Architecture Thesis Report | Surat International Airport

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, SURAT by Rahul Dalal Enrollment No. 201603101710028

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE [B.Arch.]

Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus 2020-21

Thesis Guide: Ar. Dhaval Shah Assistant Professor Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Rahul Mehulbhai Dalal has submitted the Final Thesis Report on the subject: “International Airport, Surat” as a mandatory requirement for completion of the Bachelor of Architecture programme at the Raman Bhakta School of Architecture, Uka Tarsadia University for the academic year 2020–21.

His work is found to be satisfactory.

_____________________________ Ar. Dhaval Shah Assistant Professor Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University

_____________________________

_____________________________

Ar. Hatim Khapra

Ar. Sumesh Modi

Thesis Coordinator Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University

Director Raman Bhakta School of Architecture Uka Tarsadia University

DISCLAIMER

This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the Raman Bhakta School of Architecture, Uka Tarsadia University. All views, opinions and statements expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

Name of the Student: Mr. Rahul Mehulbhai Dalal Enrolment No.: 201603101710028

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to sincerely Thank my guide Ar. Dhaval Shah for the continues support during my thesis design, his rendering of different ideas, motivation and immense knowledge in topic helped me to develop the design. His guidance helped me in all my juries and at different stage’s of thesis design development.

Also I would place on record, and Thank thesis co-ordinator Ar. Hatim Khapra and Mentor Ar. Punita Mehta for their inputs during design juries.

I extended my thanks to Ar. Dhruti shah for guidance during research and finding core of the thesis. Also I would like to extend my thanks to Er. Anand Mehta for his guidance in structural systems.

My heartfelt gratitude to my family, Mehul Dalal, Reshma Dalal & Dharti Dalal as well as friends Neel, Chintan, Himanshu, Priyank & Richi, for their endless support throughout good and bad times over this entire journey of five years.

I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all faculty members for their help and support through all my architectural journey at Raman Bhakta School of Architecture.

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TABLE OF CONTENT CERTIFICATE ............................................................................................................... i DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................... iii TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................................vii GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1.

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... 13

Chapter 2.

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 14

Project Background .................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 3.

NEED OF PROJECT ............................................................................. 16

Impact On The Surrounding .................................................................................... 16 Surat Airport Feasibility .......................................................................................... 17 Import – Export Of India ......................................................................................... 18 Industries & Nri Villages ......................................................................................... 19 Swot Analysis .......................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 4.

RESEARCH STATEMENT .................................................................. 20

Chapter 5.

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 21

Chapter 6.

PARAMETERS ..................................................................................... 22

Circulation................................................................................................................ 22 Identity Creation ...................................................................................................... 22 Aesthetics ................................................................................................................. 22 User Experience ....................................................................................................... 22 Flexibility ................................................................................................................. 22 Chapter 7.

AIM & OBJECTIVE ............................................................................. 23

Aim .......................................................................................................................... 23 Objective .................................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 8.

SCOPE & LIMITATION ...................................................................... 23

Scope Of Project ...................................................................................................... 23 Limitation:................................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 9.

SITE ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 24

Chapter 10.

PROPOSED SITE .............................................................................. 25

Chapter 11.

PROPOSED SITE PHOTOS ............................................................. 26

Supportive Documents For Airport ......................................................................... 27 iii

Site Swot Analysis ................................................................................................... 31 Sun Path Diagram .................................................................................................... 31 Surat Weather & Business Background ................................................................... 32 Floods in Surat ..................................................................................................... 32 Famous Food Industry of Surat............................................................................ 32 Agriculture ........................................................................................................... 32 Business of Surat.................................................................................................. 32 Chapter 12.

CASE STUDY ................................................................................... 33

Mumbai Airport ....................................................................................................... 33 Drop Off Zone...................................................................................................... 34 Check-in counter .................................................................................................. 35 Security Check ..................................................................................................... 36 Retail Area/ Duty Free Area ................................................................................ 37 Lounge ................................................................................................................. 39 Airline Office’s .................................................................................................... 39 Concept & Section ............................................................................................... 40 Circulation Chart of Passenger ............................................................................ 41 Delhi Airport ............................................................................................................ 42 Departure Hall ...................................................................................................... 43 Security Area ....................................................................................................... 43 Retail Area ........................................................................................................... 44 Lounge ................................................................................................................. 45 Circulation of Passenger ...................................................................................... 46 Comparison Chart .................................................................................................... 47 Chennai Airport ....................................................................................................... 48 Immigration & Security ....................................................................................... 49 Hold-Room .......................................................................................................... 50 Details of Chennai Airport ................................................................................... 51 Beijing International Airport.................................................................................... 52 International Hold Room ..................................................................................... 53 Domestic Security ................................................................................................ 53 Domestic Hold-Room & Arrival ......................................................................... 54 Circulation Chart of Passenger ............................................................................ 55 Learnings From Case Study ..................................................................................... 56 Derived Circulation Chart from Case Study ........................................................ 57 iv | RBSA

Area Analysis ....................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 13.

