The study of ancient Greece and Rome fall under what type of archaeology? Discovering financial records of trade between two groups would be an example of what?
c
prehistoric
ancient
classical
nautical
a
historical archaeology
prehistoric archaeology
pseudoscience
nautical archaeology
prehistoric archaeology
biblical archaeology
The archaeology of the Middle East from the time of the Bible is called ________.
d
Egyptology
pre-Columbian archaeology
The study of underwater cities would fall under which category?
c
pseudoscience
classical archaeology
maritime archaeology
prehistoric archaeology
Which of the following would not be part of the archaeological record?
d
ecofacts
sites
features
paradigms
Basic assumptions on how the world operates are called ________.
a
paradigms
theories
models
hypotheses
retesting
chronological
Which of the following is not a part of the scientific method for archaeology?
a
excavating
model building
developing hypotheses
Hypotheses and models that describe or explain things at single points in time and are called ________.
c
diachronic
empirical
synchronic
Those who work in the preservation and management of archaeological resources are practicing ________. Which term best describes the material remains of past human activities and behaviors?
d
ethnology
historical archaeology
b
artifacts
archaeological record
stratigraphy
ecology
The distinct soil layers of an archaeological site is called ________.
b
processual
stratigraphy
ecology
cultural chronology
Recording where objects are found in the strata of an archaeological site would help in what type of dating?
c
chronometric
radiocarbon
relative
absolute
The most common method of absolute dating is ________.
a
radiocarbon
relative
chronometric
law of superposition
Patterns detected among traits of a past group of people are called ________.
c
archaeological record
hypotheses
archaeological cultures
stratigraphy
c
after fieldwork and excavation
when a hypothesis is not supported
before to going into the field
when a theory is ready to be stated
d
"planting" objects in sites
trying to pass off recreated artifacts as ancient ones
purposefully faking data
Failure to publish data
When should an archaeologist complete a research design?
Frauds in archaeology would include all of the following except for ________.
ethnoarchaeology
cultural resource management
Pseudoscience ________.
a
often relies on untestable assumptions
is rigorous and scientific
Open Questions Describe the differences between archaeology and anthropology. What are the difficulties faced in prehistoric archaeology as opposed to historical archaeology? Describe how the law of superposition works with stratigraphy. Describe the different types of dating methods used by archaeologists. How is the scientific method used in archaeology?
is a legitimate alternative to science
is always easy to disprove
Chapter 2 Question
Answer A
B
C
D
The earliest-known archaeological excavation was conducted by the ________.
c
ancient Greeks
ancient Romans
ancient Egyptians
Neanderthals
The first archaeology museum was created by the ________.
a
king of Babylon about 2,500 years ago
Egyptians about 4,000 years ago
ancient Greeks during the Trojan War period
British in London
Those who originally took up archaeology as a hobby are more commonly referred to as ________.
d
treasure hunters
aristocratic collectors
preservationists
antiquarians
Before the 1800s, the general belief was that the Earth was about ________ old.
d
10,000 years
4.5 billion years
10 million years
6,000 years
Who argued that geological evidence pointed to the Earth's real age?
b
Charles Darwin
Charles Lyell
Jacques Boucher de Perthes
Heinrich Schliemann
The Stone Age was divided into three periods except for ________.
d
the Paleolithic
the Mesolithic
the Neolithic
the Pseudolithic
The Paleolithic era was further divided into three periods except for ________.
a
the Central
the Upper
the Lower
the Middle
What discovery helped in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics?
b
Elgin Marbles
Rosetta Stone
buried city of Pompeii
tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamen
The excavations at Knossos on the island of Crete revealed what ancient civilization?
c
Greek
Philistine
Minoan
Egyptian
Which archaeological discovery provided the most complete view of Roman life?
a
buried city of Pompeii
Rosetta Stone
Elgin Marbles
excavations along the Somme River
c
whether biblical and mythical stories were true
the relationships between groups of ancient people
the discovery, classification, and description of ancient materials
the recreation and restoration of ancient architecture
d
biological theory of evolution
diffusion
unilinear cultural evolution
The historical approach to archaeology focuses on what?
What early archaeological theory claimed that all cultures moved through a progression of stages?
uniformiltarianism
Which of the following is an example of diffusion?
a
agriculture was developed in the Middle East and later spread throughout Europe
pyramids were invented independently in Egypt and Mexico
societies passed through stages from savages to barbarians and finally to civilizations
early humans lived alongside Neanderthals in Europe
Improvements in field methods in the 1800s included the following except for ________.
d
the grid system
typology
cross-dating
taphonomy
Early American explorers did not believe that the edifices found in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys could have been built by which group of native peoples?
c
the Anasari
the Mayans
the Moundbuilders
the Cherokee and Choctaw
What was eventually discovered about the origins of Native Americans?
b
they were incapable of fashioning stone tools
they migrated from northeastern Asia to Alaska via an ancient land bridge
they had been in North America since at least the Bronze Age
they were genetically related to populations from the Fertile Crescent
Which native group in the Americas had a complex calendar?
b
the Moundbuilders
the Maya
the Chumash
the Anasazi
What civilization was discovered in Peru?
a
Inca
Mayan
Minoan
Anasazi
By about 1925, what area of the world became the focus for where humans originated?
b
Europe
Sub-Saharan Africa
Fertile Crescent
Egypt
What type of archaeology is focused on finding evidence to support nationalistic claims?
d
racism
colonialism
ethnocentrism
nationalism
Man the Hunter and Woman the Gatherer are examples of ________.
a
biases in archaeological research
current treatises on hunter-gatherer societies
studies that support nationalism
primitive societies that predated civilization
German geologist Karl Mauch discovered a massive stone fortress in what part of Africa?
b
Egypt
Great Zimbabwe
Ethiopia
central Africa
Open Questions What are the events and ideas that contributed to the abandonment of the biblical interpretation of the past and the development of the idea of prehistory? Did antiquarians help develop the field of archaeology or were they just another type of looter or treasure hunter? Why were the discoveries of the buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum so important in understanding ancient Roman culture? Explain why the theories of unilateral cultural evolution and diffusion fell out of favor.
