patronage of the great philosopher Aristotle, whom he hired as a tutor for his son Alexander.

Page: 95

44. Where in the Hellenistic world did Greek technology, science, and medicine attain its greatest achievements? 45. Bactria 46. Ptolemaic Alexandria 47. Pergamum 48. Seleucia Answer: b

Page: 96

45. The Hellenistic thinker who proposed a heliocentric theory of the relationship of the earth and planets was 46. Eratosthenes of Cyrene. 47. Euclid. 48. Aristarchus of Samos. 49. Archimedes of Syracuse. Answer: c

Page: 96

46. Expertise in which of the following helped to aid Ptolemaic advances in medicine? 47. mummification 48. Hippocrates’ four humors 49. heliocentric theory 50. engineering Answer: a

Page: 97

47. Why did Alexander and the creation of a wider Hellenistic world set religion on the move? 48. Alexander and his successors were recognized as kings and honored as gods.

49. Alexander and his advisors were ready to assume that the natives of the places they conquered had the same gods as the Greeks. 50. Greek rulers and soldiers sought wherever possible to impose Greek religion on the native peoples they ruled in Asia. 51. Greek soldiers and traders spread religions that had previously been restricted regionally. Answer: d

Page: 97

48. In the Hellenistic world, the beliefs, practices, forms, and divinities of different religions often combined in a process called 49. diffusion. 50. syncretism. 51. polytheism. 52. henotheism. Answer: b

Page: 97

49. Why did Hellenistic Greeks venerate Greek literature of the Classical Age? 50. It reminded them of their connection to their Greek homeland and its golden past. 51. It was a means to assimilate the vast native populations of the lands they ruled into Greek culture. 52. It was a way to save classical works that had been lost in Greece proper after the

Peloponnesian War. 53. It became a means for Greek scholars in foreign lands to earn patronage from local rulers. Answer: a

Page: 97

50. How did Hellenistic art depart from the earlier concerns of classical Greek art? 51. It embraced the ideal and the perfect. 52. It promoted syncretism with the art of foreign lands. 53. It embraced the particular and the realistic. 54. It rejected portraiture in favor of Aristotle’s drive for natural truths. Answer: c

Page: 98

ESSAY QUESTIONS

51. Explain how Alexandria in Egypt embodies the central characteristics of the

Hellenistic Ages.

52. Why was Philip of Macedon able to conquer all of Greece? To what extent was his success due to his own attributes, and to what extent was it the result of the weakness of the Greeks after the Peloponnesian War?

53. How did Greek culture change between the Classical and Hellenistic Ages? What caused these changes?

54. Compare and contrast the philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. What did their teachings have in common? How did they differ?

55. How would you explain Alexander’s conquest of his vast empire? What was his legacy? Why was his empire so short-lived?

56. What was Hellenization? How and why did the spread of Greek culture have a profound effect on Roman and western civilization?

57. What was life like in the Hellenistic kingdoms? How did polarization of wealth impact the older polis ideal of the equality of citizens?

Chapter 5 From Republic to Empire MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Cicero was executed in 43 BCE because he sought to 2. overthrow the Senate’s power. 3. assassinate Julius Caesar. 4. preserve the Roman Republic. 5. make himself emperor. Answer: c

Page: 133

2. The imperial government Augustus established truly took hold in the 3. first century BCE.

4. first century CE. 5. second century BCE. 6. second century CE. Answer: d

Page: 134

3. Why did the agreements and shared interests of the Roman peoples break down in the Late Roman Republic? 4. What worked for a city-state worked less well for the governance of a vast territory. 5. Patricians and plebeians could not agree on how to distribute the spoils of the

Punic Wars. 6. The Gauls were invading Italy, and the Latin allies were no longer willing to protect Rome. 7. Competition for political posts had decreased, making civic leaders weak and corrupt. Answer: a

Page: 135

4. In order to thrive, Republican Rome depended most on 5. slavery. 6. continual growth. 7. conservative values. 8. clientage. Answer: b