PROGRAM ........................................................................................ 59

Chapter 14.

CONCEPT.......................................................................................... 62

Elevation Development ............................................................................................ 63 Concept: - Bird’s Nest ............................................................................................. 65 Chapter 15.

SHAPE DEVELOPMENT................................................................. 68

Chapter 16.

FORM DERIVATION ....................................................................... 72

Conceptual Sketches ................................................................................................ 74 Ceiling Design – An Art Of Looking Up................................................................. 76 Chapter 17.

DEVELOPMENT STAGE ................................................................ 77

Approach Development ........................................................................................... 77 Proposed Circulation For Project ............................................................................. 79 Departure Area ......................................................................................................... 79 Retail Area ............................................................................................................... 80 Domestic Hold-Room .............................................................................................. 81 Duty Free Area ......................................................................................................... 81 International Hold-Room ......................................................................................... 82 Arrival Floor ............................................................................................................ 83 Chapter 18.

FINAL DESIGN ................................................................................ 85

Approach .................................................................................................................. 86 Approach Road .................................................................................................... 86 Terminal approach ............................................................................................... 86 Mono-Rail ............................................................................................................ 89 Departure Curb..................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 19.

DOMESTIC FLOOR ......................................................................... 92

Check-In Hall ........................................................................................................... 95 Domestic Security Check Area ................................................................................ 96 Courtyard Development ........................................................................................... 97 Food Zone .............................................................................................................. 101 Furniture Design .................................................................................................... 101 Chapter 21.

INTERNATIONAL FLOOR ........................................................... 105

International Security & Immigration .................................................................... 109 Duty Free Area ....................................................................................................... 110 Recreational Zone .................................................................................................. 111 Chapter 22.

TYPE OF PASSENGER .................................................................. 116 v

Hurry Passenger ..................................................................................................... 117 Kids Play Area ....................................................................................................... 117 Activities At Airport .............................................................................................. 118 Prayer Room .......................................................................................................... 118 Working Passenger ................................................................................................ 119 Shopping Passenger ............................................................................................... 119 Photogenic People .................................................................................................. 120 Tired Passenger ...................................................................................................... 120 Chapter 23.

ARRIVAL FLOOR .......................................................................... 121

Arrival Passage ...................................................................................................... 125 Transit Lobby ......................................................................................................... 126 Arrival Floor Items ................................................................................................ 126 Chapter 24.

GROUND FLOOR ........................................................................... 127

Baggage Hold-Room ............................................................................................. 131 Ground Hold-Room ............................................................................................... 132 Chapter 25.

TRANSIT HOTEL ........................................................................... 133

Airline Office ......................................................................................................... 134 Chapter 26.

OVERALL CIRCULATION CHARTS .......................................... 137

Normal Passenger Movement ................................................................................ 137 Transit Passenger ................................................................................................... 138 Staff Circulation ..................................................................................................... 139 Chapter 27.

SERVICE CORE.............................................................................. 140

Chapter 28.

FIRE EXIT PLANS ......................................................................... 141

Chapter 29.

SECTION’S ..................................................................................... 142

Chapter 30.

ELEVATION’S ................................................................................ 145

Chapter 31.

STRUCTURE SYSTEM .................................................................. 147

Structural Grid ....................................................................................................... 148 Outer Skin Structure .............................................................................................. 149 Parking ................................................................................................................... 151 Chapter 32.

SITE ................................................................................................. 152

Site Plan ................................................................................................................. 153 Chapter 33.

ATC TOWER................................................................................... 157

Chapter 34.

VISUALS ......................................................................................... 158

Chapter 35.

CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 161

Chapter 36.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................ 162

