most societies conform to and obey basic norms. ⊚ ⊚
91)
true false
Control theory effectively explains the rationale for every conforming act. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) The assumption of flight risk trumps the presumption of innocence in the American bail system. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) Individuals who feel justified in shoplifting goods so that their family can eat are considered innovators in Robert Merton's terms. ⊚ ⊚
true false
94) Female criminologists have suggested that many of the existing approaches to deviance and crime were actually developed with both women and men in mind. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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95) Supporters of the right to carry concealed weapons on campus argue that it's a constitutional right. ⊚ ⊚
true false
96) Hate crimes are distinguished from other kinds of crimes in large part by intent or motivation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
97) Martha Stewart's criminal activity was considered a professional crime, as she committed her crimes during the course of her regular business. ⊚ ⊚
98)
true false
Crime data reported in the United States are based on index crimes. ⊚ ⊚
true false
99) Our society places greater emphasis on individual economic achievement than other societies do. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 7 1) C 2) C 3) C 4) A 5) B 6) D 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) B 11) B 12) B 13) A 14) D 15) A 16) A 17) C 18) D 19) A 20) C 21) B 22) B 23) B 24) A 25) A 26) A Version 1
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27) A 28) B 29) A 30) C 31) D 32) A 33) A 34) A 35) B 36) D 37) C 38) C 39) B 40) C 41) B 42) C 43) B 44) A 45) B 46) B 47) B 48) B 49) A 50) B 51) C 52) C 53) C 54) B 55) B 56) A Version 1
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57) C 58) D 59) D 60) B 61) B 62) A 63) A 64) A 65) A 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) TRUE 96) TRUE 97) FALSE 98) TRUE 99) TRUE
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Chapter 8: Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States 1) The condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called
A) B) C) D)
socialization. status. social structure. social inequality.
2) Which of the following terms is used by sociologists for a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society?
A) B) C) D)
3)
social mobility stratification hypergamy status
An ascribed status is a social position
A) B) C) D)
attained by a person largely through his or her own effort. assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents. based solely on income and wealth. based solely on lifestyle.
4) An 83-year-old woman is placed at a small table in a dark corner of a trendy nightclub and is ignored by the staff. Her shoddy treatment is probably due to her age, which is a(n) status.
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A) B) C) D)
5)
A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others is known as
A) B) C) D)
6)
ascribed achieved horizontal structural
feudalism. slavery. communism. a caste system.
Which of the following statements about slavery is true?
A) B) Greece. C) D)
It is considered the most extreme form of social inequality. The only recorded examples of slavery occurred in the United States and in ancient Slavery was considered a permanent status in ancient Greece. Slavery in the United States was considered an achieved status.
7) Which of the following terms refers to hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated?
A) B) C) D)
tenures slavery castes feudalism
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8) Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern United States in the pre–civil rights era, an African American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the white members of the community. This is an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
estate system. class system. caste system. feudal system.
9) The system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection is known as the
A) B) C) D)
10)
estate system. slavery system. caste system. peonage system.
A class system employs a social ranking based primarily on
A) B) C) D)
age. caste. economic position. religious and ethnic background.
11) Which of the following types of stratification systems required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services?
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A) B) C) D)
caste class estate slavery
12) A woman is born into a homeless, single-parent family. She is very talented, and as an adult she becomes a wealthy, world-acclaimed pianist. This scenario most closely represents which type of stratification system?
A) B) C) D)
caste class estate slavery
13) In sociologist Daniel Rossides's model of the class system of the United States, which social class comprises the smallest percentage of the population?
A) B) C) D)
lower class lower-middle class working class upper class
14) A single mother who works in a factory sewing large sheets of canvas would be considered
A) B) C) D)
upper class. middle class. lower middle class. working class.
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15) Less affluent professionals, such as elementary school teachers, are included in which of the following social classes?
A) B) C) D)
16)
Which of the following factors have contributed to the shrinking size of the middle class?
A) B) C) D)
17)
increasing opportunities for those with little education independence of the temporary workforce global competition and rapid advances in technology the decline of new growth industries and nonunion workplaces
Which of the following social classes is declining in size?
A) B) C) D)
18)
upper class middle class lower-middle class working class
upper class middle class lower middle class working class
Karl Marx argued that social, economic, and political inequalities are dependent on
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A) B) C) D)
19)
class differentiation. achieved status. the Protestant work ethic. religious factors.
Capitalism is an economic system in which
A) the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. B) all property is communally owned, and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. C) the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit. D) the means of production are largely in public sector hands and are collectively owned.
20) Susan owns and profits from her own business. She is a part of a capitalist class, which is also referred to, in Marxist terms, as the
A) B) C) D)
21)
bourgeoisie. proletariat. peasantry. oligarchy.
Karl Marx used the term proletariat to refer to the
A) B) C) D)
capitalist class. owners of the means of production. working class. middle class.
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22) the
In Karl Marx's view, social relations during any period of history depend on who controls
A) B) C) D)
23)
mass media. primary mode of economic production. legislature. most powerful religious organizations.
Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to
A) an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect its objective position. B) the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. C) a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change. D) the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
24) Which of the following terms did Karl Marx use to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the class's objective position?
A) B) C) D)
false consciousness bourgeoisie consciousness class consciousness working class consciousness
25) In Karl Marx's view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a
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A) B) C) D)
26)
bourgeoisie consciousness. class consciousness. false consciousness. caste consciousness.
One shortcoming of Karl Marx's work is that he failed to anticipate the
A) end of feudalism. B) extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to a false consciousness. C) effects of alienated labor on the working class. D) conflict between various capitalist nations.
27)
Max Weber uses the term class to refer to people who share a similar level of
A) B) C) D)
culture. wealth and income. power. esteem.
28) Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification?
A) B) C) D)
class, caste, and power class, status, and power class, caste, and age class, prestige, and esteem
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29)
In Max Weber's view,
A) people hold three distinct ranks in society. B) our position in a stratification system reflects some combination of class, stigma, and power. C) our rank in society is determined by four separate variables. D) all people fall under the same social class.
30)
Status group refers to
A) people who share a similar level of wealth and income. B) people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position. C) members of a class who have a subjective awareness regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change. D) a feudal class.
31)
Max Weber defined
A) B) C) D)
as the ability to exercise one's will over others.
control status class power
32) Every evening at a neighborhood bar, the clientele—which consists of construction workers, police officers, plumbers, and factory workers—enjoys watching sporting events on the big screen television and playing pool. The people who hang out in this bar are an example of a
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A) B) C) D)
status group. power group. class. caste.
33) The owner of a major league baseball team can fire employees for not winning a pennant, have the city build him a new ballpark, and prevent organizations that compete against his own team from airing advertisements during the team's televised games. In Max Weber's view, this owner would most likely be considered as having
A) B) C) D)
power. class. esteem. status.
34) Thorstein Veblen suggested persons at the top of the social hierarchy convert wealth into conspicuous consumption, while the behavior of the lower classes is often subjected to ridicule. Veblen's views are from the
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. feminist perspective.
35) What term did Thorstein Veblen use to refer to the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination just long enough for dinner?
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A) B) C) D)
consumption flow inconspicuous ridicule conspicuous leisure consumptive frivolity
36) Purchasing goods not to survive but to flaunt one's superior wealth and social standing is known as
A) B) C) D)
presumptive consumption. inconspicuous ridicule. conspicuous consumption. consumptive frivolity.
37) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
38) Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
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39) Gerhard Lenski argues that social inequality may have once served the overall purposes of society, but the degree of social and economic inequality that now exists far exceeds the need to provide for goods and services. This facet of Lenski's analysis is consistent with which perspective?
A) B) C) D)
40) of
The objective method of assessing social class assigns individuals to classes on the basis
A) B) C) D)
41)
criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence. self-assessment. assessments by friends and colleagues. the neighborhoods in which they reside.
Prestige refers to the
A) B) C) D)
42)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. ability to exercise one's will over others. respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society. people who have similar levels of wealth and income.
Which term refers to the reputation that a specific person has within an occupation?
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A) B) C) D)
power prestige esteem status
43) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of women as determinants of social rank, thereby elevating the status of males?
A) B) C) D)
44)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
A measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation is known as
A) B) C) D)
socioeconomic status. political status. demographic characteristics. socio status.
45) is often blamed for the minimal increases in wage growth for unskilled workers, because it has forced less skilled workers to compete with lower-paid foreign-born workers.
A) B) C) D)
Industrialization Vertical mobility Social mobility Globalization
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46) The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo illustrates the idea that
A) B) C) D)
47)
poverty is absolute. poverty is relative. being a doctor is not a high-prestige occupation in all countries. Americans are ethnocentric.
Which of the following is an example of absolute poverty?
A) A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food. B) A dual-career couple lives in a suburban community and struggles to pay their monthly bills. C) A family owns only two luxury automobiles, although their friends and neighbors own three such vehicles. D) A single parent works three jobs to help pay for health insurance for their child.
48) The federal government’s poverty line, a money income figure that is adjusted annually to reflect the consumption requirements of families based on their size and composition, is a commonly used measure of
A) B) C) D)
relative poverty. absolute poverty. elementary poverty. dramatic poverty.
49) Which of the following refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole?
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A) B) C) D)
50)
absolute poverty elementary poverty relative poverty dramatic poverty
Which of these factors affects whether a person becomes poor?
A) B) C) D)
age education IQ mental health
51) Which sociological perspective suggests that the higher rates of poverty among single mothers are due to the difficulty women have finding affordable child care, to sexual harassment, and to sex discrimination in the labor market?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
52) A family lives in a remote area of Appalachia, where coal mines that once employed many workers have been idle for years. There are no jobs in the area, the distant schools are poorly funded, and because of the remote location, there are no churches or medical facilities nearby. These poor, chronically unemployed people, who barely survive from winter to winter, are an example of
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A) B) C) D)
53)
the underclass. structural mobility. an estate. false consciousness.
Which of the following statements is true regarding women living in poverty?
A) About half of all women living in poverty in the United States are in transition. B) About half of all women living in poverty in the United States are employed at least part-time. C) About half of all women in the United States are living in poverty, and the other half are typically economically independent from friends and the welfare system. D) The death of a husband does not impact a women's poverty status.
54)
The long-term poor who lack training and skills are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
55)
the unequal. the bourgeoise. the upper class. the underclass.
The term precarious work is defined as
A) employment that is poorly paid, and from the worker’s perspective, insecure and unprotected. B) employment that requires some skill and training but provides minimal promotion potential. C) employment in dangerous professions with a high risk of injury like construction. D) employment that promises promotion but which does not offer health benefits.
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56) Max Weber referred to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable experiences as
A) B) C) D)
power. wealth. life chances. status.
57) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that a person's health and educational opportunities are affected by his or her class position in important ways?
A) B) C) D)
58)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Higher student loan balances are typically held by
A) B) C) D)
White and Asian students. Middle Eastern and Black students. Asian and Latino students. Black and Latino students.
59) Which of the following refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one position of society's stratification system to another?
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A) B) C) D)
social mobility life chances relative poverty social distribution
60) A stratification system that implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status is referred to as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
open stratification system. closed stratification system. egalitarian class system. fractured class system.
61) Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(n)
A) B) C) D)
open stratification system. closed stratification system. egalitarian class system. fractured class system.
62) A youth living in an economically depressed area of a large city spends many hours in the neighborhood playground shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, and he receives a college scholarship and then signs a lucrative contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
vertical mobility. ascribed status. horizontal mobility. structural mobility.
63) A woman who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced
A) B) C) D)
64)
structural mobility. horizontal mobility. upward intergenerational mobility. institutional mobility.
Which sociologist first made the distinction between vertical and horizontal mobility?
A) B) C) D)
Ferdinand Tönnies Émile Durkheim Pitirim Sorokin Wilbert Moore
65) Which level of college degree serves as less of a guarantee of upward mobility today than it did in the past?
A) B) C) D)
A.A./A.A.S. B.A./B.S. M.A./M.S. Ph.D.
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66)
Sociologists have documented that the class system is more rigid for
A) B) C) D)
whites. African Americans. Asian Americans. Hispanics.
67) Describe the differences between ascribed status and achieved status. Give examples to support your answer.
68)
Explain the reasons why the working class is declining in size.
69)
Explain class warfare. Provide an example.
70) Discuss Karl Marx's view on class differentiation. Define the terms bourgeoisie and proletariat. Describe what Marx termed a false consciousness, and give an example to support your answer.
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71) Compare and contrast the functionalist and conflict views of social stratification. Give examples of each view to support your answer.
72) Describe how Lenski's view of stratification can represent a synthesis of the conflict and functionalist views of stratification and poverty.
73)
Explain how social class is measured. What measures are generally used?
74)
Explain income and wealth inequality in the United States.
75) Describe the various issues surrounding the definition of poverty. Define the difference between absolute and relative poverty. Version 1
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76) Explain how class position has significantly affected people’s ability to deal with the coronavirus pandemic. Address specific issues like the pandemic's effect on people's ability to receive proper health care and acquire basic household items for their families, and the impact the pandemic continues to have on people's ability to make a living. How are all of these aspects of handling this pandemic affected by class position?
77)
How are life chances linked to stratification? Explain your answer.
78) Analyze the impact of ascriptive characteristics such as race, education, and gender in the occupational structure of society in the United States. Please define the term social mobility as part of your answer.
79) Discuss how the current economy has affected the ability of Millennials' (those born between 1980 and 1994) to achieve intergenerational mobility. How has the opportunity to move up changed?
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80) Explain the troubling phenomenon known as the feminization of poverty. Explain how conflict theorists trace this issue to three distinct factors and why.
81) Discuss compensation in the private sector via the sociological perspectives: functionalist, conflict, and interactionist.
82) The most extreme form of legalized social inequality for individuals or groups is a caste system. ⊚ ⊚
83)
true false
Wealth is an inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets. ⊚ ⊚
true false
84) Peasants being required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection are a part of a caste system.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
85) The working class tends to identify with manual workers and their long history of involvement in the labor movement. ⊚ ⊚
86)
true false
The lower class disproportionately consists of minority groups. ⊚ ⊚
true false
87) According to Karl Marx, a worker with class consciousness may feel that he or she is being treated fairly by the bourgeoisie, and a worker with false consciousness realizes that all workers are being exploited by the bourgeoisie and have a common stake in revolution. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) Max Weber argued that the actions of individuals and groups can be understood solely in economic terms. ⊚ ⊚
true false
89) Stratification is universal in that all societies maintain some form of social inequalityamong members.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
90) The study of tax policy and its relationship to the stratification system is known as fiscal sociology. ⊚ ⊚
91)
true false
Social scientists have found that inequality only exists in developed societies. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) Alice has established her reputation as the best banker in her town. This reputation is also known as prestige. ⊚ ⊚
93)
The study of stratification is a study of inequality. ⊚ ⊚
94)
true false
true false
Income in the United States is distributed evenly. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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95) While the salaries of highly skilled workers and professionals have continued to rise, the wages of less skilled workers have increased when controlled for inflation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
96) A common measure of absolute poverty is the federal government's poverty line, a money income figure that is adjusted annually to reflect the consumption requirements of families based on their size and composition. ⊚ ⊚
97)
true false
The feminization of poverty is only evident in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
98) Occupying a higher social class in a society improves your life chances and brings greater access to social rewards. ⊚ ⊚
99)
true false
Wealth, status, and power ensure happiness. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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100) The child of a laborer may become an artisan or a technician, but he or she is less likely to become a manager or a professional. ⊚ ⊚
true false
101) Men are more likely than women to withdraw from the workforce when their skills far exceed the jobs offered them. ⊚ ⊚
true false
102) Conflict theorists question not only the relatively high levels of executive compensation but also the process through which executives' pay is determined. ⊚ ⊚
true false
103) Clauses that protect executives who bail of out of failing companies are referred to as "golden parachutes." ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 8 1) D 2) B 3) B 4) A 5) B 6) A 7) C 8) C 9) A 10) C 11) C 12) B 13) D 14) D 15) C 16) C 17) D 18) A 19) C 20) A 21) C 22) B 23) C 24) A 25) C 26) B Version 1
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27) B 28) B 29) A 30) B 31) D 32) A 33) A 34) C 35) C 36) C 37) A 38) B 39) B 40) A 41) C 42) C 43) D 44) A 45) D 46) B 47) A 48) B 49) C 50) A 51) B 52) A 53) B 54) D 55) A 56) C Version 1
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57) B 58) D 59) A 60) A 61) B 62) A 63) C 64) C 65) B 66) B 82) FALSE 83) TRUE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) TRUE 97) FALSE 98) TRUE 99) FALSE 100) TRUE 101) FALSE Version 1
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102) TRUE 103) TRUE Chapter 9: Global Inequality 1)
The ways in which the desperately poor attempt to control their hunger is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
2)
Extreme inequality of resources in the world was initiated by
A) B) C) D)
3)
coping mechanisms. dependency. colonialism. therapy.
the Spanish-American War. the Great Depression. World War II. the Industrial Revolution.
In what terms does a developing country in sub-Saharan Africa define poverty?
A) B) C) D)
whether or not the breadwinner of a family holds consistent work the inability to afford specific foods on a subsistence diet the ability to pay for schooling for at least one child whether or not the breadwinner of a family is unemployed
4) Which of the following forces is particularly responsible for the domination of the world marketplace by a few nations?
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A) B) C) D)
5)
the advent of multinational corporations global inequality the legacy of capitalism industrialization
Colonialism is defined as
A) the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period. B) an approach wherein industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain. C) the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. D) continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries.
6)
Neocolonialism is defined as the
A) maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a power for an extended period of time. B) continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries. C) invasion of underdeveloped countries by the military forces of the United States or Russia since 1965. D) approach by which industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain.
7)
World systems analysis is
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A) Karl Marx's view that the bourgeois nations such as England would dominate the proletarian nations such as India. B) Erving Goffman's view that world peace would result from many types of nations interacting with one another. C) Talcott Parsons's view that the inequality that exists among nations is necessary for world stability. D) Immanuel Wallerstein's view that nations exist in an interdependent global economy resting on unequal economic and political relationships.
8) In Immanuel Wallerstein's view, the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. This view is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
9)
According to world systems analysis, a core nation is a nation that
A) B) C) D)
10)
neocolonialism. colonialism. world systems analysis. the world exploitation model.
controls and exploits, along with its multinational corporations, noncore nations. has a marginal economic status. is a poor, developing nation exploited by more powerful nations and corporations. is considered a peripheral nation.
Which of the following is an example of a core nation?
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A) B) C) D)
Germany South Korea Egypt Ireland
11) According to world systems analysis, a nation that has a marginal economic status would be referred to as a nation
A) B) C) D)
12)
Which of the following is an example of a semiperiphery nation?
A) B) C) D)
13)
on the periphery. at the core. on the semiperiphery. on the superperiphery.
