Test Bank For Organization Behavior 8th Edition by QuentinAxel

CHAPTER 1 1) Define organizational behavior (OB). How does it differ from human resource management (HRM)?

2) According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, what are the two individual outcomes? What are the goals of most workers? What are the goals of most managers? Do you feel the goals of the two align? Explain.

3) Briefly explain the importance of individual mechanisms featured in the integrative model of organizational behavior. Give an example for each.

4) Briefly explain the importance of group mechanisms featured in the integrative model of organizational behavior. Give an example of each mechanism.

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5) You are asked to analyze two companies using the resource-based view of organizations and distinguish which company has more valuable resources.

Explain the Rule of One-Eighth.

7) Briefly describe the four different ways of knowing things. Give an example of each. Which way do you believe provides the soundest explanation and most compelling support?

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8) You have been fired as a consultant to use the scientific method to evaluate a problem at a sandwich shop. The owner currently holds a belief about the root of the problem but has asked you to take a closer look. You will need to deconstruct the scientific method process and determine what, if anything, is needed to complete the process of testing the belief.

Briefly explain correlation.

10)

What is meta-analysis?

11) ________ is a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations. A) Organizational behavior B) Strategic management C) Behavioral research D) Human resource management E) Bureaucratic research

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12) Which of the following attributes have been identified as some of the worst behaviors exhibited by coworkers? A) resisting even beneficial change B) being first to arrive and last to leave C) getting a job done without being managed D) complaining about anything and everything E) feeling an attachment to an employer for the long haul

13) Which of the following takes the theories and principles studied in OB and explores the practical applications of those principles in organizations? A) human resource management B) operations management C) financial management D) strategic management E) economic research

14)

Strategic management focuses on

A) the theories and principles studied in OB and explores the applications of those principles within organizations. B) the corporate tactics and industry characteristics that affect an organization’s profitability. C) the satisfaction, emotions, and team processes found in OB. D) the individual mechanisms that directly affect job performance and organizational commitment. E) the degree to which employees feel that their company does business with fairness, honesty, and integrity.

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15)

When a firm expands into a new product segment, it is known as A) cartelization. B) product recall. C) diversification. D) monopolization. E) product divestment.

16) OB research on job performance and individual characteristics draws primarily from studies in ______ psychology. A) managerial and organizational B) industrial and organizational C) economic and organizational D) economic and managerial E) industrial and economic

17) Research on satisfaction, emotions, and team processes found in OB draws heavily from studies in A) organizational sociology. B) industrial psychology. C) managerial sociology. D) economic sociology. E) social psychology.

18) A human resource management study might examine the best ways to structure training programs to promote employee learning, whereas a(n) ________ study might explore the relationship between learning and job performance. Version 1

A) strategic management B) organizational behavior C) job satisfaction D) profitability E) behavioral

19) Which of the following is a primary individual outcome of interest to organizational behavior researchers according to the integrative model? A) organizational commitment B) team processes C) personality D) culture E) ability

20) Of the following, which is a primary individual outcome according to the integrative model? A) team cohesion B) job satisfaction C) emotional skills D) personality adaptability E) job performance

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21) Three employees work for the same big-box store but have different mixes of individual mechanisms. Jimmy works in facilities. He does not mind going to work every day but feels the company should pay him more per hour. While the work is generally not stressful, Jimmy does not have much motivation to complete his daily duties quickly, so he spreads them out to fill the workday. Jimmy was trained to perform his tasks in a certain way, and he performs his job in the same manner today as he did on the first day of work. Fatima works in door and window sales, and she enjoys not only selling but also talking about with customers. The job is not stressful, other than requiring her to stand most of the day. The store’s commission motivates Fatima to sell as much as possible and to offer suggestions to most customers. However, she is not entirely sure the commission accounts are being figured correctly and has begun to personally track her sales every day. Fatima feels that each customer interaction helps her to sharpen her customer-evaluation skills, allowing her to make intuitive decisions about which items to push to which customer. Paola works as a human resource manager and enjoys her job. She was promoted from office assistant and is thankful that she spends most of her day at her desk. Her position as manager means that she has to handle employee problems. That part of the job causes some stress to her personal skills, but she is motivated to improve her skills and do well in the job. Paola trusts her supervisor and the company as a whole but feels the company lacks in employee training, and at times she feels adrift on what tasks she is responsible for. Given this information, which of the following statements is more likely to be true? A) Paola has the best chance of achieving high individual outcomes in both job performance and organizational commitment. B) Jimmy has the best chance of achieving high individual outcomes in both job performance and organizational commitment. C) Fatima has the best chance of achieving high individual outcomes in both job performance and organizational commitment. D) Fatima has the lowest chance of achieving high individual outcomes of both job performance and organizational commitment. E) Paola has the lowest chance of achieving high individual outcomes of both job performance and organizational commitment.

22) According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, motivation, trust, justice, and ethics are

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A) organizational mechanisms. B) individual mechanisms. C) individual outcomes. D) group mechanisms. E) group outcomes.

23) Which of the following is an example of an individual mechanism from the integrative model that directly affects job performance and/or organizational commitment? A) Peggy is an extrovert, which may account for her position as top salesperson. B) Jamal’s daily job exceeds his physical capacities, and he is becoming depressed due to the strain. C) Ken is in a work group with a particularly difficult coworker, and he is considering asking for a transfer. D) Haru was hesitant about his new job when he learned that all decisions pass through one person, a surly department head. E) Diane possesses the cognitive ability to work the sales floor, but she lacks the emotional skills necessary for working with the public.

24) Which of the following reflect(s) the degree to which employees feel that their company does business with fairness, honesty, and integrity? A) trust, justice, and ethics B) personality and ability C) job satisfaction D) team processes E) motivation

25) Which of the following is the term used when employees’ psychological responses to job demands that tax or exceed their capabilities?

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A) job performance B) leadership style C) job satisfaction D) ability E) stress

26) Which of these individual mechanisms captures what employees feel when they think about their job and doing their day-to-day work? A) job performance B) job satisfaction C) personality D) ability E) stress

27) As Shontay gains experience, she obtains job knowledge and uses this knowledge to manage her employees effectively. Which individual mechanism is referred to in this statement? A) learning and decision making B) trust, justice, and ethics C) personality and ability D) team processes E) motivation

28) Which of the following individual characteristics illustrated in the integrative model of OB reflect the various traits and tendencies that describe how people act, with commonly studied traits including extraversion, conscientiousness, and collectivism?

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A) trust, justice, and ethics B) learning and decision making C) personality and cultural values D) job performance and organizational commitment E) organizational structure and organizational culture

29) In the integrative model, the individual characteristic ________ includes cognitive abilities, emotional skills, and physical abilities. A) personality B) ability C) cultural values D) trust E) motivation

30)

Which of the following is an example of a group mechanism? A) ability B) motivation C) trust, justice, and ethics D) organizational commitment E) team characteristics and diversity

31)

Which of the following group mechanisms summarizes how teams behave?

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A) team characteristics and diversity B) team personality C) team responsibilities D) leader styles and behaviors E) team processes and communication

32) Which of the following captures the specific actions that leaders take to influence others at work? A) leader influence and negotiation B) leader styles and behaviors C) leader cultural values D) leader personality E) leader power

33) Which organizational mechanism illustrated by the integrative model captures “the way things are” in an organization? A) organizational leadership B) organizational culture C) organizational structure D) organizational ability E) organization size

34) Organizational ________ is the organizational mechanism in the integrative model that dictates how the units within the firm link to other units.

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A) culture B) ability C) leadership D) performance E) structure

35)

Which of the following statements is correct when considering OB internationally?

A) Many OB practices are universal across all cultures. B) Companies manage diversity by composing work groups with employees who all share the same national culture. C) Expatriates are employees living outside their country of origin. D) The number of international companies is decreasing due to problems with cultural understanding. E) The majority of OB theories and practices are “culture free.”

36) Which of the following statements about the resource-based view of organizations is accurate? A) It suggests that resources are valuable because they are plentiful. B) It describes what makes resources capable of creating long-term profits for the firm. C) It suggests that inimitable resources are of lesser value to an organization. D) A firm’s resources include resources related to individual behavior. E) It suggests that the value of resources depends on a single factor.

37) The level of creativity demonstrated by Yosef’s coworkers is rare. Therefore, according to the ________, these employees are valuable to the firm.

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A) resource-based view of organizations B) integrative theory of organizational behavior C) normative selection model D) economic theory of the firm E) performance-based theory of organizations

38) The resource-based view of organizations states that people are valuable assets because their knowledge, skills, and abilities are ______ and also because people are inimitable. A) foundational B) rare C) widespread D) individual E) interchangeable

39) they

According to the resource-based view of organizations, people are inimitable because

A) are necessary for building coworkers’ morale. B) are necessary for the production of goods and/or services. C) do their work with more precision than a machine could achieve. D) create lasting changes in the organization that can be replicated if necessary. E) make many small decisions that cannot be replicated by other organizations.

40)

According to the resource-based view, a resource is more valuable when it is

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A) easily mimicked. B) easily obtained. C) financial in nature. D) physical in nature. E) hard to find.

41) it is

The resource-based view of organizations suggests that a resource is more valuable when

A) simple. B) complex. C) inimitable. D) expensive. E) substitutable.

42) Gateway Corporation developed a new form of technology for which it holds a patent. This technology allowed it to significantly reduce the cost of production on its major product line. This resource is A) simple. B) complex. C) inimitable. D) hypothetical. E) substitutable.

43)

Examples of socially complex resources include

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A) culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation. B) satisfaction, stress, motivation, trust, and learning. C) coordination, conflict, and cohesion. D) strength, endurance, and awareness. E) personality and cultural values.

44)

Which of the following statements concerning OB practices is not accurate?

A) It is easy to “fix” companies that struggle with OB issues. B) OB requires a belief that several different practices are important. C) Effective OB management practices include a long-term commitment to improve those practices. D) Good OB seems to matter in terms of company profitability. E) No one thing, in and of itself, can increase profitability.

45) Which of the following examples shows an effective way of dealing with the international element of OB? A) Nancy adjusted her approach with an employee from South Korea because he had different motivations than U.S. employees do. B) Hinata felt ashamed about discussing with her manager the difficulties of adjusting to American business practices. C) Larry assumed the policies he used for his Chicago office would work equally as well in the new Tokyo branch. D) Sean decided to ignore the international aspect of his work team because he did not want to play favorites. E) Mario believes the principles of OB management are consistent in countries throughout the world.

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46) Gabriel has come to mistrust the company he works for in recent months. Which of the following examples most likely caused this? A) Gabriel’s efforts to offer employees flexible hours failed. B) Gabriel learned that his employer uses unethical financial reporting practices. C) Gabriel became disappointed when his employer did not hire a family member. D) Gabriel had to lay off an employee due to restructuring. E) Gabriel proposed a policy that was partially successful in decreasing staff hours on a project.

47) Crate and Barrel, a retailer based out of Illinois, wants to increase the motivation of its employees. Which of the following examples would most likely achieve this? A) a performance-based incentive system for its employees in which workers’ pay will be based on their productivity B) a reduction of vacation benefits for employees who have been working at the company for less than five years C) the implementation of a new invoicing system that will enable employees to do more work for the same pay D) a more hands-on managerial style in which all employees would have to punch in and out with a time clock E) the consolidation of two departments into one, thereby reducing overhead expenses

48) You are the CEO of a business who wants to use an integrative model of OB. Which of the following actions would you take to implement this? A) Use one work team, but do not appoint a specified leader. B) Have employees work alone but occasionally report to a manager. C) Divide your employees into three work teams, each headed by a different leader. D) Have employees work closely with two other people but without forming a team. E) Use a work team for the managers, but have the other employees work individually.

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49) You are a new employee who wants to impress upon your manager how valuable you are to the company. According to the resource-based view, which of the following actions should you take? A) Play it safe and avoid suggesting ideas that might seem risky. B) Agree with whatever your manager says, even if you disagree. C) Make sure you arrive on time each workday and attend all the meetings. D) Act in a friendly way with your coworkers and contribute to team discussions. E) Make unique, significant contributions to the company that most employees could not achieve.

50)

In which of the following scenarios does history create a business advantage?

A) Using its market research, Roasty Toasty devises the best-selling toaster oven to hit the market in the last 20 years. B) To maintain a business advantage, Crumble Cookies keeps the recipe for its highly popular sugar cookies secret. C) HiTop’s new ad campaign gives this hair products company a business advantage over competitors. D) The first company to sell robotic vacuums in the retail market, Run Around Room, uses its experience to maintain a business advantage. E) Effortless Enterprises and KLB, Inc., both East Coast product design firms, have been fierce competitors for more than 10 years.

51)

Which of the following scenarios would be the most invisible to competitors?

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A) Adorn, Inc., fires its marketing director and hires a new one. B) Sport ’n’ Spice lowers its prices on athletic wear. C) OPP, Ltd., opens a manufacturing plant in Indonesia. D) Nature’s Best starts a new line of natural vitamins. E) Five for Five, Ltd., hires a new human resource manager for its Austin office.

52)

According to the Rule of One-Eighth,

A) at least 88 percent of organizations will do everything necessary to put people first and thereby build profits. B) at best, 12 percent of organizations will actually do what is required to build profits by putting people first. C) 75 percent of organizations won’t believe the connection between how they manage their people and the profits they earn. D) 38 percent of the organizations try to make a single change to solve their problems. E) one in eight organizations miserably fails at making the people-to-profit connection.

53) Top Shelf Enterprises is conducting its annual performance review. Which of the following employees would Top Shelf view as being the most inimitable? A) Juana, who has had difficulty getting along with members of her work team B) Bert, who has often been late to meetings and complains about his workload C) Takumi, who devised a new component that increased company sales by 25 percent D) Liam, who has been a steady and reliable worker for the company for over five years E) Lotte, who has brilliant suggestions but often fails to follow them all the way through

54) According to the Rule of One-Eighth, which of the following scenarios is the most common?

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A) The CEO of Starbridge, Inc., read books about how putting people first builds profits but did not believe them. B) The CEO of Energize, Inc., implemented comprehensive changes to put employees first but ended this plan prematurely. C) The CEO of LongRun, Inc., increased the benefits of employees, which was one of many suggested changes to put people first. D) The CEO of ShoreIsland, Inc., made long-lasting changes that put employees first and, as a result, the company’s profits soared. E) The CEO of UpGrade, Inc., gave employees more responsibility over their work but stopped this approach after only two months.

55)

Which of the following are two of the methods by which people “know” things? A) method of intuition and method of education B) method of education and method of authority C) method of experience and method of science D) method of authority and method of research E) method of inference and method of education

56) Which of the following methods suggests that people hold firmly to some belief because it is consistent with their own observations? A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience

57) Ellis decided to open the store for longer hours because it seemed to be the obvious thing to do. Which of the following philosophies is he relying on?

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A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience

58) Of the following methods, which suggests that people hold firmly to some belief because some respected official, agency, or source has said it is so? A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience

59) Riku, a human resource (HR) manager, believes that his implementation of HR practices in the company is impeccable because he received the recommendations for these practices directly from the CEO. Which of the following philosophies is he relying on? A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience

60) Choose the method that suggests people hold firmly to some belief because it seems obvious or self-evident.

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A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience

61) Ella believes that a 360-degree performance review is ideal for her company because she recently read about a major survey of Fortune 100 companies that highlighted the effectiveness of this method. Which of the following philosophies is she relying on? A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience

62)

Who is considered to be the originator of the scientific method? A) Jeffrey Pfeffer B) Frederick Taylor C) Charles Darwin D) Sir Francis Bacon E) Adam Smith

63) ________ is defined as a collection of assertions that specify how and why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should and should not be related.

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A) Hypothesis B) Information C) Paradigm D) Data E) Theory

64)

The scientific method begins with A) theory. B) auditing. C) paradigm. D) hypotheses. E) verification.

65)

In the 1960s, a popular ad stated that “Blondes have more fun!” This is an example of A) a positive correlation. B) negative causation. C) a proven fact. D) verification. E) data.

66)

The scientific method requires that theories be used to inspire A) verification. B) hypotheses. C) experience. D) intuition. E) auditing.

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67)

________ are written predictions that specify relations between variables. A) Hypotheses B) Verifications C) Theories D) Data E) Collections

68) You are a manager who uses the method of intuition to make decisions. Considering this, which of the following actions would you probably take? A) You hire more workers because it just makes sense. B) You fire fifteen employees because your boss claims this action was necessary. C) You recommend expanding your company into Canada because of survey reports. D) You approve a budget for a new product lined based on extensive market research. E) You lower your bid for a new project due to your history with a competitor who is also submitting a bid.

69) Malik believes in making decisions based on the method of experience. Considering this, which of the following actions would he most likely take? A) He would buy the ClearPrint copy machine because the choice seems obvious. B) He would buy the Sharpes copy machine because a consumer magazine highly recommends it. C) He would buy the Armstrong copy machine because research shows it is the least expensive to maintain. D) He would buy the Shashin copy machine because he liked his previous machine, which was made by Shashin. E) He would buy the Schultz copy machine because surveys of the product show the highest customer approval.

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70) Venia, who often relies on the method of authority, has to make an important decision about marketing a product. She is most likely to A) hire an ad agency because she liked working with the agency before. B) hire an ad agency because her close friend works for the agency. C) hire an ad agency because many other companies have hired it. D) hire an ad agency because a survey showed it was effective. E) hire an ad agency because her boss recommended it.

71) You work for a company that manufactures jeans, and you have an idea about how cold weather correlates with buying jeans. If you were implementing the scientific method for this company, which of the following actions would you do first? A) Write a report showing how the data proves that more jeans sell in cold weather. B) Predict that more of the company’s jeans will sell in January than in July. C) Collect data to prove that jeans will sell more in January than in July. D) Distribute surveys to find out how cold weather affects customers. E) Assert that cold weather makes people buy more jeans.

72)

Which of the following is an example of meta-analysis?

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A) Yeeun used one study, which used a consistent measuring method, to determine the cause of employee stress. B) Sosuke used one study, which combined different samples, to determine why customers buy a certain product. C) Gail used two studies, each using the same samples and measures, to determine why sales of a product have declined. D) Sergio combined several studies, each using the same measuring method, to determine why profitability has increased. E) Fionn combined several studies, each using different kinds of samples and measures, to determine the cause of employee turnover.

73) Which of the following correlations indicates no relationship at all between two variables? A) 1 B) −1 C) 0 D) 0.10 E) −0.10

74) Which of the following correlations indicates a perfect positive relationship between two variables? A) 1 B) −1 C) 0 D) 100 E) −100

75)

________ summarize the statistical relationships between variables.

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A) Hypotheses B) Correlations C) Observations D) Collections E) Theories

76)

Correlations can be positive or negative and can range from A) 0 to 1. B) −1 to 1. C) 0 to +100. D) −10 to 0. E) −10 to 10.

77) In organizational behavior research, a correlation of .50 is considered ________, given the sheer number of things that can affect how employees feel and act. A) weak B) perfect C) moderate D) irrelevant E) strong

78)

Which of the following explains the termcausal inferences?

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A) proving that two variables are correlated B) making sure the sample size is adequate enough C) explaining why one variable is not correlated to another D) establishing that one variable truly does result in another E) analyzing a situation and understanding what went wrong

79)

Which of these is one of the conditions necessary to establish causal inferences? A) The presumed cause follows the presumed effect in time. B) Multiple alternative explanations exist for the correlation. C) Factors other than the variables in question could create causation. D) No alternative explanation exists for the correlation between two variables. E) The sample size is large enough.

80) A study shows that people who walk every day are less likely to develop heart disease. Which of the following criteria of causal inference does this example show? A) The two variables are not correlated. B) Multiple alternative explanations exist for the correlation. C) The presumed cause precedes the presumed effect in time. D) The study was conducted in an open environment. E) The sample size is large enough.

81) A study shows that the high turnover rate at a company is caused only by the domineering attitude of a middle manager. What criteria of causal inference does this example show?

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A) The study was conducted in an open environment. B) No alternative explanation exists for the correlation. C) The presumed effect precedes the presumed cause in time. D) The two variables are not correlated. E) The sample size is large enough.

82) Which of these takes all the correlations found in studies of a particular relationship and calculates a weighted average of them? A) alpha analysis B) gamma analysis C) meta-analysis D) causal analysis E) beta analysis

83) Ji-woo is interested in the effects of the choice of reward on employee motivation. She knows that there have been several studies done on this subject and compares their results looking for an average correlation. Ji-woo is conducting a A) meta-analysis. B) mediocre analysis. C) medial analysis. D) remedial analysis. E) moderated analysis.

84)

Which of the following options is not a factor in the scientific method?

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A) verification B) hypothesis C) data D) theory E) application

85) Manon supports an evidence-based management style. Considering this, which of the following actions would she most likely take? A) disregarding a causal inference that indicates the cause of employee dissatisfaction B) taking the advice of a government agency on how to increase employee motivation C) lessening the reliance on analytics to hire employees and instead relying more on intuition D) hiring more research and development experts for the human resource department E) combining meta-analysis with her own experience to determine the cause of employee turnover

86) Strategic management focuses on the corporate tactics and industry characteristics that affect an organization’s profitability. ⊚ ⊚

true false

87) The theories and concepts found in OB are drawn from two disciplines: human resource management and strategic management. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

88) The two primary outcomes of interest to OB researchers, employees, and managers are job performance and organizational commitment. ⊚ ⊚

true false

89) Much of what we know about organizational behavior is considered universal and “culture free,” meaning that managing people presents the same challenges everywhere. ⊚ ⊚

true false

90) Learning and decision making deal with how employees gain job knowledge and how they use that knowledge to make accurate judgments on the job. ⊚ ⊚

true false

91) Organizational behavior is a field of study taking the theories and principles of OB and exploring the practical applications of those principles in organizations. ⊚ ⊚

true false

92) Like individual characteristics, group mechanisms shape satisfaction, stress, motivation, trust, and learning. ⊚ ⊚

true false

93) To counter the effects of a bad product, effective management of OB can help improve the product incrementally over the long term. Version 1

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true false

94) According to the resource-based view of organizations, a firm’s resources include only financial and physical resources, such as buildings, machines, and technology. ⊚ ⊚

true false

95) Resources such as culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation are termed “socially complex” because it is not always clear which organizations do (and do not) possess them, although it is clear how they came to develop. ⊚ ⊚

true false

96) Firms that undergo an initial public offering (IPO) typically have longer histories and rely on products or services that have already been established in the marketplace. ⊚ ⊚

true false

97) OB research suggests that there is no one thing that, in and of itself, can increase profitability. ⊚ ⊚

98)

true false

The integrative model of OB was designed with the Rule of One-Fifth in mind. ⊚ ⊚

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true false 31

99) Theory is defined as a collection of assertions—both verbal and symbolic—that specify how and why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should (and should not) be related. ⊚ ⊚

100)

true false

A correlation describes the statistical relationship between three variables. ⊚ true ⊚ false

101) The method of intuition states that people hold firmly to some belief because it “just stands to reason”—it seems obvious or self-evident. ⊚ ⊚

102)

The strength of a correlation can be inferred from the “compactness” of its scatterplot. ⊚ ⊚

103)

true false

Understanding correlation is important because OB questions are “yes or no” in nature. ⊚ ⊚

104)

true false

Causal inferences means establishing that one variable really does cause another.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

105) Meta-analysis takes all the correlations found in studies of a particular relationship and calculates a weighted average (such that correlations based on studies with small samples are weighted more than correlations based on studies with small samples). ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 01_8e_ Colquitt 11) A 12) D 13) A 14) B 15) C 16) B 17) E 18) B 19) A 20) E 21) C 22) B 23) B 24) A 25) E 26) B 27) A 28) C 29) B 30) E 31) E 32) B 33) B 34) E 35) C 36) B Version 1

37) A 38) B 39) E 40) E 41) C 42) C 43) A 44) A 45) A 46) B 47) A 48) C 49) E 50) D 51) E 52) B 53) C 54) A 55) C 56) E 57) B 58) D 59) D 60) B 61) A 62) D 63) E 64) A 65) A 66) B Version 1

67) A 68) A 69) D 70) E 71) E 72) E 73) C 74) A 75) B 76) B 77) E 78) D 79) D 80) C 81) B 82) C 83) A 84) E 85) D 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) FALSE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) FALSE Version 1

97) TRUE 98) FALSE 99) TRUE 100) FALSE 101) TRUE 102) TRUE 103) FALSE 104) TRUE 105) FALSE

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CHAPTER 2 1) Define job performance. Does it involve results, such as the dollar value of sales? Why or why not?

2) What is task performance, and what are the various dimensions involved in it? Give examples.

3) Define job analysis, explain its importance in determining job performance, and list the basic steps involved in job analysis.

Define citizenship behavior and discuss its categories and subcategories. Give examples.

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5) You are asked to analyze six different work incidents and determine which type of counterproductive behavior is present, if any, and then rate the severity of each incident.

Describe some of the trends that affect job performance in the contemporary workplace.

7) Service jobs have been increasing in the U.S. economy. What are the implications for job performance?

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8) As you read the following case study, keep in mind the five well-known practices in which job performance information is used to manage employee performance. Consider which are most being used by the two owners that the business has had. Sunrise Roofing is a family-owned business that has been operating for more than 35 years. Dale Price Sr. started the business, and Dale Price Jr. continues the business to this day. The work itself has changed very little over the years but job performance, and the evaluation of job performance, has changed over that time.

9) Explain the forced ranking method using Jack Welch’s “vitality curve.” How successful has it been as a performance management technique?

10)

Discuss the use of social media apps for performance management.

11) Which of the following is attributed to using results as the primary indicator of job performance?

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A) good citizenship behavior B) an accurate picture of an employee’s worth C) a bottom-line mentality among employees D) provides information to improve behavior E) increased profit and customer retention

12) In their evaluation of his performance as a trainer in the sales department of Ogilvy Pharmaceuticals, Jeremy’s supervisors look at such factors as the amount of time he spends with each of his trainees, his coverage of all key points in training, his success rate in turning out trained salespeople within the amount of time allotted, and so forth. In other words, Jeremy’s supervisors are evaluating his A) task performance. B) job performance. C) service work. D) boosterism. E) civic virtue.

13) As the manager of a local store selling a popular brand of smartphone, Ayesha is evaluating the employees who work with walk-in customers. She looks at such factors as positive or negative customer comments about each employee, their sales relative to those of their coworkers, the amount of time they spend with each customer, the knowledge they exhibit when answering customer questions, and so forth. Ayesha is evaluating each of these employees in terms of their A) task performance. B) job performance. C) citizenship behavior. D) counterproductive behavior. E) courtesy.

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14) Xavier sells luxury boats for a living, but in recent months his sales have slumped. This is partly due to an economic recession, which has led to a downturn in the market. In addition, Xavier has been distracted by the fact that his mother has been in the hospital. As a result of his decline in sales, Xavier recently received a bad job performance rating. Why would he have grounds to dispute this rating? A) His mother’s illness is a factor beyond his control. B) Results do not tell him how to reverse a “bad year.” C) The economic downturn is a factor beyond his control. D) His manager’s focus on the bottom line has led to social undermining. E) He is contributing to the organization in ways that go beyond the bottom line.

15) Donnell is a computer programmer whose job performance rating notes that he often goes out to the parking lot and sits in his car during lunch hour. He is otherwise sociable and is never late coming back from lunch; therefore, this is not an appropriate item to include on his job performance rating because it A) is not a behavior relevant to the accomplishment of organizational goals. B) demonstrates an undue focus on interpersonal citizenship behavior. C) relates to his task performance rather than his job performance. D) implies that he is doing something wrong by sitting in his car. E) concerns citizenship behavior rather than job performance.

16) Cheryl continually boosts morale at the sales office of Monroe Consumer Products, and she has helped a number of her colleagues through difficult situations. Nevertheless, she received a bad job performance rating because her sales for the quarter were down. This job performance rating is

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A) wrong; Cheryl is contributing to the organization in ways that go beyond bottom-line results. B) wrong; an emphasis on results such as sales would encourage Cheryl to behave unethically. C) right; even if Cheryl can claim problems that were beyond her control, it is no one’s concern but her own. D) right; if Cheryl is rewarded with a good job performance rating, it will encourage other employees to slack off. E) right; in spite of her positive qualities, Cheryl has failed to produce, and results are what really matter in the end.

17) When job performance evaluation time rolls around, Michael always comes out ahead of his coworkers, but his success comes at a price. He has been known to give his supervisors negative (and sometimes untrue) information about his coworkers, and when it looks as though someone else may be about to get a better job performance evaluation, bad things tend to happen to that person, such as lost paperwork or missed meetings due to deleted calendar appointments. In terms of organizational behavior and the principles of job performance evaluations, it is clear that A) the organization has failed to create a sense of group cohesion and an attitude of organizational citizenship. B) unethical behavior on the part of his supervisors has led Michael to seek advancement by any means possible. C) Michael is showing the kind of resourcefulness that rightly has earned him high job performance ratings in the past. D) other employees have failed to understand, as Michael clearly has, that personal success equates with organizational success. E) Michael’s supervisors’ emphasis on results has created an environment in which an employee might use unethical behavior to get ahead.

18) When examining job performance, behaviors that contribute positively to the organization fall into which two broad categories?

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A) knowledge work and service work B) voice and civic virtue C) task performance and citizenship behavior D) job analysis and job performance E) production deviance and property deviance

19) The explicit obligations that an employee must fulfill to receive compensation and continued employment are referred to as A) job performance. B) citizenship behavior. C) knowledge work. D) task performance. E) civic virtue.

20) Karl considers applying for an advertisement for a staff accountant at a local hospital. The ad mentions handling accounts payable and accounts receivable, payroll, worker’s compensation and unemployment insurance, and other financial matters related to the operation of the hospital. These items in the job description are all examples of A) job analysis. B) task performance. C) job performance. D) citizenship behavior. E) forced ranking.

21) Ntalo is responsible for ordering the office supplies for a manufacturing firm. After several years on the job, he knows exactly which brands to purchase and has a system for reordering various items. This is an example of

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A) job performance. B) adaptive task performance. C) knowledge work. D) routine task performance. E) citizenship behavior.

22) Carmine is exhausted after another long day of answering the phones at the law firm of Lessup, Mitchum, and Holloway. He says those three names several hundred times a day, followed by “How my direct your call?” This is an example of A) adaptive task performance. B) routine task performance. C) citizenship behavior. D) job performance. E) knowledge work.

23) Teresa works in a chemical factory where her job involves inspecting containers of kerosene as they pass down the assembly line. She goes through a five-step process compliant with safety regulations laid down in the company manual, and she seldom has to think about her work. One day, however, a fire broke out on the line, and Teresa, who saw it before anyone else, grabbed an extinguisher just in time. Had she not acted quickly, the fire would have quickly spread, potentially resulting in widespread injuries and property damage. In terms of organizational behavior, what is the best way to describe this situation?

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A) Teresa’s job is usually very routine, but on this occasion it became exciting. B) Teresa’s job demands that she remain vigilant, but this time she needed to be extra vigilant. C) Normally, Teresa’s job involves routine task performance, but this situation required adaptability. D) Usually, Teresa’s job calls for routine task performance, but in this situation she had to be creative. E) On a typical day, Teresa’s job requires adaptability, but this situation called for creative task performance.

24) of

Employee responses to task demands that are novel, unusual, or unpredictable are a part

A) job performance. B) adaptive task performance. C) creative task performance. D) routine task performance. E) citizenship behavior.

25) Jamal, a police officer with a big-city force, apprehended a suspect fleeing the scene of a gas station robbery. The suspect ran for three blocks, taking several sharp turns, before Jamal managed to tackle and handcuff him and read him his rights, by which time other officers had arrived on the scene to take him to the station for booking. Jamal later described the situation to family and friends as “all in a day’s work,” but in organizational terms this is an example of A) job performance. B) citizenship behavior. C) routine task performance. D) creative task performance. E) adaptive task performance.

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26) Handling work stress and emergencies, solving problems creatively, and responding to unpredictable demands are all aspects of A) citizenship behavior. B) civic virtue. C) helping. D) adaptability. E) service work.

27) Remaining composed and cool when faced with difficult circumstances or a highly demanding workload or schedule, and acting as a calming and settling influence on others, are all part of ________, one of the behaviors involved in adaptability. A) dealing with uncertain and unpredictable work situations B) handling emergencies or crisis situations C) demonstrating interpersonal adaptability D) solving problems creatively E) handling work stress

28) Agnes is an inventor whose work has made people’s lives better in a number of ways. As one commentator observed, “It’s not just that her work is original—wearing shoes on your head is original—but it’s also useful.” Agnes’s work is an example of A) organizational citizenship behavior. B) interpersonal citizenship behavior. C) adaptive task performance. D) creative task performance. E) routine task performance.

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29) Jacob, a sculptor, is known for creating statues that combine traditional materials such as marble or bronze with recycled parts from discarded machines. His pieces bring tens of thousands of dollars at auction, and this allows him to pay the salary of assistants such as Ernesto, an aspiring sculptor. Ernesto sharpens Jacob's chisels, scours junk yards for machines Jacob might use, and cleans up the rock chips and other debris in Jacob’s studio. The difference between their two positions is best described in organizational terms by saying that Jacob’s work involves ________ task performance, whereas Ernesto’s is ________ task performance. A) creative; primarily concerned with adaptive B) adaptive; primarily concerned with creative C) adaptive; primarily concerned with routine D) routine; primarily concerned with adaptive E) creative; primarily concerned with routine

30) Charlotte is an accountant whose client list includes an array of Fortune 500 companies. She has developed algorithms that have saved her clients millions, and, as many satisfied customers have testified, her solutions are often unexpected but always legal and effective. Yet Charlotte maintains that the real star in her family is her younger sister, Kiana, whose short stories have been published in journals and magazines. However, so far Kiana’s short stories do not pay the bills, so she took a job as an editorial assistant at a major publishing company—a job that has given Kiana the opportunity to meet famous authors. In terms of organizational behavior, the best way to describe the difference between Charlotte’s and Kiana’s jobs is to say that Charlotte’s job ________ than Kiana’s. A) is much more involved in creative task performance B) requires a good deal more education C) has more to do with routine tasks D) involves much less creativity E) pays much more

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31) Marcel, Jia, and Rob work for Dr. Hassan at Woodford Dentistry. One day, Marcel was in the small parking lot behind the office and noticed a sizeable pool of water near the building. He and the others determined that there was a leak in the drainage pipes. A plumber agreed with their assessment, but the plumber could not find the exact spot where the water was leaking. Given that the pipes lay under concrete, digging them out would involve a great deal of time and expense—not to mention noise and dust. Then Jia had an idea: Since Dr. Hassan, like many dentists, kept a small amount of radioactive material on hand for making dental implants, they could release an extremely small portion through each of the sinks, toilets, and other drains in succession, then use a Geiger counter, which measures radioactivity, to locate the leak. Jia’s coworkers scoffed, but Dr. Hassan said it would be possible to release an amount of material too small to be harmful but large enough to register on the Geiger counter. The plumber said it sounded like a good idea, and thanks to Jia, the leak was soon located and the plumber was able to fix it with a minimum of trouble. In arriving at this solution, Jia demonstrated one of the behaviors involved in adaptability, namely A) dealing with uncertain and unpredictable work situations. B) learning work tasks, technologies, and work situations. C) handling emergencies or crisis situations. D) demonstrating interpersonal adaptability. E) solving problems creatively.

32)

Which of the following statements about task performance is incorrect?

A) Creative task performance involves employee responses to task demands that are novel, unusual, or unpredictable. B) Task performance refers to employee behaviors directly involved in the transformation of resources into goods or services the organization produces. C) When performing routine tasks, employees behave in habitual or programmed ways. D) Adaptive task performance is crucial in today’s global economy. E) More than half of the total wages and salaries in the United States are paid to employees who need to be creative as part of their jobs.

33) The process by which an organization determines the requirements associated with a specific job is referred to as a

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A) job analysis. B) forced ranking. C) job evaluation. D) ranking analysis. E) forced analysis.

34) Mustafa and his team are about to begin performing a job analysis for the position of biomedical engineer at their firm. The very first thing they should do is A) examine highly rated activities, which can then be incorporated into training programs as learning objectives. B) consult with a university to determine the requirements for obtaining a degree in biomedical engineering. C) generate a list of activities involved with the job, using data collected through observations, surveys, and interviews. D) look for activities that can become a part of performance evaluation systems as measures to evaluate task performance. E) arrange for a group of subject matter experts to evaluate the job in terms of the importance and frequency of the activities involved.

35) If organizations find it impractical to use job analysis to identify the set of behaviors needed to define task performance, they can use A) a job performance ranking. B) 360-degree feedback. C) management by objectives. D) behaviorally anchored rating scales. E) the Occupational Information Network.

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36) The Occupational Information Network (or O*NET) is useful for many things, but it does not provide A) a resource for organizations that find it impractical to use job analysis. B) the task requirements unique to a particular organization. C) the knowledge and skills required to perform a task. D) the characteristics of most jobs in terms of tasks. E) the behaviors associated with a given job.

37) Felicia is an experienced lab technician, but at the moment she is not working in the lab but instead is reviewing a list of activities associated with her job and rating them in terms of their importance. Most likely, Felicia is a A) job seeker considering the best qualities she could bring to her new job. B) soon-to-be retiree preparing to train the person who will replace her. C) boss completing a job performance evaluation of her subordinates. D) subject matter expert involved in a job analysis. E) researcher conducting an industrywide study.

38) Kevin works for Outrageous Burger, a nationwide fast-food chain, but his job does not involve flipping patties or making fries. Instead, he is sitting before a computer screen in the company’s corporate offices, writing something. “Place the two halves of the bun on the counter,” one line reads, “and then add enough shredded lettuce to cover the bottom bun to a depth of not more than 0.25 inches.” In all likelihood, Kevin is writing a A) series of directions for a training script. B) list of core job tasks for a detailed job analysis. C) critique of an employee’s mishandling of job tasks. D) report for an industry publication regarding job tasks. E) detailed analysis of a day in the life of a fast-food worker.

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39) ________ describes voluntary employee activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting in which work takes place. A) Creative task performance B) Adaptive task performance C) Counterproductive behavior D) Citizenship behavior E) Routine task performance

40)

The two main categories of citizenship behavior are A) social and organizational. B) social and intrapersonal. C) social and political. D) interpersonal and political. E) interpersonal and organizational.

41)

If employees are keeping coworkers informed about relevant facts and events, they are A) using their voice, an organizational citizenship behavior. B) being courteous, an interpersonal citizenship behavior. C) helping, an organizational citizenship behavior. D) using their voice, an interpersonal citizenship behavior. E) showing boosterism, an organizational citizenship behavior.

42) ________ involves maintaining a good attitude with coworkers, even when they’ve done something annoying or when the unit is going through tough times.

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A) Helping B) Courtesy C) Sportsmanship D) Boosterism E) Civic virtue

43) ________ involves assisting coworkers who have heavy workloads, aiding them with personal matters, and showing new employees the ropes when they first arrive on the job. A) Courtesy B) Civic virtue C) Helping D) Sportsmanship E) Boosterism

44) Today was a tough day at Yarmouth Real Estate. City hall announced new zoning requirements that will make it harder to convert apartment buildings to condominiums, the type of property Yarmouth specializes in selling. Sonja, the head broker, called a meeting in the conference room. Just as Sonja was starting the meeting, the fire alarm went off, forcing everyone into the parking lot until the fire department was able to check the building and determine that the alarm had been triggered accidentally. Despite the disturbing events, Sonja managed to smile and even joke about the situation, cheering others up in the process. Her behavior is an example of A) helping. B) courtesy. C) sportsmanship. D) civic virtue. E) boosterism.

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45) Although interpersonal citizenship behavior is beneficial in many contexts, it may be most important when people work in A) service jobs. B) managerial jobs. C) small groups. D) large groups. E) technical jobs.

46)

Organizational citizenship behaviors include A) sportsmanship. B) civic virtue. C) courtesy. D) helping. E) respect.

47) Some people react to bad rules or policies by constructively trying to change them instead of passively complaining about them. This positive characteristic is known as A) helping. B) sportsmanship. C) voice. D) civic virtue. E) boosterism.

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48) Emily, Shalonda, and Tomas all work at Terence Butler Life & Auto, an insurance agency. Their boss, Terence, has a very full schedule, but he knows he can rely on his three employees. Emily specifically takes on the role of attending all community-related meetings and functions where the agency might have a stake, and Shalonda helps out with constructive suggestions on the operation of the office. Tomas makes it his job to serve as unofficial representative for the agency, ensuring that it maintains a positive image not only with customers, but also with neighboring businesses and the community as a whole. These employees’ actions are examples of A) creative task performance. B) organizational citizenship behavior. C) routine task performance. D) adaptive task performance. E) interpersonal citizenship behavior.

49) Tandy works in the legal department at SportCity, a chain of health clubs with a large regional office. In addition to performing the functions directly associated with her job, she goes out of her way to represent her department in companywide meetings, keeps up with announcements relevant to the legal department, and stays up to date on industry news related to SportCity. Her behavior is an example of A) helping. B) boosterism. C) civic virtue. D) sportsmanship. E) voice.

50) Anyone who talks to Trung for more than a few minutes knows that he works for Mountain Cabin Resorts, which he always maintains is the best vacation rental company in the country. In fact, Trung has plenty of positive things to say about his employer, and if there are any negatives, no one would know it from talking to him. Trung’s behavior is an example of

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A) voice. B) helping. C) civic virtue. D) boosterism. E) sportsmanship.

51) Everyone at the St. Louis offices of Dominique Marceau Cosmetics came to the company holiday party—all except for Melanie, who told her coworkers that going to the party was “a waste of time.” When Melanie’s supervisor told her she had been missed, Melanie claimed that her mother was sick, but she later laughed about this behind her supervisor’s back and said that she spent the evening out partying with friends. Melanie’s behavior shows a lack of A) voice. B) helping. C) civic virtue. D) boosterism. E) sportsmanship.

52) Bradley may be an entry-level fry cook at Danny Boy’s, a fast-food restaurant, but he thinks and acts far beyond his pay grade. He continually offers the manager suggestions regarding how to improve efficiency in the kitchen, and more often than not, the manager adopts his ideas. Bradley also pointed out that the way the kitchen was disposing of used cooking grease presented both an environmental hazard and a possible fire hazard. His behavior exemplifies A) courtesy. B) boosterism. C) sportsmanship. D) civic virtue. E) voice.

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53) When Rivka and Juana worked together on a project last year, both did more than their share and earned a nice bonus from their boss. Juana was then sent to another state to help set up a new office, and from her messages on social media, Rivka could tell that she was working harder than ever. When Juana returned to her home office, Rivka suggested that they work together on a new project. This time, however, things did not go well: Juana seemed to lose interest quickly, and Rivka began to feel resentful when she realized that she was doing most of the work. What most likely happened? A) Juana lacked civic virtue. B) Rivka demonstrated a lack of civic virtue. C) Juana began suffering from citizenship fatigue. D) Rivka failed to show a proper level of sportsmanship. E) Juana was strong on interpersonal citizenship but not organizational.

54) Sunil leads a product development team that consists of three members, including himself, but the workload has become such that they need to add a fourth member. He is considering a variety of candidates who have relatively equivalent skill sets when it comes to the work, and all are more or less equally easy to get along with. Given all this, Sunil should be looking for a candidate who demonstrates A) a propensity for speaking well of the company to outsiders. B) the capacity for heading off problems before they arise. C) the ability to come up with novel solutions to problems. D) a habit of keeping up with changes in the industry. E) a tendency to come to the aid of coworkers.

55) Danielle is a model of good citizenship, particularly of the interpersonal variety. She regularly volunteers to do things for her work group, helps orient new members, attends functions that help the group, and assists others with their work for the benefit of the group. Yet her supervisor is not completely satisfied with Danielle’s job performance, most likely because Danielle’s citizenship behaviors are

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A) a distraction to her fellow employees. B) at odds with her stated job description. C) not motivated by genuine concern for others. D) the consequence of deep underlying insecurities. E) distracting her from other duties and responsibilities.

56) Employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment are referred to as ________ behaviors. A) negative B) aggressive C) deviant D) counterproductive E) assaultive

57)

Serious interpersonal counterproductive behaviors include A) sabotage. B) harassment. C) incivility. D) gossiping. E) wasting resources.

58)

Minor organizational counterproductive behaviors include

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A) sabotage. B) harassment. C) incivility. D) gossiping. E) wasting resources.

59)

Serious organizational counterproductive behaviors include A) incivility. B) harassment. C) gossiping. D) theft. E) abuse.

60)

Minor interpersonal counterproductive behaviors include A) sabotage. B) harassment. C) incivility. D) abuse. E) theft.

61) Carter, who is angry at his boss and coworkers, deliberately emailed a computer virus to a coworker from a fake customer account. As a result, the company's computers all crashed, and many files were damaged. Carter’s behavior is an example of

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A) wasting resources, a type of production deviance. B) wasting resources, a type of property deviance. C) sabotage, a type of production deviance. D) sabotage, a type of property deviance. E) sabotage, a type of political deviance.

62) as

Behaviors that intentionally harm the organization’s assets and possessions are referred to

A) production deviance. B) political deviance. C) property deviance. D) personal aggression. E) organizational aggression.

63)

Personal aggression behaviors include A) incivility and abuse. B) incivility and sabotage. C) harassment and abuse. D) harassment and sabotage. E) harassment and substance abuse.

64)

Production deviance behaviors include

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A) wasting resources and substance abuse. B) wasting resources and sabotage. C) theft and substance abuse. D) theft and harassment. E) theft and sabotage.

65)

Property deviance behaviors include A) sabotage and theft. B) sabotage and harassment. C) wasting resources and theft. D) wasting resources and harassment. E) wasting resources and substance abuse.

66) Behaviors that intentionally disadvantage other individuals rather than the larger organization are referred to as A) property deviance. B) wasting resources. C) substance abuse. D) personal aggression. E) political deviance.

67) Eric works at a small bakery. If the boss is not around when Eric makes cut-out cookies, he will sometimes throw the scraps of cookie dough away instead of rolling them out again to make additional cookies. This is an example of ________ deviance.

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A) wasting resources, a form of production B) wasting resources, a form of property C) sabotage, a form of property D) sabotage, a form of production E) sabotage, a form of political

68) ________ is made up of behaviors that focus specifically on reducing the efficiency of work output. A) Political deviance B) Property deviance C) Personal aggression D) Political aggression E) Production deviance

69)

The most common form of production deviance is A) theft. B) incivility. C) wasting resources. D) substance abuse. E) harassment.

70)

Communication that is rude, impolite, discourteous, and lacking in good manners is

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A) abusive. B) uncivil. C) gossiping. D) harassment. E) property deviance.

71)

Which of the following statements concerning counterproductive behavior is not true?

A) There is evidence that a person engaging in one form of counterproductive behavior also engages in other such behaviors. B) Counterproductive behavior may be contagious. C) Counterproductive behavior is relevant to two-thirds of U.S. jobs. D) If the best task performers exhibit counterproductive behaviors, they may be tolerated for a while. E) Some workplace behaviors are well-intentioned, but also counterproductive when violating norms, rules, policies, or laws.

72) When employees are subjected to unwanted physical contact or verbal remarks from a colleague, that is known as A) harassment. B) abuse. C) incivility. D) aggression. E) bullying.

73) ________ occurs when an employee is assaulted or endangered in such a way that physical and psychological injuries may occur.

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A) Aggression B) Sabotage C) Incivility D) Abuse E) Bullying

74)

Among the important points about counterproductive behaviors is the fact that A) people who engage in one form of counterproductive behavior also engage in others. B) the worst workers are the most likely to be involved in counterproductive behaviors. C) counterproductive behavior is relatively easy to isolate and prevent from spreading. D) people tend to engage only in one specific form of counterproductive behavior. E) counterproductive behavior usually only applies to specific jobs.

75) The weak negative correlation between task performance and counterproductive behavior can best be explained by the fact that A) poor performers are less creative at coming up with ways to undermine the organization. B) the best workers are the ones most likely to get away with counterproductive actions. C) top performers are too busy at their jobs to engage in counterproductive behavior. D) less talented workers are not as successful at avoiding blame for their misdeeds. E) good workers can behave counterproductively and still get the job done.

76) Someone has been stealing from the company, and suspicion has fallen on Susanna. Her supervisors have evidence against her, and their suspicions are compounded by the fact that she

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A) is not one of the company’s better workers. B) has a tendency to be abusive toward coworkers. C) lacks common sense and is therefore more likely to steal. D) has made jokes about bad behavior in the past. E) has daily access to her department’s petty cash.

77) Bobby and Sam are taking their time getting their work done. They have already had three smoking breaks in the past two hours, and they even managed to sneak in a beer. They could have finished this particular project an hour ago, but as Sam just said to Bobby, “Why bother working when nobody’s watching?” This is an example of ______ deviance. A) wasting resources, the most common form of production B) substance abuse, the most common form of production C) wasting resources, the most common form of property D) substance abuse, the most common form of property E) wasting resources, the most common form of political

78) A week ago, Manny wrecked a company car when another driver pulled out in front of him, and once he threw away about a hundred dollars’ worth of perfectly good office supplies while clearing out an old storage cabinet. Yet his supervisors have not held either action against him. Why is this most likely the case? A) These acts were unintentional and therefore are not considered counterproductive behavior. B) Manny is already receiving professional help for his tendency toward counterproductive behavior. C) Manny is such a good performer at the company that he can get away with counterproductive behavior. D) Manny has connections to the company’s leadership and therefore will not be blamed for counterproductive behavior. E) These acts were the result of Manny’s personal problems and therefore are not considered counterproductive behavior.

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79) Historically, research on organizational behavior has focused on the _____ aspects of job performance. A) educational B) political C) interpersonal D) physical E) theoretical

80) Sergei’s father worked in a steel mill all his life, but Sergei, despite having great respect for his dad, never considered this career path. Instead, almost from the time he could walk, Sergei has been taking apart computers and putting them back together, and today he designs computer hardware. The story of Sergei and his father is an illustration of a trend over the past few decades, which can best be described by saying that there has been a(n) A) tendency to overemphasize knowledge work as opposed to industrial jobs. B) shift away from industrial jobs and toward knowledge work. C) abundance of overqualified applicants in service industries. D) shortage of trained personnel in jobs across the spectrum. E) rejection of parents’ jobs and professions.

81) Ayanna just took an aptitude test and discovered that she is well-suited to a profession that involves working with her mind rather than her hands. This is partly due to her personality, since knowledge work—in contrast to factory work and other industrial jobs—tends to be ________ from day to day.

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A) lacking in structure, yet the same B) more structured and less likely to change C) less structured and more likely to change D) the same in terms of structure and changes E) more complicated, more structured, and more likely to change

82)

Knowledge work can best be defined as jobs that primarily A) require a graduate-level degree. B) are occupied by Ivy League graduates. C) concern scientific or technical activities. D) demand upper-level problem-solving skills. E) involve cognitive activity as opposed to physical activity.

83) As he labors at his keyboard, Dae-jung is discovering one negative consequence of the rise in jobs that involve knowledge work. This negative consequence is most likely the fact that A) employers will expect employees to account for their activities on a minute-by-minute basis. B) employers are more likely to demand that employees be at work eight hours a day, five days a week. C) employers may have unrealistic expectations about the speed at which employees can complete tasks. D) employees may have unrealistic expectations about the amount of money they can earn in particular jobs. E) employees are more likely to expect employers to give them extra days of paid vacation, as well as sick leave.

84) Work that provides nontangible goods to customers through direct electronic, verbal, or physical interaction defines

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A) knowledge work. B) skilled labor. C) service work. D) adaptive task performance. E) creative task performance.

85) Helen has had a rough year. Thanks to a quick temper, she got into an altercation that landed her in jail, and she subsequently lost her job as a skilled worker on an auto-parts assembly line. Now Helen is out of jail and trying to make a fresh start. The factory will take her back, but only as an unskilled laborer with a chance to work her way back to her old job. On the other hand, an online retailer needs customer service personnel, and in spite of her record with the law, the retailer’s human resources department is willing to consider Helen’s application because she scored high on a battery of tests. Given the fact that both jobs offer about the same level of pay and benefits, the best option for Helen is to A) realize that both jobs represent dying industries and continue looking for a position that has more of a future. B) give the online retail job a try because it does not involve physical labor and therefore will be better for her as she ages. C) take the online retail job because it is part of a growing industry but realize that she needs to work on her anger issues. D) go back to the factory because she already has contacts there and stands a good chance of quickly working her way into her old job. E) recognize the growth potential in the industrial sector and that she should go back to the factory with the knowledge that she has a long-term future there.

86) Which type of work is typically autonomous, varied, and often a secondary source of income?

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A) service work B) gig work C) knowledge work D) industrial work E) technological work

87)

Under management by objectives (MBO), employees meet with their manager in order to A) evaluate one another’s performance with regard to their respective positions. B) ascertain whether the setting of goals or objectives is proceeding properly. C) work out differences regarding their approaches to the job performance rating. D) develop a set of mutually agreed-upon objectives that are measurable and specific. E) create mutually agreeable subjective criteria for evaluating job performance.

88) Many organizations gauge the performance of their employees by referring to the achievement of goals and objectives on which the employees have input, even though the system may not be referred to as ________ in the organization itself. A) O*NET B) MBO C) 360-degree feedback D) BARS E) Forced ranking

89) The management at Consumer Research Systems, which has several hundred employees, is determining whether to apply the management by objectives (MBO) or behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) approach for evaluating job performance. In making their choice, the managers should consider the fact that

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A) MBO focuses on performance behaviors, whereas BARS emphasizes both performance behaviors and results. B) MBO emphasizes results as much as performance behaviors, whereas BARS focuses on performance behaviors. C) BARS allows for mutually agreed-upon objectives than are more measurable and specific that those associated with MBO. D) MBO uses “critical incidents”—short descriptions of effective and ineffective behaviors—which are not part of the BARS system. E) BARS permits employees and managers to agree on a time period for achieving objectives, whereas MBO leaves this open-ended.

90) The management technique known as ________ involves measuring performance by directly assessing job performance behaviors. A) behaviorally anchored rating scales B) management by objectives C) 360-degree feedback D) forced ranking E) social performance management

91) The behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) approach uses “________,” which are short descriptions of effective and ineffective behaviors, to create a measure that can be used to evaluate employee performance. A) critical feedback B) workplace feedback C) critical incidents D) workplace incidents E) forced rankings

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92) Under the behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) system, critical incidents are short descriptions of ________ employee performance. A) the various tasks involved in the job, making it possible to subjectively evaluate B) effective and ineffective behaviors that make it possible to subjectively evaluate C) effective and ineffective behaviors used to create a measure for evaluating D) the various tasks involved in the job, which are used to create a measure for evaluating E) effective and ineffective behaviors that may or may not characterize

93) The management approach ________ involves collecting performance information not just from the supervisor but from anyone else who might have firsthand knowledge about the employee’s performance behaviors. A) behaviorally anchored rating scales B) management by objectives C) 360-degree feedback D) forced ranking E) social performance management

94) In ________, a performance evaluation system, managers differentiate employees relative to one another. A) forced ranking B) BARS C) the MBO process D) 360-degree feedback E) social performance management

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95) Due to financial difficulties, the management of Briteway Sav-N-Shop, a chain of retail stores, is planning to cut some of the office staff at its headquarters. Therefore, the chief operations officer instructs Daniel, the human resources director, to develop a system for evaluating workers in terms of their performance. The objective is to divide the workforce into three groups: the top producers, who should be retained at any cost; the lost causes, who will need to be cut; and the mid-level performers, whose jobs are relatively assured—at least for now. This method is known as A) behaviorally anchored rating scales. B) management by objectives. C) forced ranking. D) benchmarking. E) ranking curves.

96)

Among the problems with the forced ranking system is that it A) involves algorithms that are too difficult to apply without advanced computers. B) places too much emphasis on subjective feelings rather than on excellence. C) requires managers to quantify behaviors that typically defy categorization. D) promotes too great an emphasis on excelling at the expense of succeeding. E) discourages employees from stepping outside the bounds of routine task behaviors.

97) Forward Media, an advertising firm, started a monthly online journal that allows company personnel to put forth their ideas about improving organizational performance. Open to all employees through the firm’s website, the journal offers an opportunity to give constructive feedback without revealing one’s identity. This is an example of A) the forced ranking method. B) social performance management. C) a behaviorally anchored rating scale. D) management by objectives. E) 360-degree feedback.

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98) Several people in the marketing department were contacted by a manager at headquarters to ask about their coworker Elena’s performance on the job. The manager explained that the company was seeking each person’s honest assessment of Elena’s strengths and weaknesses and assured them that they would remain anonymous. Most likely the company is applying the ________ approach to managing employee performance. A) forced ranking B) 360-degree feedback C) management by objectives D) behaviorally anchored rating scales E) social performance management

99) Evaluating an employee’s performance based on results alone provides the best picture of which employees are worth more to an organization. ⊚ ⊚

true false

100) Job performance is the collected well-known or habitual responses by employees to predictable task demands. ⊚ ⊚

true false

101) Adaptive task performance involves well-known responses to demands that occur in a normal, routine, or otherwise unpredictable way. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

102) Adaptive task performance is vital in a global economy in which companies are faced with the challenge of becoming more productive with fewer employees. ⊚ ⊚

true false

103) Creative task performance is the degree to which individuals develop ideas or physical outcomes that are both novel and useful. ⊚ ⊚

true false

104) Creative task performance is a behavior that is valuable only in jobs such as artist and inventor. ⊚ ⊚

true false

105) The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) captures all the “numerous small decisions” that separate the most effective organizations from their competitors. ⊚ ⊚

true false

106) Citizenship behavior is defined as voluntary employee activities that may or maynot be rewarded. ⊚ ⊚

true false

107) Interpersonal citizenship behavior may be most important when people work in small groups or teams. Version 1

⊚ ⊚

true false

108) Organizational citizenship behaviors benefit the larger organization by supporting and defending the company, working to improve its operations, and being especially loyal to it. ⊚ ⊚

true false

109) Property deviance refers to behaviors that harm employees’ personal possessions, from clothing to cars. ⊚ ⊚

110)

true false

Wasting resources is the most common form of production deviance. ⊚ ⊚

true false

111) Political deviance refers to behaviors that intentionally harm the organization’s assets and possessions. ⊚ ⊚

true false

112) Sabotage is the purposeful destruction of equipment, organizational processes, or company products. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

113) In addition to being more cognitive, knowledge work tends to be more structured and static in nature. ⊚ ⊚

true false

114) The increase in online marketplace technologies has brought about a significant rise in gig work, either as the primary source of income or as a secondary job or “side-hustle.” ⊚ ⊚

true false

115) Researchers have found that having a side-hustle engenders mostly negative feelings in workers. ⊚ ⊚

true false

116) The MBO approach involves collecting performance information not just from the supervisor but from anyone else who might have firsthand knowledge about the employee’s performance behaviors. ⊚ ⊚

117)

true false

Forced ranking systems can force managers to give bad evaluations to good performers. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

118) Social media apps that are similar to Facebook and Twitter are increasingly being adopted by organizations to help manage employee job performance. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 02_8e_ Colquitt 11) C 12) B 13) B 14) C 15) A 16) A 17) E 18) C 19) D 20) B 21) D 22) B 23) C 24) B 25) E 26) D 27) E 28) D 29) E 30) A 31) E 32) A 33) A 34) C 35) E 36) B Version 1

37) D 38) B 39) D 40) E 41) B 42) C 43) C 44) C 45) C 46) B 47) C 48) B 49) C 50) D 51) C 52) E 53) C 54) E 55) E 56) D 57) B 58) E 59) D 60) C 61) D 62) C 63) C 64) A 65) A 66) E Version 1

67) A 68) E 69) C 70) B 71) C 72) A 73) D 74) A 75) B 76) B 77) A 78) A 79) D 80) B 81) C 82) E 83) C 84) C 85) C 86) B 87) D 88) B 89) B 90) A 91) C 92) C 93) C 94) A 95) C 96) E Version 1

97) B 98) B 99) FALSE 100) FALSE 101) FALSE 102) TRUE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) FALSE 106) TRUE 107) TRUE 108) TRUE 109) FALSE 110) TRUE 111) FALSE 112) TRUE 113) FALSE 114) TRUE 115) FALSE 116) FALSE 117) TRUE 118) TRUE

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CHAPTER 3 1) Define organizational commitment and explain why it is important. Discuss why employers work to reduce rates of turnover.

2) Define the three types of organizational commitment including a brief statement of how they differ.

3) Define withdrawal behavior and briefly describe its relationship to organizational commitment.

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4) You work as a manager for a company based in a small town in the Southwest and are tasked with evaluating three employees for their overall continuance commitment, particularly their levels of embeddedness. You are given the following information on each of the three employees. 1.Shasta was born in the community and has worked at the company for 22 years, her entire adult life. She performs basic assembly work and is satisfied with her work. Shasta’s real love is fishing, and she spends all of her time after work fishing in a tiny stream behind her house. She is an active member in the local fishing club, along with two of her sisters. At work, Shasta completes her work tasks but her attention to detail is lacking at times. Shasta’s spouse is an executive in the local insurance company and there is talk of transferring him to a larger office in Tennessee. While it would be hard to leave her family, all Shasta can think about is the possibility of more lakes and rivers filled with fish. 2.Rashad was also born in the area and has worked at the company for 15 years, in nearly every department. He is a talented project manager, and the company has used Rashad to coordinate projects in every department. Rashad likes working for the company and feels proud of his accomplishments. He has several friends who live in the area and travels with them often on skiing trips. Rashad has a friend in Aspen, Colorado, who would love to have him come work at his company. Rashad has entertained the idea, and his friend would match the pay and benefits he is currently receiving. As a single person with no kids, a new locale could be a good move for him. 3.Erik has worked at the company for four years, since graduating from college and moving here from his hometown in Boston. He has friends both within the company and outside of work through the local hobby shop, but he misses his friends and family in Boston. Erik works as an accountant, utilizing fresh skills from his recent business degree, and the paycheck allows him to live comfortably and pay his school loans down quickly. Erik has started thinking about applying to jobs closer to Boston, or even in Boston. He does not like hot climates and now dreams of retrieving the winter clothes he put in storage when he moved to the Southwest. Given the three facets—links, fit, and sacrifice—using both work and nonwork reasons, evaluate how embedded each person likely feels and assess their overall continuance commitment. Who do you rank as having the highest continuance commitment?

Define and compare the compensatory forms and progression models of withdrawal.

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6) Describe the four types of employees using the combination of two variables: organizational commitment and task performance.

7) Downtown Cosmetics Distributors has issued a notice that it will no longer issue company vehicles and will not be matching retirement account contributions made by employees in the foreseeable future due to a downturn in profits. How do you think employees will react to this change? Describe the reactions likely experienced by each of the following four types of employees: stars, citizens, lone wolves, and apathetics.

Explain the different kinds of psychological withdrawal.

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Describe the different forms of physical withdrawal.

10) The demographics at Abner Enterprises have completely changed in recent years. In the past, the organization was largely dominated by white male employees born in the United States, but today more than half of Abner’s higher-level technical staff were born outside the United States. In addition, the percentage of older workers has decreased as they have retired, and the younger employees seem to be less motivated by commitment to the organization. What steps should be taken by Abner Enterprises to increase employees’ commitment to the organization?

11) Describe the specific practices organizations can engage in to foster each of the three forms of commitment. Give an example of each.

12) Which of the following terms refers to the desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the organization?

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A) organizational efficacy B) organizational control C) organizational efficiency D) organizational commitment E) organizational effectiveness

13) The set of actions that an employee performs to avoid the work situation that may eventually culminate in the employee quitting the organization is referred to as ________ behavior. A) productivity B) commitment C) performance D) withdrawal E) citizenship

14) Isla has a good job she likes, and she is always striving to please her boss. This behavior is a result of A) self-maintenance. B) employee attrition. C) normative commitment. D) organizational satisfaction. E) organizational commitment.

15) Tamara shows classic withdrawal behavior and is no longer performing her work tasks effectively. Her friends know she has very little organizational commitment. Tamara is likely

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A) to feel embedded. B) to have affective commitment. C) to quit. D) to turn her performance around. E) to feel a sense of guilt.

16) Which type of commitment is defined as the desire to remain a member of an organization due to emotional attachment to, and involvement with, that organization? A) continuance B) affective C) evaluative D) normative E) associative

17) Baatar loves his job, admires his boss, and believes in the goals and vision of the company he works for. He cannot imagine looking for or finding a better job. Baatar most likely is demonstrating A) a high level of organizational commitment. B) a normative level of organizational commitment. C) high job performance. D) low job performance. E) withdrawal behaviors.

18)

What is the definition of continuance commitment?

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A) a desire to remain a member of an organization because of an awareness of the costs associated with leaving that organization B) a desire to remain a member of an organization due to an emotional attachment to, and involvement with, that organization C) a desire to remain a member of an organization because you want to be a part of that organization D) a desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation to that organization E) a desire to remain a member of an organization because many of your friends work there

19) A desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation is called ________ commitment. A) continuance B) affective C) associative D) normative E) evaluative

20) Hala has been working as the creative head at Glenwood Innovations for the past 25 years. Although she likes her job, she has begun to feel that she is in a creative slump and has been considering leaving to start her own company. Hala will be eligible for retirement in five years. After discussing it with her partner, she decides that leaving now would be a mistake. After she retires, she will reconsider the idea of starting her own company. This is an example of ________ commitment. A) continuance B) affective C) ethical D) normative E) associative

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21) Which of the following terms refers to the various people, places, and things that can inspire a desire to remain a member of an organization? A) focus of influence B) focus of commitment C) focus of attention D) focus of performance E) focus of dominance

22)

The term “focus of commitment” can refer to each of the following,except A) supervisors. B) the company’s top management. C) salary. D) specific coworkers. E) industry regulations.

23) Employees who feel a sense of ________ commitment tend to engage in more interpersonal and organizational citizenship behaviors, such as helping, sportsmanship, and boosterism. A) normative B) evaluative C) affective D) proactive E) continuance

24) The ________ model suggests that employees with fewer bonds will be most likely to quit the organization. Version 1

A) social influence B) social impact C) erosion D) decay E) continuity

25) The ________ model suggests that employees who have direct linkages with “leavers” will themselves become more likely to leave. A) social influence B) affective C) continuance D) decay E) social identity

26) Since Sita’s department hired a new manager, they have stopped doing many of the fun, team-building activities they used to do, and the workplace culture has changed for the worse. A few weeks ago, Sita’s friend Lupe quit, and now Sita and her colleague Gary are thinking of quitting too. This shows the power of ________ in affecting employee attitudes. A) erosion B) continuance C) social identity D) social influence E) negative influence

27) Aklilu is rather quiet at his workplace. His only friend at work, Jennifer, quit the company a month ago. The ________ model suggests that Aklilu is more likely to quit his job because Jennifer is no longer working in the same organization.

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A) social identity B) continuance C) progression D) embedded E) social influence

28) Which of the following terms refers to the work and nonwork forces that bind us to our current employer? A) normative impact B) affective influence C) industry regulations D) embeddedness E) social influence

29) Which of the following is one of the three types of organizational commitment that focuses on personal and family issues more than the other two commitment types? A) evaluative commitment B) continuance commitment C) associative commitment D) affective commitment E) normative commitment

30) Lavell works for the City Planning office at Henderson. He feels overworked and dislikes his job, but he cannot quit because he needs the job to pay his new mortgage. What type of commitment does Lavell have?

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A) continuance commitment B) normative commitment C) affective commitment D) cognitive commitment E) intuitive commitment

31)

Which of the following is a factor that increases normative commitment? A) salary and other monetary benefits B) availability of employment opportunities C) a sense that the organization has invested in the employee D) links to the local community E) organizational culture

32) What is one of the two ways to build a sense of obligation-based commitment among employees? A) becoming a particularly charitable organization B) narrowing the focus of commitment C) enhancing the visibility of the organization’s goals and values D) strengthening an employee’s embeddedness E) increasing employee benefit packages

33)

Normative commitment from employees can result from all of theseexcept

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A) the personal work principles of employees. B) organizational socialization. C) the creation of a feeling that the employee is in the organization’s debt. D) an increase in the organization’s charitable activities. E) implementation of a matrix structure in the organization.

