Improving the Informal Urban Settlements in Medan, Indonesia by Rahmita Dewi Lubis

Slum Breakthrough Improving the informal urban settlements in MEdan, Indonesia

Rahmita Dewi Lubis

Dissertation Title: Slum Breakthrough: Improving The Informal Urban Settlements in Medan, Indonesia No of Pages: 136 Rahmita Dewi Lubis rahmitadewilbs@gmail.com +447365669137 Mentors Eamonn Canniffe, Mazin Al-Saffar, James Dyson Yusuf Adams, Demetra Kourrisova, Dominic Sagar, Tamara Salinas Kohn, Yun Wu, Curtis Martyn, Julie Fitzpatrick, David Chandler, Antonio Blanco Pastor, Claudio Molina Camacho MA Architecture and Urbanism 2018/2019 Manchester School of Architecture Cover image by author

â&#x20AC;&#x153;He let his mind drift as he stared at the city, half slum, half paradise. How could a place be so ugly and violent, yet beautiful at the same time?â&#x20AC;? - Chris Abani

Slum in Medan. Source: Author’s own image

“It would be foolish - that the slums are and despair - to the safely to look after - Jeremy Seabrook

to pass from one distortion places of crime, disease opposite: that they can be themselves.”

Abstract

he current urban sprawl and high population in the city is one of the biggest challenges in the world, especially in the Third World. These issues have made a significant appearance in the urban form arising in informal settlements, commonly known as slums. Indonesia has a significant number of individuals living in slums and has become the major issue for the government. One of the cities struggling with this issue is Medan. Generally, a slum in Medan tends to appear at the periphery city, riverbank, railway, and industrial areas. The presence of slums in the city has become a concern for the government, because it causes serious problems for the development of the city. This study was an attempt to identify the slums developmental stages, to analyse the characteristics of urban slums and to contribute to the improvement of the slum settlements in Medan. The research study is conducted at two slum areas in Medan, Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. The two areas are located at the riverbank of river Deli, which is a historic river shaping the urban form of the city. To understand the findings of the research, innovative methods were used, such as VHR imagery and qualitative data including questionnaires, observations, and interviews allowing direct contact with the slum dwellers. Furthermore, a solution to solving the slums issues a sustainable approach using natural resources and recycling systems will help develop the area and the lives of the dwellers in sustainable way. The research revealed that Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja are in the consolidation stage, where approximately 80% of the land is covered with buildings, with less vegetation and bare land.

The significant difference also can be seen from both settlements when comparing the 2001 conditions to the 2018 conditions. However, the result shows that the density of the house for Kampung Hamdan is increasing while in Kampung Sukaraja is decreasing; both are still classed as slum areas. Several issues in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja are lack of amenities for water, sanitation, and waste disposal. People still struggle to get sufficient and healthy water; most of the dwellers are washing their laundry and taking baths in the river. Moreover, they dispose of their waste in the river, which is causing a detrimental accumulation of waste floating in the riverbank. The economic crisis is one of the factors that contribute to the poor and unhygienic lifestyle of the dwellers. One of the ways to increase the life quality of the slum dwellers is improving their settlements through an environmentally friendly approach. Giving access to water, providing bathrooms and a waste collection and recycling system can improve the slum dwellers life into a sustainable life. Community life should be a key concern, by providing an adequate public space for dwellers to gather, this can be achieved through open spaces and greenery, moreover, both these features can help improve the mental health of dwellers. The solution can potentially help ease the lives of the slum dwellers. However, currently the dwellers in the settlements are being evicted without a promise for a future for them. The research is expected to provide solutions for the development of slum dwellers life quality. Key words: slum development stages, slum characteristics, slum improvement, Medan, Kampung Hamdan, Kampung Sukaraja

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Woman with children in Jakarta Slum. Source: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic, photo by Jonathan McIntosh,2004

Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Manchester School of Architecture to give me valuable opportunity and experience to be part of MA Architecture and Urbanism program. I express my gratitude to academic staff members of MSA MA A+U, who guide and give suggestions and ideas throughout the sessions until I can finish my dissertation. I am grateful to my parents, sister, and brothers for their pray, help, and support for me so I can complete my dissertation. This work is dedicated to all of you who had assisted me through up and down, thank you very much for your support and effort. Rahmita Dewi Lubis Manchester, United Kingdom, August 2019

table of contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi

01 Chapter 1 Prologue 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Research Problem 3 1.3 Research Objective and Questions 3 1.4 Scope and Limitations 3 1.5 Research Methodology 4

02 Chapter 2 The Slum City 2.1 Definition of Slum 7 2.2 Causes and Effects of Slum Formation in Indonesia 11 2.2.1 Rapid Urbanisation 11 2.2.2 Politics and Economy Issue 15 2.2.3 Urban Poverty 17 2.2.4 The effect of the Slum Formation 18 2.3 Sustainable Approach for Future Urban Slum 19 2.3.1 Kampung Kali Code as Example 19 2.3.2 Using and Recycling Natural Resource 23 2.4 Physical Setting 26 2.5 The Case Study Area 29 2.6 Slum Development Stages 32 2.6.1 The Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja Historical Background 33 2.7 Conclusion 36

03 Chapter 3 The Story About Hamdan and Sukaraja 3.1 Data Sources and Software Requirements 39 3.2 Slum Development Stages 39 3.3 Classification into Slum and No-Slum 41 3.4 Spatial Characteristics of Slum Settlements 41 3.4.1 Vegetation and Bare Land Distribution in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja 41 3.4.2 The Density of the Houses 44 3.5 Socio-economic and Infrastructures Analysis 45 3.5.1 Water and Sanitation Facilities 46 3.5.2 Sewage Facilities 47 3.5.3 Overcrowding and Lack of Secure Tenure 49 3.6 Topographic Map 50 3.7 Land Use Analysis 52 3.8 Serial Vision 53 3.9 Number of Floors 59 3.10 The House Condition 61 3.11 Conclusion 65

04 Chapter 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Spatial Characteristics of Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja 69 4.2 Slum Development Stages 72 4.3 Socio-economic Characteristics of Urban Slum 76 4.4 Improving Slum Settlements 81 4.5 Conclusion 88

05 Chapter 5 Conclusion 91 Appendix 93 List of Illustrations 129 Bibliography 133

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01 Chapter 1 Prologue Chapter 1 Prologue 1i

This chapter explains the background of the research, research problem, and the objectives of the research. The introductory chapter includes the methodologies that were employed in order to achieve the research objectives.

1.1 Introduction In a matter of minutes or even seconds, a woman will give a birth in the Mumbai slum of Dharavi, a young man from West Java will escape from his Kampung (village) in search for a good fortune in the luminous city of Jakarta, or a farmer will take his impoverished family into the hustling and bustling city of Rio de Janeiro. Eventually, the urban population of the earth will outnumber the rural, especially at the Third World. Due to the dynamics of Third World urbanisation derived from the globalisation, which escalates the movement of people, goods, information, news, and money, rapid urban growth has become the inevitable reason for the mass production of slums. As the result, term slum is now associated with poverty. The World Bank warned in 1990 that urban poverty would become the primary issue and would create political, social, and economic problems for the next century. What is a “slum”? James Hardy Vaux first published the definition, Vocabulary of the Flash Language in 1812, where the word meaning is a synonym with “racket” or “criminal trade” (Davis, 2006). Orangi Town, Karachi, Pakistan is believed to be Asia’s largest slum, home to around 2.4 million people — followed by Dharavi in Mumbai, India with a population of 1 million people (Hutt, 2016). Moreover, in East Asia there are 250 million people live in slums. According to the World Bank, over 250 million people are now settled in slums in Indonesia, China, Philippines and elsewhere in East Asia (World Bank, 2017). Conditions in the slums are poor; housing layout consists of overcrowded gapless tenements, with a lack of infrastructures such as electricity, waste disposal, water, and sanitation. The slums are spreading from the periphery of the cities to the city centres. Areas of land that has the potential to shape urban form become distributions of uncontrollable slums. In Indonesia, most of the slums appear at the riverbank or the railway. Beyond the beautiful part of the city, the slums become the shadows of the great high-rise building and luxury residential houses. Indonesia has the fourth-largest population in the world, housing approximately 260 million people (Indonesia Investment, 2017). Furthermore, the birth rate is higher compared to the death rate, one birth every seven seconds in comparison to one death every 16 seconds (World Population Review, 2018), with most populated city been Jakarta, with more than 10 million people settled; contrasting to Medan, the fourth most crowded city with around 2.5 million people (World Population Review, 2019). The rapid growth has lead to the illegal sprawling into the city resulting in numerous slums appearing in the big urban areas of Indonesia. In Medan, slums cover 172.8 Ha (Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, 2017). The distribution of slums is varied, from the riverbanks to the railways, industrial districts, port districts, and urban peripheries. The slum settlements have unique variety, according to the dweller’s life pattern, their home typology, and landscape topography have been shaped by the slum dwellers needs. This research is based on the slum settlements along the riverbank, Deli River. The two slum settlements that have been observed; Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. As well as the river having had a significant influence in forming the settlements, culture, and diversity have also played an important role in the contribution to developing the urban form. There are more than 200,000 slums on the earth, ranging from a few hundred to more than a million people (Davis, 2006). As the slum dwellers are part of citizens of the city and have right to demand prosperity in their lives, in response the government uses an unethical strategy to replace rather than improve the slums, however, the strategy does not seem to be tackling the issues of slum settlements.

1.2 Research Problem Every settlement has its own characteristics and identity; these aspects show the slum dweller’s life patterns, which can clearly be identified in the typology of the houses, landscapes, and the contrasting on the urban forms. As slum settlements tend to become a key issue around the globe, the growth of the slums should be identified and controlled to prevent them from scattering undesirably. Moreover, every slum settlements area has mainly problems connected to infrastructures, such as waste disposal and sanitation. The purpose of the research is to achieve an alternative approach towards improving slum dweller’s living condition based on sustainability.