Germany South Korea Bolivia the United States
According to world systems analysis, poor and developing nations are
A) B) C) D)
at the core. on the periphery. on the semiperiphery. invisible.
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14) According to world systems analysis, a nation on the periphery of the world economic system
A) along with its multinational corporations dominates all other nations socially, economically, and politically, such as the United States and Germany. B) has a marginal economic status, such as Israel and South Korea. C) is a poor, developing nation, such as Haiti or Chad, that is exploited by more powerful nations and corporations. D) does not quite exert control, but is considered of marginal economic status.
15)
Which of the following is an example of a periphery nation?
A) B) C) D)
Germany South Korea Egypt the United States
16) According to world systems analysis, which type of nation is relatively independent of outside control?
A) B) C) D)
17)
core periphery semiperiphery marginality
Dependency theory is defined as
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A) a functionalist approach proposing that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in peripheral nations. B) a far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. C) an approach contending that as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations. D) an approach that applies the interactionist perspective on a global scale.
18)
According to Immanuel Wallerstein's analysis, the United States is considered at the , whereas neighboring Mexico remains on the semiperiphery of the world economic system.
A) B) C) D)
core periphery semiperiphery multiperiphery
19) The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as
A) B) C) D)
globalization. dependency. colonialism. neocolonialism.
20) According to your text, large concentrations of impoverished people remain primarily in two types of areas:
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A) either within very fragile areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa and the West Bank and Gaza Strip adjoining Israel, or in relatively isolated areas of China and India. B) either within areas with unstable governments in Eastern Europe, or in unpopulated areas like Siberia. C) either in countries where the gap between rich and poor is expanding, like Japan, or in island nations like the Philippines. D) either in regions of the world dealing with drug trafficking, like Latin America, or in overpopulated countries like Brazil.
21)
Many developing nations define poverty as
A) B) C) D)
the total number of people on welfare. the average salary wage. the number of people in the nation divided by the total income earned. the minimum income a person needs to survive, typically about $1 to $2 a day.
22) The Millennium development goals targeted which of the following areas as part of the Millennium Project's overall mission to halve extreme global poverty by 2015?
A) B) C) D)
crime education global securities fraud paternal health
23) Which sociological perspective would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletariat class?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
24) Commercial organizations headquartered in one country that own or control other corporations or subsidiaries throughout the world are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
25)
international companies. multinational corporations. megacorps. world system enterprises.
Which of the following is an example of a multinational corporation?
A) a Swiss bank with many international customers but without foreign branches B) a hardware store that sells hammers from France and saws from Switzerland, as well as many products made in the United States. C) Coca-Cola, which has bottling plants throughout the world D) a bank that has locations in only the Pacific Northwest
26)
Which of the following statements about multinational corporations is true?
A) The 10 largest multinational corporations all have their headquarters in the United States. B) Foreign sales represent an important source of profit for multinational corporations. C) They are all state-owned—or public as opposed to private—businesses. D) Corporate giants do not play a key role in neocolonialism.
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27) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations help create social stability within a society by creating jobs and global enterprise?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
28) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
29) Conflict theorists contend that multinational corporations are attracted to developing countries because developing countries
A) have a small pool of cheap labor. B) encourage strong trade unions. C) enact repressive antilabor laws which restrict union activity and collective bargaining. D) protect local workers, rather than exploit them.
30) Which of the following sociological perspectives points out that multinationals' investment in limited economic sectors (like hotels and expensive restaurants) ultimately appears to inhibit growth in other economic sectors?
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A) B) C) D)
31)
global perspective interactionist perspective conflict perspective functionalist perspective
Modernization refers to the
A) elimination of old housing and its replacement with modern skyscrapers. B) process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. C) colonial domination of developing nations by wealthier nations. D) process of development that, at this time, has occurred only in core nations such as England, France, Japan, and the United States.
32) The process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called
A) B) C) D)
world systems analysis. developmental theory. reconstructionism. modernization.
33) Who among the following has noted that modern societies tend to be urban, literate, and industrial, with sophisticated transportation and media systems, and that families in such societies are organized within the nuclear family unit rather than the extended family model?
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A) B) C) D)
Wendell Bell Immanuel Wallerstein Karl Marx António Guterres
34) Members of societies that undergo modernization must shift their allegiance from traditional authorities, like family and religious leaders, to newer authorities, such as
A) B) C) D)
government officials. parents. priests. peers.
35) Sociologists are quick to note that terms such as modernization and development contain a(n) bias.
A) B) C) D)
economic class ethnocentric scientific
36) The notion that peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed nations is known as
A) B) C) D)
dependency. regional analysis. modernization. colonialism.
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37) Current modernization studies generally take a(n) how societies are moving closer together.
A) B) C) D)
perspective, which focuses on
conflict interactionist dramaturgical convergence
38) Modernization theory—as an explanation of global inequality—falls under which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist conflict interactionist feminist
39) Stratification within developing nations is closely related to their weak and dependent position in
A) B) C) D)
ensuring the health of their citizens. providing adequate education. the global economy. military capabilities.
40) Which of the following is a pattern revealed by studies of intergenerational mobility in industrialized nations?
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A) B) C) changes. D)
There is a common movement toward agriculture-based occupations. Parental positions tend to have little effect on the social mobility of children. Opportunities are strongly influenced by structural factors such as labor market Intergenerational mobility has been decreasing in most countries.
41) Which of the following statements about the patterns of intergenerational mobility in industrial nations is true?
A) B) C) D)
Structural factors influence opportunities for social mobility. Immigration does not play a significant part in mobility patterns. There is consistent migration from urban to rural areas. Most women resist mobility.
42) Cross-cultural studies have suggested which of the following about industrialized countries?
A) B) C) D)
43)
Spain has an informal economy. Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most but not all. Modernization has benefited Kenya. Mobility exists only in nonindustrialized societies.
In large developing nations, the most socially significant mobility is
A) B) C) D)
the movement out of poverty. the employment of women. property ownership. proof of a confirmed dowry.
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44)
In Kenya and Tanzania, it is illegal for women to
A) B) C) D)
own a house. walk alone in public. socialize with men. go to school.
45) Many aspects of modernization in developing countries, such as migration to urban centers,
A) B) C) D)
46)
have not had a necessarily positive effect on the social standing of women. have increased the vital role of women in food production. have strengthened women's ties to relatives. have decreased the role of women in all industries.
Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in developing countries?
A) B) C) D)
Female children are usually fed more than males. Women are denied educational opportunities. Women and men are hospitalized for the same types of injuries. Women and men have equal employment opportunities.
47) Through the establishment of the Pan-Cordillera Women's Network for Peace and Development in the Philippines, which of the following have the women volunteers accomplished?
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A) B) C) D)
negotiated thousands of peace pacts among community members reduced incidences of infanticide by half provided microfinancing for the majority of small farmers largely ended incidences of extreme poverty
48) The tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
49)
corporate welfare. business welfare. welfare reform. reverse welfare.
The federal bailouts of the banking and auto industries are an example of
A) B) C) D)
unemployment. corporate welfare. welfare reform. subsidies.
50) Whichsociologicalperspective would study how "welfare scapegoating" ignored federal handouts to individuals and families?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist interactionist conflict feminist
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51)
Explain the global divide. What led to global inequality in the world?
52) What does it mean to be well off and to be poor? How are these terms affected by where a person lives (consider developing versus developed countries).
53) Discuss the forces that are particularly responsible for the domination of the world marketplace by a few nations.
54) Compare and contrast colonialism and neocolonialism, and describe their impact on social stratification. Give examples to support your answer.
55) Discuss Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis. Define dependency theory as it relates to Wallerstein's views. Give examples to support your answer.
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56) Discuss multinational corporations from both a functionalist and a conflict perspective. How do the views differ?
57) Define and explain modernization. What are some criticisms or interpretations of it that vary from this meaning?
58)
Explain why terms such as modernization and developmenthave an ethnocentric bias.
59) Discuss how stratification within the United States compares with stratification in other nations. What factors appear to be consistent within all nations?
60)
Explain issues with mobility in developing nations.
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61) Is social assistance in wealthy countries too generous, or is it too paltry to even begin to meet workers’ needs? Offer some examples to help illuminate the debate over how governments should handle social assistance.
62) Explain why the processes of modernization in developing countries have often had a negative impact on the well-being of women and their levels of social mobility.
63)
Inequality exists only within the United States and other developed countries. ⊚ ⊚
64)
true false
Around the world, inequality is a significant determinant of human behavior. ⊚ ⊚
true false
65) Culturally, the Japanese lack the practice of conspicuous consumption—that is, people flaunting their superior wealth and social standing—that is so prominent in many other nations.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
66) According to world systems analysis, the United States, Japan, and Germany are all examples of core nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
67) Developing nations define poverty based on the minimum income a person needs to survive. ⊚ ⊚
true false
68) The purpose of the Millennium Project was to halve extreme poverty worldwide by the year 2015. ⊚ ⊚
69)
true false
The coronavirus pandemic reversed the trend toward reduction in global poverty. ⊚ ⊚
true false
70) Conflict theorists have noted an oft-ignored aspect of the welfare system, administrative sanctions—which, according to one study, demonstrated that Black clients were more likely to be sanctioned than white clients (Schram et al. 2009).
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⊚ ⊚
true false
71) Multinationals based in core countries are beginning to establish reservation services and centers for processing data and insurance claims in periphery nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
72) Total revenues of multinational businesses are on par with the total value of goods and services exchanged in entire nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
73) Conflict theorists conclude that, on the whole, multinational corporations have a positive social impact on workers in both industrialized and developing nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
74) A bonus for multinational corporations is that, in general, the developing world discourages strong trade unions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
75) Current modernization studies generally take a convergence perspective. Using indicators like degree of urbanization, energy use, and literacy, researchers focus on how societies are moving closer together, despite traditional differences.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
76) The term modernization suggests positive change, yet change, if it comes, often comes slowly, and when it does it tends to serve the affluent segments of industrialized nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
77) According to modernization theory, even though nations develop at uneven rates, the development of peripheral nations will be assisted by innovations transferred from the industrialized world. ⊚ ⊚
true false
78) The world’s 26 wealthiest individuals have accumulated wealth equal to that of more than half of the world’s population. ⊚ ⊚
true false
79) Immigration continues to be a significant factor in shaping a society's level of intergenerational mobility. ⊚ ⊚
true false
80) Generally, the poorer the country, the more optimistic people are that their children will grow up to be financially better off than they are themselves.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
81) Women in Kenya and Tanzania are prohibited from driving, walking alone in public, and socializing with men outside their families. ⊚ ⊚
82)
The challenges to girls and women are not limited to any one continent. ⊚ ⊚
83)
true false
true false
Corporate welfare is limited to federal actions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 9 1) A 2) D 3) B 4) A 5) A 6) B 7) D 8) C 9) A 10) A 11) C 12) B 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) A 17) C 18) A 19) A 20) A 21) D 22) B 23) B 24) B 25) C 26) B Version 1
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27) A 28) B 29) C 30) C 31) B 32) D 33) A 34) A 35) C 36) C 37) D 38) A 39) C 40) C 41) A 42) B 43) A 44) A 45) A 46) B 47) A 48) A 49) B 50) C 63) FALSE 64) TRUE 65) TRUE 66) TRUE 67) TRUE 68) TRUE Version 1
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69) TRUE 70) TRUE 71) TRUE 72) TRUE 73) FALSE 74) TRUE 75) TRUE 76) TRUE 77) TRUE 78) TRUE 79) TRUE 80) TRUE 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE Chapter 10: Racial and Ethnic Inequality 1) What term is used by sociologists in referring to a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance?
A) B) C) D)
2)
ethnic group racial group social group reference group
Asian Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n)
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A) B) C) D)
3)
African Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
4)
ethnic group. racial group. reference group. status group.
ethnic group. racial group. reference group. status group.
An ethnic group is a group
A) that is set apart from others because of physical differences. B) that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. C) whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group. D) that has reached moral decisions about a way of life.
5) Characteristics of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns are used primarily by a society to set apart
A) B) C) D)
minority groups. ethnic groups. racial groups. polarization groups.
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6)
German Americans, Italian Americans, and Norwegian Americans are all examples of
A) B) C) D)
7)
racial groups. ethnic groups. polarization groups. minority groups.
A minority group is a group
A) that is set apart from others because of physical differences. B) that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. C) whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group. D) that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.
8)
In sociological terms, which of the following is a minority group in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
9)
women Protestants whites Catholics
In sociological terms, members of a minority group
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A) B) C) D)
experience unequal treatment. are outnumbered by the dominant group. speak a different language than the dominant group. observe a different religion than the dominant group.
10) Sociologists have identified five basic properties—unequal treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity, and in-group marriage—to describe
A) B) C) D)
minority groups. racial groups. ethnic groups. polarization.
11) A process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
racial selection. racial profiling. racial bias. racial formation.
12) In the process, those who have power define groups of people according to a racist social structure.
A) B) C) D)
racial formation racial bias racial organization racial selection
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13)
The one-drop rule was a vivid example of
A) B) C) D)
racial profiling. the issues concerning white privilege. the social construction of race. redlining.
14) William I. Thomas observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person, but also to the social meaning that situation or person has for them. This observation reflects which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
15)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
A stereotype is a(n)
A) factually-based belief about another person. B) unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group. C) person or group that one blames irrationally for one's own problems or difficulties. D) belief that one race is superior and that all others are innately inferior.
16) An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group is referred to as
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A) B) C) D)
differential association. exploitation. a stereotype. institutional discrimination.
17) A white person proclaims loudly that "all Black people are lazy and collect welfare." This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
discrimination. a stereotype. pluralism. exploitation theory.
18) Which of the following terms refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority?
A) B) C) D)
19)
exploitation prejudice discrimination pluralism
Prejudice is a(n)
A) B) C) D)
; discrimination is a(n)
.
belief; action action; belief action; action belief; belief
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20)
Ethnocentrism refers to
A) a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority. B) the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice. C) the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. D) the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
21) Joe grew up in an Italian household in an Italian community in New Jersey. He believes that the traditional Italian celebration of Easter, which includes a large number of family members and mountains of food consumed during a long dinner, is the best way to celebrate this holiday. Joe's belief could be an example of
A) B) C) D)
22)
assimilation. ethnocentrism. discrimination. pluralism.
Racism is defined as
A) B) C) D) prejudice.
a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior. the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes. the systematic killing of an entire people or nation. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of
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23) The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons is known as
A) B) C) D)
24)
Prejudice is to discrimination as
A) B) C) D)
25)
stereotyping. ethnocentrism. discrimination. segregation.
norm is to value. attitude is to behavior. behavior is to attitude. law is to order.
Institutional discrimination is the
A) denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society. B) belief that individuals or groups should be denied equal rights and opportunities. C) stereotyping of people who work in public or private institutions. D) establishment of laws that intentionally deny opportunities and equal rights to members of minority groups.
26) At one time, many Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet the height requirement. This was an example of
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A) B) C) D)
27)
prejudice. scapegoating. institutional discrimination. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Which of the following illustrates institutional discrimination?
A) Your neighbor blames "the Jews" for the financial crisis. B) A mental institution in New York will not allow residents of Connecticut to receive services in the facility. C) To save money, a city fires all employees hired during the past three years, the same period as an aggressive minority-hiring program. As a result, the majority of those fired are members of various minority groups. D) A prejudiced personnel officer secretly refuses to hire women.
28) An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is known as
A) B) C) D)
pluralism. a glass ceiling. institutional discrimination. exploitation theory.
29) Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are white is also known as
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A) B) C) D)
white success. white dominance. white bias. white privilege.
30) The pattern of discrimination against people who try to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods is known as
A) B) C) D)
remittance. profiling. formation. redlining.
31) Law and medical school preferences that are shown to children of wealthy and influential alumni is an example of
A) B) C) D)
32)
the glass ceiling. stereotypes. white privilege. institutional discrimination.
Restrictive employment-leave policies are an example of
A) B) C) D)
institutional discrimination. white privilege. racism. prejudice.
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33) The positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities is known as
A) B) C) D)
remittances. pluralism. a sharing economy. affirmative action.
34) The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
35)
color-blind racism. prejudice. discriminatory racism. assimilation.
Proponents of color-blind racism oppose
A) B) C) D)
equal treatment for all. merit-based college admissions. employer-provided health insurance. public welfare assistance.
36) Which sociological perspective views the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups?
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A) B) C) D)
37)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Exploitation theory is a
A) Weberian theory that views racial subordination as benefiting society because it creates a supply of cheap labor. B) Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups. C) Spencerian theory that views ethnic subordination as a valuable means of social control. D) Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
38) A sociologist argues that the capitalist ruling class is willing to tolerate high rates of illegal immigration because these immigrants serve as a cheap labor pool. This sociologist is most likely drawing upon
A) B) C) D)
the contact hypothesis. the anomie theory of deviance. exploitation theory. labeling theory.
39) The police practice of assuming that people of a certain race, ethnicity, or national origin are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as
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A) B) C) D)
explanative prejudice. racial profiling. institutionalized stereotyping. the contact hypothesis.
40) Recent Chinese immigrants to the United States often find jobs working in sweatshops in New York City's Chinatown, where they work 16 or more hours a day in the garment industry, earning less than minimum wage. The sweatshops are owned by big businesses. This illustrates
A) B) C) D)
41)
Acts of racial profiling are
A) B) C) D)
42)
the contact hypothesis. exploitation theory. labeling theory. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
now deemed illegal by federal law. often initiated by law enforcement officers. generally opposed by the American public. generally opposed by law enforcement officials.
The contact hypothesis
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A) is a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism. B) states that interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes. C) was a theory that gave moral support to the continued existence of apartheid in South Africa. D) is a Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups.
43) A white male lawyer mentors a young female Latina lawyer. According to the contact hypothesis, this situation would
A) B) C) D)
be likely to increase stereotypes rather than to reduce them. be likely to cause both lawyers to become less prejudiced. encourage the white lawyer to engage in color-blind racism. involve the operation of sexism as well as racism.
44) A Colombian woman and an Italian man, working together as members of a construction crew, overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's talents and strengths. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
the self-fulfilling prophecy. the contact hypothesis. exploitation theory. amalgamation.
45) A farmer is called to help sandbag a levy that is about to flood his town. The farmer is stationed between two correctional-center inmates who are required to assist in the flood-control efforts. As a result of this experience, the farmer has developed a newfound respect for inmates. This example would be consistent with which perspective?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
46) John was pulled over by police officers in his hometown without provocation or cause. John determined that it was because he was African American and, thus, the officers were engaged in racial profiling. This example illustrates which of the following perspectives?
A) B) C) D)
labeling functionalist conflict interactionist
47) John and Susan, both of different ethnicities, have been tasked with running a seminar on how to address harassment and discrimination in the workplace. Their cooperative efforts help illustrate which of the following sociological perspectives?
