North Side Stories: Brussels North Quarter_Methods in Site Analysis

lines

2.0

côté

Nord

STUDIO FACULTY TEAM

STUDIO PARTICIPANTS

Viviana d’Auria

Abdul Rachid Afande

Racha Daher

Dagim Alemayehu

Erik Van Daele

Genaro Alva Rana Bachir

PROGRAM DIRECTORS

Hongkai Chen

Kelly Shannon

Aline De Bruyne

Bruno De Meulder

Hélène Dorny Khalda El Jack

PUBLICATION EDITORS

Vera Flores

Racha Daher

Habib Ghassemi

Viviana d’Auria

Bilen Girmay Dana Hawi

MORE INFO ?

Mohak Jhawar

MAHS / MAUSP / EMU Master Programs

Eric Kimani Kuria

Department ASRO, KU Leuven Kasteelpark

Romi Bramantyo Margono

Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium

Van Vu Nguyen

Tel: + 32(0)16 321 391

Hala Thalji

Email: info@mahsmausp.be

Solange Uwera Sinae Won

© Copyright by KU Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België). Telefoon +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88.

Cheng Yuhang Diana Zerlina

A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests. All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors (North Side Stories 2.0, Concepts and Analysis, Fall 2018-2019 Studio).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Special thanks to Jeroen Stevens and Bruno De Meulder for putting together a source of relevant methods that we were able to select from.

North Side Stories 2.0 Viviana d’Auria, Racha Daher, and Erik Van Daele

Fall 2018 -2019 Master of Human Settlements, Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning, KU Leuven

METHODS IN SITE ANALYSIS The drawings in this document were produced as part of the Fall 2018 Concepts and Analysis urban design studio, North Side Stories 2.0.

They were produced as part of an analsyis exercise to re-interpret the North Quarter of Brussels using several analytical drawing techniques.

1880

1935

1953

1971

1996

2017

Water Infrastructure | Roads

1880

1935

1953

1971

1996

2017

Railway | Roads | Public Spaces

1880

1935

1953

1971

1996

2017

Typo Morphology

Architecture typologies across the North Quarter.

Cheng Yuhang, Khalda El Jack, Solange Uwera

Busquets, Old Town Barcelona, 2000

The Typo Morphology map is used to highlight the morphology of the built environment within the North Quarter of Brussels. .

Through this study, we closely referenced Busquet’s Old Town Barcelona, 2000, whereby he analyses Barcelona’s Old Town urban fabric highlighting its monuments, open spaces and residential urban tissue.

After analysis of Busquet’s typology breakdown and the different typologies identified by our colleagues within their individual squares, we identified a common language that strongly focused on the architectural typology, with which we derived our first set of types. These different types highlighted a wide range of both architectural and open space typologies.

Given the larger scale of the North Quarter site, as compared to the sample used and the individual magnified scales, our initial rendering of the wide range of typologies reduced the overall impact of the map due to its large amount of detail. This led us to a reevaluation of our typologies whereby we filtered down our different types and grouped them into larger categories in order to create a clearer map, as displayed in Busquet’s. There is a larger focus on architectural typologies, as opposed to the open space, in order to enhance the overall reading of the map and to create a clearer distinction between the typology clusters that surfaced.

Furthermore, having established the different typologies and their distribution across the site, we extracted a density diagram to further delineate the different clusters but, this time, in the vertical axis. The 3D density map, supported by the 2D maps, show the site dissected at 6 different levels, +0, +20 M, +40M +60M, +80M and +100M. This breakdown displays the vertical density concentration in the southern part of the site, where most of the new construction has taken place.

The juxtaposition of typologies across the North Quarter as seen through one of its most controversial editions.

.. .. .. ..

0 50

Row House (Single/Multi Family)

Courtyard Building

Apartment

Tower

Special Cases

Slab

Shed

Major Open Spaces

200

.. .. .. ..

.. .. .. ..

500

Site Densities

Variying Densities Across the North Quarter

Hermann Bollmann, Bird’s eye view map of Midtown Manhattan, New York City, 1963

+0 M

+20 M

+40 M

+60 M

+80 M

+100 M

Valley Section

Brussels North Quarter

Mohak Jhawar, Hala Thalji, Bilen Girmay

Old landscapes and new urbanities 2016: Vancaeyzeele R. en Vandenbrande A.