Page: 135

5. The highest office in Republican Rome was 6. quaestor. 7. tribune.

8. aedile. 9. consul. Answer: d

Page: 136

6. What was the consequence of holders of political office in Republican Rome receiving no pay? 7. Too few people were willing to compete to hold political offices. 8. Office-holders became clients of powerful patrons, which reinforced factional loyalties. 9. The Roman government lacked enough money and manpower to offer the services the people expected from their government. 10. Blood, ancestry, and personal connections became completely unimportant; merit alone counted in obtaining political office. Answer: b

Page: 136

7. As a result of the conquest of the eastern Mediterranean, new ideas and cultural influences came to Italy, including 8. Greek learning. 9. mystery religions from Spain. 10. Chinese cultural practices. 11. agricultural practices from Gaul. Answer: a

Page: 136

8. Why did many small landholders in Late Republican Rome quit farming and drift with their families to the city of Rome? 9. They hoped to become clients of powerful patrons in Rome and obtain political office. 10. They wanted to immigrate to Roman colonies outside of Italy. 11. They could not compete against large plantation-like estates worked by imported slaves. 12. They no longer wanted to work and hoped to enjoy “bread and circuses” in

Rome. Answer: c

Page: 136

9. The two reformers who probably represented the last best chance for Rome to undertake the political changes necessary to preserve the Republic were 10. Cicero and Sallust. 11. Julius and Augustus Caesar. 12. the Gracchi brothers. 13. Cato the Elder and Scipio Africanus. Answer: c

Page: 136

10. Tiberius Gracchus’s political reforms were aimed at 11. abolishing slavery, or at least improving their working conditions. 12. returning Rome to its ancient social contract. 13. introducing Athenian-style democracy to Rome. 14. overthrowing the Roman Senate. Answer: b

Page: 136-138

11. The legacy of the Gracchi brothers was to 12. leave Rome more socially and politically fractured. 13. heal the divisions in Rome and prolong the life of the Republic. 14. abolish slavery with the support of the landless lower classes. 15. peacefully achieve lasting land reform and break the senatorial monopoly on power. Answer: a

Page: 138

12. What does the case of Jugurtha, the Numidian king, demonstrate? 13. how efficiently Roman justice could still function to reign in rebellious citizens 14. how powerful the Vestal Virgins remained in Republican Rome 15. how corrupt the Republic had become 16. how desperate the Gracchi brothers were to achieve their reforms Answer: c

Page: 138

13. How did the great consul generals bend the Republic to the breaking point? 14. They sided with reformers such as the Gracchi brothers. 15. They refused to follow the Senate’s orders to pacify North Africa. 16. They abolished the office of tribune.

17. They subverted and bypassed the Senate. Answer: d

Page: 139

14. Gaius Marius’s great innovation was to 15. extend citizenship to Rome’s Italian allies. 16. privatize the Roman army. 17. refuse reelection as consul after his first term. 18. hand Jugurtha over to his protégé Sulla. Answer: b

Page: 139

15. Who fought Rome in the Social War of 90–88 BCE? 16. Rome’s Italian allies 17. the Carthaginians 18. the Numidians 19. the Gauls Answer: a

Page: 139

16. What finally ended the Social War? 17. Sulla’s brilliant military strategy 18. the recall of Marius to conduct the war 19. the Senate’s offer of citizenship to the Italians 20. the help of Mithridates, ruler of Pontus Answer: c

Page: 139

17. Which of the following best describes Sulla? 18. a conservative who tried to restore Rome to its golden Republican past 19. a military ruler who radically subverted the Roman order 20. a supporter of the reforms of the Gracchi 21. a client of Julius Caesar Answer: b

Page: 140

18. The next great consul general after Sulla was 19. Spartacus. 20. Crassus. 21. Octavian. 22. Pompey. Answer: d

Page: 140

19. Why is the case of Catiline important? 20. The plot was a real danger to the state. 21. It offered Cicero the opportunity to suppress the conspiracy, the greatest achievement of his career. 22. The actions of Catiline and his followers were symptomatic of the troubles of the late Republic. 23. It led the Senate to recall Sulla from retirement to suppress the conspiracy. Answer: c

Page: 141

20. The greatest poets of the last phase of the Republic were 21. Lucretius and Cicero. 22. Catullus and Catiline. 23. Sallust and Lucretius.