A) B) C) D)
48)
labeling conflict functionalist interactionist
Genocide refers to the process of
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A) combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group. B) expelling a group of people from a territory. C) deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation. D) forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.
49)
Expulsion refers to the process of
A) B) C) D)
50)
combining a majority group and a minority group to form a new group. expelling a group of people from a territory. deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation. forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.
Expulsion is illustrated by
A) B) C) D)
France pushing out over 10,000 ethnic Roma. the killing of large numbers of Native Americans by the U.S. government. marriages between whites and Native Americans, producing multiracial children. the internment of thousands of Japanese Americans.
51) The drawing of formal boundaries between groups who are unable to resolve an ethnic or racial conflict is known as
A) B) C) D)
amalgamation. expulsion. secession. genocide.
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52)
Amalgamation refers to the process of
A) B) C) D)
combining a majority group and a minority group to form a new group. expelling a group of people from a territory. deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation. forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.
53) The belief that the United States was a "melting pot," which became very compelling in the first part of the 20th century, suggested that the nation had an almost divine mission to produce
A) B) C) D)
pluralism. amalgamation. segregation. assimilation.
54) The ethnicity shared by the majority of Mexicans is the result of a gradual merging of generations of Spaniards and indigenous peoples. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
amalgamation. pluralism. segregation. assimilation.
55) Vladimir, a Russian immigrant to the United States, insists that everyone call him "Joe," and he refuses to speak Russian even when in casual conversation with his Russian-speaking neighbors. This is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
56)
amalgamation. pluralism. the contact hypothesis. assimilation.
Segregation refers to the act of
A) deliberately and systematically killing the members of an ethnic, racial, or nationality group. B) physically separating two groups, an action often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group. C) combining a majority and a minority group through intermarriage. D) denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons.
57)
Which of the following is an example of segregation?
A) B) C) D)
Jews and Catholics marrying one another and producing children interracial marriage confining Japanese Americans to internment camps during World War II drawing formal boundaries in order to separate two different groups of people
58) The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other nonwhites from the dominant whites was known as
A) B) C) D)
institutional discrimination. apartheid. afrocentricity. White Power.
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59)
Pluralism in the United States is considered a(n)
A) B) C) D)
60)
social norm. ideal more than a reality. reality more than an ideal. common socialized practice.
Jim Crow laws were passed in the Southern states in order to
A) B) C) D)
enforce official segregation. force legal integration. allow Blacks to own property. end segregation.
61) Which of the following terms refers to a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions?
A) B) C) D)
Rainbow Coalition Black power civil rights manifest destiny
62) One in Native American teenagers has attempted suicide, a rate four times higher than the rate for other teenagers.
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A) B) C) D)
two four six eight
63) Some Native Americans have chosen to assimilate and abandon all vestiges of their tribal cultures to escape certain forms of prejudice. However, since the 1990s, an increasing number of people in the United States have been openly claiming a Native American identity, and since 1960, the federal government’s count of Native Americans
A) B) C) D)
has tripled. has decreased. has assimilated. has amalgamated.
64) Which of the following groups makes up the largest percentage of Asian Pacific Americans?
A) B) C) D)
65)
Japanese Chinese Korean Asian Indians
The largest influx of Vietnamese immigration occurred
A) B) C) D)
during and after the Spanish-American War. during and after World War I. during and after World War II. during and after the Vietnam War.
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66) June is a Filipino American who has saved up thousands of dollars. She will be sending the funds to her extended family in her home country. This is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
a remittance. redlining. sharing economy. amalgamation.
67) Relative to other Latin American immigrants, Cuban immigrants during the Castro regime
A) B) C) D)
68)
had higher rates of poverty. had higher rates of illiteracy. had higher rates of education. were more likely to be white.
Which of the following terms refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants?
A) B) C) D)
Issei Sensei Gakusei assimilators
69) In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed unprecedented legislation called the Civil Liberties Act, requiring the federal government to apologize for the forced internment during World War II of
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A) B) C) D)
70)
Which of the following is considered to be the single most unifying force among Arabs?
A) B) C) D)
71)
culture language religion wealth
Which population group represents the largest minority in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
72)
Japanese Americans. Jewish Americans. African Americans. Vietnamese Americans.
African Americans Latinos Asian Americans Jews
Anti-Semitism is a form of
A) B) C) D)
discrimination. racial profiling. prejudice. stereotype.
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73) An emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
white privilege. symbolic ethnicity. assimilation. ethnocentrism.
74) Europeans previously dominated immigration to the United States, but for the past 40 years, immigrants have come primarily from
A) B) C) D)
75)
Asia and eastern Europe. Europe and Latin America. Latin America and South America. Asia and Latin America.
In the future, a growing proportion of the United States will be
A) B) C) D)
Asian or Hispanic. white or Hispanic. Arab or Asian. white or Asian.
76) Describe the differences in and similarities between racial groups and ethnic groups. Give some examples to illustrate your answer.
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77) Explain the five basic properties of minority groups, and provide at least one example of a minority group.
78) Explain why race is a social construct. What are the purposes it serves and the effects it has on that society?
79) Compare and contrast prejudice and discrimination, and give examples to illustrate your definitions.
80) Explain what racial profiling is and how it fits into the conflict perspective and labeling theory. How is the phenomenon of "double consciousness" involved in the experience of someone who is racially profiled?
81)
Define and discuss redlining. How is this process detrimental to minorities?
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82) Explain affirmative action. Do you believe that it is a fair policy, or does it shift the discrimination to another group?
83) Explain the principle of race neutrality and the negative effects it can have on a society. Offer at least one example of a policy that appears race neutral but when applied will demonstrate negative effects.
84) Briefly differentiate the views on racial discrimination from the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives.
85)
Discuss the contact hypothesis. How does it help reduce prejudices amongst individuals?
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86) Compare and contrast the concepts of amalgamation, assimilation, segregation, and pluralism, and give examples to illustrate your answer.
87) Discuss the various barriers that can impede the assimilation process for Latinos in the United States.
88) Discuss how voting requirements are an example of institutional discrimination. What other aspects of American society reflect institutional discrimination?
89) Define refugees and asylees. How have these peoples impacted immigration in the United States? You may provide examples to illustrate your point.
90) The social definitions of race and ethnicity affect a person's place and status in a stratification system. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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91) The term racial group is used to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious cultural distinctions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) Membership in a minority (or dominant) group is not voluntary; people are born into the group. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) In the view of sociologists, the distinction between racial and ethnic minorities is clearcut and not arbitrary. ⊚ ⊚
94)
true false
Race is a social construction. ⊚ ⊚
true false
95) The "one-drop rule" referred to Native Americans and stipulated that if a person had even a single drop of "Indian blood," that person was viewed as Indian. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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96) As viewed from the conflict perspective, the model minority myth is yet another instance of blaming the victim. ⊚ ⊚
true false
97) Discriminatory practices continue in part because various individuals and groups actually benefit from racial and ethnic discrimination in terms of money, status, and influence. ⊚ ⊚
98)
Prejudiced attitudes always lead to discriminatory behavior. ⊚ ⊚
99)
true false
Color-blind racism ignores white privilege. ⊚ ⊚
100)
true false
true false
Proponents of race neutrality claim they believe that everyone should be treated equally. ⊚ ⊚
true false
101) The dominant majority benefits from the subordination of racial minorities. This is considered the emphasis of the conflict perspective. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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102) Racial profiling is an arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior. ⊚ ⊚
true false
103) The partitioning of India into two separate countries in an attempt to end violent conflict between Hindus and Muslims was considered a secession. ⊚ ⊚
104)
true false
There has been a slight decrease in interracial marriages in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
105) The cultural traditions of the Maori people of New Zealand, including their language, have slowly begun to be restored after centuries of resistance to British domination. ⊚ ⊚
true false
106) It is difficult to generalize about Asian Indian Americans because Asian Indians are an incredibly diverse population with a multitude of cultural traditions and languages. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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107)
Puerto Ricans are considered the largest Latino population. ⊚ ⊚
true false
108) Immigrants from Central and South America are a diverse population that has not been closely studied, and the two areas are often incorrectly generalized. ⊚ ⊚
true false
109) Despite people’s fears, immigration performs many valuable functions. For the receiving society, it alleviates labor shortages such as those that exist in the fields of health care and technology in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 10 1) B 2) B 3) B 4) B 5) B 6) B 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) A 11) D 12) A 13) C 14) C 15) B 16) C 17) B 18) B 19) A 20) D 21) B 22) A 23) C 24) B 25) A 26) C Version 1
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27) C 28) B 29) D 30) D 31) D 32) A 33) D 34) A 35) D 36) B 37) D 38) C 39) B 40) B 41) B 42) B 43) B 44) B 45) C 46) A 47) D 48) C 49) B 50) A 51) C 52) A 53) B 54) A 55) D 56) B Version 1
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57) C 58) B 59) B 60) A 61) B 62) C 63) A 64) B 65) D 66) A 67) C 68) A 69) A 70) B 71) B 72) C 73) B 74) D 75) A 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) FALSE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) TRUE 97) TRUE 98) FALSE 99) TRUE 100) TRUE Version 1
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101) FALSE 102) TRUE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) FALSE 108) TRUE 109) TRUE Chapter 11: Stratification by Gender and Sexuality 1) Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females?
A) B) C) D)
expressiveness gender roles gender schema instrumentality
2) Assuming that flying a commercial plane is a man's job and that parental duties are a woman's job is an example of the
A) B) C) D)
3)
social construction of gender. social construction of sexuality. social construction of expressiveness. social construction of genetic traits.
The expectation that women will be emotionally supportive is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
4)
Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called
A) B) C) D)
5) role?
a genetic trait. a gender role. homophobia. sexuality.
homophobia. gay fright. ethnocentrism. heterophobia.
A man doing which of the following would be a violation of the traditional male gender
A) B) C) D)
playing football getting into a fight joining a knitting circle spitting
6) A woman doing which of the following would be a violation of the traditional female gender role?
A) B) C) D)
wearing acrylic nails crying in public talking knowledgeably about cars babysitting
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7) Research on children's books published in the United States in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s found that
A) B) C) D)
females were significantly overrepresented in central roles and illustrations. female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males. females were portrayed as competent and generally equal to males. female characters were portrayed as aggressive and on the same level as strong
males.
8)
How people see themselves, as either male, female, or something else, is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
sexual orientation. sexuality. gender identity. sexual identity.
9) The self-awareness of being romantically or sexually attracted to a defined group of people is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
sexual identity. gender identity. sexuality. gender.
10) Jaime's current gender identity does not match Jaime's physical identity at birth. Jaime is considered
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A) B) C) D)
transsexual. transgender. pansexual. bisexual.
11) Which of the following sociological perspectives would refer to the obstacles to women's advancement in the Army as a brass ceiling?
A) B) C) D)
interactionist conflict global functionalist
12) An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual’s gender, race, or ethnicityis called a
A) B) C) D)
13)
glass ceiling. cement ceiling. gold ceiling. camouflage ceiling.
Functionalists view gender roles in which of the following ways?
A) B) C) D)
Gender roles assist in keeping women oppressed within the family structure. Gender roles have a bias toward male power. Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance. Gender roles are not necessary.
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14) Which of the following terms was used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions?
A) B) C) D)
identification instrumentality expressiveness identity
15) Which of the following terms was used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family?
A) B) C) D)
16)
expressiveness identification instrumentality identity
According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by
A) B) C) D)
men. women. children. whichever adult has a career.
17) Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit?
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A) B) C) D)
18)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Conflict theorists view gender differences as
A) B) C) D)
a reflection of the subjugation of one group (women) by another group (men). necessary for the effective accomplishment of family and societal tasks. unrelated to the overall exploitation and injustice found in capitalist societies. unnecessary in order to accomplish what needs to get done.
19) Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies these considerations are not so important?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
20) Using an analogy to Marx's analysis of class conflict, conflict theorists would argue that women are in a position comparable to that of the
A) B) C) D)
bourgeoisie. proletariat. capitalist. upper class.
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21)
According to the text, some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women as in all male-dominated societies, whether they are labeled capitalist, socialist, or communist.
A) B) C) D)
a form of retribution inevitable hyperreactive merely a falsity
22) Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
23) Certain sociological theorists who study gender stratification typically focus on macrolevel social forces and institutions, while others examine gender stratification on the micro level of everyday behavior, where gender is socially constructed in everyday interactions. What perspective are the latter researchers using?
A) B) C) D)
conflict perspective global perspective interactionist perspective functionalist perspective
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24) The social distancing and self-isolation that took place during the 2020 response to the coronavirus pandemic increased the likelihood that abusers and potential victims would have to remain together under stressful conditions, which was of concern to which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
25) Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-white women?
A) B) C) D)
26)
Which sociologist coined the term matrix of domination?
A) B) C) D)
27)
web of power gender imprisonment matrix of domination gender trap
Patricia Hill Collins Karl Marx bell hooks Ida Wells-Barnett
Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"?
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A) B) C) D)
opening a door for a female styling hair feeding a baby crying in public
28) Which of the following would be an example of a man challenging traditional gender roles?
A) B) C) D)
29)
fist fighting in public organizing a birthday lunch at work not crying when hurt carrying lots of heavy items
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as
A) B) C) D)
sexual harassment. sexism. sex stratification. gender identity.
30) Which of the following terms refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of a society?
A) B) C) D)
institutional discrimination innovation indoctrination instrumentality
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31) A scientific company lays off employees by seniority, retaining those that have been employed the longest. The majority of the female employees had been hired only in the past 10 years and were educated as part of the push to get more females into math and sciences. This situation is an example of
A) B) C) D)
instrumentality. expressiveness. institutional discrimination. pluralism.
32) Much of the exploited labor in developing nations, especially in the nonindustrial sector, is performed by women. Thus,there is a link between the wealth of industrialized nations and
A) B) C) D)
the poverty of women in developing countries. the wealth of women in industrialized nations. the prosperity of women in developing countries. the number of labor organizations for women in developing countries.
33) Compared to 41 percent of managerial positions in the United States, women hold only 15 percent of managerial positions in what country?
A) B) C) D)
34) true?
Iceland Japan Sweden Rwanda
Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is
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A) Women grow half the world's food, but they rarely own land. B) Women constitute one-half of the world's paid labor force but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs. C) Single-parent households headed by women are typically found only in industrialized countries because such arrangements cannot survive in developing countries. D) According to a detailed overview of the status of the world's women, issued by the World Bank in 2015, existing gender strategy does not need to be changed.
35)
Which of the following is an occupation in which women are overrepresented?
A) B) C) D)
36)
chefs dentists librarians police officers
Which of the following is an occupation in which women are underrepresented?
A) B) C) D)
bank tellers dental hygienists computer programmers elementary school teachers
37) An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is called
A) B) C) D)
expressiveness. a gender role. the glass ceiling. instrumentality.
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38)
Women earn about
A) B) C) D)
for every dollar a man earns.
95 cents 90 cents 85 cents 83 cents
39) Male nurses, male grade school teachers, and male librarians may experience some scorn in the larger society. Within the workplace itself, they
A) B) C) D)
are often similarly scorned. typically earn the same wages as women. are typically perceived as token representatives. often rise to become supervisors.
40) Which of the following terms refers to an advantage that men have when employed in female-dominated occupations?
A) B) C) D)
glass ceiling glass escalator crystal stairs transparent ascension
41) The double burden borne by many women—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—is referred to as
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A) B) C) D)
42)
second employment. double duty. the second shift. working double time.
Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild's concept of the "second shift"?
A) A woman works from 9 to 5 as a nurse and then has a second job as a waitress at a local diner. B) A man has a career as an accountant; and when he gets home, he cleans his apartment and makes dinner for himself. C) A woman has a career as a stockbroker, and she is also responsible for maintaining the apartment, doing the shopping, and cooking for herself and her family. D) A women not only has a career but also hires help for the home.
43)
Which of the following statements about the feminist movement is true?
A) There was no feminist movement in the United States until the 1980s. B) The second wave of feminism in the United States was inspired in part by pioneering works like Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique and Kate Millett's Sexual Politics. C) Modern feminist theory is based on the interactionist perspective. D) Friedrich Engels argued that the rise of industrialization benefited women.
44)
The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
social equality. glass escalator. feminism. transcendentalism.
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45)
Which amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections?
A) B) C) D)
Tenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment Nineteenth Amendment Twenty-second Amendment
46) Which of the following sociological perspectives would acknowledge that the persistence of gender roles in a given culture may make it more likely for men to take advantage of women sexually?
A) B) C) D)
interactionist functionalist conflict global
47) Which of the following sociological perspectives notes that sexual harassment remains a vicious behavior and its commonplace use in conversation should not ignore that fact?
A) B) C) D)
interactionist functionalist conflict global
48) Which of the following sociological perspectives see sexual harassment as a product of unequal power—men wielding their authority over women, and bosses over employees?
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A) B) C) D)
conflict global interactionist functionalist
49) What term refers to the overlapping and interdependent system of advantage and disadvantage that positions people in society?
A) B) C) D)
intersectionality instrumentality ethnocentrism assimilation
50) Describe the process involved in the social construction of gender roles in a society. Give some examples to support your answer.
51)
Explain how homophobia contributes to gender-role socialization in the United States.
52) Compare and contrast women's and men's gender roles and the obstacles that either one faces if they start adhering to roles that are considered inappropriate.
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53) Explain the gender spectrum and how it demonstrates some progress in social conceptions of gender.
54) Explain the concept of intersectionality and its relationship to the matrix of domination. Offer examples in contemporary society to illuminate this phenomenon.
55) Compare and contrast the functional, conflict, and interactionist sociological perspectives on gender and gender stratification.
56) Explain institutional discrimination toward women in politics. You may provide an example to help illustrate the concept.
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57) Discuss the status of women worldwide with a particular emphasis on the "feminization of poverty" as part of your answer.
58) Define the term glass escalator, and discuss its significance in the context of gender stratification.
59) Define the concept of a glass ceiling and discuss how it might apply differently to corporations and less-corporate work structures, like that of public education.
60)
Define and explain the second shift. Provide an example to illustrate the concept.
61) Explain feminism as a collective consciousness and the specific achievements of the two "waves" of feminism that your text discusses.
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62) Discuss the evolution of legal protection from sexual harassment and the significance of the #MeToo movement.