34) Efrain works as a research administrator for a small private college in Kansas. Recently, he was offered the position of senior research administrator for a large public university in Florida. Although the offer was very attractive, and it would have been a huge career move for Efrain, he declined the offer. He felt that the small private college had given him an opportunity to learn and develop his skills and that staying in Kansas was the right thing to do. This is an example of ________ commitment. A) continuance B) intuitive C) evaluative D) normative E) affective

35) Clementine, Valeria, and Davud are coworkers at Streambanks, Inc. All three have worked at Streambanks for five years now. One day while eating lunch together, Clementine remarks that she heard their colleague Sabrina recently quit and went to work for a competitor. Each of the three has a different opinion about Sabrina’s leaving, and they all have their own reasons for continuing to stay at Streambanks. Davud remarks that it is not worthwhile for him to leave like Sabrina because he has put in the time and hard work for a promotion. If he left for another company, he would not likely get this opportunity again soon. Which type of commitment is Davud exhibiting?

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A) continuance B) affective C) obligation-based D) normative E) skill-based

36) Clementine, Valeria, and Davud are coworkers at Streambanks, Inc. All three have worked at Streambanks for five years now. One day while eating lunch together, Clementine remarks that she heard their colleague Sabrina recently quit and went to work for a competitor. Each of the three has a different opinion about Sabrina’s leaving, and they all have their own reasons for continuing to stay at Streambanks. When Davud asks Valeria how she feels about Sabrina’s leaving and about her own reasons for staying with the company, Valeria replies that for her, it is the company’s relaxed atmosphere and her close friends at Streambanks that keeps her working there. Which type of commitment is Valeria exhibiting? A) continuance B) affective C) evaluative D) normative E) associative

37) Clementine, Valeria, and Davud are coworkers at Streambanks, Inc. All three have worked at Streambanks for five years now. One day while eating lunch together, Clementine remarks that she heard their colleague Sabrina recently quit and went to work for a competitor. Each of the three has a different opinion about Sabrina’s leaving, and they all have their own reasons for continuing to stay at Streambanks. When Davud and Valeria ask Clementine her thoughts on the matter, she notes that Sabrina had no bonds to Streambanks. She was relatively new and had not invested any time there. Clementine says, “Streambanks gave me an opportunity and invested so much in mentoring me, preparing me for the position, and showing me the ropes. There is no way that I could desert them by leaving for another company.” Which type of commitment is Clementine exhibiting?

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A) continuance B) intuitive C) evaluative D) normative E) affective

38) Habib and Precious work as designers at Spectrum Envirovations Corp. Recently, Precious’s partner got a new job in a city 50 miles away, so they have decided to move there. Precious already has a new job lined up that pays about the same as her current one and has a better benefits package, but she is sad about leaving because she has made so many close friends during her 15 years at Spectrum. Habib is relatively new to the company, having just completed his design degree a few months ago. He completed an internship while in school, but Spectrum was the first agency to make him a job offer. Precious tells him she has considered turning down the job offer in the new city and commuting to Spectrum instead. She then asks Habib how he feels about working at Spectrum. How would Habib most likely respond? A) “I’m just thrilled to have any job, even if it’s not my ideal in the long run. The job market is terrible right now.” B) “Even though the pay isn’t what I hoped for, I can apply for a raise in six months. Most companies make you wait a year.” C) “You should take the new job. I like it here, but the salary’s not all that great. If I got a better offer, I’d leave in a heartbeat.” D) “It’s a great offer, but I’d never leave unless I had to. Even though I haven’t been here as long as you, I felt welcomed right away.” E) “I think if you decide to take that other job, I will probably leave as well. Spectrum is great, but I’m sure there’s something else out there for me.”

39) Veeti and Alfredo were both nurses working at the same hospital which instituted a new “corporate volunteering” program. Neither Veeti nor Alfredo had volunteered in their community before, but Veeti signs up for the program and Alfredo does not. Veeti begins volunteering at the local Red Cross twice a month during blood drives. A few months later, how does Veeti likely feel about his work duties after becoming a volunteer?

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A) He feels resentful, since he is essentially working for free. B) He feels more engaged in his work. C) He likes volunteering but finds it interferes with his job. D) He enjoys volunteering, but his colleagues think he is kissing up to management. E) He likes volunteering but feels it has become a distraction.

40) Which of the following answer options is one of the four primary responses to negative events at work? A) looking busy B) loyalty C) volunteering D) anxiety E) commitment

41)

What does voice refer to?

A) an active, constructive response in which individuals attempt to improve the situation B) a passive, destructive response to negative work events in which interest and effort in the job decline C) a passive, constructive response to negative work events that maintains public support for the situation while the individual privately hopes for improvement D) a passive, neutral response in which individuals try to fade into the background without being noticed E) an active, destructive response in which individuals attempt to intentionally worsen the situation

42) A passive, constructive response to negative work events that maintains public support for the situation while the individual privately hopes for improvement is referred to as

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A) voice. B) exit. C) neglect. D) loyalty. E) ignorance.

43) Which of the following terms refers to a passive, destructive response to negative work events in which interest and effort in the job decline? A) exit B) loyalty C) voice D) ignorance E) neglect

44) Organizational commitment should decrease the likelihood that an individual will respond to a negative work event with A) exit or neglect. B) loyalty or neglect. C) neglect or voice. D) exit or voice. E) exit or loyalty.

45) Organizational commitment increases the likelihood that an individual will respond to a negative work event with

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A) loyalty or neglect. B) exit or loyalty. C) voice or exit. D) loyalty or voice. E) neglect or exit.

46)

What are “stars” are likely to use in response to negative work events? A) loyalty B) exit C) neglect D) voice E) ignorance

47) “Citizens” are one of the four types of employees based on the degree of organizational commitment and task performance. “Citizens” are likely to respond to negative work events with ________ because they may not have the credibility needed to inspire change but possess the desire to remain a member of the organization. A) loyalty B) exit C) neglect D) voice E) ignorance

48) Although their performance would give them the credibility needed to inspire change, their lack of attachment prevents them from using that credibility constructively. This best describes which type of employee?

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A) stars B) lone wolves C) citizens D) apathetics E) dogs

49)

Which of the following statements concerning withdrawal behaviors isnot true?

A) Lone wolves are likely to enact the ultimate withdrawal behavior when faced with negative work events. B) Withdrawal behavior is the flip side of organizational commitment. C) Withdrawal behaviors are rarely displayed in U.S. workers. D) Apathetics display withdrawal behaviors when confronted with negative work events. E) Neglect is a passive, destructive withdrawal response to negative work events.

50) Maxim’s friend Ahmet is thinking of applying for a job at the company where Maxim works. Maxim tells Ahmet it’s a great place to work, but secretly Maxim dislikes the CEO, whom he hopes will leave the company soon. Maxim is demonstrating A) apathy. B) neglect. C) loyalty. D) passivity. E) withdrawal.

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51) Oakley was recently hired to join the marketing team at Metamorphosis Limited. He will be starting at the company in two weeks. Oakley has the reputation of being an expert in ad campaigns and catching the attention of the target audience. However, he also has the reputation of not getting along with anyone. He does not care much about where or for whom he works and is primarily motivated to achieve goals for himself and beat his own records. Oakley can be described as a(n) A) star. B) lone wolf. C) citizen. D) apathetic. E) dog.

52) Oakley was recently hired to join the marketing team at Metamorphosis Limited. Oakley has the reputation of being an expert in ad campaigns and catching the attention of the target audience. However, he also has the reputation of not getting along with anyone. Polina worked with Oakley three years ago at a different company, and they had several clashes. Polina is a team player who prizes loyalty to the team above individual accomplishments. She has been unhappy at Metamorphosis for a while and has been considering applying to other companies. When she discovers that Oakley is joining the team, she turns in her resignation. Polina’s response is best described as an example of A) ignorance. B) neglect. C) loyalty. D) voice. E) exit.

53) Oakley was recently hired to join the marketing team at Metamorphosis Limited. He will be starting at the company in two weeks. Oakley has the reputation of being an expert in ad campaigns and catching the attention of the target audience. However, he also has the reputation of not getting along with anyone. Avril, another Metamorphosis team member, calls Oakley and meets him for lunch to express all the team members’ concerns and to smooth things out before Oakley formally joins the team. Avril's actions best exemplify Version 1

A) ignorance. B) neglect. C) loyalty. D) voice. E) volunteering.

54) Which type of workers possess low levels of organizational commitment but high levels of task performance and are motivated to achieve work goals for themselves, not necessarily for their company? A) stars B) citizens C) dogs D) apathetics E) lone wolves

55)

Lone wolves are likely to respond to negative events with A) loyalty. B) exit. C) neglect. D) voice. E) ignorance.

56) The talented employees who display high level of task performance but never seem to want to get involved in important decisions about the future of the company are most likely to be

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A) citizens. B) dogs. C) apathetic. D) lone wolves. E) stars.

57)

________ merely exert the minimum level of effort needed to keep their jobs. A) Apathetics B) Citizens C) Dogs D) Stars E) Lone wolves

58) ________ represent the flip side of organizational commitment; both are withdrawal behaviors. A) Voice and neglect B) Neglect and loyalty C) Voice and exit D) Exit and neglect E) Exit and loyalty

59) Apathetics tend to respond to negative events with ________ because they are low performers who lack marketable skills and who donot have a high enough level of organizational commitment needed to engage in acts of citizenship.

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A) loyalty B) exit C) influence D) voice E) neglect

60) Joshua is a new hire at The Lakefront Perspective, a local monthly publication. He does not like his job and is not committed to the organization. He hardly exerts even the effort that is required to keep his job. Joshua is staying with the company because he does not want to be unemployed. Joshua is a(n) A) star. B) citizen. C) lone wolf. D) apathetic. E) dog.

61) Jamar continually breaks off from his assigned tasks to check sports news or check his friends’ social media updates. He is engaging in A) cyberloafing, which is a type of psychological withdrawal. B) psychological withdrawal, which is a type of daydreaming. C) cyberloafing, which is a type of antisocial behavior. D) socializing, which is a type of psychological withdrawal. E) psychological absenteeism, which is a type of negative organizational behavior.

62) Harmoni works in the actuarial department at a major insurance corporation. Though she does her job reasonably well, she is often late to work and frequently calls in sick. She is cordial with other employees and her boss but is not given to socializing. Harmoni is a(n)

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A) citizen. B) apathetic. C) lone wolf. D) seat-warmer. E) daydreamer.

63) Charissa works in the shipping department at Bison Prairie Winery. Charissa consistently ranks in the middle or near the bottom in terms of units shipped, and she often gets distracted by calls from her teenage son. She also spends more time than she should socializing with friends in other departments. However, everyone, including the bosses, loves Charissa because of her loyalty to the company and her team. What else is most likely true of Charissa? A) Because she is so well-liked, her suggestions for improvements to the company or team culture are taken very seriously. B) She will do minor office tasks, like going out to get supplies, but she does them grudgingly and after a lot of complaining. C) She functions better as part of a team than as an individual worker, but sometimes her lack of “stepping up” annoys her coworkers. D) She volunteers to do the mundane tasks others avoid, and she does things like buying birthday cards for coworkers and organizing parties. E) She gets easily discouraged by negative events at work, such as team disagreements or in-fighting, and it affects her work performance.

64) Which term refers to conversations about nonwork topics that go on in cubicles and offices, in the mailroom, or at vending machines? A) satisficing B) moonlighting C) daydreaming D) socializing E) cyberloafing

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65) ________ is an intentional desire on the part of employees to appear to be working, even when they are not performing work tasks. A) Looking busy B) Moonlighting C) Daydreaming D) Socializing E) Cyberloafing

66) When employees engage in ________, they use work time and resources to complete something other than their job duties, such as assignments for another job. A) daydreaming B) moonlighting C) social loafing D) satisficing E) cyberloafing

67)

What are the two types of withdrawal within an organizational setting? A) affective and normative B) psychological and physical C) social and erosive D) voice and neglect E) transactional and relational

68)

Which of the following is a psychological withdrawal behavior?

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A) tardiness B) missing meetings C) long breaks D) moonlighting E) absenteeism

69) ________ is a form of withdrawal in which employees appear to be working but are actually distracted by random thoughts or concerns. A) Moonlighting B) Cyberloafing C) Socializing D) Satisficing E) Daydreaming

70)

Which of the following is a form of physical withdrawal? A) daydreaming B) moonlighting C) tardiness D) socializing E) cyberloafing

71)

Missing meetings is a form of ________ withdrawal.

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A) psychological B) physical C) cultural D) community E) social

72) Reginald could not understand his coworkers’ dissatisfaction with Sunni, although Reginald did not have to work directly with her as some of his coworkers did. His coworkers complained that although she attended every meeting, Sunni never had any of her assigned tasks completed on time. She seemed to be a quiet worker as he hardly heard anything from her. In addition, every day he saw her zoom past his cubicle with a handful of papers looking like she was on a mission of some type. It may be that Sunni was A) embedded. B) looking busy. C) withdrawing physically. D) socializing. E) a lone wolf.

73)

What is the most serious form of physical withdrawal? A) absenteeism B) tardiness C) long breaks D) quitting E) missing meetings.

74) According to the ________ model of withdrawal, various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated with one another, occur for different reasons, and fulfill different needs on the part of employees.

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A) independent forms B) compensatory forms C) progression D) normative E) nominal

75) The ________ model of withdrawal argues that the various withdrawal behaviors negatively correlate with one another—that doing one means you are less likely to do another. A) independent forms B) compensatory forms C) progression D) normative E) nominal

76) Which model of withdrawal argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated—for example, the tendency to daydream or socialize leads to the tendency to come in late or take long breaks, which leads to the tendency to be absent or quit? A) independent forms B) compensatory forms C) progression D) normative E) nominal

77) Deangelo, Journey, Bradley, Roland, and Saori work in the quality control department at a solar energy component manufacturer. In the next two weeks, one of them will quit. Based on their behavior, who do you think will be the one to leave?

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A) Deangelo, who spends a lot of time in the break room chatting with his friends at the company B) Journey, who often gets caught just zoning out at her desk when there are deadlines to meet C) Saori, who always arrives late and leaves early and has been out sick four times in the last six weeks D) Roland, who always volunteers to leave in the middle of the day to get supplies and then is gone for hours E) Bradley, who spends more time and focus on his freelance design projects at work than on his actual assignments

78)

Which model of withdrawal has received the most scientific support? A) individualistic model B) compensatory forms model C) independent forms model D) autonomous model E) progression model

79) Eagle is sitting at her desk. On her computer screen is a proposal that she is supposed to submit in 15 minutes. She is staring at the screen and has her hand on her mouse, but she is thinking about the marathon she will compete in this weekend. Her colleague Juan walks by and snaps his fingers. “The clock is ticking, Eagle!” he says. Eagle is engaged in A) exit. B) satisficing. C) looking busy. D) daydreaming. E) moonlighting.

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80)

Which of the following is true of absenteeism? A) Long attendance streaks tend to be self-perpetuating. B) Employees with good attendance records rarely take sick days. C) Employees are more likely to be absent on Mondays and Fridays. D) An employee who is frequently absent will usually end up quitting. E) Up to 65 percent of employees have lied about their reasons for absence.

81) At first, Yan loved her job as an investigator for Sanchez Oversight. It was her dream job, made even better by the fact that her boss, Uly, had a warm, inspiring personality and placed a lot of trust in his employees. He also had a goofy, witty personality that made everyone laugh. Yan looked forward to work and felt personally committed to helping Uly achieve his goals for the department. However, Uly retired a few months ago, and his replacement, Preston, is his complete opposite—a bottom-line-focused, unpleasant, demanding boss who is always questioning Yan’s and her team’s abilities and decisions. Yan never misses a day and still likes the actual work she does, but she has begun to find ways to avoid having to interact with Preston. Which of the following has Yan most likely started engaging in? A) checking her friends’ Instagram pages and chatting with friends on Facebook B) updating her CV and combing through online job sites during her work breaks C) going over to the marketing department to chat with her friends Lori and Tyrell D) fantasizing about quitting her job and going off to teach business in a foreign country E) taking longer than usual breaks and making excuses for missing department meetings

82) ________ adjustment, the extent to which expatriates have difficulty socializing and interacting with members of the host culture, can affect the level of organizational commitment in global organizations.

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A) Interaction B) Cultural C) Work D) Psychological E) Relational

83) The ________ syndrome is characterized by anger, depression, fear, distrust, and guilt that affects the employees who remain with an organization after a downsizing. A) employee B) survivor C) stress D) erosion E) decay

84) ________ contracts reflect employees’ beliefs about what they owe the organization and what the organization owes them. A) Cultural B) Transactional C) Psychological D) Normative E) Relational

85)

________ contracts are based on a narrow set of specific monetary obligations.

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A) Normative B) Relational C) Transactional D) Continuance E) Progression

86) Oldtown Appraisals is cutting its workforce in large numbers because of an economic downturn. The employees who still have their jobs are upset by the layoffs. They have lost the trust they had in management and are not sure if their futures are secure. They are facing the ________ syndrome. A) outsourcing B) survivor C) decay D) erosion E) progression

87) ________ contracts are based on a broader set of open-ended and subjective obligations than ________ contracts. A) Transactional; continuance B) Relational; transactional C) Normative; relational D) Progression; continuance E) Continuance; psychological

88) Avery and Maryam are having a discussion about diversity in the workforce. Judging from the company where she works, Avery says that middle-aged white men are increasing their control of the workforce. Based on your knowledge of representation, how does Maryam respond to Avery?

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A) Representation is about the same as it was in the 1970s and 1980s. B) The workforce is still much more dominated by men than by women. C) The percentage of minority ethnic group employees peaked a few years ago and is now declining. D) The percentage of minority ethnic group employees peaked in the early 2000s and has plateaued since then. E) The percentage of white workers is dropping, and the workforce is expected to grow even more diverse.

89) Lawanda comments that during a conversation with her neighbor, Evie, the other day, Evie expressed a common stereotype about foreign employees. Which of the following did Evie most likely say? A) Most immigrants in the United States are in service-related jobs or in blue-collar positions. B) Less than a quarter of the scientists and mathematicians in the United States are foreign-born. C) Many of the most educated employees, particularly in STEM, come from abroad. D) Fewer Americans are working as expatriates in foreign countries than in the past. E) Because of globalism, being an expatriate is less stressful than most people think.

90) Flawless Semiconductors recently merged with a large multinational company, Marble Associates. The new management made many changes. They decided to move the bulk of manufacturing overseas and cut the marketing department in half. They also restructured the research and development branch. The result was massive reorganization at every level, along with major downsizing that affected almost 20 percent of the Flawless workforce. Due to the downsizing, Rio and Shanda lost their jobs, but their colleague Jordan was able to keep hers. Which statement about the friends is most likely true two months later?

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A) Rio and Shanda experienced a marked increase in depression, even though both quickly found new jobs. B) Jordan experienced a lower level of affective commitment, but her level of normative commitment stayed about the same. C) Because Jordan had to take on new job duties as a result of the changes, her level of organizational commitment increased. D) Rio and Shanda, in new jobs, experienced less work-related stress overall than Jordan, who felt depressed by the changes. E) Jordan, as one of the survivors, was happier overall, while Rio and Shanda were still dealing with the psychological fallout.

91) Courtney likes his job in the service department at Brown Aquatics, Inc., but mainly considers it a way to make good money while he pursues his acting career. He is never absent and rarely late, and he gives work his full attention while he is there, but he does not socialize much with the other employees. Courtney’s attitude indicates that he has a(n) ________ contract with his employer. A) opportunistic B) psychological C) transactional D) relational E) normative

92) Many companies pay all or part of an employee’s tuition for Master’s degree programs. If an employee has taken advantage of this, it can increase the employee’s level of ________ commitment. A) normative B) affective C) continuance D) psychological E) educational

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93) The degree to which employees believe that the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being is A) perceived organizational support. B) affective commitment. C) social influence. D) a psychological contract. E) a relational contract.

94) Sergei’s company recently began offering a series of free leadership seminars aimed at helping lower-level employees enter a management track. It has been very successful, and Sergei’s department manager remarks to his colleague that he has seen a marked increase in ________ among the employees who have taken it. A) employee retention B) affective commitment C) perceptions of support D) normative commitment E) continuance commitment

95) Over the past year, three of the best employees at Digital Devices Worldwide’s corporate office have been lured away to competitors. On top of that, Gabija, the general manager of the sales department, has noticed that most employees come in, do their jobs, and leave. Digital Devices offers a good salary, benefits, and tuition reimbursement, as well as a number of development and training programs. Most employees seem contented enough, but Gabija would like to do something to increase the level of engagement among her staff. What do you think Gabija should do?

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A) look the other way when employees exhibit minor forms of withdrawal B) have fun weekly contests where teams and individuals compete for prizes, bonuses, and other monetary incentives C) investigate the causes of low commitment by asking employees to complete an anonymous survey detailing their feelings D) update and expand the kinds of development programs they offer, perhaps adding seminars that focus on technological skills E) organize a volunteer program, where staff can work to help kids from disadvantaged backgrounds prepare for professional careers

96) Organizational commitment is the desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the organization. ⊚ ⊚

97)

true false

Withdrawal behavior is a set of actions employees perform to avoid the work situation. ⊚ ⊚

true false

98) Employees who feel a sense of continuance commitment identify with the organization, accept that organization’s goals and values, and are more willing to exert extra effort on behalf of the organization. ⊚ ⊚

true false

99) The erosion model of withdrawal behavior suggests that employees with fewer bonds will be most likely to quit the organization.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

100) Affective commitment tends to create more of a passive form of loyalty than continuance commitment. ⊚ ⊚

true false

101) Withdrawal behavior summarizes employees’ links to their organization and community, their sense of fit with that organization and community, and what they would have to sacrifice for a job change. ⊚ ⊚

true false

102) Affective commitment exists when there is a sense that staying is the “right” or “moral” thing to do. ⊚ ⊚

true false

103) Loyalty is defined as an active, constructive response to a negative work event in which individuals attempt to improve the situation. ⊚ ⊚

true false

104) Employees falling under the category of “lone wolves” tend to respond to negative events with voice because they have the desire to improve the status quo and the credibility needed to inspire change.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

105) Employees categorized as citizens demonstrate the highest levels of organizational commitment and behave in an active, constructive manner. ⊚ ⊚

true false

106) Employees in the category of apathetics demonstrate active, constructive behavior. They exert a high level of effort to keep their jobs. ⊚ ⊚

107)

true false

Tardiness, long breaks, and missed meetings are actions of psychological withdrawal. ⊚ ⊚

true false

108) When employees engage in embeddedness, they use work time and resources to complete something other than their job duties, such as assignments for another job. ⊚ ⊚

109)

true false

The most serious form of physical withdrawal is absenteeism. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

110) The compensatory forms model of withdrawal argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated. ⊚ ⊚

true false

111) Perceived organizational support reflects the degree to which employees believe that the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being. ⊚ ⊚

true false

112) Survivor syndrome refers to the anger, depression, fear, distrust, and guilt of the employees who remain after an organization downsizes. ⊚ ⊚

true false

113) Research suggests that the continued participation of Baby Boomers in the workforce will subtract a significant amount from the U.S. economic output. ⊚ ⊚

true false

114) Psychological contracts reflect employees’ beliefs about what they owe the organization and what the organization owes them. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

115) An effective way for organizations to foster affective commitment is through improving salary and benefits packages. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 03_8e_ Colquitt 12) D 13) D 14) E 15) C 16) B 17) A 18) A 19) D 20) A 21) B 22) E 23) C 24) C 25) A 26) D 27) E 28) D 29) B 30) A 31) C 32) A 33) E 34) D 35) A 36) B 37) D Version 1

38) D 39) B 40) B 41) A 42) D 43) E 44) A 45) D 46) D 47) A 48) B 49) C 50) C 51) B 52) E 53) D 54) E 55) B 56) D 57) A 58) D 59) E 60) D 61) A 62) B 63) D 64) D 65) A 66) B 67) B Version 1

68) D 69) E 70) C 71) B 72) B 73) D 74) A 75) B 76) C 77) C 78) E 79) D 80) C 81) E 82) A 83) B 84) C 85) C 86) B 87) B 88) E 89) A 90) D 91) C 92) A 93) A 94) D 95) B 96) TRUE 97) TRUE Version 1

98) FALSE 99) TRUE 100) FALSE 101) FALSE 102) FALSE 103) FALSE 104) FALSE 105) FALSE 106) FALSE 107) FALSE 108) FALSE 109) FALSE 110) FALSE 111) TRUE 112) TRUE 113) FALSE 114) TRUE 115) FALSE

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CHAPTER 4 1) Elliot owns a landscaping firm. He believes that employees who carefully follow instructions and a well-written manual of procedures tend to have maximum productivity. He closely oversees the work of his employees and controls the timing, scheduling, and sequencing of work activities. He discourages any deviation from the landscaping practices and design principles his firm has used for decades. How will this affect the job satisfaction of employees working in Elliot's firm? Do you agree with his views?

2) Agustin has been working as a technical service representative for Cumulus Tech, a company that provides cloud-based security software, for two years. His duties and responsibilities include providing a technical assistance to end users, preparing reports on product problems encountered, selling additional products, and soliciting customer feedback. During a performance review meeting with his manager, Agustin mentions that he finds his job to be very monotonous. Discuss how his manager could use job enrichment to deal with this situation.

Definejob satisfaction. What is the current trend in satisfaction levels for workers?

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4) Definemoods. Briefly summarize the different moods in which people sometimes find themselves. Give an example of a mood you or someone you know felt recently.

5) Defineemotions. Identify five positive and five negative emotions. Give examples of two strong emotions you felt recently. What caused these emotions? Who were they directed at? How did you handle these emotions?

6) Why is it important for restaurant servers, flight attendants, and retail salespeople to be able to control their emotions? Discuss the importance of emotional labor. Support your answer with examples.

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7) While learning about the value-percept theory in their organizational behavior class, two students (Austin and Yasmine) decide to apply the theory to their current jobs. Both students complain about their jobs to each other and are interested to see who has “the worst job.” They agree to figure their total job satisfaction score and compare them during the next class period. They also agree to a rating system using the numbers ranging from 1 to 5, with 1 being low importance and 5 being high importance and to rate each element honestly.

How is job satisfaction related to life satisfaction? Provide two examples.

What is the JDI? Discuss the developers' suggestions regarding the administration of JDI.

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10) A prestigious environmental nonprofit group is currently hiring for a middle-management position in its marketing and website development department. The pay is lower than comparable levels of the same position in the business environment, but the salary is not bad. The nonprofit tends to recruit outsiders for upper-level positions, which are easily filled by applicants with the credentials and motivation to make a name for themselves. Even though volunteers are applauded for their work more than employees, most employees are dedicated and generally exhibit pleasant dispositions. The offices are neat, tidy, and comfortable, with a well-lit parking lot and a bustling atmosphere. The organization does a poor job of using workers’ skills, assigning tasks regardless of ability. Upper management tends to micromanage, which hinders output at times. There are three applicants interested in the middle-management position. The first is a recent college graduate who likes his current job and current supervisor but would like to add this job to his résumé. The second applicant worked, until recently, as a middle manager in the fast-food industry but is currently desperate for a job, any job. The final applicant is currently in upper management in the business sector but wishes to work her preretirement years at a slower pace, and the organization’s focus is a personal interest of hers. Which specific values will the position satisfy for each applicant? Predict which applicant will find the most satisfaction and stay the longest in the position if hired. Support your prediction.

11) ________ is a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences. A) Job development B) Life satisfaction C) Emotional labor D) Job satisfaction E) Organizational growth

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12) The results of surveys of common work values can be broken down into several general categories. Those general categories include which of the following sets of items? A) Promotions, altruism, and status B) Equity and equality C) Meaningfulness of work, responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of results D) Identity, autonomy, and feedback E) Joy, pride, hope, and compassion

13)

Workplace surveys suggest that satisfied employees are becoming A) less common. B) more widespread. C) less expensive. D) less productive. E) more complacent.

14)

Values are defined as

A) those things that people consciously or subconsciously want to seek or attain. B) pleasurable emotional states resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences. C) a set of shared attitudes, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, an organization, or a group. D) processes that elicit, control, and sustain certain behaviors. E) the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual.

15) Kiko accepted a position with Creative Solutions because she knows the company has won many awards. Which of the following work value categories does Kiko’s choice relate to?

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A) Supervision B) Coworkers C) Pay D) Promotions E) Status

16) When employees' specific values are comfort and safety, which general category of work values would be most important to them? A) Status B) Pay C) Environment D) Promotion E) Supervision

17)

Which of the following is a specific value related to the work itself? A) High salary B) Good supervisory relations C) Intellectual stimulation D) Enjoyable coworkers E) Power over others

18) Dominic is a psychologist who is passionate about helping children with emotional difficulties. He offers free counseling at a community family center during the weekends. Judging from this, which of the following work value categories would be important for Dominic?

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A) Status B) Environment C) Pay D) Altruism E) Supervision

19) Rosaria, an art director for an advertising company, has been an overachiever throughout her career. She enjoys the intellectual stimulation she has at work. She feels her work allows her to use her creativity and artistic skills to their full potential. Which of the following work value categories is important to Rosaria? A) Status B) Work itself C) Coworkers D) Altruism E) Supervision

20) Which of the following theories argues that job satisfaction depends on whether employees perceive that their job supplies the things that they value? A) Maslow's theory B) Job characteristics theory C) Value-percept theory D) Job withdrawal theory E) Emotional contagion theory

21) According to the value-percept theory, in which of the following scenarios would the employee be the most dissatisfied?

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A) Curtis wants to work with people, so he took a job at a library. He didn’t realize most of his hours would be spent sorting returned items and shelving books. B) Laura wants to focus on scientific research. In her job for Lako Chemical, about half of her time involves research and the rest involves meetings. C) Nargis wants to work with her hands. As a carpenter, she works with her hands for the majority of her workday. D) Lorenzo likes physical activity and taking risks. His job as an acrobat involves both of these elements, but he also spends time interacting with audience members. E) Rokas likes helping people who are less fortunate, so he took a job as a social worker. Although he spends hours helping people, he dislikes his hour-long commute.

22) You want a job that is creative and pays well, but you are also concerned with the work environment. Based on the concept of supervision satisfaction, which of the following supervisor descriptions would likely result in the most desirable job? A) The supervisor provides regular pay raises and seems unlikable. B) The supervisor provides little technical support and seems like a nice person. C) The supervisor allows several sick days and seems surly. D) The supervisor encourages innovative ideas and has a friendly attitude. E) The supervisor seems open to new ideas and has a cold personality.

23)

Which of the following scenarios deals with satisfaction with the work itself? A) Ximena is happy with her job because she just became a department head. B) Piotr enjoys his job because he regularly faces new challenges. C) Lotte likes her job mainly because a coworker has become a close friend. D) Santiago enjoys his job because his boss is so easy to get along with. E) Krystyna is happy with her job because it’s a fast-track to the top.

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24) According to the value-percept theory, the relation between dissatisfaction, value (importance), and value (want) is given by the following: A) Dissatisfaction = (Vwant - Vperceive) × (Vimportance) B) Dissatisfaction = (Vwant - Vhave)/(Vimportance) C) Dissatisfaction = (Vwant - Vhave)^(Vimportance) D) Dissatisfaction = (Vwant - Vhave) × (Vimportance) E) Dissatisfaction = (Vwant - Vperceive)/(Vimportance)

25)

Which of the following is true regarding value-percept theory? A) Value-percept theory describes the central characteristics of intrinsically satisfying

jobs. B) Value-percept theory implies that perceptions of the work environment are unrelated to job satisfaction. C) Value-percept theory suggests that people evaluate job satisfaction according to specific “facets” of the job. D) Value-percept theory suggests that satisfied employees are becoming more and more rare. E) Value-percept theory implies that moral causes and gaining fame and prestige are relevant in all jobs.

26) When it comes to pay satisfaction, most employees base their desired pay on their job duties and A) the potential for promotions. B) their basic needs. C) their status. D) the pay received by their superiors. E) the pay received by comparable colleagues.

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27) Eliska is well established as a financial analyst at the Magnify Investment Company. She has significant financial responsibility for her family, and she has recently applied for a mortgage. Which of the following work value categories would likely be important to her? A) Altruism B) Pay C) Status D) Achievement E) Environment

28)

The facet of job satisfaction called promotion involves A) more responsibility and increased work hours. B) the level of pay an employee receives. C) how pleasant and safe the workplace is. D) the opportunity to measure oneself against others. E) how well an employee gets along with colleagues.

29)

Which of the following statements is not true of promotion?

A) Promotion satisfaction refers to employees’ feeling about the company’s promotion policies and their execution. B) Promotion satisfaction includes whether promotions are frequent, fair, and based on ability. C) Promotions may provide more money but will likely also require more responsibility. D) Every employee seeks frequent promotions. E) Promotions may provide more money but may also require increased work hours.

30)

Which of the following statements is true regarding coworker satisfaction?

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A) Coworker satisfaction leads to lowered productivity. B) Coworker satisfaction requires that all employees of the same level be promoted at the same intervals. C) Coworker satisfaction increases if employees take part in annual reviews of each other’s work. D) Coworker satisfaction does not contribute much to overall job satisfaction. E) Coworker satisfaction is important because employees spend considerable time with coworkers.

31) Out of the five facets of the value-percept theory, which facet focuses on what employees actually do? A) The work itself B) Pay C) Promotion D) Supervision E) Coworkers

32) Saki, Jake, and Tamar have different ideas about what makes a job satisfying. They all work for a nonprofit relief agency and travel to areas where disasters have occurred to render assistance to victims. The pay is not high, and there can be extreme health risks because contagious diseases often break out in disaster zones due to the resulting poor sanitation. Their coworkers are friendly, intelligent, and generally nice. Saki feels strongly that she wants to be able to make a difference and help people when they are in trouble. Jake worries deeply about expenses. He has a large load of student debt to pay off, and his wife is expecting their second child. Tamar tolerates teamwork but isn't thrilled by it, and she also has mild anxiety about germs. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

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A) Saki has the highest level of job satisfaction. B) They all have essentially equal levels of job satisfaction. C) None of them are likely to have high job satisfaction. D) Jake has the highest level of job satisfaction. E) Tamar has the highest level of job satisfaction.

33) Saki, Jake, and Tamar have different ideas about what makes a job satisfying. They all work for a nonprofit relief agency and travel to areas where disasters have occurred to render assistance to victims. The pay is not high, and there can be extreme health risks because contagious diseases often break out in disaster zones due to the resulting poor sanitation. Their coworkers are friendly, intelligent, and generally nice. Saki feels strongly that she wants to be able to make a difference and help people when they are in trouble. Jake worries deeply about expenses. He has a large load of student debt to pay off, and he and his spouse have two children. Tamar tolerates teamwork but isn't thrilled by it, and she also has mild anxiety about germs. Which of the following statements is most likely true? A) Jake most likely has the lowest job satisfaction. B) Saki most likely has the lowest job satisfaction. C) Jake most likely has the highest job satisfaction. D) They all have low levels of job satisfaction. E) None of them has a low level of job satisfaction.

34) Of the five facets of value-percept theory, if job satisfaction had to increase to a large extent, which facet should be given high priority for improvement? A) Pay satisfaction B) Promotion satisfaction C) Supervision satisfaction D) Coworker satisfaction E) Satisfaction with the work itself

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35) According to research, of the five facets of value-percept theory, which two facets have moderate (as opposed to strong) correlations with overall job satisfaction? A) Pay satisfaction and promotion satisfaction B) Promotion satisfaction and coworker satisfaction C) Supervision satisfaction and altruism D) Coworker satisfaction and supervision satisfaction E) Satisfaction with the work itself and promotion satisfaction

36) The psychological state that reflects the degree to which work tasks are viewed as something that “counts” in the employee's system of philosophies and beliefs is known as A) responsibility for outcomes. B) knowledge of results. C) meaningfulness of work. D) variety. E) identity.

37)

Which of the following is true about knowledge of results?

A) It captures the degree to which employees feel that they are key drivers of the quality of the unit's work. B) It reflects the extent to which employees know how well (or how poorly) they are doing. C) It reflects the degree to which work tasks are viewed as something that “counts” in the employee's system of philosophies. D) It captures the degree to which employees feel like their efforts do not really matter because work outcomes are dictated by effective procedures. E) It implies that trivial tasks tend to be less satisfying than tasks that make employees feel like they're aiding the organization in some meaningful way.

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38)

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the core job characteristic of variety? A) Dmitri has to constantly perform before an audience that lets him know how he is

doing. B) Anastasia has to spend most of her time out of the office, during which she supervises herself. C) Mariya has to formulate policies that affect thousands of her constituents. D) Ivan has to track a project all the way from conception to implementation. E) Maxim has to answer the phone, provide tours, write reports, and make appointments.

39)

Which of the following examples of work involves the core job characteristic of identity?

A) Min-jun took two years to write a novel, from starting the first draft to getting it published. B) Malik works as a jack-of-all-trades, which includes carpentry, plumbing, and yard work. C) Harry spends most of his day driving from place to place, trying to sell appliances. D) Joan works as a therapist rehabilitating accident victims so they can walk again. E) Diego requires little supervision for his office work because it involves standardized forms.

40)

Which of the following examples shows feedback obtained directly from the job?

A) As a scientist, Zoran receives monthly feedback from his manager about his research. B) As a business executive, Ignas receives feedback from his supervisor twice a year. C) As a politician, Gabila constantly receives feedback from her constituents through email and phone calls. D) As a factory worker, Robert receives feedback from the factory owner via his floor boss at regular intervals. E) As a teacher, Lucinda receives feedback from the principal after each semester.

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41)

Which of the following scenarios shows high growth need strength?

A) Fleur knows she might be up for a promotion because of her good performance at work, but she thinks she might refuse the promotion because she enjoys her current work so much. B) Thijs knows refusing to work overtime will lessen his chance at a promotion, but spending time with his family is more important. C) Although Barry’s job as a mail carrier doesn't pay well, he is satisfied because he enjoys spending so much time outside. D) Although Edouard dislikes some aspects of his job as a quality-control manager, he knows other jobs are worse and so decides to stay put. E) Although pleased that she works as a script reader with Flying High Films, Maria Fernanda wants to become one of the top scriptwriters in Hollywood.

42) Many organizations have employed job characteristics theory to help improve satisfaction among their employees. The first step in this process is assessing the current level of the characteristics to arrive at A) a knowledge of results. B) an active events theory. C) a satisfaction potential score. D) a level of emotional contagion. E) a level of life satisfaction.

43) Farragut Industries wants to promote job enrichment for its employees across all its divisions. Which of the following is an example of putting that in practice?

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A) After talking with upper management, Joud's supervisor explained to her why Joud can't have more autonomy. B) After talking to a friend, Ghena spent more personal time traveling to make up for her lack of autonomy at work. C) After reading a motivational book, Karam rearranged his meeting schedule to allow for more autonomy. D) After talking with coworkers, Emma demanded that her manager give her more autonomy. E) After consulting with job design consultants, Cheng-En's manager gave him more autonomy.

44) Managers at HomeStyle, a company that produces custom-ordered furniture, believe in providing continuous feedback to employees regarding their work. Newly hired employees are assigned an established employee to shadow for three months. The established employee also reviews the new employee’s work and provides tips on improving productivity. In this example, the firm is addressing which of the following critical psychological states that make work satisfying for employees? A) Responsibility for outcomes B) Identity C) Meaningfulness of work D) Variety E) Knowledge of results

45) Lethabo is the marketing manager at BlueSky Concepts, a management consulting firm. His calendar is filled with meetings with heads of companies, phone calls with prospective employees, interviews with business magazines, presentations and seminars in different countries, and the like. Lethabo feels that every workday he has something different to do, and he is rarely bored with his job. According to the job characteristics theory, which of the following is true about Lethabo's job?

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A) It has high moral significance. B) It has low autonomy. C) It has low labor equity. D) It has high variety. E) It has high identity.

46) Sean is a gas station employee whose job consists of ringing up customers who don’t pay at the pump. Which of the following statements is true about Sean's job? A) It has high moral significance. B) It has low variety. C) It has low stability. D) It has high utilization of ability. E) It has high identity.

47) According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which the job requires completing a whole, identifiable piece of work from beginning to end with a visible outcome is known as A) responsibility for outcomes. B) knowledge of results. C) significance. D) variety. E) identity.

48) Takiyah works at Mercy Hospital. Her job requires her to spend eight hours a day making appointments for patients who need diagnostic tests. Takiyah's job is characterized by

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A) high autonomy. B) high variety. C) high identity. D) high significance. E) low variety.

49) Mehmet was recently hired at Brainstorm Inc., an advertising firm. Part of his training involves moving through all of the departments and learning what each one does. Every day is something new for him and requires him to use different skills and knowledge. He truly enjoys the challenge of facing something new every workday. Mehmet's job is characterized by A) low autonomy. B) high variety. C) high identity. D) high status and power. E) low utilization of ability.

50) Hans is an interior designer who works with an architect who builds unique, private luxury homes. Hans is responsible for coming up with the acoustics, lighting, temperature, color, furniture, furnishings, and moldings inside the home, as well as supervising the purchases and installation of materials. He enjoys transforming interior spaces into a unified whole that conveys the personality of the residents who will live there. Hans's job has A) low autonomy. B) low variety. C) high identity. D) high monotony. E) low utilization of ability.

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51) Dahiyais the administrator of a training program that helps low-income urban residents prepare for high-paying jobs in the technology field. Since the program began, 70 percent of its graduates have found positions that increased their income substantially. According to the job characteristics theory, Dahiya's job has a high degree of A) variety. B) significance. C) autonomy. D) identity. E) feedback.

52) According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which a job provides freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual performing the work is known as A) feedback. B) significance. C) meaningfulness of work. D) autonomy. E) identity.

53) According to job characteristics theory, which of the following responsibilities can be described as part of an autonomous job? A) Having a strict schedule B) Using your own procedures C) Using methods proscribed by your manager D) Following the instruction manual word for word E) Adhering to the way things have always been done

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54) When your job provides ________, you view the outcomes of it as the product of your efforts rather than the result of careful instructions from your boss or a well-written manual of procedures. A) feedback B) autonomy C) variety D) significance E) identity

55) Luca is a psychologist who has the freedom to set his own schedule with clients. This indicates that Luca's job has A) low identity. B) low significance. C) high autonomy. D) high significance. E) high variety.

56) According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which carrying out the activities required by a job provides employees with clear information about how well they are performing is known as A) feedback. B) significance. C) meaningfulness of work. D) autonomy. E) identity.

57) In job characteristics theory, the degree to which employees have a strong need for personal accomplishment or developing themselves beyond their current level is known as Version 1

A) feedback. B) significance. C) growth need strength. D) autonomy. E) identity.

58) Employees are engaged in ________ when they shape, mold, and redefine their job in a proactive way A) job crafting B) job enrichment C) job enlargement D) perception testing E) satisfaction remodeling

59) Although Miguel works for a local company as a painter and wallpaper installer, he wants to eventually open his own interior decorating firm that offers a wider range of services. According to job characteristics theory, Miguel has a high degree of A) the need for power. B) altruism. C) agreeableness. D) growth need strength. E) status.

60) When the duties and responsibilities associated with a job are expanded by the employer to provide more variety, identity, and autonomy, it is termed as

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A) vertical integration. B) job enrichment. C) onboarding. D) job coaching. E) job crafting.

61) Which of the following statements is true regarding the scoring and interpretation of a satisfaction potential score? A) If your score is 100 or above, your work tasks tend to be satisfying and enjoyable. B) If your score is 120 or below, you might benefit from taking on more challenging assignments. C) If your score is 75 or above, your work tasks tend to be satisfying and enjoyable. D) If your score is 130 or below, you might benefit from taking on more challenging assignments. E) If your score is 150 or above, your work tasks tend to be satisfying and enjoyable.

62)

Which of the following demonstrates how day-to-day events can affect job satisfaction?

A) After receiving news of his mother's illness, Baltasar became stressed about the deadlines of his job. B) After going to lunch, Birta continued to enjoy her work assignment. C) After talking about his baseball team to a coworker, Onni bought game tickets during his afternoon break. D) After talking to her manager, Venia realized she could finish her work by the deadline. E) After planning the project for months, Victor finally received the go ahead.

63) Over the course of a week, various coworkers confide in you about their states of feeling. Which of the following scenarios are you most likely to characterize as a mood?

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A) After his team missed a deadline, Hector felt out of sorts at work for the entire afternoon. B) Although she doesn't know why, Marietta felt intense anger at Phil during the meeting. C) For some unknown reason, Bart felt vaguely anxious at work for days. D) After learning that she won a sweepstake, Lupe felt overjoyed during a long, boring meeting. E) Because she worked long hours, Kristen felt giddy and found everything funny.

64) People often describe flow as being “in the zone” and report heightened states of clarity, control, and concentration. In which of the following scenarios would the person involved most likely experience a flow state? A) Ibuki stands at a machine, punching out the same parts day after day. B) Jorge enjoys research, even though his present research task is not demanding. C) Mark has been trying to create a good project proposal, but he feels out of his depth. D) Leslie has been using her skills to write a proposal for a project that will be challenging. E) Louise has been stamping envelopes for hours, a task she finds repetitive and boring.

65) Leo is making a presentation on the affective events theory to his management team. Which of the following examples should he use as a demonstration? A) Although Alikahn dealt with a difficult patron, his overall sense of well-being persisted. B) After he received a critical email from his boss, Miras simmered with anger for the rest of the day. C) After Isabella talked to her friend, she continued to work intensely on her assignment. D) Although Eileen received a compliment from her boss, her vague unease about the project continued. E) Although Dylan did not contribute to the meeting, he still liked working for his employer.

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66) States of feeling that are often mild in intensity, last for an extended period of time, and are not explicitly directed at or caused by anything are known as A) emotions. B) satisfaction. C) moods. D) withdrawal symptoms. E) personality traits.

67)

Moods can be categorized by A) feelings and schemas. B) classical conditioning and operant conditioning. C) cognition and affect. D) pleasantness and activation. E) emotions and cognition.

68) Jolanda has been feeling impatient with her coworkers for weeks, but she doesn't know exactly why she has this feeling. What type of mood is she experiencing? A) Engaged B) Pleasant C) Deactivated D) Unpleasant E) Intense

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69) Thato, Ellis, and Amahle have just finished a team project and are waiting for their supervisor's feedback. Thato is not satisfied with the team he is working with and has hostile feelings toward them. He feels annoyed because they procrastinated their parts of the assignment until the last minute, and now he is feeling nervous that their sections will be filled with errors. How would you describe Thato’s mood? A) Intense negative B) Intense positive C) Intense deactivated D) Unpleasant deactivated E) Pleasant deactivated

70) Novak, Rafael, and Erikahave just finished a team project and are waiting for their supervisor's feedback. Erikahad ensured that the project was completed on time and met all the requirements. She received good feedback on the part she worked on. She is elated and enthusiastic about her future projects. Her mood would be labeled as A) intense negative. B) intense deactivated. C) unpleasant deactivated. D) intense positive. E) pleasant deactivated.

71) Jamie, Patrick, and Lori have just finished a team project and are waiting for their supervisor's feedback. Patrick has been mostly unengaged and quiet ever since the project started. While this was not his best work, his work would not be considered bad. Patrick’s mood would be categorized as

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A) intense negative. B) intense positive. C) deactivated. D) negative activated. E) positive activated.

72)

Which of the following combinations is most likely to result in flow? A) High skill and high challenge B) Low altruism and low identity C) High altruism and high identity D) Low activation and high pleasantness E) High autonomy and low growth need

73)

Emotions can be categorized into A) structured and unstructured. B) cognition and affect. C) schemas and rules. D) positive and negative. E) semi-structured and unstructured.

74) Which of the following emotions is a reaction to a distressing condition that has changed for the better?

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A) Pride B) Hope C) Relief D) Compassion E) Love

75) Which of the following statements concerning emotional labor and emotional contagion is true? A) Service employees are trained to act like they are emotionally neutral on their job. B) Service jobs require employees to act spontaneously even when they don't want to. C) Negative emotions can be transferred to both coworkers and customers. D) Customer service employees are discouraged from engaging in emotional labor. E) Bottling up emotions helps prevent angry outbursts against customers.

76)

Which of the following is true regarding emotions? A) Failing to live up to your ideal self is termed as guilt, a negative emotion. B) Emotions are directed at someone or some circumstance. C) Enhancement of identity by taking credit for achievement is a negative emotion. D) Revulsion aroused by something offensive is a shame. E) Being moved by another's situation is a negative emotion.

77)

According to the affective events theory,

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A) emotions need to be concealed at the workplace. B) emotions are independent of job satisfaction, which depends on rational analysis. C) emotions can trigger spontaneous behavior. D) employees feel like their efforts do not really matter when work evaluation is dictated by affective procedures. E) an employee will have high supervisor satisfaction if the supervisor is likeable.

78) Shari works at a fast-food restaurant, which requires her always to be cheerful even when customers are rude or impatient. Shari's job involves a large amount of A) emotional labor. B) deactivated moods. C) emotional contagion. D) mood swings. E) flow immersion.

79)

When the emotions of one person affect the emotions of another person, it is called A) attachment. B) engagement. C) emotional contagion. D) empathy. E) emotional labor.

80)

Job satisfaction has a ________ correlation with task performance.

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A) relatively weak B) strong positive C) moderate positive D) relatively strong E) weak negative

81) In which of the following scenarios would the person involved most likely experience life satisfaction? A) Jessica stays in her job as a housekeeper because her education doesn’t qualify her for anything else. B) Berto keeps working for his company because of its generous benefits package. C) Mohammed enjoys his coworkers at the lube shop, but he finds doing oil changes boring. D) Filippo enjoys serving as a politician because of the influence he has on government policy. E) Eleni likes being a dog walker because she enjoys animals, but she dislikes her low pay.

82)

Which of the following statements is true?

A) People who experience lower levels of job satisfaction tend to feel higher levels of affective commitment. B) Job satisfaction is weakly correlated with affective commitment. C) Job satisfaction is moderately correlated with citizenship behavior. D) Job satisfaction is weakly correlated with normative commitment. E) Job satisfaction has a weak positive effect on job performance.

83)

Job satisfaction has a ________ correlation with counterproductive behavior.

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A) moderate negative B) strong negative C) moderate positive D) weak positive E) strong positive

84)

Job satisfaction has a ________ correlation with affective commitment. A) moderate weak B) strong positive C) moderate D) weak positive E) weak negative

85) Research shows that job satisfaction has a ________ correlation with normative commitment. A) moderate weak B) moderate C) strong positive D) weak positive E) weak negative

86) Job satisfaction is positively correlated with ________ and negatively correlated with ________.

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A) organizational commitment; counterproductive behavior B) counterproductive behavior; performance C) performance; organizational commitment D) performance; equity E) equity; organizational commitment

87)

A person with________ job satisfaction will tend to have high life satisfaction. A) weak B) high C) moderate D) high negative E) low positive

88)

Which of the following statements about life satisfaction is true?

A) Job satisfaction is negatively correlated with life satisfaction. B) It is the degree to which employees feel a sense of happiness with coworkers. C) Research shows that life satisfaction is one of the strongest predictors of job satisfaction. D) Increases in job satisfaction have a stronger impact on life satisfaction than do increases in salary. E) If we want to feel better about our lives, we need to find a way to care less about our jobs.

89) Jattestor Enterprises administered the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) to all its employees and then shared the results with department heads. Afterward, which of the following department heads acted most appropriately?

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A) Tom implemented several reforms based on the results. B) Yousef held a meeting with his team to explain why he disagreed with the results. C) Mia issued a memorandum saying why she disagreed with the results. D) Calli wrote up a plan for changes to be made but then procrastinated on implementing it. E) Raoul followed up by conducting another survey in his department only.

90) ________ are usually the most accurate and most effective in assessing the job satisfaction of nonmanagerial employees. A) Attitude surveys B) Interviews C) Focus groups D) Questionnaires E) Discussions

91) ________ can provide a “snapshot” of how satisfied the workforce is and, if repeated over time, reveal trends in satisfaction levels. A) Focus groups B) Structured interviews C) Attitude surveys D) Focus groups followed by interviews E) Unstructured interviews

92) Futuro Consulting offers jobs that require innovative thinking and hires people who are enthusiastic and friendly. Its pay scale meets the industry norm but does not exceed it, and managers tend to stay at the same job level for a long time. In which of the following areas would Futuro Consulting score low on in a JDI survey?

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A) Pay satisfaction and promotion satisfaction. B) Pay satisfaction and work itself satisfaction. C) Promotion satisfaction and coworker satisfaction. D) Work itself satisfaction and coworker satisfaction. E) Work itself satisfaction and supervisor satisfaction.

93)

Which of the following statements about the JDI is true?

A) JDI is written in a complex style and needs a manual to understand. B) JDI is one of the least administered job satisfaction surveys. C) JDI should require participants to identify themselves so the company can verify it is receiving honest feedback. D) JDI recommends surveying a small portion of a company. E) JDI allows for within-organization comparisons to determine which departments have the highest satisfaction levels and which have the lowest.

94) The ________ assesses satisfaction with pay, promotion, supervision, and coworkers, as well as satisfaction with the work itself. A) Employee Motivation Index B) Job Descriptive Index C) Job Satisfaction Index D) Employee Characteristics Index E) Employee Satisfaction Index

95)

The JDI includes a companion survey, the JIG scale, that assesses

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A) altruism. B) job significance. C) overall job satisfaction. D) mental well-being. E) leadership potential.

96) Research shows that employees with low job satisfaction experience strong positive feelings when they think about their duties or take part in their task activities. ⊚ ⊚

97)

true false

Values are those things that people consciously or subconsciously want to seek or attain. ⊚ ⊚

true false

98) The value-percept theory utilizes two conditions that are critical to triggering intense positive mood to measure job satisfaction. ⊚ ⊚

true false

99) The elements in employees' relationships with their supervisors that affect levels of job satisfaction are very different from the elements in employees' relationships with their coworkers that affect job satisfaction. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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100) Some employees do not want frequent promotions because promotions bring more responsibility and increased work hours. ⊚ ⊚

101) pay.

true false

Satisfaction with the work itself has less influence on overall job satisfaction than does ⊚ ⊚

true false

102) Meaningfulness of work captures the degree to which employees feel that they are key drivers of the quality of the unit's work. ⊚ ⊚

true false

103) Job characteristics theory argues that variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback result in high levels of the three psychological states (meaningfulness of work, responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of results), making work tasks more satisfying. ⊚ ⊚

true false

104) According to job characteristics theory, when an editor tells a writer about positive reader comments on an article, this high level of identity positively affects the writer’s job satisfaction. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

105) The moderate to strong positive correlations between the five core job characteristics and job satisfaction indicate that all employees want more variety and more autonomous and significant jobs. ⊚ ⊚

true false

106) Many employees can engage in job enrichment, where they shape, mold, and redefine their jobs in a proactive way. ⊚ ⊚

true false

107) States of feeling that are intense, last for a few hours, and are clearly directed at (and caused by) someone or some circumstance are termed moods. ⊚ ⊚

true false

108) A challenging assignment given to a knowledgeable and skilled person would be likely to trigger an intense positive mood. ⊚ ⊚

109)

true false

Passive recreation, such as chatting with friends, is likely to trigger a flow state. ⊚ ⊚

true false

110) Service jobs in which employees often make direct contact with customers are high in emotional labor. Version 1

⊚ ⊚

true false

111) Job satisfaction has a moderate positive effect on job performance and a strong positive effect on organizational commitment. ⊚ ⊚

true false

112) Job satisfaction is weakly correlated to life satisfaction, or the degree to which employees feel a sense of happiness with their lives. ⊚ ⊚

true false

113) The United States is not only the richest country on earth, but it also leads all the nations in levels of life satisfaction. ⊚ ⊚

true false

114) The developers of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) survey recommend that surveys in the organization not be anonymous so that managers can identify which employees are not satisfied and address their specific needs. ⊚ ⊚

true false

115) The JDI manual provides national norms for all facets and breaks down those norms according to relevant demographic groups.

Version 1

⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 04_8e_ Colquitt 11) D 12) A 13) A 14) A 15) E 16) C 17) C 18) D 19) B 20) C 21) A 22) D 23) B 24) D 25) C 26) E 27) B 28) A 29) D 30) E 31) A 32) A 33) A 34) E 35) A 36) C Version 1

37) B 38) E 39) A 40) C 41) E 42) C 43) E 44) E 45) D 46) B 47) E 48) E 49) B 50) C 51) B 52) D 53) B 54) B 55) C 56) A 57) C 58) A 59) D 60) B 61) E 62) A 63) C 64) D 65) B 66) C Version 1

67) D 68) D 69) A 70) D 71) C 72) A 73) D 74) C 75) C 76) B 77) C 78) A 79) C 80) C 81) D 82) C 83) A 84) B 85) C 86) A 87) B 88) D 89) A 90) A 91) C 92) A 93) E 94) B 95) C 96) FALSE Version 1

97) TRUE 98) FALSE 99) FALSE 100) TRUE 101) TRUE 102) FALSE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) FALSE 106) FALSE 107) FALSE 108) TRUE 109) FALSE 110) TRUE 111) TRUE 112) FALSE 113) FALSE 114) FALSE 115) TRUE

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CHAPTER 5 1)

Distinguish between a stressor and a strain and give one example of each.

Explain the transactional theory of stress.

3) Describe the nature of challenge stressors and give one example each of two different challenge stressors.

4) Brock works as an attorney at a corporate law firm. Because several of his colleagues recently resigned from the firm, he has had to take over extra responsibilities. His managing partner notices that Brock has started experiencing headaches regularly and has been calling in sick more frequently. What kind of strain is Brock experiencing? If you were his manager, what kind of coping mechanism would you prefer that he use to cope with the stress?

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Explain the four broad categories of coping and give an example of each.

6) Tina is a highly ambitious graphic designer. She has a constant sense of urgency and tends to be impatient with people who do not live up to her sense of perfection. Her general activity level is very high, and she sets high standards for herself work-wise. She puts much more effort into her work than other people do. What type of behavior pattern does she have? How would this influence her work? Are there any risks associated with her behavior pattern?

7) Explain the concept of presenteeism and describe the effects it has on workplace productivity.

8) Financial Co., a finance firm, plans to hire a psychological counselor to help employees cope with stress. The firm also holds relaxation trainings and plans to build a recreation room where employees can relax. The finance manager of the firm feels that these are unnecessary costs. How would you counter his argument?

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What is a stress audit? Explain how to reduce stressors and strains.

10) Organizations must help their employees cope with stress. List the various resources an organization can provide to help employees cope with stressors.

11)

Describe the practices that organizations use to reduce employee strains.

12) Which of the following is defined as a psychological response to demands for which there is something at stake and for when coping with those demands taxes or exceeds a person's capacity or resources?

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A) stressors B) Type A behavior C) strains D) stress E) Type B behavior

13)

Which of the following statements concerning stress is not true?

A) Different people experience the same levels of stress when confronted with the exact same situation. B) Stress is a psychological response to demands that tax or exceed a person’s capacity or resources. C) Negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed a person’s capacity or resources are called strains. D) A “stressed-out” feeling might be accompanied by headaches, stomach upsets, backaches, or sleeping difficulties. E) Demands that cause people to experience stress are called stressors.

14) First, the network went down, then the person in the next cubicle would not stop clearing their throat, and now Delia cannot find a sticky note when she needs one. Delia's head hurts, her shoulders are tense, and her back aches. Which of the following statements is true? A) Delia’s inability to find a sticky note is a strain, while her headache is a stressor. B) The network going down represents a stressor, while Delia’s backache is a strain. C) The person clearing their throat is a daily hassle, while Delia’s tense shoulders are a work outcome. D) The network going down is a work hassle, while Delia’s hurting head and back are daily outcomes. E) Delia’s difficulty finding a sticky note is a primary effect, while her tense shoulders are a secondary outcome.

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15) ________________are the negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed one's capacity or resources. A) Strains B) Daily hassles C) Time pressures D) Type A behavior E) Cognitive pressures

16) Nobuko is a customer service representative at Call Center Central. She thought a job answering phones all day would be easy, and at first it seemed to be. Over time, however, the large daily call volume and the number of angry or aggressive callers have made her edgy, and she finds herself being short with customers for no reason. She now has muscle spasms and gets headaches while at work. Nobuko’s physical symptoms are examples of A) poor decision making. B) personality quirks. C) stress reduction. D) stressors. E) strains.

17)

Which of the following best exemplifies a benign job demand?

A) The phone lines at the call center where Emily works go down at least five times a day, which makes it difficult for her to assist customers. B) Marlo has not been given clear instructions on how to prepare month-end marketing summary data and is worried about doing it wrong. C) Kaia is a school social worker, and due to budget cuts, she has been forced to shop for resources and tools on her own time and with her own money. D) Hugo, who fills orders for an online book distributor, has been told he needs to both increase the number of orders he fills per hour and reduce the number of errors he makes. E) Aaron works as a crane operator for a grocery store chain, and although it can be a challenge to load all the pallets onto trucks each night, he takes satisfaction in meeting the morning deadline.

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18)

The transactional theory of stress

A) instructs people how to categorize and cope with stressors. B) explains how stressors are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to those perceptions and appraisals. C) includes a primary appraisal (How can I cope?) and a secondary appraisal (Is this stressful?). D) differentiates between benign job duties and stressors. E) categorizes common stressors by occupation.

19)

The process of primary appraisal is triggered when A) people have had time to appraise a stressful demand. B) people try to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions. C) people first encounter stressors. D) people cannot adapt to a different stressor. E) people refuse to adopt a coping strategy.

20) Zahra has just started a new job stocking shelves at Home Mart. It is her first job after graduating from high school, and she hopes to save enough money in the first year to be able to move in with her partner. In her first week, she befriends two other new employees and finds the atmosphere of the store to be polite and sociable. At the end of her first week on the job, she checks the upcoming week’s work schedule only to discover that she is scheduled to have Monday and Thursday off instead of Tuesday and Friday as she had requested. She is disappointed because her partner has Tuesdays and Fridays off from her job as a bartender, and their conflicting schedules means she will not be able to see her much. The next week, she finds that she has Thursday and Saturday off, despite once again requesting Tuesday and Friday off. The week after that, she finds herself feeling anxious about going into the break room because she is reluctant to find out if her days off are again different from what she requested. According to what you know about the transactional theory of stress, what will be the next step Zahra takes?

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A) to ignore the problem and see if her partner can get her work schedule changed to match Zahra’s B) to call in sick on the days she wants to have off and try to pick up extra shifts to make up the difference C) to confront her manager and demand that her schedule match the schedule she has requested, or else she will quit D) to decide that no job is worth that kind of hassle and immediately look for a new job that offers a more desirable, fixed schedule E) to realize the importance of spending time with her partner and understand that a variable work schedule will negatively impact her personal life

21)

Job demands that tend not to be appraised as stressful are called A) benign job demands. B) work responsibilities. C) work complexity. D) daily hassles. E) personal development.

22) Ajani works as a sales assistant for an office furniture dealer. His daily job duties include data entry, sending invoices, and scheduling appointments for sales representatives. This suite of tasks, when they are not overly taxing or exceeding his capacity, are called A) benign job demands. B) primary appraisals. C) Type A activities. D) stressors. E) strains.

23)

Which of the following is an example of a strain?

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A) Sylvia leaves her shift early as a result of low customer turnout. B) Amrita develops insomnia while trying to meet a coding deadline. C) Dario clocks in late to his retail sales job after a night of partying. D) Vandaya works a second job to save up money for college. E) Ahmed sits alone on his lunch hour and reads a book.

24) ________ are stressful demands that are perceived as impeding progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment. A) Challenge stressors B) Time pressures C) Family time demands D) Hindrance stressors E) Work complexities

25) ________ are stressful demands that are perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement. A) Challenge stressors B) Daily hassles C) Role conflicts D) Hindrance stressors E) Work–family conflicts

26) Which of the following stressors is likely to trigger negative emotions such as anxiety and anger?

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A) work complexity B) personal development C) work responsibility D) time pressure E) daily hassles

27) ________ is a work hindrance stressor that occurs from incompatible demands within a single role that a person may hold. A) Time pressure B) Daily hassles C) Role overload D) Role ambiguity E) Role conflict

28)

Role overload refers to a work hindrance stressor that occurs

A) from incompatible demands within a single role that a person may hold. B) when there is a lack of information about what needs to be done in a role. C) when the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high the person cannot perform some or all of the roles effectively. D) when minor day-to-day demands get in the way of accomplishing things that a person really wants to accomplish. E) when there is a strong sense that the amount of time a person has to do a task is not enough.

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29) Alejandro hires Leona as a new sales coordinator at Rainproof Outdoor Gear after the previous coordinator quit unexpectedly. After Leona completes orientation, Alejandro needs her to quickly plan an upcoming sales meeting for all of the company’s field sales representatives, who will be gathering at the office in a week to go over the new product line. Despite the fact that her predecessor did little planning for the meeting before she left, Leona wants to make a good impression and begins to prepare the meeting even though she has never planned one before. Three days before the meeting, Alejandro observes Leona in a conference room pacing back and forth and wearing a slightly dazed expression as she shuffles papers around on the table. It is obvious to Alejandro that she is trying to block out meeting rooms for each sales group, determine the duration of each presentation, and figure out what kinds of equipment and materials will be needed in each room. When he asks if she needs help, Leona smiles and says, “Nope! I’ve got it all under control.” However, Alejandro can tell she is struggling to get things right. Based on what you know about the different types of work hindrance stressors, what should Alejandro do to help lessen Leona’s stressors? A) Explain to Leona the basic requirements for the meetings and provide her with the expected times and locations needed for each group presentation. B) Take Leona off the project and give it someone with more experience in planning meetings, allowing Leona to observe and take notes. C) Avoid interfering and let Leona continue to struggle her way through the task so that she profits from learning by doing. D) Step in and plan the meeting himself to ensure that things go smoothly and productivity is not compromised. E) Hire a temp to cover Leona’s regular duties so that she has more time to devote to planning the meetings.

30) Hana is working as the head of international marketing at Moose Tracks Distillery. Her work requires her to travel extensively and meet customers in various countries. However, Hana’s role also requires her to mentor several marketing data specialists assigned to her and keep track of their progress. Because Hana stays away from her office most of the time, she finds it difficult to manage both types of work responsibilities. Hana faces which of the following challenges?

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A) role complexities B) role conflict C) role penetration D) role ambiguity E) role enrichment

31) Kwame, Rosalinda, and Sven work at Security First Trust and National Reserve, a medium-sized bank with 240 branches in eight states. Kwame works as a teller. Rosalinda works as one of five regional supervisors, each of whom is expected to supervise a team of tellers. Kwame recently received instructions from his supervisor that all tellers will be evaluated on the number of people they assist at their window per day. Serving more customers means higher performance effectiveness. However, Kwame is also expected to follow the bank's number-one goal of customer satisfaction. Rosalinda is facing her own challenges. Two of the regional supervisors suddenly left the bank for other opportunities, resulting in a significant increase in work responsibility and time pressure for Rosalinda and the remaining two supervisors. Just two days before the two regional supervisors quit, the bank hired Sven as a supervisor trainee. With the bank suddenly short-handed, Sven was asked to take up all the responsibilities of a regional supervisor. He has been given very few instructions or guidelines about how things are supposed to be done. Instead, the bank expects him to learn on the job. In this scenario, Kwame is facing which type of stressor? A) work enlargement B) work hindrance C) work enrichment D) work challenge E) work complexity

32)

Which of the following statements concerning the four main types of stressors is true?

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A) Hindrance stressors are demands perceived as opportunities for growth and achievement. B) Hindrance stressors trigger negative emotions. C) A negative life event is a work challenge stressor. D) Challenge stressors are demands perceived as hindering progress toward goal attainment. E) Time pressure is a work hindrance stressor.