Describe the biases present in archaeological approaches that are based in colonialism, nationalism, and sexism.
Chapter 3 Question
Answer
A
B
C
D
After World War II, archaeologists began asking what type of questions for the first time?
b
When?
Why?
Who?
What?
dendrochronology and virtual reality
Two of the most important modern innovations in archaeological method since World War II are ________.
c
grid excavation and tree-ring dating
radiocarbon dating and exoarchaeology
radiocarbon dating and computer modeling
Archaeologist Lewis Binford in the 1960s argued that archaeology should be more ________.
a
scientific and quantitative
subjective and humanistic
psychological and behavioral
evolutionary and gender-focused
The New Archaeology movement is also called ________.
d
postmodernism
postprocessual archaeology
cultural materialism
processual archaeology
stating research methods
formulating a general hypothesis
explaining theoretical approach
comparing similar archaeological sites
middle-range theory
processual archaeology
cultural materialism
postprocessual archaeology
Which of the following is not one of the major aspects of constructing a research design?
The application of logic, analogy, and theory in archaeology is called ________.
d
a
Archaeologists who live among a group of contemporary people to compare their societies with those of the past are engaged in ________.
c
The controled replication of artifacts to help understand how they came to be made is called ________.
The study of animal bones among food remains at a prehistoric site usually has to take into account the possibility of ________.
cultural materialism
experimental archaeology
ethnoarchaeology
postprocessual archaeology
c
ethnographic analogy
ethnoarchaeology
experimental archaeology
cultural materialism
b
artistic expression
scavenging by animals
usage in religious ceremonies
extreme weather or flooding
A theoretical framework based on the idea that “human social life is a response to the practical problems” of existence is called ________.
d
experimental archaeology
middle-range theory
ethnographic analogy
cultural materialism
Postprocessualism expanded archaeology to include examinations of all of the following except for ________.
a
climate patterns
gender roles
minorities
social stratification
behavioral archaeology
evolutionary archaeology
indigenous archaeology
exoarchaeology
Which of the following is not a major branch of postprocessual archaeology? d
investigates the role of the individual in cultural change
holds that all cultural institutions can be explained by direct material payoff
explains the composition of a particular peopleʹs material culture through time
Cultural materialism ________.
c
is an indigenous approach to archaeology
Someone who studies the ancient symbolism and supernatural beliefs is probably what type of archaeologist?
b
exoarchaeologist
cognitive archaeologist
evolutionary archaeologist
behavioral archaeologist
What theory makes use of ethnographic analogy, experimental archaeology, and ethnoarchaeology?
a
postprocessualism
indigenous archaeology
evolutionary theory
middle-range theory
science is subjective and dehumanizing
voices of previously unconsidered people must be added to interpretations of the past
an archaeology of gender is impossible
the failure to consider issues of inequality
the spiritual evolution of the human species
the environmental conditions that might influence adaptation and change in a particular culture
how gender roles bring about cultural change
the geologic change of a particular environment
Criticisms of processual archaeology by postprocessualists include all of the following except for this belief.
Evolutionary archaeology is focused on ________.
c
b
Collaborative efforts between archaeologists and contemporary peoples is part of ________.
GIS programs allow archaeologists to ________.
Past speculation about canals on Mars is an example of ________.
Of the following modern archaeological techniques, which is the oldest?
Common careers in archaeology would not include which of the following?
cultural materialism
experimental archaeology
ethnoarchaeology
c
assign absolute dates to artifacts
determine the material used to make an artifact (e.g., bone vs. stone)
generate models to identify microscopic predict site locations plant remains in soils
d
experimental archaeology
middle-range theory
indigenous archaeology
exoarchaeology
radiocarbon dating
GIS, GPS, and 3-D technology
virtual reality
DNA analysis of ancient humans
teacher or professor
field and laboratory worker
d
a
b
museum specialist
science fiction writer
indigenous archaeology
Open Questions How has the development of modern technologies changed the practice of archaeology since World War II? Describe the major components of research design in scientific archaeology. What are advantages and disadvantages to experimental archaeology? Briefly describe some of the new areas of focus in postprocessual archaeology. Can there ever be only one approach to archaeology? Why or why not?
Chapter 4 Question
Answer
A
B
C
D
Material remains (artifacts, ecofacts, and features) within an archaeological site are generally distributed ________.
a
nonrandomly
randomly
only within one strata layer
only on the surface
All archaeological materials in a site belonging to a particular cultural entity constitute a site's ________.
c
culture
artifacts
components
geofacts
One of the three major criteria for classifying sites is ________.
b
cultural associations
age
archaeological features
presence of human remains
The deposits of soils that consist of decomposed garbage are called ________.
d
anthropogenic soils
tells
strata
middens
What was found at the ancient archaeological site at Laetoli?
b
complex composite tools
fossilized hominin footprints
the first evidence of the use of fire
extensive ossuary
Tools that are present in the archaeological record but are seldom recognized and rarely recovered by archaeologists are ________ tools,
a
casual
specialized
simple
composite
The debris left over from the manufacture of tools can also be classified as ________.
b
ecofacts
artifacts
geofacts
manuports
Unmodified remains of biological materials used by people are called ________.
a
ecofacts
artifacts
geofacts
manuports
What is the study of pollen called?
c
taphonomy
hydrology
palynology
bioturbation
Which of the following is an example of a feature?
d
food remnants of animal bones
natural rock outcropping
a composite tool
a hearth
In archaeology, the designing and building of structures, primarily those in which people live and work is called ________.
d
domiciles
habitats
spaces
architecture
Structures made from which of the following materials preserve best in the archaeological record?
a
stone
brick
wood
mud
The process of burning human remains is called ________.
b
ossuary
cremation
burial
inhumation
The study of biological materials being transformed from their original state is called ________.
a
taphonomy
geology
palynology
bioturbation
The action of water upon a site is called ________.
c
geology
taphonomy
hydrology
bioturbation
What type of geologic event destroyed the Roman city of Pompeii, the Maya village of Joya de Ceren in El Salvador, and the Greek island of Santorini?
a
volcanic eruption
earthquake
tsunami
mud slide
An ossuary contains ________.