24. Lucretius and Catullus. Answer: d

Page: 141

21. The three members of the Caesarian Faction were 22. Pompey, Cicero, and Caesar. 23. Caesar, Crassus, and Marius. 24. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. 25. Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar. Answer: c

Page: 142

22. In his rise to power, Caesar relied on 23. popular support. 24. the equestrians. 25. the support of the patricians. 26. the slaves. Answer: a

Page: 142

23. In the battle of Pharsalus in July 48 BCE, Caesar’s army defeated that of 24. the Gauls. 25. the Senate. 26. the Italian Allies. 27. Egypt. Answer: b

Page: 143

24. The leaders of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar were 25. Pompey and Mark Antony. 26. Octavian and Pompey. 27. Crassus and Brutus. 28. Brutus and Cassius. Answer: d

Page: 144

25. At part of his last campaign to restore the Republic, Cicero wrote a series of stinging orations against 26. Octavian. 27. Lepidus. 28. Antony. 29. Caesar. Answer: c

Page: 144

26. Who were the members of the official Triumvirate of 42–33 BCE? 27. Octavian, Caesar, and Antony 28. Lepidus, Cicero, and Octavian 29. Antony, Lepidus, and Caesar 30. Lepidus, Octavian, and Antony Answer: d

Page: 144

27. Why did Romans despise Cleopatra? 28. She was both foreign and royal. 29. She aspired to rule Rome. 30. She was both poor and unpopular in Egypt. 31. She had deposed her brother to become queen. Answer: a

Page: 145

28. One of Antony’s greatest problems was that

29. he drank too much and was easily led astray by a wily foreigner. 30. he had Hellenistic leanings and ambitions. 31. few Roman soldiers were willing to fight for a foreign queen. 32. Egypt possessed few resources and little wealth with which Antony could pay his soldiers. Answer: c

Page: 146

29. In his attempt to restore Roman order, what did Octavian change militarily? 30. He established a standing army over which he was the sole ruler. 31. He turned over control of the army to the Senate. 32. He settled his soldiers in Egypt so they could not foment revolts in Italy. 33. He disbanded most of the army except for a small Praetorian Guard. Answer: a

Page: 147

30. Because Octavian possessed authority over the state, the Senate bestowed upon him the title of 31. Caesar. 32. Praetorian. 33. Augur. 34. Augustus. Answer: d

Page: 147

31. Why did Augustus succeed where Caesar had not? 32. Augustus was by far the greater military leader. 33. Augustus engaged in a slow and sensitive reordering of the Roman world. 34. Augustus forcibly brought about the collapse of the traditional Republic. 35. Augustus restored to the Senate power over foreign, military, and financial affairs. Answer: b

Page: 147

32. Augustus controlled the senators and aristocratic elite by making them his 33. patrons. 34. slaves. 35. clients. 36. advisors. Answer: c

Page: 147

33. Why was the disaster at the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE a turning point in Rome’s territorial ambitions? 34. Germania was never to be as Romanized as Gaul. 35. Augustus’s loyal commander Agrippa was forced to commit suicide. 36. Rome lost control of Gaul and parts of Germany. 37. Three Roman legions under Varus revolted against Roman rule and defected to the German side. Answer: a

Page: 147

34. Rather than present himself as absolute ruler, Augustus preferred to represent himself as 35. Pontifex Maximus. 36. primus inter pares. 37. chief tribune. 38. a simple soldier. Answer: b

Page: 147

35. To honor Augustus after the campaigns in Spain and Gaul, the Senate commissioned the erection of 36. a triumphal arch. 37. the Prima Porta statue. 38. an Altar of Peace. 39. the Pantheon.

Answer: c

Page: 148

36. The three great Latin poets of the Augustan age were 37. Virgil, Hesiod, and Sallust. 38. Horace, Ovid, and Maecenas. 39. Ovid, Catullus, and Virgil. 40. Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. Answer: d

Page: 149

37. Just as Augustus had a supreme military operative in Agrippa, he possessed a sophisticated political operative and cultural advisor in 38. Virgil. 39. Maecenas. 40. Horace. 41. Ovid. Answer: b

Page: 150

38. In what way did the Aeneid constitute excellent Augustan propaganda? 39. It idealized Roman agriculture and the joys of pastoral life in Italy. 40. It eulogized Augustus after his death. 41. It celebrated Augustus’s vision of Rome’s exceptionalism. 42. It declared that the Romans were descended from the Greek hero Achilles. Answer: c