33) Kwame, Rosalinda, and Sven work at Security First Trust and National Reserve, a medium-sized bank with 240 branches in eight states. Kwame works as a teller. Rosalinda works as one of five regional supervisors, each of whom is expected to supervise a team of tellers. Kwame recently received instructions from his supervisor that all tellers will be evaluated on the number of people they assist at their window per day. Serving more customers means higher performance effectiveness. However, Kwame is also expected to follow the bank’s number-one goal of customer satisfaction. Rosalinda is facing her own challenges. Two of the regional supervisors suddenly left the bank for other opportunities, resulting in a significant increase in work responsibility and time pressure for Rosalinda and the remaining two supervisors. Just two days before the two regional supervisors quit, the bank hired Sven as a supervisor trainee. With the bank suddenly short-handed, Sven was asked to take up all the responsibilities of a regional supervisor. He has been given very few instructions or guidelines about how things are supposed to be done. Instead, the bank expects him to learn on the job. In this scenario, Sven is encountering stress resulting from A) work complexity. B) role conflict. C) role ambiguity. D) negative life events. E) daily hassles.

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34) Kwame, Rosalinda, and Sven work at Security First Trust and National Reserve, a medium-sized bank with 240 branches in eight states. Kwame works as a teller. Rosalinda works as one of five regional supervisors, each of whom is expected to supervise a team of tellers. Kwame recently received instructions from his supervisor that all tellers will be evaluated on the number of people they assist at their window per day. Serving more customers means higher performance effectiveness. However, Kwame is also expected to follow the bank’s number-one goal of customer satisfaction. Rosalinda is facing her own challenges. Two of the regional supervisors suddenly left the bank for other opportunities, resulting in a significant increase in work responsibility and time pressure for Rosalinda and the remaining two supervisors. Just two days before the two regional supervisors quit, the bank hired Sven as a supervisor trainee. With the bank suddenly short-handed, Sven was asked to take up all the responsibilities of a regional supervisor. He has been given very few instructions or guidelines about how things are supposed to be done. Instead, the bank expects him to learn on the job. In this scenario, Rosalinda is facing which type of stressor? A) nonwork challenge B) benign work demands C) work hindrance D) work challenge E) nonwork hindrance

35)

Which of these is a work challenge stressor? A) time pressure B) daily hassles C) role overload D) role ambiguity E) role conflict

36) ________ refer(s) to a lack of information about what needs to be done in a role, as well as unpredictability regarding the consequences of performance in that role.

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A) Time pressure B) Daily hassles C) Role overload D) Role ambiguity E) Role conflict

37) Valeria is the vice president of communications for a shoe and handbag designer. In a typical workweek, she is required to attend four departmental meetings, prepare media reports, handle interviews with media outlets, have one-on-one meetings with each of her three managers, and travel to a satellite location where mock-ups of new products are photographed for catalogs, the company’s website, and social media. Most weeks, Valeria puts in more than 70 hours at the office, and she often responds to emails while watching television at night and on the weekends. Despite this, she finds herself falling behind. Valeria’s experience is an example of A) a lack of information about what needs to be done to accomplish her tasks. B) competing expectations from different departments about her job duties. C) the number of role demands placed on her being too high. D) the requirements of the job exceeding her capabilities. E) having too many nonwork obligations.

38) Gregor has worked in software quality assurance for three years but is looking for opportunities at other companies as a means to increase his salary and gain responsibility. To prepare for his interview for a software engineer position, he studies programming in his spare time and asks friends who are already programmers for interview tips. Despite his relative lack of experience, he is thrilled when the human resources manager for the new company calls to tell him he has been hired. Although he is eager to please his new boss, he gets nervous when his first assignment requires him to implement a new user interface feature in a programming language that he is not very familiar with. While feeling a bit anxious about his ability to complete the task, he uses online tutorials and asks for guidance from coworkers to help him achieve his goal. He has to work late for three nights, but by the end of the week, he is proud to have accomplished the task successfully and to have learned new skills in the process. Gregor’s path to success is an example of

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A) work responsibility. B) work complexity. C) role ambiguity. D) time pressure. E) role overload.

39) Which of the following reflect(s) the relatively minor routine demands that get in the way of accomplishing the things that we really want to accomplish? A) time demands from partners, children, and friends B) daily hassles C) personal development D) positive life events E) negative life events

40)

Which of the following is a work challenge stressor? A) work complexity B) a positive life event C) role overload D) a negative life event E) role ambiguity

41)

Work complexity refers to

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A) the nature of the obligations that a person has toward coworkers. B) a strong sense that the amount of a time a person has to complete a task is not enough. C) the degree to which work requirements tax or exceed the capabilities of the person responsible for performing it. D) conflicting expectations that others have about another worker. E) a personal event that is perceived as stressful and may result in significant changes to a person’s life.

42)

________ refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has toward others. A) Job capability B) Time pressure C) Work complexity D) Role conflict E) Work responsibility

43) Beth is a senior accountant at The American Bank. Her job profile includes preparing monthly financial statements, getting high-net-worth individuals to invest in the bank, and dealing with people who want loans above $30,000. Her work involves a lot of paperwork and she frequently travels to meet clients. The end of each month is especially busy because Beth has to check the audit reports as well. Unable to handle the pressure, Beth speaks to her boss and asks to be given an assistant. This is an example of A) daily hassles. B) time pressure. C) role overload. D) work complexity. E) a negative life event.

44)

Work–family conflict is a type of ________ stressor.

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A) nonwork hindrance B) primary work challenge C) nonwork challenge D) work hindrance E) job enrichment

45)

According to research, which of the following is considered the most stressful life event? A) divorce B) jail term C) pregnancy D) death of a partner E) change in occupation

46)

Which of the following is a nonwork hindrance stressor? A) time demands from partners, children, and friends B) a positive life event C) personal development D) time pressure E) financial uncertainty

47)

A positive life event is considered a A) work hindrance stressor. B) work challenge stressor. C) nonwork hindrance stressor. D) nonwork challenge stressor. E) daily hassle.

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48)

Which of these is a nonwork challenge stressor? A) time demands from partners, children, and friends B) a work–family conflict C) a negative life event D) financial uncertainty E) work obligations

49)

According to the transactional theory of stress, the secondary appraisal focuses on A) evaluating benign job demands. B) evaluating the meaning of the stressor. C) considering if the demand causes them to feel stressed. D) evaluating the significance of the stressor. E) coping.

50) ________ refer(s) to the behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands that they face and the emotions associated with those stressful demands. A) Coping B) Cognition C) Hindrances D) Social support E) Recovery

51) Lupe is the assistant editor at the Voice of Today, an online publication. With recent increased readership, the editorial committee has decided to move up the deadline for article submissions by eight hours. This move was not welcomed by the junior writers and editors. Lupe, although unhappy with the decision, faces the problem head on and copes by working faster and harder. This is an example of ________ coping.

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A) emotion-focused B) problem-focused C) fear-focused cognitive D) anxiety-focused cognitive E) stress-focused behavior

52)

Coping strategies can be viewed as either ________ focused. A) problem or emotion B) behavior or cognition C) positively or negatively D) work or nonwork E) personally or organizationally

53)

Which of the following is an example of behavioral coping? A) Marcel asks his manager for advice on how to create a spreadsheet to track defective

items. B) Rocio conceives of a strategy for more efficiently conducting next month’s warehouse inventory. C) Jenna sits at her desk and daydreams about her upcoming vacation rather than thinking about tomorrow’s deadline. D) Jean-Baptiste chooses not to worry about his broken office chair and thinks about playing ping-pong on his lunch break. E) Efram pumps himself up before making a presentation to the board of directors by visualizing a successful outcome.

54)

Which type of coping method is strategizing?

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A) problem-focused behavioral B) emotion-focused behavioral C) emotion-focused cognitive D) problem-focused cognitive E) secondary appraisal

55) As manager of the accounting department at the Low Price Warehouse, Babette noticed that the cohesion of the collections team was rather low. Each team member was assigned a section of the alphabet, A–D, E–G, etc., and was responsible for calling only those customers within that particular range. In terms of division of labor, this worked well, but it also kept her employees in their own specific bubbles, resulting in few interactions between team members. To address this, Babette instituted mandatory Friday afternoon meetings, where she would provide coffee and brownies, and employees would pair up, and each person would present the other’s weekly report to the entire group. She thought this would give the entire team a sense of what others were working on and would encourage healthy competition once everyone knew what everyone else’s stats were. As soon as she began holding the meetings, one of her best employees, Jermaine, began leaving the office just before the meetings began. He always turned his reports into her before he left, and they were always accurate and well written, but he never showed up at the meetings. When Babette talked to Jermaine about his absences, he sheepishly explained that he had a fear of talking in front of groups. Applying the concepts behind secondary appraisal, how should Babette deal with Jermaine’s avoidance issue? A) require Jermaine to attend the meetings or be given a formal reprimand B) arrange for Jermaine to attend an intensive class on effective public speaking C) discontinue the meetings to make sure Jermaine is not uncomfortable around his colleagues D) make meeting attendance voluntary and hope that Jermaine will attend when he feels less pressure to do so E) allow Jermaine to continue to skip the meetings because in every other way his work performance is exceptional

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56) Makayla was taking the trash out to the dumpster behind the bakery where she worked when she heard a loud noise. Just around the corner she saw her coworker Narayan kicking at the brick wall and cursing under his breath. She asked him what was wrong, and he told her that his boss had denied his request for vacation even though it had been approved two months before. Narayan was told that due to the recent layoffs, they would be understaffed for the Thanksgiving holiday, and all previously approved vacation requests had been put on hold. Narayan was upset because this meant he would be unable to attend his cousin’s wedding, where he was looking forward to seeing his extended family. Narayan’s outburst is an example of ________ coping. A) fear-based cognitive B) emotion-focused cognitive C) problem-focused cognitive D) emotion-focused behavioral E) problem-focused behavioral

57) Kristen attempts to address time pressure by working harder and seeking assistance in devising a strategy for accomplishing the work more efficiently. In the example, Kristen uses A) virtual coping. B) cognitive-based coping. C) problem-focused coping. D) Type A coping mechanisms. E) organizational coping mechanisms.

58)

Which of the following are examples of problem-focused cognitive coping strategies? A) working harder and seeking assistance B) seeking support and venting anger C) avoiding, distancing, and ignoring D) self-motivation and changing priorities E) reappraising and looking for the positive in the negative

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59) Hector works as an office assistant for a small, five-person software development startup. Because it is a relatively new company without extensive resources, Hector is constantly having to deal with a lack of supplies and faulty office equipment. While these problems sometimes get him down, the co-owners of the fledgling company are his friends from college, and he looks forward to seeing them every day. In order to offset his frustration with the sometimes inadequate equipment, Hector instead celebrates the fact that he gets to work in a casual environment with friends. Hector’s approach is an example of A) emotion-focused cognitive coping. B) problem-focused cognitive coping. C) secondary appraising. D) behavioral coping. E) strain mitigation.

60)

Which of the following is an example of problem-focused coping?

A) Layla meets with her manager to discuss her feelings of failure after her new packaging design was rejected by the marketing department. B) When Josiah is unable to find the source of a bug in a smartphone app he is testing, he sets that task aside and works on something else. C) To meet a pending deadline, Ava puts on noise-canceling headphones and sets her phone to ring through to voicemail while she focuses on achieving her goal. D) Kai reassesses his feelings of inadequacy after being passed over for a promotion and decides to see it as an opportunity to reengage with the job he has rather than the job he wants. E) Because Cora is always being asked by her boss to stay late on Fridays to finish lastminute tasks, she elects to take advantage of the company’s telecommuting policy and work from home on Fridays instead.

61) Seeking support and venting anger are examples of which of the following coping strategies?

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A) emotion-focused behavioral coping B) problem-focused behavioral coping C) stress-focused cognitive coping D) fear-avoidance cognitive coping E) problem-focused cognitive coping

62) Petra and Celine work at Zip Delivery. The company is short-staffed, and the employees are finding it difficult to complete the daily deliveries. Both Petra and Celine are facing time pressures in their respective departments. Petra decides to come in early and stay late to meet the deadline, whereas Celine tries to avoid the problems at work by taking some vacation time she has saved up. Which of these coping strategies is Petra utilizing? A) emotion-focused behavioral coping B) problem-focused behavioral coping C) emotion-focused cognitive coping D) problem-focused cognitive coping E) primary cognitive coping

63) Petra and Celine work at Zip Delivery. The company is short-staffed, and the employees are finding it difficult to complete the daily deliveries. Both Petra and Celine are facing time pressures in their respective departments. Petra decides to come in early and stay late to meet the deadline, whereas Celine tries to avoid the problems at work by taking some vacation time she has saved up. Which of these coping strategies is Celine utilizing? A) social support coping B) problem-focused behavioral coping C) emotion-focused cognitive coping D) problem-focused cognitive coping E) emotion-focused behavioral coping

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64) Looking for the positive in the negative, and avoiding, distancing, and ignoring are examples of A) problem-focused cognitive coping strategies. B) problem-focused behavioral coping strategies. C) emotion-focused cognitive coping strategies. D) primary cognitive coping strategies. E) primary behavioral coping strategies.

65) Oliver owns a furniture moving company. During late spring, especially when the local colleges go on summer break and students move out of the dorms, he finds himself overloaded with work, which often makes him feel irritable and anxious. To calm himself, he often takes time out to go swimming. In this example, the coping strategy that Oliver uses can be classified as A) primary appraisal. B) cognitive coping. C) emotion-focused coping. D) Type A coping behavior. E) Type B coping behavior.

66)

Burnout can be defined as

A) the emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongoing basis. B) the reaction to someone who typically engages in hard-driving, competitive, and aggressive behavior. C) the degree to which energies used for coping with work demands are replenished from a period of rest or relief from work. D) the various ways people manage their own cognitive and emotional responses when they are confronted with stressful demands. E) the degree to which work requirements tax or exceed the capabilities of the person responsible for performing it.

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67)

Which of the following is an example of instrumental support? A) Talisa complains about her boss to a coworker in the break room. B) Horatio’s husband listens to him complain about his workday over dinner. C) Odell invites his team members to open up to him about their grievances. D) Jenny offers to answer phones to give the receptionist a chance to get caught up on his

filing. E) Uriel stops at the gym at the end of his shift to work out his frustrations by sparring with a boxing partner.

68) Due to time pressure and heavy workload, Dan has developed high blood pressure and has started to show forgetfulness at work and home. These are examples of ________ strains. A) physiological and behavioral B) psychological and behavioral C) physiological and psychological D) internal and external E) psychological and cognitive

69) After dealing with stressful work demands for over a year, Sarah began to feel emotionally, mentally, and physically exhausted. Sarah is likely suffering A) physiological strains. B) from burnout. C) behavioral strains. D) from challenge stressors. E) the consequences of recovery.

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70) Filip is a leading salesperson at a business consulting firm. Recently, he has been assigned several additional tasks. He begins to overeat during the day to cope with the increasing workload. Filip also has started grinding his teeth at night. In this example, Filip is exhibiting ________ strain. A) virtual B) Type A C) hindrance D) behavioral E) instrumental

71)

People with the Type A Behavior Pattern are typically A) aggressive and competitive. B) thoughtful and cooperative. C) methodical and precise. D) lazy and unproductive. E) cautious and insecure.

72)

Instrumental and emotional describe two major types of A) financial support. B) behavioral support. C) social support. D) psychological support. E) physiological support.

73) Which of these terms refers to the degree to which energies used for coping with work demands are replenished from a period of rest or relief from work?

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A) recovery B) coping C) burnout D) social support E) instrumental support

74) Charene is a product development manager for Unique Automotive Accessories. When she was first hired, she proved herself to be one of the most productive new employees. Lately, Charene’s supervisor, Ivan, has noticed that her productivity is slipping from its previous high point. Whenever Ivan stays late at the office, he sees that Charene is always at her desk, eating fast food, and she is always the first to arrive in the morning. He also observes that her email replies are often time-stamped on the weekend. Ivan decides to hire Charene an assistant to ease her workload and improve her work–life balance. Ivan’s approach to alleviating Charene’s stressors is an example of A) burnout. B) cognitive coping. C) emotional support. D) instrumental support. E) organizational cohesion.

75) After a lengthy, stressful company restructuring, Julia, a project manager, took a sixweek medical leave just to keep her sanity intact. This is an example of A) social support. B) recovery. C) role overload. D) personal development. E) behavioral coping.

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76) Akono is an associate with Wealth Management Partners in Texas. Among various other work commitments, Akono has to compile the annual financial statement for Broadband Express, an important client. It is a job with a heavy workload and a short turnaround deadline. Eden, Akono's colleague, observed this stressful situation and volunteered to assist Akono in meeting the deadline. The support received by Akono can be best described as ________ support. A) marginal B) physiological C) emotional D) adaptive E) instrumental

77)

Which of the following is an example of a Type A Behavior Pattern?

A) Enrique keeps to himself at office parties, preferring to read a book or wear earbuds rather than talk to anyone. B) Natalia comes in late and leaves early, often without asking for permission or notifying her supervisor in advance. C) During weekly meetings, Sharona talks over other people and is always in a hurry to get back to her desk and get back to work. D) Frederica is an excellent team player, and she never takes credit for her efforts, preferring to see the outcome as the product of a group effort. E) Kristoffer is a slow and methodical worker, and he can always be counted on to get his work done with a high degree of accuracy, if not always on time.

78) Most research on ________ focuses on the ways it buffers the relationship between stressors and strains. A) instrumental support B) emotional support C) cognitive support D) social support E) behavioral support

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79) A year ago Niantha was promoted to project manager at FeedOurWorld.com, an online charity organization that facilitates the distribution of out-of-date food from supermarkets and restaurants to homeless shelters and food pantries. In an effort to boost productivity and keep the team engaged and relaxed, Niantha implemented a number of light-hearted strategies such as casual Fridays, Random Theme Mondays, and Pajama Wednesdays. Because there is little client contact at the office, she saw no reason for her team to dress formally, and she wanted them to feel as comfortable as possible in the workplace. To keep her team energized and goal-oriented, she created weekly challenge goals and friendly competition among team members by posting the total amount of food each person managed to reclaim that week. As a result of Niantha’s efforts, the team’s productivity skyrocketed in the first three months, with multiple members vying to win the week’s “Biggest Community Helper” award. The team got along well and fraternized after hours, and Niantha’s vice president applauded her department’s improved output. In the past six months, however, productivity has been slipping, and Niantha is puzzled. Looking over her records, she sees that her two best employees, Reggie and Shay, have not missed a single day of work in six months. Niantha did catch Reggie sleeping at his desk once or twice, and Shay recently had a persistent cough. However, both of them engage in a friendly rivalry each week as they vie for the top prize, and they seem to respond positively to her demands on their time. Yet, somehow, their overall productivity has ebbed, as has that of the team as a whole. Given what you know about the nature of challenge stressors, how should Niantha address the issue of lost productivity? A) by giving Shay and Reggie extra projects each week that require them to stay late or work weekends B) by assigning projects to different pairs of employees each week, making sure Reggie and Shay are never on the same team C) by allowing Reggie and Shay to choose their own projects each week before handing out assignments to the rest of the team D) by making the rest of the team responsible for Shay and Reggie’s work output and taking away casual dress privileges if the team fails to meet its goals E) by requiring that Reggie and Shay use at least one day of paid time off per month and sending them home if they come to work visibly sick, tired, or distressed

80)

Hindrance stressors have a ________ effect on job performance.

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A) high negative B) strong negative C) strong positive D) weak negative E) moderately positive

81) Which of the following situations demonstrates the connection between hindrance stressors and organizational commitment? A) Xander deals with his frustration over his boss showing favoritism to other members of his team by going for runs at lunch. B) Hilary’s manager constantly makes unreasonable demands that force her to work long hours, and as a result she is looking for another job. C) When Oberon learned that a lazy coworker had been given a big raise, Oberon decided to work harder in order to earn a similar raise. D) Frida’s company cuts costs by not replacing old, worn-out equipment, so she is forced to ignore the problems in order to focus on getting her work done. E) The psychological pressure Sheila felt as an accountant during tax season led her to form a support group with other people in her department who felt the same way.

82)

Hindrance stressors have a ________ relationship with organizational commitment. A) weak positive B) strong negative C) strong positive D) moderate negative E) moderate positive

83)

Which of the following statements about the effects of stressors is true?

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A) Hindrance stressors have a strong negative effect on job performance. B) Hindrance stressors have a moderate negative effect on organizational commitment. C) Challenge stressors have a strong negative relationship with job performance. D) Employees who experience higher levels of challenge stressors tend to have lower levels of job performance. E) Challenge stressors have a moderate positive relationship with organizational commitment.

84) Some highly motivated individuals come to work even though they are suffering from the physiological, psychological, or behavioral strain caused by stress. This phenomenon, known as ________, can result in reductions in productivity even greater than those resulting from employees who avoid work due to the effects of stress. A) presenteeism B) insubordination C) stress resistance D) workplace defiance E) organizational commitment

85) People who experience higher levels of ________ tend to have higher levels of job performance. A) psychological distractions B) hindrance stressors C) challenge stressors D) organizational burnout E) physiological strain

86) Attempts to reduce stressors in the workplace are most beneficial when focused on ________ stressors.

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A) cognitive B) challenge C) hindrance D) behavioral E) ambiguous

87) Miranda is in charge of tracking the output quality of recycled aluminum at Reclaimed Metals. When she went on parental leave, Silas was brought on in a temporary capacity to cover her position during her absence. The department manager, Rochelle, knew that the company’s rapid growth had increased Miranda’s workload over recent months, and she wanted to ensure that Miranda would not have to work overtime upon her return because Miranda would have a new baby at home. In order to allow Miranda to ease back into work upon her return and to account for increased work demands due to future company growth, Rochelle decided to hire Silas permanently to handle the quality assurance responsibilities with Miranda. This arrangement is known as A) contracting. B) job sharing. C) virtual work. D) term-time working. E) compressed working hours.

88) By providing ________, organizations aim to increase job-related competencies and skills that help employees to cope with stressful demands. A) hindrance stressors B) benign job demands C) training interventions D) emotional support E) transactional theories

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89)

Which of the following is an example of a supportive practice? A) workload reduction B) telecommuting option C) job transfer D) primary appraisals. E) increase in job responsibilities

90) Indira manages a team of people in the accounting department at Financial Partners, LLP. The company has been in buyout talks with a large competitor for the past few months. As the merger deal nears completion, Indira started noticing a change in her team’s conduct. One of the collection agents, Malcolm, is taking longer lunches and often returns reeking of alcohol. She observed Akobo, the accounts receivable supervisor, uncharacteristically lashing out at vendors on the phone. Her own assistant, Marjorie, started nervously tapping her feet and pulling at her hair during meetings. Indira is worried about her team members and their well-being. According to the protocols of assessment, which of the following actions will help Indira best understand her team members’ issues? A) hiring an expert to observe her team members as they work and to report on the status of each member B) reading through her team members’ email correspondence to search for clues about their shift in behavior C) bringing in a masseuse at lunch time once a week to give free massages to the team members who want them D) instituting a program through which high-performing employees mentor lowerperforming team members E) considering what might be causing the issues and surveying team members about the sources of their anxieties

91) As an alternative to managing stressors, many organizations teach employees to use ________ to counteract the effects of stressors by engaging in activities that slow their heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.

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A) heuristics B) relaxation techniques C) emotional suppression D) primary performance appraisal E) transactional analysis

92) Which of these techniques attempt(s) to help people appraise and cope with stressors in a rational manner? A) self-hypnosis techniques B) relaxation techniques C) catharsis D) cognitive-behavioral techniques E) free association

93) Elizabeth is feeling stressed and has asked her manager if there are any supportive practices available to help her. Her manager suggests that, because Elizabeth is interested in social issues, she should take advantage of a program that would enable her to take six months away from the company to work on a low-income housing development project in the area. Elizabeth’s manager is offering her A) a sabbatical. B) a vacation. C) flextime. D) a compressed workweek. E) a stress challenge.

94)

A majority of all ________ are attributable to stress-related causes.

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A) job layoffs B) doctor visits C) legal infractions D) health care costs E) work-related injuries

95)

A stress audit is often used to A) assess the level and sources of stress in the workplace. B) reduce role overload and work–family conflict. C) give employees time off from work to pursue other interests. D) increase job-related competencies and skills. E) help employees take on more work-related demands.

96) Mohammed, who manages the IT department at the corporate headquarters of the retail clothing chain Real Cheap Shirts, noticed that one of his best technicians, Mia, was often coming in late. Even when she was on time, she was distracted and harried. Mia occasionally ran diagnostic tests on the wrong systems or lost focus when presenting her weekly recap reports to the team. Mohammed asked if something was going on, and Mia admitted that her grandfather was showing signs of dementia, and she was trying her best to care for him alone, but it was hard to do that and commit 100 percent to her work duties. Mohammed proposed to alter Mia’s work requirements so that she could work whatever hours she wanted to, including some telecommuting from home, as long as she completed her assigned tasks by the end of each week. Mia smiled when she heard this and was grateful that her boss was so understanding. In allowing Mia to have altered work hours, Mohammed was utilizing A) cognitive coping. B) personal instruction. C) supportive practices. D) training interventions. E) organizational flexibility.

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97) The negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed a person’s capacity or resources are called strains. ⊚ true ⊚ false

98) According to the transactional theory of stress, when people first encounter stressors, the process of primary appraisal is triggered. ⊚ true ⊚ false

99) The transactional theory of stress holds that benign job demands are a work-related hindrance stressor. ⊚ true ⊚ false

100) Role ambiguity is often experienced among new employees who have not been around long enough to receive instructions from supervisors or observe and model the role behaviors of more senior colleagues. ⊚ true ⊚ false

101) Most people appraise situations with high time pressure as rather stressful, and they also tend to consider these situations as more hindering than challenging. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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102) Emme thought her college studies had prepared her fully for her new job as an accounts receivable clerk. She is completely surprised by the amount of responsibility that has immediately been given to her and the number of skills she is expected to already have. Combined with the pressure she is under to make bank deposits and send all the invoices and statements to clients, she is feeling quite stressed. Emme is experiencing work-related challenge stress. ⊚ true ⊚ false

103)

Role ambiguity is an example of a work hindrance stressor. ⊚ true ⊚ false

104) Burnout is a physiological strain resulting as a negative consequence associated with stress. ⊚ true ⊚ false

105) A critical factor that determines coping strategy choice is the degree to which people believe that a particular strategy gives them some degree of control over the stressor or how they feel about it. ⊚ true ⊚ false

106)

Stressors can cause gastrointestinal system problems. ⊚ true ⊚ false

107) Social support refers to the help that people receive when they are confronted with stressful demands.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

108) Emotional support refers to the help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly. ⊚ true ⊚ false

109)

Hindrance stressors have a strong positive relationship with job performance. ⊚ true ⊚ false

110)

Challenge stressors have a weak positive relationship with job performance. ⊚ true ⊚ false

111) Challenge stressors have a moderate negative relationship with organizational commitment. ⊚ true ⊚ false

112) Type A individuals are more likely to appraise demands as being benign rather than being stressful. ⊚ true ⊚ false

113) Hindrance stressors such as role ambiguity, conflict, and overload not only cause strain but also decrease commitment and job performance.

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⊚ ⊚

114)

true false

Supportive practices are one way of helping employees cope with stressful demands. ⊚ true ⊚ false

115) In general, relaxation techniques to reduce strain attempt to teach people how to counteract the effects of stressors by engaging in activities that slow the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. ⊚ true ⊚ false

116) Exercise programs are particularly successful because they reduce the types of stressors that employees encounter. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 05_8e_ Colquitt 12) D 13) A 14) B 15) A 16) E 17) E 18) B 19) C 20) E 21) A 22) A 23) B 24) D 25) A 26) E 27) E 28) C 29) A 30) B 31) B 32) B 33) C 34) D 35) A 36) D 37) C Version 1

38) B 39) B 40) A 41) C 42) E 43) C 44) A 45) D 46) E 47) D 48) A 49) E 50) A 51) B 52) A 53) A 54) D 55) B 56) D 57) C 58) D 59) A 60) C 61) A 62) B 63) C 64) C 65) C 66) A 67) D Version 1

68) C 69) B 70) D 71) A 72) C 73) A 74) D 75) B 76) E 77) C 78) D 79) E 80) D 81) B 82) B 83) E 84) A 85) C 86) C 87) B 88) C 89) B 90) E 91) B 92) D 93) A 94) B 95) A 96) C 97) TRUE Version 1

98) TRUE 99) FALSE 100) TRUE 101) FALSE 102) TRUE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) TRUE 108) FALSE 109) FALSE 110) TRUE 111) FALSE 112) FALSE 113) TRUE 114) TRUE 115) TRUE 116) FALSE

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CHAPTER 6 1)

Define and explain motivation and its forces.

2) How do employees make the choices that take them in the “right direction”? Justify your answer with the help of expectancy theory.

3) Identify and explain the mathematical formula for expectancy theory that suggests the total motivational force to perform a given action. Construct an example from your own life to illustrate this theory.

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4) Sheena did not plan to go to college. She worked part-time at a law office while in high school and always considered routine office work her future. Sheena’s work productivity and commitment on the job were very high and her supervisor gave her more responsibility. Her success continued to grow, and the law partners took notice. Sheena became a favorite among the lawyers and was asked to assist on several high-profile cases, with high praise given each time. A few of the lawyers began encouraging Sheena to pursue a law degree, but she scoffed, at first. Sheena decided that she really enjoyed this kind of work and began imagining herself arguing a case in court. Sheena soon began the process of applying to college. Just a few short years ago, Sheena would not have dreamed of entering college, yet she is now applying. Define and describe the sources of self-efficacy, then list specific events in Sheena’s life that changed her self-efficacy to a belief she wanted to attend college?

5) What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation? Give some examples of outcomes associated with each of these. Are you more motivated by extrinsic or intrinsic outcomes? Explain, using examples from your own life.

6) Luis needs to set goals for his inside sales team for steel tubing. Luis wants the goals to improve task performance for his team. Use Luis’s situation to identify and explain the factors that alter the effects of goal setting on task performance.

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7) Identify and explain the acronym S.M.A.R.T. as used in goal setting theory. Give an example of a S.M.A.R.T. goal from your own life.

8) Melissa has noticed that people in her office lack commitment to their goals. Each year goals are set and then ignored. Describe some strategies for fostering goal commitment that Melissa could use in her office.

9) Describe equity theory. What are the three general possibilities that can result from the comparison of the ratio of outcomes and inputs to the ratio of some comparison other? Describe a situation when you experienced a sense of inequity and relate your response to that situation.

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10) At Rydell and Company, several people are feeling that things are not fair. Ariel works harder than Tianna, but Tianna gets first choice on vacation dates and earns more money. Elijah slacks off, but the manager likes him, so he gets better projects than Hans, the team member who works next to him and works harder than Elijah ever has. Identify and explain the possible outcomes of equity theory comparisons and ways to restore the balance for each outcome. Then, identify the situations Ariel and Elijah are in and suggest how they might feel and what they might do about it.

11) Imene has discovered that most of the employees who work for her only stay because they do not want to look for another job, and few of them feel as though they are motivated intrinsically. Imene feels that she should bring this to the attention of upper management so they can make some changes. Define meaningfulness, and, using Imene’s situation, explain how it might motivate her team to be more invested in the company.

12) Iggy has seen what he feels is too much turnover in the work force at his distillery. He wants to see his workers perform better and demonstrate a better commitment to the organization. Explain how motivation relates to job performance and organizational commitment and give some examples of what Iggy can do to boost performance and commitment.

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13) Kristian wants to implement a new compensation plan in his growing bottled mineral water business. He has been using recognition awards, but he did not see the productivity gains he was hoping for. Identify and explain individual-, unit-, and organization-focused compensation plan elements, as well as the different types of compensation plans within them, and explain which method might be a good choice for Kristian to use.

14) ________ is the set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee; initiates work-related effort; and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence. A) Organizational commitment B) Job satisfaction C) Job performance D) Motivation E) Leadership

15) Marco just got a new batch of company logos to design. He is enthused about starting something new. He decides to put all other distractions aside and clear his schedule for the day. He starts off strong, but after about three hours, he starts checking his Instagram and returning phone calls. Getting distracted by other activities demonstrates the effect of Marco’s motivation on his ________ of effort.

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A) sincerity B) direction C) persistence D) intensity E) expectancy

16) Jing designs, schedules, and launches the social media campaign for Sunnyvale Snacks. She seems to never take a break, she always talks about work, and she often reaches the end of the day wishing she could do more and not realizing how late it has gotten. Jing’s behavior demonstrates the concept of A) vicariousness. B) engagement. C) feedback. D) valence. E) equity.

17) Brittany works at a local gift shop. There is a list of opening procedures she must accomplish before the store opens, but first she checks the showtimes of the movie she plans to see that night after work. Brittany’s ________ of effort is decided when she pulls up the cinema website. A) intensity B) direction C) motivation D) persistence E) sincerity

18)

Effective job performance is most often a function of

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A) motivation and emotions. B) emotions and ability. C) ability and expectations. D) motivation and ability. E) expectations and emotions.

19)

Expectancy theory focuses on describing

A) how goals are the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort. B) the type of rewards people get from outside forces, such as wages and vacations. C) a form of intrinsic motivation in which merely performing work tasks serves as its own reward. D) how employees create a “mental ledger” of the outcomes (or rewards) they get from their job duties. E) the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses.

20) Alvin is the leader of a team of counselors at a camp for recovering addicts. He and his team have been asked to implement a new program, which on the surface looks much more difficult than what they have been doing. Before the program begins, Alvin feels he needs to give the members of his team a speech to help motivate them for the upcoming challenge. What is the first thing Alvin should do in his speech? A) remind team members of how they worked hard to successfully overcome challenges in the past B) admit that he is not completely sure the project can be done with existing staff numbers C) tell them that he will be watching them carefully for any failure to follow procedure D) express that he has a great deal of anxiety about taking on such a huge endeavor E) tell team members that they may get a raise if everything goes well for a few weeks

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21) Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how workers determine efficacy levels through past experiences? A) Fahad reviews his LinkedIn profile and realizes he has accumulated many skills. B) Ryann takes Paul to lunch to tell him what a great job he is doing in his new role. C) Mona, just named associate marketing director, asks Henry what his job was like when he held that job. D) Ellen, who has several high-profile clients, ranks her tasks by urgency in the hope that this will help her satisfy the needs of all her clients.

22) Employees at Carpet Lot were given a survey about the workplace. One of the questions asked them about their wages. Which of the following respondents gave a response that shows a belief in a high level of instrumentality at Carpet Lot? A) Leah, who said most people get raises because they are related to someone B) Irvin, who said wages are determined by employee job performance C) LaShawn, who said that the highest wages go to dishonest people D) Skylar, who said that most people are paid based on seniority E) Marti, who said that wages should be the same for everyone

23) ________ theory argues that employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and away from other outcomes. A) Psychological empowerment B) Expectancy C) Goal setting D) Extrinsic E) Equity

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24) Each month Lara’s supervisor conducts a contest among staff, and the monthly winner is awarded the best parking spot in the lot. This month’s winner will be the staff member who solicits the best proposal for increasing cost-saving “green” initiatives in the workspace. Lara has knowledge of the subject, as she has incorporated many such initiatives into her own home. However, Lara rarely enters the monthly contests and has never been interested in having the closest parking spot. She prefers to park far away so she gets some exercise walking to and from her car each day. According to expectancy theory, which belief does Lara consider a “zero,” making her motivational force to enter a proposal for the contest a “zero”? A) expectancy B) self-efficacy C) past accomplishments D) valence E) instrumentality

25) ________ is a subjective probability ranging from 0 to 1 that describes how a specific amount of effort will lead to a specific level of performance. A) Expectancy B) Meaning C) Efficacy D) Valence E) Need

26) The ________ is the idea that money can have symbolic value in addition to economic value. A) meaning of money B) extrinsic value of money C) valence of money D) intrinsic value of money E) instrumentality of money

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27) Gina has been hired by Dr. McKinnon to oversee a fast-paced, innovative oral surgery office. It is a highly difficult but well-paid job. Gina believes she has the skills and experiences to easily handle the job and improve the efficiency of the office. Gina’s belief in her capabilities is known as A) instrumentality. B) self-efficacy. C) complexity. D) valence. E) equity.

28)

When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task, they first consider their A) past accomplishments. B) vicarious experiences. C) current projects. D) extrinsic motivators. E) instrumentality.

29) Lotte has been assigned the task of updating all the tablets used by the outside sales representatives in her company. She knows Edward had to do this three years ago, and she remembers that he was extremely frustrated and almost resigned because of complications and a lack of cooperation that hindered his ability to do the job properly. This is an example of Lotte considering ________ in her belief that she can perform the task. A) emotional cues B) instrumentality C) verbal persuasion D) vicarious experiences E) past accomplishments

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30) Evander has been asked to lead a team of educators. He is nervous about his leadership abilities because his job has normally been based on his expertise and working one-on-one. However, he is also excited by some great ideas to improve educational delivery methods that he thinks will work. Evander’s efficacy is moderated by his anxieties, as well as his enthusiasm, which are all examples of A) emotional cues. B) instrumentality. C) verbal persuasion. D) vicarious experiences. E) past accomplishments.

31) Dominique is determined to sell her first million-dollar home for her real estate brokerage firm. She is certain that if she sells the home within sixty days, the broker will ask her to be the lead realtor for a new large condominium complex. Dominique’s belief demonstrates A) instrumentality. B) self-efficacy. C) complexity. D) expectancy. E) valence.

32)

In technical terms, instrumentality is

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A) the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person’s unique individual ideals and passions. B) the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success. C) a set of subjective probabilities, each ranging from 0 to 1, that successful performance will bring a set of outcomes. D) a subjective probability, ranging from 0 to 1, that a specific amount of effort will result in a specific level of performance. E) a cognitive grouping or cluster of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.

33) The Comfort Zone is a restaurant that specializes in comfort food and handmade desserts. New bakers and chefs have learned the value of attention to detail when creating a new recipe by observing the praise given to others who exhibit this level of attention. Current employees who exhibit close attention to detail while creating recipes have learned through A) past accomplishments. B) vicarious experiences. C) lecture sessions. D) emotional cues. E) instrumentality.

34) Kelli is about to deliver an important presentation on her highly innovative efficiency technique at an internationally recognized business conference. Just minutes before she is to go on stage, Kelli gets nervous and cannot remember half of her talking points. Her boss speaks to her, reminding her that she works every day with the information she plans to communicate, which helps shore up her confidence. Kelli then makes a presentation that earns her a standing ovation. Which of the following considerations dictated Kelli’s self-efficacy?

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A) past accomplishments B) vicarious experiences C) verbal persuasion D) equity distress E) instrumentality

35) Jerri and Manon work at Logistics of Love, a nonprofit designer of homeless shelters. Last month, Manon, newly hired on a temporary designing assignment, was asked by her supervisor to oversee the company’s social media presence. Being new to using social media in a professional context, Manon is considering her efficacy. She talks to Jerri and other individuals who have been creating professional social media content for several years. Jerri takes pride in her work-related social media posts and always approaches company-based social media with total enthusiasm. Jerri tells Manon that she believes exerting a high level of effort will result in a successful performance in representing the company on social media. Which of the following best describes Jerri’s belief about exerting a high level of effort? A) equity B) valence C) expectancy D) instrumentality E) emotional cues

36) Jerri and Manon work at Logistics of Love, a nonprofit designer of homeless shelters. Last month, Manon, newly hired on a temporary designing assignment, was asked by her supervisor to oversee the company’s social media presence. Being new to using social media in a professional context, Manon is considering her efficacy. She talks to Jerri and other individuals who have been creating professional social media content for several years. Jerri takes pride in her work-related social media posts and always approaches company-based social media with total enthusiasm. Jerri tells Manon that she believes exerting a high level of effort will result in a successful performance in representing the company on social media. Jerri’s self-efficacy source appears to be

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A) past accomplishments. B) vicarious experiences. C) verbal persuasion. D) emotional cues. E) instrumentality.

37)

Achievement, respect, and freedom summarize A) the expectancy theory. B) need hierarchies. C) the direction of effort. D) the symbolic value of money. E) goal setting theory.

38)

________ is the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance. A) Instrumentality B) Valence C) Equity D) Expectancy E) Self-efficacy

39) ________ are the cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.

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A) Instrumentality B) Valence C) Equity D) Expectancy E) Needs

40)

Food, safety, and shelter are examples of A) interpersonal needs. B) emotional needs. C) psychological needs. D) physiological needs. E) work-related needs.

41) Emilia just left her job at HR Solutions. The human resources outsourcing firm had not honored the wage scale they promised to employees for several years, and many of Emilia’s colleagues were let go before they could retire, often with no reason given. Emilia was stressed about her inability to guess what the future would hold for her at HR Solutions. Emilia was stressed because she had a need for A) esteem. B) control. C) relatedness. D) self-regard. E) self-actualization.

42) To hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others are ________ needs.

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A) control B) self-actualization C) esteem D) autonomy E) relatedness

43) George has a high-paying, low-stress job as a facilities manager at a manufacturing plant. Most people are envious of George, but he is not happy. George would rather work for a nonprofit organization where he could help people or contribute to a cause because those goals are more important to him than his high salary. George’s longing to work with a nonprofit is a ________ need. A) control B) self-regard C) relatedness D) responsibility E) self-actualization

44) Motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance is ________ motivation. A) control B) extrinsic C) intrinsic D) expectant E) efficacious

45) Motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward is ________ motivation.

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A) instrumental B) extrinsic C) intrinsic D) expectant E) efficacious

46) Rocco has been asked to set some effective goals for his sales department staff. He wants to get the best possible performance out of his team members because he is being evaluated on how well they do. How should Rocco go about determining the goals for his team? A) allow his team members to have autonomy and ownership by letting them set their own goals B) set the goals beyond what people can actually do, so they go above and beyond in trying C) keep the goals very broad and general, allowing them to evolve as market conditions fluctuate D) make the goals very specific, stating exactly how many sales he wants and when he wants them E) show faith in his team members by asking them to do their very best, because that is all he can ask of them

47) Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how feedback can moderate progress toward attaining goals?

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A) Chandani explains to Gilbert that the initial blueprints must be submitted to the client by the end of November. B) Joleen tells Adam that the original task they started will become considerably more complicated than was initially thought. C) Jerry explains to Jorge that he has done a fantastic job so far but that he needs to bump up his production by 10 percent to meet the required rate. D) Samir tells Cliff to get in touch if he has any questions or needs any supplies or equipment to do his job properly. E) Louie tells Elaine to make sure enough covers have been made for the seats Alex is making but does not say how many seats Alex made.

48) Lucy lays out a goal for Maxim, the head of accounting. She wants Maxim to process all employee expense reports for April. Lucy knows Maxim can do this because his predecessor accomplished the same task two years earlier. What does Lucy need to add to make this a S.M.A.R.T. goal? A) a list of suggested ways to improve efficiency B) a deadline for when the books should be processed C) the promise of a monetary bonus for making the goal D) the contact information for the employees whose reports will be processed E) a sample expense report so Maxim can see what the finished product looks like

49) The objective or aim of an action, typically referring to attaining a specific standard of proficiency, often within a specified time limit is the definition of A) task strategies. B) feedback C) goals. D) rewards. E) internal comparisons.

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50) Which of these refers to the learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance? A) expectancies B) emotional cues C) vicarious experiences D) valences E) task strategies

51)

The internalized goals people use to monitor their own progress is referred to as A) self-set goals. B) self-efficacy. C) instrumentality. D) task strategies. E) goal commitment.

52)

Task complexity can show

A) a way that successful performance will result in some outcome. B) a kind of self-confidence or a task-specific version of self-esteem. C) the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it. D) learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance. E) the degree to which the information and actions needed to complete a task are complicated.

53)

The degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it is called

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A) a S.M.A.R.T. goal. B) instrumentality. C) goal commitment. D) task complexity. E) a self-set goal.

54) After his annual performance appraisal, Joe was disappointed with his 5 percent increase in pay, compared to the 10 percent increase his colleagues received. When Joe spoke to his manager, he was told that his colleagues were able to perform well over the minimum standard. Joe had not been aware of the minimum he was expected to achieve or the levels generally achieved by his colleagues. What would best help Joe improve his performance? A) increasing Joe’s goal commitment B) increasing Joe’s task complexity C) increasing Joe’s dissonance D) decreasing Joe’s valence E) setting specific goals

55)

The “S” in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for A) systematic. B) specific. C) self-set. D) scientific. E) setting.

56)

The “M” in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for

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A) measurable. B) monetary. C) methodical. D) model. E) major.

57)

The “A” in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for A) affordable. B) ability. C) achievable. D) aspire. E) assess.

58)

The “R” in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for A) robust. B) resolved. C) requirements. D) results-based. E) realist.

59)

Goal setting theory argues that ________ goals are best. A) specific, difficult B) “do-your-best” C) vague, easy D) flexible, broad E) extreme, unrealistic

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60) Which of the following strategies for fostering goal commitment relays a goal to significant others and coworkers to create social pressure to attain it? A) publicity B) rewards C) support D) resources E) participation

61) To foster goal commitment, a manager may use the ________ strategy to aid employees if they struggle to attain a goal. A) support B) resources C) participation D) publicity E) rewards

62) Loralie feels guilty. She spends much of her day goofing around and never gets caught. However, if Mona, who works at the next desk, replies to her or says anything, their boss seems to magically show up, and Mona gets reprimanded for wasting time. According to equity theory, which of the following scenarios would be the most productive way for Loralie to get rid of her guilt? A) purposely get caught goofing off the next time the boss is near B) file harassment charges against the boss on Mona’s behalf C) ignore Mona and pretend she does not work next to her D) stop goofing off and remain as focused as Mona E) teach Mona to goof off without getting caught

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63) Théa works as a physical therapist at a care facility for older adults. Which of the following scenarios depicts a situation where her ratio of outcomes to inputs is lower than her comparison other? A) Théa meets her improvement goal and receives a gift card, just as she was promised. B) Théa finds out that she will be assigned to the same number of patients as all of the other therapists. C) Gabriel, a coworker who has always outperformed Théa, does not get a raise as large as Théa and most of the other therapists. D) Théa makes a mess, which is cleaned up by Harper, another therapist, and then Harper gets lectured for making the mess. E) Dmitry, a therapist with less experience than Théa, gets first choice of vacation days, which is supposed to be done by seniority.

64) Which of the following is an example of what equity theory refers to as an external comparison? A) Ashley feels guilty after learning that she beat out her best friend, Morgan, for a promotion. B) Bailey is angry after finding out that opticians in other offices earn more than he does. C) Emmi thinks the other two receptionists in her office get longer lunches than she does. D) Syd often calls other dentists to ask where to get supplies for the best price. E) Marci feels like she is probably the least skilled player in the city orchestra.

65) Brandy has been given a great deal of opportunity to advance her career. She recently got a huge increase in authority and salary, and she was hired to do what she has always claimed was her dream job. However, Brandy is not enthusiastic about coming to work, and when she is there, she spends most of her time complaining about how Maurice got a bigger office and nicer furniture than she did. Brandy’s behavior would seem to support ________ theory.

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A) equity B) extrinsic C) expectancy D) goal setting E) empowerment

66) Which theory suggests that employees create a “mental ledger” of the outcomes they get from their job duties? A) expectancy B) goal setting C) equity D) empowerment E) extrinsic

67) The ________ is the person who seems to provide an intuitive frame of reference for judging equity. A) equity resolver B) comparison other C) cognitive distortion creator D) goals monitor E) outcome evaluator

68)

In equity theory, equity distress is

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A) the ability to restore balance mentally, without altering behavior. B) the comparison to someone in the same company. C) the internal tension that is caused by an imbalance in ratios. D) the comparison to someone in another company. E) the intrinsic value of a work goal or purpose.

69) Noticing her reduced performance at work, Sabrina enrolled herself for training sessions offered by her company and saw her productivity improve. This helped restore her balance of comparison ratios. Prior to enrolling in the training session, Sabrina was most likely experiencing A) overreward inequity. B) self-efficacy. C) cognitive distortion. D) equity. E) underreward inequity.

70) In equity theory, ________ is rethinking your inputs to restore balance mentally without altering your behavior in any way. A) equity distress B) instrumentality C) cognitive distortion D) internal comparisons E) external comparisons

71)

Which of the following answer options represents an outcome as opposed to an input?

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A) performance B) seniority C) education D) intrinsic rewards E) skills and abilities

72)

Which of the following answer options is considered an input as opposed to an outcome? A) seniority benefits B) status symbols C) workplace perks D) satisfying supervision E) training

73) Trini worked in a small office with one colleague and one supervisor. Each day, someone from the office had to walk a block to the courthouse to pick up registration forms. None of the three liked to make the trip to the courthouse because it always took longer than expected and each thought they could be more productive in the office. The three randomly decided who would go each day depending on their workload. However, Trini began to feel angry that her turns were always on bad-weather days, either raining, snowing, or windy. According to equity theory, which of the following scenarios is the most productive way for Trini to correct the anger she is beginning to feel? A) Trini can start claiming her workload is heavy on bad-weather days, meaning one of the other two will have to go. B) Trini can talk to her supervisor about instituting a set rotation schedule for daily pickups at the courthouse. C) Trini can try to get out of going to the courthouse on any day. D) Trini can offer to go to the courthouse every day. E) Trini can express her anger the next time she is chosen to make the trip to the courthouse on a bad-weather day.

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74) For about seven years, Ellen and Carlos have been working for Stone Eagle at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Ellen has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for herself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in her job. On the other hand, Carlos compares himself to different managers, such as Jada, who works for Stone Eagle’s competitor in a similar work position. Carlos feels disheartened when he finds out that he is significantly underrewarded at Stone Eagle. From Carlos’s view in this situation, Ellen is an A) emotional cue. B) external comparison. C) internal comparison. D) intrinsic motivator. E) extrinsic motivator.

75) For about seven years, Ellen and Carlos have been working for Stone Eagle at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Ellen has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for herself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in her job. On the other hand, Carlos compares himself to different managers, such as Jada, who works for Stone Eagle’s competitor in a similar work position. Carlos feels disheartened when he finds out that he is significantly underrewarded at Stone Eagle. From Carlos’s view in this situation, Jada is an A) emotional cue. B) external comparison. C) internal comparison. D) extrinsic motivator. E) intrinsic motivator.

76) ________ equity is when you compare yourself to others doing the same job in other company, with similar levels of education, seniority, and performance.

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A) Job B) Company C) Occupational D) Age E) Educational

77)

Which scenario depicts an employee who experiences a high level of meaningfulness?

A) Omar is a librarian who stays after work sometimes to look at new book arrivals. On evenings and weekends, Omar goes to car shows and works on cars as a hobby. B) Aya works for a custom jeweler. She can come and go as she pleases and schedule orders as she wishes as long as she completes each week’s orders on time. C) Dylan, the manager of a foodbank, walks around patting employees on the back and reminding them they are improving the lives of others. D) Markke leaves work early several days a week but still produces more sales and earns more money than anyone else on the sales force. E) Jimmy can put up drywall faster than anyone else on his crew, and customers say his work is the neatest they have ever seen.

78) Gordon works as a senior software engineer. His boss trusts Gordon to come up with his own approaches to accomplish work tasks, delegates many decisions and does not micromanage. Which of the following aspects of psychological empowerment is the boss trying to instill in Gordon? A) physiological needs B) self-determination C) meaningfulness D) competence E) occupational equity

79)

The dimensions of psychological empowerment include all of theseexcept

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A) meaningfulness. B) self-determination. C) competence. D) impact. E) needs.

80) ________ is the energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose. A) Self-efficacy B) Goal commitment C) Goal setting D) Vicarious experience E) Psychological empowerment

81) ________ captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person’s own ideals and passions. A) Meaningfulness B) Self-determination C) Competence D) Impact E) Integrity

82) Ji-woo is a senior designer at Umbrella Graphics. A good part of her workday is spent in meetings with clients, members of her team, and project managers. Although Ji-woo has such a busy schedule, she manages to find time for her equally important meetings with the Ecofriendly Foundation. Ji-woo’s commitment to the Ecofriendly Foundation can be classified under which of the following concepts of psychological empowerment?

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A) meaningfulness B) self-determination C) competence D) expectancy E) impact

83) Incusafe is a venture capital firm that helps finance small businesses. New hires at the firm are given a project worth $100,000 to work on with minimum interference from the senior associates. The project has a large scope for innovation and creation. What is management attempting to use as a motivator for the new hires? A) expectancy B) meaningfulness C) self-determination D) surface-level diversity E) outcome interdependence

84)

Which of the following statements concerning psychological empowerment isnot true?

A) Studies of generational trends show psychological empowerment is falling out of favor with younger workers. B) Psychological empowerment represents a form of intrinsic motivation. C) Managers can instill a sense of self-determination in their employees by delegating work tasks. D) Employees can build their own sense of meaningfulness by identifying and clarifying their own passions. E) Employees can attain a deeper sense of impact by building collaborative relationships.

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85) Eric is a loan assistant but wants to become a commercial lender, so he engages in selfdirected learning, seeks feedback from his managers, and finds more ways to “play to his own strengths” during work tasks. Eric is attempting to build his own A) meaningfulness. B) instrumentality. C) competence. D) valence. E) impact.

86) The efforts of Coach Greene have made the Red Wolves the best soccer team in Arizona. The team owners tell Coach Greene that her efforts have vastly improved the team’s performance and that they believe her continuing efforts will result in the Red Wolves being ranked as the best team in the conference. Which psychological empowerment concept best describes the effect of the owners’ comments on Coach Greene’s motivation? A) impact B) self-dignity C) competence D) meaningfulness E) self-determination

87) Harper is a mid-level supervisor in a university administrative office. Some of the employees feel that the office lacks true equity. Harper has to do employee evaluations soon. What action should Harper take to reduce the feelings of inequity associated with the office? A) give every employee exactly the same evaluation score B) make employee evaluate their peers anonymously through a random drawing C) give employees honest evaluation scores based on their performance, good or bad D) avoid giving any really low evaluation scores to employees who have complained E) avoid giving any really high evaluation scores to employees who are seen as favorites

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88) Julian owns a local coffee shop. He has decided to aggressively pursue a policy to make sure employees feel a sense of equity in his shop. Which result is Julian most likely going to see as a result of his push for equity? A) greater commitment from his employees B) fewer citizenship behaviors from his employees C) huge improvement in employee task performance D) the elimination of merit-based compensation plans E) an increase in counterproductive employee behavior

89)

Which of the following motivating forces have the strongest performance effect? A) difficult goals B) high levels of valence and instrumentality C) perceptions of equity D) high levels of expectancy E) self-efficacy and competence

90)

Motivation has a ________ effect on job performance. A) strong positive B) moderate positive C) weak positive D) moderate negative E) strong negative

91) Equity has ________ effect on counterproductive behavior and ________ effect on citizenship behavior.

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A) a strong positive; a strong negative B) a moderate negative; a moderate positive C) no measurable; a moderate positive D) a moderate negative; a strong negative E) a strong negative; a moderate positive

92) Russell works in a canvas factory, where workers are paid $10 for every tent they sew together. Workers who are very fast may make twice as much money as some of the slower workers. Which of the following compensation plan elements is used at Russell’s factory? A) merit pay B) piece-rate C) gainsharing D) profit sharing E) lump-sum bonus

93) In which of the following scenarios is the compensation plan element of gainsharing used? A) Florida receives a set payment for each dog she grooms. B) Landon gets an additional 10 percent increase in salary each year for meeting sales goals. C) Nigel gets an extra paycheck because his supervisors rank him as their most valuable employee. D) The members of Shae’s distribution unit get an extra 7 percent of their salary if they meet their goals. E) Angelina gets a free large-screen television for staying after work hours to fix a software glitch.

94)

Which of the following is an organization-focused compensation plan element?

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A) merit pay B) lump-sum bonus C) profit sharing D) gainsharing E) piece-rate

95) Motivation determines the direction, intensity, and outcome of work-related employee effort. ⊚ ⊚

96)

true false

Engagement is a term commonly used in the workplace to summarize motivation levels. ⊚ ⊚

true false

97) Expectancy represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task. ⊚ ⊚

true false

98) The need to perform tasks that one cares about and that appeal to one’s ideals and sense of purpose is known as self-efficacy. ⊚ ⊚

99)

true false

Valence can be positive, negative, or zero.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

100) Leticia has been assigned a task for which she knows that she does not have the necessary skills or knowledge. However, she really wants the bonus she can earn by completing the task. According to expectancy theory, Leticia will be highly motivated to complete the task. ⊚ ⊚

true false

101) Hannah has been asked to give the opening speech at her global company’s annual sales convention. She has successfully given speeches in the past, and her friends have all told her she would be great. These have resulted in a high sense of self-efficacy, and she accepts the assignment. ⊚ ⊚

102)

true false

Intrinsic motivation is felt when task performance serves as its own reward. ⊚ ⊚

true false

103) Research suggests that employees underestimate how powerful a motivator pay is to them. ⊚ ⊚

true false

104) Individuals who value money for the achievement, respect, and freedom it confers value the rational meaning of money.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

105) As goals move from moderate to difficult, the intensity and persistence of the effort needed are minimized. ⊚ ⊚

true false

106) When goal commitment is high, assigning specific and difficult goals will have significant benefits for task performance. ⊚ ⊚

true false

107) According to equity theory, any imbalance in the ratio of outcomes triggers cognitive distortion—an internal tension that can only be alleviated by restoring balance to the ratios. ⊚ ⊚

true false

108) Extrinsic theory acknowledges that motivation dependsnot only on a person’s beliefs and circumstances, but also on what happens to other people. ⊚ ⊚

109)

true false

Impact reflects the sense that a person’s actions “make a difference.” ⊚ ⊚

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true false

110)

A sense of self-determination is a strong driver of extrinsic motivation. ⊚ ⊚

111)

true false

The motivating force with the strongest performance effect is the perception of equity. ⊚ ⊚

true false

112) Employees who feel a sense of equity on the job are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviors, particularly when those behaviors aid the organization. ⊚ ⊚

113)

Merit pay represents the most common element of organizational compensation plans. ⊚ ⊚

114)

true false

Gainsharing is an organization-focused element of a compensation plan. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 06_8e_ Colquitt 14) D 15) D 16) B 17) B 18) D 19) E 20) A 21) A 22) B 23) B 24) D 25) A 26) A 27) B 28) A 29) D 30) A 31) A 32) C 33) B 34) C 35) C 36) D 37) D 38) B 39) E Version 1

40) D 41) B 42) C 43) E 44) B 45) C 46) D 47) C 48) B 49) C 50) E 51) A 52) E 53) C 54) E 55) B 56) A 57) C 58) D 59) A 60) A 61) A 62) D 63) E 64) B 65) A 66) C 67) B 68) C 69) A Version 1

70) C 71) D 72) E 73) B 74) C 75) B 76) C 77) C 78) B 79) E 80) E 81) A 82) A 83) C 84) A 85) C 86) A 87) C 88) A 89) E 90) A 91) B 92) B 93) D 94) C 95) FALSE 96) TRUE 97) TRUE 98) FALSE 99) TRUE Version 1

100) FALSE 101) TRUE 102) TRUE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) FALSE 106) TRUE 107) FALSE 108) FALSE 109) TRUE 110) FALSE 111) FALSE 112) TRUE 113) TRUE 114) FALSE

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CHAPTER 7 1) Jemele and her friend Bailey work as servers for O’Brien’s Grill, a busy restaurant. After their Friday night shift, Jemele caught Bailey underreporting her cash sales, reducing the amount she had to tip out the hosts and server assistants. Bailey could lose her job if the manager found out. All the servers have been on edge since last month, when the manager stopped scheduling one long-time server and refused to give a reason why. “You are no longer needed” was all the manager said to the server. Using this example, briefly explain the relationships between trust, justice, and ethics.

2) Garrett lands a new job as a salesperson at Harbor Boats, which sells new and used motorboats and sailboats. Two of Garrett’s closest friends, Luisa and Phil, also work there. Because the salespeople work mainly on commission, Luisa and Phil will be both Garrett’s colleagues and competitors. Garrett is concerned about the various issues he could face at work. Using this scenario, illustrate and briefly explain the factors that influence trust levels.

3) What is trustworthiness? Explain how employees can gauge the “track record” of their supervisors.

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How do employees evaluate the fairness of an authority’s decision making?

5) What are the rules under procedural justice? Explain how they serve to create equal employment opportunity.

6) Describe interpersonal justice and its significance. Explain the two rules that foster interpersonal justice.

What is moral intensity? Briefly explain the factors that drive moral intensity.

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Compare economic exchanges to social exchanges.

9) Karenna worked at Royal River, a successful upscale restaurant and bar. The owners were respectful to everyone and treat staff like family. Waitstaff voluntarily shared their cash tips with kitchen staff following each shift. The owners strictly followed all legal requirements when serving alcohol; all guests have to show an ID, and the servers were well-trained in policies. Bar managers, bartenders, and waitstaff received annual training on recognizing alcohol impairment and situations requiring them to refuse service. Karenna liked her job but was annoyed by one thing: there was no recycling program. The staff threw out several garbage bags worth of glass bottles each weekend. When Karenna asked why the bottles were put in the dumpster rather than recycling them, the owners replied that they could recycle them, but using the dumpster was the easiest way. Two years later, when the city enacted a garbage fee based on weight, Royal River began recycling its glass bottles. Explain how Royal River showed attention to its corporate social responsibility (CSR).

10)

Differentiate between the ethical and legal components of corporate social responsibility.

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11) ________ is the willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority’s actions and intentions. A) Trust B) Justice C) Consensus D) Ethics E) Proximity

12)

Justice reflects the perceived fairness of an authority’s A) corporate social responsibility. B) ethical orientation. C) decision making. D) benign power. E) morality.

13) Sasha is ready to buy her first home and is interested in working with a real estate broker. Her friend Marvin tells her to avoid Rosemont Real Estate. Marvin says he tried to purchase a condo through Rosemont and found the brokers dishonest and unethical and willing to say almost anything to close a sale. Sasha talks to several other friends who agree with Marvin. Their judgment reflects the fact that Rosemont Real Estate has A) poor ethics. B) bad marketing. C) a poor reputation. D) high trustworthiness. E) good after-sales service.

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14) There should be trust in organizational authorities who “put a face on a company.” Which of the following job positions isnot considered an organizational authority? A) department manager B) shift supervisor C) CEO D) full-time customer service employee E) head of marketing

15) The company where Blaise, Ari, and Jabulani work has an opening for a manager, and all three of them apply. However, Blaise, who has been with the company the longest and has a business degree, received glowing recommendations from other managers and gets the job. Although Ari and Jabulani are disappointed, they most likely agree that the company’s decision reflects a high level of A) trustworthiness. B) favoritism. C) authority. D) justice. E) bias.

16) ________ reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms. A) Ethics B) Justice C) Competence D) Trust E) Morality

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17) Which two related concepts help assure that employees will place their trust in authorities, such as the management of a company? A) justice and perception of power B) competence and legitimacy C) ethics and responsibility D) commitment and ethics E) justice and ethics

18) When trust is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority’s trustworthiness, it is called ________ trust. A) disposition-based B) affect-based C) cognition-based D) power-based E) feeling-based

19) ________ refers to a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon. A) Trust propensity B) Moral judgment C) Moral awareness D) Moral intensity E) Propriety

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20) Mattias is looking for a part-time job. He has several acquaintances who have worked for Taco Trio, a regional restaurant chain. They tell Mattias that the company pays well, has a good company culture, and treats its employees with respect. Plus, its high-quality, affordable food, friendly atmosphere, and Friday-night specials make it popular with the public. Mattias thinks Taco Trio sounds like a good place to work and decides to fill out an application. What can you deduce based on Mattias’s decision?

A) Mattias trusts everything his friends say because they have never let him down. B) Mattias’s trust in Taco Trio being a good place to work is disposition-based. C) Mattias’s trust in Taco Trio being a good place to work is cognition-based. D) Mattias’s trust in Taco Trio being a good place to work is based on emotion. E) Mattias’s trust in Taco Trio being a good place to work is affect-based.

21)

Which of the following isnot an element in cognition-based trust? A) trustworthiness B) trust propensity C) ability D) benevolence E) integrity

22) Abdel recently hired a new assistant, Sonja. Abdel often receives confidential letters and documents regarding work, as well as personal mail that includes financial statements, checks, and sometimes even cash. Abdel prefers to deal with his own mail, but as he spends much of his day in meetings, he has asked Sonja to collect the mail and leave it on his desk unopened so he can sort through it later. Abdel trusts that Sonja will not open any of his mail; therefore, he has a high degree of

Version 1

A) cognition-based trust. B) power-based trust. C) moral awareness. D) trust propensity. E) gullibility.

23)

Which of the following istrue with regard to trust propensity?

A) The importance of trust propensity is seen in interactions with family and friends. B) Trust propensity is most likely to be seen in people who display cognition-based trust. C) The nation in which we live affects our trust propensity. D) Trust propensity refers to the use of track records and rational assessments in making decisions. E) Low trust propensity is ideal as it prevents us from trusting others who are not trustworthy.

24) Steven’s parents divorced when he was just six years old. He also experienced bullying in elementary school. As an adult, his partner lied and stole money from him. Steven is not likely to demonstrate ________ trust. A) disposition-based B) cognitive-based C) affect-based D) organizationally based E) justice-based

25)

Which of the following statements concerning nationality and trust is not correct?

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A) Your nation of origin affects your trust propensity. B) The United States has higher trust propensity than France. C) China has higher trust propensity than France. D) People in Sweden feel most people cannot be trusted. E) Both the United States and China have higher trust propensity than Brazil.

26) Laraine’s team leaders challenged members to come up with a marketing campaign for the new phone they were introducing. Laraine, who studied marketing and public relations in college, reviewed numerous articles, studied the new phone thoroughly, and came up with a campaign that received good reviews from her team leaders. Her success in creating a good campaign for the new phone completely on her own reflects her A) benevolence. B) ability. C) integrity. D) trust propensity. E) morality.

27) In some ways, Colin is not a very good manager. He can be disorganized and flaky, and he often foists his own job responsibilities onto others. However, his employees trust him based on his kindness and general good mood. This describes what type of trust? rev: 01_25_2021_QC_CS-246084 A) affect B) integrity C) disposition D) cognition E) reputation

28)

The characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust are defined as one’s

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A) moral intensity. B) trust propensity. C) propriety. D) trustworthiness. E) ability.

29)

Which of the following drives cognition-based trust? A) the trustor’s disposition B) the authority’s track record C) the trustor’s trust propensity D) the trustor’s intuitive feelings E) the trustor’s affect-based trust

30) ________ is a dimension of trustworthiness, defined as the skills, competencies, and areas of expertise, that enable an authority to be successful in some specific context. A) Character B) Benevolence C) Personality D) Ability E) Affect

31) Which of the following dimensions of trustworthiness is defined as the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives?

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A) good will B) competence C) benevolence D) trust propensity E) actualization

32) Keenan is the art director for Spangler Publishing, a publisher of art monographs, coffeetable books, and several niche lifestyle magazines. Keenan is extremely skilled and has a prestigious art degree and many awards. However, Keenan is also aloof and rarely offers to help those who work for and with him. Despite this, Keenan’s employees trust him to lead the department. Keenan’s trustworthiness appears to be based on

A) disposition. B) integrity. C) benevolence. D) ability. E) autonomy.

33)

When authorities are perceived as benevolent, it means that they

A) care for employees, are concerned about their well-being, and feel a sense of loyalty to them. B) display hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact. C) reward employees for exposing illegal or immoral actions by their organization. D) lack a general expectation that the words and promises of employees can be relied upon. E) hinder employees’ ability to focus, which reflects the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work.