b
middens
human bones
ecofacts
hearths
In working toward preservation of a site, archaeologists need to preserve site objects as well as ________.
c
the habitants of local animals
all of the topsoil
the context of objects in a site
the decomposition of biological objects
In what types of environments can natural mummification occur?
a
very dry or frozen ones
very wet or damp ones
any environment
variable climates
Human bone in the archaeological record ________.
d
is never kept
is only found in cemetery sites
is rarely of scientific importance
should be treated with care
Which of the following are primary agents of bioturbation?
b
water
burrowing animals
wind
microbes
Open Questions Why are hearths or campfires among the most common features encountered by archaeologists? Why do archaeologists value examining the garbage and discarded objects of the people they study? Describe the differences between casual, simple, and composite tools. What are some of the forces that can act on and disrupt an archaeological site over time? How are people also included in this? What are some factors involved in recognizing and recovering archaeological materials?
Chapter 5 Question
Answer A
B
C
D
What do archaeologists use to set out the research questions, identify the kinds of data needed to address those questions, and select the appropriate field methods?
d
site survey
hypothesis
background research
research plan
The first step in fieldwork is usually ________.
a
conducting a survey
beginning excavation
digging to bedrock
establishing a grid
a hand-drawn grid
a computerized laser survey
the datum
a walking survey
during a CRM project
by only using GPS
A total station is ________ used to map the location of each artifact.
b
Places to dig for archaeological artifacts are found in different ways but not ________.
d
accidentally
during an archaeological or research project
The Paleolithic cave art discovered in this location became so popular, that a complete replica was created to avoid tourist damage to the actual site.
b
Altamira, Spain
Lascaux, France
Ardeche, France
Ubar, Oman
d
provide a 3-D picture of an archaeological site
help you locate promising dig sites
find buried archaeological sites for you
help you find your exact position on the globe
A Global Positioning System alone can only do which of the following?
Electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity are two techniques that pass an electric charge through the soil to ________.
a
build a picture of the subsurface
locate metals
locate burial sites
power a magnetometer
A tell is ________.
c
discolored soil
an outcrop of rocks
a mound rising from the ground
different patterns of vegetation
Archaeologists search ethnographic data and historical records as part of their ________.
c
datum
curation
background research
geophysical survey
Aerial photography and spaceborne lasers are used for ________.
b
geophysical survey
remote sensing
provenience
grid design
b
are done before the research design is written
aid in deciding where to excavate
are always done randomly
are done to provide evidence for funding
The archaeological site at Ubar, Oman, was discovered ________.
a
using ground terrain imaging radar
accidentally
as part of a large archaeological dig
by T. E. Lawrence
The fixed point for mapping a grid of an archaeological site is called a ________.
b
provenience
datum
posthole
tell
subjective sample
nonrandom selected sample
Surface collections and test-level excavations ________.
A sampling approach in which sample units are chosen randomly is called a ________.
a
statistical sample
judgment sample
Which of the following is not an instrument for finding things underground?
b
metal detector
side-scan sonar
magnetometer
ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
Postholes, auger probes, and trenches are ________.
d
used in establishing a grid
used in curation
mostly used randomly
common excavation unit types
Common tools used for excavation include all of the following except for what?
c
bulldozers
paintbrushes
dynamite
dental tools
In archaeological terms, what does the Latin phrase "in situ" mean?
d
in transition
carefully removed
typical
in place
What is the excavation term for sifting soil to recover objects?
c
dusting
meshing
screening
prospecting
What are specialists who examine human skeletal remains called?
d
palynologists
molecular biologists
geomorphologists
osteologists
The overall director of an archaeological project is called the ________.
b
head excavator
principal investigator
field sponsor
chief administrator
The process of conserving material, preparing it for storage, and then storing it is called ________.
b
preservation
curation
cataloging
morguing
Open Questions In the discovery of the two pre-European-contact Cherokee houses, how did archaeologists take the evidence collected to piece together a history of the houses and a better understanding of the Cherokee way of life? In locating promising places to dig, why do archaeologists often look for tells or discolored soil? Describe the need for a wide range of specialists working on archaeological sites. What are some of the occupational hazards that archaeologists regularly encounter? What are the ethical issues involved with excavating a Native American site?
Chapter 6 Question
Answer A
B
C
D
typology
The recognition and definition of shared similarities between artifacts is called ________.
d
provenience
taphonomy
geochemical sourcing
The first step in analysis is ________.
a
classification
dating
residue analysis
computer modeling
Morphology means ________.
b
size
form and style
color
age
The sample of all activities that took place at a site during a particular time is called its ________.
b
temporal type
assemblage
attributes
typology
All of the following are stone objects that have been ground and polished through use except for ________.
c
grindstones
mortars
bifaces
anvil stones
The mass of stone left over after flaking is called a _________.
a
core
base tool
remnant stone
starter rock
Tools flaked on both sides are called ________.
c
unifaces
cores
bifaces
utilized flakes
Which type of volcanic glassy stone was often traded over great distances because it could be used to produce very sharp edges?
d
quartzite
diamond
flint
obsidian
Percussion and pressure flaking are both ways to a ________.
c
create ceramics
produce bone tools
produce stone tools
decorate pottery
Most ceramic artifacts were used as ________.
b
hair pieces
containers
tools
votive offerings
The potter's wheel was invented about ________ years ago.
a
5,500
3,000
10,000
27,000
The four basic types of ceramics include the following except for ________.
d
terra-cotta
earthenware
porcelain
brick
Porcelains were first made in ________ about 1,000 years ago.
b
Europe
China
India
South America
In the history of metal work, first came copper, then came bronze, and finally ________.
c
gold
tin
iron
zinc
Where did glassmaking first start?
a
Mesopotamia
China
Northern Europe
ancient Rome
d
to determine if the site occupants had healthy diets
to determine if the bottles had been reused in different eras
to determine trade routes with contemporary groups
to reveal economic patterns and personal habits of site occupants
What has been a good indicator of contact with European traders?
d
glass figurines
porcelain products
iron tools
glass beads
Which of the following are not considered to be perishable?
b
woven baskets
terra-cotta bowls
clothing and textiles
wooden carvings
Materials woven from plant fibers or from animal hair are called ________.
c
tapestries
basketry
textiles
cordage
What is considered to have been the most common, most versatile of perishable materials?
a
wood
wool
cane
cotton
DNA analysis
protein residue analysis
geochemical sourcing
use-wear analysis
iron tools
wooded handles
The primary purpose of determining the original contents of glass bottles is ________.