1.3 Research Objective and Questions 1.3.1 Specific Objectives 1. To identify the slum stages and the growth of the population 2. To analyse the socio-economic characteristics of the slum 3. To improve the slum dweller’s life towards a healthy and sustainable living. 1.3.2 Research Question 1. To identify the slum stages and the growth of the population 1.1 What are the spatial characteristics of the slum? 1.2 What are the indicators that show the stages of the slum? 1.3 What is the cause of the population growth in the slum? 2. To analyse the socio-economic characteristics of the slum 2.1 What are the socio-economic characteristics of slum dwellers? 2.2 Are socio-economic from each slum dwellers different? 3. To improve the slum dweller’s life towards a healthy and sustainable living 3.1 What are the issues that happen around the slum? 3.2 How to tackle the problems among the slum?

1.4 Scope and Limitation The objective of this study is to explore the life of slum dwellers along the riverside Deli River, learn about the morphology of the landscape and typology of the houses, and then understand the current issues they are dealing with. This research will be done by doing an observation of the sites and distributing questionnaires to the dwellers. Moreover, studying a successful case study from another city will be applied in this research.

1.5 Research Methodology The research aims to identify the characteristics of the slum area and the growth stages of it. Therefore, this research will apply a few methods to achieve the purposes of answering the research questions. The research will be based on data collected from different sources and will implement qualitative methods in this study. There will be three stages of work; each stage will adopt different methodologies. 1.5.1 Stage 1: Critical Review of the Literature The first stage will consist of a literature review and analyses the slum areas of a different city. Firstly, observing the characteristics, stages, and the solutions taken to tackle the problem in the successful case study and examine and compare the differences between settlements and to identify possible methods to solve the issues among the dwellers and settlements. 1.5.2 Stage 2: Observation from the Imagery Satellite One method that to identify slum settlements is by using satellite imagery. Analysing the sequences of the different stages of the research areas will lead to identifying how the stages of the slum areas and settlements grow over time, over the years are they expanding to another area or are they decreasing. Thus, we can predict the growth of slums. 1.5.3 Stage 2: Qualitative Methods The qualitative research investigates data from direct fieldwork observations (Patton, 2002). Qualitative research concentrates on the acquisition of data relating to experiences, feelings, and judgements. Such data was gathered directly from the people involved in the environment under investigation, whether subjects or observers (Bryman, 2006). The qualitative method will be used by collecting data in four ways. As a result, we can gather the data to conclude the characteristics of the slum area and to evaluate the condition of the area. 1.5.3.1 Questionnaire The researcher spread the questionnaires to the slum dwellers, to find out the socialeconomical lifestyle in the slum settlements. The questions relate to the activities of the dwellers, the house conditions, the social lives, the current issues, and their hopes for the development of the settlements. 1.5.3.2 Interview The interviews were conducted at the slum settlements, and the sources being the slum dwellers. The strategy aims to find out their opinions on the area. Each source will have different perspectives, therefore, this data will play a part in improving the development of the slum settlements. 1.5.3.3 Observation Observation is an essential approach to exploring the world around us. Observing is more than just looking and listening, but also understanding and considering the setting (Stenhouse, 1975). The observations have been conducted through walking around the slum settlements while mapping, taking photographs, and analysing the current situations. Therefore, with the observations, the data for the condition of the slums can be obtained.

This chapter explores the notion of an urban slum. This chapter will discuss the definition of slum from different perspectives, the causes and effects of the slums in Indonesia for both slum dwellers and citizens. Historical background of the case study will also be examined with the study of sustainable approach to entail for the improvements of the slum settlements kept in mind.

2.1. Definition of Slum The expression slum is used too arbitrarily today. Since the late 19th century the term was not used to define a place, but to describe the worst social conditions. The first Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Wiseman indicated the slum as â&#x20AC;&#x153;spaces where low-life trade was conductedâ&#x20AC;?. Charles Booth traced a map of poverty and inequality in London and described slum as a place of shabby dwellings, overcrowded, sickness, and vice (Booth, 2013). Shantytowns have always been understood as a place for poor people to live. The word slum cannot be separated from poverty, crime, and disease. Their struggle is shadowed by poverty, which would likely forced them into crime. Moreover, they have to survive from malnutrition, which is common among the community, especially babies. A lot of cities in the world have different definitions and meanings to describe, what is a slum? In Brazil, they call it Favela (Figure 1), it is different to Latin America, where they refer to a slum as Barrio or Tugurio. Ghetto is expressed as the slum area in America, while in France and Africa, they called it Bidonville (Figure 3). Asians also have specific names for slums as well, for instance, Kampung in Indonesia, Katchi Abadi for Pakistan (Figure 5), and Basti for Bangladesh (Cities Alliance for Cities Without Slums, 2000).

Figure 1: Rocinha Favela, Rio de Janeiro Source: Behance

Figure 2: Rocinha Favela from aerial view, Rio de Janeiro Source: Behance

Figure 3: South Africa Bidonville Source: peranderspettersson.com Figure 4: Kibera Bidonville aerial view Source: ramanan50.wordpress.com Figure 5: Orangi Town, Pakistan Source: reddit.com Figure 6: Orangi Town aerial view Source: ramanan50.wordpress.com

There is no general meaning for slum, each slum area in each country has a different condition; it depends on their accommodation, suited to their life pattern. However, UNHabitat has defined the meaning of slum as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area where the houses are not permanent, susceptible to extreme climate conditions, insufficient living space, lack of access for safe water, inadequate sanitation access, and insecurity of tenure (UN Habitat, 2003). Slum area or informal settlements is an area that includes the following physical characteristics: high spatial heterogeneity, irregular shape, inadequate housing, highdensity housing, small building size, a random pattern of the street, lack of connectivity with infrastructure, less vegetation, and settled in the perilous area (Niebergall, Loew and Mauser, 2008). In Medan, many slum dwellers live in tenements in terrible conditions. Infrastructures such as sanitation and waste disposal are not feasible. Moreover, the houses are overcrowded, and it is common for more than one family to live under the same roof. Slum settlements in Medan often scatter along the riverside, railway, and urban periphery. The distributions are not equal; the squatters find vacant land, which has gone a noticed by the government then starts to build their illegal homes.

2.2 Causes and Effect of Slum Formation in Indonesia Many factors influence the formation and the growth of slums. These causes not only affect the slum dwellers, but also the citizens and the urban form. Several reasons for slum formation include the rapid urbanisation, a political issues, informal economy, and increasing urban poverty.

2.2.1 Rapid Urbanisation As the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia has faced an issue of rapid urbanisation from the past few decades (Figure 7). This population boom consists of rural inhabitants who migrate to the city to find more jobs. However, not every newcomer was able to find a job, due to lack of federal and government guidance, control, and organisation. Therefore, the in-migrants are likely to become homeless, squatters, or live in the slum settlements. According to the World Bank, there are approximately 29.48 million people living in urban slums in Indonesia in 2014 (Figure 8) (Our World in Data, 2019). The percentage of urban population living in slums has been plummeting since 1990 to around 2006, and become stagnant until 2014 (Figure 9), but it is predicted that by 2025, Indonesia can expect to have 68% of its population living in the city (World Bank, 2016). This can stimulate an increase in number of people living in the slums.

Figure 7: The percentage of urbanisation in Indonesia from 2007 to 2017 Source: Statista.com, via World Bank, 2018

Figure 8: Total number of people in urban populations living in slum household. Source: OWID Based on World Bank, World Development Indicators

Figure 9: The Percentage of Urban Population Living in Slums in Indonesia from 1990 to 2014 Source: OWID Based on World Bank, World Development Indicators

Generally, population growth in cities increases each year, especially in developing countries. This is also the case in Medan where the population trend in tends to increase each year. In 2010, there were 2,097,610 inhabitants in Medan, to 2,191,140 in 2014, followed by 2,210,624 in 2015, respectively (Figure 10) (Badan Pusat Statistik Medan, 2017). Medan has 26,510 Ha of land, and the slum area covered for 200.29 Ha and distributed in 42 kelurahan (administrative area) (P2KKP Baseline Data, 2015).

Figure 10: Population trend in Medan from 2007 to 2016 Source: graph by the author based on the souce from Badan Pusat Statistik Medan, 2018

Table 1: Administrative village data and survey result Source: graph by the author based on the souce from P2KKP Baseline Data, 2015 and Medan city council data, 2016

2.2.2 Politics and Economy Issue The vast growing of slums in the city cannot be separated from the politics and economy issues. The politicians who are elected as the representatives of the city have a duty to deal with the pressure to protect citizens. However, it seems leaders and politicians are too arrogant to build “a good governance” and up hold the authority to control the city, and hence tend to fall into a trap. Common issues in highly factionalized countries such as Indonesia, include taking money from state cash reserves, engaging in suspicious consumptions, or accepting bribes. When urban planners propose visions for the development of the city, it requires intervening from politics. If the politicians do not approve the proposal, consequently the visions will never materialised. Several programs such as relocation of the slum area have been successful. However, in many developing countries, this cannot be done without political willingness.

Although the government has a strong agenda to maintain the status quo, passed relocation programs have been unsuccessful due to the government’s corruption. Indonesia marked 37 points out of 100 on the 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International (Transparency International Survey, 2018). This survey makes Indonesia on the verge of a highly corrupt country. Without changes to this matter, a solution for the slum dwellers will be hard to achieve. The Indonesian government often fail to integrate the urban poor into the urban planning, thus resulting the growth of slums. The government believe if they provide urban facilities for the poor it will escalate the growth of slums. However, the main issue is very few rural people move to the city for water or services - they come for jobs (Cities Alliances for Cities Without Slums, 2000). Politics and the economy issue cause low communities to suffer, the state budget, which aims to help and improve the lives of poor individuals, is corrupt. The government promises to develop the settlements and fix the infrastructures; however, the slum dwellers in reality are evicted. Slum-dwellers realised they are the “dirt” or “blight” of the city that their governments prefer to hide them from the world (Davis, 2006).