63) The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive societal messages about how to behave. ⊚ ⊚
64)
true false
Most people do not display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time. ⊚ ⊚
true false
65) We socially construct our behavior so that male-female differences are either created or exaggerated. ⊚ ⊚
true false
66) Children's books published since the 1970s have shown significant improvement in the representation of females, with nearly as many in central roles as male characters. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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67)
Homophobia has almost no bearing on gender-role socialization. ⊚ ⊚
true false
68) Recent research suggests that men who shave their body hair, cry in public, and have pedicures are violating gender norms. ⊚ ⊚
69)
true false
Stay-at-home fathers are still considered an unusual phenomenon. ⊚ ⊚
true false
70) Gender stratification requires not only individual socialization into traditional gender roles within the family, but also the promotion and support of those traditional roles by other social institutions. ⊚ ⊚
71)
true false
Terms such as her and him are examples of gender-neutral pronouns. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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72) Audit studies are a type of experiment used in the social sciences to create matched cases and test for discrimination. ⊚ ⊚
true false
73) A conflict theorist would argue that men's work is uniformly valued, while women's work (whether unpaid labor in the home or wage labor) is devalued. ⊚ ⊚
74)
Gender, race, and social class are the only sources of oppression in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
75)
true false
The major institutions in our society are run equally by both males and females. ⊚ ⊚
77)
true false
Women in the United States remain noticeably underrepresented in politics. ⊚ ⊚
76)
true false
true false
Women everywhere suffer from second-class status. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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78)
Unemployed women do double the amount of housework as unemployed men. ⊚ ⊚
true false
79) Women are often more advantaged when working in male occupations because of the existence of the glass ceiling. ⊚ ⊚
true false
80) Taking into account age, education, marital status, children, occupational specialization, work experience, and hours worked in a year reduces the pay gap between men and women by only three cents. ⊚ ⊚
81)
true false
Worldwide, women hold about 10 percent of corporate managerial positions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
82) There is a clear gender gap in the performance of housework, although it has been narrowing. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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83)
A woman's workday is a lot shorter than a man's. ⊚ ⊚
84)
Feminism is an ideology that favors equal rights for women. ⊚ ⊚
85)
true false
true false
White women are more likely than others to call themselves feminists. ⊚ ⊚
true false
86) The federal government does not consider sexual harassment a form of discrimination that violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ⊚ ⊚
87)
true false
The majority of individuals who experience sexual harassment do not report it. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 11 1) B 2) A 3) B 4) A 5) C 6) C 7) B 8) C 9) A 10) B 11) B 12) A 13) C 14) B 15) A 16) B 17) A 18) A 19) B 20) B 21) B 22) B 23) C 24) C 25) C 26) A Version 1
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27) A 28) B 29) B 30) A 31) C 32) A 33) B 34) A 35) C 36) C 37) C 38) D 39) D 40) B 41) C 42) C 43) B 44) C 45) C 46) B 47) A 48) A 49) A 63) TRUE 64) TRUE 65) TRUE 66) FALSE 67) FALSE 68) TRUE 69) TRUE Version 1
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70) TRUE 71) FALSE 72) TRUE 73) TRUE 74) FALSE 75) TRUE 76) FALSE 77) TRUE 78) TRUE 79) FALSE 80) TRUE 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) FALSE 86) FALSE 87) TRUE Chapter 12: The Family and Household Diversity 1)
Which of the following best defines family?
A) A set of people related by blood, marriage or some other agreed-upon relationship, or adoption, who share the responsibility for reproducing and caring for members of society. B) A married couple and their unmarried children living together. C) Two unrelated adults who have chosen to share each other's lives in a relationship of mutual caring. D) A group of individuals, relation not necessary, living together.
2)
A married couple and their unmarried children living together constitute a(n)
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A) B) C) D)
nuclear family. extended family. matrilocal family. patrilocal family.
3) A man and his wife and their biological children live on a pretty piece of land in Woodstock, Vermont. They are an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
extended family. nuclear family. clan. polygynous family.
4) A married couple, their children, and other relatives—such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles—living together in the same household constitute a(n)
A) B) C) D)
5)
nuclear family. extended family. matrilocal family. patrilocal family.
Which of the following is considered an extended family?
A) a college sorority B) the Arapesh tribe of New Guinea C) Beverly, her partner Bea, and their two children, Barry and Bonnie D) a married couple, their children, and one spouse's sister all living together in the same home
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6)
Monogamy refers to a form of marriage in which
A) B) C) D)
7)
Which of the following is an example of monogamy?
A) B) C) D)
8)
an individual has only one partner. a woman may have several husbands at the same time. a man may have several wives at the same time. an individual has several spouses in a lifetime, but only one at a time.
Ted and Tonya have been married to each other for three months. Tori, Tito, and Tabitha have been living with each other for 14 years. Troy and his sister Tracy live together in an apartment. Four cousins live in a house together.
When a person has several spouses in a lifetime, but only one spouse at a time, it is called
A) B) C) D)
polygamy. polygyny. serial monogamy. serial polygamy.
9) Steve and Mary are married and then get a divorce. Steve then marries Rachel, and they get a divorce, too. Steve remarries Mary and lives with her until she dies. After Mary's death, Steve marries Beth and lives with her until his death. These relationships of Steve's life are an example of
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A) B) C) D)
polygamy. polygyny. serial monogamy. polyandry.
10) What is the general term for a marriage in which an individual can have several husbands or wives at the same time?
A) B) C) D)
monogamy polygamy polygyny polyandry
11) Among Tibetans, a woman may be married simultaneously to more than one man, usually brothers. This system allows sons to share the limited amount of good land. According to your text, this would be considered
A) B) C) D)
serial monogamy. polygamy. matrilineal descent. egalitarianism.
12) Which of the following terms refers to the marriage of a man to more than one woman at the same time?
A) B) C) D)
monogamy plurality polygyny polyandry
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13)
In some societies, a man will marry a woman and her sisters. This is a form of
A) B) C) D)
14)
monogamy. polygyny. polyandry. group marriage.
Under which marital form can a woman have several husbands at the same time?
A) B) C) D)
monogamy polygamy polygyny polyandry
15) Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that polyandrous cultures devalue the social worth of women?
A) B) C) D)
16)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
What is the difference between a family and a kin group?
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A) B) C) D)
17)
Which pattern of descent is most typical in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
18)
The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together. Kin is a household unit, but a family does not always live together. Family units include aunts and uncles, but a kin group does not. Kin groups and families are identical.
matrilineal patrilineal bilateral bilineal
Patrilineal descent refers to a
A) kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important. B) kinship system that favors the relatives of the father. C) pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with the husband's parents. D) society in which men are expected to dominate family decision making.
19)
A kinship system that favors the relatives of the mother is based on
A) B) C) D)
bilineal descent. matrilineal descent. trilineal descent. patrilineal descent.
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20)
Males are expected to dominate family decision making in a(n)
A) B) C) D)
21)
A matriarchy is a society in which
A) B) C) D)
22)
matriarchy. patriarchy. neolocal society. egalitarian society.
women hold greater authority than men. women hold no authority at all. men hold greater authority than women. women and men hold equal amounts of authority.
In which type of society do women hold greater authority than men?
A) B) C) D)
a matriarchy a patrilineal society a neolocal society an egalitarian society
23) In some hunting-and-gathering societies, men are away from home for long periods of time. As a result, it is not unusual to find that the women are fully responsible for the household and for making most of the major family decisions. In these societies, which pattern of authority is evident?
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A) B) C) D)
egalitarian matriarchal matrilineal matricentric
24) In which type of authority pattern are the adult members of the family regarded as equals?
A) B) C) D)
25)
neolocal bilateral egalitarian homogamous
Friedrich Engels, a colleague of Karl Marx, noted that
A) B) C) D)
the family is the ultimate source of social inequality. there are six paramount functions of the family. 80 percent of the 565 societies he studied had some type of polygamy. there are six stations of divorce, but the most important is the economic station.
26) Which sociological perspective notes the ways in which the family gratifies the needs of its members and contributes to the stability of society?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
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27) Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change has influenced the family, in that many traditional family activities, such as education, religious training, and recreational activities, have been assumed by other social institutions?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective anomie perspective
28) Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that family decision making reflects the inequality of traditional gender stratification, in which men have held a dominant position over women?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling perspective
29) Which sociological perspective would argue that the U.S. family contributes to social injustice and denies women opportunities that are commonly extended to men?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
30) Feminists have helped raise social consciousness about U.S. legal history and the traditional treatment of wives and children as the property of the husband. This view reflects the concerns of which sociological perspective? Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
31) Which sociological perspective would most likely focus attention on the personal relationships between stepparents and their stepchildren and the family dynamics involved in such relationships?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective feminist perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
32) Which sociological perspective would contend that social scientists need to rethink the notion that families without an adult male present are automatically a cause for concern?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
33) Which sociological perspective supports the view of marriage as a social institution closely tied to human reproduction?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
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34) In all cultures, which of the following assume the ultimate responsibility for the protection and upbringing of children?
A) B) C) D)
35)
tribes communities families kinships
The restriction of mate selection to people within a certain group is known as
A) B) C) D)
exogamy. hypergamy. endogamy. homogamy.
36) Sarna, an Orthodox Jew, marries Nathan, a Reform Jew. Sarna is disowned by her parents because, as far as they are concerned, she has married outside their religion. She has violated the rule of
A) B) C) D)
37)
hypergamy. endogamy. homogamy. exogamy.
The requirement that individuals select mates from outside certain groups is known as
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A) B) C) D)
38)
exogamy. hypergamy. endogamy. homogamy.
The term incest taboo refers to
A) the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives. B) the prohibition of marriage between close relatives and neighbors. C) the requirement, in some cultures, of having one's sexual initiation occur within the safe confines of a family relationship. D) not having sex with neighbors or business associates.
39)
The incest taboo is an example of
A) B) C) D)
exogamy. homogamy. endogamy. heterogamy.
40) In most states in the United States, an individual is not permitted to marry a parent, a sibling, an aunt or an uncle, a grandparent, or a first or second cousin. These rules reflect our societal emphasis on
A) B) C) D)
the incest taboo. endogamy. exogamy. homogamy.
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41)
In the United States, endogamous rules stressed by many groups include marriage within
A) B) C) D)
42)
Feminization of poverty refers to the disproportionate representation of
A) B) C) D)
43)
women in the workforce. female-headed households among the poor. male-headed households among the poor. females in professional-level jobs.
Machismo refers to
A) B) C) D)
44)
one's own racial, ethnic, and religious group. one's own family group. one's own sexual group. one's own peer group.
bonding between members of a Hispanic street gang. a sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness. the "brotherhood" that exists between members of an Italian crime syndicate. pride in the extended family, expressed through close ties.
Which of the following is an example of machismo?
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A) Mary drives a pickup truck. B) José, a Mexican American, works out in a gym every day and believes that he can "get any woman that he wants." C) Reggie, an African American, is the captain of his college football team. D) Susana opens doors for both men and women.
45)
The term familism refers to pride in the
A) nuclear family, expressed through the maintenance of a strong system of rituals and permanence. B) extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk. C) single-parent family, expressed through the maintenance of close bonds and attention to the needs of children. D) a sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's own family.
46) Although Maria and Juan, a young Mexican American couple, have formed a nuclear family, they enjoy their relationships with parents and relatives and interact with them on a daily basis. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
machismo. familism. a domestic partnership. homogamy.
47) As Mexican Americans and other groups assimilate into the dominant culture of the United States, their family lives
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A) typically lose most of their distinctive ethnic characteristics. B) take on the positive aspects often associated with white households. C) take on the negative aspects often associated with white households. D) take on both the positive and negative aspects often associated with white households.
48)
In societies with economic considerations at play, arranged marriages are engineered by
A) B) C) D)
parents. politicians. community leaders. peers.
49) The conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own is known as
A) B) C) D)
50)
exogamy. incest taboo. endogamy. homogamy.
Which of the following factors has contributed to the delay in people's decision to marry?
A) B) C) D)
financial security educational pursuits lack of single individuals high standards
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51) The process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
functions of the family. fostering. adoption. cohabitation.
52) A teenage couple has a baby, and they agree that they are too young to raise it on their own. The girl's aunt and uncle cannot produce a child of their own, and they all agree that it would be a good idea if the aunt and uncle take legal custody of the baby. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
cohabitation. adoption. heterogamy. endogamy.
53) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to point out that policymakers have both a humanitarian and a financial stake in promoting adoption?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
54) After his divorce from Wanda, Willy has custody of his two young children. Fortunately, his job allows him to work from home, and he is able to earn a living to support his family and to spend as much time as necessary supervising and caring for his children. This is an example of a(n) Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
nuclear family. extended family. single-parent family. co-parental family.
55) After reviewing many studies of stepfamilies, sociologist Andrew J. Cherlin recently concluded that children whose parents have remarried
A) are likely to have better health care and education than if they were raised by biological mothers. B) do not have higher levels of well-being than children in divorced single-parent families. C) would be better off living with a couple in conflict than going through divorce and living with a new stepparent. D) are likely to have better self-esteem than children living in divorced single-parent families.
56) What is likely the most important factor in the increase in divorce over the past hundred years?
A) B) C) D)
more liberal laws increased stigma of divorce economic opportunities for men increase in the social acceptance of divorce
57) Why is divorce for many same-sex couples currently more complicated than for oppositesex couples?
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A) Although same-sex marriage has been legalized, same-sex divorce has not been legalized. B) Most courts refuse to take on same-sex divorce cases. C) Before same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide, many same-sex couples traveled outside their home jurisdictions in order to be legally married. D) According to Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), same-sex "marriages" legally only qualify as civil unions.
58) Donna, a 33-year-old divorcee with two sons, and Mark, a 50-year-old divorcee with two daughters, become engaged and live together. Although they are strongly committed to one another, they never actually go ahead with the marriage. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
59)
Which of the following statements about childlessness in the United States is correct?
A) B) C) D)
60)
cohabitation. an extended family. heterogamy. both cohabitation and an extended family.
There has been a modest increase in childlessness. Childlessness has decreased dramatically. Childlessness is directly correlated to views on abstinence. There has been a modest decrease in childlessness.
Compare and contrast the different types of families across cultures.
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61) Compare and contrast the family and the kinship group. Provide examples to help illustrate.
62) Discuss the four factors sociologist Alice Rossi identifies as complicating the transition to parenthood and the role of socialization.
63) Discuss the social institution of the family from the functional, interactionist, and conflict perspectives. Give examples to support your answer.
64) Identify and contrast the various forms of marriage found throughout most societies of the world.
65) Describe the various norms of mate selection and explain how they may or may not be related to a love relationship.
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66)
Explain the increasing trend in dual-income couples.
67) Identify the various factors associated with divorce that increased its acceptance throughout the 20th century.
68)
How common is divorce? Explain.
69)
Discuss the issues that gay couples who are looking to divorce may face.
70) Discuss and contrast the variations of contemporary family styles found within the United States.
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71) Discuss why those who remain childless by choice might need the assistance of a support network.
72)
Discuss family leave policies via the sociological perspectives.
73)
Polygamy, polygyny, and polyandry are all forms of serial monogamy. ⊚ ⊚
true false
74) Polygyny is a social system in which women may have several husbands and in which women are more powerful than men. ⊚ ⊚
true false
75) Polyandry, a system in which women may have several husbands, is an example—albeit a rare one—of a social order in which women are more powerful than men.
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⊚ ⊚
76)
The family as an institution exists in all cultures. ⊚ ⊚
77)
true false
The family and kin groups are one and the same. ⊚ ⊚
79)
true false
Kinship is culturally learned and is not totally determined by biological or marital ties. ⊚ ⊚
78)
true false
true false
In patriarchal societies, the eldest male often wields the greatest power. ⊚ ⊚
true false
80) Matriarchies, which emerged in Native American societies, are generally uncommon globally. ⊚ ⊚
81)
true false
Standards of sexual behavior are most clearly defined within the family circle.
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⊚ ⊚
82)
true false
Interactionist theorists emphasize the relationships among family members. ⊚ ⊚
true false
83) The most consistent aspect of family life in the United States has been the high rate of marriage. ⊚ ⊚
true false
84) Two examples of endogamy are the incest taboo and former laws that prohibited the marriage of Blacks and whites in some parts of the United States. ⊚ ⊚
85)
The term we use for the "like marries like" rule is homogamy. ⊚ ⊚
86)
true false
true false
More and more people in the United States are postponing entry into their first marriage. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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87)
The transition to parenthood is gradual. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) Online dating sites or dating apps are especially important to mate-seekers under 50. It is especially important to gays and lesbians, as approximately 20percent of those who seek a samesex relationship do so successfully online. ⊚ ⊚
89)
true false
Most states have adopted more liberal divorce laws in the past decades. ⊚ ⊚
true false
90) Custodial arrangements following a divorce can take a long time to work out and are not necessarily followed. ⊚ ⊚
true false
91) It will be many years before it is possible to identify the divorce and remarriage patterns of same-sex couples. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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92) Couples who seek divorce usually must either return to the place where they were married and reestablish legal residence or try to work through the still-undefined process in their home state. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) According to data from the Census Bureau, there has been a modest decrease in the number of childless married couples in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
94) The trend toward maintaining a single lifestyle for a longer period is related toyoung people's desire for economic independence. ⊚ ⊚
true false
95) Paid parental leave for mothers and fathers with newborns or newly adopted children is common in all industrial countries except the United States. ⊚ ⊚
96)
true false
In the United States, family leave is left entirely to the employers' discretion. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 12 1) A 2) A 3) B 4) B 5) D 6) A 7) A 8) C 9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) B 14) D 15) B 16) A 17) C 18) B 19) B 20) B 21) A 22) A 23) B 24) C 25) A 26) A Version 1
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27) A 28) B 29) B 30) B 31) C 32) D 33) A 34) C 35) C 36) B 37) A 38) A 39) A 40) A 41) A 42) B 43) B 44) B 45) B 46) B 47) D 48) A 49) D 50) A 51) C 52) B 53) A 54) C 55) B 56) D Version 1
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57) C 58) A 59) A 73) FALSE 74) FALSE 75) FALSE 76) TRUE 77) TRUE 78) FALSE 79) TRUE 80) TRUE 81) TRUE 82) TRUE 83) TRUE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) TRUE 93) FALSE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) TRUE
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Chapter 13: Education and Religion 1) The lifelong process of learning the attitudes, values, and behavior considered appropriate to members of a particular culture is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
secularization. subculture. education. socialization.
2) Which sociological perspective emphasizes how the common identity and social integration fostered by education contributes to overall societal stability and consensus?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
3) Which sociological perspective portrays contemporary education as basically benign—for example, it argues that schools rationally sort and select students for future high-status positions, thereby meeting society's need for talented and expert personnel?
A) B) C) D)
4)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling theory
Which of the following illustrates a current trend in higher education?
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A) White participation in higher education fell from 44 percent to 28 percent between 1978 and 2008. B) More women than men are receiving college degrees. C) Equal gains are being made by Latino and African American groups in educational attainment. D) Men are more likely to receive degrees than women.
5)
Which sociological perspective views education as an instrument of elite domination?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
6) Which sociological perspective is most critical of the differential way in which education bestows status?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
7) Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 required federally funded schools to do all of the following EXCEPT
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A) eliminating sex-segregated classes. B) prohibiting sex discrimination in admissions and for financial aid. C) giving female students more opportunities, in proportion to their enrollment and interest, to play sports. D) permitting federal funding without conditions.