Analyzing microscopic striations on the surface of tools falls under _______.
d
Recent breakthroughs in artifact analysis has allowed the successful recovery of aDNA from ________. a
hard human tissues, such as bones and teeth obsidian sources
Open Questions What do classification or typological schemes allow archaeologists to do? Why do archaeologists know that any single artifact cannot be automatically assigned to a single time period? Use examples from the chapter, including the first story about the obsidian cobble. How does the change from the Copper Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age show the advance of civilizations? Choose three different types of common material and describe the difficulties in analyzing each of them. Discuss the different types of artifact analysis.
Chapter 7 Question
Answer A
B
C
D
The science of archaeological measurement is called ________.
a
archaeometry
biostratigraphy
statistical modeling
typology
Comparing the age of an artifact, feature, or stratum in relation to other cultural items found in archaeological deposits is called ________.
c
radiocarbon dating
chronometric dating
relative dating
FUN dating
Australopithecus fossils were relatively dated through the use of ________.
a
pig fossils
mammoth fossils
domestic dog fossils
antelope fossils
Which of the following is an example of a relative dating technique?
d
radiocarbon dating
potassium-argon dating
fission track dating
seriation
Using evolutionary changes in well-known groups of animals as a dating tool is known as ________.
b
archaeometry
biostratigraphy
zoology
typology
Pottery; materials such as stone, bronze, or iron; and projectile points became known as ________ types because they seemed to be time-specific.
a
temporal
relative
stable
context-based
FUN dating is based on the fact that the longer a bone is buried in the ground ________.
c
Dendrochronology is another name for ________.
the less mass it has
the more nitrogen it absorbs
the more nitrogen it loses
the more it decays
a
tree-ring dating
potassium-argon dating
radiocarbon dating
FUN dating
The most commonly used and most important method of radiometric dating in archaeology is _______.
c
uranium-thorium dating
potassium-argon dating
radiocarbon dating
fission track dating
Which of the following is not used in radiometric dating?
d
charcoal
bone remains
forged iron
stone
Radiometric dating measures the _________ of elements such as carbon within an object over time.
b
calcification
rate of decay
buildup
stability
Radiocarbon’s half-life is known to be approximately _______.
a
5,730 years
574 days
5.9 years
564 years
reduce the amount of impurities
potassium-argon dating
In radiocarbon dating, a "clean" sample has to be burned at high temperature to __________.
b
further purify it
convert it to a gas
kill fungal or bacterial growth
Which dating method is useful for any volcanic rock that is older than 100,000 years of age?
d
fission track dating
radiocarbon dating
uranium dating
Uranium-thorium dating is applicable only to ________.
Fission-track dating can be used to date ________.
Thermoluminescence dating is a radiometric technique commonly used to date ________.
d
Organic material
a
crystalline minerals found in ceramic artifacts
radioactive material
volcanic rock
limestone (calcite) cave deposits
fossil bone
limestone (calcite) cave deposits
volcanic rock
fossil bone
volcanic rock
pottery
limestone (calcite) cave deposits
Which dating technique based on the fact that the position of Earth’s magnetic poles is continually changing? b
fission track dating
archaeomagnetism
electron spin resonance
archaeometry
Which nonradiometric dating technique dates the volcanic glass material in tool flakes?
archaeomagnetism
thermoluminescence
fission track dating
obsidian dating
c
obsidian loses water over time
obsidian loses carbon over time
obsidian absorbs water from the surrounding environment over time
obsidian absorbs nitrogen over time
b
are younger than materials found in layers above
are older than materials found in layers above
are irrelevant
are equal in age to all materials found in the same spot
Obsidian dating is based on the fact that ________.
According to the law of superposition, materials found in lower layers ________.
b
d
Chronometric dating establishes ________.
a
actual age
relative age
general age
who created the artifact
William Libby in the 1950s developed the important technique of ________.
a
radiocarbon dating
potassium-argon dating
FUN dating
nonradiometric dating
Open Questions Why are archaeologists so focused on establishing the age of artifacts? Describe the differences in accuracy and usage between relative dating techniques and chronometric dating techniques. Why are archaeologists so careful to not contaminate a sample sent for radiocarbon dating? Why is obsidian such an important element that it has its own dating technique? Using examples from the text, describe how archaeologists use temporal types in constructing chronologies.
Chapter 8 Question
Answer A
B
C
D
The study of how different ancient societies treated human remains is called ________.
d
mediosteology
paleodemography
anthropology
bioarchaeology
Yoheʹs analysis of the Civil War skeleton from Idaho contributed to our knowledge of ________.
a
human diseases, diet, and social class
coffin construction in natural the 19th century mummification
medical practices of the Civil War era
What is the name given to the c. 8,600-yearold human remains in the controversial case where indigenous people protested against its removal for scientific analysis?
b
Kabayan mummy
Kennewick Man
Chärchän Man
“Ice Princess”
Besides Egypt, mummification has also been found in what other parts of the world?
c
North America
Southern France
coastal Peru and Chile
Britain
Excarnation
Primary inhumanation
Secondary inhumanation
Cremation
Excarnation
Primary inhumanation
Secondary inhumanation
Cremation
________ is when human remains are not intentionally moved after burial in ground.
________ is when human remains are allowed to decompose first and then bones are removed to a separate burial place.
b
c
________ is when human remains are burned before burial.
Excarnation
Primary inhumanation
Secondary inhumanation
Cremation
b
DNA analysis
noninvasive “virtual autopsies”
trace element analysis
radiocarbon dating
The Spirit Cave mummy had a desiccated body, which means that ________.
b
it had its bones removed
it had been dried out before burial
it had its organs removed for cremation
organic acids and other compounds had “tanned” its skin
The most famous naturally preserved human remains (5,300 years) in a frozen setting is ________.
c
Chärchän Man
the “Ice Princess”
the "Iceman"
La Doncella
In ancient Egypt, canopic jars contained ________.
c
money for the afterworld
wine for the mourners
the vital organs of the deceased
sacred olive oil
In Nepal, Buddhist monks are “buried” in the “sky,” which means their bodies are ________.
a
cut in pieces and fed to vultures
cremated outside with smoke rising up
left frozen atop high peaks
cremated with ashes scattered in the wind
d
the excarnation of dead bodies
the embalming of dead bodies
instances of mummification
mass graves
Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), makes it possible to conduct ________ on human remains.