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34) The employee’s perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the trustor finds acceptable is the ________ dimension of trustworthiness. A) integrity B) benevolence C) ethics D) ability E) justice

35) In the case of ________-based trust, we rationally evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of an authority along the dimensions of ability, integrity, and benevolence. A) cognition B) mentor C) affect D) emotion E) disposition

36) In the case of ________-based trust, our trust arises mostly from the emotional feelings we have for the authority. A) cognition B) authority C) affect D) rational E) disposition

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37) Tristan’s supervisor, Kim, agrees with her employees that an unfair work schedule has been instituted by the department manager. No one is happy. Kim assures the employees that she will discuss the issue with the department manager as soon as possible. However, every time Kim has an opportunity to raise those concerns with the manager, Kim always backs down and does not mention the unfair scheduling. It is likely the employees will begin to lose faith in the supervisor’s ________. A) integrity B) ability C) ethics D) reputation E) social exchange

38)

Affect-based trust is driven by the A) authority’s track record. B) authority’s strengths and weakness. C) trustor’s disposition. D) trustor’s feelings for the trustee. E) trustor’s rational assessment of the trustee.

39)

Which of the following statements concerning trustworthiness is true?

A) Trustworthiness is the belief the authority wants to do good for the trustor. B) Benevolence includes the skills and expertise that enable an authority to be successful. C) Integrity conveys an alignment between words and deeds. D) Employee email is trustworthy because people tend to be more truthful when email. E) Job applicants are trustworthy, people know it is senseless to exaggerate accomplishments.

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40)

________ justice is when decision-making outcomes are perceived as fair. A) Procedural B) Interpersonal C) Informational D) Distributive E) Restorative

41) When employees evaluate outcomes, such as pay, rewards, and promotions, to determine whether they are allocated using proper norms, they are applying the ________ type of justice. A) informational B) procedural C) distributive D) interpersonal E) retributive

42) Monica, who has worked for the company for four years, had to take on additional responsibilities when a colleague retired. However, Monica’s managers have not given her a pay raise to compensate for the increased workload, and when Monica brings it up, the managers quickly change the subject. Monica finally decides to quit and look for another job. Monica’s resentment related to her salary reflects the lack of ________ justice in the company. A) informational B) distributive C) retributive D) procedural E) interpersonal

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43) When considering distributive justice, the ________ norm is typically judged to be the fairest choice in situations where the goal is to maximize the productivity of individual employees. A) equity B) equality C) need D) standard E) prescriptive

44) The managers at Telstar, a public relations firm, have noticed that the employees are not team players and are primarily focused on achieving individual goals. Management wants to change this attitude and works to create a reward system in which all group members would receive exactly the same outcome, regardless of their individual productivity levels, to promote their ability to work effectively in groups. Which of the following allocation norms would you recommend for this purpose? A) standard norm B) consensus norm C) equity norm D) equality norm E) propensity norm

45) Which of the following is an allocation norm under which all group members receive exactly the same outcome on a project regardless of their individual productivity levels? A) propensity norm B) need norm C) equity norm D) reciprocity norm E) equality norm

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46) Walid and Aiko were angry when they learned that their HR department had asked senior executives for input on whether to create an onsite childcare facility but did not ask the other employees. The top executives shelved the idea, and the other employees were not permitted to appeal the decision. Walid and Aiko feel that ________ justice is not being served.

A) distributive B) procedural C) interpersonal D) informational E) adaptive

47) If an organization protects new employees from having to take on committee assignments and other extra activities so that the employees can get their careers off to a productive start, the organization is using the ________ norm type of allocation norms. A) propensity B) need C) reciprocity D) equity E) equality

48) Regional chain Sunray Natural Foods, Inc., has a policy that does not permit newly hired management employees to work on committee or community projects for six months. This policy was put in place to ensure that those new employees can concentrate on their work without being distracted. Which of the following allocation norms has Sunray Natural Foods adopted?

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A) standard norm B) equity norm C) reciprocity norm D) need norm E) equality norm

49) Procedural justice is fostered when authorities adhere to four rules that serve to create equal employment opportunity. Which of the following answer options is not one of those four rules? A) bias suppression B) representativeness C) respect D) consistency E) accuracy

50) Procedural justice is defined as a dimension of justice that reflects the perceived ________ of decision-making processes. A) fairness B) timeliness C) organization D) ethics E) equity

51) The employees at NorthWest Labs are encouraged to participate in the decision-making process. The company values the feedback and suggestions given by employees, who in turn are pleased that they are able to express their opinions freely. Which of the following dimensions of justice is the company promoting by giving its employees voice?

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A) informational justice B) procedural justice C) distributive justice D) interpersonal justice E) retributive justice

52)

Which of the following is a procedural justice rule of fair process? A) correctability B) justification C) equality D) respect E) propriety

53)

Interpersonal justice is fostered when authorities adhere to which two particular rules? A) the propriety rule and the equity rule B) the respect rule and the accuracy rule C) the respect rule and the propriety rule D) the truthfulness rule and the respect rule E) the propriety rule and the consistency rule

54)

Which of the following statement concerning procedural justice is true?

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A) Distributive justice is a stronger driver of reactions to authorities than procedural justice. B) Procedural injustice occurs when authorities are rude or disrespectful to employees. C) Allocation norms are important in procedural justice. D) Distributive justice is a stronger predictor of job satisfaction than procedural justice. E) Distributive justice and procedural justice combine to influence employee reactions.

55) Margo, a first-line supervisor at Lou’s Market, regularly uses abusive and derogatory words when dealing with subordinates. Many employees have heard Margo refer to specific employees with inappropriate labels, ridiculing their ethnicity, names, or abilities, but so far their complaints have not been addressed by senior management. From the scenario, it can be concluded that workers at Lou’s lack ________ justice. A) distributive B) informational C) procedural D) interpersonal E) restorative

56)

Which of the following statements concerning interpersonal justice isnot true? A) Civility training teaches the benefits of respectful communication. B) Increased respect may become "contagious" throughout the organization. C) Fifteen percent of employees are victims of abusive supervision behaviors. D) Interpersonalinjustice occurs when authorities are rude or disrespectful to employees. E) Positive interactions have a stronger effect on mood than negative interactions.

57) Roger, a supervisor nearing retirement, often makes improper or offensive remarks to younger employees. Which rule is Roger violating?

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A) propriety B) justification C) truthfulness D) accuracy E) voice

58) Companies that engage in civility training are most likely concerned about ________ justice. A) interpersonal B) procedural C) ethical D) legal E) perceived

59) ________ is defined as the sustained display by a manager of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact. A) Trust propensity B) Bias suppression C) Justification D) Whistleblowing E) Abusive supervision

60) When employees consider the perceived fairness of communications from authorities during the course of organizational decision making, ________ justice is occurring.

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A) distributive B) informational C) interpersonal D) procedural E) restrictive

61)

Which of the following is an informational justice rule? A) truthfulness B) consistency C) equity D) bias suppression E) propriety

62) Mavis and Cordaro lost their jobs when a recession hit and their company had to lay off many of its employees. However, a few workers in their department with less seniority kept their jobs. When Mavis and Cordaro confronted their supervisor about this, the supervisor seemed uncomfortable and offered only vague answers. Given what you know about justice in organizations, why do you think their supervisor might have behaved this way? A) It is not standard practice for large companies to explain the reasons for laying off large numbers of lower-level employees. B) Many managers find sharing bad news to be stressful, leading them to distance themselves rather than to explain decisions. C) Their manager was engaging in a passive form of abusive supervision, and Mavis and Cordaro likely have a legal case. D) Low levels of information tend to prevent wrongful termination claims because most employees just give up. E) Honest and adequate explanations actually tend to increase retaliation responses against the organization.

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63)

Informational justice is fostered when authorities adhere to the rules of A) voice and accuracy. B) justification and truthfulness. C) equity and equality. D) consistency and accuracy. E) respect and propriety.

64) The ________ rule requires that the decision-making procedures and outcomes that authorities explain to employees be honest and candid. A) accuracy B) respect C) informational D) equity E) truthfulness

65) Which of the following would be considered an example of an especially ethical behavior? A) moral awareness B) economic exchange C) abusive supervision D) legal compliance E) whistleblowing

66) ________ occurs when former or current employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their organization.

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A) Social exchange B) Whistleblowing C) Abusive supervision D) Distributive justice E) Economic exchange

67) In 1989, Jeffrey Wigand was a scientist working for the tobacco company Brown and Williamson. When he discovered that the company was adding carcinogenic substances to increase the impact of its tobacco, he was fired from his job. In 1996, he went on the TV news show60 Minutes to reveal this information to the public. His allegations resulted in many state lawsuits that ultimately won $368 billion in settlements against the company, along with greater scrutiny of the tobacco industry. This scenario reflects Wigand’s A) preconventional moral reasoning. B) whistleblowing. C) bias suppression. D) trust propensity. E) abusive supervision.

68) Which of the following isnot a factor in the four-component model of ethical decision making? A) moral sensitivity B) moral awareness C) moral intent D) ethical behavior E) moral judgment

69)

The first step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is

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A) moral intent. B) moral judgment. C) ethical behavior. D) moral awareness. E) moral identity.

70)

The third step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is A) ethical behavior. B) moral awareness. C) moral identity. D) moral intent. E) trust propensity.

71) ________ is defined as the authority’s act of recognizing that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical standard or principle is relevant to the circumstance. A) Ethical behavior B) Moral judgment C) Moral intent D) Trust propensity E) Moral awareness

72) If a professor brings a convicted white-collar criminal to speak to students about the white-collar criminal’s unethical actions and the consequences of those actions, the professor is attempting to increase students’ moral

Version 1

A) propensity. B) awareness. C) identity. D) intensity. E) ability.

73) Several managers at Calvin’s company were publicly accused of sexual harassment by an ex-employee of the company. The press immediately latched onto the story and it went viral on the Internet. This is an example of a situation with high A) moral awareness. B) ethical intensity. C) moral intensity. D) social pressure. E) virtue ethics.

74) Which of the following statements differentiates between moral intensity and moral attentiveness? A) Moral intensity is an exclusive function of employees, while moral attentiveness must be maintained by all employees. B) Moral intensity reflects the degree to which one perceives oneself as being a moral person, while moral attentiveness reflects the organization’s perception of the moral behavior of its employees. C) Moral intensity captures the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency, while moral attentiveness captures the degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences. D) Moral intensity is measured by its consequences and effect, while moral attentiveness is measured by previous ethical actions and behaviors. E) Moral intensity is constant across people of different nations, while moral attentiveness changes from one society to another.

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75)

The final step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is A) ethical behavior. B) ethical identity. C) moral intent. D) moral awareness.

76)

Which of the following is a feature of moral development at the preconventional stage?

A) Right versus wrong is referenced to the expectations of one’s family and one’s society. B) Concepts such as doing one’s duty and maintaining the social order come to be valued for their own sakes. C) People come to emphasize the laws, rules, and orders that govern society. D) Right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles. E) Morality is practiced to avoid punishment, regardless of any concern about moral order.

77) As people mature, their moral judgment reaches the conventional stage, which is characterized by A) an emphasis on laws, rules, and orders that govern society. B) self-interest and a lack of loyalty, gratitude, or fairness. C) a set of defined, established moral principles. D) specific principles like utilitarianism and egoism. E) the desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain regardless of any concern about moral order.

78) At the postconventional stage of moral development, right versus wrong is established on the basis of Version 1

A) consequences of various actions for the individual. B) expectations of one’s family and one’s society. C) stereotypes about what is considered right. D) laws, rules, and orders that govern society. E) a set of defined, established moral principles.

79) According to the principle of ________, an act is morally right if the decision maker freely decides to pursue short- or long-term interests. A) egoism B) ethics of rights C) ethics of duties D) virtue ethics E) utilitarianism

80) Utilitarianism and egoism are both specific ________ principles used in the ________ stage of cognitive moral development. A) consequentialist; postconventional B) consequentialist; conventional C) nonconsequentialist; preconventional D) nonconsequentialist; postconventional E) nonconsequentialist; preconventional

81) An act is considered to be morally right if it allows the decision maker to lead a “good life” by adhering to virtues such as wisdom, honesty, courage, loyalty, and the like. This principle is known as

Version 1

A) ethics of rights B) ethics of duties C) egoism D) virtue ethics E) utilitarianism

82) If an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists but is then unable to determine whether a given course of action is right or wrong, the authority is having trouble with ________, the second step of the four-component model of ethical decision making. A) moral attentiveness B) moral awareness C) moral intensity D) moral intent E) moral judgment

83)

________ is defined as the degree to which people see themselves as moral. A) Moral judgment B) Moral identity C) Trust propensity D) Moral awareness E) Moral intensity

84) Not only is Jayesh perceived by his employees as a kind and fair boss, but he is very committed to local initiatives. For example, he donates a percentage of company profits to a prison rehabilitation program, and the company participates in numerous charity events. Jayesh’s behavior suggests his ________ is very important to him.

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A) moral awareness B) ethical identity C) sense of justice D) moral identity E) moral intent

85) When employees are able to devote their attention to work, as opposed to perpetrating or being victimized by office politics, they are exhibiting a(n) A) moral intensity. B) ability to focus. C) moral awareness. D) moral judgment. E) trust propensity.

86) Alex has been offered a bribe from a company bidding on a construction project and is seriously considering taking it, even though he knows that the company has engaged in dangerous practices in the past. Alex also knows his friends, coworkers, and managers would strongly consider this action unethical. However, the money could pay for a nice vacation, and Alex reasons that he could really use a break. This decision is causing him a great deal of stress. Alex is feeling a high level of A) stress based on personal principles. B) virtue ethics based on utilitarianism. C) moral awareness based on moral intent. D) moral intensity based on social consensus. E) ethical awareness based on social consensus.

87) An individual could argue that smashing a window to save a dog trapped in a hot car is defensible and ethical. This rationale is based on which of the following principles?

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A) the ethics of rights B) the ethics of duties C) egoism D) utilitarianism E) virtue ethics

88) Which of the following has been proven in research studying the impact of trust on performance and commitment? A) Trust has a strong positive effect on performance. B) Trust has no effect on citizenship behavior. C) Trust makes employees less likely to engage in counterproductive behaviors. D) Trust has a strong positive relationship with continuance commitment. E) Trust has a weak positive correlation with affective and normative commitment.

89) Abby’s boss, Francisco, has an unruly temper and has been known to chew out subordinates for even minor infractions. No one is safe, and employees are nervous and unhappy. Francisco’s behavior is changing the workplace, and not for the better. Given what you know about trust, what is Abby most likely experiencing? A) Abby’s performance and productivity is much the same and not affected by Francisco’s outbursts. B) Abby is losing her ability to concentrate as she steels herself for another one of Francisco’s outbursts. C) Abby is working more efficiently than ever because she knows Francisco’s focus is on other employees. D) Abby’s relationship with Francisco is developing into one based on vaguely defined obligations. E) Abby is confident that her productivity, abilities, and attitude will protect her from Francisco’s outbursts.

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90) “Playing politics” or “covering one’s backside” has a negative effect on employees’ job performance, because it hampers their A) continuance commitment. B) normative commitment. C) affective commitment. D) ability to focus. E) social exchange.

91) Employees who trust their authorities have ________ relationships that are based on vague, open-ended obligations. A) emotional B) economic exchange C) transactional D) mutually committed E) social exchange

92) Which of the following is a feature of economic exchange relationships between organizations and employees? A) an explicit repayment schedule B) open-ended job demands C) affective and normative organizational commitment D) vaguely defined obligations E) mutual investment

93) When an employee do nothing more than fulfill the duties in their job description in exchange for pay, they are engaging in ________. Version 1

A) cognition-based trust B) an economic exchange C) affect-based trust D) benevolence E) a social exchange

94) Yuka has a great relationship with her boss, Noah. Noah demands a lot from his employees, but he gives a lot in return, not only in the form of bonuses and other incentives, but also through sincere praise and encouragement. Noah asks Yuka for her opinion about things outside her area of expertise, he listens carefully, and he often takes her advice. As a result, Yuka has no qualms about staying late and taking on extra duties. Which of the following is most likely true about the way Yuka views her job responsibilities? A) Even though Yuka appreciates Noah, she sometimes feels taken advantage of. B) Yuka’s behavior is based primarily on the fact that she has a high propensity for trust. C) Yuka’s respect for Noah is based on his integrity and is more rational than emotional in nature. D) Even though Yuka loves her job, it is still just a job, and she would leave if she got a better offer. E) Yuka has an emotional connection to Noah and feels theirs is a mutually beneficial relationship.

95) Which of the following is a feature of social exchange relationships between organizations and employees? A) a narrow definition of work demands B) an explicit repayment schedule C) advance knowledge of occupational obligations D) impersonal and contractual exchanges E) mutual investment

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96) Which of the following acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society? A) corporate social responsibility B) social exchange theory C) rational choice and responsibility D) consequential egoism E) predicted outcome value theory

97) Fulfilling the legal component of corporate social responsibility suggests that the organization has reached the ________ level of moral development. A) preconventional B) principled C) postconventional D) conventional E) preoperational

98) While fulfilling the ethical component of corporate social responsibility, an organization does what is right, just, and fair. This suggests that the organization has reached the ________ level of moral development. A) preconventional B) principled C) preoperational D) conventional E) metaphysical

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99) Which of the following is a unique feature of the citizenship component of corporate social responsibility (CSR)? A) The citizenship component of CSR demands that organizations follow the prescribed ethical codes for their business. B) The citizenship component of CSR proposes that law represents society’s codification of right and wrong and must therefore be followed. C) The citizenship component of CSR ensures legal compliance so that a company’s reputation is protected against allegations like violation of intellectual property rights or labor laws. D) The citizenship component of CSR argues that organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in the communities in which they work. E) The citizenship component of CSR represents the conventional level of moral development.

100) Unbound Technologies, an international manufacturer of smart appliances, opened a location in Osterfield and created a significant number of jobs in the area. Mia works in the marketing department at Unbound. Overall, Mia likes her job, even though she thinks the benefits could be better and that the company could be more diverse. Moreover, the company has not shown much interest in fulfilling its corporate social responsibility—in fact, within the first year, Unbound was hit with a number of fines for violating local environmental regulations. Following this, the company installed a compliance team, but overall, Mia, many employees, and members of the Osterfield community feel as if the company is neglecting its citizenship responsibilities. What could Unbound Technologies do to improve its corporate social responsibility in this area? A) focus on improving diversity as there are few minorities in senior positions B) offer employees more incentives and bonuses for achievements C) offer better company benefits, like dental and vision coverage D) institute volunteer initiatives to work with local charities E) invest in training and development programs for staff

101) Trust is defined as the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee’s actions and intentions.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

102) Ethics reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms. ⊚ ⊚

103)

true false

Justice reflects the actual fairness of an authority’s decision making. ⊚ ⊚

true false

104) The importance of trust propensity is most obvious in interactions with coworkers and friends, in which any acceptance of vulnerability would amount to “blind trust.” ⊚ true ⊚ false

105) Mara met Eboni at her apartment pool and agreed to go out on a date that same evening. Mara has often gone out with people she has just met. Her agreement to go out with Eboni after just meeting demonstrates cognition-based trust. ⊚ ⊚

true false

106) Darien has just started a new job. His coworkers tell him that their manager, Jean, is unselfish and always keeps her promises. Jean also is the leading expert in the company on product development. As a result of this information, Darien is likely to develop cognition-based trust in Jean.

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⊚ ⊚

107)

Ability is defined as the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work. ⊚ ⊚

108)

true false

Affect-based trust is seen in a select few relationships. ⊚ ⊚

true false

109) Employees gauge distributive justice by asking whether decision outcomes, such as pay, rewards, evaluations, promotions, and work assignments, are allocated using proper norms. ⊚ ⊚

true false

110) Anya, a manager at Marquette Industries, is always very careful to award bonuses and other rewards to her subordinates based on each individual’s performance and contribution. Anya is concerned with interpersonal justice. ⊚ ⊚

true false

111) Procedural justice tends to be a stronger driver of reactions to authorities than distributive justice. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

112) Interpersonal justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules: the justification rule and the truth rule. ⊚ ⊚

true false

113) Low levels of informational justice can make an organization vulnerable to wrongful termination claims. ⊚ ⊚

114)

true false

Moral intensity captures the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency. ⊚ true ⊚ false

115) According to Kohlberg’s theory of cognitive moral development, people begin their moral development at the conventional stage, where right versus wrong is viewed according to the expectations of one’s family and one’s society. ⊚ ⊚

true false

116) All people move through the preconventional and conventional stages and finally operate from the principled, or postconventional, stage of moral development. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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117) In the context of trust and job performance, the ability to focus reflects the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work, as opposed to engaging in workplace politics or saving themselves from problems like abusive supervision. ⊚ ⊚

true false

118) Trust has a moderate positive effect on job performance and a strong positive effect on organizational commitment. ⊚ ⊚

true false

119) The legal component of corporate social responsibility argues that the law represents society’s codification of right and wrong and must, therefore, be followed. ⊚ ⊚

true false

120) Efforts to improve the quality of life in the communities in which organizations work is typically an effort that comes under the citizenship component of corporate social responsibility. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 07_8e_ Colquitt 11) A 12) C 13) C 14) D 15) D 16) A 17) E 18) C 19) A 20) C 21) B 22) D 23) C 24) A 25) D 26) B 27) A 28) D 29) B 30) D 31) C 32) D 33) A 34) A 35) A 36) C Version 1

37) A 38) D 39) C 40) D 41) C 42) B 43) A 44) D 45) E 46) B 47) B 48) D 49) C 50) A 51) B 52) A 53) C 54) E 55) D 56) E 57) A 58) A 59) E 60) B 61) A 62) B 63) B 64) E 65) E 66) B Version 1

67) B 68) A 69) D 70) D 71) E 72) B 73) C 74) C 75) A 76) E 77) A 78) E 79) A 80) A 81) D 82) E 83) B 84) D 85) B 86) D 87) A 88) C 89) B 90) D 91) E 92) A 93) B 94) E 95) E 96) A Version 1

97) D 98) B 99) D 100) D 101) TRUE 102) TRUE 103) FALSE 104) FALSE 105) FALSE 106) TRUE 107) FALSE 108) TRUE 109) TRUE 110) FALSE 111) TRUE 112) FALSE 113) TRUE 114) TRUE 115) FALSE 116) FALSE 117) TRUE 118) TRUE 119) TRUE 120) TRUE

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CHAPTER 8 1)

Discuss the relationships among learning, experience, and decision making.

2) Organizations impart certain types of knowledge to employees through formal training, whereas some forms of information cannot be communicated through such training. Identify and compare the two types of knowledge these represent. Provide a personal example of each.

What are the four contingencies of reinforcement? Explain each and provide an example.

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4) ThinkTank Inc. wanted to experiment by splitting its sales force into five teams and varying the reinforcement schedule for each team to determine which technique is the best. The first team is led by Jessica. For every sale, Jessica affixes a cardboard star to the outside of the employee’s cubical. Stars are color coded by amount of the sale. Team members are able to compare the number of stars and get a rough idea of sales totals at a glance. The second team is led by Luiz. Members of his sales staff receive their standard paycheck, with nothing else being done to change the reinforcement schedule. This is the control group. The third group is led by Xian. Her reinforcement schedule includes a two-hour window of opportunity at some point during the week, when members of her sales staff can earn a flat commission on any sales added to their standard pay. John runs the fourth group. The members on his sales staff are given a bonus for every tenth item they sell, with no limit. The final group is led by Amina. This group receives commission on every item they sell. The commission is graded to increase with the price of the item. Which type of reinforcement schedule is each group using? Which group do you predict will have the highest sales at the end of the experiment? Rank the groups in order of potential level of performance from high to low.

Identify and explain the two methods of decision making and give examples of each.

6) Describe the rational decision-making model. Explain how rational decision making is important as employees move up the corporate ladder. Provide the five steps for making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives.

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7) Define the termheuristics, discuss the relationship between heuristics and biases, and explain at least two of the associated biases with examples. Why do people fall prey to these biases, and what is faulty about them?

8) Discuss the concept of attribution, as well as faulty attribution, along with the three dimensions—consensus, distinctiveness, consistency—by which people form judgments of other people’s actions. How does the level of each (low or high) lead to a judgment of external or internal causes behind another person’s behavior? Give examples.

9) How important is learning? Discuss the relationships among learning, job performance, and organizational commitment.

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10)

Discuss the steps an organization can take to foster learning. Provide an example of each.

11) Relatively permanent changes in an employee’s knowledge or skill that result from experience are reflected in that person’s A) learning. B) intuition. C) expertise. D) heuristics. E) consistency.

12) ________ is the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. A) Decision making B) Knowledge transfer C) Selective perception D) Escalation of commitment E) Continuous reinforcement

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13) As a team leader for LS Industries, Amine needs to choose the best possible candidate to head up a sensitive project. The client had worked with another manufacturing firm whose inexperience resulted in several product defects that need to be corrected, and now it has brought the project to Amine’s firm. The client wants someone who can get up to speed on the project quickly and make sound decisions on the job. With little room for error, Amine’s best choice for project manager would be A) Arthur, who is known throughout the industry for his hard-nosed commitment to his ideas and his inflexible stance as a team leader. B) Mia, who has proven to be a solid worker with the ability to work well with others and who has shown up for work every day without fail for the past 12 years. C) Zahra, who graduated with honors from one of the finest industrial engineering programs in the country and who has been a stellar performer with LS Industries ever since joining the company three years ago. D) Susan, who has worked for the company for twenty years and has performed flawlessly, making herself known as someone who consistently delivers within her particular area of expertise. E) Adam, who experienced a number of failures early in his career but went back to school and set out to learn his trade from the bottom up, taking on new and different projects along the way.

14) Wes’s employer has established a course of learning for him. From the standpoint of organizational behavior, this is particularly important because learning will help him to A) find other employment. B) make more money at his job. C) move up the corporate ladder. D) become a better decision maker. E) take greater authority in group situations.

15)

The knowledge and skills that distinguish specialists from novices are referred to as

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A) learning. B) training. C) intuition. D) expertise. E) distinctiveness.

16) Research shows that the differences between ________ are almost always a function of learning. A) experts and novices B) intelligence and intuition C) emotions and behaviors D) introversion and extroversion E) employees and employers

17)

True learning only occurs when A) negative behaviors are unlearned over time. B) novices distinguish themselves from experts. C) employees are assigned larger responsibilities. D) changes in behavior become relatively permanent. E) employees avoid mimicking the behaviors of experts.

18) ________ knowledge is information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach during training sessions.

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A) Tacit B) Implied C) Inferred D) Inherent E) Explicit

19) In her job as a research assistant for a pharmaceutical company, Sevda spends a lot of time at her computer. Today her boss told her, “Find out everything you can about opioid use in Germany,” and she immediately sat down and typed a few words into a search engine. Soon she had a dossier on the subject, gleaned from her research on the Internet. The information Sevda acquired in this way is an example of ________ knowledge. A) tacit B) explicit C) intuitive D) heuristic E) distinctive

20) As a soldier in the U.S. Army, Lexi underwent an extensive course of training as a combat field medic. During that time, she learned from manuals and performed exercises involving dummies and other simulation aids. A few months later, she found herself in a combat situation overseas, treating real soldiers with actual wounds. She would later tell her family that what she learned in a day on the battlefield was worth many weeks of training in school. In terms of organizational behavior, this example illustrates the difference between ________ knowledge. A) explicit and tacit B) general and specific C) ordinary and esoteric D) theoretical and practical E) transitory and permanent

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21)

________ knowledge is typically learned by employees only through experience. A) Tacit B) Explicit C) Heuristic D) Intuitive E) Nonprogrammed

22) Although it isnot easily communicated, ________ knowledge could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations. A) nonprogrammed B) intuitive C) heuristic D) explicit E) tacit

23)

Tacit knowledge is A) impersonal in nature. B) easily recognizable. C) based on experience. D) easy to acquire from books. E) always conscious and accessible.

24)

Which of the following answer options is an example of a manager’s tacit knowledge?

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A) Bolin believes a sales spike is imminent and pushes employees to increase production. B) Bolin constructs a job duty manual for each part-time position. C) Bolin attends a short training on how to use the new phone system. D) Bolin confers with the Human Resource manager on discipline policies. E) Bolin provides the shift supervisor a list of employees with remaining vacation time.

25) Eric has never had any formal training in computer science, yet everyone at the office recognizes him as a genius with hardware and software. On numerous occasions, he has repaired a piece of equipment that seemed unsalvageable or helped someone recover a document they thought was lost forever. When asked how he always seems to know just the right solution, he just shrugs and says with a laugh that if anybody spent as much time messing around with computers as he has, then they would be able to do the same thing. This is an example of A) tacit knowledge. B) transfer of training. C) knowledge transfer. D) learning orientation. E) rational decision making.

26)

Which of the following answer options is an example of explicit knowledge?

A) Working in the Junior ROTC helped Kiera determine who to approach for letters of recommendation. B) Donte knew the rules of baseball inside and out, he had been playing since he was four. C) Trini had an extensive mental model of the business she planned to start after college. D) After completing a difficult project, Brian and Tina produced a thorough report to help any of their colleagues through similar situations. E) Each year Mal correctly predicted the Academy Award winners, and he never missed viewing a nominated movie.

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27) Tobias is widely acknowledged as one of the best sales trainers in the insurance industry. He has often been described as having an intuitive grasp not only of insurance sales techniques but also of the methods for teaching them. One day after a seminar, a trainee named Lena approaches him and asks him to teach her how to do what he does. Dropping the friendly persona that was typical of his on-stage presence, he simply said, “I can’t” and walked out. Tobias was A) wrong, because he placed too great an emphasis on his own abilities and paid too little attention to the importance of being diplomatic. B) right, because he had already spent a great deal of time teaching at the seminar, and whatever he needed to convey had already been conveyed. C) wrong, because clearly Lena was eager to learn, and almost anything can be taught to someone else if that person is eager and willing enough to learn. D) right, because it is not his job to train potential competition—especially someone who might be attempting to gain an unfair advantage. E) right, because what he does is based on experience and his personal qualities and is probably not something he could teach someone else how to do, even if he wanted to.

28) ________ is the idea that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it. A) Learning orientation B) Selective perception C) Operant conditioning D) Social identity theory E) Contingencies of reinforcement

29) Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behavior. These are known as

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A) climates for transfer. B) communities of practice. C) schedules of reinforcement. D) behavior modeling training. E) contingencies of reinforcement.

30)

________ is when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. A) Performance-prove orientation B) Performance-avoid orientation C) Behavior modeling training D) Positive reinforcement E) Negative reinforcement

31)

Punishment occurs when A) an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. B) an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior. C) a positive outcome follows a desired behavior. D) consequences are removed following an unwanted behavior. E) consequences are reinforced following a desired behavior.

32) The dean of students at a military school told all the students that they had to keep their lockers secured at all times. Dominique forgot and failed to use a lock, so when the dean discovered this, he made Dominique mop the bathroom and the hallway of the dorms. This is an example of

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A) training. B) extinction. C) punishment. D) operant conditioning. E) negative reinforcement.

33)

Which of the following statements concerning contingencies of reinforcement isnot true?

A) Negative reinforcement is designed to decrease desired behaviors. B) Public recognition following a desired behavior is a form of positive reinforcement. C) Extinction occurs when there is a removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior. D) Punishment occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior. E) The use of extinction can be purposeful or accidental.

34)

________ is the removal of positive consequences following an unwanted behavior. A) Extinction B) Punishment C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement E) Performance-avoid orientation

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35) Soon after becoming the new store manager of Halo Foods, an organic food market, Max discovers that employees are coming in late to work, taking long breaks, and behaving unprofessionally while on the job. After considering the situation, he introduces a new set of guidelines, along with contingencies of reinforcement. Those who show up on time, do not exceed their allotted break schedules, and show themselves behaving professionally at all times while on duty during the next month will be given a $20 Visa gift card, courtesy of management. Those who fail to meet the requirements, on the other hand, will be asked to stay late one night a week and attend an unpaid training session. The contingencies Max is planning to implement— the Visa gift card on the one hand and the unpaid training session on the other—are, respectively, A) punishment and extinction. B) negative reinforcement and extinction. C) positive reinforcement and punishment. D) punishment and negative reinforcement. E) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.

36) Thanks to donations from merchants in the community, an after-school club for disadvantaged children has introduced a new promotion: those who maintain a B average for the school year will each receive $100 in gift certificates from local businesses, such as an ice cream parlor and a clothing store. This is an example of A) learning orientation. B) behavioral modeling. C) positive reinforcement. D) continuous reinforcement. E) performance-prove orientation.

37) When Julia began her new job in a small office, she came in early every day to start the coffee and tidy up the counter they used as a kitchen. Initially, the others made small comments such as, “Someone cleaned up the counter. It looks good!” Those comments eventually stopped, but everyone continued to drink the coffee. After a few months, Julia stopped coming in early to get the coffee started. This is an example of

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A) positive reinforcement. B) punishment. C) extinction. D) negative reinforcement. E) continuous reinforcement.

38)

Which of the following statements concerning schedules of reinforcement is true?

A) Piece-rate pay is an example of fixed interval schedule. B) The fixed ratio schedule is the most common form of reinforcement schedule. C) The addictive good feeling you get when someone responds to your Instagram post is a form of variable interval schedule. D) Variable schedules lead to high performance, but they are not appropriate for some types of reinforcement. E) Commission pay is an example of variable interval reinforcement scheduling.

39) In ________ a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior. A) a fixed ratio schedule B) a fixed interval schedule C) a variable ratio schedule D) continuous reinforcement E) a variable interval schedule

40)

With a fixed interval schedule,

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A) worker behaviors are reinforced after a certain number of behaviors have been exhibited. B) workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the time between reinforcement periods stays the same. C) workers are rewarded after a varying number of behaviors have been exhibited. D) worker behaviors are reinforced when a specific consequence follows each occurrence of a certain behavior. E) worker behaviors are reinforced at random points in time.

41) As Taryn likes to say, she may not love her job, but she loves getting paid every two weeks. Her paycheck is an example of A) a fixed ratio schedule. B) a fixed interval schedule. C) a variable ratio schedule. D) continuous reinforcement. E) a variable interval schedule.

42)

The two reinforcement schedules based on actual behaviors are A) fixed interval schedules and fixed ratio schedules. B) variable interval schedules and fixed ratio schedules. C) variable interval schedules and variable ratio schedules. D) fixed interval schedules and variable interval schedules. E) fixed ratio schedules and variable ratio schedules.

43) At Pomp and Circumstance, a wedding attire and accessories store, the sales team has monthly evaluations, and the top five performers receive bonuses. This is an example of

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A) a fixed ratio schedule. B) a fixed interval schedule. C) a variable ratio schedule. D) continuous reinforcement. E) a variable interval schedule.

44) Employees at Pak-N-Sav, a discount grocery chain, know that they have to stay on their toes at all times. Mr. and Mrs. Kessler, the company founders, have been known to put on disguises and make unannounced visits to stores to make sure the staff is treating customers politely. This is an example of A) a fixed ratio schedule. B) a variable ratio schedule. C) a fixed interval schedule. D) continuous reinforcement. E) a variable interval schedule.

45) The ________ schedule reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited. A) fixed ratio B) fixed interval C) variable ratio D) continuous reinforcement E) variable interval

46) Jerry and his brother Joe both work in manufacturing plants, but Jerry gets a regular paycheck, whereas Joe is paid according to the number of items he produces. The difference between the way that Jerry gets paid and the way Joe gets paid is the difference between ________ schedules.

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A) fixed interval and fixed ratio B) fixed interval and variable ratio C) variable interval and fixed ratio D) variable interval and continuous E) variable interval and variable ratio

47)

A slot machine is an example of A) a fixed ratio schedule. B) a fixed interval schedule. C) a variable ratio schedule. D) continuous reinforcement. E) a variable interval schedule.

48) Eisha is an independent graphic designer who works with a number of advertising agencies. She used to charge by the hour, but she has now switched to charging by the ad. In other words, she has moved from a ________ schedule. A) fixed interval to a fixed ratio B) fixed interval to a variable ratio C) variable interval to a fixed ratio D) variable interval to a continuous E) variable interval to a variable ratio

49) One of Isabella’s biggest challenges as the leader of a paralegal team is getting team members to fill out their timesheets at the end of each week. She has tried a number of ways to get them to comply, but nothing seems to work. Isabella knows that no one likes to lead the daily project update meeting, which is a task that revolves among the paralegals on a regular basis, and that gives her an idea. The best way to achieve the result she desires is to announce that employees who

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A) are last to fill out their timesheets each week will be required to lead the project update meeting the following Monday, and if their timesheets are filled out incorrectly, they will have to lead the meeting the day after that as well. B) comply with guidelines for filling out their timesheets every week for a month will be exempted from leading the project update meeting at some point in the near future. C) fill out their timesheets correctly and on time three weeks in a row will be exempted from leading the project update meeting the next time their turn comes around. D) fill out their timesheets as directed every week for a two-month period will be exempted from leading the project update meeting for the next two weeks. E) fail to fill out their timesheets correctly and on time five weeks in a row will be required to lead the project update meeting two times in a row.

50)

According to social learning theory, people in organizations have the ability to learn

A) only through outside training. B) through self-directed learning. C) through the observation of others. D) after being on the job for two or more years. E) within the first year in a position.

51) When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat what they have observed, they are engaging in A) learning orientation. B) behavioral modeling. C) positive reinforcement. D) communities of practice. E) performance-prove orientation.

52)

The first step in the behavioral modeling process involves ________ processes.

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A) heuristic B) retention C) production D) attentional E) reinforcement

53) that

People with a performance-avoid orientation focus on demonstrating their competence so

A) others will think favorably of them. B) others will not think poorly of them. C) they will think favorably of themselves. D) they will not think poorly of themselves. E) they will not cause others to think poorly of themselves.

54)

What occurs during the second step of the modeling process, the retention processes step?

A) Learners must view the model receiving reinforcement for the behavior and then receive it themselves. B) Learners must remember the behaviors of the model once the model is no longer present. C) Learners must have the appropriate skill set and be able to reproduce the behavior. D) Learners focus on building competence rather than demonstrating competence. E) Learners focus their attention on the critical behaviors exhibited by the model.

55) Building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence when person has a(n)

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A) projection bias. B) availability bias. C) self-serving bias. D) learning orientation. E) performance-prove orientation.

56) People with a ________ orientation focus on demonstrating their capabilities so that others will think favorably of them. A) performance-avoid B) performance-prove C) programmed decision D) rational decision-making E) nonprogrammed decision

57) Decisions that become somewhat automatic because people’s knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken are known as ________ decisions. A) rational B) intuitive C) nonintuitive D) programmed E) nonprogrammed

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58) Beverly is the night manager at a motel near an interstate highway. In the early hours of the morning, a tour bus breaks down nearby, and she is inundated with more than 50 unexpected guests. Rather than go into panic mode, however, she marshals the help of one other person on duty and speeds the tour group through check-in, placing them all in rooms in less than an hour’s time. Although it took some effort, the whole process went relatively smoothly for Beverly because she has checked in countless guests over the years. Handling the unexpected influx of guests involved a series of ________ decisions for her. A) rational B) intuitive C) nonintuitive D) programmed E) nonprogrammed

59)

Which of the following statements describes intuition?

A) a change, whether sudden or evolving, that results in an urgent problem that must be addressed immediately B) judgments that are emotionally charged, arising through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations C) a situation that arises that is new, complex, and not recognized D) a step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximizes outcomes by examining all available alternatives E) decisions that have become somewhat automatic because people’s knowledge allows them to recognize the course of action that needs to be taken

60)

New, complex, and unrecognized situations call for ________ decisions. A) rational B) intuitive C) nonintuitive D) programmed E) nonprogrammed

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61)

The first step in rational decision making is to A) generate the list of available alternatives. B) choose the solution that maximizes value. C) evaluate the alternatives that are available. D) choose a person who could evaluate the decision. E) identify the criteria that are important in making the decision.

62) The leadership at Morgan Industrial Chemicals has been confronted with a crisis: someone incorrectly filed a purchase order from a key client, thus resulting in a shipment of the wrong materials. Not knowing this, the client proceeded to make use of the chemicals—with disastrous results. This has never happened to the company before, and although it has procedures for addressing various contingencies, the situation at hand requires quick thinking. The task of addressing the problem has fallen to Beth, who is an experienced manager, and she readily comes up with a solution. However, at first glance, her idea sounds counterintuitive, and she needs the immediate support of her entire team to get behind her idea quickly. Therefore, she should A) let the team members know that, as a manager with considerable experience, she knows what needs to be done and therefore requires absolute allegiance. B) explain the situation, present her solution and reasoning, point out what the team should be on the lookout for, and invite feedback from team members. C) begin by acknowledging that her solution is one possible idea out of many, then present her proposal and ask for feedback from the team. D) inform the team that the problem needs to be investigated, then form a study group and invite group members to present their findings. E) first see to it that the person responsible for the mistake is identified and dealt with, then take action on the problem.

63) Research is clear that intuition can be a very effective way to make decisions, but only when those making the decisions have a high level of

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A) explicit knowledge. B) social learning. C) performance-prove orientation. D) domain expertise. E) performance-avoid orientation.

64) Tracy and Tonya’s business has enjoyed enormous growth, and they are not sure how to handle the growing list of back orders, so they sit down together to figure out what they should do. First, they list the important criteria involved, then they write down all possible solutions. Having done so, they evaluate these alternatives against the criteria they have established, and after a great deal of discussion, they choose an alternative that they believe will yield the best results. Lastly, having made a decision, they set out to implement it. This is an example of A) knowledge transfer. B) bounded rationality. C) communities of practice. D) performance-prove orientation. E) the rational decision-making model.

65)

Bounded rationality describes the notion that

A) people tend to identify a problem by thoroughly examining the situation and considering all interested parties. B) decision makers evaluate all the alternatives simultaneously to pick the alternative that maximizes value. C) decision makers do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision. D) people project their own thoughts, attitudes, and motives onto others and see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations. E) decision makers tend to choose alternatives that are complex and significantly different from what they are already doing.

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66)

When decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered, the result is A) extinction. B) satisficing. C) stereotyping. D) optimization. E) neutralization.

67)

Bounded rationality says we are likely to A) identify a problem by thoroughly examining the situation. B) pick the alternative that maximizes value. C) use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. D) evaluate each alternative as soon as we think of it. E) develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider.

68)

The concept of bounded rationality suggests that we are likely to A) choose the first acceptable alternative. B) evaluate all alternatives simultaneously. C) pick the alternative that minimizes value. D) use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. E) develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.

69) ________ is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment.

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A) Intuition B) Learning C) Satisficing D) Perception E) Stereotyping

70) When visiting a new city with his family, Tareq found himself staying at a hotel chain he had never been to before. Tareq had boundaries when booking a room at an unfamiliar hotel: the word “hotel”—not “motel” or “inn”—has to be in the name, and the hotel must offer a continental breakfast. Tareq’s personal rules are a form of A) social identity theory. B) heuristics. C) self-serving bias. D) projection bias. E) satisficing.

71) The ________ bias causes people to assume that everyone’s criteria will be just like theirs and that everyone will react to a decision just as they would. A) fundamental attribution B) social identity C) availability D) self-serving E) projection

72) The dean of the college of arts and sciences held a mixer last night but was dismayed to see that, rather than mixing, the students tended to split off into groups by major: arts and humanities students there, students majoring in the natural sciences there, and social-science majors over there. This is an example of ________ in action.

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A) fundamental attribution error B) communities of practice C) social identity theory D) climate for transfer E) self-serving bias

73) When assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group, this is A) a fundamental attribution error. B) social identity theory. C) projection bias. D) a stereotype. E) satisficing.

74) ________ are simple, efficient rules of thumb that allow us to more easily make decisions. A) Nonprogrammed decisions B) Communities of practice C) Selective perception D) Stereotypes E) Heuristics

75) Irene would not go to a concert at the Wild Hair after following a local murder trial on television. The murder took place in the restroom of the Wild Hair. Irene’s refusal to go to a concert at the venue is an example of

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A) fundamental attribution error. B) social identity theory. C) availability bias. D) stereotyping. E) satisficing.

76) ________ is the tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decisions. A) Framing B) Recency C) Contrast D) Anchoring E) Representativeness

77) The senator was having trouble getting support for a piece of legislation called The Omnibus Tax Increase Act. After soliciting input from his staff, he renamed it An Act to Protect the American Way of Life. Suddenly, public opinion was on his side, and he soon had the votes he needed. The reason stems from a decision-making bias known as A) recency. B) contrast. C) framing. D) anchoring. E) representativeness.

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78) Kate’s firm does marketing research studies for film production companies, and this week it showed carefully selected test audiences a soon-to-be-released blockbuster called Love, Explosions, and Laughter. Afterward, it presented participants with a series of questions, including one that asked them to rate their favorite movie of all time. Production company executives were thrilled to see that viewers rated Love, Explosions, and Laughter higher than such classics as Citizen Kane and The Wizard of Oz, but most likely the reason for this was a decision-making bias known as A) representativeness. B) anchoring. C) framing. D) recency. E) contrast.

79) Although Hal did not win the drawing for the statewide lottery, which sells thousands of tickets, he is much more confident of winning the drawing for the nationwide lottery, which sells millions of tickets. The reason is that, whereas he bought just one ticket for the statewide game, he bought ten tickets for the nationwide one. Hal’s reasoning is an example of A) representativeness. B) a self-serving bias. C) the ratio bias effect. D) the gambler’s fallacy. E) fundamental attribution error.

80) Whenever a deposit needs to be made at the bank midday, Paulo always volunteers. His boss thinks this is because Paulo is a highly motivated, ambitious worker, but in fact something quite different is happening: Paulo cannot get through the afternoon without a cappuccino, so those midday errands give him a chance to get his caffeine fix. The boss is subject to the

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A) anchoring error. B) ratio bias effect. C) self-serving bias. D) gambler’s fallacy. E) fundamental attribution error.

81) ________ is when we attribute our failures to external factors and our successes to internal factors. A) the ratio bias effect B) the self-serving bias C) the gambler’s fallacy D) escalation of commitment E) the fundamental attribution error

82) One model of attribution processes suggests that people with a level of familiarity with the person being judged will use a more detailed decision framework and consider: A) reinforcement, observation, and goal orientation. B) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. C) bias, escalation of commitment, and heuristics. D) expertise, tacit knowledge, and explicit knowledge. E) positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and extinction.

83) Pamela’s sales have been slipping for the last four quarters, but this has not adversely affected her performance ratings. As her boss, Paul, observes, “Things are tough all over, and especially in that northeastern territory where she’s working. I do not think anybody else could have done any better, given the same situation.” This indicates ________ attribution.

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A) high distinctiveness resulting in an internal B) high consensus resulting in an external C) low consensus resulting in an external D) high consensus resulting in an internal E) low consensus resulting in an internal

84) Blaine’s coworker, Tamika, has accused him of sexual harassment, but Blaine denies it. Although there is little evidence to support either person’s claims, their supervisor, Yessi, is inclined to believe Tamika. She knows that Blaine had a DUI just a few years back, and he was once reprimanded for mismanaging company funds. Yessi’s judgment is one of ________ attribution. A) high distinctiveness resulting in an internal B) low distinctiveness resulting in an external C) low distinctiveness resulting in an internal D) low consensus resulting in an external E) low consensus resulting in an internal

85) Jamarcus, a manager at the corporate headquarters of Shurway Shipping & Packing Supply, has just received a complaint about Wanda, a receptionist, having been rude to a customer who called the office. After apologizing to the caller, Jamarcus asks Wanda to report to his office. Confronted with the situation, she says that she has been having a bad day and the caller was extremely rude to her. She apologizes and says she will not do it again. Jamarcus, knowing that Wanda has never had any negative interactions with clients in her ten years with the company, is inclined to believe that this particular caller was indeed rude, and he therefore takes no further action. This is an example of ________ attribution by Jamarcus. A) high distinctiveness resulting in an internal B) high consistency resulting in an internal C) low consistency resulting in an external D) low consistency resulting in an internal E) low consensus resulting in an internal

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86)

Escalation of commitment describes which of the following situations? A) when people attribute their own successes to internal factors B) when a person refuses to follow a failing course of action C) when people attribute their own failures to external factors D) when a person decides to continue to follow a failing course of action E) when people blame internal factors when judging the behavior of others

87) The president of a country has dedicated the bulk of the country’s military power to an invasion of a neighboring country. For a time, the war seems to be going his way. Then the enemy begins to take the offensive, conducting massive encircling movements, taking tens of thousands of prisoners, and forcing whole divisions into retreat. Still the president presses on, ordering more troops to the front, in spite of protests from his generals. This is known as A) transfer of training. B) communities of practice. C) escalation of commitment. D) a nonprogrammed decision. E) a fundamental attribution error.

88)

Learning has a ________ effect on commitment. A) moderate negative effect on performance and a moderate positive B) moderate positive effect on performance and a weak positive C) strong positive effect on performance and a strong positive D) weak negative effect on performance and a strong positive E) weak positive effect on performance and a weak negative

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89) Juliet has just completed a 12-week training course and now is back at work. Her boss should expect that she will be A) considerably better at her job and much more committed to staying with the firm than she was 12 weeks earlier. B) somewhat better at her job and slightly more emotionally attached to the company than she was before she began her training course. C) so convinced, as a result of her training, that she knows more than she actually does that she will lose her emotional attachment to the company. D) slightly better as a worker but, due to gratitude for the opportunity to further her education, considerably more committed to her employer than she was before. E) largely unchanged, aside from a bit more knowledge with regard to her job, as compared with virtually no increase or decrease in her emotional attachment to the firm.

90) Groups of employees, or ________, work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time. A) organic models of community B) organic models of attribution C) communities of shared aims D) organic models of practice E) communities of practice

91) Which of the following is a systematic effort by organizations to facilitate the learning of job-related knowledge and behavior? A) modeling B) punishment C) reinforcement D) expertise E) training

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92) ________ happens when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job. A) Heuristics B) Transfer of training C) Climate of transfer D) Communities of practice E) Escalation of commitment

93) Transfer of training can be fostered if organizations create an environment that can support the use of new skills—that is, A) knowledge transfer. B) bounded rationality. C) a climate for transfer. D) communities of practice. E) behavior modeling training.

94) Nicole is spending this week working alongside Ed, a senior manager at the company. She has been instructed to follow his every move, and she soon discovers that Ed not only has years of experience but also a great deal of knowledge—so much so that, as she comes to realize over the course of the week, he does not even know how much he knows. This situation is best described as an example of A) learning. B) expertise. C) tacit knowledge. D) behavior modeling training. E) performance-prove orientation.

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95) Preston Productions, a large international production company, has just transferred Omar to Brazil. His supervisor has informed him that he will be involved in a knowledge transfer, which most likely means that A) he will be working with a Brazilian counterpart interested in learning about American culture. B) Omar will be receiving a debriefing regarding what he knows about Brazil and the company in general. C) someone with experience living in Brazil will help him learn how to operate and live in his new environment. D) Preston Productions is engaged in a transfer of information to a Brazilian corporation. E) Brazilian company officials will educate Omar regarding their country, culture, history, and customs.

96) Learning refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. ⊚ ⊚

true false

97) For complex jobs, it takes most employees anywhere from three months to a year to become an expert. ⊚ ⊚

true false

98) Research shows that the difference between experts and novices is almost always a function of learning as opposed to the more popular view that intelligence or other innate differences make the difference. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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99) Tacit knowledge is the kind of information that employees can typically learn only through experience. ⊚ true ⊚ false

100) The entire process of reinforcement is a continuous cycle, and the repetition of behaviors is strengthened to the degree that reinforcement continues to occur. ⊚ ⊚

true false

101) The three components in the operant conditioning process are practice, repetition, and knowledge transfer. ⊚ ⊚

true false

102) Company meetings tend to run long because Dmitri invariably raises irrelevant points that get everyone off track discussing something that has nothing to do with the business at hand. He seems to enjoy this, but Sandra, his manager, finds it extremely annoying. Without Dmitri knowing it, she has instructed the others to remain silent the next time he tries to get everyone talking about something unrelated to the discussion. In an effort to change Dmitri’s behavior, Sandra is using the contingency of reinforcement known as extinction. ⊚ ⊚

true false

103) Research has consistently shown that fixed reinforcement schedules lead to higher levels of performance than variable schedules.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

104) Those with a performance-prove orientation focus on demonstrating their competence so that others willnot think poorly of them. ⊚ ⊚

true false

105) Because of their tacit knowledge, experts sometimescannot put into words why they know that a problem exists, why a solution will work, or how they accomplished a task. ⊚ ⊚

true false

106) The rational decision-making model offers a step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximizes outcomes by examining all available alternatives. ⊚ ⊚

true false

107) Under enormous pressure to make a decision, Emily ends up selecting the first acceptable solution without considering any more possibilities. Emily has engaged in satisficing behavior. ⊚ ⊚

true false

108) Heuristics are simple, efficient rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily. ⊚ ⊚ Version 1

true false 36

109) Maite is now a regional manager, but for more than five years she was a marketing executive, and she tends to view all organizational problems based on the effect they will have on the marketing department. Her decisions are flawed due to projection bias. ⊚ true ⊚ false

110) The self-serving bias occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors. ⊚ ⊚

true false

111) Escalation of commitment refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action. ⊚ ⊚

112)

Learning is moderately correlated with task performance. ⊚ ⊚

113)

true false

Learning has a weak positive effect on commitment. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

114) Communities of practice are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time. ⊚ ⊚

true false

115) Transfer of training occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 08_8e_ Colquitt 11) A 12) A 13) E 14) D 15) D 16) A 17) D 18) E 19) B 20) A 21) A 22) E 23) C 24) A 25) A 26) D 27) E 28) C 29) E 30) E 31) B 32) C 33) A 34) A 35) C 36) C Version 1

37) C 38) D 39) D 40) B 41) B 42) E 43) B 44) E 45) A 46) A 47) C 48) A 49) C 50) C 51) B 52) D 53) B 54) B 55) D 56) B 57) D 58) D 59) B 60) E 61) E 62) B 63) D 64) E 65) C 66) B Version 1

67) D 68) A 69) D 70) B 71) E 72) C 73) D 74) E 75) C 76) D 77) C 78) D 79) C 80) E 81) B 82) B 83) B 84) C 85) C 86) D 87) C 88) B 89) B 90) E 91) E 92) B 93) C 94) D 95) C 96) FALSE Version 1

97) FALSE 98) TRUE 99) TRUE 100) TRUE 101) FALSE 102) TRUE 103) FALSE 104) FALSE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) TRUE 108) TRUE 109) FALSE 110) TRUE 111) TRUE 112) TRUE 113) TRUE 114) TRUE 115) TRUE

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CHAPTER 9 1)

What is personality? Explain how personality affects how others see us.

2) Ben and Channary have similar educational backgrounds, share some of the same interests, and work in the same organization at the same job level. Ben wants to be the boss one day and seems to go after the position with a single-minded determination. However, Ben is not well-liked by his coworkers; he rarely shares information with them and often belittles their ideas, and his own work can be sloppy. On top of that, Ben always thinks someone else is getting something better than he is: a better promotion, a better office, a better computer, and so on. He is usually a nervous wreck when the regional manager is scheduled for a visit. To his credit, Ben has come up with some great solutions that at first sounded outlandish but actually worked. Ben is assertive and bold, often voicing the opinion that he will be the boss one day. His coworkers shudder at the idea. Channary also wants to be a boss someday. She is a hard worker who always finishes her projects before deadline. Channary will often help coworkers meet their own deadlines, all while staying calm and collected. She always follows rules and processes without questioning them and goes along with any directive handed down by upper management. She keeps her desk meticulously clean. However, Channary is not an outside-the-box thinker. When a coworker suggested a simple, more efficient process for handling invoices, it took Channary two days to fully grasp the idea. She tends to do her best work alone at her desk while wearing noisecanceling headphones. Analyze the personality traits of both Ben and Channary according to the Big Five model.

3) Describe each of the Big Five dimensions of personality. Which dimension has the biggest influence on job performance? Explain.

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4) Nicole just interviewed Anne for a sales position and found her to be very conscientious. Nicole says, “I hired Anne because conscientious employees strive for accomplishment.” Discuss what research has shown about this statement and explain what this may mean in Anne’s sales position.

5) Compare and contrast extraversion and neuroticism. Explain the negative implications of neuroticism.

6) Minnie and Wendy both applied for the associate director position in their campus research administration office. They both have similar experience, but Minnie got the job. Minnie has an internal locus of control, and Wendy has an external locus of control. Define locus of control. Differentiate between the beliefs of external and internal locus of control and explain how locus of control might influence how Minnie and Wendy view Minnie’s hiring.

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7) Keisha remembers learning about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) in her college psychology class. She thinks it would be great to use it in her new job on the human resources team at a pharmaceutical sales company. She has brainstormed several ways she would like to use the MBTI in her job. First, describe the MBTI, and then explain how Keisha could and should use this personality measure in her organization.

Describe the personality types from Holland’s RIASEC model.

9) Briefly describe Hofstede’s six dimensions of cultural values. Provide at least one country that exemplifies either end of each dimension.

10)

Explain the principle of situational strength and the principle of trait activation.

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11) Mika has just had a job interview. Her friend wants to know if the potential employer asked Mika clear purpose questions or veiled purpose questions. Mika says she is not sure, but the questions she was asked included the following: Did she feel it was okay to steal something that would be thrown away anyway? Had she ever lied in a job interview? and Was it okay to secretly leave work early if a friend covered the job? Contrast clear purpose tests with veiled purpose tests and explain which one Mika took, and why.

12)

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates personality? A) Phoebe can perform any mechanical task well. B) Assad scores extremely well on an intelligence test. C) Sammi lacks coordination and performs poorly in all sports. D) Pia is generally friendly, likable, and calm under pressure. E) Dalton regularly volunteers in a nearby domestic crisis shelter.

13) Damian supervises 20 people. When talking to employees in his office, he taps on his desk when he thinks people are talking too slowly, sighs loudly and often, constantly checks the time, and yells when asked even the most basic question. Those who work with Damian perceive him to be uptight, mean, anxious, and rude. These perceptions are primarily formed by Damian’s

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A) abilities. B) perception. C) personality. D) ethnocentrism. E) cultural values.

14) ________ are beliefs about desirable outcomes or modes of conduct shared with others who were raised in the same environment. A) Cultural values B) Traits C) Attributions D) Positive affectivity E) Perceptions

15)

Personality is a collection of multiple A) abilities. B) traits. C) aptitudes. D) emotions. E) capacities.

16)

Traits are defined as

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A) recurring regularities or trends in people’s responses to their environment. B) shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture. C) tendencies to regard new situations as a challenge and to adjust behaviors to meet that challenge. D) dispositional tendencies to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation. E) the structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior.

17)

Personality traits are a function of both your A) values and beliefs. B) beliefs and environment. C) environment and genes. D) genes and perceptions. E) culture and beliefs.

18) Jess, an expert on personality types and their effect on job performance, has been retained by Running Deer Corporation to interview and recommend a new auditor. Jess’s decision will rest largely on matching an applicant’s personality type to the auditor job, which requires dependability, consistency, and honesty. Which one of the following interviewees would Jess likely recommend? A) Ming-na, who is organized, works hard, and perseveres until a task is done B) Carter, who has very complex ideas and constantly seeks out answers C) Phil, who makes an extra effort to help others and show them respect D) Tonya, who talks to everyone and likes to be in the middle of the action E) Santiago, who immediately expresses dissatisfaction with previous employers

19) Which of the following scenarios describes a worker with a potentially neurotic personality?

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A) Zayd greets everyone entering the office with a handshake and a funny story. B) Maisie stays after hours all week to make sure her blueprints are completed perfectly. C) Jordan first envisions and then experiments with a new approach to producing job reports. D) Bashir takes on a substantial part of Jo’s workload to help Jo and everyone on the team. E) Rory yells at Clay when he asks her how she is doing, and then brings him coffee an hour later.

20) Herb’s office is impeccably organized. Herb always shows up on time and can be counted on to volunteer when someone is needed to go above and beyond usual duties. Herb says he will run the company someday, and he is willing to put in as many hours and as much work as it takes to get there. Herb exemplifies the personality trait of A) neuroticism. B) extraversion. C) agreeableness. D) conscientiousness. E) openness to experience.

21)

Which of the following is a dimension of the Big Five taxonomy? A) integrity B) motivation C) extraversion D) veiled purpose E) locus of control

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22) Luisa is always wondering about why things happen, how things work, and what would happen if something were different. She often thinks of exciting possibilities that are outside the box. Her friends use words such as “refined” and “sophisticated” to describe her. Luisa likely possesses the trait of A) openness to experience. B) conscientiousness. C) neuroticism. D) extraversion. E) introversion.

23) Ronan rarely raises his voice or loses his temper. He tends to be calm and the “voice of reason” in chaotic situations and is described by his coworkers as steady and relaxed. Ronan probably scores A) high in openness to experience. B) high in neuroticism. C) high in introversion. D) low in neuroticism. E) low on introversion.

24) Peyton is a well-liked intern at Gary’s Tri-State Metal Sales. Customers and coworkers describe Peyton as kind, cooperative, sympathetic, and warm. Peyton probably has a great deal of the Big Five Trait of A) conscientiousness. B) agreeableness. C) extraversion. D) neuroticism. E) openness.

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25) The day before Liam is to start an important assignment at work, he becomes nervous and moody. He would be the first to tell you that he feels insecure and unsteady when faced with challenges, and he is envious of those who appear to breeze through life. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension ________ would best describe Liam. A) openness to experience B) conscientiousness C) agreeableness D) extraversion E) neuroticism

26) Engineering company Bridgespan introduced a 360-degree feedback system. Carmen was described as innovative and always eager to learn. Mark was appreciated for meticulous, organized work and was the one the team could always depend on during crunch time. Imani’s warm, kind nature and sympathetic ear to customers voicing complaints was acknowledged. Jay was cited for frequently visiting other departments and chatting with everyone about everything. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, which employee best displays conscientiousness? A) Jay B) Carmen C) Imani D) Mark E) All of the employees display conscientiousness.

27) Engineering company Bridgespan introduced a 360-degree feedback system. Carmen was described as innovative and always eager to learn. Mark was appreciated for meticulous, organized work and was the one the team could always depend on during crunch time. Imani’s warm, kind nature and sympathetic ear to customers voicing complaints was acknowledged. Jay was cited for frequently visiting other departments, chatting with everyone about everything. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, which employee best displays openness to experience?

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A) None of the employees displays openness to experience. B) Mark C) Jay D) Imani E) Carmen

28) Engineering company Bridgespan introduced a 360-degree feedback system. Carmen was described as innovative and always eager to learn. Mark was appreciated for meticulous, organized work and was the one the team could always depend on during crunch time. Imani’s warm, kind nature and sympathetic ear to customers voicing complaints was acknowledged. Jay was cited for frequently visiting other departments, chatting with everyone about everything. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, which employee best displays agreeableness? A) Carmen B) Mark C) Imani D) Jay E) None of the employees displays agreeableness.

29) When considering the nature versus nurture debate, one method of separating the two effects is to study identical twins raised in different adoptive homes. These studies show that nearly half of the variation in ________ is accounted for by genetic differences. A) extraversion B) conscientiousness C) neuroticism D) openness to experience E) agreeableness

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30) Cung-le leads the design team at Rapidware, a software firm that designs custom software to meet its clients’ needs. He needs to hire an employee able to recognize when new approaches are needed, understand what clients need, and quickly come up with an innovative way to serve them. Which of the following candidates would best meet Cung-le’s requirements? A) Lanny, a fast worker who forces others to do things his way B) Gale, a lovable character who encourages and helps everyone C) Rico, a curious person who loves art and buys the latest gadgets D) Gage, a very successful worker who is self-proclaimed “old school” E) Jennifer, a methodical worker who defines herself by her career success

31) Ingrid has brought in a consultant to help her better understand the people working on her team. The consultant tells Ingrid that one of the people on her team has a neurotic personality. Which person is it? A) Don, who does not like his job, but says he only has himself to blame B) Winston, who always looks on the bright side, even in poor circumstances C) Katina, who is always in a hurry, fidgeting, and bossing people around D) Belinda, who works long hours against all odds to complete projects E) Tabby, who worries more about making friends than completing assignments

32)

Which of the following scenarios represents a zero-acquaintance situation? A) Kareem never associates with coworkers outside of the office. B) Larry is at a conference and has just been introduced to Heidi. C) Marco refuses to speak to Charlie because of political differences. D) Whitman took a personality test that labeled him as being neurotic. E) Bryce and Layla have a discussion and realize they do not have any mutual friends.

33) One method of examining the genetic basis of personality is to observe changes in personality traits over time. These longitudinal studies reveal which two dimensions are most dependent on genes?

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A) conscientiousness and extraversion B) extraversion and openness C) agreeableness and openness D) openness and conscientiousness E) neuroticism and agreeableness

34) Long-term studies show that one Big Five dimension remains quite stable throughout a person’s life. That dimension is A) extraversion. B) conscientiousness. C) agreeableness. D) openness to experience. E) neuroticism.

35) One reason conscientiousness is so valuable is found in the general goals that people prioritize in their working life. Conscientious people prioritize A) status striving. B) communion striving. C) accomplishment striving. D) curiosity. E) power striving.

36)

Accomplishment striving describes a

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A) strong desire to achieve task-related goals as a means of expressing personality. B) strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality. C) dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance. D) strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality. E) dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation.

37) Sofia is driven to finish something once she starts it. This often means she stays at work later than other workers, stays more focused when she is at work, and takes shorter breaks than everyone else. Sofia is a(n) A) accomplishment striver. B) communion striver. C) power striver. D) status striver. E) values striver.

38)

Agreeable people prioritize ________ striving. A) status B) communion C) accomplishment D) attainment E) power

39)

Communion striving reflects a

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40) Lincoln, a longtime customer-service representative, has a great relationship with his supervisor and all of the other customer service representatives. Lincoln says he never sought a promotion because he did not want the extra work and responsibility that accompanies the higher positions. He is happy with his job duties and his paycheck, plus he is good at his job. Lincoln likes coming to work, can soothe even the most irate customer, and is a courteous and giving colleague. Lincoln is most likely A) a neurotic employee. B) an extravert. C) an agreeable employee. D) a conscientious employee. E) open to experience.

41) ________ people are reluctant to react to conflict with criticism, threats, or manipulation. Instead, they often adopt a “wait and see” attitude or give in to the other person. A) Conscientious B) Agreeable C) Neurotic D) Diligent E) Relaxed

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42)

Of the Big Five, ________ is the easiest to judge in zero-acquaintance situations. A) openness to experience B) conscientiousness C) agreeableness D) neuroticism E) extraversion

43)

A zero-acquaintance situation is a situation in which A) two people have just met each other. B) two people have no friends in common. C) a company forbids romantic relations among employees. D) someone has a personality that makes them avoid others. E) a company routinely shifts personnel among departments.

44)

Extraverted people prioritize ________ striving. A) status B) communion C) accomplishment D) value E) attainment

45) ________ striving reflects a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality.

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A) Accomplishment B) Status C) Fellowship D) Attainment E) Communion

46) Rory can be described as an ambitious individual. She joined Uppercase Inc. as a junior recruiter and wants to climb the corporate ladder to become a team leader. Rory works hard to build up her reputation, makes time to interact with both her manager and the other managers in the company, and lets everyone know how passionate she is about working at Uppercase. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension ________ best describes Rory. A) neuroticism B) extraversion C) agreeableness D) conscientiousness E) openness to experience

47) ________ individuals, who tend to be more energetic and outgoing than most other personality types, are perceived to be more “leader-like.” A) Neurotic B) Creative C) Extraverted D) Accomplished E) Agreeable

48)

Extraverted people tend to be high in

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A) neuroticism. B) agreeableness. C) status striving. D) conflict avoidance. E) positive affectivity.

49)

Positive affectivity is a dispositional tendency to

A) obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality. B) experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation. C) obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality. D) experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance. E) accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality.

50) The Big Five dimension ________ is occasionally called by its flip side: “emotional stability” or “emotional adjustment.” A) conscientiousness B) extraversion C) agreeableness D) openness to experience E) neuroticism

51)

The Big Five dimension neuroticism is synonymous with A) extraversion. B) openness to experience. C) conscientiousness. D) collectivism. E) negative affectivity.