Figure 11: Children join demonstration following eviction of squatters and losing chance to continue school Source: blogs.usyd.edu.au, photos from Kompas newspaper

2.2.3 Urban Poverty Slum living is not always cause by the phenomenon of migration but also becoming family home for generations. In many countries, slum areas have been growing for decades, and millions of households have been living in these catastrophic areas for generations. Life in the slum might lead to generations being trapped in poverty. Poverty is a major cause to their struggle. Slum-dwellers deal with the health issues, concerns of acceptance from other citizens, on top of sustaining themself. Malnutrition is increasing among the slum dwellers, as they cannot afford the good balance diet, especially affecting the infants and small children. Poor sanitation can lead to health issues. Slum-dwellers use the river for multiple needs such as drinking water, bathing water and also to defecate in, resulting in water contamination and leading to diarrhea. The poverty trend in Medan tends to fluctuate. In 2010, 9.6% of the population suffered poverty, peaking at 10% in 2011. It fell in 2013 to 9.4%; however, the percentage was unstable until 2017, 9.3% of the citizens still struggling in poverty (Figure 12) (Badan Pusat Statistik Medan, 2017).

Figure 12: Poverty trend of Medan (2010-2017) Source: graph by the author based on the souce from Badan Pusat Statistik Medan, 2018

2.2.4 The Effect of The Slum Formation The slum is considered a threat to national security. The impact of slums forming affects the slum dwellers and other citizens. Slums can create a sense of isolation and alienation among slum dwellers, contributing to ethnic rivalry, cultural grievances, gang wars, and religious-ideological extremism (Rai, 2017). The appearance of slum settlements becomes the fears of other citizens. Other citizens feel anxious at the emergence of these settlements. Slums can become the focus for crimes, such as drug abuse, human trafficking, and violence. Due to the slum settlements not having an adequate waste disposal service, they use the river as a means to remove waste. Moreover, the unsightly habit of the slum dwellers to throw rubbish into the river can cause river contamination. The increase of waste in the river can impact the likelihood of flooding in the city. This put the citizens at risk and causes them to feel unsafe and uneasy to watch the slum dwellers. The slum affects the appearance of the urban form. The emergence of the slum can stagnant the development of the city. The slum dwellers build their houses illegally in the city green line, which is meant to be the line that produces more oxygen to the city. The formations of these settlements create new issues that have to be tackled by the government, bearing in mind citizenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s safety and the cities development.

Figure 13: Children playing in the stack of trash in the river Source: pbs.org, photo by Enny Nuraheni, 2012

2.3 Sustainable Approach for Future Urban Slum There is a variable definition of sustainable housing according to profession or organisation, and the concept of sustainable homes cannot be separated from sustainable development. According to Principle 15 of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment: “Planning must be applied to human settlements and urbanisation to avoid adverse effects on the environment and obtain maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all” (UNEP, 1972). The European Union outlined the definition of sustainable housing into three aspects to be considered: construction, social and economical, and ecoefficiency (Mertens, 2005). Green architecture and the sustainable architecture movement has been applied in Indonesia since 1980, which pioneered, by YB Mangun Wijaya, Heinz Frick, and Eko Prawoto (Suryandari, 2013). The houses in Indonesia should be more concerned about the climate. Regarding the fact that Indonesia is a warm, humid tropical climate, it is essential to design a comfortable house that is suited to its environment. Tropical homes should pay attention to thermal comfort, materials, and energy consumption. To improve tropical houses into sustainable architecture, it should apply the concept of low-cost, sustainable material, and the speed of construction (Laville, 2018). One of the solutions to tackle the housing problem and develop it into a sustainable house is by using bamboo, as it’s primary material. Using bamboo as traditional material is a solution to solve climate change affecting modern cities across the world.

Bamboo releases 35% more oxygen into the environment than trees; it is fast in construction, and less expenditure (Laville, 2018). In areas for temporary buildings, where wood is expensive or in short supply, bamboo provides a highly versatile and readily available building material. Bamboo can be used as flooring or woven to make wall screens (Waterson, 1997). Slum settlements conditions is tend to be low, and the cost to develop the houses is high. Bamboo can be one solution for slums development in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. People can do Gotong Royong activity to build their homes, as bamboo structure is easy and fast to construct. Gotong royong is a phrase used for voluntary work in communities (Larasati, 2006). Looking at the topography of the slum settlements in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja, they are located at the riverbank and prone to flood. Bamboo can also be used as a barrier to prevent river rising to help reduce the risk of floods into the settlements.

2.3.1 Kampung Kali Code as Example One of the examples of a bamboo housing project for the development of the settlements in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja is Kampung Kali Code, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Figure 16). Kali Code’s conditions are almost the same condition with Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja where the riverbank became a location of a densely built slum settlement. In 1983, Mangunwijaya led a project to develop this area rather than demolish it. Mangunwijaya used bamboo, wood, and roof tiles and occasionally concrete. The construction finished in 2 years by the dwellers through gotong royong, this settlement winning the Aga Khan Award in 1992. This area is now become a tourist attraction (Larasati, 2006).

Figure 14: Kampung Kali Code site plan Source: architecture in development , 2011 edited by author

Figure 15: Kampung Kali Code section Source: Tulius. 1991 via architecture in development, 2011 edited by author

Figure 16: Kampung Kali Code from aerial view Source: simplywalk 2018 via steemit.com

Figure 17: Kampung Kali Code house faรงade using painted woven bamboo Source: Hui Lian via architecture in development, 2011

Figure 18: Condition in Kampung Kali Code Source: Aga Khan Award via akdn.org

2.3.2 Using and Recycling Natural Resources Bamboo has potential as a sustainable material, as well as encouraging community participation and promoting individual selfconfidence through a housing project (Larasati, 2006). Bamboo grows fast and is easily recyclable. The climate in Indonesia is warm and humid, where bamboo can give a nice feeling of thermal comfort inside the house. Bamboo is durable and very flexible, making it useful in earthquake prone areas (Lugt et al., 2003). Energy and sanitation are relevant to sustainable building issues. As one of the crucial problems in slum settlement is about sewage, water, and sanitation, it is essential to look forward to the development of these infrastructures. As rainfall is high in Medan, the recycling of rainwater can be a solution to tackle the water and sanitation issues in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. Rainwater harvesting can allow dwellers to receive enough water for their daily activities.

Some guidelines and tools can be implemented to reach the sustainable living. Building Environmental Science & Technology (B.E.S.T) formulated residential ‘green building’ guidelines: 1. Emphasise the four ‘R’s: reduce, recycle, reuse, renewable 2. Use energy, water, and resource efficiently: design, specification and construction methods 3. Healthy indoor air quality 4. Buildings should be affordable for communities: location and connectivity with accessible public transport, etc. 5. Development creates a sense of well being: neighbourhood and community 6. The home remains reasonably affordable and cost-effective Adapting sustainable methods in slum settlements will give tremendous benefits for the future of the dwellers. The dwellers can save from energy consumption. This sustainable strategies diagram by BNIM Architect summed up how the sustainable house should be (Figure 19). The energy that is used should be from natural resources or recycled products, and the building materials should be local and ecofriendly.

Figure 19: Sustainable strategies diagrams Source: BNIM Architect via Pinterest re-drawn by author

2.4 Physical Setting The study for this research is located in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia (Figure 21). Medan is the fourth largest city in Indonesia, with approximately 2.2 million inhabitants in 2016 (BPS Provinsi Sumatera Utara, 2018). Bordered by the Strait of Malacca, Medan becomes one of the busiest trading cities and became one of the vital shipping lanes, especially for Penang, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore.

The graphic depicts the location of largest slum in Medan. The one marked in Pink is the location of case study

Figure 21: Map of slum distribution in Medan Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own image (picture from Google Earth edited by Author) Data compiled from RP2KPKP Baseline Data, 2015 and Medan city council data, 2016. The map does not show all cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s slums, rather only the well-known slum

2.5 The Case Study Area The location of the research area is at Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja (Figure 22). They are located in different administrative villages. Hamdan has 52 Ha of land with 7.28 Ha of it as slum, while Sukaraja has 17 Ha of land and covered by 6 Ha of slum (RP2KPKP, 2015 and Pinem, 2011). The research is conducted at one of the neighbourhoods in both Hamdan and Sukaraja.

Figure 23 shows the highlighted research area, the first area is comprised of 3.54 Ha (Kampung Hamdan) and the second area encompassed 2.06 Ha (Kampung Sukaraja) (Figure 23). Kampung is a phrase to call a small village in Indonesia. 35% of the researched neighbourhood area in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja is covered by slum settlements (Administrative Government Office of Hamdan and Sukaraja, 2019).

Figure 23: Map of Two Research Areas Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own image (picture from Google Earth edited by Author)

2.6 Slum Development Stages The evolution of slum areas in many cities is start with sparsely settled houses and develops over time into densely packed and physically saturated neighbourhoods (Figure 24) (Sliuzas et al., 2008). In this study, three stages of slum development are considered, namely, infancy, consolidation, and saturation stages. There are different classifications of physical development stages of slums. Eyre (1972) classified slums into four stages based on their characteristics (the initial occupancy, the transitional, the stage of attainable secure tenure, and the stage of absorption). According to Miller (1965), he classified slums into the same categories based on familial stability and job security (the unstable, the coppers, the strained, and the stable poor).