The Black Plague of 14th-century Europe often resulted in ________.
d
Which of the following are generally not found as grave goods?
b
weapons
wild animals
pottery
jewellery
Which groups of skeletal bones includes those of the arms and hands?
c
axial skeleton
pelvic girdle
appendicular skeleton
shoulder girdle
Skeletal sex is most accurately determined by ________.
a
assessing the morphology of the pelvic bones
the overall size of the skeleton
measuring the length of the foot bones
evaluating the attributes of the skull
What is the bone formation process called?
c
pathology
paleodemography
ossification
trephining
Examining how the stable state of some molecular elements from plants and animals have been absorbed by human bodies is called _________.
c
osteology
DNA analysis
stable isotope analysis
trace element analysis
Which type of chemical analysis could be used to provide information about the migratory patterns of a population?
d
osteology
DNA analysis
stable isotope analysis
trace element analysis
Reconstructing the “life history” of ancient individuals is called ________.
a
osteobiography
paleodemography
pathology
biopathology
Wear patterns on Neanderthal teeth reveal that they used their teeth to ________.
c
make stone tools
crack nuts
soften hides
twist rope
What is examined to help determine the age of children? d
facial bone features
pelvic girdle
appendicular skeleton
epiphyseal fusion
What has been the most common method of distinguishing between varieties of ancient human species?
chemical analysis of skeletal bones
examination of the marker traits of bones and teeth
comparision of the pelvic and shoulder girdles
determining burial practices
b
Open Questions What are the ethical issues when dealing with human remains, especially those that might be connected to indigenous peoples? What can be revealed by studying the skeletal remains of a group of ancient people? Describe the range of conditions that have resulted in the preservation of human soft tissue remains. What kinds of information have archaeologists acquired from these kinds of remains? Give specific examples from the text. Describe two ancient burial practices and the religious or cultural rationale behind them. Compare the different chemical analyses that archaeologists can use and what sort of information is revealed by them.
Chapter 9 Question
B
C
D
b
evolutionary ecology
human ecology
geoarchaeology
paleoecology
What evidence did archaeologists find that the people at Çatalhöyük, Turkey, were sedentary and had food surpluses?
c
the number of animal bones found at the site
the size of their buildings
their houses had ovens and storage bins
food was left at sacrificial shrines
What is the environment of the prehistoric past called?
c
geoarchaeology
ecosystem
paleoenvironment
paleoecology
Archaeologists believe that the ancient people who lived ________ contributed to the ecological disaster that made their environment unliveable.
b
in the Sarah Desert
on Easter Island
in the Gobi Desert
on the Hawaiian island of Molokai
Biotic and abiotic elements of the environment that operate within a system are called ________.
d
an ecozone
an ecotone
a biome
an ecosystem
A distinct geographic area containing a specific group of interdependent living species is called ________.
a
an ecozone
an ecotone
a biome
an ecosystem
What is the study of the relationships between humans and their environment called?
Answer A
What is the number of organisms that an environment can support at any one time called?
d
optimization model
subsistence limit
resource limit
carrying capacity
During the last Ice Age, sea levels dropped ________.
a
100 metres plus
40,000 feet
3.56 metres
by no change
A region where two ecozones overlap is called ________.
b
a double ecozone
an ecotone
a biome
an ecosystem
A commodity actually used by an organism is called ________.
b
a biome
a resource
a niche
a sustaining element
A major source of information about paleoclimate has been long cylindrical plugs (cores) of material removed by hollow drills from ocean sediments or from ________.
c
rainforest soil
desert sand
glacial ice
artic tundra
The geographic place where an organism lives is called ________.
a
a habitat
an ecosystem
a biome
an ecozone
geomorphology
past plants
The study of how landforms change over time is called ________.
d
paleoecology
geoarchaeology
evolutionary ecology
Palynology is the study of ________.
c
plant microfossils
past climate
pollen
The long-term patterns of past temperatures and precipitation are called ________.
d
past weather
In the study of evolutionary ecology, ________ are used to explain aspects of behavior related to the use of resources.
a
Modern humans began to domesticate plants and animals ________.
climate
evolutionary ecology
paleoclimate
optimization models
ecosystems
carrying capacities
subsistence practices
a
after the last Ice Age
before the last Ice Age
about 200,000 years ago
about 50,000 years ago
The herding and feeding of animals in captivity is called ________.
b
optimization
domestication
environmental manipulation
animal management
Large-scale alteration and management of landscapes, such as building dams or cutting down forests is called ________.
c
geoecology
resource management
environmental manipulation
human ecology
b
population growth required a larger more stable food supply
drier climate forced people into closer contact with plants and animals
people in marginal areas were forced to manage food sources better
an overdependence on some resources created a need for domestication
c
the Nile River in Egypt
the Yangtze River in China
the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley
the grassy hills of Europe
The oasis theory of the origin of agriculture theorized that ________.
The hilly-flanks theory of the origin of agriculture focused on ________.
Which of the following terms describes the transformation from a hunter-gatherer society to one in which animals and plants were domesticated?
d
evolutionary ecology
optimization
environmental manipulation
agricultural revolution
Open Questions Describe the differences between human ecology, paleoarchaeology, and geoarchaeology. Explain the difference between climate and weather. How are optimization models used in the field of evolutionary ecology? How have humans used environmental manipulation and resource management to control their environments? There are many theories for the origins of agriculture. Compare and contrast two of these theories using evidence used by the theorists in your response.