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52)

Negative affectivity is a

53) Neuroticism is associated with a(n) ________ to stressors, meaning that neurotic people are more likely to appraise day-to-day situations as stressful. A) communion striving factor B) differential reactivity C) differential exposure D) openness to experience E) locus of control

54) Neuroticism is linked to a(n) ________ to stressors, meaning that neurotic people are less likely to believe they can cope with the stressors that they experience. A) status striving factor B) locus of control C) differential exposure D) differential reactivity E) accomplishment-striving factor

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55) Neurotic people tend to hold ________, meaning they often believe the events that occur around them are driven by luck, chance, or fate. A) differential exposure B) an internal locus of control C) positive affectivity D) an external locus of control E) differential reactivity

56)

Which of the following statements concerning locus of control is true? A) Those with internal locus of control exhibit lower job performance. B) External locus of control is associated with higher levels of job satisfaction. C) Those with an external locus of control often have lower blood pressure and less

stress. D) Those with internal locus of control have less social support at work than those with an external locus. E) Those with an internal locus of control earn a higher salary than those with an external locus.

57) Together with cognitive ability, ________ is a key driver of creative thought, as people with this trait excel at the style of thinking demanded by creativity. A) conscientiousness B) extraversion C) agreeableness D) openness to experience E) neuroticism

58) In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension ________ is also called “inquisitiveness” or “intellectualness.”

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A) conscientiousness B) extraversion C) agreeableness D) openness to experience E) neuroticism

59) A business owner, Mehdi wants to use some type of testing tool to boost team-building among the staff. What type of test or assessment should Mehdi use? A) one that helps members understand their varying approaches to accomplishing tasks B) one that measures the five major dimensions of personality C) one that matches key employee traits with their ideal jobs D) one that identifies which traits employees likely inherited E) one that points out which kind of personality types make bad employees

60) Which of the following scenarios represents the most appropriate use of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? A) Patrick suspects Gary has a neurotic personality and uses the MBTI to find out. B) Amberly administers the MBTI to screen applicants for employment. C) Jonna uses the MBTI to see if she might be interested in being a welder. D) Mack thinks he is smarter than everyone else and uses the MBTI to prove his point. E) Stu applies the MBTI to build understanding of the different approaches used on his team.

61) Farah was categorized as ISTJ on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. An “ISTJ” has a preference for Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging. Which of the following behaviors would we expect to see in Farah?

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A) following speculations and imagined ideas B) being energized by the presence of people C) approaching decisions in a logical manner D) being spontaneous in approaching a task E) worrying if a decision will anger others

62) Abby flunked the midterm and tells everyone it is the teacher’s fault. She did not study because she knew it would just be a waste of time. After all, she knew the “teacher had it in for her.” Abby demonstrates a(n) A) external locus of control. B) internal locus of control. C) low level of neuroticism. D) high level of extraversion. E) high level of conscientiousness.

63) Author Gretchen Rubin provides a different taxonomy of personality, including ________, who are people who embrace both outer expectations and inner expectations. A) questioners B) obligers C) upholders D) rebels E) strivers

64)

One of the preferences the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator uses to evaluate individuals is

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A) short-term versus long-term orientation. B) individualism–collectivism. C) conventional versus artistic. D) thinking versus feeling. E) masculinity–femininity.

65) Compton and Lula are successful stockbrokers working with the Market Beat Brokerage firm. Before buying a company’s stock, Compton reviews the company’s reports and past data. Lula, on the other hand, buys stock based on speculation. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, the ________ type best describes Compton, and the ________ type best describes Lula. A) feeling; thinking B) sensing; intuition C) perceiving; judging D) short-term; long-term E) extraversion; introversion

66) “Approaching tasks by planning and setting goals” describes the ________ type of Myers-Briggs indicator. A) perceiving B) introversion C) extraversion D) feeling E) judging

67) Author Gretchen Rubin offers an additional taxonomy of personality in which ________ are people who push back on outer expectations and struggle with inner expectations.

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A) questioners B) rebels C) strivers D) obligers E) upholders

68) ________ are expressions of personality that influence behavior through preferences for certain environments and activities. A) Values B) Beliefs C) Tests D) Interests E) Ethics

69)

According to the RIASEC model, an investigative personality type enjoys A) practical, hands-on, real-world tasks. B) persuading, leading, or outperforming others. C) abstract, analytical, and theory-oriented tasks. D) organizing, counting, or regulating people or things. E) entertaining and fascinating others using imagination.

70) Amrita’s psychology curriculum required her to study an individual’s personality type using the process of interviewing. She selected Micah, her brother’s roommate, as her test subject. The highlighted points of her research were that Micah is a law graduate and a musician in his spare time. He is an independent person who paid his own way through law school, and his friends sometimes get annoyed with his impulsive behavior. According to the RIASEC model, Amrita classified Micah under the ________ type of personality dimension.

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A) artistic B) realistic C) enterprising D) investigative E) conventional

71) Chance lives in Louisiana on a houseboat that requires frequent maintenance. Chance is good at carpentry and electrical work. According to the RIASEC model, the ________ type of personality dimension best describes Chance. A) artistic B) realistic C) enterprising D) conventional E) investigative

72)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a case of ethnocentrism?

A) Dave, a millwright from Kentucky, ignores input from engineers at his tractor company’s Japanese subsidiary because he believes Americans build the best tractors. B) Lisa, a Hollywood television producer, goes out of her way to share ideas with producers from India and South Korea she met online. C) Ben, who catches fish in Alaska for a living, has tried using nets manufactured in Japan and Russia, but finds his American-made nets perform slightly better. D) Stephanie, a civil engineer from New York, comes off as pushy and rude when she visits engineering firms in Nordic Europe. E) Zhen, an architect from Missouri, is fascinated by the culture he encounters when his company sends him to South Africa.

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73) Fern’s company is expanding, and she would like a foreign presence to reach broader markets and have some diversification. Fern wants a factory where rules are strictly followed, performance is high, and workers are able to accept the authority of people above them. In which of the following places should she choose to build her factory? A) China B) Brazil C) Greece D) Mexico E) Germany

74) Saffron wants to take her idea for a tech firm to a country where she can hire a workforce that cares about others, values quality of life, and wants equality among workers and between genders. Where should Saffron build her firm? A) Sweden B) Venezuela C) Germany D) Russia E) Iran

75) Which of the following is not one of the dimensions measured in the multicultural personality questionnaire? A) open-mindedness B) emotional stability C) cultural empathy D) locus of control E) social initiative

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76) Volkwear Ltd., a German clothing manufacturer, is known as a company that focuses on improving its customers’ quality of life. In the context of Hofstede’s dimensions, the cultural values dimension of ________ best describes Volkwear Ltd. A) femininity B) individualism C) high power distance D) short-term orientation E) indulgence

77) Yvette, a senior manager at Olivier Furniture & Bedding, was the person behind the company’s shift to a culture that focuses on being more assertive with its clients. In the context of Hofstede’s dimensions, the cultural dimension ________ best describes Olivier Furniture & Bedding. A) masculinity B) collectivism C) low-power distance D) uncertainty avoidance E) short-term orientation

78) Cooper, a trainer at D&J Incorporated preaches the company’s policy of prudence to all his new trainees. In the context of Hofstede’s dimensions, this cultural value followed at D&J Incorporated is an example of A) masculinity. B) collectivism. C) low-power distance. D) long-term orientation. E) high uncertainty avoidance.

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79) In the context of Hofstede’s dimensions, the cultural dimension ________ stresses values such as respect for tradition and fulfilling obligations. A) individualism B) high power distance C) masculinity D) low uncertainty avoidance E) short-term orientation

80) The Chinese culture is a tight social framework in which people take care of the members of a broader ingroup and act loyal to it. In the context of Hofstede’s dimensions, what is the personality dimension used to describe the Chinese culture? A) collectivism B) uncertainty avoidance C) masculinity D) low-power distance E) short-term orientation

81) In the context of Hofstede’s dimensions, the cultural dimension ________ describes cultures that tend to value expressions of desires related to freedom, leisure, and activity versus cultures that tend to value stricter social norms. A) power distance B) individualism–collectivism C) short term versus long-term orientation D) uncertainty avoidance E) indulgence versus restraint

82)

Organizations use the multicultural personality questionnaire when

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A) hiring new employees. B) employees enter leadership training. C) assessing group processes and cohesion. D) identifying employees suitable to work in foreign subsidiaries. E) deciding whether to do business with a supplier.

83) Hofstede’s research found that a culture high on ________ accepts the fact that authority is usually distributed unequally within organizations. A) collectivism B) uncertainty avoidance C) masculinity D) power distance E) short-term orientation

84) Prisha is very uncomfortable because she received a larger bonus than other members of her work group. She is most likely from a ________ culture. A) global B) uncertain C) feminine D) collectivistic E) short-term oriented

85) Considering the individualism–collectivism distinction, which of the following statements is true?

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A) Individualists exhibit lower levels of counterproductive behaviors. B) Collectivists prefer rewards tied to individual achievement. C) Individualists exhibit higher levels of task performance in work team settings. D) Collectivists exhibit lower levels of withdrawal behaviors. E) Individualists exhibit higher levels of citizenship behaviors in work team settings.

86) Which of the following refers to the propensity to view one’s own cultural values as “right” and those of other cultures as “wrong”? A) ethnocentrism B) neuroticism C) extraversion D) zero acquaintance E) short-term orientation

87) ________ examines the impact of culture on the effectiveness of various leader attributes, behaviors, and practices. A) Project GLOBE B) Project HOFSTEDE C) Myers-Briggs D) CANOE E) RIASEC

88)

Which of the following scenarios is an example of typical performance?

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A) Holly has to skip breaks and work extra hours for three days to prepare for a surprise audit. B) Anna casts 500 transmission cases, hitting her average production rate for the week. C) Ashley breaks the printer trying to load it with the wrong kind of toner cartridge. D) Sheila switches departments to fill in for Freddie who is on leave having bypass surgery. E) Bart is tired, so he gets by doing as little as possible for a couple of days.

89) Whit is walking to his workstation when he sees Frank fall off a platform and get seriously injured. Although he is usually quiet and passive, Whit pulls Frank to safety, begins first aid, and orders the other workers to do various tasks to help with the situation. This scenario exemplifies A) organizational commitment. B) typical performance. C) trait activation. D) cultural values. E) ethnocentrism.

90) Of the Big Five, ________ has the strongest effect on task performance, partly because employees bearing these traits tend to have higher levels of ________ than other employees. A) openness to experience; creativity B) conscientiousness; motivation C) agreeableness; power distance D) collectivists; femininity E) neuroticism; focus

91) The principle of ________ suggests that “strong situations” have clear behavioral expectations, incentives, or instructions that make differences between individuals less important, whereas “weak situations” lack those cues.

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A) situation awareness B) situational strength C) situational prevention D) situational ethics E) situation specificity

92) Peter administers an integrity test to all job applicants at Greenwares, a regional chain of lawn and garden supplies. Nina, another Greenwares employee, tells Peter several applicants confided that they faked some of their answers. What should Peter do? A) Nothing; faking is common and does not influence the correlation between scores and performance. B) Stop using unreliable integrity tests and ascertain the qualities of applicants from faceto-face interviews. C) Stop using the integrity test and switch to the more reliable and less invasive polygraph test instead. D) Hire proctors who are trained to monitor tests and catch cheaters to oversee test administration. E) Invalidate all of the tests taken during the testing period referred to by Nina.

93)

Which of the following statements is not true of concerns when using personality testing? A) There are security concerns regarding personality profiles stored in databases. B) A valid assessment is not guaranteed. C) The personality testing industry is not regulated. D) No personality test has been validated in scientific journals. E) Vendor’s tests leave the scoring and evaluation to you, causing more room for error.

94) Which of the following asks applicants about their attitudes toward dishonesty, the desire to punish dishonesty, and confessions of past dishonesty?

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A) a clear purpose test B) differential reactivity C) positive affectivity D) a veiled purpose test E) a Big Five Inventory

95) ________ do not reference dishonesty explicitly but instead assess more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts. A) Clear purpose tests B) Differential reactivity tests C) Positive affectivity tests D) Veiled purpose tests E) Aptitude inventories

96) If you are exaggerating your responses to a personality test in a socially desirable fashion, you are A) exhibiting ethnocentrism. B) faking. C) displaying neuroticism. D) creative. E) using negative affectivity.

97) Personality refers to the structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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98) After Moira had been at her new job a few months, her coworkers found her to be traditional and risk averse in her choices, yet assertive in her manner. These are all examples of cultural values. ⊚ true ⊚ false

99) Billy likes most of his coworkers. However, Billy describes one as “mean-spirited, obnoxious, and belligerent.” Billy is describing his coworker’s social traits. ⊚ true ⊚ false

100) In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, a traditional, conforming person is said to show an openness to experience. ⊚ true ⊚ false

101) Miriam is known as a person who is talkative. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the extraversion personality dimension best describes Miriam. ⊚ true ⊚ false

102) Neuroticism is one of the Big Five dimensions of personality, reflecting traits such as being nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, and unstable. ⊚ true ⊚ false

103)

Extraversion changes quite significantly over a person’s life span. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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104) People who are “communion strivers” have a built-in desire to finish work tasks, channel a high proportion of their effort toward those tasks, and work harder and longer on task assignments. ⊚ true ⊚ false

105) Of the Big Five, openness to experience is the easiest to judge in zero-acquaintance situations. ⊚ true ⊚ false

106) From the perspective of job performance, neuroticism is the most important of the Big Five. ⊚ true ⊚ false

107)

Neurotic people tend to have an external locus of control. ⊚ true ⊚ false

108) In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, openness to experience is positively related to performance across all occupations. ⊚ true ⊚ false

109)

The most appropriate use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is in a hiring context.

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⊚ ⊚

110)

true false

Holland’s RIASEC model focuses on people’s vocational interests. ⊚ true ⊚ false

111) Based on vocational research carried out for Holland’s RIASEC model, artistic people are typically original, independent, impulsive, and creative. ⊚ true ⊚ false

112) Holland’s RIASEC model includes the personality dimensions of conscientiousness and neuroticism. ⊚ true ⊚ false

113) Low-power distance cultures tend to accept the fact that power is usually distributed unequally within organizations. ⊚ true ⊚ false

114)

Conscientiousness has a moderate positive effect on performance. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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115) Christy is attending a business meeting at a client’s office. Some of the attendees are formally dressed; others are in shorts and T-shirts. The table is round instead of rectangular, so there is no “head” position to indicate who is leading the meeting. There is no set agenda to identify what the important topics will be. Christy’s personality is most likely to drive how Christy behaves in this situation. ⊚ true ⊚ false

116) There is no guarantee that personality tests used by companies are actually valid assessments. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 09_8e_ Colquitt 12) D 13) C 14) A 15) B 16) A 17) C 18) A 19) E 20) D 21) C 22) A 23) D 24) B 25) E 26) D 27) E 28) C 29) A 30) C 31) C 32) B 33) B 34) A 35) C 36) A 37) A Version 1

38) B 39) B 40) C 41) B 42) E 43) A 44) A 45) B 46) B 47) C 48) E 49) B 50) E 51) E 52) C 53) C 54) D 55) D 56) E 57) D 58) D 59) A 60) E 61) C 62) A 63) C 64) D 65) B 66) E 67) B Version 1

68) D 69) C 70) A 71) B 72) A 73) A 74) A 75) D 76) A 77) A 78) D 79) E 80) A 81) E 82) D 83) D 84) D 85) D 86) A 87) A 88) B 89) C 90) B 91) B 92) A 93) D 94) A 95) D 96) B 97) TRUE Version 1

98) TRUE 99) FALSE 100) FALSE 101) TRUE 102) TRUE 103) FALSE 104) FALSE 105) FALSE 106) FALSE 107) TRUE 108) FALSE 109) FALSE 110) TRUE 111) TRUE 112) FALSE 113) FALSE 114) TRUE 115) TRUE 116) TRUE

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CHAPTER 10 1) Explain how environment influences cognitive abilities and provide a personal example of this.

2) What is spatial ability? Describe its component abilities and give an example of a job that requires it.

3) Define perceptual ability. Consider the two facets of perceptual cognitive ability and explain the difference between the two. Give examples of the types of jobs that may require each of these abilities.

4) Lindsay is facing four problems. The first is that the way her department is overworking its employees is going to lead to problems soon. The second is that she has to figure out what procedure must be followed to discharge George, an employee who has not been behaving appropriately. The third problem is that she has to determine where missing supplies have gone. Finally, she needs to come up with a new idea to address how to package the company’s products because shipping requirements have changed. Identify and describe the four types of reasoning abilities, and explain which one Lindsay needs to apply to each of her four problems.

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5) Define emotional abilities. Identify and describe the four abilities related to emotional intelligence. Provide a personal example of a time when you used your emotional intelligence to your advantage.

6) Doha is a professional cellist with the Boston Pops. Discuss the physical abilities you consider relevant in her profession.

7) Differentiate among the three types of strength. Explain what types of jobs may require these strengths.

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8) Benson is the head of security for a large government facility covering several square miles. He has to screen people entering and leaving the facility, watch for wild animals entering areas where they could pose a risk, and monitor the weather. Describe the role of sensory ability in task performance and explain how it applies to Benson’s job.

Explain the effects of general cognitive ability on performance and commitment.

10) Terry is a great college football player. He is so good, in fact, that next spring, he will enter the NFL draft. Much to his puzzlement, his buddy Andre tells him he better be ready for the Wonderlic. Explain what the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test is and describe what type of questions Terry might be facing when he takes it.

11)

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates Tim’s ability rather than his personality?

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A) Tim was kind to everyone he met and a generous coworker. B) Tim carried a high bowling average and once bowled a perfect game. C) Tim’s dinner parties were always a success due to his diligent planning. D) Tim appeared calm and steady, even during a crisis. E) Tim’s creative thoughts allowed him to envision creative solutions to most problems.

12) Daylen and Daven had totally different childhoods. Daylen was raised in a supportive environment, and Daven was raised in an abusive, neglectful environment. Daylen always scored about 50 points higher than Daven on cognitive ability tests when they were in school. After graduation, they both were hired by the same company for the same occupation. Now, five years later, what would be the most likely result if they both took a cognitive ability test? A) Daven would outscore Daylen because adult cognitive ability is inverse to childhood cognitive ability. B) Daylen would still score about 50 points higher than Daven because ability remains relatively stable over time. C) Daylen would score less than Daven because cognitive ability test scores are based on improvement over previous scores. D) Daven would narrow the scoring gap with Daylen because environmental influences on cognitive ability tend to decrease as people age. E) Daven would score more than 50 points less than Daylen because the test would remind him of the last time he took the test and his abusive childhood.

13) Which of the following refers to the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different but related activities? A) knowledge B) beliefs C) ability D) values E) attitudes

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14)

Which of the following are the strongest determinants of one’s abilities? A) genes and the environment B) training and skills C) values and attitudes D) knowledge and beliefs E) experience and attitude

15)

In the context of abilities, the amount attributed to genes A) is greater than the role of the environment. B) depends on the nature of the ability. C) only comes into play when the environment is deficient. D) is less than the role of the environment. E) is significant because environment plays no role.

16) Which of the following represents the three general categories into which abilities can be grouped? A) social, physical, and emotional B) emotional, social, and cognitive C) physical, cognitive, and external D) cognitive, emotional, and physical E) external, internal, and transactional

17) Eagle is a human resources coordinator for a large firm dealing with a range of products. She needs to immediately hire an employee high in reasoning ability, but the only tests she has available assess for quantitative and verbal abilities. What can she do when she administers the test to Pablo, and he scores very well on both of them?

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A) ignore the results because all three areas are completely unrelated B) pass up Pablo because verbal ability is inverse to reasoning ability C) calculate Pablo’s likely reasoning ability score as 60 percent of his verbal score D) repeat the test because it is impossible to score high on both math and verbal ability E) hire Pablo because people tend to score similarly across all types of cognitive ability

18)

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates general cognitive ability?

A) Sharon can sense when other people are beginning to become frustrated before they realize it. B) Alice scored well above average on the verbal, quantitative, and reasoning segments of a test. C) Jen scores poorly on a test after getting into an argument with her parents the previous night. D) Rylee does great in math but has difficulty reading and writing. E) Emmi excels at playing four completely different sports.

19)

Which of the following people displays a high degree of reasoning ability? A) Wanda is an accountant who can make mathematical calculations rapidly. B) Barry is a judge who uses laws and rules as a guide in making decisions. C) Roe is a backhoe operator who can shave a thin layer of dirt that is perfectly level. D) Stevie is a carpenter who can imagine what a room will look like before it is built. E) Drake is a language arts teacher who writes descriptive poetry with vivid imagery.

20)

Cognitive abilities refers to capabilities related to the

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A) capacity to manipulate and control objects. B) appraisal and recognition of emotion in others. C) acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving. D) degree to which people can harness emotions and use them to succeed. E) ability to perceive colors and judge relative distances between things accurately.

21) Carlos is taking the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT), which is an evaluation of the analytical, writing, quantitative, verbal, and reading skills required for academic success in graduate school. The GMAT is testing Carlos’s ________ ability. A) emotional B) cognitive C) physical D) coping E) social

22) Researchers recognize ________ general types of cognitive ability, and each type has two or more related specific facets. A) five B) 12 C) four D) six E) 10

23) Quantitative and reasoning abilities come under the general category of ________ abilities.

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A) cognitive B) emotional C) physical D) sensory E) psychomotor

24)

Which of these is a type of cognitive ability? A) sensory abilities B) psychomotor abilities C) perceptual abilities D) response orientation E) coordination

25) The ability to discern differences among people that are due to their nationalities and to understand what these differences mean in terms of the way people tend to think and behave in different situations is called A) problem sensitivity. B) deductive reasoning. C) cultural intelligence. D) emotional intelligence. E) self-awareness.

26) A group of friends decided to start their own custom clothing firm with the resources and abilities they have. Tianna is really good at applying formulas to solve complex problems that involve numbers. Bobby excels at combining specific data into general conclusions. Samir is able to study stock market data and predict how the market fluctuations will affect an industry. These people believe that they can build a great future, and they are working hard toward their goals. From the information given, it can be concluded that Tianna has high ability in the area of

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A) mathematical reasoning. B) response orientation. C) inductive reasoning. D) problem sensitivity. E) number facility.

27) A group of friends decided to start their own custom clothing firm with the resources and abilities they have. Tianna is really good at applying formulas to solve complex problems that involve numbers. Bobby excels at combining specific data into general conclusions. Samir is able to study stock market data and predict how the market fluctuations will affect an industry. These people believe that they can build a great future, and they are working hard toward their goals. From the information given, it can be concluded that Bobby has a high ability in the area of A) mathematical reasoning. B) verbal comprehension. C) inductive reasoning. D) perceptual speed. E) spatial reasoning.

28) A group of friends decided to start their own custom clothing firm with the resources and abilities they have. Tianna is really good at applying formulas to solve complex problems that involve numbers. Bobby excels at combining specific data into general conclusions. Samir is able to study stock market data and predict how the market fluctuations will affect an industry. These people believe that they can build a great future, and they are working hard toward their goals. From the information provided, Samir can be described as having a high degree of A) originality. B) visualization. C) spatial orientation. D) response orientation. E) speed and flexibility of closure.

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29) The students of Chestnut Tree Prep always earned low grades in mathematics. The administration looked into the matter and found out that, although the handouts given by the teacher were extremely good, the teacher was unable to convey the steps and procedures involved in lectures and discussions. The teacher demonstrated A) low ability in written expression and high ability in oral expression. B) high ability in written expression and low ability in oral expression. C) low ability in written comprehension and high ability in oral comprehension. D) high ability in written comprehension and low ability in oral comprehension. E) high ability in written comprehension and high ability in oral comprehension.

30)

Of the following answer options, in which position is verbal ability most relevant? A) financial manager B) surgeon C) pilot D) firefighter E) chief executive officer

31) Financial planners for investment firms have to choose and apply formulas to help their clients plan for their financial future. Which of the following abilities is required? A) mathematical reasoning B) inductive reasoning C) number facility D) problem sensitivity E) deductive reasoning

32)

Which of these refers to the capability to do simple math operations?

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A) response orientation B) number facility C) problem sensitivity D) mathematical reasoning E) deductive reasoning

33) Whenever Marie has a plan, she runs her idea past James first. James always seems to be able to see potential problems with an idea before they happen. James has a high level of A) spatial orientation. B) problem sensitivity. C) perceptual speed. D) visualization. E) originality.

34)

Imagining how something will look after it has been arranged is referred to as A) perceptual speed. B) visualization. C) deductive reasoning. D) written expression. E) spatial orientation.

35) Employatech, an employment research and consulting firm, completed a job analysis revealing that the primary skill required of applicants for a particular job is the ability to make effective decisions based on a presented set of facts. The skill being identified by the job analysis is ________ reasoning.

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A) spatial B) inductive C) deductive D) quantitative E) hypothetical

36) The job of a parole board primarily involves making decisions by applying rules to an applicant’s case and then deciding whether or not the individual should be granted parole. This process uses the parole board members’ ability in the area of ________ reasoning. A) syllogistic B) deductive C) inductive D) spatial E) verbal

37) Gracie was recently hired by a detective agency after rounds of preemployment testing and interviews. The preemployment testing showed that she had a high ability to gather information regarding crimes, filter out unwanted information, and draw the right conclusions to strengthen her case. The preemployment tests revealed that Gracie is good at A) verbal comprehension. B) deductive reasoning. C) inductive reasoning. D) problem sensitivity. E) visualization.

38) Gabriel works in an engineering department. Even though they are sometimes envious, his coworkers enjoy watching him work because he comes up with unusual and often unlikely solutions to problems that are very clever and usually work. Gabriel has a high level of

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A) flexibility. B) originality. C) coordination. D) number facility. E) problem sensitivity.

39) ________ means having a good understanding of where one is relative to other things in the environment. A) Spatial orientation B) Visualization C) Problem sensitivity D) Flexibility E) Perceptual speed

40)

The two main types of quantitative ability are number facility and A) oral comprehension. B) flexibility of closure. C) perceptual speed. D) mathematical reasoning. E) problem sensitivity.

41) Jacob is a renowned landscape designer, and his clients feel that he can bring to life a dull yard with minimal cost and effort. Before starting a project, Jacob always describes the changes he is going to make so the client gets a sense of what the final changes will look like. In doing so, Jacob reflects his strong ability not only to mix and match different designs to create a completely new image but also to help his clients imagine it beforehand. Jacob has high ability in the area of

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A) coordination. B) visualization. C) perceptual speed. D) response orientation. E) mathematical reasoning.

42) Hyun had a great skirt at home that she loved, but she needed a perfect top to go with it. One weekend, while shopping with her aunt, she spied the perfect blouse to go with the skirt. Hyun also picked up a cute belt she thought would pull the outfit together. When she got home with the top and the belt and put them all together, she was right—they looked great. Hyun likely possesses which spatial ability? A) speed and flexibility of closure B) perceptual speed C) originality D) spatial orientation E) visualization

43) Which of the following cognitive abilities is especially important for a range of professions such as surgeons, judges, cartoonists, and forensic scientists? A) reasoning ability B) quantitative ability C) spatial ability D) verbal ability E) affective ability

44)

Which of the following statements concerning the intelligence quotient (IQ) is true?

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A) The IQ test was originally used in educational contexts to test for student placement in advanced learning classes. B) Scores on IQ tests and tests of general cognitive ability both say pretty much the same thing about the person taking the test. C) IQ test scores over 100 indicate a potential learning deficiency. D) People with higher IQs tend to be less satisfied with their lives. E) IQ test scores under 100 indicate the person is bright for their age.

45) Ken has an editorial position at an independent publisher in which he rapidly proofreads documents, sorts files and images, and categorizes objects. Ken depends a lot on A) problem sensitivity. B) spatial orientation. C) perceptual speed. D) visualization. E) originality.

46)

The “g-factor” refers to A) gross motor facilitation. B) gross body equilibrium. C) gross body coordination. D) general cognitive ability. E) general adaptation syndrome.

47) Tiffany leads a sales team. Ralph is the only team member who has not yet reached his quarterly sales quota. How can Tiffany best help Ralph in this situation?

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A) by saying nothing until after the month is over and then taking appropriate action to deal with Ralph B) by telling Ralph that he may want to rethink being in sales if meeting a simple quarterly goal is this hard C) by calling some trusted clients and asking them to buy from Ralph but not mention this phone call to them D) by reminding Ralph to keep working on his goal because it will get harder to reach if he wastes time worrying about it E) by informing Ralph that he is currently the worst salesperson on the team and that his sales ability seems to be really slipping

48) On the third day working at a home improvement store, Aaron, who is used to working at a small local hardware store, has become frustrated with the larger number of customers and demands than he is accustomed to. When Kathy, his manager, comes into the break room and asks how he is doing, despite wanting to pretend everything is under control, Aaron admits that he is feeling a bit frustrated and overwhelmed because he is not used to this environment. Aaron has just displayed A) spatial ability. B) self-awareness. C) other awareness. D) perceptual ability. E) emotion awareness.

49)

Which of the following scenarios depicts someone using other awareness?

A) Gabby scores higher than anyone in her class on the SAT exam. B) Hannah pretends to be angry to motivate her team to work faster. C) Forest feels himself losing his temper and walks outside to take a deep breath. D) Angie can tell that Lewis is overwhelmed and lets him switch places with another worker. E) Edmund gets fired from a job he loves, but he immediately goes out and finds a new one.

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50)

Emotional intelligence is defined as

A) the ability to perceive, understand, and recall patterns of information. B) the ability that influences the degree to which people tend to be effective in social situations. C) the ability that underlies or causes all of the more specific cognitive abilities. D) the ability to develop new ideas. E) the ability to recover quickly from emotional experiences.

51)

Self-awareness is a(n) ________ ability. A) cognitive B) emotional C) physical D) sensory E) intuitive

52)

Self-awareness refers to the ability of people to

A) harness emotions and employ them to improve their chances of being successful in whatever they are seeking to do. B) understand the types of emotions they are experiencing, acknowledge them, and express them naturally. C) block out any sensation of emotions as they move through life in pursuit of specific goals. D) recognize and understand the emotions that other people are feeling. E) be able to recover quickly from emotional experiences.

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53) Jan, the manager at Direct, is a favorite with her employees because she has the ability to recognize and understand the emotions of her peers and subordinates. She interacts with all employees in a warm manner and is very approachable when her employees encounter problems. Which of the following characteristics does Jan possess? A) need for power B) other awareness C) emotion regulation D) emotional resilience E) need for achievement

54) Everyone has heard of a “sore loser,” but a “sore winner” is just as annoying. Both of these are examples of a person’s failure at the ________ facet of emotional intelligence. A) self-awareness B) use of emotions C) locus of control D) other awareness E) emotion regulation

55) When Matt was driving to work, a car sped past him, and its passengers began throwing trash out of the car window. Although Matt was appalled by this behavior, he was able to put the incident behind him and had soon regained his focus on his plan for the day. From the scenario, it can be concluded that Matt has a high degree of A) originality. B) other awareness. C) personal distress. D) emotional arousal. E) emotion regulation.

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56) Which of the following types of emotional intelligence represents the appraisal and recognition of emotion in others? A) self-awareness B) other awareness C) use of emotions D) emotion regulation E) emotion resilience

57)

Which of the following statements is true regarding emotional intelligence? A) Emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence are measures of the same ability. B) Emotional intelligence is a determinant of successful social functioning only. C) Emotional intelligence is vital because it is always aligned to the organization’s

values. D) Emotional intelligence can sometimes compensate for a deficit in cognitive intelligence. E) Emotional intelligence focuses exclusively on understanding the emotions of others.

58) Which of the following is an assessment that asks people about behaviors and preferences that reflect their emotional intelligence? A) Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test B) Scholastic Aptitude Test C) Google Labs Aptitude Test D) Emotional Quotient Inventory E) Differential Aptitude Test

59) Gary works as a brick mason, and he has to lift bricks repeatedly throughout the day as he completes his skilled task. Gary has to use a high level of

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A) explosive strength. B) dynamic strength. C) perceptual speed. D) flexibility. E) stamina.

60)

Which of the following scenarios represents a worker using gross body equilibrium? A) Lora has to calculate changing distances to track developing tropical storms. B) Ponch has to stretch in order to perform safety inspections in tight crawlspaces. C) Keenan completes a daily 20-mile hike while patrolling the perimeter of a park. D) Tanner balances on branches with a chainsaw to trim dead tree limbs over power

lines. E) Hannah sprints to catch up with and tag the wild animals being monitored in a wetland.

61)

Strength refers to the A) ability to exert oneself over a period of time. B) degree to which the body is capable of exerting force. C) ability of the lungs and circulatory system to work efficiently. D) ability to synchronize the movements of the body, arms, and legs. E) capacity to keep the arms and hands steady while doing precise work.

62)

Static, dynamic, and explosive represent the three types of A) stamina. B) strength. C) flexibility. D) coordination. E) regulation.

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63) Naomi works for a medium-sized farm. She and the other farmhands often have to lift heavy bales of hay into the back of a truck so they can feed the horses and cows. Naomi has a high level of A) static strength. B) response time. C) depth perception. D) perceptual speed. E) fine manipulative abilities.

64) Lars has applied for a job delivering packages for a major shipping company. He will most likely be tested for what abilities? A) fine manipulative abilities B) strength and stamina C) hearing sensitivity D) other awareness E) originality

65) Glen is a utility line worker who has to climb up telephone poles all day long. In order to do this job all day without becoming overly fatigued, Glen must have a high degree of ________ strength. A) static B) sensory C) dynamic D) response E) explosive

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66) Greg is aiming to be the next national lumberjack champion, and much of his training is focused on preparing his body to exert short bursts of intense power to swing an axe. From the information provided, we can conclude that this aspect of Greg’s training focuses on A) control movement abilities. B) fine manipulative abilities. C) explosive strength. D) extent flexibility. E) depth perception.

67)

________ is important in jobs that require running, swimming, or climbing. A) Homeostasis B) Gross body equilibrium C) Stamina D) Flexibility E) Response orientation

68)

When a job requires a steady hand while assembling small objects, it involves a need for A) response time. B) fine manipulative abilities. C) self-regulation. D) gross body equilibrium. E) explosive strength.

69) Which of the following demonstrates the difference between dynamic flexibility and extent flexibility?

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A) Dynamic flexibility is required over short periods of time, while extent flexibility is required in jobs spread over a longer period of time. B) Dynamic flexibility involves fine motor movements, while extent flexibility requires gross motor movements. C) Dynamic flexibility is a type of physical ability, while extent flexibility is a type of sensory ability. D) Dynamic flexibility is seen in jobs that require repeated and quick bends, while extent flexibility is seen in jobs that require extreme ranges of motion. E) Dynamic flexibility is the quality of physical movement, while extent flexibility refers to the recognition of different sensory modalities.

70)

When a job requires reaching, stretching, and twisting, the employee will need A) gross body coordination. B) dynamic flexibility. C) extent flexibility. D) gross body equilibrium. E) stamina.

71)

Gross body coordination refers to the ability to

A) synchronize the movements of the body, arms, and legs to do something while the whole body is in motion. B) maintain the balance of the body in unstable contexts or when the person has to change directions. C) lift, push, or pull very heavy objects using the hands, arms, legs, shoulders, or back. D) choose the right action quickly in response to several different signals. E) perceive colors and judge relative distances between things accurately.

72) The ability to maintain the balance of the body in unstable contexts or while changing directions refers to

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A) homeostasis. B) gross body equilibrium. C) extent flexibility. D) gross body coordination. E) dynamic flexibility.

73) Dancers and choreographers who perform complicated movements with their bodies must display a high degree of A) gross body equilibrium. B) extent flexibility. C) perceptual speed. D) static strength. E) gross body coordination.

74)

Which of the following is a physical ability? A) speed and flexibility of closure B) written expression C) oral expression D) speech recognition E) spatial orientation

75) Hans is one of the most skilled employees at Grand Time, which is a clock manufacturing company that preserves the traditional art of making grandfather clocks by hand. Being an expert, he can often be seen handling screwdrivers and tweezers making intricate designs and fitting in parts. This reflects Hans’s ability in the area of

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A) fine manipulative abilities. B) gross body coordination. C) spatial orientation. D) dynamic flexibility. E) depth perception.

76)

Sensory ability refers to the A) ability to quickly respond to signaling information after it occurs. B) capabilities associated with vision and hearing. C) ability to synchronize the movements of the body, arms, and legs. D) ability of the body to bend, stretch, twist, and reach. E) ability to choose the right action quickly in response to several different signals.

77) Lionel could not pursue a job as a truck driver because he has trouble with night vision, which is ________ ability. A) a spatial B) an emotional C) a sensory D) a perceptual E) a cognitive

78)

Response time refers to the ability A) to quickly respond to signaling information after it occurs. B) to exert a short burst of energy to move a body or an object. C) to choose the right action quickly in response to several different signals. D) to rapidly differentiate between sound pitches. E) to quickly bend, stretch, or twist the body.

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79)

Depth perception is the ability to A) see details of an object both up close and far away. B) judge relative distances between things accurately. C) recognize objects from their outline silhouette. D) detect differences in shades. E) see well in low light.

80) When drilling a patient’s teeth, a dentist must have excellent ________, one of the psychomotor abilities. A) response orientation B) gross body coordination C) static strength D) control movement abilities E) response time

81)

Speech recognition is the ability to A) detect differences in sounds that vary in terms of pitch and loudness. B) compare information or objects with remembered information or objects. C) identify and understand the words spoken by another person. D) focus on a source of sound in the presence of other sources. E) communicate ideas by speaking.

82) ________ is the ability to hear and discriminate sounds that vary in terms of loudness and pitch.

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A) Auditory attention B) Hearing sensitivity C) Speech recognition D) Verbal comprehension E) Oral expression

83) Chet works in a loud factory with multiple machines running at the same time. Somehow, he is able to tell immediately when a machine needs maintenance by subtle differences in the sound it is making. Chet’s ability to focus on a single sound in the presence of many other sounds is termed A) depth perception. B) auditory attention. C) speech recognition. D) problem sensitivity. E) verbal comprehension.

84)

Which of the following is a psychomotor ability? A) night vision B) auditory attention C) response orientation D) speech recognition E) depth perception

85)

Depth perception, night vision, and speech recognition are all types of

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A) emotional behaviors. B) fine manipulative abilities. C) physical abilities. D) psychomotor abilities. E) sensory abilities.

86) Kyung works for a small firm with only enough money budgeted to use one test to help with hiring decisions. What kind of test would be the most generally beneficial for the company as the ability it tests is applicable to the most jobs? A) general cognitive ability B) emotional stability C) sensory ability D) physical ability E) honesty

87)

Which of the following scenarios shows the strongest predictor of job task performance? A) Lanay has a great deal of stamina. B) Jamie has excellent fine motor skills. C) Val is really good at sensing the emotions of others. D) Song received a perfect score on a cognitive ability test. E) Lou maintains an even temper when facing adverse situations.

88) Orlando needs to hire a worker for his medical supply company. The only information he has to go on are the SAT scores of three applicants. Nora scored a 1560, Charles scored a 1220, and Leon scored a 900. Based on the information he has, which person should Orlando hire and why?

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A) Nora, because high cognitive ability correlates with high job performance B) Leon, because low cognitive ability correlates with high organizational commitment C) Nora, because high cognitive ability correlates with high organizational commitment D) Leon, because low cognitive ability correlates with a high potential to learn new tasks E) Charles, because both high and low cognitive abilities correlate with poor task performance

89)

General cognitive ability is a strong predictor of A) social functioning. B) task performance. C) spatial orientation. D) communication skills. E) sensory awareness.

90) The effects of general cognitive ability on job performance are most pronounced in the area of A) administrative skills. B) managerial capabilities. C) task performance. D) interpersonal functioning. E) affective commitment.

91) People who have higher ________ ability tend to be better at learning and decision making.

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A) general cognitive B) emotional C) interpersonal D) physical E) motivational

92) Which of the following statements is not true of cognitive ability testing for academic performance? A) Aside from SAT scores, tendencies such as working hard and staying organized play a role in grades earned in college. B) Students with higher SAT scores tend to have a higher likelihood than students with lower scores of graduating from college. C) SAT scores are a reliable indicator of college performance, but the same does not hold for GMAT scores and graduate school performance. D) Students with higher SAT scores tend to perform better than students with lower scores in their freshman year of college. E) The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is similar to the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) in structure and content.

93)

Which of the following is true regarding individuals with high cognitive ability?

A) Individuals with high cognitive ability are not significantly better than others at task performance. B) Individuals with high cognitive ability also have significantly higher levels of organizational commitment than other employees. C) Testing to select employees with high cognitive abilities is widely discouraged and avoided as it discriminates between people. D) The relationship between high cognitive ability and task performance is observed in the academic context as well as in the work context. E) High cognitive ability tends to be equally correlated with the variables of task performance, citizenship behavior, and counterproductive behavior.

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94)

High cognitive ability has a strong correlation with increased A) citizenship behaviors such as helping a colleague. B) counterproductive behaviors such as breaking office rules. C) affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. D) task performance, especially in complex and demanding jobs. E) physical stamina and interpersonal functioning.

95)

The Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test is one of the most widely used tests for A) cognitive ability. B) strength and coordination. C) emotional intelligence. D) self-awareness. E) sensory awareness.

96) Fran wants to hire a diverse group of capable people to work at her brand-new fitness studios. Unfortunately, many of the applicants Fran perceives as having good emotional intelligence and agreeable personalities (a plus for a fitness studio), do not score well on the cognitive ability test, and she has to rule them out as a possible hire. What should Fran do to meet her goals? A) ignore the test results because they are biased and underpredict job performance for disadvantaged groups B) use a combination of tests measuring both cognitive abilities and noncognitive traits such as emotional intelligence and personality C) hold off opening her studios until she finds enough people from these groups who do score well D) switch to a different general cognitive ability test E) allow people in these groups to cheat so they can earn the scores she is looking for

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97) Provided that their employers followed the recommended guidelines, which of the following people had to earn the highest Wonderlic score to earn their job? A) Kelsey, a mechanical engineer B) Milton, a machine operator C) Bartholomew, a firefighter D) Woodrow, an attorney E) Dani, a cashier

98) Ability refers to the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different but related activities. ⊚ true ⊚ false

99) The natural level of a given ability generally limits how much a person can improve that ability. ⊚ true ⊚ false

100) Abilities can be modified over time, unlike skills, which remain stable over one’s lifetime. ⊚ true ⊚ false

101)

Abilities are strictly a function of genetics. ⊚ true ⊚ false

102) Differences in cognitive abilities due to the environment become more apparent as people get older. Version 1

⊚ ⊚

true false

103) Malnutrition, exposure to toxins such as lead, and prenatal exposure to alcohol are some risk factors related to low cognitive abilities. ⊚ true ⊚ false

104)

Written comprehension is the ability to understand written words and sentences. ⊚ true ⊚ false

105) Quantitative ability includes the mathematical capabilities of number facility and mathematical reasoning. ⊚ true ⊚ false

106) Anesthesiology is an area in which professionals require a great degree of problem sensitivity. ⊚ true ⊚ false

107) Speed and flexibility of closure is making sense of information and finding patterns. This is a specific facet of the reasoning type of cognitive ability. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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108) Detectives found two sets of skid marks and tire tracks at an accident scene. More importantly, the single car on the scene was white but there were marks of blue paint in the car’s impact zone. A headlight left behind at the scene identified the second car as a Ford. The detectives were now looking for a blue Ford with damage to the front of the car. This conclusion is an example of deductive reasoning. ⊚ true ⊚ false

109) Hannah’s manager just took credit for her hard work—again! Hannah is so angry that she throws her coffee cup across her office, sends a terse e-mail to a client, and is rude to her assistant for the rest of the day. Hannah demonstrates a low level of “use of emotions,” one of the factors in emotional intelligence. ⊚ true ⊚ false

110) Evidence exists that emotional intelligence is positively correlated with counterproductive behaviors such as gossiping, harassment, and theft. ⊚ true ⊚ false

111) The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) has been criticized for measuring personality traits rather than actual abilities. ⊚ true ⊚ false

112) Stamina is involved whenever the nature of the physical activity requires exerting muscular force repeatedly or continuously. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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113) Gross body coordination refers to the ability to synchronize the movements of the body, arms, and legs to do something while the whole body is in motion. ⊚ true ⊚ false

114) The ability to focus on a single sound in the presence of many other sounds is referred to as auditory attention. ⊚ true ⊚ false

115) Scores on cognitive ability tests have a strong negative correlation with measures of performance across different types of jobs. ⊚ true ⊚ false

116) Cognitive ability tends to be more strongly correlated with task performance than with citizenship behavior or counterproductive behavior. ⊚ true ⊚ false

117)

Cognitive ability tests are ideal for helping managers decide which candidate to hire. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 10_8e_ Colquitt 11) B 12) D 13) C 14) A 15) B 16) D 17) E 18) B 19) B 20) C 21) B 22) A 23) A 24) C 25) C 26) A 27) C 28) E 29) B 30) E 31) A 32) B 33) B 34) B 35) C 36) B Version 1

37) C 38) B 39) A 40) D 41) B 42) E 43) A 44) B 45) C 46) D 47) D 48) B 49) D 50) B 51) B 52) B 53) B 54) E 55) E 56) B 57) D 58) D 59) B 60) D 61) B 62) B 63) A 64) B 65) C 66) C Version 1

67) C 68) B 69) D 70) B 71) A 72) B 73) E 74) D 75) A 76) B 77) C 78) A 79) B 80) D 81) C 82) B 83) B 84) C 85) E 86) A 87) D 88) A 89) B 90) C 91) A 92) C 93) D 94) D 95) A 96) B Version 1

97) A 98) TRUE 99) TRUE 100) FALSE 101) FALSE 102) FALSE 103) TRUE 104) TRUE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) FALSE 108) FALSE 109) FALSE 110) TRUE 111) TRUE 112) FALSE 113) TRUE 114) TRUE 115) FALSE 116) TRUE 117) FALSE

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CHAPTER 11 1) Identify two teams and two groups you currently are or have been a part of at some point. Explain why you classified each one as a team or a group and explain if any of the teams could also be considered as groups, and vice versa.

2) Briefly describe the five types of teams and provide an example of each. Also briefly describe a virtual team.

Summarize the five-stage progression model of team development.

4) Define taskinterdependence. Briefly describe the four primary types of task interdependence.

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5) Differentiate between goal interdependence and outcome interdependence. How can goal interdependence be increased? What are the possible effects of higher outcome interdependence?

Identify and briefly describe the five aspects of team composition.

7) Explain how the value in diversity problem-solving approach improves the ability of groups to solve problems and be successful?

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8) Jubal just set up teams in his bakery outlet, making sure to balance team membership based on qualities such as race, ethnicity, and gender. He also tried to make sure each team had a blend of different ages. Jubal explained to the other outlet managers that he had done a great job of creating diversity, but Angelica told him he had only created surface-level diversity, not deeplevel diversity. Differentiate between surface-level diversity and deep-level diversity and determine if Angelica is correct.

9) Fuentes and Daughters Diesel Repair Shops is going to implement two new teams in their organization. One team will work on the routine tasks of the organization, such as ordering supplies, scheduling shifts, and inspecting facilities. The other team will be doing complex engineering work related to designing new equipment and products. Explain how task interdependence is likely to influence performance in each of these teams.

10) High-performing employees often feel the low-performing employees are rewarded more than they deserve in teams with high outcome interdependence. What could be a possible solution for designing a reward system that will keep all employees happy?

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11) Jee works for an architectural firm that has been hired to design and supervise the construction of a restaurant built into a stone bluff. The restaurant will be a unique structure, incorporating complex designs that will likely never be duplicated. How should Jee approach designing and overseeing the building of the restaurant? A) Jee should build a team of reliable workers who work well together and like being around each other. B) Jee should create a permanent team of management executives to monitor this and all projects the firm accepts. C) Jee should reward employees who have been with the company the longest with the opportunity to join the team. D) Jee should assemble a permanent, full-time group of production workers to produce the parts needed for the restaurant. E) Jee should gather a group of people with a wide range of specialized talents to work on the restaurant until it is completed.

12) Which of the following examples, each occurring about midway through a project, demonstrates punctuated equilibrium? A) Hans finally feels comfortable enough with his role to slip into a mundane routine. B) Moon realizes his team is failing and asks his supervisors for permission to disband it. C) Franklin illuminates long-festering resentments within the team and progress comes to a standstill. D) Rosa and her teammates realize they need to quit messing around and get busy to meet their deadline. E) Kelli and her associates have worked ahead, so they can relax and do nothing for the duration of the project.

13)

Which of the following is an example of a function of an action team?

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A) Marko and Aleks lead the clean-up effort when their company’s warehouse is hit by a tornado. B) Ava and Mary divide the tasks associated with filing dental records in their office. C) Leah and Chaz form a committee to purchase new lights for the company parking lot. D) Cruz and Lucas work to improve the durability of the solar panels their company makes. E) Tayshawn and Britta correspond via electronic means to coordinate sales campaigns in two cities.

14)

Which of the following istrue of teams?

A) A team consists of two or more people who work independently, with distinct goals and strategies. B) A team works interdependently over some time period to accomplish common goals related to some task-oriented purpose. C) Groups are formed with a specific purpose in mind, while teams do not have a specific goal. D) The members of a team operate relatively independently of each other, and other members are not essential to their completion of goals. E) Interactions among members within teams are more personal and informal than interactions between people in groups.

15)

How do teams differ from groups?

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A) Teams have no limits on the number of members, whereas groups have a restricted membership. B) Members of teams work independently of each other, whereas those in groups show greater dependence on each other. C) Members of teams work toward individual goals that may or may not be related, whereas groups have a common goal. D) Members of teams interact with a specific task-related purpose in mind, whereas groups members do not. E) Teams have a no fixed duration, whereas groups last only for a specific amount of time.

16) Minae worked with a team, one representative from each department, that readied acquisition requests. The work was easy enough, but important. She also worked on a union liaison team handling any grievances that arose. Minae thought that this work was very important and arranged her schedule around team meetings. Minae was dedicated to both of these positions, but the team she really enjoyed was the morale team. Many of the team members met for lunch every day, and the discussion always centered on how they could boost morale. What was Minae involved in? A) punctuated equilibrium B) multiple team membership C) disjunctive tasks D) hybrid outcome interdependence E) a similarity-attraction approach

17)

An example of a work team would be a

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A) band traveling around the country for six months, playing shows at different venues. B) group of four workers making a specific part on the production line of an automobile factory. C) team that oversees the functioning of all the teams in an organization and coordinates activities among teams. D) team composed of interior designers, architects, and builders involved in designing and creating the layout of a new hotel. E) quality control team at a factory that oversees the quality of the good produced and recommends changes in production techniques.

18) Work teams focus on the accomplishment of core operational-level production and service tasks, whereas management teams focus on A) assigning tasks based on identifiable personal traits of team members. B) performing highly visible, complex acts. C) producing a one-time output. D) providing recommendations and resolving issues. E) integrating the activities of subunits across business functions.

19) Which of the following types of teams generally requires a full-time commitment from team members? A) a work team B) an action team C) a project team D) a management team E) a parallel team

20)

An example of a management team is a

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A) group of scientists spending eight weeks investigating the cause and environmental impact of a major oil spill. B) group of security employees monitoring remote camera feeds and patrolling the grounds of a storage facility each day. C) team that oversees the functioning of all the teams in a communications company and coordinates activities among those teams. D) team of surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and physical therapists involved in designing the treatment and recovery plan for a patient about to undergo a major operation. E) team that oversees the shopping experience, feedback, and long-term satisfaction of customers at a large retail outlet.

21)

An action team could take the form of a

22) Josie’s Organic Seeds formed several teams to plan and execute the 10th anniversary celebrations of the company. Over a period of 10 weeks, the teams organized events, oversaw logistics, and coordinated employee activities. The events were planned on a large scale and required significant input from the managers and production workers. These are examples of ________ teams.

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A) work B) action C) project D) parallel E) management

23) Yina, Shakita, and Iris work in different teams at First Note Acoustics. Yina’s team ensures that all the raw materials, machinery, tools, and other production equipment are available to employees around the clock. Any procurement needs must be addressed to Yina, who also takes part in high-level decisions regarding the number of units to be produced and exported. Shakita works as part of a team of nine members who concentrate on daily production; they also ensure that quality checks are done and inspect each other’s work. Iris is the operations manager, who works for three hours in the production department and spends the rest of her time assisting management as an internal consultant on manufacturing issues. Her input is crucial in improving the production process. Shakita is part of a(n) ________ team. A) work B) action C) project D) parallel E) management

24) Yina, Shakita, and Iris work in different teams at First Note Acoustics. Yina’s team ensures that all the raw materials, machinery, tools, and other production equipment are available to employees around the clock. Any procurement needs must be addressed to Yina, who also takes part in high-level decisions regarding the number of units to be produced and exported. Shakita works as part of a team of nine members who concentrate on daily production; they also ensure that quality checks are done and inspect each other’s work. Iris is the operations manager, who works for three hours in the production department and spends the rest of her time assisting management as an internal consultant on manufacturing issues. Her input is crucial in improving the production process. Iris is part of a(n) ________ team.

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A) work B) action C) project D) parallel E) management

25) Yina, Shakita, and Iris work in different teams at First Note Acoustics. Yina’s team ensures that all the raw materials, machinery, tools, and other production equipment are available to employees around the clock. Any procurement needs must be addressed to Yina, who also takes part in high-level decisions regarding the number of units to be produced and exported. Shakita works as part of a team of nine members who concentrate on daily production; they also ensure that quality checks are done and inspect each other’s work. Iris is the operations manager, who works for three hours in the production department and spends the rest of her time assisting management as an internal consultant on manufacturing issues. Her input is crucial in improving the production process. Yina is part of a(n) ________ team. A) work B) action C) project D) parallel E) management

26)

Which of the following teams focus on providing recommendations and resolving issues? A) work teams B) management teams C) parallel teams D) action teams E) project teams

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27) A team was formed to coordinate the impending ISO accreditation process for a company over a period of six months. The team members are drawn from various departments. Which of the following types of teams does this most exemplify? A) parallel teams B) management teams C) work teams D) action teams E) project teams

28) Quality circles, which consist of individuals who normally perform core production tasks but also meet regularly to identify production-related problems and opportunities for improvement, are an example of ________ teams. A) management B) parallel C) project D) action E) work

29) What type of team is a planning team composed of engineers, architects, designers, and builders charged with designing a suburban town center? A) parallel B) action C) work D) project E) management

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30)

Which group represents an action team? A) an air conditioner assembly team B) an educational advisory council C) a car dealership sales team D) a WNBA basketball team E) a manufacturing quality circle

31) Some types of ________ teams work together for an extended period of time, whereas other teams of the same type may stay together only as long as it takes to complete the task. A) management B) parallel C) action D) work E) project

32) Work at Redstar Resistors flows continuously because once team members in one country have finished their workday, they electronically hand off the work to team members in another country who have just begun their day. Redstar is utilizing a(n) ________ workflow. A) off-shoring B) cross-docking C) norming D) follow-the-sun E) time-to-market

33) Which of the following represents the predictable sequence of stages in team development?

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A) performing, forming, norming, storming, and adjourning B) forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning C) norming, forming, performing, storming, and adjourning D) norming, forming, storming, performing, and adjourning E) storming, norming, performing, forming, and adjourning

34) Brandi was just hired to work at a dermatology clinic. She is not exactly sure what she is supposed to be doing or whom to ask when she has a question. She also would like to know how many breaks she can take, and if she can leave for lunch. Which stage of team development is Brandi experiencing? A) forming B) norming C) storming D) adjourning E) performing

35) Jacques and Olga have both been assigned to a team to choose how to dispose of waste. Jacques has long believed the company should create its own waste disposal department, and Olga has long believed they should hire an outside vendor to handle it. They both cut each other off in meetings, refuse to listen to each other, and have made some people on the team choose sides and feel resentment toward other members. Jacques and Olga are on a team in the ________ stage of team development. A) forming B) norming C) storming D) adjourning E) performing

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36) Rodrigo and Ane are on a team that has been assigned to cut overtime hours in a records processing facility. For several months, they have argued and made no progress. This morning, their supervisor told them that the team needed to have a viable plan within eight days. Rodrigo and Ane realize that they need to work together to accomplish team goals, and consequently, they begin to cooperate with one another. Rodrigo and Ane are in the ________ stage of team development. A) forming B) norming C) storming D) projecting E) performing

37)

What do members do during the performing stage of team development?

A) remain committed to ideas they bring with them to the team B) orient themselves by trying to understand their boundaries in the team C) work comfortably within their roles, and the team makes progress toward goals D) experience anxiety and other emotions as they disengage and ultimately separate from the team E) realize that they need to work together to accomplish team goals, and consequently, they begin to cooperate

38) Alfred, Mario, and Lydia have worked together on the same team for three years. The company has just hired a new human resources director at their facility. The new director recommends a total restructuring of all jobs, including teams. Alfred is experiencing anxiety, Lydia is angry, and Mario is relieved as they all realize they must soon disengage and ultimately separate from the team. Alfred, Mario, and Lydia are in the ________ stage of team development.

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A) forming B) norming C) storming D) adjourning E) performing

39)

Which of the following statements is true?

A) All teams go through the five stages of team development. B) Adjourning is most significant for teams that have not been together long. C) For action teams with clear expectations, the developmental sequence is less applicable. D) Punctuated equilibrium takes place during the adjourning stage. E) Project teams that change their approach at the midway point of a project tend to fail.

40)

Which of the following statements is true of the stages of team development?

A) During the forming stage, members remain committed to ideas they bring with them to the team. B) Not every team has to progress through the sequence of team development. C) Dissolving a project team is likely to trigger greater anxiety and stronger emotions than disbanding a work team. D) During the performing stage, members realize they need to work together to accomplish their goals and begin to cooperate. E) During the norming stage, members are comfortable working within their roles, and the team progresses toward its goals.

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41) Dontell manages a shipyard with over 700 workers performing a variety of tasks. After walking through the grounds talking to the employees, he is surprised to learn that few of the workers share common goals within teams. He sees a wide variation in what people believe they are trying to accomplish. How can Dontell best resolve this issue and help his workforce find some common goals? A) by dismantling the teams so he can establish one goal for the entire facility B) by instructing his teams to create mission statements with clearly defined goals C) by making all employees trade jobs for several weeks so they have more in common D) by increasing the dependence of the teams on each other so all tasks share common goals E) by giving each worker a set amount of time to find out what their goals should be or face discipline

42) Every day at Awning Art, Gus cuts the awning supports, and then Pilar grinds down the sharp edges. Next, Muhammed polishes them, and Liv sprays a rust inhibitor on them. Finally, Sybil dries the supports and puts them into the awnings. Each person is the most skilled team member at performing their task. Awning Art’s workers have ________ interdependence. A) reciprocal B) pooled C) comprehensive D) coordinated E) sequential

43)

Which of the following is a result of creating high levels of task interdependence?

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A) Teams will be better able to adapt to new situations. B) Workers will have less opportunity to interact with coworkers. C) Workers will have more time to complete tasks for which they have individual responsibility. D) Less knowledge will be shared among workers. E) Fewer people will understand how to do tasks outside their job description.

44) Which of the following provides an example of a situation with high goal interdependence? A) Foster is just coasting at work until he can get his pension in a couple more years and retire. B) Three members of Gabe’s team have created different versions of a financial report. C) Crystal’s team has developed a mission statement within a week of its formation. D) Talon wants his team to expand the store, and Marisol says it is already too big. E) Cicely’s team members receive compensation based on their individual contributions.

45)

What is task interdependence?

A) the degree to which team members interact with and rely on other team members for the information, materials, and resources needed to accomplish work for the team B) the degree to which team members have a shared goal and align their individual goals with that vision C) the degree of difference among team members in attributes that are inferred through observation and experience D) the degree to which team members share equally in the feedback and rewards that result from the team achieving its goals E) the degree of difference among team members in observable traits

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46) Which type of task interdependence has the lowest degree of required coordination among team members? A) comprehensive B) sequential C) pooled D) reciprocal E) response

47) Scarlett led a team of gatherers who traveled from forest to forest collecting edible mushrooms. Team members repeatedly loaded their backpacks with mushrooms and poured the mushrooms into containers in the back of a van. At the end of the week, Scarlett took the van to a buyer and received payment for the total number of pounds of mushrooms and redistributed the money to team members. This arrangement is a form of ________ interdependence. A) comprehensive B) pooled C) sequential D) reciprocal E) response

48) Beech Shade Coverings utilizes a classic assembly line in manufacturing its vinyl flooring components. Which type of interdependence is depicted? A) pooled B) response C) sequential D) reciprocal E) comprehensive

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49) Member 1 → Member 2 → Member 3 → Member 4 → Output Which type of interdependence is represented by this diagram? A) pooled B) reciprocal C) response D) comprehensive E) sequential

50) Pure Pride Plastics has structured its employee teams so that members interact with a subset of other members to complete the team’s work. Pure Pride uses ________ interdependence. A) linear B) pooled C) sequential D) reciprocal E) comprehensive

51) The highest level of interaction and coordination among members is required in ________ interdependence. A) comprehensive B) sequential C) pooled D) reciprocal E) linear

52) As the level of task interdependence ________, members must spend ________ amounts of time communicating and coordinating with other members to complete tasks.

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A) decreases; similar B) increases; increasing C) increases; decreasing D) decreases; increasing E) remains the same; increasing

53)

A high degree of outcome interdependence exists when team members A) work independently and combine their output at the end of the day. B) are paid the same rate as other teams. C) perform a task in a set sequence of specialized steps. D) share in the rewards that the team earns. E) earn rewards based on their individual performance.

54) When team members have a shared vision and align with that vision, the team is said to have a high degree of ________ interdependence. A) task B) outcome C) sequential D) goal E) reciprocal

55) When creating a mission statement, it should be evaluated using four criteria. Which of the following answer options is not one of those criteria?

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A) challenge B) transparency C) meaningfulness D) realistic E) focus

56)

What does a team need in order to assure a high level of goal interdependence? A) a formalized mission statement B) an organizational chart C) clear expectations D) explicitly assigned roles E) high outcome interdependence

57) In NCAA College Football, the Heisman Trophy is given to the top player, without regard to the performance of the player’s team. The award could go to a player whose team does not even reach the playoffs. This award is an example of ________ interdependence. A) low task B) low goal C) high task D) low outcome E) high outcome

58) High ________ interdependence implies that team members depend on the performance of other team members for the rewards that they receive.

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A) comprehensive B) reciprocal C) goal D) outcome E) sequential

59) In team functions in the past at Zhang’s Whimsical Creations, a retailer that sells psychedelic art, several employees have consistently displayed certain behaviors. Brody has always motivated the teams to do better. Rafael has always challenged the status quo. Hannah has performed routine tasks to keep things rolling. Leasia has constructively challenged the team to consider different points of view. Dai has proposed new ideas. Amanda, the company owner, is assembling a team for a project where all of the decisions have high stakes. Which of the previously mentioned employees would likely be the most valuable for Amanda to add to this particular team? A) Brody B) Dai C) Rafael D) Hannah E) Leasia

60)

Which of the following examples depicts someone acting in an individualistic role? A) Mersades lays out goals the team should focus on. B) J.T. motivates people to beat last year’s performance. C) A.J. gives a hostile look to Arjun when she shares an idea. D) Cliff asks Benny to calm down when Farrah disagrees with him. E) Norb asks probing questions to challenge obvious flaws in the team’s plans.

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61) At Bark Shape industries, each employee has a workspace in which to debark logs used to make rustic homes and patio furniture. The policy is that everyone on a team must remain at their workstations until all the logs the team is working on are secured. At the end of the shift, everyone on team C is ready to go home, but they are waiting on Felipe, who still has not secured his logs. Exceeding the time allocated in a shift hurts the production rating of a team. Team C is witnessing a(n) ________ task. A) conjunctive B) disjunctive C) subtractive D) additive E) virtual

62) Alden has been given a detailed explanation of the behavior he is expected to display in various contexts as an associate at Gracious Greens, an organic produce distributor. Alden has been given a(n) A) role. B) goal. C) value. D) belief. E) ability.

63)

Which of the following statements accurately describes leader-staff teams?

A) The members have the ability to create and choose their own tasks. B) The responsibilities of the leader and the rest of the team are distinct. C) The members have no latitude with respect to the behaviors they exhibit. D) The members are bound to follow their duties and have no scope to improve their performance. E) The team makes decisions for the leader to execute and directs and controls the leader’s actions.

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64) Kora serves as a member of a team responsible for reviewing the company’s facilities to make sure they are making the best use of the available space. Whenever someone suggests that some aspect of the current configuration is working fine, Kora challenges the status quo with constructive alternative views. Which role has Kora assumed? A) slacker B) blocker C) procedural-technician D) compromiser E) devil’s advocate

65)

Which team-building role encourages participation from teammates? A) standard setter B) gatekeeper-expediter C) harmonizer D) encourager E) follower

66) Which of the following roles refers to behaviors that influence the quality of the team’s social climate rather than work? A) team task roles B) team building roles C) inferential roles D) individualistic roles E) thematic roles

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67) Lina is frequently hostile to other team members, cynical about the goals of the team and others’ engagement in the project, and sometimes disagrees and stubbornly blocks progress “just because.” Her behavior often leaves other team members feeling hopeless or tired. Lina’s behavior reflects ________ role behaviors. A) devil’s advocate B) individualistic C) team-building D) gatekeeper E) team task

68)

What do individualistic role behaviors do?

A) facilitate team productivity and the accomplishment of team tasks B) focus on activities that benefit the team as a whole rather than the separate team members C) support team harmony and encourage effective team performance D) foster negative feelings among team members and hinder a team’s ability to perform effectively E) promote the team mission, particularly in contexts in which decisions are “high stakes” in nature

69)

Which of the following is a team-building role? A) initiator-contributor B) orienter C) energizer D) procedural-technician E) compromiser

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70)

Which of the following is an example of a team-building role? A) self-confessor B) energizer C) standard-setter D) procedural-technician E) coordinator

71) role?

Which of the following is an example of a team task role rather than an individualistic

A) aggressor B) recognition seeker C) devil’s advocate D) dominator E) blocker

72)

Which of the following statements about team and individualistic roles is true? A) An aggressor manipulates team members for personal control. B) A standard-setter expresses goals for the team to achieve. C) A gatekeeper offers challenges to the team’s status quo. D) A slacker discloses personal opinions inappropriately. E) A dominator encourages participation from teammates.

73) When Mia performs day-to-day tasks needed to keep her team moving forward, she is performing the role of a(n)

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A) orienter. B) energizer. C) compromiser. D) initiator-contributor. E) procedural-technician.

74) In tasks with an objectively verifiable best solution, the member who possesses the highest level of the ability relevant to the task will have the most influence on the effectiveness of the team. These types of tasks are ________ tasks. A) additive B) conjunctive C) subjunctive D) disjunctive E) indicative

75) Layla participated in a problem-solving quiz competition among teams of coworkers. Because Layla was the most familiar with the types of problems on her quiz, her team’s performance depended largely on Layla’s performance. What is the type of task represented by the quiz competition? A) additive B) disjunctive C) conjunctive D) surface-level E) multiplicative

76) Which of the following statements concerning the abilities or personalities of individual team members and team performance is correct?

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A) A limited number of extraverts on a team is beneficial to both the social climate of the group as well as team effectiveness. B) Team members with a high degree of agreeableness are likely to play the devil’s advocate role, decreasing performance. C) A team full of highly agreeable members is the most effective team when decisions are “high stakes” in nature. D) The natural reaction to a low conscientiousness team member is to simply avoid them, increasing effectiveness. E) Extraverts are most efficient at performing individualistic roles, increasing team performance.

77) Tasks for which the contributions resulting from the abilities of every member are considered in total to determine team performance are ________ tasks. A) conjunctive B) subjunctive C) disjunctive D) indicative E) additive

78) Mahesh loves working on the new engineering team. Everyone is so friendly, and there is never any bitterness or conflict. Mahesh is sure they will come up with the most innovative designs ever. Is Mahesh right?