The main chosen methodology for this particular site analysis on valley sections is the Door het Aanpassen van de oeverwand from Old landscapes and new urbanities 2016: Vancaeyzeele R. en Vandenbrande A. Using this method, the main evolution of sections of the valleys and built forms from the earliest times to the recent ones was attempted to be illustrated. But this wasn’t the only way we chose to demonstrate our analyses.

The Valley Sections of the Study Area ( Brussels North Quarter) A

The Soak method by Mathur, Anuradha and Dilip da Cunha Mathur of showing several sections on a plan has been used to see an overview of only the topographic situation of the whole site. These methods clearly show the gradual changes of the built form, infrastructure and landscape from the pre-war period until recently. Aligning the sections in a column from top to bottom on a base map background helps to clearly see the slopes of the topographies in different areas with distinction.

B

To adapt the method to our sites’ specificity, we have narrowed down our study and reduced the number of sections on a certain area to 5 to show sections of 5 prominent periods (ranges of years) that show major transformations in terms of built structures, infrastructures and landscape situation. The years picked were the ones that showed significant changes. It has been attempted in these analyses to show how the evolution of the train stations, the building and demolishing of buildings, story of the deforestation, construction of the canal, and restructuring of the port area the appearance of the Manhattan plan. *Highlighted Sections in Figure (1) refers to detailed sections in Figure (2).

C

A 1880 1930

1960

1990

2017 B 1895

1944

1971

2007

2017 C 1869

1895

1944

1971

1880

Interscalar Transection

Building Typologies and Urban Tissues System in Brussels North Quarter Habib Ghasemi, Sinae Won, Romi Bramantyo Margono

Row houses in old part of Brussels North Quarter form a regular building tissue

The purpose of this analysis is to structure a set of given building typologies. In here, typologies are used for modeling and screening of characteristics of a superordinate system of Brussels North Quarter, by classifing basic urban spatial units with morphological homogenous character that is defined by characteristic structures and development patterns of buildings and open spaces.

Methodology used for this analysis was referred from “Example on the urban scale: setting up the system between the building type and the building fabric (Griogio Pigafetta, Saverio Muratori Architetto, 1990)�, in which the relation between a unit and the system that it creates is studied by increasing the scale of focus in each stage. Accordingly, a methodology is developed to adopt his work to this dynamic urban fabric of North Quarter. The observation examined the expansion of each building typology that form a neighborhoods through horizontal and vertical network in different scale, which are 1) row network, 2) street network, 3) building block, and 4) tissue.

This analysis shows that desping North Quarter includes various morphologies, only six building typologies including: row houses, apartment, slab buildings, tower, shed, and courtyard building form a tissue or a big building block that could be regarded as a noteable constituent part, while others just remain fragmented and shattered. Only row houses in old residential part of the city form various urban tissues when they are scale up. However, historic changes of infrastructure such as a canal, railways, roads of this area segmented pre-existed urban fabric and created abnormality. Other building typologies included in this analysis such as slab, tower mainly built in newly developed part of the city don’t have certain logics.

While lots of experiments have done for this analysis, only nine cases that form block (or tissue) are found and drawn here. Cases that are expanded within street scale are not included in the presentation.

This analysis explains the urban fabric in North Quarter is very fragmented and scattered which implies lots of diversities and dynamics. As a such the urban tissue is experienced with lots of brakes which in the same time allow different physical, social and cultural realities-sometimes highly contrasting- to co-exist. These fragments with their respective borders are illustrates that provide a more general view of the way that this dynamism forms the quarter in the urban tissue mapping section. In this narrative not only the trajectory of the North Quarter towards `Brusellization` and its aftermath could be read but also the impacts of Brussels moving towards the post-industralization could be traced as it includes the old Senne, Canal and the North Station which were focal points in the story.