Chapter 10 Question What did archaeologists find that was unusual among the ancient peoples of Tasmania about 3,500 years ago?
Answer A
b
the people migrated back to Australia
B
C
D
the people suddenly stopped fishing
the people stopped cutting down trees
the people moved away from coastal areas
no difference in gender roles
men herded domestic animals and women tended fields of grain
men hunted on land and women harvested from the sea
ubiquity
fusion-fusion pattern
What gender roles did archaeologists uncover about the ancient people of Tasmania?
d
men fished and women tended fields of grain
The manner in which a particular group organized its settlements and occupied its geographic space is called its ________.
a
settlement pattern
seasonal round
The timing and movement of huntergatherers or pastoralists across the landscape is called a ________.
c
fusion-fusion pattern
sedentary settlement
seasonal round
seasonal transhumance
In analyzing the settlement archaeology of a site archaeologists study four major components: the dating or age of the site, site structure, site function, and _________.
a
season of occupation
gender roles of occupants
distances between similar sites
site depth
The study of prehistoric populations is called ________
a
paleodemography
bioanthropology
catchment analysis
settlement impact
The settlement pattern in which only one segment of the population moves with their animals seasonally while the rest of the population stays in one place is called ________.
d
fusion-fusion pattern
sedentary settlement
seasonal round
seasonal transhumance
The study of where the materials found in a site were obtained, how much of an effort was necessary to procure them, and how that procurement affected settlement patterns is called _________.
c
paleodemography
bioanthropology
catchment analysis
settlement archaeology
The presence of articulated fish skeletons in the midden at La Quinta indicated that the fish ________.
b
were not locally caught
were likely filleted before eaten
were being used seasonally
were very large
It is difficult to understand a subsistence system in the absence of ________ data because site type and location reveal a great deal about how an economic system was structured, how it functioned, and how it changed over time
c
ecofactual
seasonal
settlement
migratory
What are the remains of animals found at a site called?
b
paleofeces
faunal remains
botanical remains
palaeoethnobotany
All of the following are examples of botanical remains except for ________.
d
pollen
seeds
charcoal
polyvinyl
The four primary subsistence systems are hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, and ________.
d
apiculture
foraging
tree harvesting
intensive agriculture
About 5,000 years ago a major staple for native California groups was ________.
a
acorns
maize
cactus
rabbit
Specialists who study faunal remains are called ________.
b
palaeobotanists
zooarchaeologists
palynologists
osteopaths
A low-intensity system of food production using domesticated plants, such as yams, grown in small fields or gardens using only human labor is called ________.
d
intensive agriculture
foraging
pastoralism
horticulture
The inhabitants of urban centers are most likely to depend upon which of the following subsistence systems?
a
intensive agriculture
pastoralism
horticulture
Foragers are also known as ________.
b
pastoralists
foraging hunters and gatherers
herders
horticulturalists
Quantitative methods used to measure botanical remains include all of the following except for ________.
c
absolute counts and weights
various ratios
flotation
ubiquity
minimum number of individuals (MNI)
estimates of species diversity from counts and weights
fragmentation effect
ubiquity
One of the most commonly used measures of quantification for faunal remains is ________.
a
Because of new understanding of settlement patterns, archaeologists now believe that large Maya ceremonial sites were located in _________.
What revolutionary technique do archaeologists use to separate botanical remains from a soil sample?
d
areas with small local populations
a regional area of no towns
areas with no local population
cities with large urban populations
b
catchment analysis
flotation
seriation
ubiquity
Question What do archaeologists learn from studying the settlement patterns of a group of ancient people? Discuss the four major components of settlement pattern analysis. Describe the basic characteristics of the four primary subsistence systems for ancient people. How did the gradual adoption of agriculture change early human societies? What is the difference between using NISP and MNI for quantifying ecofactual remains?
Chapter 11 Question
Answer A
B
C
D
hold religious ceremonies of human sacrifice
chart the movement of the stars and planets
make peace treaties with their enemies
To appease their gods of the sky, the Mexica of Central America would ________.
b
build ever-taller pyramids
What are the relationships that hold a group of people together called?
c
stratification
social archaeology
social structure
paleoarchaeology
Which of the following are not considered part of the archaeological model of culture?
c
technology and material culture
settlement and subsistence patterns
warfare and competition with other groups
social structure and social organization
What is the study of past ways of thought, as inferred from material remains, called?
a
cognitive archaeology
social archaeology
psychological archaeology
processual archaeology
Anatomically modern humans are called ________.
c
Australopithecus
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens sapiens
Neanderthals
If only functional criteria can be tied to an object, its most likely use is ________.
b
nonutilitarian
utilitarian
ceremonial
symbolic
All societies have ________ systems, with rules (or social norms) for descent, reciprocity, marriage, and residence.
a
kinship
urban
band
chiefdom
Which of the following is not a method archaeologists use to study gender in an ancient society?
b
burial analysis
thin section analysis
dietary analysis
artistic representations
When archaeologists assume that the earliest ethnographic or historically known group in an area is the direct descendant of the latest archaeological group in the same area, this is called ________.
c
ethnographic analogy
ethnographic determinism
the direct historical approach
historical archaeology
Small-scale, nonstratified societies with hunting and gathering as their primary subsistence system are typically organized as ________.
d
chiefdoms
states
civilizations
bands
Most ________ are based on agriculture; have large, permanent settlements; a centralized political structure, a formal leader authorized to use force; and formal ranking.
a
chiefdoms
egalitarian societies
species
bands
States are characterized by all of the following except for ________.
d
large populations
social stratification
formal recordkeeping
egalitarianism
The state systems that developed in Mesopotamia relied on grains of ________.
b
rice
wheat and barley
maize
sorghum
The theory that suggests the need to defend agricultural systems led to state formation is called ________.
b
agricultural theory
warfare theory
multicausal theory
irrigation theory
A life-size terracotta army of 7,000 soldiers was excavated near the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi, who was the ________.
a
first emperor of China
last emperor of China
first emperor of the Han Dynasty
last emperor of the Zhou Dynasty
Which native society in North America between about 1,100 and 600 years ago came closest to being a state-level group?