8)
The teacher-expectancy effect reflects the views of which sociological perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
9) Which sociologist studied both poor and affluent Chicago schools and found that administrators expected less of children from poorer neighborhoods?
A) B) C) D)
Talcott Parsons Howard Becker Robert Rosenthal Max Weber
10) Which researchers' work yielded the concept referred to as the teacher-expectancy effect?
A) B) C) D)
Talcott Parsons and W. E. B. DuBois Howard Becker and Robert Rosenthal Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson Max Weber and Émile Durkheim
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11)
Which of the following statements pertaining to education as an agent of change is true?
A) B) thought. C) D)
Education programs cannot transform people's lives. Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in income are not as significant as previously Additional years of formal schooling are associated with more expansive viewpoints. The best indicator of a person's lifetime earnings is a person's familial background.
12) Which of the following approaches suggests that if we treat people in particular ways, they may fulfill our expectations?
A) B) C) D)
credentialism labeling secularization teacher-expectancy effect
13) Researchers have identified distinctive student subcultures on college campuses. The students who focus on having fun and socializing are referred to as the subculture.
A) B) C) D)
academic collegiate fraternity nonconformist
14) Which of the college subcultures identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty and values knowledge for its own sake?
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A) B) C) D)
academic collegiate fraternity nonconformist
15) Teaching students about the physical and political geography of their state, their country, and the world would be considered a(n)
A) B) C) D)
manifest function of education. latent function of education. dysfunction of education. example of the correspondence principle.
16) Teaching students to read and write, to calculate numbers, and to master the facts of their society's history are all examples of
A) B) C) D)
latent functions of education. manifest functions of education. manifest dysfunctions of education. latent dysfunctions of education.
17) Bestowing status on students by awarding them a diploma after they have successfully completed all graduation requirements can be considered a
A) B) C) D)
manifest function of education. latent function of education. dysfunction of education. goal of the interactionist approach to education.
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18) Teaching students to be on time, to respect authority, and to follow directions can be considered a
A) B) C) D)
manifest function of education. latent function of education. dysfunction of education. goal of the interactionist approach to education.
19) A particular college requires students to live on campus during their first two years to help foster a sense of community among diverse groups. This
A) B) C) D)
20) it
is illegal in most states. serves a latent function of education. serves a manifest function of education. is an attempt to resocialize improper behavior.
In schools in the United States, bilingual education has been defended on the grounds that
A) B) C) D)
is a means of encouraging cultural diversity. assists in the cultural integration of immigrant groups. assists in the political integration of immigrant groups. encourages tolerance amongst children and their parents.
21) In the past, the integrative function of education in the United States was most obvious in its emphasis on
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A) B) C) D)
22)
teaching diversity in the classroom. promotion of a common language. teaching strict discipline. teaching students that they share a common history.
The main criticism put forward by opponents of bilingual education is that
A) these programs cost too much. B) earlier groups of immigrants learned English without these programs. C) it undermines the social and political integration that education has traditionally promoted. D) these programs are not effective.
23) Teachers and guidance counselors may encourage male students to pursue careers in the sciences, but then steer equally talented female students into careers as early childhood teachers. Such socialization into traditional gender roles is considered a form of
A) B) C) D)
social integration. political integration. social control. political control.
24) Which sociologist pointed out that better-educated people tend to have greater access to factual information?
A) B) C) D)
Max Weber Arlie Hochschild Robin Williams Robert Merton
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25)
Which of the following is stressed by formal education?
A) B) C) D)
26)
the liberal use of broad generalizations the importance of qualifying statements the acceptance of established truths the acceptance of established practices
The term hidden curriculum refers to
A) the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. B) the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria. C) the teaching of art, music, industrial arts, acting, and other nonessential courses in high schools. D) the lesson plans that instructors prepare, and that students and parents never see.
27) In the United States, schoolchildren are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells. This learning experience illustrates
A) B) C) D)
28)
credentialism. the correspondence principle. the hidden curriculum. the teacher-expectancy effect.
Critics of the hidden curriculum are concerned that
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A) B) C) D)
it may lead to a type of interpretive behavior. discipline takes precedence over the learning process. it places too much emphasis on creative thought. it may lead to a type of rebellious behavior.
29) Students in Japan are offered guidance sessions that seek to improve the classroom experience and instill values useful in the Japanese business world. These sessions are an example of
A) B) C) D)
a hidden curriculum. the correspondence principle. the teacher-expectancy effect. the Protestant ethic.
30) The marginalization in sex and relationship education in schools of anything other than heterosexual relationships is an example of
A) B) C) D)
31)
a hidden curriculum. the correspondence principle. the teacher-expectancy effect. the Protestant ethic.
An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
the hidden curriculum. escalation. credentialism. the worker-expectancy effect.
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32)
What is tracking?
A) the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools B) the process of following a student's academic progress from first through twelfth grades C) the practice of integrating handicapped children into "regular" classrooms D) the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria
33)
Studies of tracking show that children placed in nonacademic tracks tend to come from
A) B) C) D)
34)
high-income households. two-parent families. minority groups. affluent neighborhoods.
The correspondence principle refers to the tendency of
A) students to develop values and attitudes that are similar to those of their elementary school teachers. B) schools to place physically handicapped children in classes with peers who are at a similar academic level, regardless of physical condition. C) schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next. D) parents to place their children in private schools that teach social values similar to their own.
35)
Critics of homeschooling suggest that homeschooled children are
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A) less academically prepared for college. B) isolated from the larger community and lose an important chance to improve their socialization skills. C) negatively affected if they have an attention deficit disorder. D) unable to properly communicate with others.
36)
Which of the following is considered a problem with homeschooling?
A) B) C) D)
quality control the number of teachers the quality of the time children spend with parents the rate of learning
37) Which of the following statements is true regarding families who homeschool their children?
A) B) C) D)
Most homeschooled students perform better on standardized tests. Most homeschooled students belong to single-parent families. Most homeschooled students belong to middle-income families. Most homeschooled students come from affluent neighborhoods.
38) Which sociologist's analysis of bureaucracies has been applied to schools in the United States because of the growing number of students enrolled in schools and the greater degree of specialization required within a technologically complex society?
A) B) C) D)
Émile Durkheim Talcott Parsons Max Weber Samuel Bowles
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39) A particular school district hires a staff member who only works with students who have specific reading difficulties. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?
A) B) C) D)
written rules and regulations impersonality division of labor hierarchy of authority
40) In a particular school system, a teacher's aide must report to her teacher, and the teacher must report to his assistant principal, who then must report to her principal, who then must report to the superintendent, who ultimately is responsible to the board of education. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?
A) B) C) D)
written rules and regulations impersonality division of labor hierarchy of authority
41) A particular teacher spends 80 percent of her time filling out proper forms required by the school district and the rest of her time actually teaching. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?
A) B) C) D)
written rules and regulations impersonality division of labor hierarchy of authority
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42) You enroll in a first-year Introduction to Sociology course at your college, and the classes are held in a large auditorium with stadium seating that holds over a hundred students, with a single instructor behind a lectern. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?
A) B) C) D)
written rules and regulations impersonality division of labor hierarchy of authority
43) Your professor receives a promotion when she publishes a journal article within her body of expertise, instead of the promotion going to the department chair's brother-in-law who used to be a cashier but could really use the money. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?
A) B) C) D)
44)
employment based on technical qualifications impersonality division of labor hierarchy of authority
Which perspective generally takes a positive view of the bureaucratization of education?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
45) Which perspective views the bureaucratization of education as simply a reflection of the values of powerful groups in society?
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A) B) C) D)
46)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Secularization is the
A) B) C) D)
process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes. process through which religion's influence on other social institutions increases. ordinary and commonplace element of life, as distinguished from the sacred. element beyond everyday life that inspires awe, respect, and even fear.
47) The U.S. government maintains a policy of "separation of church and state." This relationship between the church and the government in the United States illustrates
A) B) C) D)
creationism. fundamentalism. secularization. the Protestant ethic.
48) Which sociologist was perhaps the first to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies?
A) B) C) D)
Émile Durkheim Talcott Parsons Karl Marx Robert Merton
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49)
According to Émile Durkheim, religion is
A) a unified system of beliefs and practices related to profane things. B) the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being. C) a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to law and legal principles. D) a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things.
50)
The concept of the sacred encompasses
A) B) C) D)
the ordinary and commonplace elements of life. the practices required or expected of members of a faith. elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, or fear. a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to profane things.
51) Many cultures have shamans, or spiritual guides, who assist individuals on spiritual journeys to the "underworld" or some other non-earthly realm. These shamanic journeys would likely be considered part of
A) B) C) D)
52)
the sacred. the profane. creationism. both the sacred and creationism.
The ordinary and commonplace events of life are classified as
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A) B) C) D)
53)
A table, an incense stick, and a candelabra can all be considered
A) B) C) D)
54)
Islam Hinduism Christianity Judaism
In which of the following ways are Christianity and Islam similar?
A) B) C) D)
56)
profane items. sacred items. neither sacred nor profane items. both sacred and profane items.
Which is the single largest faith in the world?
A) B) C) D)
55)
sacred. profane. cult-like. ritualistic.
Both are polytheistic. Both include the belief in prophets. Both consider God's true nature to be revealed through the Torah. Both require confession and communion.
Which of the following is true regarding Islam?
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A) B) C) D)
57)
Which is the important text for followers of Islam?
A) B) C) D)
58)
For Jews, God's true nature is revealed in the Torah. Judaism has a relatively large world following. Judaism does not have much in common with Christianity or Islam. For Jews, the Messiah has yet to return.
Judaism is like Christianity and Islam in which of the following ways?
A) B) C) D)
60)
Bible Torah Qur'an Triptaka
Which of the following is true regarding Judaism?
A) B) C) D)
59)
Followers of Islam vary sharply in their interpretations of several traditions. Islam recognizes Jesus as the son of God. Islam is more individualistic in its expression than Christianity. Muslim governments do not reinforce Islamic practices through laws.
They all use the same religious text. They are all monotheistic. They are all polytheistic. They share the same ritualistic traditions.
In which way does Hinduism differ from other major religions?
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A) B) C) D)
61)
Which of the following attributes is true regarding Buddhism?
A) B) C) D)
62)
It embraces a number of major and minor gods. It emphasizes enlightenment through meditation. It is preserved mostly through a single written text. It embraces only one god.
It is identical to Hinduism. It emerged in India. It strives for material pleasures while on earth. It developed in the 1800s.
Giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual world are among religion's
A) B) C) D)
latent functions. manifest functions. manifest dysfunctions. latent dysfunctions.
63) Churches that serve as training grounds for community leaders and allow members to refine their organizational skills are performing a
A) B) C) D)
latent function. manifest function. manifest dysfunction. latent dysfunction.
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64) Which sociological perspective emphasizes the integrative power of religion in human society?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
65) Religious loyalties that contribute to tension and even conflict between groups or nations can be considered
A) B) C) D)
66)
manifest functions of religion. latent functions of religion. dysfunctions of religion. interactionist approaches to religion.
Max Weber
A) B) C) D)
examined the connection between religious allegiance and capitalist development. called religion the "opiate of the masses." examined the influence of religion on suicide. studied cult behavior in Germany.
67) Emphasis on a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life is known as
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A) B) C) D)
the opiate of the masses. liberation theology. the Protestant ethic. the Catholic ethic.
68) What term did Max Weber use to refer to a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers?
A) B) C) D)
69)
the sanctuary movement the Protestant ethic predestination liberation theology
Liberation theology refers to
A) the use of a church, primarily the Roman Catholic Church, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice. B) the use of a place of prayer, primarily the Muslim mosque, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice. C) people who support a literal interpretation of the book of Genesis. D) a religious organization that claims to include most of the members of a society.
70)
Which of the following is an example of liberation theology?
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A) a Catholic church in South America that leads a movement to earn equal rights for poor women B) the role of Martin Luther King Jr. and other religious leaders in the civil rights movement in the United Statesin the 1960s C) the leadership of Pope John Paul II among Catholic clergy adhering to traditional pastoral duties D) the overall leadership of religious institutions
71) Which sociological perspective argues that to whatever extent religion actually does influence social behavior, it reinforces existing patterns of dominance and inequality?
A) B) C) D)
72)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Stained glass ceiling refers to the
A) B) C) D)
ability of women to fill leadership positions within religious institutions. difficulty women face obtaining leadership positions within religious institutions. difficulty women have in practicing their beliefs within the U.S. religious system. ability of women to fill any position within any organization.
73) Which sociological perspective emphasizes individual religious expression through belief, ritual, and experience?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist interactionist conflict feminist
74) Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a potential source of structural social change, through liberation theology?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist interactionist conflict feminist
75) Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social integration and unification?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist interactionist conflict feminist
76) Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social support for individuals?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist interactionist conflict feminist
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77)
The statements to which members of a particular religion adhere are known as
A) B) C) D)
religious beliefs. religious experiences. religious rituals. religious norms.
78) Members of a particular religious group think that God meant for people "to be fruitful and multiply," so they permit men to have several wives at one time. This is an example of a religious
A) B) C) D)
79)
Practices required or expected of members of a faith are known as
A) B) C) D)
80) as
belief. experience. value. ritual.
religious beliefs. religious experiences. religious rituals. religious norms.
Emphasis on the doctrinal conformity and literal interpretation of religious texts is known
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A) B) C) D)
religious ritual. fanaticism. fundamentalism. secularization.
81) On the Jewish holiday of Passover, Jews are expected to eat unleavened bread during their seder, or holiday dinner, rather than the bread they eat during the rest of the year. Eating unleavened bread and having a seder are examples of religious
A) B) C) D)
experiences. rituals. values. beliefs.
82) Facing east toward Mecca while saying one's morning prayers is a practice of the Muslim religion. This behavior is an example of a religious
A) B) C) D)
ritual. experience. belief. totem.
83) The feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion is called a religious
A) B) C) D)
ritual. experience. belief. custom.
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84) The feeling of exaltation that a person has when hearing a choir sing can be characterized as a religious
A) B) C) D)
85) a(n)
A religious organization that is recognized as the national or official religion is known as
A) B) C) D)
86)
value. belief. experience. ritual.
cult. denomination. sect. ecclesia.
A denomination is a
A) generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith. B) large organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government. C) religious organization that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and that is recognized as the national or official religion. D) relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.
87)
Which of the following is an example of a denomination in the United States?
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A) B) C) D)
88)
Which of the following is the largest single denomination in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
89)
an Amish church the Episcopalian religion a storefront church in an urban community Jehovah's Witnesses
Roman Catholic Protestant Judaism Muslim
A sect is a
A) generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith. B) large organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government. C) religious organization that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion. D) relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.
90)
An established sect is a
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A) religious group that is considered an outgrowth of a sect yet remains isolated from society. B) religious organization that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and that is recognized as the national or official religion. C) large organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government. D) generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith.
91)
Which of the following is an example of an established sect?
A) B) C) D)
92)
Catholicism Judaism the Hutterites Confucianism
A new religious movement (NRM) or cult is
A) generally a small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith. B) a large, organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government. C) the concept, developed by J. Milton Yinger, of a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society. D) a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.
93) Which sociological perspective would likely argue that charter schools meet society's need for education while serving a diverse student body?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist conflict interactionist feminist
94) Which sociological perspective would likely argue that charter schools do not represent teachers' interests well and are contributing to the decline of labor unions?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist conflict interactionist feminist
95) Discuss the interactionist perspective on education. Define the teacher-expectancy effect and give examples to illustrate your answer.
96) Discuss the great strides that women have made in education. What has contributed to these successes?
97) In what ways has research shown that education can serve as an agent of change? How does this latent function of education differ from other latent functions as described by the functionalist perspective?
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98) Describe the manifest and latent functions of schools, according to the functionalist sociological perspective.
99)
Discuss the inhibiting effects of education, according to the conflict perspective.
100) Discuss tracking and the criticisms of its use. How can it impede a student's ability to succeed?
101) Discuss the concept of homeschooling in contemporary America. Provide multiple reasons different individual families may choose schooling at home versus private and public choices.
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102) Discuss Max Weber's five characteristics of a bureaucracy and how they apply to educational settings.
103) Discuss the concepts of sacred and profane in the context of the distinctions religious faiths make between transcending events and the everyday world. What sociologist studied religion and examined these questions?
104)
Compare and contrast the world religions discussed in the text.
105) Write a summary of Islam as presented in your textbook. Be sure to include both similarities and differences between Islam and other religions, as well as the divisions within Islam itself.
106)
Discuss the primary differences between the functionalist and conflict views on religion.
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107)
What is the integrative function of religion?
108) Discuss the three components of religion—belief, ritual, and experience—and describe how they depend on each other. Give examples to support your answer.
109) Explain the characteristics of a new religious movement (NRM), or cult. How is a cult similar to and different from a sect?
110) Discuss the various ways the belief system Wicca, and its followers Wiccans, have been characterized and why. How do most scholars treat Wicca today?
111) As a social institution, education performs a rather conservative function: transmitting the dominant culture.