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A) Maybe, but only as long as there are a majority of narcissists participating on the team. B) Yes, but only if all the team members also demonstrate rather high levels of neuroticism. C) No. Teams must have dissenters, questioners, and confrontational individuals in order to succeed. D) Yes. The absolute best makeup for a team is to have all members demonstrate high levels of agreeableness. E) Maybe, but the team members may be so focused on creating harmony, they may endanger task accomplishment.

79)

Which of the following observations about member conscientiousness is true?

A) A team member with low conscientiousness tends to be dependable and works hard to achieve team goals. B) Correcting a team member who has high conscientiousness will result in interpersonal conflicts. C) A team member with low conscientiousness will have a positive effect on other team members. D) A team member who has low conscientiousness helps other team members to accomplish work responsibilities. E) A team with high conscientiousness will be more productive than a team with even one member with low conscientiousness.

80) How can Hawa reduce problems caused by the widely varied approaches her team members are using to reach their goals? A) instruct the team to reflect on its goals and progress B) encourage freedom of expression within the team setting C) eliminate introverted and disagreeable members from the team D) try to avoid overemphasizing the importance of tasks and procedures E) make sure every team member participates and has input in each discussion

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81) Halle is on a team that has just been formed. There are people of a wide variety of ages, genders, and ethnicities. Halle’s team demonstrates A) deep-level diversity. B) surface-level diversity. C) high task interdependence. D) conjunctive task completion. E) low outcome interdependence.

82) Blessing is on the same team as Diego, but she never interacts with him because she knows they are on opposite sides of the political ideological spectrum. As a result, their team generates few ideas to help the company. This is an example of A) deep-level diversity. B) the role of devil’s advocate. C) comprehensive interdependence. D) the similarity-attraction approach to diversity. E) the value in diversity problem-solving approach.

83)

According to the value in diversity problem-solving approach

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A) diversity in teams is beneficial because it provides for a larger pool of knowledge from which a team can draw as it carries out its work. B) diversity in teams is not beneficial if the problems to be solved are unfamiliar to the team members. C) surface-level diversity is less likely to lead to team cohesion than deep-level diversity is. D) deep-level diversity in teams is less likely to lead to productive outcomes than surface-level diversity is. E) diversity in teams is beneficial because it allows the individual team members to accept differences between people and work together.

84) One complication is that ________ often occur in diverse groups, whereby informal subgroups develop based on similarity in surface-level attributes such as gender or other characteristics. A) punctuated equilibriums B) fault lines C) leader-staff teams D) pooled interdependencies E) parallel teams

85)

What is the basis of surface-level diversity?

A) the level of perceived competence of each member of a team B) the traits and abilities of the most unproductive member on a team C) observable attributes such as race, ethnicity, gender, and age D) objectively verifiable best solutions based on individual ability E) attributes that are less easy to observe initially but that can be inferred after more direct experience

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86) ________ diversity refers to diversity with respect to attributes that are less easy to observe initially but that can be inferred after more direct experience. A) Disjunctive B) Similarity-attraction C) Surface-level D) Conjunctive E) Deep-level

87)

Deep-level diversity has positive effects on team creativity when A) team members are instructed to take the perspective of their teammates. B) all team members are highly conscientious. C) there are no team members exhibiting individualistic roles. D) team size is more than 15 people. E) there are fewer than three fault lines in the team.

88) Catalina wants to create teams in her office that perform well and have members who are dedicated to their team. What can she do to try to make performance and commitment as high as possible within her teams? A) simplify the types of tasks that team members must complete B) increase opportunities for team members to work independently C) increase the complexity of the tasks team members must complete D) require team members to share all information even if it seems unnecessary E) eliminate concrete guidelines for task completion and procedures within the team

89) Sung and Breonna have been friends since kindergarten. They both like wiring houses and work well together. They also enjoy working with Phyllis, the third member of their electrical wiring team, who is a bit older than they are. Often, any one of them can be heard saying it would be fun to work as a team forever. This team has Version 1

A) low viability. B) high viability. C) deep-level diversity. D) individualistic roles. E) surface-level diversity.

90) When measuring team effectiveness, two aspects are considered important: ________, which may include metrics such as the quantity and quality of output, and ________, sometimes called team commitment. A) team composition; team size B) task interdependence; goal interdependence C) norming; performing D) team performance; team viability E) team roles; team diversity

91) ________ helps to determine the likelihood that the team can work together effectively into the future. A) Team viability B) Surface-level diversity C) Team development D) Deep-level diversity E) Team integration

92)

What is one metric for measuring team performance?

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A) team size B) team viability C) customer net worth D) team demographics E) customer satisfaction

93) Isidora likes the results obtained when the employees at her small pharmaceutical company work in teams. Unfortunately, Javier, undeniably the most talented researcher in the firm, feels he is not being recognized or sufficiently compensated for his contributions within the team framework, and Isidora realizes that he is probably right. How can Isidora structure salaries to encourage teamwork, while retaining top performers like Javier? A) begin paying each employee the same hourly wage B) base employee wages on the performance of each individual team C) base employee wages on the performance of all the teams in the firm D) pay each individual based on his or her individual performance E) combine individual and team performance when determining wages

94) Schmidt Sporting Gear, a large athletics store, pays its employees a base salary, as well as up to a 12 percent bonus based on individual performance and up to a 5 percent bonus based on team performance. Schmidt uses a reward structure with A) parallel teams. B) management teams. C) punctuated equilibrium. D) sequential interdependence. E) hybrid outcome interdependence.

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95) Kirby is an average worker stuck on a team of complacent workers. Garth is an innovator who produces triple the amount of the average worker. Ruby is a slacker who has been placed on Garth’s team. Nikol is an average worker on an average team. Koa is the hardest worker on Nikol’s team. Which of these individuals would probably benefit most from high outcome interdependence at work? A) Kirby B) Garth C) Ruby D) Koa E) Nikol

96) Part of the problem with ________ is that it can lead to uncertainty about which types of behaviors are being rewarded and how pay ultimately is determined. A) task interdependence B) hybrid outcome interdependence C) goal interdependence D) team diversity E) team viability

97)

Which of the following is true with regard to outcome interdependence?

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A) In an organization with compensation that has high outcome interdependence, a higher percentage of employees’ pay will depend on how well their team does. B) In an organization with compensation that has low outcome interdependence, members receive rewards that are dependent on their team’s performance. C) Team reward structures with hybrid outcome interdependence reward members based solely on their own performance, irrespective of team performance. D) In an organization with compensation that has low outcome interdependence, a higher percentage of employees’ pay will depend on how well their team does. E) Team reward structures with high outcome interdependence reward members based solely on their own performance, irrespective of team performance.

98)

Project teams are formed to take on recurring tasks that are generally simple. ⊚ ⊚

true false

99) On a highly self-managed team, there are strict rules regarding goals, procedures, and roles. ⊚ ⊚

true false

100) High levels of self-management may be most advantageous for teams where members have high levels of team-relevant knowledge obtained from outside experts and others in their social networks. ⊚ ⊚

true false

101) In the storming stage of team development, feelings of solidarity develop as members work toward team goals.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

102) Saki works on the budget team. Members include the bookkeeper who tracks the daily expenditures and revenues of the company; the accountant who takes the bookkeeper’s work and organizes it into financial statements, including the cash flow statement, the income statement, and the balance sheet; and the analyst who interprets the financial statements. Once these three tasks have been accomplished, Saki prepares and presents the results to top management. Saki’s team engages in reciprocal interdependence. ⊚ ⊚

true false

103) In sequential interdependence, members in different stages of the sequence perform tasks independently of members in other stages of the sequence. ⊚ ⊚

true false

104) A high degree of goal interdependence exists when team members have a shared vision of the team’s goal and align their individual goals with that vision as a result. ⊚ ⊚

true false

105) As the level of task interdependence increases, members will spend less time communicating and coordinating with other members if they want to complete tasks effectively. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

106) Cognitive ability is more important to teams when team members have to learn from one another to adapt to unexpected changes, compared with contexts in which team members perform their assigned tasks in a routine fashion. ⊚ ⊚

true false

107) Annabeth frequently challenges the teams’ assumptions and status quo. Annabeth exhibits the devil’s advocate role. ⊚ ⊚

true false

108) In tasks with an objectively verifiable best solution, the member who possesses the highest level of the ability relevant to the task will have the most influence on the effectiveness of the team. ⊚ ⊚

true false

109) According to the similarity-attraction approach, a team with high diversity will have high team effectiveness. ⊚ ⊚

true false

110) The key to understanding the impact of team diversity requires that you consider both the length of time the team has been in existence and the number of team members. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

111) With surface-level diversity, time appears to increase the negative effects on team functioning and effectiveness. ⊚ ⊚

true false

112) Having a greater number of members is beneficial for management and project teams butnot for teams engaged in production tasks. ⊚ ⊚

true false

113) Team viability refers to the degree to which team members come from similar backgrounds. ⊚ ⊚

true false

114) Task interdependence is one of the most important characteristics that distinguish true teams from mere groups of individuals. ⊚ ⊚

true false

115) Team reward structures with hybrid outcome interdependence reward members based on how well they perform as individuals rather than overall team performance. ⊚ ⊚

true false

116) Members tend to be more productive in high task interdependence situations when there is high outcome interdependence. Version 1

⊚ ⊚

true false

117) The majority of organizations that use teams use some sort of hybrid outcome interdependence. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 11_8e_ Colquitt 11) E 12) D 13) A 14) B 15) D 16) B 17) B 18) E 19) A 20) C 21) A 22) C 23) A 24) D 25) E 26) C 27) E 28) B 29) D 30) D 31) C 32) D 33) B 34) A 35) C 36) B Version 1

37) C 38) D 39) C 40) B 41) B 42) E 43) A 44) C 45) A 46) C 47) B 48) C 49) E 50) D 51) A 52) B 53) D 54) D 55) B 56) A 57) D 58) D 59) E 60) C 61) A 62) A 63) B 64) E 65) B 66) B Version 1

67) B 68) D 69) E 70) C 71) C 72) B 73) E 74) D 75) B 76) A 77) E 78) E 79) E 80) A 81) B 82) D 83) A 84) B 85) C 86) E 87) A 88) C 89) B 90) D 91) A 92) E 93) E 94) E 95) C 96) B Version 1

97) A 98) FALSE 99) FALSE 100) TRUE 101) FALSE 102) FALSE 103) TRUE 104) TRUE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) TRUE 108) TRUE 109) FALSE 110) FALSE 111) FALSE 112) TRUE 113) TRUE 114) TRUE 115) FALSE 116) FALSE 117) TRUE

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CHAPTER 12 1)

Defineteam process and differentiate between process gain and process loss.

2) Explain what is meant by the termsproduction blocking andmotivational loss and provide one example for each.

3) Briefly describe creative behavior and decision-making taskwork processes and give one example of each.

4) Discuss three specific factors that account for a team’s ability to make effective decisions. How can these factors be used to improve team decision making?

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5) Defineboundary spanning and describe the types of activities involved in this taskwork process. Provide an example of each activity.

6) When Shahid was promoted to head of production, he quickly realized the production team had some serious problems. The team consists of twelve members but only one member, Ida, makes the decisions and all information flows through her. Ida dominates discussions, and everyone mostly goes along with her decisions because she has seniority and has been successful. Charlotte is often late placing orders for raw materials, and Manny, who abhors both lateness and running out of materials, recently thought Charlotte forgot to order wire, so he placed a duplicate order, and now there is extra wire stacked everywhere. One of the younger team members, Homer, who has some energy and always seems to be on task, is known to speak up to Ida during meetings. The team understands their mission, and everyone is even-tempered, but from what Shahid witnessed, most of the team members use meetings to catch up on their social media. As the new head of production, Shahid feels he needs to step into this dysfunctional team and make some positive changes. If you were Shahid, how would you improve this team? Consider both teamwork processes and communication.

How are taskwork processes different from teamwork processes?

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8) Define information richness and provide an example of a situation high in information richness and one low in information richness.

9) Define the concept of a network structure and explain the difference between a centralized and a decentralized structure and include times when each is preferable.

10) Lakesha, Ava, Jackson, and Fahad are on a new product development team at a technology company. They all knew each other prior to being placed on the team because they have all been very successful in their individual jobs. As the project starts, they know they are going to create the best product ever. They call themselves the “Dream Team” and often discuss what they will do when they are famous for developing the products they are about to design. Due to their high level of respect for each other, they never question each other’s ideas, they agree with every suggestion and move on. Describe how the team states of cohesion and potency and the concept of groupthink apply to this group. Explain if the levels of each are high or low and describe how that may affect the group’s success.

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11)

Differentiate between team cohesion and potency.

12)

Explain the role of a devil’s advocate in relation to group cohesion.

13)

Distinguish between mental models and transactive memory.

14)

Describe the effects of teamwork processes on team performance and commitment.

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15) Luisa, a diver, meets with the other members of the team that is going to remove a sunken vessel from the ocean floor to learn exactly which roles they will be playing in the process. Vitor is an engineer developing tools for the divers to use, and he watches Luisa practice the techniques she will use on the ship so he better understands what the divers will need to do their jobs safely and efficiently. Helena works on the deck of the diving boat, and she will switch places with Luisa so they can each see what it feels like to do the other’s job. They will not actually learn to proficiently do each other’s jobs, but they will gain an understanding that might help them anticipate each other’s needs and work together more efficiently. Identify the three levels of cross-training and explain which actions in this scenario reflect each level and why.

16) Differentiate between positional modeling and positional rotation and provide an example of each.

17)

Explain the steps organizations can take to improve team processes.

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18) Shiela’s team is working on a project to create an effective marketing campaign for a company that specializes in window treatments. Shiela gathers all the necessary information to help the team understand the product and the desires and needs of the client. She then clearly explains the responsibilities of each member of the team. Sheila is ensuring that her team has high A) process gain. B) internal variation. C) decision informity. D) nominal technique. E) hierarchical sensitivity.

19) Team ________ is a term that reflects the different types of communication, activities, and interactions that occur within teams that contribute to their ultimate end goals. A) gain B) process C) diversity D) cohesion E) effectiveness

20) ________ is most critical in situations in which the complexity of the work is high or when tasks require members to combine their knowledge, skills, and efforts to solve problems.

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A) Synergy B) Dynamic cohesion C) Task improvement D) Production blocking E) Hierarchical sensitivity

21)

Which of the following examples best exemplifies the concept of process gain?

A) Dawntell, Sam, and Hector frequently propose valuable ideas about improving employee morale to their boss, the human resources supervisor. B) Agnes, Ari, and Isla, through their combined efforts to improve efficiency as shipping and receiving clerks, achieve a higher on-time delivery rate than their coworkers. C) Joel and Eddie collaborate on devising new ways to reduce absenteeism by tossing around as many ideas as they can without criticizing or impeding each other’s thought processes. Jaime and Wallace collaborate on devising new ways to reduce absenteeism by tossing around as many ideas as they can without criticizing or impeding each other’s thought processes. D) The accounting supervisor, Geraldine, relies on the advice of one of the account managers, Shawnee, more than others because of Shawnee’s track record with providing valuable insights. The accounting supervisor Clementine relies on the advice of one of her account managers, Celeste, more than others because of Celeste’s track record with providing valuable insights. E) Archie, a warehouse manager, divides the workers into groups of five and assigns each group a leader to oversee the group’s progress and submit a weekly report detailing any problems.

22)

What is the result of process gain? A) useful resources and capabilities that did not exist before the team created them B) the use of time and energy that could otherwise be devoted to task activity C) disagreement among members about the team’s task D) loss in team productivity when team members do not work as hard as they could E) members having to wait on one another before they can do their part of the team task

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23)

Which phenomenon does process loss describe? A) a team delivering less than the sum of its parts B) a team delivering more than the sum of its parts C) a team delivering exactly the sum of its parts D) a team delivering something totally unexpected E) a team delivering something that cannot be duplicated

24) A team of highly skilled and qualified members of an organization failed to perform the team objective assigned to them. When the reason for this lack of performance was investigated, it was clear that, although the team members worked hard, they had to wait for their teammates to complete a particular task before they could start their own. Which of the following explains the reason for process loss in this case? A) motivational loss B) social facilitation C) production blocking D) coordination loss E) synergy

25) Jason, Lloyd, Halle, and Liz are team members in a world history class. They have been assigned the task of creating a digital timeline and related activities involving multiple programs. Jason and Halle worked very hard and created activities that worked well with the timeline. Lloyd and Liz, however, did not work as hard as they could and created activities with numerous errors. This resulted in none of the activities being usable with the timeline. The team’s poor performance that was a result of Lloyd and Liz not doing their best can be termed as

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A) coordination loss. B) synergy. C) production blocking. D) social loafing. E) motivational loss.

26) ________ results from members feeling less accountable for team outcomes relative to independent work resulting in individually identifiable outcomes. A) Production blocking B) Social loafing C) Coordination loss D) Social facilitation E) Motivational loss

27) A psychology class has been assigned an individual case study project as well as a group project. The members of the group will receive the same grade for the group project, but they will be graded separately for their individual projects. Kari, Mihail, Sherifa, and Siti are members of one such group. Kari and Sherifa worked very hard on the group project. Mihail and Siti, however, did not contribute much to the group project because they felt that Kari and Sherifa would manage to get good grades for it. Instead, they focused their efforts on their individual projects. Which of the following answer options best exemplifies Mihail and Siti’s behavior? A) motivational loss B) coordination loss C) production blocking D) social loafing E) synergy

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28)

Brainstorming and nominal group technique are two ways teams can increase A) decision making. B) creative behavior. C) boundary spanning. D) interpersonal processing. E) groupthink.

29) ________ involves a face-to-face meeting of team members in which each offers as many ideas as possible about some focal problem or issue. A) Social loafing B) Groupthink C) Brainstorming D) Scout activity E) Boundary spanning

30) Four students from the LMNO School have been selected to form the team that will represent the school in the national robotics contest. They must come up with a creative project. These students’ first meeting was face to face and involved each of them suggesting as many ideas as they could think of without analyzing or critiquing them at that time. What did the students engage in? A) boundary spanning B) social loafing C) ambassador activity D) scouting activity E) brainstorming

31)

Brainstorming results in production blocking because members

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A) have to wait their turn to express their ideas. B) do not work as hard as they would if they had to turn in individual ideas. C) are hesitant to express ideas that are not well thought-out. D) are reluctant to pool good ideas with other ideas that are bad. E) tend to engage in social loafing due to lack of accountability.

32) Noha, a manager in an advertising firm, was assigned a team and asked to come up with ideas for an advertising campaign. Noha briefed the team, outlined the purpose of the meeting clearly, and asked the members to individually generate ideas and bring their lists to the next meeting. In the second meeting, the ideas were compiled, doubts clarified, and ideas built-on, after which the members were asked to individually rank the ideas and submit the list to Noha, who tabulated the scores and created a list of the five highest-rated ideas. Noha used ________ to generate the ideas. A) cross-training B) brainstorming C) positional rotation D) cognitive bias E) nominal group technique

33) Nominal group technique decreases social loafing and production blocking—problems with brainstorming—by A) making people pool their ideas in a face-to-face meeting. B) making people write down ideas on their own. C) discouraging bad ideas in the meeting. D) making people agree to one idea generated in a face-to-face meeting. E) making people speak in turns during all face-to-face meetings.

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34) What reflects whether members possess adequate information about their own task responsibilities? A) staff validity B) hierarchical sensitivity C) boundary spanning D) decision informity E) groupthink

35) Which three specific factors have been found to account for a team’s ability to make effective decisions? A) groupthink, social loafing, and process rotation B) decision informity, staff validity, and hierarchical sensitivity C) transactive memory, transformative memory, and decision memory D) individual effort, team effort, and boundary spanning effort E) decision redundancy, social facilitation, and transactive memory

36) Which of the following refers to the degree to which members of the team make useful recommendations to the leader? A) social loafing B) staff validity C) hierarchical sensitivity D) groupthink E) decision informity

37) The marketing team of C.G. Worldwide was asked to develop a marketing strategy for the Central Asian region. Members of the team were provided with all the information required to make good recommendations to the leader but failed to deliver due to their lack of insight and poor judgment. This indicates that the marketing team had low Version 1

A) decision informity. B) groupthink. C) staff validity. D) production blocking. E) social loafing.

38) The degree to which the leader effectively weighs the recommendations of the members is reflected by A) hierarchical sensitivity. B) social loafing. C) staff validity. D) groupthink. E) decision informity.

39) Khawla and her students from the drama class have been asked to conduct a play to raise funds for the school library. To make the play a success, Khawla consults and enlists the help of the principal and senior teachers, while her students meet a few theater artists. They also consult a costume designer and a dance choreographer who have agreed to help the team with the play. Such activities involving individuals and groups who are not part of the team are termed as A) information richness. B) a network structure. C) potency. D) boundary spanning. E) team building.

40)

Which of the following activities are boundary-spanning activities?

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A) groupthink, social loafing, and staff validity B) decision informity, staff validity, and hierarchical sensitivity C) transactive memory, transformative memory, and social loafing D) ambassador, task coordinator, and scout E) decision informity, social loafing, and transactive memory

41)

What are ambassador activities?

A) things team members do to obtain information about technology, competitors, or the broader marketplace B) communications that are intended to coordinate task-related issues with people or groups in other functional areas C) communications that are intended to protect the team, persuade others to support the team, or obtain important resources for the team D) disagreements among team members in terms of interpersonal relationships or incompatibilities with respect to personal values or preferences E) the skills involved in encoding, transmitting, and receiving messages involving team activities

42) While performing the boundary-spanning process, members who engage in ambassador activities typically communicate with A) people who are in high positions in the organization. B) vendors and distributors of competitors. C) front-line production supervisors in the industry. D) their subordinates in the organization. E) the customers of the organization.

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43) Nuka, a training coordinator at CMC Enterprises, is working on a team tasked with organizing a workshop for the employees. Nuka is meeting the vice president of finance to get support for an increase in the budget to accommodate a session by a well-known motivational speaker. Nuka, in this case, is performing a(n) ________ activity of the boundary-spanning process. A) task coordinator B) social loafing C) scout D) staff validity E) ambassador

44)

Which of the following is an example of an ambassador activity?

A) Mimi, a grocery cashier at Fine Fresh Foods, requests a more regular, fixed work schedule in order to participate in a company-sponsored ride-sharing initiative. B) Sylvester, a delivery driver for Worldwide Package Express, collaborates with other drivers working the same shift on ways to improve efficiency and reduce fuel costs. C) Xavier, a waiter at the El Matador Steakhouse, takes night classes to learn software programming in the hopes of getting job at the company’s corporate headquarters. D) Gracie, a member of the sales team, approaches the VP of sales about the possibility of hiring a temp to help with menial tasks that are bogging the team down and impeding its progress. E) Suha, a call center manager, implements a policy that allows the top five customer service representatives with the most number of calls per week to take the following Monday off.

45) Marwa, a marketing manager at the Sunshine Spa, is consulting with Tess, a dermatologist at the spa, to explore the possibility of incorporating certain treatments as part of the spa’s package schemes. Marwa is engaging in a(n) ________ activity of the boundaryspanning process.

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A) action learning B) ambassador C) task coordinator D) scout E) staff validity

46) ________ activities refer to things team members do to obtain information about technology, competitors, or the broader marketplace. A) Social loafing B) Task coordinator C) Action learning D) Scout E) Ambassador

47) Moussa, a fitness manager at the Lifestyle Martial Arts Studio, consults an alternative nutrition specialist to see if it is feasible to incorporate certain natural ointments and supplements as part of the studio’s comprehensive fitness services. Moussa is performing a(n) ________ activity of the boundary-spanning process. A) action learning B) scout C) groupthink D) ambassador E) staff validity

48) Which activities involve communications that are intended to smooth the performance of work with people or groups in other functional areas?

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A) groupthink B) Scout C) Social loafing D) ambassador E) task coordinator

49) In a boundary-spanning process, the marketing team member who meets with someone from manufacturing to work out how a coupon might be integrated into the product-packaging materials is engaging in A) scout activities. B) decision informity activities. C) ambassador activities. D) production blocking. E) task coordinator activities.

50) Spiros is a member of the production design team on a science fiction film called The Future Begins Yesterday. It is a big-budget production and is already behind schedule due to weather delays. Spiros and two other team members, Juanita and Alex, are tasked with finding futuristic background props for a scene in which the hero and his nemesis have a huge fight. Spiros, while glad to have landed his first job in the film industry, earns more money from posting videos offering behind-the-scenes glimpses of the set online. To that end, he sneaks back to the team’s trailer as often as he can to post new material. This means that the set decorations the team was supposed to source are not yet complete, and the scene cannot be filmed at the scheduled time. The set design supervisor, Marsha, observes Juanita and Alex arguing with Spiros about holding up his end of the group effort. Marsha hears Spiros telling them that they are much better at finding props than he is, so they do not really need his help. Marsha sees a lot of potential in Spiros, but she is unhappy with the fact that he is not contributing as much as he should and is holding up the production as a result. Given what you know about process loss, how should Marsha address Spiros’s behavior?

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A) transfer Spiros to the front office where he will not have direct access to the set B) require employees to check in their cell phones and laptops when arriving on set C) make Spiros responsible for sourcing wall hangings and window treatments only D) instruct Juanita and Alex to address Spiros’s shortcomings however they see fit E) fire Spiros from the production because he is not capable of working in a team environment

51) Acme Manufacturing had to stop production on its widget due to an engineering problem in fitting the pieces together. While the company switched over to producing its whatsit, the production manager, Hatice, tasked the engineering group to meet and come up with a solution for the widget’s manufacturing problem. She instructed them to call when they had a recommendation on solving the problem, and she would meet with them to hear the recommendation and make the final decision. Two hours later, the group called her office to say they had a recommendation. However, when Hatice arrived at the meeting, the team was heatedly divided between two relatively creative solutions. One solution cost more time and money but was proposed by an engineer that had successfully solved such problems in the past, and Hatice trusted the engineer’s judgment to propose a solution that worked. The other solution cost more time but not nearly as much money and was proposed by a relatively new engineer who had already made one costly mistake. Hatice had promised to make a decision, but she liked both solutions. What is the best advice for this situation? A) Hatice should choose the solution from the new engineer whose idea is less costly. B) Hatice should choose the solution from the trusted engineer with a good track record. C) Hatice should take both recommendations because they may both be correct. D) Hatice should retreat to her office to consider both options and make the final decision. E) Hatice should instruct the group to start over and call her when they reach a consensus.

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52) Jakob, Nathan, and Ting are members of the marketing team at Wonderous Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Jakob has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Ting has the best record of making good recommendations to Tigran, the vice president of marketing. Nathan can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Tigran pays careful attention to what Ting has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Nathan proposes. In addition to Tigran, Ting has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. Jakob’s action would contribute to which factor in effective decision making at WII? A) staff validity B) decision informity C) production blocking D) transactive memory E) hierarchical sensitivity

53) Jakob, Nathan, and Ting are members of the marketing team at Wonderous Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Jakob has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Ting has the best record of making good recommendations to Tigran, the vice president of marketing. Nathan can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Tigran pays careful attention to what Ting has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Nathan proposes. In addition to Tigran, Ting has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. The decision-making records of Nathan and Ting reflect which factor in effective decision making at WII? A) cohesion B) staff validity C) decision informity D) transactive memory E) hierarchical sensitivity

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54) Jakob, Nathan, and Ting are members of the marketing team at Wonderous Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Jakob has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Ting has the best record of making good recommendations to Tigran, the vice president of marketing. Nathan can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Tigran pays careful attention to what Ting has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Nathan proposes. In addition to Tigran, Ting has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. Tigran’s tendency to listen to Ting and ignore Nathan reflects which factor in effective decision making? A) staff validity B) decision informity C) production blocking D) hierarchical sensitivity E) transition process gain

55) Jakob, Nathan, and Ting are members of the marketing team at Wonderous Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Jakob has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Ting has the best record of making good recommendations to Tigran, the vice president of marketing. Nathan can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Tigran pays careful attention to what Ting has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Nathan proposes. In addition to Tigran, Ting has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. Ting is engaging in which of the boundary-spanning processes? A) coordination B) scout activity C) task coordinator D) systems monitoring E) ambassador activity

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56) Interpersonal activities that facilitate the accomplishment of the team’s work but do not directly involve task accomplishment itself refer to A) groupthink. B) network structure. C) transition processes. D) teamwork processes. E) interpersonal communication.

57)

Teamwork activities that focus on preparation for future work refer to A) cohesion. B) process gain. C) team process. D) brainstorming. E) transition processes.

58) The development of courses of action and contingency plans and then adapting those plans in light of changes that occur in the team’s environment refer to A) goal progress. B) helping behavior. C) taskwork protocols. D) systems monitoring. E) strategy formulation.

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59) Esperanza is a network administrator for Caballero Communications. The company recently completed a merger with Telecom Parts, Inc., and her team is responsible for integrating the two companies’ computer networks. Before embarking on the project, Esperanza meets with her team. Together, they discuss the potential issues that might arise during integration, outline the major steps required to complete the project successfully, and review the list of hardware and software that will be required to make the two systems work together. What kind of transition process activity is Esperanza is engaging in? A) coordination B) mission analysis C) goal specification D) systems monitoring E) strategy formulation

60)

Debriefing and after-action reviews are used during ________ processes. A) action B) helping C) transition D) interpersonal E) affect management

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61) The advertising agency Positive Impressions lands a large new corporate client. The accounts manager, Julie, assembles a team of twelve people from across the company’s many departments to assess and plan how best to serve the client’s needs. This group has worked together before with much success. The team is comfortable with each other, and members feel free to propose any kind of wild, crazy idea that comes to mind as everyone will listen without judgment. In fact, those “crazy” ideas have led to some great advertising campaigns. If there are any disagreements, the group usually talks through the issue until it is resolved. Everyone is even-tempered, and there are rarely disagreements, but two members, Josephine and Eric, are butting heads about one small production issue. Both strongly believe their way is the more effective, efficient way, but they have not taken the issue before the group yet because they are still trying to convince each other. At the most recent discussion, they traded some journal articles between them supporting their positions. Julie is aware there is a conflict between Josephine and Eric but they still appear friendly and even continue to eat lunch together. Keeping the concepts of interpersonal processes in mind, what actions should Julie take? A) hire a consultant to facilitate team-building exercises that promote group effort over individual achievement B) divide the group into smaller pairings, making sure that Josephine and Eric have no shared duties or unnecessary interactions C) create a team hierarchy that requires Josephine and Eric to report to senior team members who are empowered to issue reprimands D) refrain from interfering, but monitor Josephine and Eric’s working relationship for any conflict escalation E) send a message to the other team members warning them about the conflict between Josephine and Eric

62)

Which of the following are teamwork processes? A) nominal technique, social loafing, and staff validity B) decision informity, staff validity, and hierarchical sensitivity C) transactive memory, transformative memory, and social loafing D) ambassador, task coordinator, and scout E) transition, action, and interpersonal

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63)

Which of the following statements is true with regard to transition processes?

A) Transition processes are important as the task work is being accomplished. B) Transition processes are important between periods of work activity. C) Transition processes involve members going out of their way to help other team members. D) Transition processes involve keeping track of things that the team needs to accomplish its work. E) Transition processes promote conformity at the expense of other team priorities.

64) ________ processes are primarily important before and between periods of taskwork, whereas ________ processes are primarily important as the task work is being accomplished. A) Mission analysis; scout activity B) Transition; action C) Scout activity; interpersonal D) Action; transition E) Interpersonal; transition

65)

Monitoring progress toward goals is a type of ________ process. A) action B) cohesive C) transition D) team-building E) interpersonal

66)

What does systems monitoring involve?

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A) developing and prioritizing goals related to the team’s mission and strategy B) keeping track of things that the team needs to accomplish its work C) synchronizing team members’ activities in a way that makes them mesh effectively and seamlessly D) going out of your way to help or back up other team members E) developing courses of action and contingency plans, and then adapting those plans in light of changes that occur in the team’s environment

67)

Systems monitoring and helping behavior are examples of ________ processes. A) action B) cohesive C) interpersonal D) managerial E) transition

68) What synchronizes team members’ activities in a way that makes them mesh effectively and seamlessly? A) cohesion B) groupthink C) coordination D) confidence building E) affect management

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69) As a result of a strong marketing push before the summer season, sales of the Wet Walrus Water Sprayer increase by 250 percent. Ronja, the production manager for the company that makes the product, is tasked with making sure the company can meet demand in the coming months. Things seem to be going well at first, but then the assembly line manager tells Ronja that they are low on the brass fittings that allow the Wet Walrus to spray multiple strong jets of water. After checking her past purchase orders, Ronja realizes she failed to submit a request for additional parts. As a result, the assembly line workers are unable to deliver enough units to keep store shelves stocked this summer. Ronja would have avoided this mistake if she had employed which of the following teamwork processes? A) coordination B) goal specification C) helping behavior D) systems monitoring E) strategy formulation

70) The creative team of a fashion house is racing against a deadline to come up with the spring collection, and the pressure is leading to frayed tempers, which is hampering the team’s progress. This is an example of poor A) group cohesion. B) time management. C) confidence building. D) affect management. E) resource management.

71) Motivating and confidence building, conflict management, and affect management are types of ________ processes.

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A) action B) transition C) interpersonal D) coordination E) mission analysis

72) Ivaana is promoted to a position in management after two years in customer service at an upscale hotel. She is excited about the opportunity and tries hard to fit in with her new team. Things go well at first, and the team works effectively to come up with new approaches to promote special deals pairing hotel packages with local tourist attractions. One day at lunch, her coworkers are talking about their dogs, and Ivaana says she does not like the thought of owning a pet. Two of her teammates, Atharv and Mei, are shocked. Since both grew up around pets and own multiple dogs, they cannot understand Ivaana’s beliefs, and they become distant toward her. As a result, the team begins to lose the productivity gains it once had. This team is demonstrating ________ conflict. A) task B) goal C) mission D) strategy E) relationship

73) Expressions that create a sense of urgency and optimism are examples of communications that reflect which of the following processes? A) task coordinator activities B) scout activities C) boundary spanning D) motivating and confidence building E) systems monitoring

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74)

What is relationship conflict? A) relationship conflict. B) goal specificity mismanagement. C) poor mission analysis. D) poor coordination. E) task conflict.

75) ________ can be beneficial to teams if it stimulates conversations that result in the development and expression of new ideas. A) Task conflict B) Relationship conflict C) Noise D) Groupthink E) Social loafing

76)

Having a phone conversation at a busy construction site is difficult because of A) signal overload. B) signal confusion. C) signal competition. D) the presence of noise. E) information richness.

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77) Many years ago, Sprint Telecommunications aired an advertisement intended to demonstrate the clarity of reception Sprint customers could expect. The ad showed a rancher, who had used a different company, complaining that he had ordered 100 oxen from his supplier and instead received 100 dachshunds. The mix-up was probably due to the presence of ________ in the communication process. A) noise B) message filtering C) signal complexity D) network confusion E) competing messages

78) A small outdoor athletic footwear company, Choose-to-Reuse Shoes, prides itself on its “green” image. Twice a year, the company puts out a call to its customers, telling them that if they send in a used pair of shoes in workable condition, they will receive a coupon good for 50 percent off a new pair. The company then repackages the shoes and ships them to three different international charities. This year Jenna, the VP of marketing, has been asked to take charge of the project. If she were to use the principles of network structure, which approach would Jenna take to maximize the efficiency of the charitable effort? A) set up a competition between departments to see who can collect the most shoes B) ask the department heads to oversee their employees’ contributions to the overall effort C) make employees responsible for collecting, packaging, and shipping their own charity packages D) outsource the work to a logistics company that will handle the collection and distribution at another location E) name one employee to coordinate the effort and have the group channel all its communications through that person

79) the

If you say that the information richness of a communication process is high, it means that

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A) amount of noise in the communication process is high. B) amount and depth of information getting transmitted in the communication process is high. C) sender is encoding unnecessary information in the communication process. D) receiver is unable to decode the information encoded by the sender. E) receiver is transmitting an overload of feedback to the sender.

80)

Which method of transmission achieves the highest level of information richness? A) phone calls B) instant messages C) handwritten letters D) audio-visual displays E) face-to-face channels

81) The more communication flows through fewer members of the team, the higher the degree of A) cohesion. B) divisiveness. C) social loafing. D) centralization. E) interpersonal conflict.

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82) Elnur, the warehouse manager for Superior Skylight, Inc., tells Diya and Yan that three pallets of weather stripping need to be taken to the warehouse. Diya and Yan move the three pallets from the loading dock onto the warehouse floor. Afterward, Yan tells Diya, “That was fast. Time for a break!” But Diya says, “Not so fast. We need to move the boxes of weather stripping from the pallets to the shelves.” Yan responds, “Elnur just said to move them to the warehouse. He didn’t say where in the warehouse to put them.” Diya cautions, “Yeah, but every other time he’s asked us to take pallets to the warehouse, we’ve put the boxes on the shelves.” Yan says, “If he’d wanted us to do that, he should have told us so.” Yan and Diya’s confusion is a result of Elnur’s A) high information richness. B) low emotional intelligence. C) high emotional intelligence. D) low communication competence. E) high communication competence.

83) Which type of network structure in communication has the lowest degree of centralization? A) all-channel network B) circle network C) Y network D) wheel network E) X network

84)

Which of the following statements concerning network centrality is true? A) Team members tend to prefer a centralized network structure. B) A decentralized structure is more efficient when the tasks are simple. C) When the work is complex, a centralized network structure is more effective. D) A decentralized structure means members can communicate with anyone on the team. E) When tasks are straightforward, a decentralized structure means fewer mistakes.

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85) In communication, which network is the most effective for teams handling complex tasks? A) all-channel B) circle C) Y D) wheel E) Y and wheel

86) ________ refer(s) to specific types of feelings and thoughts that coalesce in the minds of team members as a consequence of their experience working together. A) Groupthink B) Team states C) Centralization D) Team cohesion E) Cognitive states

87) When members of a team develop strong emotional bonds to other members of the team and to the team itself, they have ________, which tends to foster high levels of motivation and commitment to the team. A) potency B) cohesion C) groupthink D) transparency E) shared competency

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88) Navy Seals go through extremely difficult training. Those who succeed become members of one of the most elite fighting units in the world. They trust each other completely and form intense emotional bonds. These teams have high levels of A) cohesion. B) groupthink. C) centralization. D) interdependence. E) individual achievement.

89) A repair order came into the city garage for bus number 11. Melanie, one of the newer mechanics, took the order and laughed. “What?” said Geoffrey, the shop manager. Melanie said, “It’s bus 11, yet again.” “Let me guess,” said Geoffrey. “The order says the engine is making ‘weird noises.’” Melanie confirmed his assumption, and Geoffrey told her to ignore the report because nothing was wrong with the bus. Then he called over another mechanic, Raphael. Geoffrey said, “We got another ‘weird noise’ problem. Guess which bus?” Without pausing, Raphael replied with a smirk, “Number 11. Don’t waste your time fixing it, Melanie. Nothing’s wrong.” Raphael then shouted out to the group of mechanics in the garage, “How many of you have tried to fix number 11’s weird noises, but found nothing wrong?” Four other mechanics raised their hands. “See? Tighten the belts, and send it on its way,” Raphael said to Melanie. Later that day, Melanie gave the engine a cursory look, tightened a few belts, and sent the bus back into service. The next day, bus 11 was involved in a minor accident when its power steering failed. What should Geoffrey do to prevent this type of thing from happening again? A) He should immediately retire and disassemble all buses that come to the shop making weird noises. B) He should formally assign Raphael the role of picking apart any assumptions that the team might make about similar problems. C) He should limit the amount of information about buses’ history that is available to the newer mechanics to reduce information overload. D) He should demand quiet in the shop so that it is easier for the mechanics to think and communicate their ideas about the causes of problems. E) He should give all mechanics in the shop the ability to make decisions and then ask them to cast votes on what to do in similar circumstances.

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90) If a team member develops a sense that it is okay to do things that are interpersonally risky, or that expressing opinions and making suggestions that challenge the status quo will not be met with embarrassment and rejection, this is a sign of A) psychological safety. B) centralization. C) communication competence. D) task conflict. E) affect management.

91) John F. Kennedy’s decision to go forward with the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, NASA’s decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger in unusually cold weather, and Enron’s board of directors’ decisions to ignore illegal accounting practices are famous examples of A) noise. B) groupthink. C) team process. D) network structure. E) communication complexity.

92) One way to potentially prevent problems associated with too much cohesion is to formally institute the role of a(n) ________, a person who is responsible for evaluating and challenging prevailing points of view in a constructive manner and also bringing in fresh perspectives and ideas to the team. A) mediator B) arbitrator C) mental model D) devil’s advocate E) conflict appraiser

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93) A team’s strong belief that it can be effective across a variety of situations reflects which of the following? A) high potency B) low decision informity C) strong helping behavior D) strong transactive memory E) weak ambassador activities

94)

Which of the following statements concerning potency is true? A) Potency has a weak positive impact on team performance. B) A team with strong potency has confident members. C) Teams with low potency have members who begin to question the team’s goals. D) High-potency teams focus energy on team tasks. E) A team’s confidence can be too high.

95) Which of the following refer(s) to the level of common understanding among team members with regard to important aspects of the team and its tasks? A) team process B) potency C) mental models D) cohesiveness E) emotional bonding

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96) The product design team at smartphone maker Sapling, Inc., has had a fantastic string of successes over the past four years. The first phone it released helped Sapling dominate the marketplace with its line of powerful and highly photo-capable devices. Lately, however, the team’s manager, Serena, notices that the team seems content to rest on its laurels and bask in past glories. The team spends a good deal of time in meetings tracking the sales of last year’s model and speculating about how big everyone’s bonus will be. In the team’s early days, the ergonomics specialist, Fritz, and the audio designer, Astrid, would argue over the ideal placement of the headphone jack and built-in speakers, but now they have built a strong bond and constantly agree with the other’s proposals. With respect to group cohesion, which of the following approaches should Serena adopt to restore the team’s capacity for innovation? A) divide the team into two halves and pit them against each other B) threaten to replace the entire team if it fails to deliver fresh ideas C) meet with team members individually to assess their needs and frustrations D) destabilize the team by promoting low-performing members to leadership positions E) hire a consultant to attend team meetings and ask challenging questions when ideas stagnate

97) ________ memory refers to how specialized knowledge is distributed among members in a manner that results in an effective system of memory for the team. A) Process B) Transactive C) Centralized D) Institutional E) Task

98) Abril, Karima, and Bo are new product development specialists at the hat company Brim Over. All three have been part of the same team for over a year, and as a team they have had tremendous success, with three of their hat designs among the current season’s best sellers. There is a healthy sense of competition among them, but they take credit as a group for their successes rather than focus on individual achievement. A team such as this is said to have

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A) high potency. B) high cohesion. C) good mental modeling. D) good transactive memory. E) good conflict management.

99) In a project team at Marble Unified, team members focus on their specialities and what they do best. Members know exactly where they can go to get information when there are gaps in their knowledge, and this team produces synergistic results. This shows that the project team at Marble has an effective A) staff validity. B) mental model. C) transactive memory. D) potency. E) hierarchical sensitivity.

100) Which of the following refers to the degree to which teams can remain together as ongoing entities? A) team process B) team potency C) team viability D) group technique E) team dependency

101) Teamwork processes have a ________ effect on team performance and a ________ effect on team commitment.

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A) weak positive; moderate positive B) weak positive; strong positive C) moderate positive; moderate positive D) moderate positive; strong positive E) strong positive; moderate positive

102) When a team member always greets other team members and is good at making small talk, this member is likely competent in which transportable teamwork competency? A) planning and task coordination B) conflict resolution C) goal setting and performance management D) collaborative problem solving E) communication

103) The idea behind ________ is that team members can develop shared mental models of what is involved in each of the roles in the team and how the roles fit together to form a system. A) synergy B) action learning C) cross-training D) team cohesion E) devil’s advocacy

104)

What are the three levels of cross-training depth?

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A) transactive, transformative, and collaborative. B) personal clarification, positional modeling, and positional rotation. C) taskwork, teamwork, and team states. D) cohesion, potency, and efficacy. E) transition, action, and interpersonal.

105) Richard’s team has been assigned the task of organizing an exhibition for companies selling home appliances. Richard ensured that each member of the team had an opportunity to observe other members perform their roles. This type of cross-training is termed A) personal clarification. B) boundary spanning. C) positional modeling. D) team process training. E) positional rotation.

106) Talia is the northeast regional sales rep for Mountain Bike Tires 4 Less (MBT4L). Her territory includes a number of large chain stores and smaller bike shops that carry her company’s bike tires. She has good personal relationships with many of the smaller shops, but she has been hearing from many of them that they are having trouble competing with the larger chains on price. In order to keep the smaller retailers happy, she offers extended payment terms on large orders. She told Bob of Bob’s Bikes that he could take 120 days to pay on his latest order. Bertram works in the credit department at the MBT4L headquarters and is in charge of monitoring shipments and payments to the customers in Talia’s region. When he sees that Bob’s Bikes has not paid for their most recent order, he places their account on credit hold pending the receipt of payment. When Bob is unable to place a new order, he calls to complain to Talia who then calls and yells at Bertram for holding up one of her customers’ orders. Bertram explains that Bob’s Bikes’ account is past due. Talia tells him that it is not past due because she offered extended terms. Bertram tells Talia that he had no knowledge of these special terms. The conflict between Talia and Bertram causes mistrust and resentment, and Bob’s Bikes is caught in the middle. Eventually, Miguel, the VP of sales and marketing, is forced to intervene. Keeping the benefits of cross-training in mind, which approach should Miguel use to achieve improved communication and reduced friction between Talia and Bertram?

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A) requiring Bertram and Talia to attend anger management classes together B) having Talia sit in Bertram’s cubicle for half a day observing the demands of his job C) organizing a lunch meeting between Talia and Bertram so they can become better acquainted D) providing Talia with a copy of Bertram’s detailed job description and recent performance reviews E) hiring a team-building consultant to craft a series of trust exercises for Talia and Bertram to perform together

107)

What does the type of team process training known as action learning do?

A) let team members receive information regarding the roles of the other team members B) give team members actual experience carrying out the responsibilities of their teammates C) let team members observe how other members perform their roles D) allow team members to obtain information about technology, competitors, or the broader marketplace E) give the team the opportunity to work on an actual problem within the organization

108) The deepest level of cross-training involves ________, which gives members actual experience carrying out the responsibilities of their teammates. A) personal clarification B) positional rotation C) planning and task coordination D) positional modeling E) conflict resolution

109)

Which of the following is a type of team process training?

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A) personal clarification B) positional modeling C) conflict resolution D) positional rotation E) action learning

110)

Which of the following is true about competency in conflict resolution? A) It coordinates and synchronizes activities among team members. B) It helps establish specific and difficult goals for the team. C) It understands communication networks. D) It can identify situations requiring participative problem solving. E) It can distinguish between desirable and undesirable conflict.

111) Daphne is the top performing nurse on the maternity ward at Downtown General Hospital. In advance of her annual performance review, her supervisor, Raul, begins observing her work behavior more closely to facilitate a more thorough review. One day, a doctor begins berating a nurse for not notifying him of a patient’s change in medication, and Daphne steps in to defuse the situation by explaining that the medication was changed from a brand name drug to an identical generic version. Another day, Raul watches as Daphne works with two other nurses to sort out how best to deal with the aggressive partner of a woman recovering from a five-week premature delivery. Additionally, Raul sees that Daphne keeps a daily calendar of events and tasks. Going into the performance review, Raul concludes that Daphne is exhibiting a high degree of A) group cohesion. B) devil’s advocacy. C) boundary spanning. D) teamwork competency. E) positional modeling.

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112)

Which of the following competencies synchronizes activities among team members? A) planning and task coordination B) collaborative problem solving C) communications D) goal setting and performance management E) conflict resolution

113) Monitoring, evaluating, and providing performance-related feedback are associated with which of the following? A) conflict resolution B) collaborative problem solving C) communications D) planning and task coordination E) goal setting and performance management

114) ________ is normally conducted by a consultant and intended to facilitate the development of team processes related to goal setting, interpersonal relations, problem solving, and role clarification. A) Team building B) Team integration C) Task coordination D) Conflict resolution E) Cohesion realignment

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115) A special surveillance and rescue team is being deployed to counter the menace of poachers in unpopulated regions throughout the world. Sebastian, Julietta, and Omar are the core members of the team. Sebastian was elected as the leader of the team. Julietta is responsible for monitoring the team’s progress toward its goals. Omar took on the role of motivator and confidence builder for the team. This team has worked together before and has developed a high level of common understanding regarding the team and its mission. Members also strongly believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks. As a standard practice, before deployment, the team members observe how other members perform their roles by shadowing and going through simulations. Julietta’s role of monitoring the team’s progress contributes to which of the following teamwork processes? A) brainstorming processes B) action processes C) transactive memory processes D) transition processes E) interpersonal processes

116) A special surveillance and rescue team is being deployed to counter the menace of poachers in unpopulated regions throughout the world. Sebastian, Julietta, and Omar are the core members of the team. Sebastian was elected as the leader of the team. Julietta is responsible for monitoring the team’s progress toward its goals. Omar took on the role of motivator and confidence builder for the team. This team has worked together before and has developed a high level of common understanding regarding the team and its mission. Members also strongly believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks. As a standard practice, before deployment, the team members observe how other members perform their roles by shadowing and going through simulations. Beyond his task responsibilities, Omar’s role also consists of behaviors that contribute to ________ processes. A) transition B) brainstorming C) transactive memory D) action E) interpersonal

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117) A special surveillance and rescue team is being deployed to counter the menace of poachers in unpopulated regions throughout the world. Sebastian, Julietta, and Omar are the core members of the team. Sebastian was elected as the leader of the team. Julietta is responsible for monitoring the team’s progress toward its goals. Omar took on the role of motivator and confidence builder for the team. This team has worked together before and has developed a high level of common understanding regarding the team and its mission. Members also strongly believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks. As a standard practice, before deployment, the team members observe how other members perform their roles by shadowing and going through simulations. The team’s high level of common understanding refers to which of the following? A) potency B) cohesion C) transactive memory D) mental models E) boundary spanning

118) A special surveillance and rescue team is being deployed to counter the menace of poachers in unpopulated regions throughout the world. Sebastian, Julietta, and Omar are the core members of the team. Sebastian was elected as the leader of the team. Julietta is responsible for monitoring the team’s progress toward its goals. Omar took on the role of motivator and confidence builder for the team. This team has worked together before and has developed a high level of common understanding regarding the team and its mission. Members also strongly believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks. As a standard practice, before deployment, the team members observe how other members perform their roles by shadowing and going through simulations. The standard pre-deployment practice of the team represents which aspect of cross-training? A) positional rotation B) positional modeling C) action learning D) personal clarification E) collaborative problem solving

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119) Willow chose the new product team very carefully, recruiting only the best performers from marketing, operations, finance, and HR. She expected this group to design and develop a stellar new product in record time. She cannot understand why this team, composed only of superstars, has not lived up to her expectations. Willow’s group lacks synergy. ⊚ ⊚

120)

It can be challenging to accurately assess the contribution of each member in a team. ⊚ ⊚

121)

true false

Organizations no longer use brainstorming because of the problems associated with it. ⊚ ⊚

true false

122) The nominal group technique involves utilizing a combination of individual and team settings to generate ideas and solutions and arrive at a good idea. ⊚ ⊚

true false

123) Leaders do a better job considering recommendations and making final decisions when they do it together with team members. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

124) Lavar needs to increase his team’s creativity. He calls them in to a meeting and tells them to shout out as many ideas as they can think of for a new project. No one is to analyze or criticize any ideas while this exercise is going on. Lavar is using the brainstorming technique. ⊚ ⊚

true false

125) Creative processes are interpersonal activities that facilitate the accomplishment of the team’s work but do not directly involve task accomplishment itself. ⊚ ⊚

true false

126) Transition processes are relevant before the team begins to conduct the core aspects of its work and may continue to have importance between periods of work activity. ⊚ ⊚

127)

Conflict management is an interpersonal process. ⊚ ⊚

128)

true false

Affect management is an action process. ⊚ true ⊚ false

129) Information richness is the amount and depth of information that gets transmitted in a message.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

130) Fernanda has thought a lot about how to explain why she is asking for a raise. Now that she has her thoughts in order, she is writing them down in a formal request for more pay. Fernanda is engaged in the encoding part of the communication process. ⊚ ⊚

true false

131) The degree of centralization is higher in a network structure where more communication flows through fewer members. ⊚ ⊚

132)

true false

According to researchers, a cohesive team is always a high-performance team. ⊚ ⊚

true false

133) Transactive memory refers to how specialized knowledge is distributed among members in a manner that results in an effective system of memory for the team. ⊚ ⊚

134)

true false

Team potency is higher in teams that have struggled to find success in the past. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

135) Judeline is not worried about offering contrary or radical ideas in team meetings because both the team leader and the team members are supportive of new or even seemingly strange ideas and do not laugh at or criticize each other. Judeline has a strong feeling of psychological safety within the team. ⊚ ⊚

136)

Teamwork processes have a moderate negative effect on team performance. ⊚ ⊚

137)

true false

The shallowest level of cross-training involves personal clarification. ⊚ ⊚

138) unit.

true false

Team process training helps a team function and perform more effectively as an intact ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 12_8e_ Colquitt 18) C 19) B 20) A 21) B 22) A 23) A 24) C 25) E 26) B 27) D 28) B 29) C 30) E 31) A 32) E 33) B 34) D 35) B 36) B 37) C 38) A 39) D 40) D 41) C 42) A 43) E Version 1

44) D 45) C 46) D 47) B 48) E 49) E 50) C 51) D 52) B 53) B 54) D 55) E 56) D 57) E 58) E 59) B 60) C 61) D 62) E 63) B 64) B 65) A 66) B 67) A 68) C 69) D 70) D 71) C 72) E 73) D Version 1

74) A 75) A 76) D 77) A 78) E 79) B 80) E 81) D 82) D 83) A 84) D 85) A 86) B 87) B 88) A 89) B 90) A 91) B 92) D 93) A 94) A 95) C 96) E 97) B 98) A 99) C 100) C 101) D 102) E 103) C Version 1

104) B 105) C 106) B 107) E 108) B 109) E 110) E 111) D 112) A 113) E 114) A 115) B 116) E 117) D 118) B 119) TRUE 120) FALSE 121) FALSE 122) TRUE 123) FALSE 124) TRUE 125) FALSE 126) FALSE 127) FALSE 128) FALSE 129) TRUE 130) FALSE 131) TRUE 132) FALSE 133) TRUE Version 1

134) TRUE 135) TRUE 136) FALSE 137) FALSE 138) TRUE

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CHAPTER 13 1)

Explain what leadership is and provide a one-sentence example.

2) Definepower and identify the two dimensions of power, along with a brief mention of the five types of power found within those two dimensions. Which of the dimensions of power is more strongly related to organizational commitment and job performance?

3) Identify and briefly describe the five types of power and provide a brief example of each. List at least one of the recommended guidelines for each type of power.

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4) Hyun worked for a bee farm that produced honey for various restaurant and grocery chains. Hyun’s workday was broken into two four-hour shifts, rotating between raw honey gathering and packaging tasks. He did not mind the four hours a day gathering honey other than the unpredictable weather, but the four hours spent each day on packaging tasks were more enjoyable as everyone could socialize while they worked, and the tasks were easy. The top management team was effective, including Eduardo, head of production who was a great person; everybody liked Eduardo. Eduardo toured the line daily with the CEO, Hardit. Hardit was also a super nice person, and he and Eduardo had grown up together. When starting the company, Hardit had designed their efficient packaging and production process, and the innovative approach allowed the small company to supply honey to many large clients. Together, Eduardo and Hardit kept the company running smoothly. They both knew every minute detail of production and solved issues quickly, all while keeping the employees informed about what was happening. Hyun had no issue with either Eduardo or Hardit. Hyun was also very pleased with the benefits this company offered. Anechka was the head of human resources and employee benefits, and she was a whiz at her job. The pay was good, and there were regular bonuses. On top of that Anechka always had some kind of contest running with prizes like free lunch for a week, days off with pay, and gift cards. Hyun liked his coworkers and the management staff but was considering looking for a new job as he was not happy with his gathering supervisor, Betty. Two weeks ago, Martel was late for work when he had a flat tire, and Betty made him work all day gathering rather than rotating to packaging. In addition to that, Betty made Martel stay late that day and empty all the trash cans in their department even though a custodial crew emptied the trash between shifts. However, last week, when Kendalyn ran out of gas on the way to work and was late, Betty did nothing because Kendalyn and Betty were friends outside of work. All the employees in the gathering department were edgy on days Betty was in a bad mood and barking orders because they never knew what was going to happen. Betty did not have the authority to fire employees, but she could make their workday very unenjoyable. Who holds power in this scenario, and which kind(s) of power does that person hold? Is the person using their power appropriately? If not, which guidelines are they failing to follow?

5) Name the four contingencies of power and explain how they affect a leader’s ability to influence others.

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6) Identify the four most effective types of influence tactics, as well as the best ways to use each.

7) Identify and briefly describe the three types of influence tactics that are moderately effective and the three types that are least effective, and briefly explain when and how each are used.

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8) LaToya, an office supervisor, told her three employees that it was inappropriate to spend more than an hour at lunch. She said they needed to look out for the good of the office by limiting their lunch times, and they would need to log exactly when they left for and returned from lunch. Anika began to feel like she was unfairly costing the office money if she was at lunch over an hour, and she began returning from lunch on time and signing the log every day. Arshit also began returning from lunch within an hour and signing the log, but he said it did not really matter if he spent over an hour at lunch as long as he got his work done. He thought the whole idea was stupid, but he would follow LaToya’s orders because she was the boss. Leon refused to sign the log and continued taking as much time for lunch as he wanted because he said he would not follow what he saw as LaToya’s ridiculous demand. Identify and briefly describe the three basic varieties of response to influence tactics, along with the relative effectiveness of each, and identify which response each of LaToya’s employees used to address her new policy.

9) Define both organizational politics and political skill and briefly describe the dimensions of political skill. Are there benefits to political skill?

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10) There were five people working on a large equipment fabrication project for a major regional construction firm. Dimitrios, as project lead and the member with the highest seniority, was known to pull rank when it came to decision making. Vanessa was always looking for the best solution for everyone. She had a knack for combining everyone’s thoughts into the perfect idea at just the right time, and she was not afraid to speak up. Dayla followed the power, in this case Dimitrios, so her decisions mirrored Dimitrios’s most of the time. Clive was reserved and sometimes had to be asked to share his thoughts, which were always good, and he looked for easy solutions and ways to help others in order to make the final product better. Ray was the youngest employee on the team and usually went along with any team decision. The deadline is a month away, and emotions are beginning to run high when the client contacts Dimitrios to ask if there is any way the project can be completed two weeks before the deadline. Dimitrios really wants to meet the early deadline and presents the idea to the team. To meet the early deadline, the team will have to continue with the equipment design they are currently using, and Vanessa, Ray, and Clive are not sure if that is the best they can offer. As Dimitrios is moving ahead with plans and assigning everyone final tasks, Vanessa speaks up with an innovative idea to make the equipment better. Everyone sees that the idea is brilliant, but Dimitrios steadfastly denies it, saying there is no time now, they have to meet the early deadline. Vanessa pushes the issue and asks what others think. Ray mumbles it is a good idea, nothing else. Clive says they should deny the early deadline and go with Vanessa’s idea. Dayla sides with Dimitrios saying there is no way to meet the early deadline, but the idea is indeed brilliant. They all look back to Ray who shifts uncomfortably, as he is the tie-breaking vote. Dimitrios tells Ray if he does not agree to preparing the current project for presentation and hitting the early deadline, he will never work on another team project with him. Vanessa and Clive look at each other, and then Vanessa tells Ray that he should side with them because Ray knows the new idea is better than the current idea. Clive speaks up briefly to tell Ray he agrees with Vanessa. Ray speaks up to agree with Clive and Vanessa. To his credit, Dimitrios backs down and informs the client they will not be able to meet the earlier deadline but when they deliver, it will be a superior product. Which type of conflict resolution does each person normally use, and which style are they using in this particular decision? Are they using it correctly? Which influence tactic did Dimitrios use? Did it work? Which influence tactic did Clive and Vanessa use? Did it work?

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11) Identify and briefly define the five styles of conflict resolution, including when the style is most often used, and then provide at least one appropriate situation when each styleshould be used.

12)

Distinguish between distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining.

13)

Describe the various stages in the negotiation process.

14)

Differentiate between mediation and arbitration.

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15) Discuss the effects of power and influence on job performance and organizational commitment.

16)

What is leadership?

A) the use of logical arguments and hard facts to show the target that the request is a worthwhile one B) actions by individuals that are directed toward the goal of furthering their own selfinterests C) the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer D) the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement Leadership E) the use of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal changes in others

17) Ronin knew the deadline was approaching quickly, and his team needed just one more day to complete their sales analysis. He used both his power and influence to get the deadline extended a few more days so his team could meet their goal. Ronin is exhibiting his A) visibility. B) centrality. C) collaboration. D) leadership. E) ingratiation.

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18) Nichelle is the new head of operations for GreatWay, a nationwide corporation with offices in several major cities. Promoted to headquarters from an office in another city, she will be overseeing people who have long worked together and may feel some resistance to an “outsider.” Therefore, it is important for her to establish herself as a leader in their eyes. She will have an opportunity to do just that tomorrow, when she will be invited to make some remarks at a departmental get-together organized in her honor. The best way for Nichelle to set the right tone is to let everyone know that she is ready to A) take charge of the department, which means that she will not tolerate dissent and will deal as severely as possible with anyone who makes trouble for her. B) create a fully open, nonhierarchical environment in which she is simply the first among equals, dedicated to ensuring a nurturing work situation for all employees. C) do everything she can, both in terms of her position and her knowledge and other abilities, to help each employee do what they need to do to help the company meet its objectives. D) work tirelessly on behalf of each employee, learning from them as she goes, in order to help them meet their personal objectives, which will most likely help the company in the end. E) use every element of authority she has to ensure that all employees are doing their jobs as well as possible, and thus to create a department that will be the envy of all other departments.

19)

What is power? A) the use of behaviors to cause behavioral or attitudinal changes in others B) the ability to influence the behavior of others and to resist unwanted influence in

return C) the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behaviors to influence the actions of others D) the use of influence to direct the activities of others toward goal achievement E) the use of threats and demands to influence the behavior of others

20)

Major types of power can be grouped along two dimensions,

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A) inner and outer. B) social and personal. C) organizational and political. D) organizational and personal. E) professional and organizational.

21)

What are the three types of organizational power? A) expert, reward, and referent B) expert, reward, and coercive C) legitimate, expert, and referent D) legitimate, expert, and coercive E) legitimate, reward, and coercive

22)

The two types of personal power are ________ power. A) expert and referent B) reward and referent C) expert and coercive D) reward and coercive E) expert and legitimate

23)

Power derived from a position of authority inside the organization is ________ power. A) structural B) legitimate C) political D) reward E) expert

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24) Quon is project manager over a seven-member team. This project is for an important new client who is requesting some outlandish things like purple pillows in her hotel room when she arrives in town for the next meeting. Quon really wants to impress this client, and he politely appoints Jayvion to order the pillows. He explains the situation to Jayvion and asks him to take on a new role of “client liaison” for this one project. It looks to be a tough job, but if Jayvion agrees to take on the extra responsibilities Quon told him he would get a 5 percent bonus on top of his annual wage increase at the end of the year. Quon hopes he can convince his supervisor that Jayvion needs the extra bonus, but he is unsure because his supervisor has turned down many similar requests. Which of the following statements is true of this scenario? A) In asking Jayvion to take on the extra role of “client liaison,” Quon is not staying within the rights his position holds, a guideline for coercive power. B) In promising Jayvion a bonus on top of his annual wage increase and being unsure if the supervisor will approve the raise means Quon may not be able to follow through on his offer, a guideline for reward power. C) In failing to assign a “client liaison” on every project, Quon is not keeping his requests consistent, breaking a guideline for legitimate power. D) In not providing Jayvion with any notice about this change in his responsibilities, Quon is not following the guideline for referent power. E) In making Jayvion wait for his promised bonus until his next annual wage increase, Quon is not following through quickly and therefore not adhering to the guidelines for expert power.

25) A brilliant designer of computer programs, Darren, has often been compared to the late Apple Computers cofounder Steve Jobs not only because of his abilities in the digital realm, but also his charisma. Like Jobs, he is not a lone techie writing code in a windowless room; he serves in an executive role at DiaTech, the company he and his partners founded. But now he has a problem: there is a special project for which he needs the help of a few key subordinates. They will need to work extra hours, and because of the top-secret nature of his new design, they will need to keep the nature of their work to themselves. The best way for Darren to get these employees on board for the project is to tell each one of them that

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A) working on this project may give them an opportunity to learn about the skills that helped create the company. B) as the founder and one of the leading executives in the company, he has the power to demand their compliance. C) they will get extra pay above their ordinary salary, as well as a strong recommendation for advancement in the company. D) after the project is over, he will take them to lunch and give them a one-hour careerplanning and question-and-answer session. E) he does, after all, have the power and the means to make life very difficult for them if they do not offer him their absolute loyalty.

26) By virtue of being vice president in charge of operations at Unique Metals, Inc., Jamelia has ________ power. A) collaborative B) substitutable C) diplomatic D) legitimate E) referent

27) As area supervisor and shift leader, Ayako calls her subordinates together and says, “Okay, this week everyone needs to work an extra shift because we need to replace the product that was lost in last month’s warehouse fire.” She is exercising her ________ power. A) legitimate B) coercive C) referent D) reward E) expert

Version 1

28) As manager of a 10-person team, Art has legitimate power over his employees. But he would be abusing his legitimate power if he A) asks Mahmoud to take over Shay’s job while waiting for a replacement to be hired. B) tells Becca to sweep the aisles while waiting for further instructions. C) instructs Kendy to deliver a message to one of the other department managers. D) creates a team schedule for members to feed his cat while he is gone for the weekend. E) assigns Ava to answer the phones and greet customers at the front desk.

29) Which type of power exists when someone has control over the resources another person wants? A) expert B) reward C) personal D) referent E) coercive

30) Global Sensors, a magnetic imaging firm, is looking for an employee to serve as field director at the company’s Tokyo office. Rob wants the position and has approached Marguerite, who is in charge of interviewing for the position, to convince her that he is right for the position. In this situation, Marguerite has ________ power. A) expert B) reward C) personal D) referent E) coercive

31) When a person has control over punishments in an organization, they possess ________ power. Version 1

A) expert B) reward C) referent D) personal E) coercive

32)

Coercive power operates primarily on the principle of A) agreement. B) reward. C) hope. D) fear. E) hate.

33) Because it tends to result in negative feelings toward those that wield it, ________ power is generally regarded as a poor form of power to use regularly. A) expert B) reward C) referent D) coercive E) legitimate

34) Which type of power is derived from a person’s skill or knowledge on which others depend?

Version 1

A) expert B) reward C) referent D) coercive E) legitimate

35) As the most experienced botanist in the world when it comes to a particular rare but serious tree fungus with the potential to destroy thousands of acres of forests, Chitra possesses enormous ________ power within the botanical community. A) structural B) reward C) formal D) expert E) legal

36) When others have a desire to identify and be associated with a person, that person possesses ________ power. A) expert B) reward C) referent D) coercive E) legitimate

37) Noted for being a creative thinker and wearing bright-colored glasses, Clemente is no ordinary associate director within the gigantic Walbeam Corporation. Top management has identified him as one of the rising stars, and he has an enormously loyal following among the company’s youngest and most energetic executives. Everyone, it seems, wants to be around Clemente, who possesses a great deal of ________ power within the organization.

Version 1

A) reward B) referent C) coercive D) structural E) collaborative

38) April Ross is an icon in beach volleyball. Many people buy shirts with her name on them. Ross’s iconic status gives her ________ power. A) reward B) referent C) coercive D) structural E) collaborative

39) Bill Gates commands the respect and admiration of people around the world for his achievements in information technology as well as for his philanthropy. Many people who admire him try to emulate his actions. He clearly wields ________ power. A) reward B) referent C) coercive D) structural E) legitimate

40)

________ is the degree to which people have alternatives in accessing resources.

Version 1

A) Centrality B) Discretion C) Substitutability D) Accommodation E) Integrative bargaining

41) Leaders who control resources to which no one else has access can use their power to gain greater influence. This is associated with the contingency factor known as A) visibility. B) centrality. C) discretion. D) ingratiation. E) substitutability.