b
Kwakiutl
Cahokia
Chumash
Cheyenne
The belief in a society of deities is called ________.
d
monotheism
animism
deism
polytheism
In Mesoamerica, religious items were often deposited in cenotes, which are ________.
c
ceremonial temples
earthen altars
large, natural wells
sacred caves
What is the understanding of one's universe called?
d
archeoastronomy
cosmic philosophy
deism
cosmology
Large-scale images or designs made by removing soil or by piling rocks to create lines or designs are called ________.
a
geoglyphs
pictographs
representational art
petroglyphs
In studying a particular individual, archaeologists usually look at the following except for ________.
b
craftsmanship of artifacts
cenotes
paleofeces
skeletons
Open Questions Describe how archaeologists see the society, social structure, and social organization of ancient people as different topics. Discuss the differences among bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states. Describe the various theories of the origin of states. What is the difference between cosmology and archeoastronomy? What are the ways in which individuals can be identified in the archaeological record?
Chapter 12 Question
Answer A
B
C
D
changes in the relationships between social groups
changes in traditions and culture
changes in the religious symbolism and practice
What does the study of cultural ecology concentrate on?
a
changes in the relationship between a society and its environment
Analysis of paleofeces can help determine the following except for ________.
d
foods eaten
quality of diet
general health
cause of death
Change that occurs at the same general time across geographic space is called ________ change.
b
atemporal
synchronic
diachronic
universal
Change that can be observed over time is ________ change.
c
atemporal
synchronic
diachronic
universal
Archaeologists found relatively little technological change in prehistoric Australia over a period of _________ years.
a
50,000
1,000
1 million
6 million
The examination of how societal subsystems are interrelated is called ________. b
diffusionism
systems theory
diachronic theory
synchronic theory
The creation of a new type of technology, often in response to a need to accomplish some task, is called ________.
intentionality
diffusion
acculturation
invention
d
The presence of pyramids in both the Old and New Worlds is an example of ________.
diffusion
independent invention
b
a trade network
diaspora
When new materials, technologies, or ideas are traded between cultures it is called ________.
c
diaspora
innovation
diffusion
acculturation
The breaking up of a population into smaller groups that then disperse without replacing the existing population is called ________.
a
diaspora
migration
diffusion
acculturation
The study of how languages developed, where they may have originated, and when they moved is called ________.
c
syncretism
diffusion
paleolinguistics
acculturation
Archaeologists found evidence that Paleoindian culture first existed in South America about ________ years ago.
d
1,800
6,000
53,000
11,000
Colin Renfrew has argued that IndoEuropean languages originated 8,000 years in a region that is now _________.
a
Turkey
Egypt
Greece
India
new burial patterns
new cranial capacities
new language and symbols
A new ethnic group entering an area brings the following except for ________.
c
new artifact types
What is the study called that examines cultural change as the result of direct selective processes on the variation of artifact types and frequencies, resulting in the change of those types and frequencies over time?
b
diffusion
evolutionary archaeology
systems theory
synchronism
Direct contact between two groups or societies that leads to an exchange of cultural features while each group remains distinct is called ________.
a
acculturation
colonization
assimilation
syncretism
________ is when groups within a merged culture maintain their distinctiveness.
b
Assimilation
Cultural pluralism
Acculturation
Syncretism
d
smaller and less complex
more violent
group with the most extensive trade routes
larger and more complex
When groups in direct contact are disproportionate in size or are very different culturally, the ________ tends to prevail.
Most ancient trade was ________.
c
One of the most extensive trade networks in the ancient world was that of the Silk Road between the Middle East and what is now ________. a
lucrative
opportunistic
planned
involved large-scale networks
China
India
Japan
Thailand
Bantu languages dominated which continent?
d
Europe
South America
Asia
Africa
The organized and sanctioned conflict between two societies is called ________.
b
diffusion
warfare
syncretism
acculturation
Archaeological evidence from the battle at Little Bighorn in 1876 revealed that U.S. forces under the command of Lt. Col. George A. Custer did all except for which of the following?
c
were killed trying to escape
encountered a vastly superior force
ran out of bullets
were divided into separate groups
Open Questions How do archaeologists use systems theory to study change in a society? What is the differences between migration, diffusion, and diaspora? What are the limits to using evolutionary archaeology in studying change in an ancient group of people? Describe the different outcomes that are possible when two cultures come into contact. How does evidence of warfare show up in the archaeological record?
Chapter 13 Question
The greatest threat to archaeological sites is ________.
Fort Hall was a lucrative trading post for many years mainly because of ________.
What was the immediate danger to the archaeological site at Fort Hall?
Cultural resource management (CRM) agencies in the United States do the following except for ________.
Which law prohibits the digging at archaeological sites unless a federal permit is secured?
Answer A
B
C
D
a
human population growth and development
air pollution
metal detectorists
extreme weather
b
its location on the Snake River
its trade in beaver pelts
its offer of safety to Oregon Trail wagons
its trade in salmon
c
City planners wanted to turn the area into a recreational site for off-road vehicles.
Native Americans wanted to reclaim the land for ceremonial purposes.
The Snake River was encroaching on the site.
A housing development was proposed to be built there.
b
protecting significant historical and archaeological sites
prohibiting off-road vehicles through passing regulation
prosecuting looters
repatriating human remains
c
Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Antiquities Act of 1906
National Historic Preservation Act
The Archaeological Resources Protection act of 1979 ________.
d
protects archaeological resources on private land
Which of the following are not one of the criteria required for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places?
b
association with historical event
great public interest
association with historical people
distinctive artistic value
The ________, which has been responsible for many cultural programs, including the administration of historic battlefields, administers the National Register.
c
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Department of Justice
National Park Service
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
b
a uniquely designed colonial house
a common 200-yearold mill
a Civil War battlefield
a president's birthplace
The two steps of an inventory are ________.
a
survey and data entry
excavation and removal
mitigation and excavation
survey and preservation
A measure taken to lessen the adverse effects on historical sites is called ________.
d
undertaking
evaluation
remedying
mitigation
holding a tribal ceremony
conducting an inventory of any associated funerary objects
Which of the following would not meet one of the requirements of inclusion in the National Register?
Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), federal agencies that hold onto human remains have to do the following except for ________.
c
identifying the tribal affiliation of those materials
created a national registry of archaeological sites
reversed the Antiquities Act of 1906
strengthened the Antiquities Act of 1906
repatriating the materials if requested
If irreconcilable differences arise between state and federal agencies, the __________ can help adjudicate the contested issue.
b
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
Each state SHPO generally have the following individuals except for ________.
d
a state archaeologist
an expert in local archaeology
a state historic preservation officer
a state publicist
All of the following are major aspects of federal law compliance archaeology except for ________.
a
showcasing
inventory
protection
evaluation
a
address the international problem of illegal import, export, and transfer of artifacts
establish a protocol for announcing a significant archaeological discovery
devise an international system of permits for archaeological digs
legalize the sale of common antiquities
UNESCO Convention also aimed at ________.
b
creating an ethical code for international archaeologists
protecting significant or rare biological and establishing a paleontological system of fines for resources tourist looters
protecting copyrights of archaeological items
The statute that makes in necessary for federal projects to cease and notify appropriate tribal representatives if human remains are encountered during archaeological investigations is ________.
c
NHPA
Antiquities Act
NRHP
The UNESCO convention of 1970 was primarily organized to ________.
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Department of the Interior
NAGPRA
d
the construction of a large housing development
the construction of a major highway
the construction of an airport
the rising level of Lake Nasser, because of the construction of the Aswan Dam
When making decisions regarding mitigation, archaeologists consider ________.
b
only the area their budget can cover
all areas that might be affected by a project
only the area that contains human remains
only those areas deemed historically unique
Which of the following are not among the ethical principles of archaeology?
a
public funding
stewardship
public education
accountability
What are the indigenous peoples of Australia called?
c
Papuans
native Asians
Aborigines
Proto-Polynesians
The threat to the temple site at Abu Simbel was ________.
Open Questions Describe the various ways that contemporary human activity can negatively affect archaeological sites. Why is it important for archaeologists to take into account the viewpoints of indigenous people connected to an archaeological site? Think about three or four historical sites that you know or have visited and determine what criteria would be used to include them in the National Register. Why is educating the public about archaeological discoveries so important to the field? Describe the ethical responsibilities of professional archaeologists.
Chapter 14 Question
Answer A
B
C
D
Kennewick Man is about how many years old?
a
8,600 years
2,500 years
11,000 years
5,000 years
c
the settlement patterns of the earliest occupants of the Americas
the lifestyle habits of the earliest occupants of the Americas
the facial bone structure of the earliest occupants of the Americas
the arrowheads used by the earliest occupants of the Americas
Paleonatives
Paleoindians
first North Americans
original American natives
d
The case is still ongoing.
Kennewick Man was given back to the local native tribes for burial.
Kennewick Man was sent to Cambridge University for thirdparty assessment.
Kennewick Man was turned over to a group of U.S. scientists for analysis.
What has crime-scene investigations adopted from archaeologists?
a
some archaeological methods
similar deductive reasoning
radiocarbon dating
similar background research studies
Modern-day Israelis look to the archaeological record from which age to support their claims for statehood?
a
Iron Age
Bronze Age
Stone Age
Copper Age
The discovery of Kennewick Man confirmed the scientific theory about ________.
The earliest occupants of the Americas are formally called the ________.
What was the eventual court decision regarding Kennewick Man?
b
Which modern-day country has the strongest Celtic tradition?
d
Denmark
Iceland
England
Ireland
Germany and Italy
Italy and France
Which two nations in World War II used archaeology as propaganda to support programs of nationalism and expansionism?
c
France and Britain
Germany and Soviet Union
In the 1970s and 1980s, the Khmer Rouge looked to the ancient Khmer dynasty for inspiration in subjugating the people of ________.
b
Thailand
Cambodia
Vietnam
Laos
The huge Buddhas of Bamiyan, carved into a mountain, were destroyed for political reasons in ________.
a
Afghanistan
China
Japan
Pakistan
In Bolivia, what ancient agricultural technique was employed to deal with modern environmental issues?
c
Bund irrigation
crop rotation
raised-field farming
ancient grain cultivation
The ancient peoples living ________ were adversely affected by deforestation.
a
on Easter Island
in the Sahara Desert
in the Nile River Valley
in the American southwest
About 50,000 years ago after the arrival of ancient humans, some animal species disappeared in ________.
b
the Andes
Australia
the Hawaiian Islands
North America
The work of archaeologists at the World Trade Center is ________.
d
ethnoarchaeology
osteobiography
geoarchaeology
forensic archaeology
Archaeologists using ________ technology can greatly eliminate mapping errors.
b
cataloging
GPS
statistical testing
GIS
a
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
North American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Native American Graves Protection and Recovery Agency
North American Graves Protection and Recovery Agency
c
out-of-control swidden field techniques
large temple construction
excessive firewood cutting
overpopulation
c
protecting a ceremonial site at risk from development
rediscovering lost textile weaving techniques
discovering ancient farming techniques that were more productive
discovering a lost Inca city that boosted tourism
politically aware
mercenaries and romantic heroes
What does NAGPRA stand for?
Archaeologist believe that the Maya deforestation found in Guatemala was probably the result of ________.
Archaeologists helped a group in northeastern Bolivia by ________.
Most movies depict archaeologists as ________.
d
forensic experts
old scientists
Which of the following popular media would be the most trusted? d
Which of the following agricultural techniques was not used by the Maya?
c
Laura Croft, Tomb Raider
canal irrigation
Discovery Networks’ American Digger
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Archaeology magazine
raised fields
animal-powered plows
blended orchards
Open Questions Using Kennewick Man as an example, what are the tradeoffs between respecting the rights of indigenous people and advancing understanding of our past through the study of the archaeological data? Discuss some of the negative ways archaeology could by used by a nation. Describe some of the ways in which computer technology has revolutionized the science of archaeology. Discuss some of the modern environmental benefits of studying past societies. Take any modern film that depicts archaeologists and discuss any misleading portrayals of archaeology or stereotypes.