Page: 151

39. Ovid’s masterpiece is the 40. Metamorphoses. 41. Georgics. 42. Carmen saeculare. 43. Bucolics. Answer: a

Page: 151

40. In the late Republic, traditional Roman religion was under pressure from which of the following? 41. atheistic emperors 42. a lack of complexity in its pantheon of gods 43. ideas encountered in the Mediterranean world 44. the increase of Judaism within Rome Answer: c

Page: 152

41. Why did Romans of the imperial age find the new mystery cults attractive? 42. They were attracted to eastern culture in a broader sense, wanting to merge

Roman culture with that of Asia. 43. They were seeking forms of personal religion that were more satisfying than traditional Roman religion. 44. They were morally dismayed by the emphasis on sacrifice in traditional Roman religion. 45. They offered an attractive alternative to the cult of the emperors that began under Augustus. Answer: b

Page: 152

42. In the late Republic, only one religion stood aside from polytheism and its root assumptions. That religion was 43. Christianity. 44. Isis worship. 45. the cult of Bacchus. 46. Judaism. Answer: d

Page: 152

43. The Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum depicts Titus’s soldiers carrying back to

Rome 44. the holy goods removed from the Temple in Jerusalem.

45. the standards lost by three Roman legions during the battle at Teutoburg Forest. 46. the property of equestrians seized after the Battle of Philippi. 47. portions of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Answer: a

Page: 152

44. For most Romans, Christianity was 45. a divinely inspired, satisfying new form of spirituality. 46. an insulting and dangerous superstition. 47. a deadly threat to the very existence of the empire. 48. a viable new alternative to the cult of emperor worship. Answer: b

Page: 153

45. By the time of Augustus, the city of Rome had a population of about 46. 500,000 people. 47. one million people. 48. five million people. 49. ten million people. Answer: b

Page: 153

46. One factor in the reduced numbers of women in Rome was 47. that many women married soldiers and emigrated to the colonies. 48. that parents preferred to rear their daughters in the countryside, where there was less risk of disease. 49. that all but eldest daughters were sold into slavery. 50. the selective infanticide of females. Answer: d

Page: 155

47. What was the paramount problem that Augustus never solved? 48. how to create a peaceful and prosperous empire

49. how to conquer and control Germany 50. how to solve the problem of imperial succession 51. how to pacify the Jews Answer: c

Page: 157

48. The successors of Augustus, who sprang from his own extended family, are called the 49. “Five Good Emperors.” 50. Flavians. 51. Nervan-Antonians. 52. Julio-Claudians. Answer: d

Page: 157

49. How did the Romans during the reigns of the “five good emperors” find a way to overcome the inherent weakness of family rule? 50. by restoring the power of traditional Roman institutions such as the Senate 51. by relying on the Praetorian Guard to choose the successor to the reigning emperor 52. by reaching outside the imperial family to adopt excellence 53. by instituting a system of civil service examinations to recruit talented rulers Answer: c

Page: 158

50. A competent administrator and gifted general, ________ was the most successful of all the emperors in many ways. 51. Claudius 52. Trajan 53. Hadrian 54. Marcus Aurelius Answer: b

Page: 159

ESSAY QUESTIONS

51. Why was the last century of the Roman Republic filled with turmoil and civil discord? Was the violence a cause or a symptom of political dysfunction? Explain.

52. Discuss the career of Julius Caesar. How did he obtain power in Rome? Why was he assassinated?

53. Discuss the struggle between Mark Antony and Octavian. Why might the

Mediterranean world have turned in a different direction had Antony triumphed over

Octavian?

54. Explain the success of Augustus in establishing a new imperial order in Rome.

Why was he able to retain his popularity despite his authoritarian rule?

55. How did Rome and its empire benefit from Augustus’s rule? How did he change the physical appearance and infrastructure of Rome itself?

56. How and why did the cult of emperors begin under Augustus? What role did literary figures such as Virgil, Ovid, and Horace play in the growth of that cult? To what extent did Augustus himself nurture it?

57. What was daily life like for a typical prosperous male Roman citizen? How did gender and social class impact how people lived?