42) As the head of international communications for VegCo., an international conglomerate supplying more than 50 countries, Bian has access to resources beyond the reach of most people—even the company president—and this in turn has made her very influential within the company. Bian holds the authority that is an example of the contingency factor A) internalization. B) substitutability. C) ingratiation. D) centrality. E) visibility.

43) Which of the following terms refers to the degree to which managers have the right to make decisions on their own?

Version 1

A) ingratiation B) power C) substitutability D) discretion E) coercion

44) The staff at company headquarters seemed to have a problem with motivation, so the organization’s leadership brought in Herb Sewell, one of the most prominent motivational experts in the industry. Herb had what sounded at first like a lot of crazy ideas, but as it turned out, there was a method to his madness, and after a week of doing his strange-sounding, sometimes downright comical team-building exercises, the staff had a renewed level of excitement and commitment. This happened in part because the company leadership gave Herb a high degree of ________ in doing his job. A) visibility B) centrality C) discretion D) ingratiation E) substitutability

45) Kya in as administrative manager with a number of exciting new ideas about how to change organizational procedures and run the company more efficiently. However, she soon ran into opposition from company leadership, who insisted that she stick with policies adopted several decades earlier. This indicates a low degree of ________, which limits Kya’s ability to influence others. A) power B) visibility C) centrality D) discretion E) substitutability

Version 1

46) How important a person’s job is and how many people depend on that person to accomplish their tasks is represented by A) power. B) visibility. C) centrality. D) discretion. E) substitutability.

47) Leaders who perform critical tasks and interact with others regularly have a greater ability to use their power to influence others. These leaders are exhibiting the contingency factor called A) visibility. B) centrality. C) discretion. D) ingratiation. E) substitutability.

48) If a manager fails to communicate their request politely, they are breaking the guideline for using ________ power. A) legitimate B) coercive C) referent D) reward E) expert

49)

Which of the following answer options is a guideline for using reward power?

Version 1

A) Support and uphold others when called for. B) Stay within the rights your position holds. C) Follow through on commitments. D) Only offer what you can follow through on. E) Warn people prior to giving rewards.

50) “Follow through quickly and without discrimination or bias” is a suggested guideline for using ________ power. A) legitimate B) coercive C) referent D) reward E) expert

51) When people have a track record of high performance, the ability to solve problems, or specific knowledge that is necessary to accomplish tasks, they are more likely to be able to influence other people due to their ________ power. A) legitimate B) coercive C) referent D) reward E) expert

52)

Which of the following statements about the various forms of power is true?

Version 1

A) It is impossible for one person to possess all five forms of power at the same time. B) From an employee’s perspective, it is sometimes difficult to gauge which form of power is most important. C) Organizational forms of power are more strongly related to organizational commitment than are the personal forms of power. D) You can always tell which type of power your boss possesses before they attempt to use it. E) Personal forms of power are less strongly related to job performance than are the organizational forms.

53)

One of the suggested guidelines for using coercive power is to A) be consistent, thoughtful, and honest about requests. B) make sure you describe the purpose of your request. C) be clear on exactly what you are offering a reward for. D) do things for others even when you are not required to do so. E) make sure the punishment fits the nature of the lack of compliance.

54)

A suggested guideline for using expert power is to A) be consistent, thoughtful, and honest about requests. B) make sure you describe the purpose of your request. C) be clear on exactly what you are offering a reward for. D) do things for others even when you are not required to do so. E) make sure the punishment fits the nature of the lack of compliance.

55) Kenya heads the nurse’s staff in the intensive care ward of Alston Memorial Hospital. Her job involves ensuring that work in the ward runs smoothly, which in part means maintaining the requisite standard in hospital hygiene and patient care. Her job naturally involves the use of coercive power, which also means remembering the guideline that she should

Version 1

A) warn people prior to giving punishment. B) make sure to describe the purpose of each request. C) be consistent, thoughtful, and honest about requests. D) do things for others even when not required to do so. E) be clear on exactly what a reward is being offered for.

56) Which choice is one of the four contingency factors that affect a person’s ability to use power to influence others? A) legitimacy B) discretion C) ingratiation D) pressure E) collaboration

57)

How aware others are of a leader’s power and position is a function of A) skill. B) visibility. C) centrality. D) discretion. E) substitutability.

58) Kamal is a technological expert whose work with advanced broadband systems has made him one of the most high-profile figures at Takemodo Telecommunications, one of the world’s leading technology companies. With his picture on the cover of magazines and his name popping up on technology sites all over the Internet, Kamal has a high degree of ________, which gives him influence over others.

Version 1

A) charisma B) visibility C) centrality D) discretion E) substitutability

59) In the context of the contingency factor of visibility, a leader’s ability to influence others increases when A) the leader’s role is important and interdependent with others in the organization. B) the leader has the freedom to make decisions without being restrained by rules. C) there are no substitutes for the rewards or resources the leader controls. D) others know about the leader and the resources the leader can provide. E) they can give and withhold rewards as they see fit.

60) As executive vice president in charge of sales and marketing, Josephine heads a large international team. Her position gives her a great deal of ________ power. A) legitimate B) coercive C) referent D) reward E) expert

61) Tyrell is widely known and liked throughout the company. His magnetic personality is obvious to anyone who meets him, and strangers can recognize his influence in an instant just by observing how many people gravitate to him wherever he goes. Which type of power does Tyrell possess?

Version 1

A) legitimate B) coercive C) referent D) reward E) expert

62) As head of land permissions, Mateo has the power to assign prime forest plots to the different logging teams. He gives the best plots to the team leaders who impress him the most at any given moment. Therefore, the team leaders are always trying to impress him. Mateo possesses ________ power. A) legitimate B) coercive C) referent D) reward E) expert

63) When management brought Julie in to run the creative department, they told her that, within reason, she could reorganize and direct its operations as she saw fit. This illustrates the ________ contingency of power. A) power B) visibility C) centrality D) discretion E) substitutability

64) ________ is the use of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal changes in others.

Version 1

A) Power B) Visibility C) Influence D) Discretion E) Internalization

65) ________ is the use of logical arguments and hard facts to show the target that a request is a worthwhile one. A) Consultation B) Collaboration C) Legitimate power D) Rational persuasion E) Inspirational appeal

66) A few minutes before the grand opening of the newest store in the chain, Zahra from the corporate office gave the whole team a rousing speech in which she told them that they had the power to make things better for the entire community. This is an example of A) consultation. B) collaboration. C) legitimate power. D) rational persuasion. E) inspirational appeal.

67) To influence others by using ________, leaders must have insight into the kinds of things that are important to the target.

Version 1

A) consultation B) collaboration C) legitimate power D) rational persuasion E) inspirational appeal

68) The target’s stake in seeing that their opinions are proven right serves to increase commitment under the influence tactic known as A) consultation. B) collaboration. C) legitimate power. D) rational persuasion. E) inspirational appeal.

69) Which influence tactic involves a leader helping complete a task, providing required resources, or removing obstacles that make task completion difficult? A) consultation B) collaboration C) legitimate power D) rational persuasion E) inspirational appeal

70) An up-and-coming gubernatorial candidate has the ability to make voters feel that they are helping decide the state’s future. One of the candidate’s slogans is, “Help me build a better future,” a message repeated at town hall meetings across the state. Often, the candidate’s team invites “ordinary citizens” from the audience to come to the microphone and share their concerns—concerns that are then fitted into the candidate’s platform. This candidate is adept at using the influence tactic known as Version 1

A) rational persuasion. B) collaboration. C) consultation. D) ingratiation. E) exchange.

71) Choosing from the following answer options, which influence tactic is considered the most effective? A) exchange B) personal appeals C) pressure D) inspirational appeals E) coalitions

72) as

“Sucking up” is an expression often used to describe the influence tactic otherwise known

A) coalition. B) exchange. C) apprising. D) ingratiation. E) personal appeals.

73) Kent is on the rise in the corporate hierarchy, and he is building a personal following along the way. Those who are loyal to him, he says, will benefit significantly in the future, when he is in a position to decide salaries and benefits. Kent is using the influence tactic known as

Version 1

A) coalition. B) exchange. C) apprising. D) ingratiation. E) personal appeals.

74)

The difference between apprising and rational persuasion is that apprising A) focuses on benefits to the group or organization rather than benefits solely for the

target. B) is an emotional appeal, whereas rational persuasion is a logical appeal. C) focuses on benefits to the target rather than benefits to the group or organization. D) is a logical appeal, whereas rational persuasion is an emotional appeal. E) is presented in a face-to-face meeting in order to increase the emotional appeal.

75)

Which influence tactic usually involves threats and demands? A) exchange B) collaboration C) apprising D) ingratiation E) pressure

76) Raul has a plan to completely reorganize the workflow in his department, but before presenting it to Gordon, his supervisor, he recruits the support of his colleagues Natalie and Andre. This is an example of the influence tactic known as

Version 1

A) coalitions. B) ingratiation. C) apprising. D) visibility.

77) ________ occurs when the target of influence agrees with and becomes committed to the influence request. A) Resistance B) Ingratiation C) Consultation D) Collaboration E) Internalization

78) The best response to influence tactics, from the standpoint of the leader, is when a shift in both the behaviors and the attitudes of employees occurs—otherwise known as A) accommodating. B) substitutability. C) internalization. D) collaboration. E) compliance.

79)

What happens when employees respond to influence tactics with compliance?

Version 1

A) a shift in the attitudes of employees and their leaders B) a shift in the attitudes of employees, butnot their leaders C) a shift in the attitudes of employees, butnot their behaviors D) a shift in the behaviors of employees, butnot their attitudes E) a shift in both the behaviors and attitudes of employees

80) ________ manifests when the target refuses to perform the influence request and puts forth an effort to avoid having to do it. A) Internalization B) Collaboration C) Compliance D) Resistance E) Conflict

81) ________ happens when the targets of influence are willing to do what the leader asks, but they do it with a degree of ambivalence. A) Accommodating B) Internalization C) Collaboration D) Compliance E) Resistance

82) Palesa is making a presentation for new menu items, and she hopes the rest of the kitchen team will support her proposals. In the days leading up to the meeting, she chats with several different colleagues. In each case, at some point, she says something like, “We’ve covered for each other so many times. Have you got my back on the new menu?” This is an example of the influence tactic known as

Version 1

A) exchange. B) apprising. C) ingratiation. D) personal appeal. E) organizational politics.

83) Hong has a plan to launch what she believes is an exciting new product line, but she knows that if she is going to get her manager’s support, she needs to appeal to facts rather than emotion. Therefore, she puts together a detailed proposal showing sales, marketing research, cost-benefit analyses of potential product launch strategies, and other support data. Which influence tactic is Hong using? A) consultation B) collaboration C) legitimate power D) rational persuasion E) inspirational appeal

84) Andrea was elected student council president partly due to a pledge that she would get the school to put in a skate park. It was a big thing to promise, but she knew that the school system had recently had a large influx of tax dollars and that the money is there; she just needs to win over the powers that be. First, she has to get the school principal on her side, and together they will go to the board of education. The principal, Ms. Hernandez, is new to the school system, and other than simply meeting her, Andrea has had few interactions with her. In her meeting with Ms. Hernandez, the best approach for Andrea is to

Version 1

A) talk to her about how exciting it would be to have a skate park. B) let her know about all the coaches, teachers, and students supporting the skate park. C) compliment her leadership and let her know that she sees her as capable and competent. D) present her with data showing that the skate park is not only needed but also affordable and practical. E) explain that the student body is motivated and could make things difficult if they do not get their way.

85) What occurs when actions by individuals in an organization are directed toward the goal of furthering their own self-interests? A) leadership B) internalization C) political skill D) organizational politics E) distributive bargaining

86)

What is political skill?

A) a process in which two or more interdependent individuals discuss and attempt to come to an agreement about their different preferences B) the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer C) the ability to understand others at work and use that knowledge to influence others to enhance personal and/or organizational objectives D) actions by individuals that are directed toward the goal of furthering their own selfinterests E) win-lose negotiating over a “fixed-pie” of resources, so that when one person gains, the other person loses

Version 1

87) ________ involves having an unassuming and convincing personal style that is flexible enough to adapt to different situations. A) Interpersonal influence B) Suitability C) Social astuteness D) Organizational politics E) Apparent sincerity

88) Individuals who exhibit ______ skills have higher ratings of both task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors from others, especially when the social requirements of the job are high. A) leadership B) political C) negotiation D) influencing E) expert

89)

A personal characteristic that fosters organizational politics is the A) desire to help. B) need for power. C) drive to be a vision-holder. D) requirement for participation. E) tendency to need to socialize.

90) Employees that are willing to manipulate and deceive others to acquire power are referred to as having ________ tendencies. Version 1

A) utopian B) egoistic C) Napoleonic D) Machiavellian E) Brobdingnagian

91) Organizational factors that are the most likely to increase politics are those that raise the level of ________ in the environment. A) self-awareness B) participation C) uncertainty D) energy E) strife

92) Wherever he goes, Logan develops contacts, only he calls it simply making friends. He asks the person about themselves, they chat a bit, and a few minutes later Logan walks away having made a new friend—not to mention a business contact whose information he now has in the address book of his phone. This illustrates ________, a dimension of political skill. A) social astuteness B) apparent sincerity C) networking ability D) organizational politics E) interpersonal influence

93) There may be some formal, pompous people on the board at Chen Grains, but the chair and chief executive officer—Mr. Chen himself—is not one of them. He is as comfortable talking to farmers or truck drivers as he is corporate executives. Mr. Chen’s behavior illustrates the dimension of political skill known as

Version 1

A) social astuteness. B) apparent sincerity. C) networking ability. D) organizational politics. E) interpersonal influence.

94) Of Vanida it is often said, “She’s the real deal.” Coworkers perceive her as a straight shooter whom they can trust to speak the truth. Therefore, if Vanida says something, people tend to put great store by it. Vanida’s behavior illustrates ________, a dimension of political skill. A) social astuteness B) apparent sincerity C) networking ability D) organizational politics E) interpersonal influence

95) Brad was a department manager who was usually a push-over in meetings. When a regional manager position came open, Tom knew Brad wanted the position but would back down if someone else wanted the job. Tom did not really want the job but decided to apply for the position so Brad would back down. In this case, Brad should use the ________ resolution style. A) avoiding B) competing C) compromise D) collaboration E) accommodating

Version 1

96) Eduarda was the sales manager of a highly skilled group of salespeople. Eduarda heard through the grapevine that two of her sales associates had just gotten into a physical scuffle in the employee’s break area over a perceived threat to steal a customer. She heard there was much shouting and accusations and a little pushing and shoving but nothing to be too surprised at with the sales quota deadline approaching. Both employees were due to go to lunch in an hour and neither had apologized yet. What is the best suggestion for Eduarda in this situation? A) Eduarda should wait until after lunch to discuss the issue with the two employees. B) Eduarda should approach both employees separately, telling both they were right. C) Eduarda should put both employees in a room until they can sort out the problem. D) Eduarda should pull both employees off the floor for reprimands. E) Eduarda should judge which employee is more accommodating and ask them to give in to the other.

97)

What is representative of the accommodating style of conflict resolution? A) moderate assertiveness and low cooperation B) high assertiveness and low cooperation C) high assertiveness and high cooperation D) low assertiveness and low cooperation E) low assertiveness and high cooperation

98) Which style of conflict management results in the best outcomes and reactions from both parties? A) avoiding B) competing C) compromise D) collaboration E) accommodating

Version 1

99) In a conflict situation, Pedro attempts to get his needs met without any concern for the needs of the other party. He utilizes ________, a conflict resolution style. A) avoiding B) competing C) compromise D) collaboration E) accommodating

100)

Which of the following statements concerning conflict management is true?

A) Women are less likely than men to use compromise as a tactic. B) Collaboration is the one style superior to all the others. C) Trust is important when using cooperative forms of conflict management. D) Men are less likely than women to use the competing tactic. E) Emotionally intelligent individuals are unlikely to use constructive forms of conflict management.

101) The conflict resolution style that occurs most often when one party has high levels of organizational power and can use legitimate or coercive power to settle the conflict is A) avoiding. B) competing. C) compromise. D) collaboration. E) accommodating.

102) The conflict resolution style that is best used in situations where leaders know they are right and a quick decision needs to be made is

Version 1

A) accommodating. B) collaboration. C) compromise. D) competing. E) avoiding.

103)

The style of conflict resolution most likely to yield an unfavorable result for everyone is A) accommodating. B) collaboration. C) compromise. D) competing. E) avoiding.

104)

Which style of conflict resolution can never really resolve a conflict? A) avoiding B) competing C) compromise D) collaboration E) accommodating

105) Which two styles of conflict resolution are likely to result in negative feelings toward the leader?

Version 1

A) competing and avoiding B) compromise and avoiding C) competing and compromise D) competing and accommodating E) compromise and accommodating

106) Alice and Aline had two conflicting ideas regarding how to relaunch their restaurant to a new market. Aline favored a flashy, after-hours club atmosphere, whereas Alice proposed a more modest look and feel. At one point, the tension between them seemed about to escalate, but then Alice gave in and suggested that they go with Aline’s plan. Alice used the ________ style of conflict resolution. A) accommodating B) collaborating C) compromise D) competing E) avoiding

107)

When do leaders typically use the accommodating conflict resolution style? A) when the issue is very important to an uninvolved third-party mediator B) when the issue is really not that important to them or the other party C) when the issue is very important to both them and the other party D) when the issue is really not that important to the other party but is very important to

them E) when the issue is really not that important to them but is very important to the other party

108)

The style of conflict resolution that is considered a win-win approach is

Version 1

A) avoiding. B) competing. C) compromise. D) collaboration. E) accommodating.

109) Which form of conflict resolution occurs when both parties work together to maximize outcomes? A) accommodating B) collaboration C) compromise D) competing E) avoiding

110)

The style of conflict resolution generally regarded as the most effective is A) avoiding. B) competing. C) compromise. D) collaboration. E) accommodating.

111) Which form of conflict resolution requires sharing of information by both parties, a full discussion of concerns, relatively equal power between parties, and a lot of time investment to arrive at a resolution?

Version 1

A) accommodating B) collaboration C) compromise D) competing E) avoiding

112) Moderate assertiveness and moderate cooperation occur when conflict is resolved through A) accommodating. B) collaboration. C) compromise. D) competing. E) avoiding.

113)

The most common form of conflict resolution is A) avoiding. B) competing. C) compromise. D) collaboration. E) accommodating.

114) Leo is in conflict with his boss, Dominique, regarding the correct amount to charge a client. Because Leo has less power than his boss, and because the issue is much more important to her than it is to him, an appropriate conflict resolution strategy would be

Version 1

A) accommodating. B) compromise. C) avoiding. D) collaboration. E) competing.

115)

When should a competing style of conflict resolution be used? A) when you realize that you are wrong and an alternative is better B) when you believe you are right, and there is no middle ground C) when the issue is not as time-sensitive as other issues being considered D) when arriving at a solution will cause more strife than a solution is worth E) when you want to build up credit with others by showing you are reasonable

116) When confronted with a conflict at work or in other organizational aspects of her life, Millie tends to take an avoiding style. That is best used when she is in a situation where she A) is willing to compromise on her terms. B) cannot win and there is no acceptable alternative. C) needs to reach a solution to the conflict as soon as possible. D) has legitimate power over the people she is negotiating with. E) wants people to make rash decisions as a result of high emotions.

117) Raj has a strongly collaborative style of conflict resolution, which will prove especially helpful for him in a situation where

Version 1

A) the issue is not as important as others from a timing perspective. B) different perspectives might help arrive at a better alternative. C) potential disruption outweighs the benefits of resolution. D) he believes he is right and there is no middle ground. E) others can resolve the conflict more effectively.

118) In the mid-1800s, Senator Henry Clay was known as The Great Compromiser for his ability to strike compromises on the hot-button issues of the day, most notably slavery. In reaching such agreements as the Missouri Compromise, Clay and others of like mind most likely believed that A) the potential for disruption outweighed the benefits of resolution. B) the issue was not as important as others from a timing perspective. C) different perspectives or learning might help arrive at a better alternative. D) arriving at an interim solution would allow more time to study the problem. E) others cared substantially more about the outcome, and the ongoing relationship mattered most.

119) Recent research shows that individuals most likely to choose constructive forms of conflict management score high in terms of A) annual earnings. B) corporate ranking. C) emotional intelligence. D) sheet intellectual capacity. E) proven leadership capabilities.

120)

A collaborative conflict resolution style should be used to build

Version 1

A) indispensability. B) commitment. C) dominance. D) safety. E) power.

121) Under the autocratic government of his homeland, Gustav knew that he and other members of the student movement at the national university had little power and influence to use against the authorities. In such a situation, the ________ style of conflict resolution made the most sense. A) accommodating B) collaborating C) compromise D) competing E) avoiding

122) The board was split over a fundamental question of the company’s future direction, but Mr. Tran declared himself neutral in the conflict. As the oldest member of the board, he said, he should not take sides. His behavior exemplifies an approach to conflict resolution known as A) accommodating. B) collaboration. C) compromise. D) competing. E) avoiding.

Version 1

123) Sharelle has a conflict resolution style that works for her. Whenever she is involved in settling an issue, everybody comes away feeling that for anything they lost, they gained something else in return. Her efforts have helped save friendships and prevent interdepartmental rivalries from taking over, and along the way she has gotten positive evaluations from everyone who has ever worked for her. Sharelle is adept at the conflict resolution style known as A) accommodating. B) collaboration. C) compromise. D) competing. E) avoiding.

124)

What is negotiation?

A) when the influencer enlists other people to help influence the target B) the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer C) a process in which individuals discuss and attempt to reach agreement about their different preferences D) when the target of influence agrees with and becomes committed to the influence request E) the degree to which people have alternatives in accessing resources

125)

Distributive bargaining is a ______ negotiation over a ______ of resources. A) win-win; fixed pie B) lose-lose; limitless pie C) lose-lose; fixed pie D) win-lose; fixed pie E) win-lose; limitless pie

Version 1

126) Tameeka has developed a reputation in her industry for her key involvement in several high-profile negotiations where she has used a distributive framework. Now, she likely finds that A) she has to use integrative techniques next time. B) she has difficulty negotiating in any other way. C) her level of emotional intelligence has increased. D) it is impossible to use inspirational appeals with colleagues. E) other managers in her company are shunning the same technique.

127) In distributive bargaining, when one person gains, the other person loses. This is also known as a ________ condition. A) competing B) negotiated C) substitute D) zero-sum E) win-win

128) Distributive bargaining is similar in nature to the ________ approach to conflict resolution. A) avoiding B) competing C) compromise D) collaboration E) accommodating

129) Involving the use of problem solving and mutual respect to achieve an outcome that is satisfying for both parties, ________ is aimed at accomplishing a win-win scenario.

Version 1

A) exchanging information B) distributive bargaining C) integrative bargaining D) substitutability E) negotiation

130) Leaders who thoroughly understand the conflict resolution style of collaboration are likely to thrive in ________ negotiations. A) alternative dispute resolution B) closing and commitment C) distributive bargaining D) integrative bargaining E) substitutability

131)

Which of the following statements concerning negotiation styles is true? A) Integrative bargaining prevents long-term relationships from forming between the

parties. B) Over time, leaders can develop a reputation for how they negotiate. C) The integrative negotiation style is appropriate for all situations. D) Union-management labor negotiations are usually integrative in nature. E) There are four negotiation strategies: distributive, integrative, compliance, and resistance bargaining.

132) Which step of negotiation involves the best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA)?

Version 1

A) bargaining B) preparation C) goal-setting D) deal-making E) information-exchanging

133)

When are two parties likely to take on a more integrative approach to negotiations? A) one party has significantly more power B) they are feeling negative emotions C) machiavellian tendencies prevail D) their power is relatively equal E) emotional intelligence is low

134)

Which of the following statements is true of a BATNA? A) Only one party has a BATNA, the other side does not. B) The BATNA is formed during the exchanging of information stage of negotiation. C) At the BATNA point, a negotiator is better off not negotiating at all. D) BATNA stands for Basic Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement. E) Ideally, proposed agreements will come in under your BATNA.

135) Yael has just concluded another case in which she lived up to the slogan posted on billboards all over the city: “The number-one choice for when you’ve been injured at work!” She followed textbook negotiation strategies and came fully prepared to the meeting with the legal team for her client’s employer. At the meeting, Yael asked a number of questions, maintained a friendly atmosphere, and presented her client’s list of demands. In the end, she got everything she wanted for her client without acceding to a single one of the opposing side’s demands. They finished off with a formalized agreement, and then Yael and her client went out to celebrate their victory. However, Yael may have missed one thing, which is that she should have Version 1

A) sought to win over the other side, not simply in legal terms but also in personal terms, so as to maintain a friendly atmosphere. B) taken a different tone from the beginning, dispensing with niceties and letting the other side know that she intended to win. C) let the other side win on some small point, so they would walk away feeling they had won at least something. D) spent more time researching the employer’s net worth to see if she could extract more money for her client. E) asked her client if there were any point at which she would rather walk away than give up anything more.

136) Maksim is an attorney working with a client seeking damages from a restoration expert who failed to properly restore a yacht, leaving it unable to be launched. The client is demanding $150,000, as well as an apology. In order to best help the client, Maksim needs to A) explain to the client that he will do the best job he can. B) help his client understand that the apology is unnecessary. C) find out the lowest settlement amount the client is willing to accept. D) do an investigation to see if the restoration expert can afford more than $150,000. E) give the client a detailed accounting of everything that could possibly go wrong in the negotiations.

137) Power and influence have a ________ effect on job performance and organizational commitment. A) moderate negative B) moderate positive C) strong negative D) strong positive E) weak positive

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138) What is the process by which two parties resolve conflict through use of a specially trained third party? A) alternative dispute resolution B) closing and commitment C) distributive bargaining D) integrative bargaining E) substitutability

139)

What happens in mediation?

A) A third party determines a binding settlement to a dispute. B) A third party facilitates the dispute resolution process but has no formal authority to dictate a solution. C) A third party uses problem solving and mutual respect to achieve an outcome that’s satisfying for both parties. D) A third party offers a reward or resource to the target in return for performing a request. E) A third party recommends that both parties postpone the conflict to gather information or let things cool down.

140) Armand runs a small company, and although he is generally happy with his staff, he would like to see them increase their productivity and develop a greater long-term sense of personal identification with the company. The best way for him to achieve that is to

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A) establish a hierarchical environment, tell employees they have to improve, and emphasize the fact that he is boss. B) create a structured environment and focus on teaching employees that improved skills will help them keep their jobs. C) maintain a friendly environment, help them improve their work skills, and make sure they always remember who is boss. D) work on making the office a fun place, take less of a direct approach to job skills, and make sure employees know that he cares. E) construct an open environment, dedicate himself to helping his employees achieve their goals, and take the emphasis off hierarchy.

141) An attorney known for repeated success in dispute resolution, Deontay is helping to resolve a conflict between a farmer and a large auto dealership he claims has built a car lot on his land. After a great deal of argument from both parties, Deontay receives offers from both sides. The farmer asks for damages of $1 million, royalties of 2 percent on all car sales for the next 10 years, and a written apology, whereas the dealership offers to pay $500,000, with royalties of 1 percent for 5 years, as well as a written apology. After considering both offers and the arguments behind them, Deontay determines that the company’s offer is fair, and an agreement is reached. This is an example of A) convention arbitration. B) distributive mediation. C) integrative mediation. D) final-offer arbitration. E) binding arbitration.

142) From time to time, leaders need to resist the influence of other leaders or higher-ups to do what is best for their own unit. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

143) Legitimate, reward, and coercive power are derived primarily from the desire of others to identify and be associated with a person. ⊚ ⊚

true false

144) The CEO had no idea how to perform any of the jobs on the auto-manufacturing assembly line. One day, while hastily walking past the assembly line, the CEO saw two workers putting the front bumper on a car and told them they were installing the wrong bumper. The workers knew they had the correct bumper, but the CEO stopped the assembly line to sort out the conflict. In stopping the assembly line, the CEO was using expert power. ⊚ ⊚

145)

true false

Some leaders possess all of the forms of power at the same time. ⊚ ⊚

true false

146) The personal forms of power are more strongly related to organizational commitment and job performance than are the organizational forms. ⊚ ⊚

true false

147) If a person works alone and performs tasks that nobody sees, even when they have high levels of expert and referent power, that person’s ability to influence others is greatly reduced. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

148)

Rational persuasion is a poor tactic to use in the case of upward influence. ⊚ ⊚

true false

149) Consultation occurs when the target is allowed to participate in deciding how to carry out or implement a request. ⊚ ⊚

150)

Ingratiation has been shown to be more effective when used as a short-term strategy. ⊚ ⊚

151)

true false

For a leader, internalization is the best outcome of influence tactics. ⊚ ⊚

true false

152) Organizational politics is the ability to understand others and the use of that knowledge to influence them to further personal or organizational objectives. ⊚ ⊚

true false

153) Organizational factors that are the most likely to increase political activity are those that lower the level of uncertainty in the environment. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

154) Leaders will typically use an avoiding conflict resolution style when an issue is reallynot that important to them but is very important to the other party. ⊚ ⊚

true false

155) Collaboration is seen as the least effective form of conflict resolution where nobody is a winner. ⊚ ⊚

true false

156) Compromise is the most common form of conflict resolution, whereby each party’s losses are offset by gains and vice versa. ⊚ ⊚

157)

Distributive bargaining is aimed at accomplishing a win-win scenario. ⊚ ⊚

158)

true false

The most important step of negotiation is preparation. ⊚ ⊚

159)

true false

A third-party arbitration settlement to a dispute is a nonbinding recommendation.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

160) Repeated use of coercive power could actually decrease organizational commitment levels. ⊚ ⊚

161)

true false

Power and influence can have a moderate positive effect on organizational commitment. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 13_8e_ Colquitt 16) D 17) D 18) C 19) B 20) D 21) E 22) A 23) B 24) B 25) D 26) D 27) A 28) D 29) B 30) B 31) E 32) D 33) D 34) A 35) D 36) C 37) B 38) B 39) B 40) C 41) E Version 1

42) B 43) D 44) C 45) D 46) C 47) B 48) A 49) D 50) B 51) E 52) C 53) E 54) A 55) A 56) B 57) B 58) B 59) D 60) A 61) C 62) D 63) D 64) C 65) D 66) E 67) E 68) A 69) B 70) C 71) D Version 1

72) D 73) B 74) C 75) E 76) A 77) E 78) C 79) D 80) D 81) D 82) D 83) D 84) D 85) D 86) C 87) A 88) B 89) B 90) D 91) C 92) C 93) E 94) B 95) B 96) A 97) E 98) D 99) B 100) C 101) B Version 1

102) D 103) E 104) A 105) A 106) A 107) E 108) D 109) B 110) D 111) B 112) C 113) C 114) A 115) B 116) B 117) B 118) D 119) C 120) B 121) A 122) E 123) C 124) C 125) D 126) B 127) D 128) B 129) C 130) D 131) B Version 1

132) B 133) D 134) C 135) C 136) C 137) B 138) A 139) B 140) C 141) D 142) TRUE 143) FALSE 144) FALSE 145) TRUE 146) TRUE 147) TRUE 148) FALSE 149) TRUE 150) FALSE 151) TRUE 152) FALSE 153) FALSE 154) FALSE 155) FALSE 156) TRUE 157) FALSE 158) TRUE 159) FALSE 160) TRUE 161) TRUE Version 1

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CHAPTER 14 1)

What are the various ways in which leader effectiveness can be gauged?

Describe the leader–member exchange theory. Explain the two types of dyads.

3) Briefly define bothleader effectiveness and leader emergence and provide the difference between them. Which traits and characteristics are associated with each? What are the two limitations to research directed at identifying leadership traits and characteristics?

Describe the four-leader decision-making styles with examples.

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5) Briefly describe the time-driven model of leadership, including all seven factors the model includes. How does a manager use the model?

Differentiate between initiating structure and consideration.

7) Describe the R1, R2, R3, and R4 stages of the life cycle theory of leadership and identify the appropriate behaviors that should accompany each stage.

8) What is transformational leadership? Describe the “four I’s” of transformational leadership.

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9) How does transformational leadership affect job performance and organizational commitment?

10) Describe the substitutes for leadership model. What do the terms “substitutes” and “neutralizers” mean in this context?

11)

Describe the training methods that can be used to create more effective leaders.

12)

The leader–member exchange theory argues that

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A) new relationships between leaders and members are typically marked by a role-taking phase. B) most leaders can judge their performance by referring to the number of companies they have created. C) leader traits hold more practical relevance than leader actions. D) the correlations of the trait-leadership magnitude are strong. E) organizations should limit leader–member exchanges to maximize organizational productivity.

13) During which phase of the leader–member exchange theory does a manager describe role expectations to employees, with employees attempting to fulfill those expectations with their job behaviors? A) readiness B) role taking C) role selling D) role making E) role designing

14)

For some employees, the initial role-taking phase may eventually be supplanted by A) role designing. B) role selling. C) participating. D) role making. E) role allocating.

15) The ________ process is marked by a free-flowing exchange in which the leader offers more opportunities and resources and the employee contributes more activities and effort.

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A) role taking B) role selling C) participating D) role-making E) role-allocating

16) During her first week at her new job, Spencer’s manager, Julian, goes over all of the duties Spencer will be expected to perform. He also introduces Spencer to the other employees and tells her about the company’s monthly potluck lunches and employees’ volunteer projects after hours. Julian encourages Spencer to get involved. Julian is engaged in A) mentoring. B) orientation. C) role taking. D) role making. E) role modeling.

17) According to the leader–member exchange theory, the two general types of leader– member dyads are A) role-taking exchange and role-selling exchange. B) high-quality exchange and low-quality exchange. C) intrinsic and extrinsic. D) role making and role taking. E) participating exchange and observing exchange.

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18) Parker works in an office with about 20 employees. Seven or eight employees go out to lunch together at least once a week. Parker rarely joins the lunches, although all are welcome, but the office manager joins regularly. Parker has just found out about a new office computer system that will be installed and realizes that the workers who go out to lunch together already know about the new computer system. Parker likely has a(n) ________ dyad with the office manager. A) participating B) low-quality C) intrinsic D) high-quality E) extrinsic

19)

In the leader–member exchange theory, the low-quality exchange dyad forms the leader’s A) outgroup. B) internal attributes. C) ingroup. D) levels of mutual trust. E) obligations.

20) Brady looks up to his boss, Malik, who has a business degree from Yale and, like Brady, is ambitious, successful, and extroverted. Brady and Malik also share a similar, warped sense of humor. Malik often says to Brady: “You remind me of myself ten years ago.” Brady is likely to be a member of Malik’s A) triad. B) dyad. C) ingroup. D) outgroup. E) support team.

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21) Simon started working at Solaris Industries right after college, and he had instant rapport with his boss, Felix. Felix not only showed him the ropes but always encouraged Simon as he pursued his goals, such as starting graduate school. Over the years, Simon and Felix developed a close relationship, and Felix attended Simon’s wedding. The other employees in Felix and Simon’s department love Felix as well. A few months ago, Felix retired and was replaced by Emmett. Emmett has a very different personality but soon proves himself to be an effective and motivating boss. Which of the following scenarios describes Simon’s most likely reaction to this change? A) He tells his colleague Naomi that things are not the same and that he is thinking about leaving. B) He, like the rest of the employees, feels demoralized, unmotivated, and angry about the change. C) He is resentful because he feels he should have gotten Felix’s job, so he talks to senior management. D) After a period of depression, Simon experiences a renewed sense of commitment to the company. E) Simon’s affect-based trust of Felix and the company is transferred to Emmett.

22) The degree to which the leader’s actions result in the achievement of the unit’s goals; the continued commitment of the unit’s employees; and the development of mutual trust, respect, and obligation in leader–member dyads are all called A) outgroup readiness. B) leader effectiveness. C) leader emergence. D) leader focus. E) individualized consideration.

23)

________ suggest that leaders are born,not made.

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A) Leader–member exchange theories B) Ohio State studies of leadership C) Transformational theories of leadership D) Contingent theory of leadership E) “Great person” theories of leadership

24)

The traits of high conscientiousness and low agreeableness are linked to leader A) efficiency. B) emergence. C) effectiveness. D) substitution. E) efficacy.

25) Rashaad, an intern, is well-liked by everyone in the office. He has seemingly boundless energy, asks a lot of questions, and is self-confident without being arrogant. His supervisor, Margaret, is discussing Rashaad’s time at the company with her colleague Finn. Margaret predicts that A) Rashaad will be a lifelong cooperator, rather than a leader. B) Rashaad’s personality will have no bearing on his leadership abilities. C) Rashaad’s personality and energy mean he is likely to emerge as a leader. D) Rashaad is too nice and therefore unlikely to be an effective leader. E) Rashaad’s questioning nature means he is unlikely to become an effective leader.

26)

Which of the following refers to how well people actually do in a leadership role?

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A) leader personality B) leader effectiveness C) leader emergence D) leader perception E) leader characteristic

27)

Which of the following characteristics is most closely related to leader effectiveness? A) low agreeableness B) high conscientiousness C) high introversion D) low neuroticism E) high openness to experience

28) Researchers found two particular limitations to trait theory: traits had less practical relevance than leader actions and A) correlations between leader traits and leader effectiveness were weak. B) trait-leadership correlations were strong when leader effectiveness served as the outcome. C) traits had more to do with inclusion in the ingroup. D) transformational leaders had different traits than other leaders. E) leader traits had no relationship to dyadic leadership.

29) Seung Min must select an intern for the City desk at her newspaper. She has been asked by the City editor to find a candidate with a strong possibility for leadership. After interviewing five candidates, which candidate do you think Seung Min chooses?

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A) Marta, who was late and not very well-prepared but who came across as funny and smart B) Jacob, who was introverted but reacted gracefully when Seung Min left to take an important phone call C) Knox, who bragged about having gone to an Ivy League school and almost took over the interview D) Felice, who was quick-witted but self-deprecating and shy when asked to talk about personal strengths E) Shahnaz, who lacks experience but was sharp and outgoing and showed an extreme willingness to learn

30) A leader’s ________ reflects the process that the leader uses to generate and choose from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. A) operational efficiency B) day-to-day behavior C) decision-making style D) emergence style E) operational style

31) Which of the following decision-making styles is characterized by the highest level of employee involvement? A) consultative B) autocratic C) delegative D) facilitative E) supportive

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32) Alisha is the manager of Fresh Marketplace, an organic café, juice bar, and supermarket. The company has recently faced competition from Oriole Organic Supermarket. Alisha meets with her team to get their thoughts on how Fresh Marketplace can become more competitive. They have a limited budget, so she needs to figure out where to best spend the money they have. After the meeting, she weighs their ideas before making a decision. Alisha’s leadership style is

A) autocratic. B) facilitative. C) democratic. D) team-based. E) consultative.

33)

Which of the following isnot one of the four styles leaders can use to make decisions? A) autocratic B) negotiative C) facilitative D) delegative E) consultative

34) Ruta has built her successful company by paying close attention to details. She is meticulous and highly demanding and often imposes her decisions on subordinates. Ruta uses the ________ style of decision making. A) autocratic B) consultative C) transformational D) participative E) delegative

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35) Melba, a department manager at Gambit Sales, makes most of her decisions by counting on the skills, experiences, and ideas of others. The final decision-making power rests with Melba. However, she is careful not to make major decisions without getting input from those who will be affected. Melba uses the ________ style of leader decision making. A) autocratic B) consultative C) facilitative D) participative E) transactional

36) With a(n) ________ decision-making style, employees have a say in the decision-making process, but the ultimate authority still rests with the leader. A) delegative B) directive C) consultative D) facilitative E) autocratic

37) Zemin is the creative director at Essex Marketing. The firm recently acquired a new client, Pillar Homewares. The Essex team is designing a logo, website, mailers, and other promotional items for the client. Zemin meets with the entire team, and together they develop ideas for the visual approach they should take on the project. Designers bring prototypes, everyone votes on them, and the majority wins. Zemin’s leadership style is A) consultative. B) democratic. C) facilitative. D) autocratic. E) delegative.

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38) Tarquin is a quality control manager at Olympia Sporting Goods. Any time a problem arises and a decision needs to be made, he believes in getting his people involved. He presents the problem to his employees and seeks consensus on a solution. He insists in these problemsolving meetings that his opinion and suggestions carry no more weight than anyone else’s. Which of the following is the decision-making style that Tarquin is displaying? A) consultative B) autocratic C) delegative D) facilitative E) negotiative

39) Julio has been newly appointed as the CEO of SmartSystems Inc. He is still learning how various departments function in the organization. Until he is able to gain sufficient knowledge and can suggest some changes, he relies on the suggestions and opinions of his team members and lets them do things the way they are used to. He does not generally interfere in the decisions made by the employees but, at times, shares his past experiences with them. It can be said that Julio has adopted a(n) ________ style of decision making. A) autocratic B) participative C) consultative D) delegative E) negotiative

40) Which of the following is the style of decision making whereby the leader playsno role in deliberations unless asked?

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A) directive B) autocratic C) delegative D) facilitative E) consultative

41) Nico is the owner of Yesteryear, a chain of vintage clothing stores. She lets the store managers and employees decide for themselves how best to lay out the stores and what to do about the problems they face on a daily basis. She basically serves as a consultant, and leaves the ultimate decision of how to solve problems up to her workers. Nico’s leadership style is A) worker-based. B) laissez-faire. C) consultative. D) delegative. E) facilitative.

42) Research studies have repeatedly shown that not only does allowing employees to participate in decision making develop the employees’ own decision-making skills, but it also increases their A) social skills. B) job satisfaction. C) task skills. D) obedience. E) job performance.

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43) Peg, Rahul, Addison, and Yasmine are managers at Universal Software. Each uses a different decision-making style, which they each believe is the best. Peg always presents the problem to her employees and gathers their opinions and suggestions but makes the decision herself. Rahul gives his employees the responsibility for making the decision within a set of specified boundary conditions. Addison makes the decision without asking his employees for their opinions or suggestions. Yasmine presents the problem to her employees and seeks consensus, emphasizing that her opinion is only as important as every other employee’s in her department. Peg is displaying the ________ style of decision making. A) consultative B) autocratic C) delegative D) facilitative E) directive

44) Peg, Rahul, Addison, and Yasmine are managers at Universal Software. Each uses a different decision-making style, which they each believe is the best. Peg always presents the problem to her employees and gathers their opinions and suggestions but makes the decision herself. Rahul gives his employees the responsibility for making the decision within a set of specified boundary conditions. Addison makes the decision without asking his employees for their opinions or suggestions. Yasmine presents the problem to her employees and seeks consensus, emphasizing that her opinion is only as important as every other employee’s in her department. Rahul is using the ________ decision-making style. A) consultative B) autocratic C) delegative D) facilitative E) directive

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45) Peg, Rahul, Addison, and Yasmine are managers at Universal Software. Each uses a different decision-making style, which they each believe is the best. Peg always presents the problem to her employees and gathers their opinions and suggestions but makes the decision herself. Rahul gives his employees the responsibility for making the decision within a set of specified boundary conditions. Addison makes the decision without asking his employees for their opinions or suggestions. Yasmine presents the problem to her employees and seeks consensus, emphasizing that her opinion is only as important as every other employee’s in her department. Which of the following decision-making styles is Addison displaying? A) consultative B) autocratic C) delegative D) facilitative E) negotiative

46) Peg, Rahul, Addison, and Yasmine are managers at Universal Software. Each uses a different decision-making style, which they each believe is the best. Peg always presents the problem to her employees and gathers their opinions and suggestions but makes the decision herself. Rahul gives his employees the responsibility for making the decision within a set of specified boundary conditions. Addison makes the decision without asking his employees for their opinions or suggestions. Yasmine presents the problem to her employees and seeks consensus, emphasizing that her opinion is only as important as every other employee’s in her department. Yasmine is displaying the ________ decision-making style. A) consultative B) autocratic C) delegative D) facilitative E) directive

47)

Which of the following factors isnot included in the time-driven model of leadership?

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A) team cohesiveness B) employee expertise C) importance of commitment D) teamwork skills E) leader expertise

48)

Which of the following factors is included in the time-driven model of leadership? A) intellectual stimulation B) shared objectives C) idealized influence D) individual personality E) contingent rewards

49) In the time-driven model of leadership, which style is reserved for decisions that are significant and in which the leader’s expertise is high? A) consultative B) autocratic C) delegative D) facilitative E) supportive

50) In the time-driven model of leadership, which style is appropriate for circumstances in which the decision significance is low, employees have expertise and strong teamwork skills, and leader expertise is low?

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A) consultative B) autocratic C) facilitative D) delegative E) negotiative

51) According to research on the time-driven model of leadership, which leadership style seems to be overused by managers? A) autocratic B) consultative C) delegative D) facilitative E) negotiative

52) Darcy owns Freeport Media, an agency specializing in increasing clients’ social media presence. The company is growing and is moving into a brand-new headquarters. Darcy is in the process of outfitting the new space. She must buy furniture and equipment as well as office décor, kitchen supplies, and many small office supplies. The old space consisted of several small rooms, while the new one is basically one large room. Darcy’s employees have their own ideas about how the new office should be laid out. Steve and Chuck want an open office plan with no partitions, whereas Danielle says she can only work in a space with more privacy. Steve mentions that he studied art in college, while Chuck says he has a friend who can get printers and phone equipment at cost. Darcy honestly does not care that much about how the office looks. How should she approach the situation?

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A) She should make all the decisions herself. Because everyone in the office wants to do things differently, they will never agree on everything. B) She should weigh the pros and cons of what employees want but make the ultimate decision herself. She has a limited budget and cannot afford some of the options the employees like. C) She should consider input from employees but ultimately make the decisions herself. After all, it is impossible to make everyone in an office happy. D) She should meet with employees and discuss each remodeling decision, seeking to obtain consensus as much as possible. She might put the partitioned space versus open space question to a vote, for example. E) She should hand over the reins to the employees on the majority of decisions. For example, Steve should be responsible for purchasing artwork for the office, while Chuck should be tasked with buying the phones and printers.

53) Which type of structure reflects the extent to which the leader defines and structures the roles of employees in pursuit of goal attainment? A) initiating structure B) delegative structure C) consideration structure D) participative structure E) transformational structure

54) Jackson’s boss, Samira, is excited about a new project management system she learned about at a weekend seminar, which purports to increase accountability and efficiency by 30 percent. She bought it for the office and hired a trainer to teach everyone in the office how to use it. What dimension of day-to-day leadership is Samira demonstrating?

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A) innovation B) consideration C) initiating structure D) test-marketing E) group consensus

55) ________ reflects the extent to which leaders create job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employee ideas, and thoughtfulness regarding employee feelings. A) Transformation B) Delegating C) Consideration D) Participation E) Initiating structure

56) Orrin, the manager of Nordic Kitchen and Bath, has always been supportive of his employees and works to understand their feelings. On most occasions, he overlooks their mistakes and gives them opportunities to develop a friendly atmosphere in the office. He often takes on some of their work in order to reduce their burden. Orrin would score high on A) initiating structure. B) intermediation. C) consideration. D) directive behavior. E) transactional leadership.

57) Fatima has a deep concern for the welfare of her subordinates, and she promotes interactive discussions with them. Fatima can be described as a manager who scores high on

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A) initiating structure. B) autocratic leadership. C) consideration. D) managerial control. E) discipline.

58) Which of the following statements is true of the Ohio State University studies or the University of Michigan studies? A) The Ohio State University studies framed their concepts as task-oriented and relations-oriented. B) The University of Michigan studies framed their concepts as production-centered and employee-centered. C) The Ohio State University studies framed their concepts as two ends of one continuum. D) The University of Michigan studies found leaders could have high initiating structure and high consideration. E) The University of Michigan studies argued that initiating structure and consideration were independent concepts.

59) The Ohio State University studies argued that initiating structure and consideration are ________, while the University of Michigan studies proposed them to be ______. A) independent concepts; ends of a continuum B) ends of a continuum; independent concepts C) dependent concepts; independent concepts D) correlated with leadership effectiveness; not correlated with leadership effectiveness E) ends of a continuum; central points in a continuum

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60) Lupe has hired four new employees for her start-up, ArtCurious, which has been in business for a year and recently received a large infusion of cash from an angel investor. Arlo and Carrie are two of the new team members. They go out for a drink at the end of their second week and discuss the atmosphere at ArtCurious. Arlo appreciates the fact that Lupe planned a fun party their first week and went out of her way to integrate them into the team. Carrie says that she appreciates Lupe’s responsiveness to questions and her “open-door” policy. What else did Arlo and Carrie most likely take note of regarding Lupe’s behavior? A) She emphasized the roles of each member of the team, making sure they understood their duties and responsibilities. B) In a meeting the first week, she solicited Arlo and Carrie’s opinions instead of just making them sit and listen. C) She checked in frequently the first week to make sure Arlo and Carrie were making progress toward daily goals. D) She went over the company rules and had Arlo and Carrie take a short quiz to demonstrate their understanding. E) She introduced Arlo and Carrie to their team leaders, who then explained to them their respective projects.

61)

Which of the following theories is also known as the situational model of leadership? A) the Ohio State studies B) the University of Michigan studies C) the life cycle theory of leadership D) the time-driven model of leadership E) Herzberg’s two-factor theory

62) The life cycle theory of leadership suggests that ________ varies across employees and can be expressed in terms of four important snapshots from low to high.

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A) motivation B) skills C) experience D) readiness E) emotional intelligence

63) Google’s project OXYGEN found that the three most important habits that determined leader success were all oriented toward ________: meeting regularly with employees, taking an interest in them personally, and asking questions rather than always providing answers. A) integration B) initiating structure C) efficiency D) consideration E) emergence

64) According to the life cycle theory of leadership, a group of employees who are working together for the first time and are eager to begin, but who lack the experience and confidence needed to perform their roles, are at which level of readiness? A) R1 B) R2 C) R3 D) R4 E) R5

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65) Margarita recently started working as a temp for Lucid Systems Technology. On her first day, Shari, her team leader, goes over the details of how to use the accounting software and how to file a report on her work at the end of each day. By the end of the first week, Margarita is confident and able to do her work without asking Shari for guidance, but Shari still checks in periodically to give her encouragement and suggestions. By the end of the week, Shari is demonstrating which stage in the life cycle theory of leadership? A) R1, telling B) R1, selling C) R3, selling D) R4, delegating E) R3, participating

66) Bashir is part of a team working on a new company website. Bashir is new to the company but taught himself to code at age 13 and has a degree in web design. When Donna, his supervisor, realizes the extent of Bashir’s expertise in this area, she asks Bashir to take over the back-end design of the website. Donna’s behavior is an example of A) R4, participating. B) R4, delegating. C) R3, delegating. D) R2, selling. E) R1, telling.

67) The life cycle theory of leadership holds that at the R1 stage, the lion’s share of the leader’s attention must be devoted to directing followers because their goals and roles need to be clearly defined. Which of the following leader behaviors is appropriate at this stage?

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A) telling B) selling C) participating D) delegating E) performing

68) Which leader behavior, according to the life cycle theory of leadership, comprises high initiating structure and high consideration? A) telling B) selling C) participating D) delegating E) performing

69) In the life cycle theory of leadership, the optimal combination of leader behaviors in the R2 stage is A) delegating. B) telling. C) selling. D) participating. E) negotiating.

70) The optimal combination of leader behaviors in the R3 stage of the life cycle theory of leadership is

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A) delegating. B) telling. C) selling. D) participating. E) negotiating.

71) The life cycle theory of leadership advocates that the optimal combination of leader behaviors in the R4 stage is A) delegating. B) telling. C) selling. D) participating. E) negotiating.

72) In the ________ leader behavior, leaders supplement their directing with support and encouragement to protect the confidence levels of the employees. A) delegating B) telling C) selling D) participating E) negotiating

73) Which of the following statements isfalse about research findings related to the life cycle theory?

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A) The theory’s predictions are not supported for high readiness situations. B) The theory’s predictions are supported only for low readiness situations. C) The shifting nature of its predictions has made scientific testing somewhat difficult. D) Actual leaders use the recommended combinations less than 50 percent of the time. E) Telling and selling behaviors are more effective when motivation and confidence are high.

74) Jasmine, Mercedes, Marcus, and Pramila are managers at Harbor Holiday Group, a regional hotel chain. They each supervise employees who are very different from each other. From a readiness point of view, it can be said that Jasmine’s team is able but unwilling, Mercedes’s unit is both able and willing, Marcus’s is neither able nor willing, and Pramila’s is not able but highly willing to take on the responsibilities. Which of the following behaviors would be best suited to deal with Jasmine’s group’s readiness? A) delegating B) telling C) selling D) participating E) negotiating

75) Jasmine, Mercedes, Marcus, and Pramila are managers at Harbor Holiday Group, a regional hotel chain. They each supervise employees who are very different from each other. From a readiness point of view, it can be said that Jasmine’s team is able but unwilling, Mercedes’s unit is both able and willing, Marcus’s is neither able nor willing, and Pramila’s is not able but highly willing to take on the responsibilities. Marcus’s optimal behavior to deal with his group’s readiness should be characterized by ________ initiating structure and ________ consideration.

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A) moderate; low B) low; high C) low; moderate D) high; high E) moderate; moderate

76) Jasmine, Mercedes, Marcus, and Pramila are managers at Harbor Holiday Group, a regional hotel chain. They each supervise employees who are very different from each other. From a readiness point of view, it can be said that Jasmine’s group is able but unwilling, Mercedes’s unit is both able and willing, Marcus’s is neither able nor willing, and Pramila’s is not able but highly willing to take on the responsibilities. In this scenario, Pramila’s group is at the ________ readiness level. A) R1 B) R2 C) R3 D) R4 E) R5

77) Jasmine, Mercedes, Marcus, and Pramila are managers at Harbor Holiday Group, a regional hotel chain. They each supervise employees who are very different from each other. From a readiness point of view, it can be said that Jasmine’s group is able but unwilling, Mercedes’s unit is both able and willing, Marcus’s is neither able nor willing, and Pramila’s is not able but highly willing to take on the responsibilities. Which of the following leadership behaviors should Mercedes adopt for her group? A) delegating B) telling C) selling D) participating E) negotiating

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78) Jasmine, Mercedes, Marcus, and Pramila are managers at Harbor Holiday Group, a regional hotel chain. They each supervise employees who are very different from each other. From a readiness point of view, it can be said that Jasmine’s group is able but unwilling, Mercedes’s unit is both able and willing, Marcus’s is neither able nor willing, and Pramila’s is not able but highly willing to take on the responsibilities. Which of the following leadership behaviors should Pramila adopt to deal with her group’s readiness? A) delegating B) telling C) selling D) participating E) negotiating

79) ________ leadership involves inspiring followers to commit to a shared vision that provides meaning to their work while also serving as a role model who helps followers develop their own potential and view problems from new perspectives. A) Management-by-exception B) Contingent reward C) Transactional D) Laissez-faire E) Transformational

80)

Which of the following styles represents avoidance of leadership altogether? A) passive management-by-exception B) contingent-reward transactional leadership C) laissez-faire leadership D) active management-by-exception E) transformational leadership

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81) Kazue works in a department store. She has noticed that several of her coworkers avoid interacting with customers, take a lot of smoke breaks, and leave their sales areas messy and disorganized. When she discusses the situation with her manager, Rob, he says he will do something about it, but he does not. In fact, nothing changes until several customers file complaints in the space of a single week, at which point Rob takes disciplinary measures toward two of his employees. Rob is demonstrating A) laissez-faire leadership. B) transactional leadership. C) contingent reward leadership. D) active management-by-exception. E) passive management-by-exception.

82) In the case of ________ leadership, the leader promises rewards in exchange for adequate performance. A) laissez-faire B) transactional C) transformational D) contingent reward E) active management-by-exception

83) The full spectrum of transformational leadership can be summarized using four dimensions, collectively called “the Four I’s.” Which of the following answer options is not one of the Four I’s?

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A) intellectual stimulation B) individualized consideration C) inspirational motivation D) idealized influence E) initiating structure

84) Kenya believes that there are no actions needed until she receivesDepartment supervisor Leon does not offer corrections or guidance to his employees unless he receives a complaint about someone’s performance or behavior. Which of the following styles of leadership is Leon following? complaints about someone’s performance. Which of the following styles of leadership is Kenya following? A) laissez-faire leadership B) transactional leadership C) passive management-by-exception D) contingent reward E) transformational leadership

85) With ________, the leader arranges to monitor mistakes and errors dynamically and takes corrective action when required. A) laissez-faire leadership B) contingent reward leadership C) passive management-by-exception D) active management-by-exception E) transformational leadership

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86) Technically, Vinh’s direct supervisor is Leila, but his de facto boss is his colleague Mark, who has been with the company for several years. Vinh has stopped even trying to get Leila’s feedback on problems because she always seems to be out of the office for some reason or another, and even when she is there, she avoids talking to anyone. Leila is demonstrating A) laissez-faire leadership. B) transactional leadership. C) contingent reward leadership. D) active management-by-exception. E) passive management-by-exception.

87) Helena just told her small group of employees that if they meet their sales goals for the next three months, they each will receive a $2,500 bonus. Which of the following styles of leadership is Helena using in this scenario? A) laissez-faire B) contingent reward C) passive management-by-exception D) active management-by-exception E) transformational

88)

Which of the following represents the “carrot-and-stick” approach to leadership? A) laissez-faire leadership B) passive-avoidant leadership C) transactional leadership D) charismatic leadership E) transformational leadership

89) ________ involves behaving in ways that foster an enthusiasm for and commitment to a shared vision of the future. Version 1

A) Idealized influence B) Intellectual stimulation C) Inspirational motivation D) Individualized consideration E) Intellectual simulation

90) ________ involves behaving in ways that challenge followers to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions and reframing old situations in new ways. A) Laissez-faire leadership B) Inspirational motivation C) Transactional leadership D) Intellectual stimulation E) Individualized consideration

91) ________ involves behaving in ways that help followers achieve their potential through coaching, development, and mentoring. A) Laissez-faire leadership B) Inspirational motivation C) Transactional leadership D) Intellectual stimulation E) Individualized consideration

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92) Over lunch, Daniela and Hassan are discussing their managers. Daniela describes her boss as extremely motivating. Work goals are more demanding than ever, but even though the rewards of the hard work may not come soon, Daniela trusts her manager’s emphasis on the future good that will come from their work. She feels that working with this new manager has led to a much stronger emotional bond with the organization, much more engagement with the work, and an overall increase in her job satisfaction. Daniela’s boss can be described as a(n) ________ leader. A) transformational B) authentic C) transactional D) perceptive E) Weberian

93) ________ reduce the importance of the leader while simultaneously providing a direct benefit to employee performance. A) Substitutes B) Directive styles C) Transactional styles D) Neutralizers E) Enhancers

94) Nick works for a nonprofit environmental organization and believes strongly in its aims and goals. Having said that, he does not especially care for his boss, Seth, and neither do most of the other employees. Nick finds Seth to be an unimaginative, inefficient, and personally unappealing boss. Seth often makes things harder than they have to be and has unpleasant habits. However, Nick loves working with his team. They all get along well and do a lot to support each other. He feels deeply motivated by and invested in his team’s goals. Nick’s team is an effective

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A) neutralizer. B) benefactor. C) substitute. D) motivator. E) satisficer.

95)

Which of the following answer options is a neutralizer rather than a substitute? A) professionalism B) intrinsic satisfaction C) task feedback D) task stability E) group cohesion

96) Phyllis and her coworkers hardly ever talk to their boss, Courtney. In fact, they only see her once or twice a day. Nevertheless, their department generally chugs along like a well-oiled machine, thanks to the extremely structured nature of their work. They use a software system that tracks their time, guides them through each step of their workday, and even contains a help guide that addresses almost every conceivable problem that could arise. Everyone knows what their job is and what is expected of them. The software system acts as a(n) A) replacement. B) neutralizer. C) augmenter. D) substitute. E) accessory.

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97) Dagmar, CEO of Amesbury Shop and Go, has noticed that one of her store locations has consistently exceptional sales numbers. Besides that, an employee survey revealed that the workers at this particular location have high levels of motivation and job satisfaction when compared with other locations in the region. Everyone who works there gave high praise to their manager, Terrell. What else did the survey reveal about Terrell’s employees? A) They reported feeling a lot of pressure to exceed sales goals every month. B) They demonstrated citizenship behaviors, such as volunteering after work. C) They reported higher levels of stress than stores with lower sales numbers. D) They loved Terrell but were not especially committed to the company overall. E) The highest achievers were doing it for themselves rather than out of commitment to the team.

98) Many training programs (ideally) focus on ________ leadership content, and research suggests these programs can be effective. A) consultative B) delegative C) transactional D) transformational E) consideration

99) Employees whose managers participated in transformational leadership training programs reported ________ afterward. A) higher levels of organizational commitment B) a temporary boost in their commitment levels C) higher levels of job performance and satisfaction D) higher levels of affective commitment to their bosses E) an increased level of teamwork among their coworkers

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100) Rodrigue started as a receptionist at a large printing company and worked his way up to a management position within a few years. For the first six months as manager of the prepress department, Rodrigue reflexively adopted a fairly autocratic style of leadership. The department did well enough, with good job output numbers and a middling level of employee commitment. Then Rodrigue participated in a two-week transformational leadership retreat offered by the corporate headquarters. Several months after the retreat, Chris and Aoki, two of Rodrigue’s employees, are having lunch and discussing his leadership. What do you think they most likely observe about the effect of Rodrigue’s new leadership style on the atmosphere in the office? A) Chris remarks that, if anything, the retreat had a somewhat negative effect, as Rodrigue is now expecting them to problem-solve on their own rather than telling them what to do. B) They discuss how everyone in the office seems a lot more motivated and how much it has affected their job output numbers, which are the highest the department has reported in years. C) Aoki remarks that, while there were positive changes in Rodrigue’s behavior the first few weeks after the seminar, he has since slipped back into his old leadership style. D) Chris says that while he personally feels more of a connection with Rodrigue, he knows some employees do not. E) They both feel they have a more positive relationship with Rodrigue, but their motivation and levels of commitment to the company are the same as they always were.

101) Leadership is the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal attainment. ⊚ ⊚

true false

102) Leader–member exchange theory argues that new leader–member relationships are typically marked by a role-making phase. ⊚ ⊚

103)

true false

Traits are more predictive of leader emergence than they are of leader effectiveness.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

104) There is no evidence that traits predict leader emergence by increasing an individual’s “motivation to lead.” ⊚ ⊚

105)

The autocratic style of leadership is characterized by high follower control. ⊚ ⊚

106)

true false

With a consultative style of decision making, leaders donot make the ultimate decision. ⊚ ⊚

107)

true false

With a delegative style, the leader plays a key role in decision making. ⊚ ⊚

true false

108) Tony had six full-time leatherworkers and two part-time employees who worked in his leather shop. Tony was considering expanding his line of leather products from the boots, moccasins, and bags he now sold to include motorcycle accessories such as saddlebags and motorcycle seats. Tony separately asked each full-time leatherworker what they thought and if they had any expertise in either product. Then Tony caught up with the two part-time workers to ask their opinions. After that, Tony considered all the advice and decided to expand the product line. In this scenario, Tony used a facilitative style of decision making.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

109) The city recreation center has a reception and information desk where staff members greet patrons, sign out equipment, take membership payments, and provide information about classes. The rec center staff rotates desk duties so that everyone has time to teach classes and work out. The center administrator Marcia is tired of employees asking her to change their reception desk schedules. She tells the staff that as long as the desk is covered at all times, she does not care how it is handled. She leaves the desk scheduling up to them and no longer has to deal with annoying schedule change requests. Marcia is using a facilitative style of decision making in this scenario. ⊚ ⊚

true false

110) The time-driven model of leadership suggests that factors combine to make some decision-making styles more effective in a given situation and other styles less effective. ⊚ ⊚

true false

111) Leaders who are high on initiating structure play an active role in directing group activities and prioritize planning and scheduling. ⊚ ⊚

112)

true false

Situational leadership theory is well supported by many scientific studies. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

113) Transformational leaders heighten followers’ awareness of the importance of certain outcomes while increasing their confidence that those outcomes can be achieved. ⊚ ⊚

114)

true false

Transactional leadership represents the carrot-and-stick approach to leadership. ⊚ ⊚

true false

115) Inspirational motivation involves behaving in ways that earn the admiration, trust, and respect of followers. ⊚ ⊚

true false

116) Inspirational motivation involves behaving in ways that foster an enthusiasm for a shared vision of the future. ⊚ ⊚

true false

117) Employees with transformational leaders have higher levels of job satisfaction than other employees. ⊚ ⊚

true false

118) The substitutes for leadership model suggest that certain characteristics of the situation can constrain the influence of the leader, making it more difficult for the leader to influence employee performance. Version 1

⊚ ⊚

true false

119) Neutralizers reduce the importance of the leader and have no beneficial impact on performance. ⊚ ⊚

120)

true false

Increasing the time spent on training the leaders can help maximize their effectiveness. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 14_8e_ Colquitt 12) A 13) B 14) D 15) D 16) C 17) B 18) B 19) A 20) C 21) A 22) B 23) E 24) B 25) C 26) B 27) E 28) A 29) E 30) C 31) C 32) E 33) B 34) A 35) B 36) C 37) C Version 1

38) D 39) D 40) C 41) D 42) B 43) A 44) C 45) B 46) D 47) A 48) B 49) B 50) D 51) B 52) D 53) A 54) C 55) C 56) C 57) C 58) B 59) A 60) B 61) C 62) D 63) D 64) A 65) E 66) B 67) A Version 1

68) B 69) C 70) D 71) A 72) C 73) E 74) D 75) D 76) A 77) A 78) B 79) E 80) C 81) E 82) D 83) E 84) C 85) D 86) A 87) B 88) C 89) C 90) D 91) E 92) A 93) A 94) C 95) D 96) B 97) B Version 1

98) D 99) A 100) B 101) TRUE 102) FALSE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) FALSE 106) FALSE 107) FALSE 108) FALSE 109) FALSE 110) TRUE 111) TRUE 112) FALSE 113) TRUE 114) TRUE 115) TRUE 116) TRUE 117) TRUE 118) TRUE 119) TRUE 120) TRUE

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CHAPTER 15 1) Define organizational structure. What is an organizational chart, and how does it relate to organizational structure?

2) Zuzanna is a plant manager for Shining Solutions, a manufacturer of LED lights. She is a bit dismayed by the production levels she is getting from the employees. Pablo, a manager from another plant, tells Zuzanna she should implement work specialization because it boosted productivity in his plant. State at least two advantages and disadvantages Zuzanna may experience if she implements work specialization.

Differentiate between centralization and decentralization.

4) Sky Dry Incorporated has over a dozen levels of management, and each manager is responsible for overseeing an average of three subordinates. Mountain Light Corporation has three levels of management, and each manager is responsible for overseeing an average of twenty subordinates. Classify Sky Dry and Mountain Light as having a tall or flat organizational structure, and explain why. State at least two disadvantages of tall organizational structures.

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List the five dimensions of organizational structure and briefly define each dimension.

6) Kang’s Echoes of the Past creates authentic supplies for historical reenactors. The business has used and perfected the same techniques to make its products for decades, and it has had a limited but loyal pool of customers since it began. Nilay’s Apps creates computer software applications for an ever-changing clientele. The products they create and the technology used to create them evolve constantly. Identify if Kang’s and Nilay’s operate in stable or dynamic environments and explain how the environment influences organizational structure.

7) Differentiate between functional and multi-divisional structures. Create a diagram of each.

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Describe the three multi-divisional structures. Draw their organizational charts.

9) Describe what a matrix structure is, and explain how it can positively and negatively affect workers.

10) Briefly describe the effect of restructuring on job performance and organizational commitment.