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⊚ ⊚
112)
true false
All governments shape culture through education. ⊚ ⊚
true false
113) The college subculture that focuses on socializing and having fun instead of attending classes is the nonconformist subculture. ⊚ ⊚
true false
114) In effect, schools serve as a transitional agent of social control, bridging the gap between parents and employers in the life cycle of most individuals. ⊚ ⊚
true false
115) The correspondence principle refers to schools that perpetuate social-class integration within a community setting. ⊚ ⊚
true false
116) Students who are placed in low-ability groups are able to easily be promoted to highability groups in the future. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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117) Conflicts arise for teachers when they must serve as employee of the school, disciplinarian, and instructor all at the same time. ⊚ ⊚
true false
118) In many respects, today's schools, when viewed as an example of formal organizations, are similar to factories, hospitals, and business firms. ⊚ ⊚
119)
true false
The overall prestige of the teaching profession has increased over the past decade. ⊚ ⊚
true false
120) Schools operate autonomously and are typically not influenced by the market of potential students. ⊚ ⊚
121)
true false
Burnout is a common stressor for teachers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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122) Durkheim was not so much interested in the personalities of religious believers as he was in understanding religious behavior within a social context. ⊚ ⊚
123)
The profane includes the ordinary and commonplace. ⊚ ⊚
124)
true false
Islam is the largest single faith in the world. ⊚ ⊚
126)
true false
Religion is a cultural universal. ⊚ ⊚
125)
true false
true false
Both Christianity and Islam impose a moral code on believers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
127) Latent functions of religion include unintended actions that are considered covert or hidden. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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128) A by-product of the Protestant ethic is the drive to accumulate savings that can be used for future investment. ⊚ ⊚
true false
129) The late African American activist Malcolm X wrote of his hajj and how deeply moved he was by the way that Muslims in Mecca came together across race and color lines. For Malcolm X, the color blindness of the Muslim world was a profound religious experience that “proved to me the power of the One God.” ⊚ ⊚
130)
Rituals usually honor the divine power (or powers) worshipped by believers. ⊚ ⊚
131)
true false
true false
An ecclesia does not exist in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
132) One major sign of the fluidity of individual religion and spirituality is the rise of the electronic church. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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133) As with all aspects of the institution of education, the expansion of learning at home required by the coronavirus pandemic exposed social inequality: the poor had greater difficulty in accessing online learning platforms,and at the same time, their households were disproportionately hurt financially by business shutdowns. ⊚ ⊚
true false
134) Though intelligent design is not based explicitly on the biblical account of creation, fundamentalists feel comfortable with it. Supporters of intelligent design consider it a more accurate account of the origin of life than Darwinism. ⊚ ⊚
true false
135) Creationism, the literal interpretation of the biblical account of the creation of humanity and the universe, is used by fundamentalists to argue that evolution should not be presented as an established scientific fact. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 13 1) D 2) A 3) A 4) B 5) B 6) B 7) D 8) C 9) B 10) C 11) C 12) D 13) B 14) A 15) A 16) B 17) A 18) B 19) B 20) A 21) B 22) C 23) C 24) C 25) B 26) A Version 1
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27) C 28) B 29) A 30) A 31) C 32) D 33) C 34) C 35) B 36) A 37) A 38) C 39) C 40) D 41) A 42) B 43) A 44) A 45) B 46) A 47) C 48) A 49) D 50) C 51) A 52) B 53) D 54) C 55) B 56) A Version 1
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57) C 58) A 59) B 60) A 61) B 62) B 63) A 64) A 65) C 66) A 67) C 68) B 69) A 70) A 71) B 72) B 73) B 74) C 75) A 76) A 77) A 78) A 79) C 80) C 81) B 82) A 83) B 84) C 85) D 86) B Version 1
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87) B 88) A 89) D 90) A 91) C 92) A 93) A 94) B 111) TRUE 112) TRUE 113) FALSE 114) TRUE 115) FALSE 116) FALSE 117) TRUE 118) TRUE 119) FALSE 120) FALSE 121) TRUE 122) TRUE 123) TRUE 124) TRUE 125) FALSE 126) TRUE 127) TRUE 128) TRUE 129) TRUE 130) TRUE 131) TRUE 132) TRUE Version 1
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133) TRUE 134) TRUE 135) TRUE Chapter 14: Government and the Economy 1) The sociocultural evolution approach developed by Gerhard Lenski categorizes preindustrial societies according to the way in which the is organized.
A) B) C) D)
political system economy religious system polity
2) Which type of society relies chiefly on mechanization for the production of its economic goods and services?
A) B) C) D)
agrarian society horticultural society industrial society postmodern society
3) A society such as France or Italy that has an economy based on the production of goods in factories through mechanization would be an example of a(n) society.
A) B) C) D)
agrarian industrial postindustrial horticultural
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4)
What are the two types of economic systems that are seen in contemporary societies?
A) B) C) D)
5)
democracy and communism capitalism and socialism communism and informalism capitalism and democracy
Capitalism is an economic system in which
A) the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. B) all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. C) the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. D) all property is owned individually, and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.
6) Laissez-faire refers to a form of government intervention in the economy.
A) B) C) D)
7)
under which people compete freely with minimal
socialism communism totalitarianism capitalism
Monopoly is
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A) a market with relatively few sellers. B) a form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention. C) the control of a market by a single business firm. D) a social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.
8) For many years, there was only one long-distance telephone company in the United States—the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. This company was an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
monopoly. oligopoly. veto group. pressure group.
9) A particular computer software manufacturer creates a product that all computers are required to use. The exclusive product allows the manufacturer to dictate prices, standards of quality, and product availability. This would be an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
monopoly. oligopoly. oligarchy. conglomerate.
10) Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that although pure monopolies are not a basic element of the U.S. economy, competition is still far more restricted than is ideal?
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A) B) C) D)
11)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Socialism is defined as
A) an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. B) an economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. C) an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. D) an economic system in which the people compete freely, within minimal government intervention.
12) In which type of economic system is the laissez-faire philosophy rejected and the central government, acting as a representative of the people, makes basic economic decisions?
A) B) C) D)
13)
informal economy capitalism socialism agrarianism
Socialist societies differ from capitalist societies in their commitment to
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A) B) C) D)
free elections. support of the mass media. the provision of social service programs. overseeing all aspects of public life.
14) The United States has considered a national health care system that would guarantee medical care to all citizens as a basic human right. The government's involvement in providing health care for all citizens is characteristic of which type of economic system?
A) B) C) D)
communism socialism laissez-faire capitalism contemporary capitalism
15) Which term do we use to refer to an economic system under which all property is communally owned, and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce?
A) B) C) D)
16)
communism socialism laissez-faire capitalism contemporary capitalism
Communism is an economic system in which
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A) the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. B) all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. C) the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. D) all property is individually owned, and social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.
17)
Which of the following is true of a government of a capitalist nation?
A) B) C) D)
monitors prices values business over consumer takes ownership of entire industries disregards safety and environmental standards
18) Which of the following sociological perspectives points out that although pure monopolies are not a basic element of the economy, competition is still much more restricted than one might expect?
A) B) C) D)
conflict interactionist functionalist globalist
19) Moses is working on a kibbutz in Israel where all the members have the same standard of living and they equally divide the profits from the citrus crop that is the primary source of income for the community. This kibbutz is an example of which type of economic system?
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A) B) C) D)
communism informal economy laissez-faire capitalism contemporary capitalism
20) Transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government are indicative of
A) B) C) D)
21)
socialist sanctions. communism. an informal economy. capitalistic profits.
Trading a haircut for a computer lesson is an example of
A) B) C) D)
socialist sanctions. communism. an informal economy. capitalistic profits.
22) An unlicensed street vendor sells watches, which may have been stolen, at a makeshift stand in New York City's Times Square. Another person repairs cars for "private" clients in a garage attached to his home. Neither reports their activities to the government. Both of these people are part of
A) B) C) D)
a multinational corporation. the informal economy. the private economy. the underground economy.
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23) Which of the following theorists contend that bureaucratic regulations sometimes contribute to the rise of an informal, or underground, economy?
A) B) C) D)
conflict functionalists interactionists globalists
24) Which term was used by Max Weber to refer to the ability to exercise one's will over others?
A) B) C) D)
legitimacy politics influence power
25) A particular sociology instructor decides what subject matter will be covered each time her class meets. The fact that the instructor can make these decisions and that the students must follow her lead is an example of
A) B) C) D)
26)
charisma. power. politics. force.
Force is defined as
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A) B) C) D) exercised.
27)
When leaders imprison or even execute political dissidents, they are applying
A) B) C) D)
28)
the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others. the exercise of power through a process of persuasion. the ability to exercise one's will over others. power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is
influence. force. authority. legitimacy.
The exercise of power through a process of persuasion is known as
A) B) C) D)
force. influence. pressure. charisma.
29) After a dinner-table argument with his grown children, a man changes his position on the issue of refugees being granted asylum in the United States. His children have exercised what kind of power?
A) B) C) D)
force authority legitimacy influence
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30) Which of the following terms refers to power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised?
A) B) C) D)
31)
influence authority legitimacy political efficacy
Which of the following would most likely be an example of authority?
A) terrorism B) political dissidents who seize an embassy and assassinate a political leader C) a newspaper editorial that convinces members of the population to vote for a particular candidate for mayor D) a person who leads a group because of his or her charming and magnetic personality
32)
Power made legitimate by law is known as
A) B) C) D)
33)
rational-legal authority. charismatic authority. traditional authority. influence authority.
Traditional authority refers to
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A) legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice. B) power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers. C) power made legitimate by law. D) the exercise of power through a process of persuasion.
34) The perception that the orders of superiors are legitimate because "this is how things have always been done" is characteristic of a political system based on
A) B) C) D)
egalitarian authority. charismatic authority. traditional authority. rational-legal authority.
35) In a society with leadership based on rational-legal authority, leaders derive their authority from
A) B) C) D)
custom and accepted practice. their exceptional personal or emotional appeal. the written rules and regulations of the political system. threats to use coercion to impose their will on others.
36) In the United States, there is a presidential election every four years. After the election, nearly half the population readily accepts the leadership of the person for whom they did not vote. This is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
37) from
egalitarian authority. charismatic authority. traditional authority. rational-legal authority.
In a society with leadership based on charismatic authority, leaders derive their authority
A) B) C) D)
custom and accepted practice. their exceptional personal or emotional appeal. the written rules and regulations of the political system. threats to use coercion to impose their will on others.
38) Authority derived more from the beliefs of followers than from the actual qualities of leaders is called
A) B) C) D)
traditional. rational-legal. charismatic. democratic.
39) Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Adolf Hitler, and Joan of Arc were all leaders who used their respective power to push for changes in accepted social behavior. Their power came from what kind of authority?
A) B) C) D)
egalitarian authority charismatic authority traditional authority rational-legal authority
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40) In pointing out that the growth of electronic media has facilitated the development of charismatic authority, since it allows leaders to “visit” people’s homes and communicate with them via the Internet, sociologist Carl Couch draws on the
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. global perspective.
41) Which of the following is a social institution founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals?
A) B) C) D)
42)
political action committee interest group elite group political system
Which form of government is led by a single member of a royal family?
A) B) C) D)
democracy dictatorship oligarchy monarchy
43) Which form of government historically governed on the basis of traditional forms of authority?
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A) B) C) D)
44)
Which form of government now often takes the form of military rule?
A) B) C) D)
45)
democracy dictatorship oligarchy monarchy
democracy dictatorship oligarchy monarchy
What term for government do we use to refer to a small group of individuals who rule?
A) B) C) D)
democracy dictatorship oligarchy representative democracy
46) In which type of government does a single person have nearly total power to make and enforce laws, and rules primarily by coercion?
A) B) C) D)
democracy dictatorship oligarchy representative democracy
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47)
Totalitarianism is a form of
A) B) C) D)
48)
The United States utilizes which type of government?
A) B) C) D)
49)
oligarchy. dictatorship. monarchy. representative democracy.
democracy dictatorship oligarchy representative democracy
Which of the following statements about political apathy in the United States is correct?
A) The demographic with the most voter apathy is the young; however, the young do vote as they age. B) Half the people in the United States have contacted a national, state, or local official about a political issue or problem. C) Only a small minority of all citizens are familiar with the political process in the United States, and very few tend to identify with a political party. D) Young people are not alienated from the political system, contrary to popular belief.
50) Because many young, minority, or less affluent citizens are not engaged politically, political power brokers
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A) have made efforts to reach this portion of the electorate through increased use of social media. B) will probably continue to ignore their interests. C) are creating programs to help get these potential voters registered. D) feel alienated from the political system.
51)
A decline in political participation allows governments to
A) B) C) D)
52)
Historically, voter turnout has been particularly low among which group?
A) B) C) D)
53) that
become dictatorships. be held to higher standards. operate with less accountability. become more efficient.
young adults the middle class senior citizens the wealthy
A recent analysis of newspaper coverage of female gubernatorial candidates indicated
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A) coverage focuses more often on the personal life, appearance, or personality of a female candidate than it does on that of a male candidate. B) articles are more likely to illustrate political issues with statements made by female candidates. C) newspapers often fail to cover the political rallies of female candidates. D) male and female candidates have received equal treatment by the news media in recent elections.
54) According to G. William Domhoff, today's power elite in the United States is composed mainly of which of the following?
A) B) C) D)
white males African American males white females African American females
55) Which model of power relations suggests that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests?
A) B) C) D)
pluralist model elite model functionalist model interactionist model
56) Which of the following terms did C. Wright Mills use to refer to the military leaders of the power elite at the top of his pyramid structure?
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A) B) C) D)
warlords opinion leaders exploited masses rulers
57) In C. Wright Mills's model, which of the following groups is located at the bottom of the pyramid?
A) B) C) D)
exploited masses legislators military leaders social upper class
58) According to G. William Domhoff's model of the political power structure, to which coalition would colleges and universities likely belong?
A) B) C) D)
59)
corporate-conservative coalition liberal-labor coalition environmental-elite coalition policy-formation coalition
The pluralist model of power relations in the United States suggests that
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A) power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of military, corporate, and political leaders. B) power is held by many competing groups that have access to government, so no single group is dominant. C) power is held by a group of charismatic leaders. D) power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of military, corporate, and political leaders along with a group of highly charismatic leaders.
60)
The pluralist model is criticized most significantly for
A) B) C) D)
its failure to weigh the impact of new communications technologies. constituting a kind of "reverse discrimination" against white males. an almost total exclusion of racial and ethnic minorities. only recognizing minority racial and ethnic groups at election time.
61) Studies of the pluralist model within distinct communities, such as Dahl's work in New Haven, have which important limitation?
A) They are not scientific because they lack effective controls. B) Racial and ethnic minorities are largely absent from such studies. C) Observation is necessarily limited to local elites who belong to a larger national ruling class. D) They fail to address the potential power of elites to keep certain matters entirely out of the realm of government debate.
62) Sociologists Theodore Caplow and Louis Hicks have defined _ as conflict between organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons.
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A) B) C) D)
terrorism war pluralism strife
63) According to the Global Peace Index, which nations are at the top or are otherwise considered "very peaceful"?
A) B) C) D)
Iran and Somalia Denmark and Sweden Jamaica and Mexico Iceland and New Zealand
64) What term refers to the use of or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims?
A) B) C) D)
politics terrorism hard negotiation war
65) Utilizing Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, Alfred McClung Lee has suggested that terrorism
A) B) C) D)
always pits the powerful against the have-nots. always has a religious basis. is similar to the theater, in that certain scenes are played out in a predictable fashion. always involves the media.
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66)
Which of the following is predictable in the aftermath of a terrorist attack?
A) B) C) D)
67)
Terrorists admit responsibility for the attack. Terrorists deny having any knowledge of the attack. Terrorists give public interviews to denounce their enemies or issue a mandate. Terrorists neither deny or admit that they had any say in the attack.
Affirmative action is defined as
A) the act of admitting minorities to colleges, regardless of their credentials. B) the act of hiring minorities for open positions, regardless of their qualifications. C) positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. D) efforts to further segregate minority groups from employment and educational opportunities.
68) Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities are known as
A) B) C) D)
reverse discrimination. quotas. pluralism. affirmative action.
69) Which sociological perspective would likely view affirmative action as a legislative attempt to reduce inequality embedded in the social structure by increasing the opportunities of groups that have been deprived in the past?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
70) Which sociological perspective would be interested in studying how the introduction of an affirmative action program in a factory creates labels and stereotypes within a workplace and affects the relationships among employees?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
71) Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that in the changing face of the workforce, workers will find themselves supervising and being supervised by people very different from themselves?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
72) The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants is known as
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A) B) C) D)
downsizing. shrink wrapping. deindustrialization. modernization.
73) A particular dress manufacturer closes a factory in South Carolina and moves the factory to Malaysia, where labor costs are lower. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
gentrification. deindustrialization. downsizing. modernization.
74) A corporation in the United States relocates its plants to a country where prevailing wages are lower than in the United States. This exemplifies the final stage of
A) B) C) D)
75)
modernization. postmodernization. deindustrialization. downsizing.
Reductions in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization are called
A) B) C) D)
deindustrialization. downsizing. anomie. alienation.
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76)
Downsizing refers to reductions in
A) B) C) D)
the size of urban communities through advanced planning techniques. a company's workforce. the size of unions as a result of worker apathy. factory pollutants output.
77) A particular restaurant experiences a decrease in business, and this leads to a budget deficit. To balance the budget, the management initially pares down the menu so that there is less spoilage. Management then dismisses the busboys and buys an inferior quality of meat and fish. Finally, management fires several waiters and waitresses and increases the workload of those who remain. These actions illustrate
A) B) C) D)
deregulation. downsizing. deindustrialization. modernization.
78) Which perspective would suggest that downsizing in the mid-1990s reflected the continuing importance of social class in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
79)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective ethnocentric perspective
Offshoring refers to
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A) B) C) D)
80)
Which of the following employment areas is most vulnerable to offshoring?
A) B) C) D)
81)
computer programming medicine road construction sociological research
Which of the following does NOT characterize influencers?
A) B) C) D)
82)
doing work on an offshore ship. sending jobs overseas. managing offshore oil rigs. agreeing to move if one's position is relocated.
have access to a huge audience can persuade others to act based on their recommendations have established credibility (usually built through social media) in a specific industry have access to a huge military
The term microfinancing refers to
A) poverty. B) C) D)
lending small sums of money to the poor so that they can work their way out of welfare handouts for poor people in developing countries. welfare handouts for poor people in industrial countries. pyramid schemes.
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83)
The majority of microloan recipients are
A) B) C) D)
84)
men. entrepreneurs. women. urban business owners.
Feminist theorists are particularly interested in affirmative action because
A) it is a legislative attempt to reduce the inequality embedded in the social structure by increasing opportunities for groups who were deprived in the past. B) it is a judicial attempt to redress past wrongs suffered by white women. C) the trend in capitalist societies has been toward concentration of ownership by giant corporations, especially multinational ones, and the policy is domestically focused. D) because it goes against assumptions of the power elite model put forward by C. Wright Mills.
85) Discuss the emergence of capitalism within an industrialized society. Include definitions of laissez-faire and monopoly in your answer.
86) Discuss the similarities and differences among socialism, communism, and capitalism. Give examples to illustrate each type of economic system.
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87) Explain how power operates in society, using Max Weber's classification system for the types of authority in developing your answer.
88) Differentiate the various types of authority as outlined by Max Weber. Give examples to illustrate each type.
89) Compare and contrast the various types of government. Give examples to help support your definitions.
90) Do you believe that the United States is genuinely a representative democracy? Why or why not?
91)
Discuss the importance of political participation in representative democracy.
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92) Explain the importance of the Latino political voice in American politics. Has Latinos' growing presence translated to more votes? Why or why not?
93) Discuss the representation of women and minorities within the U.S. governmental structure.
94) Describe the various models of the power structure in the United States and give examples to support your answer.
95)
Who do you believe holds the power in the United States? Explain your answer.
96)
Do you agree with the claim that the United States is a pluralist model? Why or why not?
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97)
Discuss the three ways sociologists approach the study of war.
98) Define the concept of terrorism and discuss the role the media plays in its contemporary forms.
99) Discuss how deindustrialization and downsizing have changed the face of the workforce in the United States.
100) Explain how temporary and part-time positions are re-shaping the workforce in the United States and also how precarious work is becoming more commonplace.
