TRANSITION + THRESHOLD
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
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SITE | EXPLORATIONS, ITERATIONS
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REPOPULATING THE IN-BETWEEN
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STREET EXTEND
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CLOISTER | COURTYARD |CONSTELLATION
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A HISTORY OF CONTAINMENT
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THRESHOLD | FRAME
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PEDAGOGY | PROGRAMME
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CUTTING + REVEALING
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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FINAL PRESENTATION
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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APPENDIX
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2
INTRODUCTION
This thesis is an investigation into the in-between space. I am interested in the most apparent interpretation of the interstitial realm; how the gaps in our built environment define spatial layers, articulating thresholds between public and private, inside and outside. Moments for pause and reflection, dynamic perception. In between spaces also have a social role, in their greatest manifestations they can create gestures of inclusion, shared spaces that foster community integration and cohesion. School has a unique position in a person’s life, it forms a temporal threshold between infancy and adulthood and thus provides an perfect medium for exploring this thesis. The annual theme of the school of architecture, “Inherited Landscape”, also has resonances with this exploration as designing within existing fabric already implies an inbetween space; gaps between old and new, past and present.
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SITE | EXPLORATIONS, ITERATIONS
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SITE 1 | NORTH STRAND
The first site investigated is at the intersection of North Strand road and East wall road adjacent to the Tolka river and Fairview park. The context is that of an urban village, close to the city but contained and self sufficient. A strong sense of identity is created by the intersection of routes; road, river and train. Following a number of studies the site proved to be too large and open to be an effective medium for an exploration of the in-between space.
site sketch [Author]
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site sections [Author]
site plan [Author] 6
SITE 2 | BUCKINGHAM STREET
The next site was the result of a search for interstitial spaces in the dense fabric of Dublin’s inner city; finding a function for the forgotten, space in the void. By linking the currently dilapidated Aldborough House to the Fire Station Art Studios via Hewardine terrece a route is created, a campus that is greater than the sum of its parts. However the size and dispersion of these spaces resulted in the site being unsuitable for a school brief considering the need for open play space and ancillary facilities.
context drawing highlighting educational institutions [Author] 7
route section [Author]
site plan [Author]
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SITE 3 | SEAN MACDERMOTT STREET
The site chosen for the school design is on Sean Mac Dermott street again in Dublin’s north inner city. It was occupied by the Magdalene Asylum run by the sisters of Charity of Refuge since from approximately 1877 until it was closed as the last Magdalene Laundry in Ireland in 1996. The site has an interesting combination of building remnants and open space. Its size and aspect is appropriate for a school brief and it presents the complex challenge of creating a new identity for a building with an oppressive history.
site photo [Author]
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context drawing [Author]
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REPOPULATING THE IN-BETWEEN
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initial spatial study 1 [Author]
specific work spaces such as studios for art create stimulating environments and movement through the school 12
initial spatial study 2 [Author]
elements of transition such as stairs become spaces for interaction, performance and casual learning 13
initial spatial study 3 [Author]
an internal street allows students to showcase and display their work, strengthening school pride and identity 14
initial spatial study 4 [Author]
this “street� can also foster community inclusion by becoming a space for markets and social interaction 15
STREET EXTEND
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[REFERENCE] UNIVERSITA LUIGI BOCCONI, MILAN GRAFTON ARCHITECTS By extending the street into the body of the school education and community become interlinked; children can actively and socially engage with other members of society and outside school hours the space is inhabited and used for community meetings, night classes, sports and other activities The ground floor of the Universita Luigi Bocconi in Milan is public space which, “reaches out to the city and beckons the visitor into the heart of the interior.”
1
The ground floor mediates between the life of the city and the life of the University through a series of spatial movements from street (public) to the offices hovering above (private). This series of thresholds creates spatial richness and diverse inhabitation, it becomes, “ a city in miniature”.
PRIVATE
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PUBLIC [diagram: Author. project: Grafton Architects]
1. O’Regan, J and Dearey, N (Ed.) (2009) New Irish Architecture. 24, AAI Awards Kinsale : Gandon Editions 2. Ibid. 17
[diagram: Author. project: Grafton Architects] study model: public | private + routes.