11) Due to a variety of factors such as emerging technologies, increasing regulations, or changing consumer habits, many companies find themselves in a position where they have to restructure in order to survive. What steps can company leaders take to reduce the negative effects of restructuring efforts on employees? Explain.

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12) ________ formally dictates how jobs and tasks are divided and coordinated between individuals and groups within the company. A) An organizational chart B) Formalization C) Centralization D) An organizational structure E) The chain of command

13) LaWanda is the leader of a small swimming pool manufacturer that caters to public schools and parks. She has to decide which person will perform which task, and how all the tasks will come together as the end product. This is an example of LaWanda shaping her company’s A) supply chain. B) profit margin. C) cultural values. D) mission statement. E) organizational structure.

14) Cuba is the CEO of a large shipping company. He has some very talented employees, but the company keeps falling behind its competitors. When Cuba observes what is going on, he finds some cases where managers are micromanaging good employees, while other managers cannot address all the needs of their employees. Cuba needs to address how the company’s talent is

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A) recruited. B) identified. C) organized. D) disciplined. E) compensated.

15) The ________ helps organizational members and outsiders understand and comprehend how work is structured within a company. A) chain of command B) organizational chart C) structural map D) scalar chain E) Gantt chart

16) The managers at Megademolition meet and realize that they have huge costs associated with training new employees, difficulty finding someone who can take the place of lost employees, and lower productivity than they would prefer from each employee. What can they do to address this issue? A) decrease the amount of control managers have over employees B) decrease the number of tasks each employee performs C) increase the number of tasks each employee performs D) increase the number of employees under each manager E) train the new employees themselves

17)

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies span of control?

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A) Briley is responsible for the fall seasonal product line. B) Vanna is responsible for managing 16 employees. C) Sergei makes all decisions affecting shipping. D) Octavio performs one single task repeatedly. E) Lucia is responsible for an annual purchasing budget of $100,000.

18) At Kartik’s Fish Shack, every employee has to consult Kartik before completing any sale, and only Kartik can make decisions about purchasing and advertising. What do these rules represent at Kartik’s Fish Shack? A) specialization B) centralization C) formalization D) span of control E) chain of command

19) Leonor is the project manager of the organizational development team at Soft Interiors. Leonor’s team has been assigned the task of studying and evaluating Soft Interiors’ organizational structure. Leonor divided the tasks among the team members to collect preliminary information on different elements of Soft Interiors’ structure. Max was asked to collect information on the degree to which tasks are divided into separate jobs. Stefan was asked to collect information on formal authority relationships. Harper started looking into how many employees each manager has responsibility for, and Jaxson was asked to collect evidence on the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors at Soft Interiors. Leonor decided to personally collect information and evidence on where exactly decisions are formally made at Soft Interiors. The team decided to meet and share their information in two weeks. Max was given the job of collecting information on which of the following elements of the organizational structure?

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A) work specialization B) chain of command C) span of control D) formalization E) centralization

20) Leonor is the project manager of the organizational development team at Soft Interiors. Leonor’s team has been assigned the task of studying and evaluating Soft Interiors’ organizational structure. Leonor divided the tasks among the team members to collect preliminary information on different elements of Soft Interiors’ structure. Max was asked to collect information on the degree to which tasks are divided into separate jobs. Stefan was asked to collect information on formal authority relationships. Harper started looking into how many employees each manager has responsibility for, and Jaxson was asked to collect evidence on the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors at Soft Interiors. Leonor decided to personally collect information and evidence on where exactly decisions are formally made at Soft Interiors. The team decided to meet and share their information in two weeks. Stefan was asked to collect information on which of the following elements of the organizational structure? A) work specialization B) chain of command C) span of control D) formalization E) centralization

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21) Leonor is the project manager of the organizational development team at Soft Interiors. Leonor’s team has been assigned the task of studying and evaluating Soft Interiors’ organizational structure. Leonor divided the tasks among the team members to collect preliminary information on different elements of Soft Interiors’ structure. Max was asked to collect information on the degree to which tasks are divided into separate jobs. Stefan was asked to collect information on formal authority relationships. Harper started looking into how many employees each manager has responsibility for, and Jaxson was asked to collect evidence on the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors at Soft Interiors. Leonor decided to personally collect information and evidence on where exactly decisions are formally made at Soft Interiors. The team decided to meet and share their information in two weeks. Harper is looking into information on which element of organizational structure? A) centralization B) formalization C) span of control D) chain of command E) work specialization

22) Leonor is the project manager of the organizational development team at Soft Interiors. Leonor’s team has been assigned the task of studying and evaluating Soft Interiors’ organizational structure. Leonor divided the tasks among the team members to collect preliminary information on different elements of Soft Interiors’ structure. Max was asked to collect information on the degree to which tasks are divided into separate jobs. Stefan was asked to collect information on formal authority relationships. Harper started looking into how many employees each manager has responsibility for, and Jaxson was asked to collect evidence on the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors at Soft Interiors. Leonor decided to personally collect information and evidence on where exactly decisions are formally made at Soft Interiors. The team decided to meet and share their information in two weeks. On which element of organizational structure is Leonor collecting information? A) formalization B) centralization C) span of control D) work specialization E) chain of command

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23) Leonor is the project manager of the organizational development team at Soft Interiors. Leonor’s team has been assigned the task of studying and evaluating Soft Interiors’ organizational structure. Leonor divided the tasks among the team members to collect preliminary information on different elements of Soft Interiors’ structure. Max was asked to collect information on the degree to which tasks are divided into separate jobs. Stefan was asked to collect information on formal authority relationships. Harper started looking into how many employees each manager has responsibility for, and Jaxson was asked to collect evidence on the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors at Soft Interiors. Leonor decided to personally collect information and evidence on where exactly decisions are formally made at Soft Interiors. The team decided to meet and share their information in two weeks. On which element of organizational structure was Jaxson asked to collect evidence? A) centralization B) formalization C) span of control D) chain of command E) work specialization

24)

The degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs is known as A) formalization. B) work specialization. C) span of control. D) chain of command. E) centralization.

25) When looking at Wonder Guard Industries’ organizational structure, Janice spots a heading for work specialization, which is also commonly referred to as

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A) formalization. B) centralization. C) span of control. D) division of labor. E) chain of command.

26)

Which of the following is true about work specialization? A) It creates problems in larger firms where little flexibility is required. B) It makes training new employees easier when replacements are needed. C) It encourages employees to upgrade their skills in multiple disciplines. D) It improves the flexible nature of workers. E) It ensures that each worker performs different tasks every day.

27) What refers to the degree to which a job requires a number of different activities involving a number of different skills and talents? A) task identity B) variety C) task significance D) autonomy E) feedback

28)

Which element of the organizational structure signifies formal authority relationships?

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A) chain of command B) formalization C) centralization D) work specialization E) span of control

29) Davanna is describing her company’s organizational structure. Which of the following terms would she use in her description? A) newcomer orientation B) work specialization C) personality testing D) cognitive ability E) cultural values

30) What refers to the number of employees each manager is responsible for in the organization? A) variety B) chain of command C) formality D) span of control E) centralization

31) Kayden ran his own small company, WeBike, and had six people working for him. Dante also worked in a small company, BikesRUs, but he and four other coworkers answered to Sven, whose father owned the company and made all the final decisions. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

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A) WeBike has a narrower organizational chart than BikesRUs. B) Kayden has a wider span of control than Sven. C) BikesRUs would have a flatter company chart compared to WeBike’s company chart. D) Both companies have decentralized decision making. E) WeBike has a longer chain of command than BikesRUs.

32) At Panic Rooms Ltd., there is a total focus on providing care and satisfaction to each customer. In the Small Venues division, each manager is assigned three employees to supervise, whereas in the Materials Acquisition division, each manager supervises about 15 employees. The Small Venues division managers can be described as having ________ as opposed to ________ for the Materials Acquisition division managers. A) a narrow span of control; a wide span of control B) a wide span of control; a narrow span of control C) narrow centralization; tall centralization D) tall formalization; flat formalization E) flat formalization; tall formalization

33)

Which of the following statements is true of span of control? A) A wide span of control requires organizations to hire many managers, increasing labor

costs. B) Narrow spans of control allow managers to be more interactive with employees. C) Ten employees is typically considered a narrow span of control. D) A wide span of control is typical of a tall structure. E) Organizational performance decreases as span of control increases, but only up to a point.

34)

How is the relationship between performance and span of control graphed?

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A) “arch” shape B) “U” shape C) straight horizontal line D) straight vertical line E) diagonal line sloping up to the right

35) According to current research, which type of span of control is best for an organization’s productivity? A) narrow B) moderate C) wide D) flat E) tall

36)

________ reflects where decisions are formally made in organizations. A) Centralization B) Chain of command C) Formalization D) Company strategy E) Span of control

37) Anastasiya and Orville opened a large boutique named Stratus in Atlanta. Being the owners of the business, they decide the most important matters. All the rest of the decisions concerning products, finance, marketing, and personnel are carried out by the department heads, who have to act according to Anastasiya’s and Orville’s instructions and orders. Which of the following is true about Stratus?

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A) The degree of formalization is very low in the organization. B) It has a centralized system of decision making. C) It has a very tall organizational structure. D) It has a matrix organizational structure. E) It has a narrow span of control.

38) If decision making is pushed down to lower-level employees, and these employees feel empowered to make decisions on their own, an organization has a ________ structure. A) flat B) decentralized C) wide D) narrow E) centralized

39)

What is formalization?

A) the management level at which decisions are made in an organization B) the way in which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs C) the number of employees each supervisor is responsible for within an organization D) the determinant of formal authority relationships or who reports to whom within an organization E) the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors and decisions in an organization

40) Which of the following is a necessary coordination mechanism that organizations rely on to get a standardized product or deliver a standardized service?

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A) formalization B) centralization C) span of control D) chain of command E) work specialization

41) In Tiny Valley Memories, a picture frame manufacturing company, the arrival and departure times to and from work are specified to the minute, with time clocks used to control deviant behavior. It can be said that the company is high in A) formalization. B) centralization. C) decentralization. D) division of labor. E) work differentiation.

42)

Which of the following tends to be associated with a wide span of control? A) employee resentment of close supervision B) increased management labor costs C) decentralization in decision making D) centralized decision making E) close relationships with employees

43)

Which of the following statements is true?

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A) Wide spans of control tend to be associated with centralized decision making. B) Narrow spans of control tend to be associated with decentralized decision making. C) A high level of work specialization tends to bring about a high level of work formalization. D) Mechanistic organizations are typified by a structure that relies on low levels of work formalization. E) Organic organizations are typified by a structure that relies on high degrees of work specialization.

44) Which type of organization is flexible, adaptive, outward-focused and capable of thriving in dynamic environments? A) bureaucratic B) highly centralized C) organic D) mechanistic E) highly specialized

45)

Organic organizations are typified by a structure that relies on A) a rigid and hierarchical chain of command. B) high degree of work specialization. C) centralization of decision making. D) high levels of formalization. E) weak chains of command.

46)

In a mechanistic organization, employees are

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A) encouraged to engage in lateral communication. B) required to make their own decisions when appropriate. C) given a very narrow view of the tasks they are to perform. D) urged to develop knowledge outside of their specialization. E) asked to think more broadly in terms of where their responsibilities lie.

47)

What happens in an organic organization?

A) Employees know exactly whom they report to with high levels of hierarchical control. B) Employees are discouraged from making decisions without their manager’s consent. C) There are very clear lines of authority from the employee to the president of the company. D) Employees are encouraged to develop knowledge and expertise outside of their specialization. E) Information is passed through vertical communication between employees and their supervisor.

48) Talia formed a technology startup in her garage, and it has grown more rapidly than she ever imagined. She has always kept tabs on all of her people, and her company has just passed 150 employees. What should she do now? A) send managers to large corporations to bring back a sense of largeness B) add more structure for communication and decision making C) decrease the span of control to make the structure more flat D) increase the number of decisions that only she can make E) eliminate some positions to keep numbers manageable

49) Ahmed’s Indestructible Brush Guards makes one product over and over again, a type of brush guard designed to fit on any lawn mower. The guards never change because the unique design fits all mowers. Given the nature of its business, Ahmed’s should

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A) look for ways to vary its manufacturing procedures. B) give each employee a specific task to perform. C) allow employees to make their own decisions. D) have a low mechanistic structure. E) adopt an organic structure.

50) Amberly’s Twines makes hand-twisted wreaths out of grape and wisteria vines. Amberly’s could make the wreaths more efficiently, but the individual touch and specially selected vines draw in customers who are willing to pay a premium for Amberly’s Twines wreaths. Amberly’s Twines is an example of a A) matrix. B) differentiator. C) low-cost producer. D) mechanistic design. E) geographic structure.

51)

Organizational design is the process of A) creating procedures used to standardize employee behavior. B) creating, selecting, or changing the structure of an organization. C) empowering employees to have a greater say in the decision-making process. D) determining how corporate management offices will be laid out and decorated. E) describing an organization’s objectives and goals and how it tries to make money.

52)

Which of the following answer options is part of an organization’s business environment?

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A) competitors B) managers C) team leaders D) workers E) facilities

53) Which of the following statements about an organization in a dynamic business environment is true? A) It does not change frequently. B) It allows organizations to primarily focus on efficiency. C) It requires organizations to have structures that are more rigid. D) It requires little change over time. E) It requires organizations to have structures that are more adaptive.

54)

What is company strategy?

A) the method by which an organization transforms inputs into outputs B) the degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs C) customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, and other factors external to the firm D) an organization’s objectives and goals and how it tries to capitalize on its assets to make money E) how jobs and tasks are divided and coordinated between individuals and groups within the company

55) Which of the following statements about companies that adopt a low-cost producer strategy is true?

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A) They believe people will pay more for a product that is unique in some way. B) They likely have a mechanistic approach to organizational design. C) They depend on being able to adjust to changing environments quickly. D) They are more likely to take an organic approach to organizational design. E) They focus on supplying high-quality differentiated products to customers.

56) Which of the following statements about companies that adopt a differentiation strategy is true? A) Their product is likely of high quality or has unique features. B) Their focus is on being as efficient as they can be. C) They rely on selling products at the lowest possible cost. D) They are more likely to take a mechanistic approach to organizational design. E) They concentrate on developing large quantities of the same product, thereby providing cost advantages to their customers.

57) KH Flames is the low-cost producer of one type of standard butane lighter. Given that it operates in a fairly stable environment, the company focuses on making its product as efficiently as possible. Which of the following approaches to organizational design is likely to be appropriate for KH Flames? A) multi-divisional B) mechanistic C) organic D) global E) matrix

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58) Robust Rods is a custom manufacturer of handcrafted fishing poles. The company has 95 locations throughout the world and relies on decentralized decision making to meet the needs of the dynamic environment and customer needs. Which of the following approaches to organizational design is likely to be appropriate for Robust Rods? A) matrix B) global C) simple D) organic E) mechanistic

59)

One element of a firm’s environment is A) work specialization. B) chain of command. C) decentralization. D) formalization. E) customers.

60) At Singh’s Cycle Shop, the machines have to be re-tooled with each motorcycle they repair. On top of that, customers may drop in for a quick fix, and the mechanics have to know how to quickly refit every machine they use. In the case of Singh’s Cycle Shop, A) the shop should keep rigid policies. B) decisions should be decentralized. C) each mechanic should be responsible for one machine. D) formalization should increase. E) rules and procedures should be standardized.

61)

As organizations become larger, they tend to become more ________ in nature.

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A) simple B) cultural C) mechanistic D) organic E) flat

62)

What are the characteristics of a simple business structure? A) flat, very basic differences in work specialization, low formalization B) tall, highly specialized, high formalization C) flat, highly specialized, low formalization D) tall, very basic differences in work specialization, high formalization E) flat, very basic differences in work specialization, high formalization

63) Masami heads Bristle Up Enterprises, a company that started making paintbrushes in Iowa and has now diversified into a huge range of products totally unrelated to painting. Bristle Up has become very difficult to run under its current configuration. How should Masami redesign the organization? A) create complete business units in Iowa, Texas, and Delaware B) group business units by brushes, garage door openers, faucets, and garden goods C) group employees by accounting, marketing, design, production, and so on D) structure business units according to the technology used to create products E) organize the business units around serving hardware stores, restaurants, and construction companies

64)

Which of the following examples illustrates a functional structure?

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A) Deshawn’s Power Washing has eight employees that all report to Deshawn. B) Glassnificent has a mirror division, a window division, and a jar division. C) CC Aquatics has a homeowner division, a large agricultural division, and a public waters division. D) SJ Conglomerated has a European division, a Southwest Asian division, and a South American division. E) Mighty Motors has an accounting department, a manufacturing department, and a distribution department.

65)

Which of the following examples illustrates a client structure?

A) Youssef’s Catering has 14 employees that all report to Youssef. B) Bedding Blast has a mattress division, a frame division, and a headboard division. C) Sliding Snowmobiles has a racing division, a recreational division, and a ranch utility division. D) BG Limited has a Pacific Northwest division, a Midwest division, and a Northeast Division. E) Lighting Landing has a marketing department, a lending department, and a warranty department.

66) What is the primary reason for simple structures being perhaps the most common form of organizational design? A) There are more small organizations than large ones. B) Employees can come and go with no major ripple effects on the organization. C) Changes in specialization lead to less confusion about how employees are supposed to do their jobs. D) Employees feel less emotionally attached to the firm. E) Approval for decisions need not be authorized at every step of the hierarchy.

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67)

Which of the following is true of an organization with a simple organizational structure? A) Rules are formalized. B) Work is specialized. C) Decision making is likely to be decentralized. D) The company chart is likely to be flat. E) The owner, the president, and the managers form the top management team.

68)

Which of the following reflects a bureaucratic structure? A) decentralization B) loose chains of command C) variety in job tasks D) formalization E) wide spans of control

69) A bureaucratic structure is an organizational form that exhibits many of the facets of the ________ organization. A) simple B) global C) adaptive D) organic E) mechanistic

70)

What is the most basic bureaucratic structure?

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A) client-based B) matrix C) organic D) functional E) simple

71) At LMNO Creating, employees are grouped according to their expertise in an area. All marketing employees are in one department, all finance employees are grouped in another department, and similarly, all human resources and manufacturing employees are in their respective departments. Which of the following structures does LMNO Creating use? A) client-based B) geographic C) functional D) product E) simple

72)

Which of the following statements is true about functional organization structure?

A) Small companies experiencing rapid growth are the only organizations to benefit from a functional structure. B) One of the main disadvantages of the functional structure is the lack of work specialization. C) Functional structures are extremely efficient when the organization as a whole has a relatively wide focus. D) One of the main advantages of the functional structure is that it encourages communication across functions. E) Functional structures are extremely efficient when the organization has fewer product lines or services.

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73)

What is the biggest weakness of a functional structure? A) It is not efficient when the organization as a whole has a relatively narrow focus. B) It is not efficient when the organization has fewer product lines or services. C) It cannot operate efficiently in a stable environment. D) Employees do not communicate as well across functions as they do within functions. E) Employee efficiency is decreased due to a high degree of work specialization.

74) Daniela is the Swiss Alps division manager of Steep Slope Skis. Other managers are in charge of the Rockies, French Alps, Sierra Nevada, and Japanese Alps divisions. Her brother, Jorge is a marketing manager at a different firm who enjoys attending ballets with the distribution and operations managers from his company. Daniela likely works in a company with a ________ structure, while Jorge most likely works in a company with a ________ structure. A) product; functional B) geographic; product C) product; client-based D) geographic; functional E) client-based; geographic

75) Which of the following is a bureaucratic organizational form in which employees are grouped into divisions around products, geographic regions, or clients? A) mechanistic structures B) global structures C) multi-divisional structures D) matrix structures E) organic structures

76) Which of the following structures generally develop from companies with functional structures whose interests and goals become too diverse for that structure to handle?

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A) mechanistic B) global C) multi-divisional D) matrix E) organic

77) When Howling Fun Skating groups its business units around its different lines of skateboards such as the Puppy, Big Dog, Coyote, and Wolf, which of the following structures is it creating? A) simple B) product C) functional D) geographic E) client-based

78) A laser metal cutting company, Thermosteel, has branched into making and selling so many different products that managing them has become very difficult. Which of the following structures would help Thermosteel control this situation? A) simple B) product C) functional D) geographic E) client-based

79) When Safe Feet Boots groups its business units according to where they do business— such as the Midwestern division, the Canadian division, the German division, and the West Coast division—it is creating which of the following organizational structures?

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A) client-based B) geographic C) functional D) product E) simple

80) A large pharmaceutical company recently adopted a structure in order to give its top managers more responsibility and flexibility. The company is now structured around five customer groupings: major healthcare provider networks, individual consumers, small and midsized pharmacies, military bases and government employee facilities, and public clinics. Which of the following organizational structures has this company created? A) client-based B) geographic C) functional D) product E) simple

81) Which organizational form tries to take advantage of two types of structures at the same time? A) product B) geographic C) simple D) client E) matrix

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82) At Red Cave Technology, employees are grouped according to their functional expertise as well as the different vital product lines that they are working on. Thus, the company has simultaneously created a combination of a functional and a product structure. This is an example of a ________ structure. A) conglomerate B) geographic C) simple D) global E) matrix

83)

The matrix structure gives each employee ________ chains of command. A) team-based B) mechanistic C) at least two D) infinite E) organic

84) Power Health Supplements Inc. is growing very fast in both sales and number of employees. It manufactures and sells dietary supplement products to customers all over the United States and several other countries. So far, the company has followed a simple structure. However, with fast-paced growth, the company needs to explore other organizational structures. Angelo, a long-time employee at Power Health Supplements, has collected information on how some of its competitors have organized their companies. Herbals Inc. groups its employees by their different areas of expertise such as marketing, finance, human resources, and operations. Vita Great, which is primarily in the United States, groups its activities as Northeast Division, Southeast Division, Northwest Division, Southwest Division, and Central Division. Supple Inc. has organized its employees according to the accounts they serve, such as health club contracts, sports teams, individual sales, and retail outlet sales. Finally, Magic Health International has grouped its business units around different types of supplements, including the Weight Loss, Muscle Gain, Endurance, Sleep, and Energy Supplement Divisions. Which of the following describes Magic Health International’s organizational structure?

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A) matrix B) product C) functional D) geographic E) client-based

85) Power Health Supplements Inc. is growing very fast in both sales and number of employees. It manufactures and sells dietary supplement products to customers all over the United States and several other countries. So far, the company has followed a simple structure. However, with fast-paced growth, the company needs to explore other organizational structures. Angelo, a long-time employee at Power Health Supplements, has collected information on how some of its competitors have organized their companies. Herbals Inc. groups its employees by their different areas of expertise such as marketing, finance, human resources, and operations. Vita Great, which is primarily in the United States, groups its activities as Northeast Division, Southeast Division, Northwest Division, Southwest Division, and Central Division. Supple Inc. has organized its employees according to the accounts they serve, such as health club contracts, sports teams, individual sales, and retail outlet sales. Finally, Magic Health International has grouped its business units around different types of supplements, including the Weight Loss, Muscle Gain, Endurance, Sleep, and Energy Supplement Divisions. Which of the following describes Vita Great’s organizational structure? A) client-based B) geographic C) functional D) product E) matrix

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86) Power Health Supplements Inc. is growing very fast in both sales and number of employees. It manufactures and sells dietary supplement products to customers all over the United States and several other countries. So far, the company has followed a simple structure. However, with fast-paced growth, the company needs to explore other organizational structures. Angelo, a long-time employee at Power Health Supplements, has collected information on how some of its competitors have organized their companies. Herbals Inc. groups its employees by their different areas of expertise such as marketing, finance, human resources, and operations. Vita Great, which is primarily in the United States, groups its activities as Northeast Division, Southeast Division, Northwest Division, Southwest Division, and Central Division. Supple Inc. has organized its employees according to the accounts they serve, such as health club contracts, sports teams, individual sales, and retail outlet sales. Finally, Magic Health International has grouped its business units around different types of supplements, including the Weight Loss, Muscle Gain, Endurance, Sleep, and Energy Supplement Divisions. Which of the following describes Supple Inc.’s organizational structure? A) client-based B) geographic C) functional D) product E) matrix

87) Hard Facts publishing has decided to restructure its organization. During the restructuring, managers will probably see A) faster employee learning. B) reduced workplace stress. C) slightly increasing employee trust. D) slightly declining task performance. E) less confusion about employee roles.

88)

How does a restructuring usually affect employees in the short term?

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A) Trust will decline quite a bit. B) Task performance will increase. C) Stress will remain unchanged. D) Confusion will decline slightly. E) Learning will increase greatly.

89)

What is restructuring? A) the process of changing an organizational structure B) the way in which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs C) the process of creating or selecting an organizational structure D) the way a company tries to capitalize on its assets to make money E) the process by which a company transforms inputs into outputs

90)

Which of the following statements is true of restructuring? A) Restructuring enhances learning and decision making. B) Restructuring has a moderate positive effect on citizenship behavior. C) Stress is common during restructuring. D) Restructuring increases employee emotional attachment to the firm. E) Organizational commitment is increased during restructuring.

91) Although not much is known about the effect of restructuring on affective commitment, restructuring generally results in ________ level of affective commitment on the part of employees.

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A) no significant B) a large positive C) a moderate positive D) a small negative E) a moderate negative

92)

Which of the following is an example of a company flattening its structure? A) Mustafa’s Fences lays off 80 production workers and hires 12 managers. B) Zara’s Landscaping opens branches in the Southeast and the West Coast. C) Esteban’s Audio adds an assistant purchaser position. D) Gita’s Boating eliminates a layer of management. E) Luka’s Brewery hires two new salespeople.

93) Which of the following is the best approach for the CEO of a company to take with respect to employees who survive the layoffs during a company restructuring? A) remove any control they may have B) give them a voice in the process C) tell them as little as possible D) halve their workload E) boost their salary

94) Sometimes a company must adapt to its environment. What is the first step in adapting to the environment?

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A) announcing a restructuring plan B) recognizing the need to change C) evaluating the external environment D) evaluating the internal environment E) exploring the competitor’s structures

95)

Which of the following has been the most common kind of restructuring in recent years? A) from a functional to a geographic-based structure B) from a product to a client-based structure C) from a bureaucratic to a matrix structure D) a flattening of the organization E) creating a tall structure in the organization

96)

What is the main reason many organizations flatten their organizations? A) It improves employee morale. B) It provides more rewards for fewer employees. C) It reduces costs and shows investors that the company is profitable. D) It creates a government-subsidy qualification. E) It increases employee performance.

97)

Which result is required for a successful restructuring? A) Employees are working in different ways. B) You retained half of your workers after the restructure. C) The organizational chart looks leaner. D) Managers have a narrower span of control. E) There is frequent communication with layoff survivors.

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98) Organizational structure can have a significant impact on an organization’s financial performance. ⊚ ⊚

99)

The organizational structure is visually represented on the organizational chart. ⊚ ⊚

100)

true false

Henry Ford was a strong believer in work specialization. ⊚ ⊚

true false

101) Employees tend to be more satisfied with jobs that require them to perform a specialized kind of activity. ⊚ ⊚

true false

102) In a traditional organizational structure, every employee has one person to whom they report. ⊚ ⊚

true false

103) The chain of command helps the organization to attain order, control, and predictable performance. Version 1

⊚ ⊚

104)

true false

A company’s chain of control determines how many employees report to each manager. ⊚ ⊚

true false

105) Velvet is a manager who spends a lot of hands-on time with her employees. Velvet most likely has a narrow span of control. ⊚ ⊚

true false

106) Decentralized organizational structures tend to concentrate power and authority within a relatively tight group of individuals in the firm. ⊚ ⊚

true false

107) Organic organizations are typified by a structure that relies on low levels of formalization, weak or multiple chains of command, low levels of work specialization, and wide spans of control. ⊚ ⊚

true false

108) Companies that follow a low-cost producer strategy make an organic organizational structure more appropriate. ⊚ ⊚ Version 1

true false 36

109) If technologies need to be changed often to suit consumer needs, the decisions should be centralized. ⊚ ⊚

true false

110) As companies become larger, they tend to use a combination of specialization, formalization, and centralization to control their activities, thereby becoming more mechanistic in nature. ⊚ ⊚

true false

111) Many small companies naturally evolve into functionally based structures as they grow larger. ⊚ ⊚

112)

true false

Matrix structures utilize one type of structure at a time. ⊚ ⊚

true false

113) The bureaucratic structure is more flexible than a matrix structure, allowing it to adjust much more quickly to the environment. ⊚ ⊚

Version 1

true false

114) Restructuring an organization has a positive impact on task performance because restructuring helps employees view their jobs in new and exciting ways. ⊚ ⊚

true false

115) The most common kind of restructuring in recent years has been a “flattening” of the organization. ⊚ ⊚

true false

116) Many restructuring efforts are designed to remove one or more organizational layers to reduce costs. ⊚ ⊚

117)

true false

Many layoff survivors experience a great deal of guilt and remorse following a layoff. ⊚ ⊚

Version 1

true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 15_8e_ Colquitt 12) D 13) E 14) C 15) B 16) B 17) B 18) B 19) A 20) B 21) C 22) B 23) B 24) B 25) D 26) B 27) B 28) A 29) B 30) D 31) B 32) A 33) B 34) A 35) B 36) A 37) B Version 1

38) B 39) E 40) A 41) A 42) C 43) C 44) C 45) E 46) C 47) D 48) B 49) B 50) B 51) B 52) A 53) E 54) D 55) B 56) A 57) B 58) D 59) E 60) B 61) C 62) A 63) B 64) E 65) C 66) A 67) D Version 1

68) D 69) E 70) D 71) C 72) E 73) D 74) D 75) C 76) C 77) B 78) B 79) B 80) A 81) E 82) E 83) C 84) B 85) B 86) A 87) D 88) A 89) A 90) B 91) E 92) D 93) B 94) B 95) D 96) C 97) A Version 1

98) TRUE 99) TRUE 100) TRUE 101) FALSE 102) TRUE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) TRUE 106) FALSE 107) TRUE 108) FALSE 109) FALSE 110) TRUE 111) TRUE 112) FALSE 113) FALSE 114) FALSE 115) TRUE 116) TRUE 117) TRUE

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CHAPTER 16 1) Rapidshine Cleaning company has a mission statement explaining its purpose, has a belief that it should never charge more than a competitor, and holds monthly meetings to go over company business and give employee awards. Identify which major component of culture each of these three details of the company represents, and briefly describe why.

2) Briefly explain how an organization’s cultural components can be explained by using the analogy of an onion.

3) Describe each of the four general types of work cultures in terms of solidarity and sociability.

4) . Briefly define each of the following culture types, and choose two to describe in detail: customer service culture, safety culture, diversity culture, sustainability culture, and creativity culture

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5) Discuss the pros and cons of a strong culture, and describe an example of a strong culture you are, or have been, a part of or that someone you know has been a member of.

6) Define and discuss the existence of subcultures and countercultures within an organization. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a counterculture.

Define the ASA framework. Does it always work, and if not, what is the result?

List and briefly discuss the three stages of the socialization process.

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9) Brandi has just accepted a job at Springbond Industries. Before she was hired, she had to take several written and performance tests in order to make the final cut to work at Springbond. When she arrives at work, she is sent to learn about the company and the job expectations in a room with 20 other new hires. Then Benji, the company’s top-producing employee, comes in and explains how he got to be so productive at his job, and what he does every day to be the top producer. After Benji leaves, Brandi does not see any other current Springbond workers for the rest of the week until orientation is complete. At the end of the orientation, Brandi and the other new hires are told to remember that they have just joined an elite group, and they get badges and other materials that say, “I am Springbond!” Explain whether Springbond is encouraging or discouraging adaptation to their culture, and provide one reason why management would want to encourage or discourage adaptation to the organization’s culture.

10)

Discuss the two common methods by which an organization can change its culture.

11) Why are mergers and acquisitions not considered one of the best methods to change an organization’s culture?

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12)

What is meant by person-organization fit? What are its advantages?

13)

Define and discuss the mentoring process, along with its benefits for companies.

14)

What is organizational culture?

A) the outside environment, including customers, competitors, suppliers, and distributors, which all have an impact on organizational design B) the shared social knowledge within an organization regarding the rules, norms, and values that shape the attitudes and behaviors of its employees C) the voluntary employee behaviors that contribute to organizational goals by improving the context in which work takes place D) the organization’s objectives and goals and how it tries to capitalize on its assets to make money E) the degree to which team members have a shared goal and align their individual goals with that vision

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15)

What are the three major components to any organizational culture? A) observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic underlying assumptions B) observable artifacts, hidden artifacts, and semi-public artifacts C) internal values, espoused values, and enacted values D) symbols, physical structures, and ceremonies E) language, stories, and rituals

16) ________ are the manifestations of an organizational culture that everyone can see or talk about. A) Core values B) Structural traits C) Communal cultures D) Networked cultures E) Observable artifacts

17) Jermaine has gotten his dream job working with one of the most prominent investment companies on Wall Street, and he is determined to make a good showing from the first day. What is the best way for him to do that?

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A) learn as much as possible about his own specialty, as well as the particular technical needs of the company, and take extra classes if he discovers anything lacking in his skill set. B) conduct extensive online research using a wide variety of business sources, such asStandard & Poor’s, and social media, to get a detailed portrait of the company. C) make a point of staying late and going in to the office on weekends, both to get noticed by management and to talk with other people who work extra hours. D) observe his coworkers from the start, figure out who is most successful and plugged in, get to know them, and not be shy about asking questions. E) talk to people who have left the company and find out how their work experience was, including whatever negative views they might have.

18) The physical layout of workspaces, dress codes, and the level of technology used are all examples of ________ that are represented by the organization’s culture. A) core values B) cultural diversity C) personal dynamics D) observable artifacts E) operational capacity

19) Mariana works in the human resources department of Seeker, makers of outdoor clothing, shoes, and accessories. Celebrity climbers and mountain bikers are regularly spotted wearing Seeker gear, but the company’s slogan—“For the Adventurer in All of Us”—is designed to appeal to the ordinary buyers who account for a large portion of revenues. Mariana has been assigned to train a group of new employees, and she intends to begin with an informative talk that includes a story about the company. Given this information, the best choice for Mariana would be an account of

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A) Seeker’s emerging understanding of its market and the corporate values it needs to uphold in order to maintain its position—knowledge it has gained by interviewing hundreds of ordinary people and professional adventurers of all kinds B) the challenges one of the company’s leading executives overcame in order to live up to the company slogan, training relentlessly for weeks and months and going on to appear on a wilderness survival show C) the time when a local store manager had a problem keeping up with inventory and, after attempting to solve it on his own, took the issue to company headquarters and got the help he needed D) a wounded veteran who got a job as a cashier at a local Seeker store and who, despite having a prosthetic arm, won the company’s annual Seeker Games E) how the company’s founder and CEO turned a struggling, unprofitable firm into one of the most prominent competitors in the outdoor apparel and equipment market

20) Which of the following supply the primary means of transmitting an organization’s culture to its workforce? A) underlying assumptions B) observable artifacts C) espoused values D) competitive responses E) norms

21) While she was shopping at Flourish Auto Sales, Yan noticed that all the staff wore white polo shirts, black cargo pants, and striped tennis shoes. Which of the following layers of organizational culture would such a dress code represent? A) espoused values B) enacted values C) observable artifacts D) mnemonics E) basic underlying assumptions

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22) When Mathilda first walked into the glass-enclosed lobby of Data Mining Solutions’ headquarters, she observed an enormous three-dimensional recreation of the company’s logo—a bright red question mark—hanging from the ceiling. As she was taken on a tour of the building, the same red question mark appeared painted along the hallways, in decals placed on all streetfacing windows, and as a screen saver on the company computers. Such corporate branding is an example of which type of observable artifact? A) rituals B) stories C) symbols D) language E) physical structures

23) At the annual holiday party, ABC Airlines gives awards to employees to recognize examples of “going above and beyond” to serve customers. Almost all the employees who possibly can, attend. This is an example of A) a story. B) a ritual. C) a symbol. D) a ceremony. E) an unobservable artifact.

24) The manager and sales crew all arrived at the store before opening and worked at straightening shelves, unloading stock, and cleaning. When the owner arrived every day, as she entered the store she shouted “Marco,” and each employee answered “Polo” which gave her an idea of where everyone was located at that moment and she could deduce their actions. This is a form of which observable artifact?

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A) language B) stories C) ceremony D) symbol E) ritual

25)

What is language?

A) the process by which information and meaning is transferred from a sender to a receiver B) the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem C) the beliefs, philosophies, and norms that a company explicitly states D) the jargon, slang, and slogans used within the walls of an organization E) the images an organization uses, which generally convey messages

26) Which of the following exemplifies the observable artifact category of physical structures? A) the elaborate, marble-floored conference room where Bull and Bear Wealth Management Partners conducts meetings with its top clients B) the annual holiday party thrown by Party Planner Professionals that also serves as a hands-on demonstration of the coming year’s product line C) the label on every can of Primal Urge Dog Food that is emblazoned with the words: “We love dogs, and we put that love into all of our products” D) the group meeting held every Monday morning at Coastal Coffee Roasters where the CEO has every employee sample a cup of that week’s featured roast E) the HR supervisor for Double-Dipped Donuts who tells all new employees how the founder came up with the name of the company after accidentally glazing the same donuts twice

27)

Which of the following is an example of espoused values?

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A) the apocryphal story told by the founder of Delicious Delicacies about how she was fired from her first three catering jobs B) the open floor plan of DailyScoop.com’s office that seats employees across from one another at long tables with no dividers C) the weekly bagel breakfast Integrated Robotics hosts in its conference room that encourages employees from different departments to mingle D) the annual field trip Island Surf Products takes to a nearby beach where all employees are required to spend the day picking up trash and beautifying the area E) the sustainability message that Outdoor Footwear prints on each of its shoe boxes that celebrates the amount of post-consumer recycled content in its products

28)

What are stories?

A) the jargon, slang, and slogans used within the walls of an organization B) anecdotes, accounts, legends, and myths that are passed down from cohort to cohort within an organization C) the beliefs, philosophies, and norms that a company explicitly states D) casual conversations about other people in the organization in which the facts are not confirmed as true E) aspects of an organization’s culture that employees and outsiders can easily see or talk about

29)

What are the daily or weekly planned routines that occur in an organization? A) rituals B) stories C) values D) representations E) symbols

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30) At Vault Technologies, the central marketing team of 12 employees has weekly “hammock” meetings. All the team members lie on hammocks and try to block out the stress of all of the small details to focus on the broader picture of where they are taking the company’s marketing strategy and why it matters. These hammock meetings are representative of which of the following components of the organization’s culture? A) rituals B) solidarity C) espoused values D) physical structures E) enacted values

31) The tall tale passed around among the Nursery Emporium’s employees, and always told to each new employee, is that the owners believe in customer service so much that they once voluntarily pruned a customer’s apple orchard while the customer was on vacation. This is an example of which observable artifact? A) stories B) rituals C) values D) language E) symbols

32) What are formal events that are generally performed in front of an audience of organizational members? A) rituals B) stories C) ceremonies D) language E) symbols

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33) Every year, 52 Weeks, a large off-road vehicle manufacturer, organizes a huge function in which it gives an “Exemplary Performer” award to a deserving employee, along with a paid vacation and an opportunity to use the company’s newest all-terrain vehicle for a year at no cost. This is an example of which of the following components of organizational culture? A) stories B) symbols C) espoused values D) basic underlying assumptions E) ceremonies

34) Which of the following answer options reflects the beliefs, philosophies, and norms that a company explicitly states? A) rituals B) stories C) ceremonies D) espoused values E) observable artifacts

35) Quest, Inc., has a sign hanging in every employee’s cubicle that reads: “Together we are greater than any one of us.” This is an example of a(n) A) ritual. B) espoused value. C) enacted value. D) basic underlying assumption. E) physical structure.

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36) When a company holds to its espoused values over time and regardless of the situations it operates in, the values A) become more believable to employees and outsiders. B) distract employees from the company mission. C) grow stale, and new employees do not assimilate them. D) together comprise one of the observable artifacts. E) lose their effectiveness and are counterproductive.

37)

Walker International recently published its vision statement, which is an example of A) observable artifacts. B) stories. C) basic underlying assumptions. D) rituals. E) espoused values.

38)

What are basic underlying assumptions?

A) casual conversations about other people in the organization in which the facts are not confirmed as being true B) anecdotes, accounts, legends, and myths that are passed down from cohort to cohort within an organization C) taken-for-granted beliefs and philosophies that are so ingrained that employees simply act on them rather than questioning the validity of their behavior in a given situation D) aspects of an organization’s culture that employees and outsiders can easily see or talk about E) decisions that are somewhat automatic because the employees’ knowledge allows them to recognize the situation and the course of action to be taken

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39)

________ represent the deepest and least observable part of a culture. A) Espoused values B) Stories C) Basic underlying assumptions D) Rituals E) Observable artifacts

40)

Which of the following is an enacted value rather than an espoused value?

A) All salespeople were expected to dress professionally to match the company’s motivational motto “We look as sharp as our discounts.” B) The doctor believes exercise leads to good health and every year the doctor’s office workers participate in their city’s 5k charity run. C) The company believes customer service is everyone’s responsibility so every employee wears a button that says “Yes, you can ask me.” D) Every day before the restaurant opened, the owner tells his crew to remember to please the customer. E) The school system believes in sustainability and there are recycling containers in every school room.

41) At FastBoats Inc., a big order is called a tsunami. This is an example of which observable artifact? A) ritual B) symbol C) espoused value D) ceremony E) language

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42) Yolanda is a department manager at Gripper Gloves, Inc. Yolanda starts every morning with a brief department meeting called a “huddle,” where each member in the department has an opportunity to report progress, share stories of success and failure, and seek general input, advice, and information. What Yolanda’s department does every morning can be described as a(n) A) ritual. B) story. C) espoused value. D) ceremony. E) symbol.

43) ________ is(are) the degree to which group members think and act alike, and ________ represent(s) how friendly employees are to one another. A) Espoused values; basic underlying assumptions B) Solidarity; sociability C) Basic underlying assumptions; observable artifacts D) Sociability; solidarity E) Observable artifacts; basic underlying assumptions

44) At Motion Robotic Solutions, employees are distant and disconnected from one another. Which type of organizational culture does Motion Robotic Solutions have? A) diversified B) fragmented C) individualized D) safety oriented E) service oriented

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45) In organizations with fragmented cultures, there is ________ sociability and ________ solidarity. A) low; low B) moderate; high C) high; moderate D) high; high E) moderate; moderate

46) In organizations with mercenary cultures, we tend to find ________ sociability and ________ solidarity. A) moderate; low B) low; high C) high; low D) high; moderate E) moderate; moderate

47) Sigmund is about to go to work for Glamorous Future, a store that sells high-end cosmetic products. Glamorous is a small chain and currently has just three stores, all within 20 miles of each other in southern Florida. The type of organizational culture Sigmund is likely to encounter at Glamorous is one in which employees A) have very little connection to one another. B) are free spirits, each of them his or her own little island. C) tend to share a lot of opinions, including a dislike for each other. D) enjoy friendly relations, but differ on many things, including work-related matters. E) get along well and share many of the same views, including admiration for the company founder.

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48) In organizations with networked cultures, we tend to find ________ sociability and ________ solidarity. A) low; low B) low; moderate C) high; low D) moderate; high E) moderate; low

49)

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a communal culture?

A) a wait staff with members who work together to provide excellent customer service but steal each other’s customers whenever possible B) a new start up, the Yarn Barn, where the owner and the three employees are all committed to knitting and the environment C) an editorial firm where most employees fraternize daily after work at a local pool hall but spend their time at the office developing their own editorial projects D) a web development firm where programmers are empowered to solve software problems in their own unique ways and are known to play a song snippet throughout the department whenever someone has a success E) a children’s library where staff work on their own projects but get along well and have dinner together once a month

50)

Which of the following is an example of a mercenary culture?

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A) Unlimited Fashion Sense, where the employees brainstorm new product ideas every Monday at a local coffee shop B) Breaking the Mold, Inc., where product designers operate independently and do not share ideas due to chronic mistrust C) Virtual Life Developers, where the two founders, who are best friends, work in their shared apartment to develop computer simulation software D) Independent Development Schools, where the teachers nurture and support each other but structure their lesson plans in their own ways E) Ying’s Auto Sales, where the salespeople all try to sell as many cars as they can each month and look at their fellow salespeople as competitors, not friends

51) In organizations with communal cultures, there is ________ sociability and ________ solidarity. A) low; low B) moderate; high C) moderate; low D) high; high E) low; moderate

52)

Which type of culture is political, where everyone is looking out for themselves? A) fragmented B) mercenary C) disconnected D) networked E) safety

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53) The working environment at Riverside Warehouses, Inc., is very political. Its employees often think alike but are generally unfriendly to each other. Which type of culture prevails at this company? A) collective B) networked C) communal D) mercenary E) fragmented

54)

What are the characteristics of a networked culture? A) Employees are friendly to each other and think in similar ways. B) Employees think alike but are not friendly to one another. C) Employees are friendly to one another but think differently and do their own things. D) Employees are distant and disconnected from one another. E) Employees use politics to advance their personal agendas at the expense of others.

55)

Which of the following statements is true of cultural types within organizations? A) A fragmented culture is political, and everyone is out for themselves. B) As companies grow, they tend to move toward a networked culture. C) A mercenary culture is low on both solidarity and sociability. D) Most highly creative organizations have a communal culture. E) A fragmented culture is high on sociability but low on solidarity.

56) Organizations that have successfully created a ________ culture have been shown to change employee attitudes and behaviors toward customers.

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A) service B) mercenary C) safety D) fragmented E) creativity

57)

Manufacturing and medical companies primarily desire to create a ________ culture. A) safety B) diversity C) sustainability D) creativity E) customer service

58)

Which of the following culture types reduces treatment errors in medical settings? A) creativity B) service C) safety D) diversity E) communal

59) This type of culture can be incredibly valuable in recruiting top talent as the culture resonates well with many of today’s job applicants.

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A) service B) sustainability C) creativity D) diversity E) safety

60) County Medical Center has a good track record of treating patients well and discharging them in a timely manner. Then, in the span of one week, twelve patients suffer post-surgical bacterial infections that are resistant to drug treatment. Shortly afterward, the surgical and patient recovery teams gather to discuss the problem. One cardiac surgeon, Yvette, mentions that she read in a medical journal about a simple but effective method of reducing such infections. It involves encouraging and enforcing hand washing before all new patient contact. The key is to post reminders in every patient room and nurse station. There is also a smartphone app that will beep once every five minutes as a backup reminder. The hospital staff agrees to implement the protocol, and six months later the rate of infection has dropped by more than 50 percent. The hospital is striving to create a ________ culture. A) safety B) diversity C) creativity D) sustainability E) customer service

61)

What is the focus of a sustainability culture? A) helping the greater social good B) providing high-quality service C) promoting employee health and safety D) fostering a creative atmosphere E) taking advantage of employee diversity

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62) Cristian, Fahd, Hao, and Adelina are four friends working at four different organizations. In Cristian’s firm, Timely Advances, employees are both distant and disconnected from one another, whereas in Fahd’s company, Power Dynamics, it is quite the opposite—employees are friendly, and they all think alike. Hao works for Flowing Wealth, where employees think alike but are not friendly to one another. Finally, Adelina is employed at Climate of Hope, where employees are friendly, but they think differently and do their own thing. Cristian’s firm, Timely Advances, can be described as having which of the following culture types? A) communal B) mercenary C) networked D) fragmented E) collective

63) Cristian, Fahd, Hao, and Adelina are four friends working at four different organizations. In Cristian’s firm, Timely Advances, employees are both distant and disconnected from one another, whereas in Fahd’s company, Power Dynamics, it is quite the opposite—employees are friendly, and they all think alike. Hao works for Flowing Wealth, where employees think alike but are not friendly to one another. Finally, Adelina is employed at Climate of Hope, where employees are friendly, but they think differently and do their own thing. Fahd’s firm, Power Dynamics, can be described as having a(n) ________ culture. A) communal B) mercenary C) networked D) fragmented E) individualistic

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64) Cristian, Fahd, Hao, and Adelina are four friends working at four different organizations. In Cristian’s firm, Timely Advances, employees are both distant and disconnected from one another, whereas in Fahd’s company, Power Dynamics, it is quite the opposite—employees are friendly, and they all think alike. Hao works for Flowing Wealth, where employees think alike but are not friendly to one another. Finally, Adelina is employed at Climate of Hope, where employees are friendly, but they think differently and do their own thing. Adelina’s firm, Climate of Hope, can be described as having which culture type? A) communal B) mercenary C) networked D) fragmented E) complex

65) Cristian, Fahd, Hao, and Adelina are four friends working at four different organizations. In Cristian’s firm, Timely Advances, employees are both distant and disconnected from one another, whereas in Fahd’s company, Power Dynamics, it is quite the opposite—employees are friendly, and they all think alike. Hao works for Flowing Wealth, where employees think alike but are not friendly to one another. Finally, Adelina is employed at Climate of Hope, where employees are friendly, but they think differently and do their own thing. Hao’s firm, Flowing Wealth, can be described as having a ________ culture. A) communal B) mercenary C) networked D) fragmented E) collective

66) ________ exist(s) when the overall organizational culture is supplemented by another culture governing a more specific set of employees.

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A) Subcultures B) Socialization C) Fragmentation D) Service cultures E) Encounter stages

67) ________ can sometimes serve a useful purpose by challenging the values of the overall organization or signifying the need for change. A) Countercultures B) Creativity cultures C) Diversity cultures D) Sustainability cultures E) Safety cultures

68)

Which of the following statements about organizational culture is true?

A) In a high consensus culture, employees disagree about the way things are supposed to happen. B) In a high intensity culture, employees’ behaviors are inconsistent with expectations. C) Subcultures are less likely to exist in large organizations than in small firms. D) Strong cultures are not always good for the organization. E) Countercultures reinforce the values of an organization.

69)

Which of the following organizations has a strong culture?

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A) Blue Blood Investments, whose youthful sales team clashes with upper management over the best way to implement new product rollouts B) Global Package Delivery Systems, whose drivers dress the same, drive the same types of trucks, follow the most efficient routes, and rarely deviate from established delivery protocols C) Sandi’s Sunglass Shack, whose retail clerks purposefully receive little training and are hired based on their personality and ability to come up with creative ways of selling the company’s products D) Healthy Heart Snacks, whose purchasing department is predominantly vegan and frequently pushes to eliminate animal products from the company’s catalog even though they are the best sellers E) Action Video Cameras, whose product development team is led by Vance, a wellknown adventurer and maverick designer who sets up a satellite office for his team three miles from the main campus

70)

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a strong culture? A) It differentiates the organization from others. B) It allows employees to identify themselves in the organization. C) It attracts and retains similar kinds of employees. D) It creates stability within the organization. E) It facilitates the desired behaviors among employees.

71) Jayda, a former sales manager, has been out of the workforce for more than a decade and is thrilled when she lands a job at Mystic Visions Technology. For her first day at work, she dresses in a conservative business suit and digs her old briefcase out of the closet. When she arrives at the office, she is shocked to see people dressed in jeans and sweatshirts, with some not even wearing shoes. Instead of working in a cubicle as she had for years, she is seated at a long, open table with numerous other employees where everyone wears headphones as they work. She finds that she has trouble keeping up with department communications because she still relies on email instead of inter-office social networks. The casual office atmosphere is distracting, and the level of familiarity her coworkers demonstrate with each other is incomprehensible to her. After a few weeks, Jayda gives her notice because she realizes she will never fit in at such an organization. What does this scenario demonstrate?

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A) bullying. B) a weak culture. C) a strong culture. D) a counterculture. E) a lack of self-confidence.

72)

Which of the following is an advantage of a strong culture? A) It simplifies merging with another organization. B) It allows employees to identify themselves with the organization. C) It can be “too much of a good thing” if it creates extreme behaviors. D) It makes adapting to the environment less difficult. E) It attracts and retains similar kinds of employees.

73) Rapid Water is a well-respected canoe and kayak company. For over 50 years it has produced high-quality, durable products at a relatively high price point. Customers are willing to pay a premium for its watercraft because of the company’s commitment to quality and its history of providing effective customer service. The company’s headquarters are located on the banks of a scenic river, and once a month the CEO closes the office for two days and leads the staff on a float trip. Because the company attracts outdoorsy types, nearly all the employees join in on these voluntary trips. Employees are proud to say they work at Rapid Water and rarely quit. Rapid Water is demonstrating the advantages associated with which type of culture? A) weak B) ritual C) strong D) physical E) observable

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74) Straight Grain Bats has been a leader in the baseball bat manufacturing industry for decades, producing some very popular, high-quality bats. Straight Grain workers are all committed to the same philosophy on baseball and the role their bats play in the sport. The employees think their bats are the best, and if a person asks about their bats, they all have a memorized script about the company’s bats that they recite. “You can always spot the Straight Grain Bats employees in a crowd,” one industry journal commented, “because they dress, talk, and even walk the same way.” Most likely Straight Grain Bats is a company A) that is likely to experience a great deal of change in the near future. B) whose identity is hard to distinguish from that of its competitors. C) in which employees feel a sense of rootlessness and alienation. D) where new employees might find it difficult to adapt. E) that would be a good candidate for a merger.

75) In extreme cases, countercultures can split the organization’s culture right down the middle, resulting in a(n) ________ culture. A) differentiated B) diverse C) fragmented D) individualized E) safety

76)

What are the elements of the ASA framework? A) anticipation-socialization-articulation B) attraction-selection-attrition C) admission-submersion-assimilation D) attribution-submission-anticipation E) assertion-supplementation-apprehension

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77) Which of the following hold(s) that potential employees will be attracted to organizations whose cultures match their own personality, organizations will weed out the potential misfits, and the remaining misfits will leave due to being unhappy or ineffective? A) reality shock B) creativity culture C) weak socialization D) the encounter stage E) the ASA framework

78) Tia, a supervisor with more than a dozen subordinates, is concerned about whether Sam, a new employee, is fitting in properly with the department and the company as a whole. The best way for Tia to make that determination is to observe the A) kinds of things Sam talks about with other employees. B) language Sam uses in company emails. C) way Sam dresses at the office. D) table of employees Sam sits with at lunch. E) browsing history on Sam’s computer.

79)

What is socialization?

A) the primary process by which employees learn the knowledge that enables them to understand and adapt to the organization’s culture B) the characteristics or attributes of a person that inspire trust, including competence, character, and benevolence C) the willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority’s actions and intentions D) the different types of activities and interactions that occur within a team as the team works toward its goals E) the help people receive from others when they are confronted with stressful demands

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80)

Which of the following is an example of the anticipatory stage of socialization?

A) Participating in Friday afternoon karaoke sessions at BuzzwebNews cures Max of his fear of singing in public. B) After three months at Al’s Auto Repair, Benjamin is no longer confused by the technical jargon his coworkers use. C) On her first day at Cakewalk Corporation, Jezebel is introduced to her new coworkers, and they take her out to lunch. D) During orientation training at Green Grocery Goods, Simone asks her fellow new hires about where they used to work. E) Miranda is unhappy at her current job and asks her friend Saul about the culture at Streaming Music Solutions, where he works.

81) Which of the following is a process that begins before an employee starts work and doesnot end until an employee leaves the organization? A) adaptation B) socialization C) indoctrination D) self-assessment E) performance evaluation

82) Luka is thrilled to have been hired at the Authentic Channel as an assistant producer. He has always wanted to work in television, and the show he gets to work on, Safe Space, is one he has followed closely for years as a fan. The show’s host, Noel, is someone he admires and respects, based on how kindly and gently he treats the guests on the show. Once he arrives on set to start work, however, Luka is dismayed to learn that Noel is an egotistical, rude, and selfish person. His on-screen persona is the complete opposite of his true personality. After only two weeks on the job, Luka quits, disillusioned. Which of the following best describes what Luka experienced?

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A) reality shock B) a subculture C) anticipatory anxiety D) organizational instability E) understanding and adaptation

83)

The three stages of socialization are A) anticipatory, encounter, and understanding and adaptation. B) assessment, understanding, and acceptance and adaptation. C) anticipatory, acceptance, and adaptation. D) learning, comprehending, and accepting. E) encountering, resisting, and accepting.

84) At the ________ stage of the socialization process, relevant information includes the way employees are treated during recruitment, the things that insiders tell them about the organization, and any other information employees acquire about what the organization is like and what working there entails. A) reality B) anticipatory C) encounter D) adaptation E) understanding

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85) Esmerelda, who is currently employed at Hotel Management Partners, is looking for a new job. In the process of doing so, she comes across the website of Lucrative Property Rentals and finds that the values and culture of this other company match with her own personal values. She also learns about the various activities that take place at Lucrative Property Rentals on a yearly basis and the company’s various achievements. From this example, it is clear that Esmerelda is in the ________ stage of the socialization process with regard to Lucrative Property Rentals. A) anticipatory B) encounter C) understanding D) adaptation E) attrition

86)

Which of the following statements about the encounter stage of socialization is true?

A) The encounter stage of socialization takes place prior to an employee spending even one second on the job. B) New employees compare the information they acquired as outsiders with what the organization is really like now that they are insiders. C) Newcomers come to learn the content areas of socialization and internalize the norms and expected behaviors of the organization. D) The encounter stage involves the adoption of the spoken and unspoken goals and values of the organization. E) The encounter stage of socialization is the last stage in the socialization process.

87) During the ________ stage of socialization, new employees compare the information they acquired as outsiders during the ________ stage with what the organization is really like now that they are insiders.

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A) encounter; anticipatory B) understanding and adaptation; encounter C) encounter; understanding and adaptation D) anticipatory; encounter E) anticipatory; understanding and adaptation

88) In her final semester of college, Fanta interviews at Sound Seekers, Inc. Before the interview, she collects information from Sound Seekers’ website and from employees she knows. Fanta gets additional information during the interview process from the managers. Fanta is in which stage of the socialization process? A) encounter B) attrition C) anticipatory D) adaptation and understanding E) selection

89) Marcelo has recently been hired by Aqua Force Waterproofing. Today is his first day on the job. Marcelo is in which stage of the socialization process? A) encounter B) attrition C) anticipatory D) adaptation and understanding E) selection

90) A couple of days after starting her new job as a logistics manager at Eco Forest Systems, Livia is heard commenting that “Working at Eco Forest Systems is not nearly what I expected it to be.” This is an example of ________, which occurs in the ________ stage of the socialization process.

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A) counterculture; encounter B) reverse adaptation; attrition C) culture shock; anticipatory D) reality shock; encounter E) reverse adaptation; understanding

91) The goal of an organization’s socialization efforts should be to minimize ________ as much as possible. A) mentoring B) diversity C) reality shock D) espoused values E) newcomer orientation

92) In which stage of the socialization process do employees enjoy and get along with coworkers, know who makes things happen, and understand how to perform the key function of their job? A) encounter B) attrition C) anticipatory D) understanding and adaptation E) selection

93) During which stage of socialization do newcomers come to learn the content areas of socialization and internalize the norms and expected behaviors of the organization?

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A) encounter B) attrition C) anticipatory D) understanding and adaptation E) selection

94) Companies merge for various reasons, but with acquisitions, the company doing the acquiring has a ________ culture to which the other is expected to adapt. A) safety B) fragmented C) differentiated D) dominant E) service

95)

In practice, there are two major ways to change a culture. They are A) ASA framework and socialization. B) changes in leadership and mergers or acquisitions. C) ASA framework and changes in leadership. D) socialization and mergers or acquisitions. E) mergers and ASA framework.

96)

Which of the following groups is probably the biggest driver of culture?

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A) middle managers B) front-line employees C) top executives D) first-line managers E) stockholders

97)

Most merged companies operate under a ________ for an extended period of time. A) strong culture B) weak culture C) subculture D) differentiated culture E) counterculture

98) ________ is the degree to which an individual’s personality and values match the culture of an organization. A) Reality shock B) Culture strength C) Communal culture D) Integration framework E) Person-organization fit

99) Kayshawn works for Healthy Insurance Network Team, often known simply as HINT, and has earned the nickname “Mr. HINT” because of his dedication to the company. Kayshawn says it is not hard to be dedicated to a company he believes in as much as HINT. However, Kayshawn does have one weakness as an employee. Which of the following is most likely the problem with Kayshawn?

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A) He lacks a general willingness to help others. B) He places a low level of trust in his managers. C) He has problems with excessive work-related stress. D) His emotional attachment to the company is minimal. E) His job performance is lower than that of most other employees.

100) Agustina is looking forward to starting her new job at Firm Connect, a social-networking platform. Everything she has read suggests the company promotes a healthy work/life balance and supports causes that are important to her, such as sustainability and combating climate change. Walking to her desk on her first day, she sees posters in the hallway outlining the company values of “people over profit” and “work to live, not live to work.” She smiles because that is how she feels about things, too. After a week on the job she finds herself eager to get to work each day and tackle new challenges, something she has never felt about a job before. Her coworkers are friendly and supportive, the management team seems genuinely concerned about morale and job satisfaction, and she learns the company gives all employees one week off per year with pay to perform charitable work of their choosing. All this makes Agustina proud to be a Firm Connect employee. Agustina is experiencing a high degree of A) subculture. B) reality shock. C) person-organization fit. D) anticipatory socialization. E) basic underlying assumptions.

101)

Realistic job previews occur during which stage of socialization? A) encounter B) attrition C) anticipatory D) adaptation E) understanding

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102) Which approach can a company take if they are trying to “shake things up” in their company culture? A) provide role models for newcomers B) orient new employees along with a group of other new employees C) provide hurdles required to be met prior to organizational membership D) use no examples of what an employee is supposed to be like E) constantly remind newcomers they are now part of the group

103)

A common form of training called ________ teaches attendees about the organization. A) person-organization fit B) realistic job previews C) mentoring D) newcomer orientation E) basic underlying assumptions

104)

What is mentoring?

A) a process by which a junior-level employee develops a deep and long-lasting relationship with a more senior-level employee within the organization B) training that gives members actual experience carrying out the responsibilities of their teammates C) training that involves observations of how other team members perform their roles D) the primary process by which employees learn the social knowledge that enables them to understand and adapt to the organization’s culture E) a process where the leader of an organization provides specific instructions and closely supervises the performance of employees

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105) Which of the following tactics is designed to encourage adaptation to the organization’s culture? A) using no examples of what an employee is supposed to be like B) allowing newcomers to interact with current employees while they are being oriented C) allowing organizational membership regardless of whether or not any specific requirements have been met D) orienting new employees in a solitary setting to avoid overwhelming them with both new tasks and new people E) constantly reminding newcomers that they are now part of a group and that this new group helps define who they are

106) Ulrich finishes college with a degree in computer science. One of his favorite aspects of the discipline is that it is a fairly solitary endeavor. In school he got to work on projects by himself with little social interaction, and that is just how he likes it. After accepting a position as a programmer at VitalTech Resources, he is surprised to learn that he is required to s make a weekly progress report in front of the sales and marketing departments. The mere prospect makes him lightheaded and sweaty. He confesses his misgivings to his supervisor, who pairs him up with a more experienced programmer, Alison. She has been making these kinds of reports for years, and tells him not to worry. With Alison’s help, Ulrich is able to feel more confident about making his presentation. He falters a few times during his first attempt, but Alison coaches him on ways to improve, and he is eventually able to confidently deliver a 10-minute report to a room full of 30 people. The arrangement between Alison and Ulrich is an example of A) mentoring. B) acclimation. C) diversity culture. D) newcomer orientation. E) a realistic job preview.

107) Which of the following is a tactic designed to discourage adaptation to the organization’s culture?

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A) providing role models for newcomers B) orienting new employees along with a group of other new employees C) providing hurdles that are required to be met prior to organizational membership D) putting newcomers through orientation apart from current organizational members E) allowing anyone to become a member of the organization without meeting specific requirements

108) Employees transfer knowledge about a company’s culture to other employees through explicit communication, simple observation, and other less obvious means. ⊚ ⊚

true false

109) Observable artifacts supply the primary means of transmitting an organization’s culture to its workforce. ⊚ ⊚

true false

110) Espoused values is another term for enacted values, or how employees consistently act in ways that support those values. ⊚ ⊚

111)

true false

Organizations that have mercenary cultures are likely to be very political. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

112)

A networked culture is low on both solidarity and sociability. ⊚ ⊚

true false

113) Strong cultures are always good cultures as they guide their employees toward the most successful organizational outcomes. ⊚ ⊚

114)

true false

Subcultures unite a smaller subset of the organization’s employees. ⊚ ⊚

true false

115) When the values of subcultures donot match those of the larger organization, the subcultures are known as fragmented cultures. ⊚ ⊚

true false

116) As a college senior, Mason researched many companies before deciding on those he wanted to apply to. He searched particularly for those where the company’s values were in agreement with his personal values, and he didn’t apply to those where they weren’t. Recruiters for the companies he did apply to recommended hiring him partly because they saw Mason’s values as a good fit with the company’s values. When he made his selection, Mason was sure he would enjoy working for the company because it seemed like a perfect fit for him. Mason’s job search reflects the attraction-selection-attrition framework. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

117) Attraction and selection processes donot always align employees’ personalities with organizational culture. ⊚ ⊚

118)

true false

The socialization process continues until the employee leaves the organization. ⊚ ⊚

true false

119) Octavio was excited for his first day on the job at the nail salon. By the end of the day, Octavio realized this job was not at all what he imagined. Octavio is in the understanding and adaptation stage of socialization. ⊚ ⊚

120)

true false

The anticipatory stage of socialization begins the day an employee starts work. ⊚ ⊚

true false

121) When a company is attempting to change its culture, a CEO whose leadership style closely matches the company’s current culture is most effective. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

122)

Job satisfaction is higher and stress is lower when there is a good person-organization fit. ⊚ ⊚

true false

123) When employees feel they fit with their organization’s culture, they are much more likely to develop an emotional attachment to the company. ⊚ ⊚

124)

true false

One of the main advantages of realistic job previews is that they are inexpensive. ⊚ ⊚

true false

125) Formal mentoring programs have always existed in companies, but their use is increasing. ⊚ ⊚

true false

126) Zeynep is the department manager at Claybridge, Inc. Zeynep has created the workspace for her department in a totally open design. There are no walls or cubicles, and everyone— including Zeynep—is in one open room. Zeynep’s choice of workspace represents the observable artifact known as a symbol. ⊚ true ⊚ false

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127) Sobia, the department manager at Starston, Inc., starts every Monday morning with a 45minute department meeting where each member in the department gets 5 minutes to report progress; share stories of success and failure; and seek general input, advice, and information. Foster is responsible for sharing an anecdote, an account, or a legend about the company for every first Monday of the month to keep everyone reminded of where they work and what is important. What Sobia and Foster are doing are parts of the observable artifacts component of physical environment. ⊚ ⊚

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true false

Answer Key Test name: Chap 16_8e_ Colquitt 14) B 15) A 16) E 17) D 18) D 19) D 20) B 21) C 22) C 23) D 24) E 25) D 26) A 27) E 28) B 29) A 30) A 31) A 32) C 33) E 34) D 35) B 36) A 37) E 38) C 39) C Version 1

40) B 41) E 42) A 43) B 44) B 45) A 46) B 47) E 48) C 49) B 50) E 51) D 52) B 53) D 54) C 55) B 56) A 57) A 58) C 59) B 60) A 61) A 62) D 63) A 64) C 65) B 66) A 67) A 68) D 69) B Version 1

70) C 71) C 72) B 73) C 74) D 75) A 76) B 77) E 78) B 79) A 80) E 81) B 82) A 83) A 84) B 85) A 86) B 87) A 88) C 89) A 90) D 91) C 92) D 93) D 94) D 95) B 96) C 97) D 98) E 99) E Version 1

100) C 101) C 102) D 103) D 104) A 105) E 106) A 107) E 108) TRUE 109) TRUE 110) FALSE 111) TRUE 112) FALSE 113) FALSE 114) TRUE 115) FALSE 116) TRUE 117) TRUE 118) FALSE 119) FALSE 120) FALSE 121) FALSE 122) TRUE 123) TRUE 124) FALSE 125) FALSE 126) FALSE 127) TRUE

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