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101) Discuss the arguments posed by both critics and proponents of the sharing economy. Do you agree with the critics or proponents? Why?
102)
Capitalism and socialism serve as ideal types of economic systems. ⊚ ⊚
true false
103) The People's Republic of China, Vietnam, and Cuba are the remaining societies that serve as ideal types of communist systems. ⊚ ⊚
true false
104) Capitalist systems vary in the degree to which the government regulates private ownership and economic activity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
105) The majority of the total economic activity in the United States comes from an informal economy. ⊚ ⊚
true false
106) Participants in the informal economy are less likely than others to save and invest their income. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
true false
107) Countries such as Russia and Sweden overhauled their socialist economies in the early 1980s, transforming them to laissez-faire capitalism. ⊚ ⊚
108)
Informal economies exist only in developing countries. ⊚ ⊚
109)
true false
true false
Power lies at the heart of a political system. ⊚ ⊚
true false
110) Power relations can involve large organizations, small groups, or even people in an intimate association. ⊚ ⊚
true false
111) According to the classification system developed by Max Weber, the power of the president and Congress in the United States is based on traditional authority. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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112) Traditional authority is absolute when the ruler has the ability to determine laws and policies. ⊚ ⊚
true false
113) Most monarchs now have little practical power; they serve primarily ceremonial purposes. ⊚ ⊚
true false
114) Germany during Hitler's reign, the Soviet Union in the 1930s, and North Korea today are classified as dictatorships. ⊚ ⊚
true false
115) The segment of the voting population that has shown the most voter apathy is the young; however, they do vote more often as they grow older. ⊚ ⊚
true false
116) If political participation declines, government operates with less of a sense of accountability to society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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117)
Political participation makes government accountable to the voters. ⊚ ⊚
118)
true false
Low voter turnout is essentially non-existent in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
119) The media tend to cover the personal lives of male politicians more than those of female politicians, since males are more likely to be elected to political offices. ⊚ ⊚
true false
120) Many countries have adopted quotas in order to ensure participation of females in the legislative process. ⊚ ⊚
121)
true false
Karl Marx believed that democracy was a sham. ⊚ ⊚
true false
122) Mills's power elite is not a conspiracy, but rather a community of interest and sentiment among a small number of influential people. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
true false
123) A fundamental element in Mills's power structure model is that the power elite arerelatively few in number and also operate as a self-conscious and cohesive unit. ⊚ ⊚
124)
The United States is an example of a totalitarian system. ⊚ ⊚
125)
true false
true false
Today, social media is the major force in political and civic engagement. ⊚ ⊚
true false
126) Robert Dahl's model of political power in the United States suggests there are three levels: corporate, executive, and military elites; local opinion leaders; and the unorganized, exploited masses at the bottom of the pile. ⊚ ⊚
127)
true false
Today's corporate elite are overwhelmingly white and male. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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128) One common point between the elite perspective and the pluralist perspective is that power is unequally distributed within the U.S. political system. ⊚ ⊚
true false
129) Sociologists who take a global view of war study how and why two or more nations become engaged in military conflict. ⊚ ⊚
130)
Public opinion plays a significant role in the execution of war. ⊚ ⊚
131)
true false
Nations can maintain their security by threatening violence. ⊚ ⊚
132)
true false
true false
Affirmative action is now illegal. ⊚ ⊚
true false
133) Conflict theorists note that job loss has long been a feature of deindustrialization among blue-collar workers. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
134)
true false
U.S. employers have been relying more and more on the part-time workforce. ⊚ ⊚
true false
135) With varying degrees of success and transparency, governments around the world used their power to take steps to protect their citizens from becoming victims of the coronavirus, which revealed the widely varying levels of obedience. ⊚ ⊚
true false
136) Increasingly, critics of affirmative action are calling for color-blind policies that would end affirmative action. However, opponents warn against the danger of color-blind racism—the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 14 1) B 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) A 6) D 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) B 11) C 12) C 13) C 14) B 15) A 16) B 17) A 18) A 19) A 20) C 21) C 22) B 23) B 24) D 25) B 26) A Version 1
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27) B 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) D 32) A 33) A 34) C 35) C 36) D 37) B 38) C 39) B 40) C 41) D 42) D 43) D 44) C 45) C 46) B 47) B 48) D 49) A 50) B 51) C 52) A 53) A 54) A 55) B 56) A Version 1
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57) A 58) B 59) B 60) C 61) D 62) B 63) D 64) B 65) C 66) A 67) C 68) D 69) B 70) C 71) C 72) C 73) B 74) C 75) B 76) B 77) B 78) B 79) B 80) A 81) D 82) A 83) C 84) A 102) TRUE 103) FALSE Version 1
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104) TRUE 105) FALSE 106) TRUE 107) FALSE 108) FALSE 109) TRUE 110) TRUE 111) FALSE 112) TRUE 113) TRUE 114) FALSE 115) TRUE 116) TRUE 117) TRUE 118) FALSE 119) FALSE 120) TRUE 121) TRUE 122) TRUE 123) TRUE 124) FALSE 125) TRUE 126) FALSE 127) TRUE 128) TRUE 129) TRUE 130) TRUE 131) FALSE 132) FALSE 133) TRUE Version 1
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134) TRUE 135) TRUE 136) TRUE Chapter 15: Health, Population, and the Environment 1)
An individual determines whether or not he or she is healthy based on
A) objective and agreed-upon criteria established by the medical community. B) criteria established by themselves; their relatives, friends, and coworkers; and medical practitioners. C) criteria established by the World Health Organization. D) body temperature.
2) The World Health Organization refers to "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" as
A) B) C) D)
3)
euphoria. health. happiness. well-being.
The concept of the sick role is associated with which perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
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4)
Which of the following statements regarding the medicalization of society is true?
A) Medicine has slightly expanded its domain of expertise in recent decades. B) As an agent of social control, medicine has incorporated chiropractors and nursemidwives into the realm of acceptable medicine. C) Nurse-midwives do not need special licensing to achieve professional respectability. D) Physicians continue to exert power to ensure midwifery remains a subordinate occupation.
5) Talcott Parsons believed physicians function as for the sick role by verifying a patient's condition as illness or designating the patient as recovered.
A) B) C) D)
functionalists gatekeepers negotiators ambassadors
6) Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggests that the doctor-patient relationship is somewhat like that between
A) B) C) D)
parent and child. peers. teacher and students. nurse and patient.
7) Which of the following sociological perspectives would study the dramatic differences in infant mortality rates globally to attest to unequal distribution of health care resources based on the wealth or poverty of various nations?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective interactionist perspective global perspective conflict perspective
8) Which sociological perspective suggests that the term medicalization of society refers to the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control?
A) B) C) D)
9)
The medicalization of society refers to the
A) B) C) D) society.
10)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling perspective
growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control. dominance of hospitals by boards of directors with medical backgrounds. election of medical specialists to high offices in government. approach in which medical experts define all of the illnesses or diseases in our
Which of the following is a way in which medicine manifests as social control?
A) through a greatly expanded domain of expertise B) by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures C) by spending more, comparably, on advertising D) by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures and a greatly expanded domain of expertise
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11)
Which theoretical perspective views medicine as a form of social control?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
12) Which term refers to the process of medical experts becoming influential in proposing and assessing relevant public policies?
A) B) C) D)
medical matrix medical model medical maze medical monolith
13) Which of the following perspectives suggests that behaviors viewed today as mental illnesses may not really be illnesses?
A) B) C) D)
labeling perspective feminist perspective global perspective conflict perspective
14) The immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries is referred to as
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A) B) C) D)
15)
The controlling factor for the functionalist perspective on health and illness is
A) B) C) D)
16)
medicalization. the industrialization of education. brain drain. the golden opportunity.
the medical profession. the physician as a gatekeeper. social inequities. medicalization.
The infant mortality rate reflects which of the following?
A) B) C) D)
prenatal nutrition, delivery procedures, and infant screening measures only prenatal nutrition immunizations delivery and postnatal procedures
17) Just as police and judges can define certain people as criminal, so can health care professionals define who is "sick." This most clearly reflects
A) B) C) D)
the sick role. medicalization. labeling theory. the brain drain.
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18) Which of the following sociological perspectives emphasizes the doctor-patient relationship and the interaction of medical staff?
A) B) C) D)
interactionist perspective global perspective functionalist perspective conflict perspective
19) Which sociological perspective would emphasize how inequalities in health care have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
20) In examining health, illness, and medicine as a social institution, which sociological perspective generally focuses on micro-level study of the roles played by health care professionals and patients?
A) B) C) D)
21)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Social epidemiology is defined as the
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A) total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time. B) total number of communicable diseases that exist at a given time. C) study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population. D) total number of infant deaths for a given population during a specific period of time.
22)
Which of the following statements regarding social epidemiology is true?
A) B) C) D)
23)
Epidemiologists only concentrate on the scientific study of epidemics. Epidemiology is very narrow. Epidemiologists draw on the work of a wide variety of scientists and researchers. Epidemiology is the study of the rate of mortality.
Morbidity rates are the
A) incidence of specific disease in a given population. B) number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time. C) incidence of death in a given population. D) total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.
24)
Mortality rates are the
A) incidence of diseases in a given population. B) number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time. C) incidence of death in a given population. D) total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.
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25) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that although the spread of AIDS is stabilizing, with fewer new cases reported, the disease is not evenly distributed (the developing nations of sub-Saharan Africa face the greatest challenge) because more medical resources and personnel are situated in wealthier areas of the world?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
26) In the United States, the fear of contracting AIDS has likely led to changes in sexual behavior among both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Which sociological perspective would focus on these changes in sexual relationships?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
27) Research in the United States and other countries has consistently shown that people in the lower classes have
A) B) C) D) disease.
lower mortality rates. higher rates of mortality and disability. lower rates of cancer and heart disease. both higher rates of mortality and disability and lower rates of cancer and heart
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28) Mexican Americans may interpret their illnesses according to traditional practices and seek treatment in the form of curanderismo, which refers to
A) B) C) D)
hypnosis and chanting. the medicalization of tradition. holistic health care in general. traditional folk medicine, a form of holistic health care and healing.
29) Sociologist Howard Waitzkin suggested that stress from racial discrimination and prejudice helped explain higher rates among the Black community of which of the following?
A) B) C) D)
30)
breast cancer scoliosis hypertension and heart disease lung disease
Which of the following has been a barrier for research on women's health?
A) B) C) D)
Women do not want to be researched. Women have often been excluded from clinical studies. Medical research is difficult to do on women. Women are not compensated for their time in health research.
31) Analysis of the morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 showed that everyone was vulnerable: young and old, men and women, people from every geographic region and economic stratum. Yet,
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A) B) C) D)
people who belonged to racial and ethnic minorities were most vulnerable. people who worked in white-collar job sector were most vulnerable. people who practiced holistic health care were most vulnerable. people who belonged to isolated religious communities were most vulnerable.
32) Which of the following is true regarding Latinos and their relationship to the established health care system?
A) Health care is poor due to cultural differences. B) Latinos receive more preventive care from primary physicians. C) Latinos are more likely than other groups to seek treatment in the established health care system. D) Latinos' cultural beliefs make them less likely to use the established health care system.
33) Which of the following perspectives points out that historically, LGBT people and their families have encountered intolerance similar to that faced by racial and ethnic minorities?
A) B) C) D)
34)
interactionist perspective global perspective conflict perspective functionalist perspective
Which of the following statements regarding gender identity is true?
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A) Today, the number of studies dealing with wellness issues is vast. B) Many medical professionals and service providers have received training on gender identities. C) Individuals in long-established same-sex relationships have always had access to their partners' health insurance benefits. D) Research in mental health issues is limited and should be addressed.
35) Which sociological perspective supports the notion that established physicians and medical school professors serve as mentors or role models who transmit knowledge, skills, and values to the passive learner—the medical student?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
36) Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise in the cost of health care in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
The system is highly efficient. Health care is profit-driven. The young population is consuming less health care that previously thought. Pharmaceutical companies are developing generic, low-cost prescription drugs.
37) Which of the following perspectives suggests that established physicians and medical school professors serve as mentors or role models who transmit knowledge to the passive learner?
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A) B) C) D)
conflict perspective functionalist perspective global perspective feminist perspective
38) Which type of medicine involves therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics?
A) B) C) D)
39)
If a nonmainstream practice is used in place of conventional medicine, it's considered
A) B) C) D)
40)
traditional Ayurvedic holistic homeopathic
complementary. alternative. holistic. traditional.
If a nonmainstream practice is used together with conventional medicine, it's considered
A) B) C) D)
traditional. holistic. complementary. homeopathic.
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41)
Massages, respiratory exercises, and the use of herbs as remedies are considered
A) B) C) D)
traditional medicine practices. holistic medicine practices. wellness medicine practices. leisure practices.
42) Which of the following is true of public perceptions about mental illness in the United States since 1950?
A) People have become much more likely to associate "violence" with "mental illness." B) The general public has become less sophisticated about mental illness. C) People have turned more often to holistic remedies for mental illnesses. D) The general public has become less open to disclosure, recognition, and response to mental health problems.
43)
The labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups are known as
A) B) C) D)
44)
biases. slurs. stereotypes. stigmas.
The scientific study of population is known as
A) B) C) D)
geology. geography. demography. anthropology.
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45)
The level of reproduction in a society is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
the birth rate. fertility. mortality. morbidity.
46) Once a decade, the U.S. Constitution requires that all residents in the nation be counted. To that end, each household completes a survey with the number of individuals who live there. This enumeration is more commonly known as a
A) B) C) D)
poll. sampling. census. canvass.
47) The measure that consists of the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year is known as the
A) B) C) D)
fertility rate. total fertility rate. growth rate. birthrate.
48) Which of the following is a component of the pretransition stage of demographic transition?
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A) high birth rates and death rates with little population growth B) declining death rates, along with low to medium fertility, resulting in significant population growth C) low birth rates and death rates with little population growth D) high death rates with low fertility
49) The state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants is called
A) B) C) D)
zero population growth. growth rate. birth rate. mortality rate.
50) The movement of 1.6 million African Americans from the rural South to northern cities between 1916 and 1930 is one of the most significant examples of in American history.
A) B) C) D)
diaspora. immigration. emigration. migration.
51) The term refers to the relatively permanent movement of people, with the purpose of changing their place of residence, usually over a distance greater than from one side of a city to another.
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A) B) C) D)
migration immigration emigration deindustrialization
52) Which area of study is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their physical environment?
A) B) C) D)
human relations approach human ecology activity theory humanism
53) Which perspective would place a priority on the fact that many major environmental organizations accept funding from oil companies and chemical giants and as a result emphasize limited reform rather than profound structural change?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
54) A legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
environmental prejudice. treadmill production. principled injustice. environmental justice.
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55) A national study found that the racial and ethnic composition of a community predicts drinking water quality in that community: members of minority groups are much more likely to drink low-quality water than are whites. This study serves to illuminate which concept?
A) B) C) D)
environmental racism environmental justice demographic transition demographic intransigence
56) What reason do skeptics of conflict-based explanations give for why 43 percent of the people who live within 1 mile of hazardous waste treatment facilities in the United States do so?
A) B) C) D)
Racial and ethnic minorities possess less power than others. Economics and discriminatory forces push them to live in these places. They like to live there due to the low housing prices. They choose to live in these ecological oases.
57) Which of the following perspectives sees the despoliation (stripping of value) of the environment through the lens of world systems analysis?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
58) Which of the following stress efforts by informed individuals and groups to reduce their carbon footprint through the careful selection of the goods they consume?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalists feminists interactionists globalists
59) The Exxon Valdez incident in 1989 and the oil spilled from BP’s Deepwater Horizon oil platform in 2010 (estimated at 16 times or more than that of the Exxon Valdez) illustrates the devastating and pervasive aspects of
A) B) C) D)
60)
air pollution. water pollution. nuclear contamination. land pollution.
Air pollution is caused primarily by emissions from
A) B) C) D)
electric power plants. automobiles. nuclear plants. heavy industries.
61) Which sociological perspectives would be interested in a study that notes that while women are overrepresented in the environmental movement (particularly in grassroots environmental groups), men continue to hold most of the high-profile upper management positions in mainstream national organizations.
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A) B) C) D)
conflict and feminist interactionist and functionalist functionalist and labeling global and functionalist
62) The observable alteration of the global atmosphere that affects natural weather patterns over several decades or longer is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
63)
climate change. global warming. environmental refugee. environmental justice.
In what way did the global pandemic and resultant quarantine affect the environment?
A) B) C) D)
resulted in a marked, though temporary, improvement in air quality resulted in an increase in environmental activism resulted in a decrease in air quality resulted in new global environmental agreements among several countries
64) Differentiate the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist views on the issue of health. Give examples to support your answer.
65)
Explain social epidemiology.
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66)
Discuss the significance of gender identity for health care.
67)
How has health care in the United States evolved?
68) Discuss holistic medicine and how it compares and contrasts with traditional Western medicine. Describe the future you envision for "alternative" medicine in the West.
69) Identify and discuss the medical model and sociological approaches to understanding and treating mental illness. Which approach or model do you believe is the most persuasive?
70) Describe a population pyramid and explain how it illustrates the population structure of a society. How can a population pyramid aid in forecasting population trends for the future? Version 1
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71) Explain why individuals or groups of people would migrate to another region of their homeland or even to another country, listing at least three motivating factors.
72)
Discuss fertility patterns in the United States.
73) Explain the criticisms of the human ecological model and conflict perspective regarding the environment. What do they argue and what do they support?
74) What role do you feel globalization plays in our current environmental problems? Discuss the positive and negative attributes globalization brings to the issue of pollution. Finally, construct a contemporary plan for addressing environmental pollution that includes economic, cultural, and ecological concerns.
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75)
Discuss the impact of economic stress on environmental issues.