Recently, Abebe (2011) explained the slums stages into three phases (infancy, consolidation, and saturation). Infancy is the beginning stage of slum growth at which 50 per cent of settlement area would be built-up, consolidation is the explosion stage where up to 80 per cent of the land is used for housing, and the saturation stage in when there are no land to be built on; therefore the houses continued through vertical densification. The transformation of slum settlements can be influenced by eviction or the natural disasters such as flood, fire, and landslides. Sometimes political attitudes and administrative exertions tend to be the main controlling forces (Agnihotri, 1994).

Figure 24: Physical process of slum development stages Source: Sliuzas, (2008)

2.6.1 The Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja Historical Background In ancient time, Medan was called Kampung Medan (Medan Village); it was a land, where plantation was prosperous, especially for tobacco. Deli Sultanate occupied Medan for centuries. During the Dutch East Indies era, Medan flourished due to tobacco farms. De Deli Maatschappij is the company founded by Jacob Nienhuys, who brings glory to the development of Medan. Medan became increasingly crowded with lots of tourists; predominantly white Europeans coming to Medan to explore the region. During the time of the trade (export-import), the river in Medan had become the primary transportation track to move the plants to the port. The Deli River is one of the essential rivers in Medan and is considered a historical river that shapes the urban form. This river acted as the artery of trade to the other areas. The most famous Chinese businessman named Tjong A Fie owned most of the land in Medan during the colonialism era, including the research areas, which is now part of the slums (Kampung Sukaraja and Kampung Hamdan). However, the Deli Sultanate claimed the land as their right, since it is the original kingdom that rules Medan (Figure 25). As time goes by, the Sultanate did not fully pay attention to the properties they owned, and the area became legal for the squatters (Figure 26) (Interview with the chief of the neighbourhood, Mr Budi).

The development of the city cannot be separated from the population mobility. People, who can afford to live, tend to occupy the outsides of the city centre, while those who are from low economic backgrounds will live in the city centre. Why? It is close to the public transport system and close to the commercial area. The lack of concern from the government to the riverside cause an explosion of squatters settling in this area. One individual would have started by building his tenement at the riverside, and likely would have been followed by others until the area became a community. They would have lived in squalor, poverty, and disaster. This type of phenomenon is contagious and grows fast to the other areas, this areas are called Slum.

Figure 25: The aerial view from the Deli Sultanate area (close to the research area) 1918 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1919 Source: Tropenmuseum Portret

Figure 26: Illustration of the slum stages in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja Source: Author

2.7 Conclusion Although there are various causes for slum formation in the city, it seems rapid urbanisation become the principal fundamental cause â&#x20AC;&#x201D; rapid urbanisation lead to issues, such as poverty. Moreover, politics, and social economical circumstances, cause the distribution of these informal settlements. The research area is located at the riverbank of one of the famous and historical rivers that shape the urban context in Medan, which is the Deli River. The land was a plantation area before and owned by the Deli Sultanate. The slum settlements mainly grow and reside at the riverbank, as it is the green line of the city, where there is no developing project. Slum-dwellers have been living in these settlements for generations waiting for eviction. However, eviction is not the only solution; slum settlements can be developed through a sustainable way. By using local materials, applying the tropical housing system, recycling, and reuse, the life of slum dwellers and their settlements can be improved.

This chapter presents the process to identify the characteristics of slum settlements in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. Firstly, it outlines the study to determine the spatial characteristics of the slum area by using Google Earth. With Very High- Resolution imagery from Google Earth, we can detect the elements that shape the urban slum and analyse the developmental stages. Secondly, collecting the qualitative methods through the interviews, questionnaires, and observations to the research areas, we can analyse the social economical lives of the dwellers. Moreover, this chapter observes intensely the research location by conducting an examination of the site, from the typology of the settlements to the houses.

3.1 Data Sources and Software Requirements There are few methods that can be used to identify the slum areas through remote sensing imagery. Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) is the most common method; it includes visual interpretations, morphology analysis and machine learning (Kuffer, Pfeffer, and Sliuzas, 2016). The Machine Learning (ML) approach generally combines textural, spectral, and structural features (Kuffer, Pfeffer, Sliuzas, and Baud, 2016). However, numerous cities in developing countries do not have funds to purchase full satellite imagery. Google Earth provides Very High Resolution (VHR) imagery for many locations and can be useful for urban analysis. Google Earth provides free imagery satellites that can be used for noncommercial purposes; moreover, it serves the historical timeline of the area (Duque, Patino, Betancourt, 2017). The research will be conducted through exploring the VHR GE imagery. Looking at the historical timeline of the area, the different stages and spatial characteristics of the slums can be made. Also, through GE, the growth of the slum can be understood and predictions on where the settlements will expand to in the future can be made.

3.2 Slum Developmental Stages GE allows users to access condition from the past, by using the historical timeline the author can identify the changes between Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. In these specific areas, GE historical timeline provided the past conditions of the settlements from 2001 until 2018, which can be viewed in the below diagrams (Figure 27 and Figure 29). The significant changes can be identified in 2009, the development of the city is growing fast, and there are changes in the settlements and the surroundings (Figure 28). The study of the changes will be conducted through marking the area with the fishnet and determining which block is changing, to allow a conclusion to be made regarding the different stages of the settlements, and we can conclude the stages of the settlements; infancy, consolidation, or saturation. The changes in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja are affected by the development of the commercial district. At the north side of Kampung Hamdan, dozens of houses were removed with tenants evicted to be replaced by the construction of a business district. The density of the area is increasing; rows of shophouses replaced the tenements. At the south side of Sukaraja, there is a noticeable change, the government removed dozens of houses, not for the purpose of commercial interest but with the intend to purge the settlements. Overtime the flattened land is then covered by vegetation with the area becoming a gathering space for the dwellers.

Figure 27: Condition of two settlements in 2001 Source: Author

Figure 28: Condition of two settlements in 2009 Source: Author

Figure 29: Condition of two settlements in 2018 Source: Author

3.3 Classification into Slum and Noslum According to UN-Habitat slum is the area where people live under the same roof, where the houses are not permanent, where there is lack of infrastructures, it is prone to natural disaster, and is insecure for tenure (UN Habitat, 2003). From the GE we can map and identify the slum areas based on the morphology of the settlements. Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukarajaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s settlements are scattered unorganisely, with high density. In contrast to the other residential areas that well organised, gridded, and have recognisable residential street features. The slum settlements in these two areas are adapted to terrain topography. The streets are just corridors without prior planning. These narrow pathways form complex networks, which are sandwich between the walls of the houses (Matos, 1977). This labyrinth of internal circulation is a particular characteristic of the physical territory. The pattern of the slum can be identified from the density of the buildings and the vegetation around the settlements.

3.4 Spatial Characteristics of Slum Settlements The physical and infrastructural environmental characteristics define the slum settlements, rather than the conditions of the slum dwellers (Weeks et al., 2007). The process to analyse the slum developmental stages is by identifying the spatial characteristics of the slum settlements. Through this process, we can recognise the stages of infancy, consolidation, and to the saturation stages.

The fundamental categorisation of spatial characteristics is based on the distribution of vegetation, impervious surface, bare lands, and the density of the buildings (Sori, 2012). These elements define the physical settings of the urban areas. The proportion of the houses in the settlements are scattered and unorganised. The existing vegetation provides a positive impact on the ecological functions of biodiversity and production of oxygen (Netzband et al., 2009). 3.4.1 Vegetation and Bare Land Distribution in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja The houses predominantly cover Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. The proportion of the houses to public facilities, such as open spaces is not adequate. Vegetation is distributed along the riverside, but within the settlements foliage is sparse. Vegetation plays an essential role in the development of the settlements and quality of life (Hofmann, Strobl, and Nazarkulova, 2011). It affects the urban climate, producing more oxygen, reducing the noise, increasing humidity, and influencing wind speed (Sori, 2012). The occurrence of bare land in the slum settlements can lead to two possibilities, either it will be built with the houses or become a pocket park. The bare land in Kampung Hamdan, currently is the social meeting point for the dwellers. Dwellers use this space to play, sell local food, and gather (Figure 30). Kampung Sukaraja also has spaces for gathering and fishing (Figure 31). Part of the public spaces in Kampung Sukaraja is the result of abolished houses. As pocket parks are local gathering point for the community, dwellers worked together to uphold and beautify it. However, most residents in Kampung Sukaraja prefer to socialise with their neighbour from door to door, having a chat at the alley or gather at the warung (local cafĂŠ runs by the dweller) (Figure 33).

Figure 30: Bare land that used as gathering place for the dwellers Source: Author

Figure 31: Bare land turned into fishing area Source: Author

Figure 32: Part of the evicted houses that turned into bare land Source: Author

Figure 33: People gathering at warung Source: Author

3.4.2 The Density of The Houses Density is a term that shows the correlation between several units, people, trees, and buildings in a given physical area. The density can be calculated by refer to the number of people per unit ground area to development, whereas physical density refers to land use ratios (Sori, 2012). Pont and Haupt (2007) have examined different categories of physical density. Gross and net residential densities, which are typically expressed as dwelling units per hectare, are widely used methods to determine the density (Pont and Haupt, 2007). Net residential density is the area occupied by the housing itself and any facilities, for example, private gardens, children play areas, and incidental open spaces. Gross residential density includes the addition to net residential, public spaces, primary schools, local health service, transport networks, and others (Sori, 2012). The density of slum settlement can be determined by the building footprint, vegetation, and bare land. From the VHR GE, we can identify the density of the settlements by classifying the houses, vegetation, and bare land. The settlements will be divided into a grid system with the 14 m x 1 4 m resolution fishnet. High-density residential areas typically are spaces, which have a small proportion of vegetation and bare lands. Medium-density spaces refer to an average amount of vegetation and with low bare lands. Low-density areas contain a single house with a large distribution of vegetation and low bare lands. By understanding the density of the settlements, we can recognise the developmental stages of the settlements and how to improve the settlements into a decent place to live.