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CLOISTER | COURTYARD | CONSTELLATION
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[REFERENCE] L’ABBAYE DU THORONET The school design has been largely influenced by a study of abbeys and monasteries. The cloister plan creates a calm and clear route around a central garden, creating a threshold between the interior and exterior worlds. In le Thoronet there is a covered external walkway with spaces within this thickened threshold to sit and pause looking towards the garden. A secondary route on top of the covered arcade allows for external circulation on the upper level, open to the sky.
Ground floor plan. Fujimoto, Sou (2008)The Cistercian Abbey of Le Thoronet. A + U: Architecture and urbanism
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Sections. Fujimoto, Sou (2008)The Cistercian Abbey of Le Thoronet. A + U: Architecture and urbanism
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Image courtesy of Jonathan Janssens 22
Image courtesy of Jonathan Janssens 23
fig. 19
study model: classroom section + garden. [Author]
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[REFERENCE] HACKESCHE HOEFE, BERLIN The Hackeshe Hoefe are a series of courtyards off a busy street in the centre of Berlin. They provide a pedestrian terrain away from the noise of traffic and create a knitted pattern of shops, cafes and a cinema. The route through is hinted at by glimpses into the next court, they become sequentially more calm and serene until you reach the trees and water of the graveyard at the other end. This underlines the motif of a hidden garden, an oasis of green that is glimpsed but never fully revealed
solid | void | route study drawing [Author] 25
Hackeshe Hoefe [Author] 26
hidden garden concept drawing 1 [Author]
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hidden garden concept drawing 2 [Author]
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[REFERENCE] ROMA CENTRE FOR CONTEMPORARY ARTS CARUSO ST JOHN Also influenced by monastery plans, Caruso St. John describe their centre for contemporary arts in terms of constellations; emerging as a balance of forces rather than through a finite set of forms. Existing structures 1
on site are preserved, augmented and demolished where appropriate, the serial industrial aesthetic of the barracks is engaged with but there is not a deliberate distinction made between old and new construction. The juxtaposition of the different elements creates an exciting spatial diversity and expresses the history and culture of the city in a way that would not be possible in a completely new building. This painterly method of overlaying new and old provided hints to working within the existing context of the Convent. The buildings should be thoroughly understood and analysed; allowed to express their voice without being overly precious about formal consistencies or historical delineations.
Model: Caruso St. John
1. Caruso St. John. (2000) Roma Centre for Contemporary Arts. A + T 29
Ground floor plan: Caruso St. John
Section: Caruso St. John
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[model: Author project: Caruso St. John]
structure + light study model
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UNCANNY REPRESSION | A HISTORY OF CONTAINMENT
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THE MAGDALENE ASYLUM
The Magdalene Asylum was an institution founded as one of many in Britain and Ireland as part of the Female Penitentiary Movement in the 19th Century. The first Magdalene Asylum was established in Dublin in 1767. The movement was founded in England, “for the rescue reclamation and protection of betrayed and fallen women”. It was to provide temporary shelter 1
for prostitutes, abused women and girls or unmarried mothers mostly of the lower social classes, with the objective to give them rest, hygiene, food, work and enough education to take up work outside prostitution, mostly as domestic servants. While the Magdalene Asylums were founded and initially managed by lay people most institutions in Ireland were taken over by catholic orders during the middle of the 19th century. The Order of Our Lady of Charity of Refuge was founded in France in 1666 under the rule of the Augustinian Order. “As well as poverty, chastity and obedience, the nuns took a fourth vow, which obliged them to labour for the conversion of penitent women.” They ran the biggest 2
Magdalene Institutions in Ireland and enforced strict rules which were still enforced until well into the second half of 19th Century. These rules included complete silence during work, at mealtime and in the dormitories, cutting or shaving of hair, none or only limited contacts with families, assigning of new names to the inmates, long hours of prayers and devotion, very limited education. Under the management of the Sisters the Magdalene Homes often developed into long term homes for the penitents.
1. Finnegan, F (2001) Do penance or perish : a study of Magdalen asylums in Ireland. Piltown, Co. Kilkenny : Congrave Press 2. Ibid. 33
As in the Convent of the Sisters of Charity of Refuge on Sean Mac Dermott Street Lower, the women worked mostly in laundries. These commercial laundries were often the main support of the Convents, the Sisters had therefore an interest to keep the institutions well staffed. The women were ‘brought‘ to the institutions primarily by priests or relatives, mostly illegally. However the majority of the women would have been either too young or not well enough educated to be aware of their legal status. Some women spent the majority of their adult life in the homes. Estranged from their families, friends and let down by society, they became increasingly institutionalised and died eventually in the care of the nuns. The laundries gradually became less viable due to the introduction of domestic washing machines and the changing of social values in Ireland. The Laundry on Sean Mac Dermott street was closed in 1996 as the last remaining Magdalene Laundry in Ireland.