Building typologies in Brussels North Quarter

Slab Shed

Apartment

Courtyard Building

Tower

Rainbow Map

Row house

Analysis methodology Regular Irregular

Building Typologies

Row

Street

Block

Tissue

Interscalar Transection Analysis Building Typologies

Row

Street

Block

Tissue

Aerial Photo

Row House (Single family/Multi family) Regular

1 Irregular

Scale 1:1000

2 Irregular

3 Irregular

4

5

Building Typologies

Row

Street

Block

Tissue

Aerial Photo

Apartment Irregular

6 Scale 1:1000

Slab

7 Scale 1:1000

Tower

8 Scale 1:1000

Shed

9 Scale 1:1000

Courtyard building

10 Scale 1:1000

Urban Tissue Mapping

Legend

System 1

System 2

System 3

System 4

System 5

System 6

System 7

System 8

System 9

System 10

Spatial segments of North Quarter Main road networks

Railway and canal

Spatial segments

Old city area Newly develped area_commercial New developed area_residential Industrial area

Shared Spaces

Quartier Nord, Brussels

Rana Bachir, Vera Flores, Hongkai Chen

Brussels North Street Market / Chaussée d’Anvers (Source: markets.brussels.be)

The methodology was a cartographic exploration of the shared spaces, which implied the mapping and the classification of the public spaces as well as the social infrastructures of Brussels Nord. As a model, we use a work developed in Aanneessens, a neighborhood in the center of Brussels that aimed to unravel the material and social infrastructures of the place in order to empower community networks and social cohesion.

This methodology was congruent with the complexity of the site, considering the common presence of a culturally diverse population in a fragmented and unequal urban tissue.

Nonetheless, the specificities of the site were considered, meaning the historic evolution of the district into modernity (“bruxellisation”) and the consequences for the inhabitants and their urban space.

We map the public spaces through research, observation and informal conversations in situ, and tried to read the accessibility, allocate the presence of adequate urban equipment and determine the type of activities display by the inhabitants, in order to generate an adequate classification. In terms of social infrastructure, we map the everyday life spaces as well as social organizations and scenarios trying to elucidate the social “production” of the space (Lefebvre, 1968), which refers to the value of use a social actor (inhabitant) assigned to a particular space, that means recognizing it as an instrument for social, economic, cultural and ludic purposes.

We consider that the method fits its aim.

Nonetheless, its correct application requires urban ethnography and deep individual and collective interviews to explore the spatial temporalities as well as social imaginaries of the inhabitants about their urban spaces. In that matter, we also consider that it’s necessary to extend the scope of the method in order to analyze the social perceptions of the space, in light of the existence of specific ethnic and economic issues related to spatial patterns that are historically present.

References Diez, E., Gonzáles Costas, E., & Pittalis, G. (2018). In Anneessens.

Cartographic & Design Explorations. Leuven: KU Leuven. Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen.

Lefebvre, H. (2002). The right to the city (Vol. 86). Writings on Cities.

“A community is the mental and spiritual condition of knowing that the place is shared, and that the people who share the place define and limit the possibilities of each other’s lives.” _Wendell Berry (Source: vangoce.be)

1. Place Joseph Benoît Willems

2. Place de la Maison Rouge

3.Place Masui

4. Pavillon Station

5. Place Colignon

6. Rue des Palais

7. Chaussée d’Anvers Market

8. Place Gaucheret

9. Rue du Progrès Market

10. Place Liedts

11. Place Lehon

12. Place Solvay

13. Boulevard Simon Bolivar

14. Place du N

15.Place Saint-Lazare

16. Square Victoria Régina

17. Place Charles Rogier

18. Place Sainctelette

19. Place Sainctelette

20. Ribaucourt

22.Ferme du Parc Maximilien

23. Parc Maximilien

24.Parc Maximilien

25. Place des Armateurs

26. Common Space of Foyer Laekenois

27. Parc Maximilien

28. Boulevard Roi Albert II

29. Parc Reine-Verte

30. Au Bord De L’Eau

31. Quai des Usines

32.Avenue de la Reine

33. Botanic Garden

21. Ribaucourt Station

Demonstration

Initiatives

Events

DECAY & RECLAIM Decay of infrastructure, buildings and open spaces in the North quarter of Brussels.