3.5 Socio-economic and Infrastructures Analysis The neighbourhood will not come alive, without the community developing it through sharing a common pattern language (Alexander et al., 1977). The slum community builds their own pattern language and this pattern language can describe and solve the problems of the slum areas. From the Pattern Language book, we can choose patterns of the slum. First pattern is Mosaic of Subculture, where the slum is a homogeneous area and do not allow a significant variety of lifestyles to emerge. Household Mix and The Family are parts of the pattern language of the slum, where different types of families can create the character of the slum dwellings. Contact between the dwellers in slum should be related; this action can be achieved if the balance of life cycles narrated to the kinds of housing (Alexander et al., 1977). Work Community is part of the patterns of the slum, where a residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s community can be improved by sharing the open space, facilities, and services together. Finally, Access to Water is an important pattern for slum area; communities build place near the water because no developing plan in the riverbank, however when individuals start to build their houses near the water, the water should be treated with great respect. (Alexander et al., 1977). Moreover, the slum is the place with the inferior condition for water and sanitation, and water is the essence of life.

The term social structure in this sub-chapter describes the conditions of the dwellers according to the economic status. Most of the squatter dwellers earn their living in the informal economy (Tannerfeldt and Ljung, 2006). A lot of the wives work as maids for the upper class, whilst man work as cycle rickshaw drivers, rubbish collectors, and other micro-scale business activities. Furthermore, this part explains the essential urban amenities, for example, insufficient water and sanitation services, inadequate sewage facilities, overcrowding and lack of secure tenure. Water, sanitation, and sewage are a crucial issue in Kampung Sukaraja and Kampung Hamdan. Water and sanitation can be considered two of the most fundamental critical urban facilities upon which the management of health and well-being in city development (Beall and Fox, 2009).

3.5.1 Water and Sanitation Facilities Kampung Sukaraja and Kampung Hamdan are located at the Deli riverbank, which should positively benefit the dwellers with regard to water and sanitation. However, the river is contaminated and polluted, making it unsafe for consumption and sanitation. Due to the unaffordable price of water facilities bill, dwellers utilise water from the river for laundry, bathing, and even defecating. Kampung Hamdan is on the developing stage where most of the houses are facilitated with bathroom and water, which provided by the PDAM (Indonesian regional water utility company). Although, the Hamdan dwellers take a bath and do their laundry inside their small bathroom several still do their laundry at the riverbank, particularly those who live at the riverbank side (Figure 34). Kampung Sukaraja water and sanitation facilities are inadequate. Most individuals do their laundry in the riverbank causing the river to be polluted. The community tried to solve this problem by using a self-made shelter to do their laundry; however, despite this many dwellers continue to follow the tradition and use the river.

Figure 34: People bathing and do laundry at the riverbank Source: Author

Figure 35: Mound of rubbish at the riverbank in Kampung Hamdan Source: Author

3.5.2 Sewage Facilities Rubbish becomes one of the critical problems in slum settlements. Lack of rubbish collection programme by the government in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja causes the accumulation debris, especially at the riverbank (Figure 35). In Kampung Hamdan, there has been a programme to collect the rubbish once a week. The residents need to put their waste in front of their house, and each week, the volunteer from the community will collect the rubbish. To implement this programme, the chief of the neighbourhood requires each household to pay Rp 10,000 (0.5 in pound sterling) per month, but there are still households that neglect this programme and instead throw the rubbish into the river. Similar to Kampung Sukaraja, where most of the dwellers throw the waste into the river, because of the lack of facilities to collect and recycle the trash.

Figure 36: Scattered rubbish Source: Author

3.5.3 Overcrowding and Lack of Secure Tenure Overcrowding is one of the characteristics of an urban slum. Overcrowding is describes three or more individuals having to share one bedroom (UN Habitat, 2006). Overcrowding also impacts on the health of the occupants. From the interview session with the slum dwellers, it is obvious that these two areas are overcrowded. Two families can live under the same roof in a house measuring 5 m x 6 m and without a bathroom. The conditions are uncomfortable, unhygienic, and unsafe to live in. Moreover, overcrowding is positively correlated with a range of illnesses, and diseases, as well as child mortality and an increase in negative social behaviour (Sori, 2012). One of the keys that determined a slum settlement is the lack of secure tenure. Secure tenure is defined as the rights of all individuals and groups to adequate protection from the state against forced eviction (UN Habitat, 2006). Most of the dwellers in these two areas do not have the certificate of land ownership and can be evicted at any time.

3.6 Topographic Map The case study site is separated by the Deli River and in two different administrative areas, which are Hamdan and Sukaraja. The deepest part of the river is 79 ft above sea level while the highest is 84 ft above sea level. The topography land along the riverside is around 85 ft â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 94 ft above sea level. Apart from the riverside, the topography is increasing from 92 ft to 106 ft (Figure 37). The areas along the riverside are prone to flooding, due to some parts being nearly as high as the water surface, whilst other parts only have 2 ft. difference. In the monsoon, the water will rise and can increase by 2 m reaching the dwellings, although houses on the higher section are on the safe zone, sometimes an inch of water will reach into these houses. There needs precaution taken to prevent the flood reaching the houses, either through creating the improvements to the houses or the landscape.

Figure 37: The topographic map of case study area Source: http://en-gb.topographic-map.com/places/Medan-6643207/

Residential

Commercial

Green space and roads

Figure 38: The zoning of land use around the slum settlements Source: Author

Public leisure area

3.7 Land Use Analysis The research site is located at the riverside of Deli River, which separated the two areas. This slum area is surrounded mostly by a residential area, commercial area, and public leisure area. The unique morphology of the slums is close to the luxury residential in Medan, which affects the social life here. The commercial space is predominantly occupied by shophouses, used as a restaurant or culinary area. The public leisure area includes the Maimun Palace and the National Public Library opposite the Maimun Palace. As Figure 38 shows, the slum settlements are not organised well, houses are mostly scattered disorderly with different building areas.

3.8 Serial Vision Gordon Cullen, in his book â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Townscapeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; develops a method called serial vision to illustrate pedestrian experience while moving through spaces. The pedestrianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s view continually changes when walking through a curving pathway, arriving at a courtyard, or turning a corner. This changing view creates a sense of discovery and drama (Cullen, 1995). The serial vision is necessary to conduct research, it represents the feeling of the user in different spaces, and it indicates the atmosphere of the area. The distinctive experience in this slum area is remarkable. The alley dominates this settlements path, which are around 1.5 m widths (Figure 39). Each alley reflects different feeling and character. When you pass the narrow alley, you will feel cramped and afraid at the same time, then you are heading to the riverside, you will feel free. Houses in this settlement are highly dense leaving little space between houses. These settlements compare with the streets of Venice. Moreover, the houses are not homogeneous, where visitors have their own experiences. Narrow alleys become the characteristics of the urban slum where there is a significant difference with other regular residential areas in the city.

Figure 39: Section of alley in the settlement Source: Author

Figure 40: The serial vision in Hamdan Source: Author

The serial vision in Hamdan tries to capture a sense of discovery and drama as you walk through the area. The sense of feeling changes as you pass through different spaces. Hamdan invites the feeling of welcome, safe, and free, even though the houses are dense, the colourful houses give the impression of joy, and suddenly we forget we are in the slum settlement.

Figure 41: The serial vision in Sukaraja Source: Author

Similarly, Sukaraja offers a different perspective as you traveled through each section. Mostly you will feel cramped, due to narrow alleys and dense houses. However, the unique thing about this settlement is the materials used are not similar creating a different sense to each house. Moreover, the paints vary in colour creating a vibrant scene added by the hanging clothes that seems like the decoration in the allies.

3.9 Number of Floors On this section, the height of the houses will highlight the part of the riverside. The height of the houses in this area is not more than two storeys. Most of the homes at the Hamdan riverside are two storeys with the houses raised of the ground (Figure 42), due to the frequent floods that can reach 2 m height; slum dwellers raise their houses 1.5 m from the water to protect their belongings from the floods. However, there are still three houses, which are currently one storey. This situation also applies in Sukaraja; the difference is all of the houses at the Sukaraja riverside are two stories with raised houses. During the flood the slum dwellers move their properties to the first floor, those whose home is only one storey will transfer their goods to their neighbourâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house.

Figure 42: The height of the houses along the riverside Source: Author

Figure 43: The landscape section Source: Author

3.10 The House Condition The houses in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja have the same typology. The house measurements have an average size of 5 m x 6 m to 8 m x 10 m, this includes bedroom, living room, and kitchen. In Kampung Hamdan, the houses are more developed than in Kampung Sukaraja. Most of the houses in Kampung Hamdan have room for a bathing and laundry. In Kampung Sukaraja most of the slum dwellers take a bath and do laundry in the river. The houses are mainly two storeys, which reside along the riverside, and the rest of the houses predominantly by one storey.

In this 5 m x 6 m two storeys house, two family generations or their relatives may live. The houses are not adequate for living, and they are prone to floods and earthquakes. The house types along the riverside mostly are raised houses with the foundation made of wood or concrete. The material of the wall is mixed with plank and bricks; however, there are still few tenements that are made of plank entirely. To fix the broken wall, the slum dwellers often use corroded zinc to cover their wall, as well as to cover the roof (Figure 45).