Magdalene “penitents” participating in a Corpus Christi Procession on Sean Mac Dermott street in 1950s. [J.M. Smith 2007] 34
[REFERENCE] LETTERFRACK FURNITURE COLLEGE O’ DONNELL + TUOMEY A building with a similar history of institutional cruelty was St. Joseph’s industrial school in Letterfrack Co. Galway, opened in 1887 by the Christian Brothers for boys who had committed minor criminal offences or who were destitute or homeless. The boys provided free labour for local businesses and suffered much violence and abuse at the hands of the Brothers. After the Brothers left the building in 1973 it was taken over by a community group involved in education and development and the building needed to be altered to fit its new purpose. O’ Donnell + Tuomey’s design incorporates the existing buildings and also creates new purpose built structures. The institutional rigidity is relieved by creating a new axis off centre and views out are created by lowering the windows. The new structures 1
have a language of their own but work with the existing volumes to create a new entrance forecourt. The design is strongly informative for the school project on Sean Mac Dermott Street. Without turning its back on history or context, the furniture college creates a new and positive image for the institutional building; through a combination of minor interventions, new building and the creation of rich urban spaces the building is reborn, becoming a symbol of the positive forces of community and education.
1. O’Donnell & Tuomey Architects (2004)Transformation of an institution : the Furniture College, Letterfrack, : Ireland’s Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. Oysterhaven, Kinsale : Gandon Editions 35
Model: O’ Donnell + Tuomey Architects
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THE UNCANNY
The Uncanny is a specific type of fear, a paradox that combines the familiar with the fearful. Freud describes it as the return of the repressed. The culture of 1
containment associated with the Magdalene Laundry has resonances with this particular type of horror; society was aware of the atrocities being committed but deliberately tried to repress this distasteful version of reality. The laundry and dormitory buildings were destroyed in a fire in 2006 but the remaining convent buildings still retain the vestiges of its past, with its powerful presence on the street and high walls to hide the world within it is like a manifestation of the Uncanny space. This is a valuable dialectical tool in trying to alleviate these inherent cultural and physical fears. By revealing a new interior, a garden, the sounds and songs of children playing and learning, the Uncanny fears are pin-pricked, light is shed on the dark and repressed void.
1. Freud, S. (1919) The Uncanny
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nun’s cell. convent building.[Author]
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corridor convent building. [Author]
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gaps in wall sketch. railway street.[Author]
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POCHE + SPANDREL | INHABITED VOID
The Uncanny also has associations with doubling and dual hidden worlds. Stairs create this duality; always 1
simultaneously creating a positive and negative space. IBy acknowledging this spatial reality and inhabiting this void, spaces to hide, dark and exciting spaces can be created in the poche or in-between spaces. “In architecture the prototypical spandrel is the triangular space “left over” on top when a rectangular wall is pierced by a passageway capped with a rounded arch. By extension a spandrel is any geometric configuration of space inevitably left over as a consequence of other architectural decisions. Thus the space between the floor and the first step of a staircase or the horizontal course between the lintels of a horizontal line of windows and the bottom of the row of windows on the floor just above are also called spandrels.”
2
The renewal or refurbishment of an existing structure such as the convent building is full of opportunities to investigate the potentials of these “spandrels”; the gaps between new and old, adapted consequences of previous design decisions, the space in the shutter box of a sash window. The motif of spandrels informs the detailed design of inhabited in-between spaces throughout the school design.