76)
Culture contributes to differences in medical care and even how health is defined. ⊚ ⊚
true false
77) Patients' judgments regarding their own state of health may be related to their gender, age, social class, race, and ethnicity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
78) Medicine serves as an agent of social control by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures. ⊚ ⊚
true false
79) The irony of midwives is that they first brought professionalism to child delivery, yet today they are portrayed as invading the legitimate field of obstetrics. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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80)
Contemporary social epidemiology is narrow in scope. ⊚ ⊚
81)
true false
Epidemiologists draw on the work of a wide variety of scientists and researchers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
82) Younger people are more likely to be hospitalized than elderly people, due to the lifestyles and risks they take more often. ⊚ ⊚
true false
83) Just as culture affects the occurrence of illness and its treatment, so too can culture affect mental illness. In fact, the very definition of mental illness differs from one culture to the next. ⊚ ⊚
true false
84) Proponents of the labeling perspective maintain that mental illness is a distinctively social process. ⊚ ⊚
true false
85) Mortality is shaped by a nation’s level of nutrition, acceptance of immunization, and provisions for sanitation, as well as its general commitment to health care and health education.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
86) Neo-Malthusians look to the developed nations for their example of low birthrates and low rate of consumption of world resources. ⊚ ⊚
87)
true false
Patients are turning to the media for health care information. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) Members of racial and ethnic minority communities are more likely to be functioning without a primary physician or adequate health insurance. ⊚ ⊚
89)
Medicare has a huge impact on the health care system. ⊚ ⊚
90)
true false
true false
Massage therapy is an example of traditional medicine. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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91) Labeling theory suggests that some behaviors that are viewed as mental illnesses may not really be illnesses. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) Those who suffer from mental disorders will always be the responsibility of their families. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) The medical model of mental illness suggests that some behaviors that are viewed as mental illnesses may not really be illnesses. ⊚ ⊚
true false
94) For Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, one appropriate way to control population was to postpone marriage. ⊚ ⊚
true false
95) Stable population growth is the state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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96) China's strict one-child policy actually produced a negative growth rate in some urban areas. ⊚ ⊚
true false
97) Generally, the residents of a country are legally free to move from one locality to another. A historic exception was in the Republic of South Africa and its system of segregation during apartheid. ⊚ ⊚
true false
98) As of mid-2019, more than 70 million people worldwide were forcibly displaced as a result of conflict and persecution. ⊚ ⊚
true false
99) Environmental justice is a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards. ⊚ ⊚
100)
true false
Ecological modernization can occur on both the macro and micro levels. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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101) Human ecologists focus on how the physical environment shapes people's lives and on how people influence the surrounding environment. ⊚ ⊚
true false
102) While surveys show modest proportions of young adults embracing environmental issues, Greta Thunberg was able to reach large numbers of youth with her earnest speech at the UN. ⊚ ⊚
true false
103) One additional degree of warmth in the globe's average surface temperature can increase the likelihood of natural disasters. ⊚ ⊚
true false
104) Contributing to our environmental problems is the fact that we as consumers want inexpensive clothes and toys; yet we as citizens condemn developing countries for depending on coal-fired power plants. ⊚ ⊚
true false
105) The ecofeminist movement focuses on the typically male-dominated decision-making processes that have endangered our environment and the need to empower women to make these decisions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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106) Viewed from a conflict perspective, the disproportionate exposure of the poor and minorities to environmental pollutants can act as a disincentive for others to take action. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 15 1) B 2) B 3) A 4) D 5) B 6) A 7) B 8) B 9) A 10) D 11) B 12) B 13) A 14) C 15) B 16) A 17) C 18) A 19) B 20) C 21) C 22) C 23) A 24) C 25) B 26) C Version 1
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27) B 28) D 29) C 30) B 31) A 32) D 33) C 34) D 35) A 36) B 37) B 38) C 39) B 40) C 41) B 42) A 43) D 44) C 45) B 46) C 47) D 48) A 49) A 50) D 51) A 52) B 53) B 54) D 55) B 56) C Version 1
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57) B 58) C 59) B 60) B 61) A 62) A 63) A 76) TRUE 77) TRUE 78) TRUE 79) TRUE 80) FALSE 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) TRUE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) TRUE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) FALSE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) TRUE 97) TRUE 98) TRUE Version 1
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99) TRUE 100) TRUE 101) TRUE 102) TRUE 103) TRUE 104) TRUE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE Chapter 16: Social Change in the Global Community 1) Which term is used by sociologists to refer to organized collective activities aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in existing society?
A) B) C) D)
social movements social groups power movements pressure groups
2) Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?
A) B) C) D)
3)
relative deprivation relative mobilization resource deprivation resource mobilization
Which of the following illustrates relative deprivation?
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A) a group of sweatshop workers who are incapable of buying adequate food for their families B) residents of a squatter settlement in Nigeria who are incapable of affording adequate housing and plumbing C) middle-management workers in a corporation who are discontented because they cannot afford the luxury cars or expensive homes that their bosses have D) wealthy, upper-class individuals, who are content with what they have
4) Which term refers to the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel?
A) B) C) D)
5)
relative deprivation relative mobilization resource deprivation resource mobilization
False consciousness is
A) B) C) D)
Marx's concept for actions that do not reflect the objective position of workers. Parsons's concept for a state of euphoria when stability is achieved. Marx's term for attitudes that do not reflect the objective position of workers. Leary's term for a false sense of self that is drug-induced.
6) The minimum wage cooks of a successful restaurant refuse to join the wait staff in a strike to improve wages. The cooks feel they are being paid well enough, even though the restaurant owner made 2 million dollars in profits last year. This situation exemplifies which of Karl Marx's concepts?
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A) B) C) D)
class consciousness false consciousness dialectical change proletarianism
7) Which sociological perspective would likely stress how social movements should require leaders to sharpen the awareness of the oppressed, who may suffer from false consciousness?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective epidemiological perspective
8) Which sociological perspective would most likely study the new social roles assumed by activists within a social movement?
A) B) C) D)
9)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective epidemiological perspective
Which of the following is true regarding women, social movements, and our society?
A) Women and men have held equal status within social movements. B) Women tend to hold more positions of leadership in social movements. C) Scholars of social movements now realize that gender can affect even the way we view organized efforts to bring about or resist change. D) Women typically do not wish to participate in most social movements.
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10) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to study the status that activists assume in their new social roles created through social movements?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective epidemiological perspective
11) Which sociological perspective would likely be interested in the labels attached to activists associated with a social movement, such as a feminist student referred to as a "bra burner"?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective labeling perspective epidemiological perspective
12) Organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as improvements in quality of life are called
A) B) C) D)
13)
social movements. new social movements. false consciousness. resource mobilization.
New social movements
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A) emphasize resource mobilization on a local level. B) generally do not view government as their ally, as they show little inclination to accept established authority. C) tend to emphasize economic issues. D) have their roots in social class, usually working-class, activism.
14) Which sociological perspective would likely suggest that members of new social movements tend to mobilize as they reject statements made by established authority figures, including scientists and technical authorities?
A) B) C) D)
15)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective epidemiological perspective
Electronic communication can aid new social movements
A) by strengthening a group's solidarity, allowing fledgling social movements to grow and develop faster than they might otherwise. B) through conveyance of leadership. C) by reducing rumors. D) by mobilizing the masses for specific face-to-face events.
16) Which of the following statements pertaining to computer-mediated communication (CMC) is true?
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A) B) C) D)
17)
Social change has been defined as
A) B) C) D)
18)
multilinear evolutionary theory evolutionary theory biosocial change theory dichotomous change theory
Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from
A) B) C) D)
20)
a theory that holds that society is moving in a specific direction. a view of society as tending toward instability. significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture. society moving in several different directions at the same time.
Which theory of social change holds that society is moving in a definite direction?
A) B) C) D)
19)
The term applies to a variety of text-based or video interactions. CMC weakens a group's solidarity. Face-to-face contact is still crucial to social movements. CMC has impeded the growth of social movements.
mythology to the scientific method. the scientific method to mythology. religion to mythology. monarchy to democracy.
Émile Durkheim contended that societies progressed from
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A) B) C) D)
simple to sophisticated. noncultured to cultured. simple to complex. nonliterate to literate.
21) The expectation that African and Latin countries will change by moving in the same direction as Western societies is consistent with
A) B) C) D)
22)
disengagement theory. evolutionary theory. world systems theory. resource mobilization theory.
Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally trending toward
A) B) C) D)
anarchy. goal displacement. equilibrium. relative deprivation.
23) Talcott Parsons's functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance is known as
A) B) C) D)
the emergent-norm perspective. resource mobilization theory. stagnancy theory. the equilibrium model.
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24) Which sociological perspective argues that when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts, and if these adjustments do not occur, the society's equilibrium may be threatened?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
25) The role of women in the family has changed dramatically within the United States during the past 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide childcare services. This situation reflects which view of social change?
A) B) C) D)
emergent-norm perspective equilibrium model stagnancy theory resource mobilization theory
26) Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization, his first of four inevitable processes of social change?
A) B) C) D)
differentiation adaptive upgrading inclusion value generalization
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27) Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize the feature of social change that involves social institutions becoming more specialized in their purposes—the second of four processes of inevitable social change?
A) B) C) D)
differentiation adaptive upgrading inclusion value generalization
28) A person needing to have his or her car repaired can go to a muffler store, a transmission shop, a tire retailer, or a gas station for a tune-up. Talcott Parsons refers to this type of specialization as
A) B) C) D)
inclusion. exclusion. differentiation. adaptive upgrading.
29) The practice of colleges admitting more ethnic minorities and women, under Talcott Parsons's model, is called
A) B) C) D)
differentiation. adaptation. inclusion. generalization.
30) In Talcott Parsons's equilibrium model, the incorporation of groups that were previously excluded because of their race, ethnicity, and social class is known as
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A) B) C) D)
differentiation. adaptation. inclusion. generalization.
31) Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value values that tolerate and legitimate a greater range of activities.
A) B) C) D)
, the development of new
differentiation adaptation inclusion generalization
32) Which sociological perspective is likely to criticize the functionalist approach to social change for disregarding the crucial significance of change that is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities?
A) B) C) D)
33)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective dialectical perspective
The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it
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A) permits people to take a passive role in responding to inevitable cycles or changes in material culture. B) permits people to seize control of the historical process and gain their freedom from injustice. C) always leads to a reduction in social inequality. D) encourages collaboration with higher social classes to create a more unified society.
34)
Which of these statements about social change is true?
A) B) C) D)
Social change is always good. People who resist social change are doing so for the good of society as whole. Some people have a vested interest in resisting social change. Social change is not often frightening.
35) A group of senators from states that are large suppliers to the space program protest the decision by the federal government to end manned space flights. This group would be an illustration of
A) B) C) D)
Gemeinschaft. technocrats. vested interests. bear liberals.
36) If the U.S. Congress passed strict anti-cigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of
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A) B) C) D)
culture lag. nonmaterial culture. luddites. vested interests.
37) Those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo are called
A) B) C) D)
vested interests. separatists. luddites. technocrats.
38) Which sociologist pointed out that one cannot devise methods for controlling and utilizing new technology before the introduction of a technique, and that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture?
A) B) C) D)
William Ogburn Talcott Parsons Sherry Turkle Thorstein Veblen
39) Which term refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?
A) B) C) D)
cultural relativism culture lag culture shock cultural integration
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40)
Which of the following is an example of material culture?
A) B) C) D)
41)
technology ideas norms communications
Which of the following is/are an example of nonmaterial culture?
A) B) C) D)
inventions artifacts ideas technology
42) Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology, such as birth control pills, abortion pills, in-vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates
A) B) C) D)
43)
material culture. nonmaterial culture. culture lag. cultural adaptation.
Which statement about the Industrial Revolution is true?
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A) Some people were resistant to the technological and social changes associated with the Industrial Revolution. B) The Luddites were very successful in their efforts to sabotage the Industrial Revolution. C) There is no contemporary equivalent to the Luddites. D) Wages rose uniformly during the Industrial Revolution.
44)
Which of these historical events or phenomena led to the emergence of the Luddites?
A) B) C) D)
the Industrial Revolution the computer revolution socialism the civil rights movement
45) Rebellious craft workers in nineteenth-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the new Industrial Revolution were known as
A) B) C) D)
46)
Shakers. Luddites. Amish. Rappites.
Neo-Luddites are those who oppose or opposed technological changes in which period?
A) B) C) D)
during the Industrial Revolution today during the postmodern revolution following the American Revolution
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47)
Neo-Luddites
A) destroyed some of the machinery used in the early Industrial Revolution, when they raided factories at night. B) have questioned the incessant expansion of information technology. C) were early supporters of Marxism. D) both destroyed some of the machinery used in the early Industrial Revolution and were supporters of Marxism.
48) Which slang term is used to identify those who resist technological devices that have become part of our daily lives, such as smartphones and tablets?
A) B) C) D)
Luddite neo-Luddite urban amish neocolonial
49) Which term refers to cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires?
A) B) C) D)
invention society technology government
50) Maureen Hallinan, former president of the American Sociological Association, has been critical of the linear and somewhat restrictive of social change.
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A) B) C) D)
evolutionary theory equilibrium model chaos theory evolutionary theory and equilibrium model
51) In 2020 the Internet reached 4.6 billion users, in comparison with 1996 when users numbered only
A) 35,000. B) 100,000. C) 1 million. D) 50 million.
52) The Internet evolved from a computer system built in 1962 by the U.S. Defense Department to enable scholars and military researchers
A) to continue their government work even if part of the nation’s communications system were destroyed by a nuclear attack. B) to communicate covertly with intelligence agencies. C) to collaborate on research involving large data sets. D) to contact allied countries in case of a known security breach.
53) The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
cellular connections. biomechanics. diffusion. digitalization.
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54) Consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis, peripheral nations lacking access to technology are required to depend on industrial giants such as North America and Europe to provide
A) B) C) D)
cellular connections. Internet hosts. masters. biomechanics.
55) Which sociological perspective would suggest that the Internet serves the manifest function of facilitating communication?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective dramaturgical perspective
56) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act, passed in 1986, requires the authorization of both the U.S. attorney general and a federal judge before surveillance of citizens'
A) B) C) D)
57)
e-mail. faxes. telephone calls. telegrams.
The Patriot Act allows federal officials more latitude in
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A) B) C) D)
gathering electronic data, like banking records. photographing suspects. monitoring the voting patterns of criminal suspects. videotaping suspects who are being interrogated.
58) Which sociological perspective suggests that censorship is an ever-present danger that society's most powerful groups will use to invade the privacy of the less powerful?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective dramaturgical perspective
59) A new technology meant to increase food production and to make agriculture more economical is called
A) B) C) D)
60)
genetically modified food. cloned food. techno produce. biotech dietary supplements.
Genetically modified food is referred to by its critics as
A) B) C) D)
Frankenfood. Frankenstein's crops. techno-friendly food. fake farm goods.
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61) Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with their societies of settlement are known as
A) B) C) D)
transnationals. transglobals. international citizens. global citizens.
62) Which sociological perspective views transnationals as a way for economies to maximize their use of human labor?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist conflict interactionist world systems theory
63) Which sociological perspective views transnational migration as having increased the economic gulf between developed and developing nations?
A) B) C) D)
functionalism conflict theory interactionism modernization theory
64) Compare and contrast the relative deprivation approach and the resource mobilization approach.
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65) Discuss new social movements. Provide one or two examples of what is considered a new social movement today.
66) Compare and contrast the relative deprivation approach and the resource mobilization approach.
67) Discuss the various theoretical concepts associated with the functionalist view of social change.
68) Discuss the various theoretical concepts associated with the conflict view of social change.
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69)
Apply the term vested interests to contemporary society.
70) Discuss the complex issue of "NIMBY." How do we balance the desires of individuals with the needs of our larger society?
71) Discuss the various factors that influence resistance to social change and give examples to support your answer.
72) Discuss social change in Dubai. Could the social problems have been anticipated? Why or why not?
73)
Describe the influence technology has on social change.
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74) Explain artificial intelligence and its role in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Use specific examples.
75) Discuss the concerns surrounding one's right to privacy on the Internet. Include discussion of culture lag.
76) Discuss the pros and cons of genetically modified foods and how the arguments depend on the status of the country you are in (developed or developing).
77) Discuss the issues involved with transnationals. Explain the different sociological perspectives on the matter. Also, explain whether you would become a transnational if you were in the same position.
78) The significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture is referred to as social change. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
true false
79) The success of a movement for change will depend in good part on what resources it has and how effectively it mobilizes them. ⊚ ⊚
true false
80) Educated, middle-class people are underrepresented in some of the new social movements. ⊚ ⊚
true false
81) The macro-level approach has proved useful in studying the women's movement in South Korea. ⊚ ⊚
82)
true false
Computer-mediated communication is difficult to monitor. ⊚ ⊚
true false
83) The widespread use of computer-mediated communication in antigovernment social movements is not lost on those in authority, who monitor and sometimes seek to control citizens’ access to networked communications.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
84) Social theorists seeking an analogy to Darwin's biological model originated evolutionary theory, which views society as moving in a definite direction. ⊚ ⊚
true false
85) Explaining social change is clearly a challenge in the diverse and complex world we inhabit today. ⊚ ⊚
true false
86) The transition from medicine man to physician, nurse, and pharmacist is an illustration of adaptive upgrading in the field of health. ⊚ ⊚
true false
87) Karl Marx suggested human society will move toward the final stage of a classless society through a socialist revolution. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) The term vested interests refers to those people or groups who will profit in the event of social change.
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⊚ ⊚
89)
true false
Many sociologists believe that we are living in a postindustrial society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
90) The Luddites were factory owners that made huge profits in England during the Industrial Revolution. ⊚ ⊚
91)
The treatment of immigrant laborers in Dubai is a significant social problem. ⊚ ⊚
92)
true false
true false
Dubai is considered a democratic utopia. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) The Luddites were factory owners that made huge profits in England during the Industrial Revolution. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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94) Core nations like the United States and Europe have a virtual monopoly on information technology. ⊚ ⊚
95)
The affluent have a greater chance of using the Internet than those who are not affluent. ⊚ ⊚
96)
true false
true false
Most of the Internet users in the world live in Latin America. ⊚ ⊚
true false
97) Young people who have grown up browsing the Internet seem to accept the existence of "cookies" and "spyware" they may pick up while surfing. ⊚ ⊚
true false
98) Functionalists take a generally positive view of the Internet, pointing to its manifest function of facilitating communication. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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99) George Ritzer’s concept of McDonaldization applies to the entire area of biotechnology. Just as the fast-food concept has permeated society, no phase of life now seems exempt from therapeutic or medical intervention. ⊚ ⊚
true false
100) One notable success of biotechnology has been progress in the treatment of traumatic injuries. ⊚ ⊚
101)
true false
Transnationals do not participate in social movements. ⊚ ⊚
true false
102) Functionalists see the free flow of immigrants, even when it is legally restricted, as one way for economies to maximize their use of human labor. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 16 1) A 2) A 3) C 4) D 5) C 6) B 7) B 8) C 9) C 10) C 11) C 12) B 13) B 14) B 15) A 16) A 17) C 18) B 19) A 20) C 21) B 22) C 23) D 24) A 25) B 26) A Version 1
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27) B 28) D 29) C 30) C 31) D 32) B 33) B 34) C 35) C 36) D 37) A 38) A 39) B 40) A 41) C 42) C 43) A 44) A 45) B 46) B 47) B 48) C 49) C 50) D 51) D 52) A 53) C 54) B 55) A 56) C Version 1
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57) A 58) B 59) A 60) A 61) A 62) A 63) B 78) TRUE 79) TRUE 80) FALSE 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) TRUE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) TRUE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) FALSE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) FALSE 97) TRUE 98) TRUE 99) TRUE 100) TRUE Version 1
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101) FALSE 102) TRUE
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