Figure 44: Key map Source: Author

Figure 45: The illustration of two stories house Source: Author

Figure 46: Illustration of floor plan with two stories house Source: Author

Figure 47 The condition inside one of the house in Sukaraja Source: Author

Figure 48: Key map Source: Author

Figure 50: Illustration of one storey house Source: Author

Figure 50 shows the house located at Kampung Hamdan, where two generations live in this house (Figure 50). The house is the raised house style to prevent flooding and the foundation made from timber or concrete. Dwellers build houses for temporary use, as they acknowledge they maybe evicted at any time. The situation of the house is terrible, even though it has a bathroom but not decent. Moreover, the owner places the bed on the terrace to sleep (Figure 51). Figure 49: Illustration of one storey house floor plan Source: Author

Figure 51: The condition inside one of the house in Hamdan Source: Author

3.11 Conclusion Identifying and observing the characteristics of slum settlements is essential to define the solutions for the settlements. Using VHR imagery satellite from Google Earth helps this research to recognise the settlements. The main variables of this classification are the density of the buildings, vegetation, and bare land. By detecting these components, we can conclude the slum development stages. Socio-economic elements refer to the social and economical life patterns of the dwellers and how to improve the facilities in the settlements. The site analysis likewise shows the typology of the slum settlements in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. Both settlements tend to adjust the terrain topography. The narrow alleys show unique circulation with different experiences in each zone. Furthermore, the houses also reflect distinctive perspectives with the combination of materials (plank, brick, and metal zinc) and the type of the houses, which is raised house to prevent flooding.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The root cause of urban slumming seems to lie not in urban poverty but in urban wealthâ&#x20AC;? - Gita Verma

Figure 52: A boy playing at the riverbank Source: Author

This chapter presents the results and the suggestions for the study. The result from the study of spatial characteristics, slum development stages and the recommendations for the development of the houses based on a sustainable approach will be explained in this chapter. Furthermore, this chapter will clarify the answer from the research questions.

4.1 Spatial Characteristics of Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja Generally, slum settlements tend to be allocated into two types of locations, innercity and peri-urban areas (Sori, 2012). In Medan, the distribution of slum settlements in the inner city is scattered at the riverbank and railway. Most of the tenements at these two zones are illegal, either government owned or privately owned. Two neighbourhoods, Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja, are located at the riverbank, and both are prone to flood. In these two settlements, 35% of the area is the slum area (Government Administrative Office of Hamdan and Sukaraja, 2019). The vegetation, bare lands, and density of houses, which previously discussed in section 3.5, define the spatial characteristics of these two slum settlements. Moreover, these three elements help to determine the slum development stages. From figure 53, it can be concluded that most of the vegetation is grown at the riverbank for both settlements. Hamdan accommodates more scattered bare lands, while Sukarajaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only has two open lands, located near the school and at the riverbank. In regards to the public facilities from both neighbourhoods, Hamdan and Sukaraja both house a mosque and a public school located at Kampung Sukaraja.

Figure 53: Mapping the distribution of vegetation and bare land Source: Author (Google Earth)

Figure 54: Identifying the density for Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja Source: Author (Google Earth)

Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja are considered as high-density settlements. The study conducted using a fishnet with 14 m x 14 m resolution from VHR satellite imagery GE. The result from the study shows that 89% of Hamdan and 75% of land in Sukaraja are covered with houses (Figure 54). 30% of the homes in Kampung Hamdan are well organised. In conclusion, these two slum settlements are classified as high-density settlements, which are scattered and disordered.

4.2 Slum Development Stages Various characteristics can be used to identify the slum development stages, for example, size, location, socio-economic conditions, and many more. In this study, we can locate the slum development stages for both Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja according to the infancy stage, consolidated stage, and saturated stage. The early stage of slum developments is the infancy stage, where the settlements may grow from the agricultural land, with the destruction of the natural landscape or public space (Sori, 2012). At this stage, vegetation and bare land still dominates the area rather than buildings. Consolidation stage is the transitional stage, where rapid growth happens, buildings predominantly occupy the land, less bare land and vegetation, moreover an emergence of poor public amenities and services can be identified. Slum settlements in the saturated stage includes many houses built without a planning or building permit, overcrowding is at it’s highest stage with almost no vegetation and bare land. The saturated phase may result in vertical housing if no bare land remains and the increasing the rate of urbanisation and the city’s population growth. The study was conducted by comparing the settlements conditions in different years. GE provides the historical image from 2001 in these two settlements, and it is going to be compared with the 2018 image.

In 2001, from figure 51 it can be seen that the Hamdan settlements were expanded to the north, with mostly bare land restricted at the north side. The vegetation can be seen grown along the riverbank, and bare land at the centre of the settlement. Compared to Sukaraja, there is no bare land in 2001 mostly dominated by houses, plenty of vegetation at the riverbank; however there is vegetation grown at the north. There are significant changes between 2001 and 2018, from the density of the houses and the vegetation distribution (Figure 51). In 2018, the north part of Kampung Hamdan’s settlement had been turned into a commercial district, where houses are removed from the area. However, the study shows that the density of dwellings is increased and the area becomes greener than in 2001 with less bare land. Kampung Sukaraja’s house density also decreased up to 7% from 2001, in contrast to bare land, which increased to 7.5%. Similarly to Kampung Hamdan, Kampung Sukaraja became greener, especially at the south part where dozens of houses were evicted. However, in the north part of Kampung Sukaraja half of the green areas turned into bare land.

2001

2018

Figure 55: Identifying slum development stages between two different years from GE VHR imagery Source: Author (Google Earth)

Hamdan 2001

Sukaraja 2001

Hamdan 2018

Sukaraja 2018

Figure 56: Diagram of changes for both settlements from 2001 - 2018 Source: Author

In conclusion, both settlements are in the consolidation stage where the houses with little less bare lands and vegetation dominate most of the land. From figure 52, it is shown that buildings cover 89% of Kampung Hamdan and 75% of Kampung Sukaraja. The settlement can reach to saturation stage if the urbanisation trend and population trend in Medan increases. According to the United Nations, Indonesia is one of the nine countries, where half of the population growth is expected to be attributed to high-fertility (United Nations, 2015). Currently, Medan is a fast developing city and urbanisation is expected to escalate in the future. Interview and observation result show that the dwellers have been living in this settlement for generation and would refuse to leave their homes. Resulting in the permanent stay for dwellers in this settlement and passing the houses onto the next generations. Therefore, evicting the dwellers is a controversial approach, which is causing rifts between the dwellers and the government. On the contrary, it would be more ethical to improve the settlements using a more sustainable approach.

Figure 57: Dwellers having a chat at the alley Source: Author

4.3 Socio-economic Characteristics of Urban Slum The purpose of identifying the socio-economic characteristics from slum settlements of Hamdan and Sukaraja is to determine the physical development process. The elements that represent this characteristic can be defined from the water, sanitation, sewage facility and land tenure. For this purpose, the result is gathered from the questionnaires and the data collection from the government office. Generally, Hamdan settlement is more developing than Sukaraja, based on the housing facility. However, both settlements need improvements for the quality of dwellerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. The first result derives from the questionnaires, which was filled by the slum dwellers. There are five respondents from Kampung Hamdan and ten respondents from Kampung Sukaraja. Commonly, the respondents from both settlements are housewives from aging from 30 to 50 years old. The predominant religion in both settlements is Muslim. The social life in both dwellings is pleasant; relationships between neighbours seem to be well, and the dwellers are keen to help each other.

Both settlements have the same traditions, for example, the celebration of Independence Day, where the dwellers commemorate it by engaging in competitions and ceremony. People also gather during Islamic celebration and they do gotong-royong (working together) to clean and tidy up their neighbourhood every month. People live in these slum settlements from different background and with different reasons. Most of them have been there since birth. Some of them live there to avoid paying land tax and some moved from the rural areas. The economic life of dwellers in here is poor. Their average income is 2 million Rupiah (equal to 170-pound sterling) per month, this just about covers food consumption, clothes, children tuition fee, and other necessities. Moreover, most of the families in these settlements have around five family members that need to be feed.

Figure 58: Map of Kampung Hamdan Source: Author

Percentage of duration of settled

Percentage of sanitation facility at house

Percentage of place where people doing laundry

People who settled in Kampung Hamdan have mostly lived there for more than ten years, some even up to 50 years. 3 out of 5 people said this is their parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; house, so they have lived here since they were born. Regarding the facilities in Kampung Hamdan, according to the questionnaires the dwellers feel the facilities are developing in and fulfill their essential needs, minus waste disposal. Three out of five people still throw their rubbish into the river, even though there is a rubbish collection every week. Some dwellers feel the charge of 15,000 Rupiah per month is to high, and they neglect it. Consequently, the riverbank is now full of waste.

Percentage of water facility at house

One method of tackling the waste issue is by recycling and reuses it. Most of the waste is plastic from household used, by encouraging dwellers to collect all of the plastic and shopping bag and send it to the government for recycling. The government should act by providing each house with a waste bin, or a collection point for each neighbourhood.

Percentage of waste disposal facility

Figure 59: Diagram of questionnaire result in Hamdan Source: Author

Figure 60: Map of Kampung Sukaraja Source: Author

Percentage of duration of settled

Percentage of sanitation facility at house

Percentage of place where people doing laundry

Percentage of water facility at house

Percentage of waste disposal facility

There are ten respondents from the questionnaire in Kampung Sukaraja. According to the results, half of the respondents have been settled in Kampung Sukaraja for over 40 years, since then they are living illegally without the ownership of land tenure. 6 out of 10 houses already provide sanitation and water facilities from PDAM, the remaining four still use wells or buy water from other suppliers. Even though their houses provide with water, 6 out of 10 people still do their laundry in the river. Waste disposal seems to be the main issue both in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. However, the situation in Kampung Sukaraja is worse, 9 out of 10 people throw rubbish into the river. There is no waste collection programme in this settlement; people become accustomed to throwing waste into the river. Some of the participants said â&#x20AC;&#x153;If Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m not throwing it into the river, I bury it or I burn itâ&#x20AC;?. It seems the behaviour of throwing waste carelessly has been rooted deep in this neighbourhood.