1. Freud, S. (1919) The Uncanny 2. Gould, S (1997) The Exaptive Excellence of Spandrels as a Term and Prototype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 41
attic of convent building.[Author]
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stairs sketch [Author]
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[Author]
“secret” hidden spots for a quiet read
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[Author]
den with ball pool and periscope for covert spying
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[Author]
perspective: stairs + library
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[Author]
detail: storage boxes in steps 47
SITE | MORPHOLOGY
Sean Mac Dermott Street formerly known as Gloucester Street (renamed in 1933), formed part of the Gardiner Estate and was developed from 1760 by Luke Gardiner II as part of the expansion of North Dublin in the 18th Century which included Mountjoy Square, Upper and Lower Gardiner Street, Beresford Place, South of Summerhill and Rutland Street. Luke Gardiner II contributed to the development until his death at the 1798 Battle of New Ross. Most of his estate was sold off by 1848 and a number of the buildings of the estate were converted into tenements. What had been a fashionable living area around Gardiner Street gradually developed into one of the worst slums of Dublin. By the end of the nineteenth century most of the terraced Georgian houses were converted into tenements.
1756
Roque’s map from 1756 shows Great Martin’s Lane which would later become Mecklenburgh Street and Railway Street. Further west on Marlborough Street the site for St. Thomas church is already visible which was planned as visual axis for Gloucester Street.
1773
Shows the beginning extension of the Gardiner estate to the east.
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1811
1847
Shows the extent of the development of the Gardiner Estate to the east of the city.
Shows the first buildings of the Magdalene Asylum on Mecklenburgh Street Lower. Remnants of the external wall towards now Railway Street is still in place. The building was later used as part of the laundry complex. The original Dispensary building on Mecklenburgh Street Lower is also in place. The rear buildings at Palace Yard were only removed in 2006.
1889
Shows the extension of the Magdalene Asylum towards Gloucester Street Lower. The first part of the Convent building is already in place together with the dormitory designed between 1868 and 1874. The laundry was positioned to the rear. The drying posts for the laundry are shown in the Convents Yard.
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1909
Shows the expansion of the Magdalene Asylum since 1888. The Convent building was extended along Gloucester Street Lower with a Convent Chapel to the rear for the Sisters of Our Lady of Charity who took over the Asylum in 1877. The former Palace Yard with the new ‘Dispensary’ building at Lower Tyrone Street (renamed from Mecklenburgh Street Lower, subsequently renamed Railway Street) was now part of the Asylum. The laundry buildings have also expanded towards the inner of the yard.
1936
One of the last major developments to the Magdalene Asylum is the extension of the Convent building along now Sean Mac Dermott Street Lower (renamed from Gloucester Street Lower) sometime after 1909. The buildings on Railway Street opposite the laundry have been demolished probably to make way for the Liberty House complex built in 1938/39.
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b u i l t
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o r d e r
construction period
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1909-1936 1868-1874
2 1888
ground floor plan
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( m i r r o r e d )
building phases diagram [Author] 51
folded elevations to courtyard. existing [Author] 52
chapel interior [Author]
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THRESHOLD | FRAME
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ENTRANCE
The entrance to a school is a critical element in defining its presence and ethos. It should create a civic gesture of inclusion while at the same time defining the school’s territory. It should describe the world within; encouraging entry with light and view. The entrance of Trinity College Dublin creates a sequence of layered thresholds. It begins with a gap between footpath and door, after entering through the large wooden doors you are in an octagonal space that is inside but feels external due to materiality and wind flowing through, there is a clear view of trees, lawns and the cloistered world outside. From here you decide whether to continue into the courtyard or to move laterally via the inside space either side. The richness comes from a certain ambiguity between inside and outside, public and private and a layering of framed views and space. This defining of frame is reminiscent of Edward Hopper paintings where there is an implied gap between frame and viewer. Looking through the doors of Trinity you are initially unaware of the interstitial gap or frame between the two external worlds. Similarly when we look at Hopper’s characters through the frame of a window, invisible space is created between the two frames. The Whitney museum in New York creates spatial stratification in the vertical plane. From the footpath and the sheltered entrance bridge there are views to a terrace below, belonging to the more private territory of the museum; it can only be accessed from the world within. The entrance of the school should create layers of movement between the public life of the street and the private inner world of the school. Subtle mediations between inside and outside. 55
[Author]
trinity college. entrance study 56
fig. 47 Room in New York (1932) Edward Hopper 57
Whitney study [model: Author project: Marcel Breuer]
Image courtesy of the Whitney Musuem of Modern Art
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[Author]
entrance study. relief model.
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[Author]
subtraction | addition. elevation studies.