Dagim Megeressa, Diana Zerlina, Hélène Dorny

De Beukelaer, Bosmans, Monteiro, Van den Eynde. (2016). ‘The Proto-Urbanism of Urban Movements’. Mahs-Mausp Thesis.

The methodology chosen to represent decay & reclaim in the North quarter of Brussels was inspired by the analysis made for the Mahs-Mausp Thesis “The Proto-Urbanism of Urban Movements” (De Beukelaer, Bosmans, Monteiro, Van den Eynde). It consists in representing the major changes in a city (Sao Paulo) through maps of representative periods in time. The maps focuses on the decay of buildings and infrastructure - meaning the process whereby the (functioning) city falls into disrepair and decrepitude - and their reclaim for new use. A diagrammatic legend indicating decay and reclaim through formal and insurgent investment illustrates the process through arrows which paths lead to the current state of the urban fabric.

After analyzing this methodology, it was adopted and reinterpretated to illustrate the case of the Brussels North quarter, characterized by it’s urban tissue in dispair : voids, semi-vacant and vacant buildings are the result of major changes made in the infrastructure and outdated projects.

The analysis was made through 4 maps of representative periods in the history of the North quarter. The corresponding diagrams are organized through 3 categories : infrastructure, building, open spaces.

Since the evolution of the infrastructure, buildings and open spaces are closely linked to each other, the arrows cross paths.

Results of the analysis :

Diagrammatic legend illustrating decay & reclaim of infrastructure, buildings and open spaces .

Infrastructure water / major axis (roads) / the railway, metro and tram infrastructures enlarging of roads > destruction of housing > new infrastructure Buildings built tissue of the North quarter housing > destruction (void) > reconstruction > verticalization (tower) > vacancy and housing > constant expansion of the city Open spaces greenery / the voids “on hold” in the urban tissue nature > development of the urban tissue on the existing nature > design of arranged gardens and parcs > expansion of the urban tissue > destruction of buildings > spaces left as voids

1555 : Topography, natural waterways, construction of the Willebroeck canal, marshlands and urban tissue. The North quarter is located on the alluvial area of the Senne.

1865 - 1935 : First train stations (AllÊe Verte and later the North Station). The construction of the boulevards of the center and buildings based on the Haussmann’s model for Paris lead to destruction of the urban tissue inherited of the medieval period. The first tramway infrastructure is developed. The urban tissue expands outside the pentagon.

1935 - 1980 : North-South junction, implementation of the Manhattan plan (plan : 53 hectares) and major destruction of the existing urban tissue in the North quarter. The economic crisis puts the project on hold. Great number of empty urban blocks. Development of the metro infrastructure.

1980 - 2018 : The economic revival leads to the construction of more towers (office, administrative) separated by disproportionated open spaces. Today, an important number of them are vacant or semi-vacant, the open-spaces underused, leading to temporary occupations in some cases. In the housing tissue, vacancy is also observed.

Agendas

What’s on the Agenda of Brussels North’s Stakeholders?

Genaro Alva Zevallos, Abdul Rachid Afande, Aline De Bruyne

Reference: ‘The Government of Agro-Industrial System’ - An Atlas of Agendas

Throughout the history of cities, these have been planned following the urbanist logic of the moment. However, there is an important factor in planning that is not well known, but that plays a very important role in the design of cities: the agendas.

We understand by Agenda a set of topics that will be treated by different actors in a certain sector. So we have for example political, social, economic agendas, etc.

Brussels is an important case, since it has a central role in Europe, it presents diverse agendas that seek to impose one on another, which causes the urban actors with greater power to be those who define the issues to be developed in the city.

To understand the different powers in the city, we took three example, each of them representing Stakeholders and each approaching their goals differently. The first, Vluchtelingenwerk Vlaanderen, is a bottom-up ngo involved in asylum and migration issues in Brussels and all of Belgium. Secondly, we chose, Pad Max (Pad Maximiliaan Vergote), an in-between development plan to revitalize the area around Maximiliaanpark and the Vergote bassin.

Our last example is, Extensa, a real estate developper commited to creating urban communities.