Figure 61: Diagram of questionnaire result in Sukaraja Source: Author

15 of the questionnaire respondents admit that they do not have a land tenure certificate. They have lived illegally in these two settlements, and they only need to pay rent cost to the neighbourhood chief for around 2,000,000 Rupiah per year. 8 out of 15 people have the intention to move out from these settlements, while the others prefer to stay in await government eviction. The government, the administrative office of Hamdan, calculated that 31% of the dwellers have water facility to drink, bath, and do their laundry and 38% of the dwellers facilitated with sharing toilet for five families per toilet. Only 37% of the houses have the official permission to build a house in Kampung Hamdan. In conclusion, the primary issue in these two settlements is waste disposal. The problem arises because of the lack of attention from the dwellers who carelessly throw their waste into the river. Moreover, the government lack of waste collection provision at to the problem. The problem can be tackled by installing a rubbish collection point that would be collected once a week and educate the dwellers on recycling and upcycling. The second issue is water and sanitation. Parts of the dwellers still do not have access for sanitation, water, and laundry facilities, which result in them doing their laundry, bathing, and defecating in the river. Building a shared bathroom and laundry space for the dwellers can help this problematic issue. The government should provide the settlements with clean water and a system to recycle rainwater, which can be used for the sanitation and laundry necessities.

4.4 Improving Slum Settlements The improvement of the settlement can be achieved through a sustainable way. Through integrating the natural resources and studying climate in this area can change the settlements. The proposed improvements for the settlements are for the houses, waste problems, sanitation, laundry facilities, and structures to prevent the flood. As discussed in chapter two, from the case study of Kampung Kali Code, where the settlements are applying bamboo as the chief material of their houses, this strategy can be used to upgrade the slums both in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja. Bamboo is believed to be a sustainable material and easy to find in this city. Moreover, bamboo cannot only be used as of the housing material; but also, can also be used to construct as the flood barriers. Bamboo absorbs air and reduces heat during the day, helping air circulation in the house. The house type will be designed the same as the existing one, a raised house to counteract floods, as well as adapting to the traditional house typology. Each house will be designed with a terrace garden to give allow the dwellers to grow their own food. This can be achieved through the dwellers taking part through in gotong-royong. Therefore, the houses should be designed with a simple building construction and using local material.

Figure 62: Proposed plan for the house Source: Author

To improve the dwellerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house, each house will be designed with one bathroom, for a bath and laundry, and a terrace where dweller can dry their clothes. The house will be designed 2 storeys with attic for the children bedroom. Moreover, garden terrace where dweller can grow their plant will be proposed at the first floor (Figure 62). The houses settled at the riverbank will be move backward 1 m to give access for the pathway along the riverside, where people can walk and cycling near the riverbank. To prevent the flood, the barrier throughout the river will be installed with bamboo (Figure 63).

Figure 63: Section of the house and river Source: Author

Figure 64: Elevation of the house along the riverbank Source: Author

Figure 65: Proposed infrastructure Source: Author

Creating public and communal spaces response to the needs of the dwellers. The aim is to create a habitable environment where the community can gather and socialise on a daily basis, as well as increasing economic opportunities for the dwellers (Lajevardi, 2012). The communal area can be the space for residents to carry out outdoor activities, children to play, with an area dedicated for the crop cultivators to grow food for the residents (Figure 66). Furthermore, to tackle the problem of poor sanitation, there should be a public toilet, which can be used by the dwellers (Figure 67).

Figure 66: Proposed communal space Source: Author

A waste solution is one of the problematic concerns to solve. A simple start would be to begin to remove the waste already formed in the river, followed by the installing a recycling point. Dwellers should be educated on the benefits of separating waste that can be recycled and reused. Items, which cannot be recycled, cannot be sent to the landfill, or they can be sent to the local recycling entrepreneur community. These communities upcycle used plastic into useful items, such as, shopping bags, decoration, tablecloths, etc. To encourage the collection of recyclable items, these items can be exchange for something valuable, for example, sachet of detergent, dish soap, toothbrushes with coupons.

The government should participate by applying strategies such as exchanging waste for the public transport tickets. This strategy has been implemented in Surabaya and has successfully decreases the amount of waste in the landfill. Medan government should establish a regulation to ban the use plastic use in the city. Bali government has released the rule to ban the plastic use this year; the citizens seem to be happy to adjust this new law. This strategy can only be achieved with cooperation between government and dwellers. For the development of water, sanitation and laundry facilities, each house will be designed with a small bathroom and public toilet at the communal space. The water will be provided either by the PDAM or from the rainwater recycling system. The rainwater will be used to water the terrace garden and for the flushes in the toilets.

Figure 67: Public toilet designed with bamboo Source: Author

4.5 Conclusion The slum development stage in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja currently is in the consolidation stage, where the buildings predominantly cover the settlements. As the result the settlements can become denser if the percentage of urbanisation and poverty is increases over time. If the population increases, the issue relating to inadequate facilities for waste disposal, water, and sanitation will worsen, leading to a hazardous accumulation issue of waste in the river. To tackle these issues, a sustainable approach can be taken to improve the settlements. By using natural resources and applying the recycle/upcycle systems the improvements will likely be seen through a healthier and more sustainable way of living.

This study explored the characteristics of the slum area in Medan, where Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja are the case studies. The research was conducted to identify the spatial characteristics of the settlements, the developmental stages, and how to identify ways to improve the quality of life of the slum dwellers. In order to classify the spatial characteristics and the developmental stages from both settlements, this study implements a low-cost, standardised method from VHR GE imagery. Moreover, to understand the root problem of the slum settlements, fieldwork has been conducted as well. The slum formation in Medan tends to appear at the green line of the city i.e. river, an area which is not supposed to be built on. The rapid growth of urbanisation and population are the primary cause of slum development in the city. These challenges lead to another problematic issues, poverty and malnutrition. Furthermore, to develop the city, the political and economical conditions play a major role. Although, there are laws prohibiting construction on the green line, the government does not enforce these laws allowing the slums to spread. If urbanisation can be managed well by the government, the appearance of slum settlements can be decreased. The urban slum can be described as the result of informal, illegal and unplanned urban growth. Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja have been slums for many decades. The settlements adapt with the river terrain and high density of the buildings with less vegetation and bare lands. Both settlements are in the consolidation stage, which means these settlements can scatter fill potential bare land and it can be expected in the next decades to see a vertical growth in both settlements.

The settlements can be recognised by corroded zinc covering the half plank half brick houses with narrow alleys around 2 m wide. The houses settled at the riverbank mostly are raised houses to preventing flooding. Aside from the poor conditions of the slum settlements, the characteristics of the slums shape the identity of the settlement and make it different from other urban settlements. The variety and diversity from the dwellers and houses form the uniqueness of the slum areas. The eviction of slum settlements can be complicated in Third World countries, due to lack of funds, sheer number of people and their caution to accept change. Eviction appears to be the solution from the government, however, resettling slum dwellers from their original homes and job prospects is not usually feasible. The economic and social disruption costs are too high. Rather than evict the slum dwellers, alterations can be made in these settlements. The slum residents remain vulnerable to the eviction by the government. The relocation of the slum settlements is hard for the residents to accept. Settling in the slums has allowed the residents to build a lifestyle and daily routines. When the government attempts to replace their houses, many residents refused to leave their homes. The residents feel comfortable within the slum environment, and for them it is irreplaceable. Residents feel uneasy to move to unfamiliar environment, where they have to restart and rebuild their lives. Living in the slum settlements, the dwellers have created their own culture and traditions, which they do not wish to abandon easily. Upgrading slum settlements is necessary for sustainable urban development. The sustainable housing in slum settlements will not only improve the life of the dwellers but also have a positive impact on the urban context. Learning from Kali Code in Yogyakarta as an example of the sustainable slum, the successes can be applied to Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja.

Using a renovation system rather than a relocation system, the dwellers’ life can be bettered, facilitating the resident’s needs, and reshaping the negative perception of the slum will help create harmony between the slum dwellers and the other citizens. Redesigning the slums into a sustainable settlements can help squatters to get better living conditions, easy access to clean water, reduce the living cost, and can contribute to the city as an example of resilient area. Modifications for the houses would be very important, especially in preventing meteorological disasters such as earthquakes and floods. One method of counteracting earthquakes and floods would be to use bamboo, it’s elasticity is it’s strength in an instance of an earthquake the bamboo sways and then springs back to it’s original form. Furthermore, it acts as an effective barrier against floods. Moreover, by recycling rainwater, dwellers can live sustainably and reduce their living costs. Plastic should be banned in the city, with an efficient recycling and collection system for waste and reusable goods. To support the needs of the dwellers, the slum settlements need to have allocated space for crop and herb growth. In order for the regeneration to be successful, there needs to be engagement between the slum dwellers and government. Both parties need to discuss their rights and responsibilities, and require teamwork. Furthermore, the study explored solutions to improve the infrastructure especially for the water, sanitation, and waste management.

Even though they are called slum dwellers, squatters, or illegal residents, these individuals have the right to live and bettered their lives. Apart from the beauty of variety and diversity, slum dwellers place their lives on the line. Today’s squatters try to defend themselves against the disasters, floods, or toxic dumps. Thus, instead of cities of light that has been imagined by urban futurists, the world has to face the violence of life, besieged by pollution, poverty, and the explosion of rubbish (Davis, 2006).