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PEDAGOGY | PROGRAMME
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EDUCATIONAL THEORY
The design is influenced by a number of studies on pedagogy. Rudolf Steiner proposed a curriculum focused on the individual child proposing that different types of learning such as art or music require different spaces. He also had specific instructions as to differing classroom designs depending on different age groups. Ken Robinson identifies a tendency in contemporary education towards job readiness at the expense of creativity. The Reggio Emilia method stresses the importance of the school as civic space and a central piazza forms the social heart of the school, a non-hierarchical space for meetings and group activities. Maria Montessori created a way of learning that focused on a more tactile approach, there is a strong focus on learning through play and building. The conclusion was for a school with flexible spaces for different types of learning; workshops, art rooms and gardens for growing and experiencing nature.
MĂźller, T & Schneider, R (Eds.) (2002) Montessori : Lehrmaterialien 1913-1935, MĂśbel und Architektur = Teaching materials 1913-1935, furniture and architecture Munich ; London : Prestel
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BRIEF ANALYSIS
To develop a programme our thesis group analysed the schedule of accommodation of a number of schools. I looked at the Department of Education repeat design school and compared in to two very compact designs; the Ranelagh Multidenominational School by O’ Donnell + Tuomey in Dublin and the Open Air School by Duiker and Bijvoet in the Netherlands. The conclusion was that despite the small footprint of the two school, provision was made for external sheltered space, areas to learn and play outside and that this is completely absent from the Department of Education school.
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Department of Education Standard School
St. Benedict’s National School Ongar, Dublin 15
Admin - Toilets, Offices, Changing rooms
Recreation - 2 X Ball Courts + Yard
Outdoor - Balcony spaces N/A
Communal - Dining area’s / Play area’s
Circulation - Hallways
2,214sqm 304 7.3sqm Primary 80sqm
Ancillary - Library
General Classrooms (16X 80sqm)
Total Floor Area: Number of Pupils: m2 per pupil: School Type: Typical Classroom size:
Brief study [diagram: Author project: Dept. of Education]
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Open Air School, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Johannes Duiker and Bernard Bijvoet
Admin - Offices, Staff
Outdoor - Balcony spaces
Communal - Entrance Hall
Circulation - Hallways
Recreation - Courtyard of perimeter block
1620sqm 220 7.36sqm Primary 76sqm
Ancillary - Music, Science, Library, Lecture Rooms N/A
General Classrooms (16X 80sqm)
Total Floor Area: Number of Pupils: m2 per pupil: School Type: Typical Classroom size:
Brief study [diagram: Author project: Duiker + Bijvoet]
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Ranelagh Multidenominational School, Dublin 6 O’ Donnell Tuomey Architects
Admin - Toilets, Offices, Staff
Recreation - Yard
Outdoor - Balcony spaces
Communal - Dining area’s / Play area’s
Circulation - Hallways
1142sqm 250 4.6sqm Primary 70sqm
Ancillary - Library
General Classrooms (16X 80sqm)
Total Floor Area: Number of Pupils: m2 per pupil: School Type: Typical Classroom size:
Brief study [diagram: Author project: O’Donnell + Tuomey]
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classroom studies; inbetween + sheltered external spaces [Author]
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B R I E F.
S C HOOL 1 6 X Clas s ro o ms 8 X80 G e n eral Office P r i n ciples O ffice S ta ff R o o m S ta ff W/C H o me s ch o o l liais on | breakfast club H a ll P R AC TIC AL | SH ARE D A r t R oo m M e tal | Wo o d Works h o p M u sic | Drama R o o m K i tc h en an d s t ore [ wit h access to growing p lots] L i brary [ part o f circu lat ion] C h a n gin g roo ms & W C S h o wers S port s E qu ipmen t St ora ge
sq m 1280 16 16 50 12 50 200 [1624] 100 120 80 120 70 60 12 50 [612]
+Circu lat ion 2 0 % 4 2 9
429
T OTAL IN TE RN AL
[2595]
E X T E RN AL SPAC E 5 - a s ide foo t ball pit ch 16X 27 432sq m v e r t ical g arden s 8X40 400 ro of playgrou n d 50 0 [ 1 3 32 s qm]
432 400 500 [1332]
T OTAL
3927
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CUTTING + REVEALING
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Conical Interesct. (1975) Gordon Matta-Clark.