We can conclude with a final question; “Does it mean that ‘The perfect Agenda’ is evenly influencial in the four stakeholder groups or is each agenda specific and does it require different kinds of engagement from the different stakeholders?”

MARKET

CREATIVE SOCIETY

We divided the Society of Stakeholders into four categories to analyze the examples in a similar way; State, Creative Society, Civil Society and Market. Each example has been explained extensively, stating all important factors of their agenda within Brussels North. We placed these factors in different graphical logo’s to create a common language for the three examples. The three different diagrams were concluded in a spider diagram (right). This ‘Agenda-Meter’ shows us the level of influence for each example in the different stakeholder groups. It shows us the strengths and weaknesses of each example.

As you can see some are more ‘complete’ or evenly present in all the groups.

STATE

CIVIL SOCIETY

THE ‘AGENDA METER’: Level of influence of the four stakeholder groups for each example.

STATE

TIVE SOCIE A E

TY

CR

MARKET

C

TOURS & TAXIS

L SOCIET Y IVI

Agendas of Brussels North used in the three following examples.

VLUCHTELINGENWERK VLAANDEREN BOTTOM UP

LEGEND

HO STOP GIVING FOOD !!!

LINK

STOP GIVING SHELTER !!!

CONFLICT FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

INSTITUTION

SECRETARY OF STATE FOR ASYLUM AND MIGRATION

INDIVIDUAL

MIGRATION HUB

RELOCATE IMMIGRANTS

QUOTE / MINDSET

PROJECT / INITIATIVE

MARKET

STOP GIVING SHELTER !!!

POLICY

FUNDING

STARTPUNT

FOOD + SHELTER = BASIC RIGHTS

AGENDA METER STATE

PRIVATE COMPANIES /ORGANISATIONS

MARKET

CREATIVE SOCIETY

CIVIL SOCIETY

S A

STATE FEDERAL POLICE + LOCAL POLICE

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

BRUSSELS CAPITAL REGION

FEDERAL MINISTER OF OME AFFAIRS AND SECURITY

BRUSSELS CITY MINISTER-PRESIDENT

SECRETARY OF STATE FOR ASYLUM AND MIGRATION

FIRST ALDERMAN OF DEMOGRAPHY

ANTI-MIGRATION POLITICS

INCREASE CONTROLS

RELOCATE IMMIGRANTS

MIGRATION HUB

STOP INFLUX OF PEOPLE

VLUCHTELINGENWERK VLAANDEREN + CIRE WALLONIA

VOLUNTEERS

INDIVIDUALS

CIVIL SOCIETY

HUMAN RIGHTS !!!

CREATIVE SOCIETY

PAD MAXIMILIAN VERGOTE SOMETHING IN BETWEEN

R

LEGEND LINK

CONTRAT D RENOVATIO URBAINE

FUTURE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

INSTITUTION

SECRETARY OF STATE FOR ASYLUM AND MIGRATION

INDIVIDUAL

MIGRATION HUB

RELOCATE IMMIGRANTS

QUOTE / MINDSET

PROJECT / INITIATIVE

MARKET

STOP GIVING SHELTER !!!

POLICY

FUNDING

PROFIT

AGENDA METER WHO WANTS TO INVEST??

STATE

MARKET

CREATIVE SOCIETY

CIVIL SOCIETY

STATE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

BRUSSELS CAPITAL REGION

REVITALISATION URBAINE.BRUSSELS

DE ON

CONTRATS DE QUARTIERS DURABLES

PORT.BRUSSELS

MASTERPLAN DU PORT

PERSPECTIVE.BRUSSELS

PLAN CANAL

PAD MAX 2.0

ENQUETE

WHAT’S POSSIBLE WITH THIS BUDGET??

3 SCENARIO’S

PAD MAX 3.0

PAD MAX FINAL

INDIVIDUALS

CIVIL SOCIETY

IMPLEMENTATION

JOBS, HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES, REVITALIZATION

1010 AU

CREATIVE SOCIETY

PRE - PAD MAX

2016 living exp government of brussels + € 43,939 / 4 days = €10

EXTENSA

MIPIM (Cannes) / REALTY BRUSSELS

TOP-DOWN

Tours&Taxis 370 000 m2

€ 30 millio

2015

LEGEND make the land profitable!!!