“Slum, semi-slum, and superslum ... to this has come to the evolution of cities.” - Patrick Geddes (Mumford, 1961)

The slums have a sense of community, diversity, and culture, which the people created and has allowed them to become powerful. This is an area where people from different backgrounds live in the same place with the same life purposes; the area acts as the protection against the chaotic city life, where many of these individuals feel like outsiders. In the slum these people become a united community. However sadly, they are still being manipulated by the government for the purpose of politic.

Appendix

TThe questionnaire research was conducted in 5th - 8th of January 2019 in Kampung Hamdan, Kelurahan Hamdan, and in Kampung Sukaraja, Kelurahan Sukaraja, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. he questionnaire was distributed to five residents of Kampung Hamdan and ten residents of Kampung Sukaraja. The first five questionnaires are from Kampung Hamdan respondents, and the rest ten of the questionnaires are from Kampung Sukaraja.

Questionnaire translation

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Medan Population Growth Rate source: Badan Pusat Statistik Medan

Survey result for the slum area in Medan source: P2KKP 2015 baseline data

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Settlements statistics in Sukaraja source: Government office in Sukaraja, photograph by author

Settlements statistics in Hamdan source: Government office in Sukaraja, photograph by author

Hamdan settlements profile source: RP2KPKP 2015

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List of Illustrations Figure 1: Rocinha Favela, Rio de Janeiro Retrieved from Behance (Online Image) (accessed on 17 February 2019) https://www.behance et/ gallery/2297094/Unimed-Favela 8 Figure 2: Rocinha Favela from aerial view, Rio de Janeiro Retrieved from Palassiter.wordpress (Online image) (accessed on 25 February 2019) https://palassiter.wordpress.com/travel-photos/favela-rocinha/ 8 Figure 3: South Africa Bidonville Retrieved from Peranderspetterson (Online Image) (Accessed on 17 February 2019). http://www. peranderspettersson.com/projects/rainbow-transit--south-africa/Rainbow_Transit_002/ 9 Figure 4: Kibera Bidonville aerial view Retrieved from ramanan50.wordpress(Online Image) (Accessed on 25 February 2019) https://ramanan50.wordpress.com/2013/01/27/slums-of-the-world-photo-essay/ 9 Figure 5: Orangi Town, Pakistan Retrieved from Reddit (Online Image) (Accessed on 17 February 2019) https://www.reddit.com/r/UrbanHell/comments/7el1j4/slum_housing_stands_on_a_hill_in_the orangi_town/ 9 Figure 6: Orangi Town aerial view Retrieved from ramanan50.wordpress(Online Image) (Accessed on 25 February 2019) https://ramanan50.wordpress.com/2013/01/27/slums-of-the-world-photo-essay/ 9 Figure 7: The percentage of urbanisation in Indonesia from 2007 to 2017 Retrieved from Statista (Online Image) (Accessed on 18 February 2019 ) https://www.statista.com/statistics/455835/urbanization-in-indonesia/ 11 Figure 8: Total number of people in urban populations living in slum household. Retrieved from (Online Image) (Accessed on 18 February 2019) https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-slums-total 12 Figure 9: The percentage of urban population living in slums in Indonesia from 1990 to 2014. Retrieved from (Online Image) (Accessed on 18 February 2019) https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization 12 Figure 10: Population trend of Medan from 2007 to 2016 Author’s own image data based on Badan Pusat Statistik Medan, 2017 https://medankota.bps.go.id/statictable/2017/01/17/35/jumlah-penduduk-dan-laju-pertumbu han-penduduk-menurut-kecamatan-di-kota-medan-2010-2014-dan-2015.html 13 Figure 11: Children join demonstration following eviction of squatters and losing chance to continue school Retrieved from blogs.usyd.edu.au, photos from Kompas newspaper (Online Image) (Accessed on15 March 2019) http://blogs.usyd.edu.au/maxlaneintlasia/2006/09/protests_and_number_of_poor_on.html 16 Figure 12: Poverty trend of Medan from 2010 – 2017 Author’s own image, data based on Badan Pusat Statistik Medan, 2017 https://medankota.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2018/01/23/38/penduduk-miskin-kota-med an-2010-2017.html 17 Figure 13: Children playing in the stack of trash in the river Retrieved from pbs.org, photo by Enny Nuraheni (Online Image) (Accessed on 5 March 2019) https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/in-worlds-poorest-slums-landfills-and-polluted-rivers-b come-a-childs-playground 18 Figure 14: Kampung Kali Code site plan Retrieved from Architecture in Development, 2011 (Online Image) (Accessed on 3 March 2019) https://architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=143#!prettyPhoto 20

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Figure 15: Kampung Kali Code section Tulius. 1991 via architecture in development, 2011 edited by author 20 Figure 16: Kampung Kali Code from aerial view Retrieved from Steemit, photograph by Simplywalk, 2018 (Online Image) (Accessed on 3 March 2019) https://steemit.com/cityscapephotography/@simplywalk/colours-of-the-city 21 Figure 17: Kampung Kali Code house façade using painted woven bamboo Retrieved from Architecture in Development, photograph by Hui Lian (Online Image) (Accessed on 3 March 2019) https://architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=143#!prettyPhoo 22 Figure 18: Condition in Kampung Kali Code Retrieved from Aga Khan Award (Online Image) (Accessed on 3 March 2019) https://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/kampung-kali-cho-de 22 Figure 19: Sustainable strategies diagrams Retrieved from Pinterest, based on BNIM Architect (Online Image) (Accessed on 4 March 2019) 24 Figure 20: Indonesia Map Author’s own image 25-26 Figure 21: Map of slum distribution in Medan Author’s own image (picture from Google Earth edited by Author) (data from P2KKP Baseline Data, 2015 and Medan city council data, 2016 27 Figure 22: Map of Kelurahan Hamdan and Kelurahan Sukaraja Author’s own image (data from Google Earth, edited by Author) 29-30 Figure 23: Map of two research area Author’s own image (data from Google Earth, edited by Author) 31 Figure 24: Physical process of slum development stages Sliuzas, R. V., Mboup, G., & de Sherbinin, A. (2008). Report of Expert Group Meeting on Slum Identification and Mapping. 32 Figure 25: The aerial view from the Deli Sultanate area (close to the research area) 1918-1919 Retrieved from Pinterest from the source Tropenmuseum (Online Image) (Accessed on 25 February 2019) https://id.pinterest.com/pin/398357529512797828/ 34 Figure 26: Illustration of the slum stages in Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja Author’s own image 35 Figure 27: Condition of two settlements in 2001 Author’s own image (data from Google Earth, edited by Author) 40 Figure 28: Condition of two settlements in 2009 Author’s own image (data from Google Earth, edited by Author) 40 Figure 29: Condition of two settlements in 2018 Author’s own image (data from Google Earth, edited by Author) 40 Figure 30: Bare land that used as gathering place for the dwellers Author’s own image 42 Figure 31: Bare land that used as fishing area Author’s own image 42 Figure 32: Part of the evicted houses that turned into bare land Author’s own image 43 Figure 33: People gathering at kedai Author’s own image 43 Figure 34: People bathing and do laundry at the riverbank Author’s own image 46

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Figure 35: Mound of rubbish at the riverbank in Kampung Hamdan Author’s own image 47 Figure 36: Scattered Rubbihs Author’s own image 48 Figure 37: The topographic map of case study area Retrieved from en-gb.topographic-map (Online Image) (Accessed on 6 March 2019 ) Author’s own image 50 Figure 38: The zoning of land use around the slum settlements Author’s own image 51 Figure 39: Section of alley in the settlement Author’s own image 54 Figure 40: The serial vision in Hamdan Author’s own image 55 Figure 41: The serial vision in Sukaraja Author’s own image 57 Figure 42: The height of the houses along the riverside Author’s own image 59 Figure 43: The landscape section Author’s own image 60 Figure 44: Key map Author’s own image 61 Figure 45: The illustration of two stories house Author’s own image 61 Figure 46: Illustration of floor plan with two stories house Author’s own image 62 Figure 47: The condition inside one of the house in Sukaraja Author’s own image 62 Figure 48: Key map Author’s own image 63 Figure 49: Illustration of one storey house floor plan Author’s own image 63 Figure 50: Illustration of one storey house Author’s own image 63 Figure 51: The condition inside one of the house in Hamdan Author’s own image 64 Figure 52: A boy playing at the riverbank Author’s own image 66 Figure 53: Mapping the distribution of vegetation and bare lands Author’s own image (data from Google Earth, edited by Author) 69 Figure 54: Identifying the density for Kampung Hamdan and Kampung Sukaraja Author’s own image (data from Google Earth, edited by Author) 70 Figure 55: Identifying slum development stages between two different years from GE VHR imagery Author’s own image (data from Google Earth, edited by Author) 72 Figure 56: Diagram of changes for both settlements from 2001 to 2018 Author’s own image 73 Figure 57: Dwellers having a chat at the alley Author’s own image 75 Figure 58: Map of Kampung Hamdan Author’s own image 77 Figure 59: Diagram of questionnaire result in Hamdan Author’s own image 78

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Figure 60: Map of Kampung Hamdan Author’s own image 79 Figure 61: Diagram of questionnaire result in Sukaraja Author’s own image 80 Figure 62: Proposed plan for the house Author’s own image 82 Figure 63: Section of the house and the river Author’s own image 82 Figure 64: Elevation of the house along the riverbank Author’s own image 83-84 Figure 65: Proposed infrastructure Author’s own image 85-86 Figure 66: Proposed communal space Author’s own image 87 Figure 67: Public toilet designed with bamboo Author’s own image 88

List of Tables Table 1: Administrative village data and survey result P2KKP Baseline Data, 2015 and Medan city council data, 2016

List of Abbreviations and Acronomy GE: Google Earth ML: Machine Learning OBIA: Object Based Image Analysis PDAM: Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum VHR: Very High Resolution

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