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INTERSECT
In order to develop a visual link between street and garden and to define a forecourt and entrance hall a cut is made through the section of the building with the greatest dilapidation and fire damage; in the centre. This creates a space between new and old, revealing and connecting. Matta Clark’s “Conical Intersect” project was an interesting reference; by cutting through a building in a working class area in Paris he reveals the nature of the interior and also creates a view through to the Pompidou Centre then under construction.
cut + reveal concept model [Author]
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existing demolition
ground floor plan existing. scale 1:500
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existing demolition
first floor plan existing. scale 1:500
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existing demolition
second floor plan existing. scale 1:500
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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concept model: juxtaposing and offsetting volumes creating routes, connections and external spatial variations [Author]
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arranging volumes to define central court [Author]
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massing sketch [Author]
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massing model [Author]
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plan strategy sketches [Author]
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context model [Author]
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13
section strategy sketches [Author]
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1 . sc ho o l e nt r a nc e 2 . ha l l e nt r a nc e 3 . l i b r a r y z o ne
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w o r k sho p p r i nc i p l e ’s o ff i c e g e ne r a l o ff i c e st a ff ro o m ho m e sc ho o l l i a i s o n ro o m
9 . ha l l 1 0 . c l a ssro o m 1 1 . se nso r y g a rd e n 1 2 . 5 -a si d e p i t c h 1 3 . sp o r t c e nt re
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ground floor plan development [Author]
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first floor plan development [Author]
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p l a nt nur se r y k i t c he n a nd c o o k e r y c l a ssro o m m usi c ro o m a r t ro o m
P L A N
first floor plan development [Author]
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section development. entrance hall [Author]
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section development. classroom [Author]
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FINAL PRESENTATION
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ground floor plan. nts. [Author] 89
second floor plan. nts. [Author]
first floor plan. nts. [Author] 90
section thru courtyard. nts. [Author] 91
entrance hall [Author] 92
circulation/workspace [Author] 93
stairs/library[Author] 94
section thru courtyard - sports hall. nts. [Author] 95
section thru existing- courtyard - classrooms. nts. [Author] 96
classroom study. nts. [Author] 97
view from railway street. [Author] 98
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bachelard, G. (1969) The poetics of space. Boston : Beacon Press. Caruso, A (2009) The feeling of things : escritos de arquitectura. Barcelona : Ediciones Poligrafa Ceppi, G & Zini, M. (Eds.) Children, spaces, relations : metaproject for an environment for young children. Reggio Emilia : Reggio Children Christian, S (Ed.) (2003) Building in existing fabric : refurbishment, extensions, new design Basel : Birkhäuser. Chipperfield, D. (2004)1998 /2004 Madrid : El Croquis Finnegan, F (2001) Do penance or perish : a study of Magdalen asylums in Ireland. Piltown, Co. Kilkenny : Congrave Press Freud, S. (1919) The Uncanny Fujimoto, Sou (2008) The Cistercian Abbey of Le Thoronet. A + U: Architecture and urbanism Giebeler, G (2009) Refurbishment manual. London : Springer. Gould, S (1997) The Exaptive Excellence of Spandrels as a Term and Prototype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 Müller, T & Schneider, R (Eds.) (2002) Montessori : Lehrmaterialien 1913-1935, Möbel und Architektur = Teaching materials 1913-1935, furniture and architecture Munich ; London : Prestel Lee, P (2000) Object to be destroyed : the work of Gordon Matta-Clark Cambridge, Mass. ; London : MIT Press O’Donnell & Tuomey Architects (2004) Transformation of an institution : the Furniture College, Letterfrack. Ireland’s Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. Oysterhaven, Kinsale : Gandon Editions
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O’Regan, J and Dearey, N (Ed.) (2009) New Irish Architecture. 24, AAI Awards Kinsale : Gandon Editions Stoller, E (2000) The Whitney Museum of American Art / photographs by Ezra Stoller ; preface by Maxwell Anderson ; introduction by K. Michael Hays New York : Princeton Architectural Press Smith, J (2007) Ireland’s Magdalen Laundries and the nation’s architecture of containment Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame Press Troyen, C (2007) Edward Hopper. London : Thames & Hudson Venturi, R (1966) Complexity and contradiction in architecture. New York : Chicago : Museum of ModernArt ; Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts Žižek, S. (2010) Living in the end times. London : Verso Zumthor, P. (2006) Atmospheres : architectural environments - surrounding objects. Basel : Birkhauser Verlag
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