LINK € 1 billion

X33

CONFLICT / OPPOSING INSTITUTION

BUSINESS LAW FIRM

ALLIANCES

SECRETARY OF STATE FOR ASYLUM AND MIGRATION

INDIVIDUAL

STOP GIVING SHELTER !!!

MIGRATION HUB

RELOCATE IMMIGRANTS

advance payment of the site!!!

“REAL STATE URBAN Give the City Keys to Real

QUOTE / MINDSET

MARKET

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

no financial risk!!!

PROJECT / INITIATIVE

POLICY

FUNDING

EXTENSA

ROYAL WARE HOUSE

2003 PLA

commercial visio the site

AGENDA METER STIBBE

STATE

MARKET

CREATIVE SOCIETY

CIVIL SOCIETY

The activities that are planned have nothing to do with the neighborhood It is feared that Tour and Taxis will become a luxury site, while this area is part of a popular neighborhood

STATE

penses + 3 collaborators 0,984.75 / day

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

2098.58 m2 housing agreenents (31 units) â‚Ź 1906.05 / m2

PARLIAMENT

OIP

SLRB

SAU

NVA

CITYDEV

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT

SECRETARY OF STATE

Is it social?

MINISTER PRESIDENT

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

ons

PS PPT

MR

PUBLIC AMBITIONS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PRIVATE

ECOLO

2017

DECREE “URBAN PLANNING CHARGES�

â‚Ź 3.6 millions / year

min: 15% average houses

AN

on of

â‚Ź 4 millions subsidized housing

2008 PLAN min: 20% social housing min: 30% average houses

BEL BUILDING

2009-2014

2010 PPAS

2015 PPAS

2016 PPAS

permission to build in the middle of the ground were initially part of the park was to be built

min: 0% social housing min: 30% average houses

18500 m2 commercial 37000 m2 community

37000 m2 commercial 18500 m2 community

HERMAN TEIRLINCK min: >3% average houses

par he

in t ed pat g tici raftin d

BUSINESS LAW FIRM

URBAN PLANNING LAW ADVISER

PRIVATE SECTOR

Defended the promoters of Tour & Taxis while working for the Public Sector

NEIGHBORHOOD COMMITTEES

COMMUNITY

CIVIL SOCIETY

CREATIVE SOCIETY

NISM� VISION l Estate Developers

TERRITORIAL DEVELOPEMNT

BRUSSELS CAPITAL REGION

PUBLIC SECTOR

Why so cheap?

REFERENCES 1. Bureau D’Etudes. (2014). An Atlas of Agendas. Heliosphere.

2. Busquets, J., Correa, F., & Valenzuela, L. (2004). Bringing the Harvard Yards to the river.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard Design School.

3. Busquets, J., Abella, M., Guillamet, E., and Fuster, J. (2003). Ciutat Vella, ciutat construida: Promoció Ciutat Vella, 1988-2002. Vilanova i la Geltrú: El Cep i la Nansa.

4. Busquets, J., & Correa, F. (2005). New Orleans: Strategies for a city in soft land. S.l.: Harvard University Graduate School of Design.

5. Busquets, J., & Correa, F. (2009). Maastricht urban surplus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Graduate School of Design.

6. Caminos, H., Turner, J. F., & Steffian, J. A. (1969). Urban dwelling environments: An elementary survey of settlements for the study of design determinants. Cambridge (Mass.): The MIT Press.

7. De Beukelaer, Bosmans, Monteiro, Van den Eynde. (2016). ‘The Proto-Urbanism of Urban Movements’. Mahs-Mausp Thesis.

8. Diez, Gonzales Costas & Pittalis. (2017). ‘In Anneessens. Cartographic and Design Explorations’.

Mahs-Mausp Thesis.

9. Lehrman, B. (2011). SOAK: Mumbai in an Estuary (review). Landscape Journal: design, planning, and management of the land 30(2), 315-317. University of Wisconsin Press.

10. Pigafetta, G. (1990). Saverio Muratori architetto: Teoria e progetti. Venezia: Marsilio.160

Brussels