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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1Modes of transportation through centuries ..................................................... 14 Figure 2Impact on surrounding. ................................................................................... 16 Figure 3Surat city background ..................................................................................... 17 Figure 4 Import/Export data of India ........................................................................... 18 Figure 5 industrial & NRI villages............................................................................... 19 Figure 6 Project SWOT Analysis ................................................................................ 19 Figure 7 Research Methodology .................................................................................. 21 Figure 8 Graphics for Aim ........................................................................................... 23 Figure 9 Graphics for Objective .................................................................................. 23 Figure 10 Option for Site ............................................................................................. 24 Figure 11 Existing Airport site .................................................................................... 25 Figure 12 Proposed Site ............................................................................................... 25 Figure 13 Site Section AA' .......................................................................................... 25 Figure 14 Site Photographs .......................................................................................... 26 Figure 15 Existing plan with satellite image................................................................ 27 Figure 16 future terminal planning .............................................................................. 27 Figure 17 Apron area ................................................................................................... 28 Figure 18 Passenger flow at Surat airport .................................................................... 28 Figure 19 Existing gas line of ONGC .......................................................................... 29 Figure 20 expansion of terminal news cutting ............................................................. 29 Figure 21 Building survey ........................................................................................... 30 Figure 22 parallel runway and terminal planning ........................................................ 30 Figure 23 Site SWOT Analysis.................................................................................... 31 Figure 24 Sun Path Diagram ........................................................................................ 31 Figure 25 Site plan of Mumbai Airport ....................................................................... 33 Figure 26 Drop off zone ............................................................................................... 34 Figure 27 Detail of Drop off zone................................................................................ 34 Figure 28 Check-in Area .............................................................................................. 35 Figure 29 Detail of check-in counter ........................................................................... 35 Figure 30 International security check of Mumbai airport .......................................... 36 Figure 31 Domestic security check of Mumbai airport ............................................... 36 Figure 32 Retail Area of Mumbai airport .................................................................... 37 Figure 33 Food zone with view of airside. .................................................................. 37 Figure 34 Baggage claim area at Mumbai airport ....................................................... 38 Figure 35 Arrival Hall at Mumbai airport.................................................................... 38 Figure 36 Lounge at Mumbai airport ........................................................................... 39 Figure 37 airline office map at Mumbai airport........................................................... 39 Figure 38 Concept of Mumbai airport ......................................................................... 40 Figure 39 Display at Mumbai airport........................................................................... 40 Figure 40 Circulation chart of Mumbai airport............................................................ 41 Figure 41 Site plan of Delhi airport ............................................................................. 42 Figure 42 Departure of Delhi airport ........................................................................... 43 Figure 43 Security area of Delhi airport ...................................................................... 43 vii

Figure 44 Retail area at Delhi airport .......................................................................... 44 Figure 45 Baggage hall at Delhi airport ....................................................................... 44 Figure 46 Lounges at Delhi airport .............................................................................. 45 Figure 47 Concept of Delhi airport .............................................................................. 45 Figure 48 Circulation of Passenger of Delhi airport .................................................... 46 Figure 49Site plan of Chennai airport .......................................................................... 48 Figure 50 Departure hall of Chennai airport ................................................................ 48 Figure 51 immigration & security of Chennai airport ................................................. 49 Figure 52 Duty free area of Chennai airport ................................................................ 49 Figure 53 Hold-room at Chennai airport ..................................................................... 50 Figure 54 Baggage claim area at Chennai airport ........................................................ 50 Figure 55 Section of Chennai airport ........................................................................... 51 Figure 56 Green building concept of Chennai airport ................................................. 51 Figure 57 check-in at Beijing airport ........................................................................... 52 Figure 58 Security at Beijing airport ........................................................................... 52 Figure 59 International hold room at Beijing airport ................................................... 53 Figure 60 domestic security at Beijing airport ............................................................. 53 Figure 61 Domestic hold-room & arrival at Beijing airport ........................................ 54 Figure 62 Baggage claim area at Beijing airport ......................................................... 54 Figure 63 circulation map for Beijing airport .............................................................. 55 Figure 64 departure circulation for international passenger ........................................ 57 Figure 65 departure circulation for domestic passenger .............................................. 57 Figure 66 Arrival circulation for international passenger ............................................ 57 Figure 67 Arrival circulation for domestic passenger.................................................. 57 Figure 68 bar chart for area analysis ............................................................................ 58 Figure 69 deriving area ................................................................................................ 58 Figure 70 sketches for plan development .................................................................... 62 Figure 71 conceptual zoning ........................................................................................ 62 Figure 72 different form of elevation........................................................................... 63 Figure 73 model's for form exploration ....................................................................... 64 Figure 74 bird/airplane comparison ............................................................................. 65 Figure 75 Different nest in nature ................................................................................ 65 Figure 76 form generation process .............................................................................. 66 Figure 77 first thought of elevation ............................................................................. 66 Figure 78 models for aerial view and outer look ......................................................... 67 Figure 79 section for development of spaces ............................................................... 67 Figure 80 Type of terminal .......................................................................................... 68 Figure 81 Shape development 01 ................................................................................. 69 Figure 82 Shape development 02 ................................................................................. 69 Figure 83 Shape development 03 ................................................................................. 70 Figure 84 Shape development 04 ................................................................................. 70 Figure 85 Shape development 05 ................................................................................. 71 Figure 86 Shape development 06 ................................................................................. 71 Figure 87 Form development 01 .................................................................................. 72 Figure 88 conceptual sketch 01.................................................................................... 74 Figure 89 conceptual sketch 02.................................................................................... 74 viii | RBSA

Figure 90 conceptual sketch 03.................................................................................... 75 Figure 91 conceptual sketch 04.................................................................................... 75 Figure 92 conceptual sketch 05.................................................................................... 76 Figure 93 different ceilings from world known buildings ........................................... 76 Figure 94 approach to terminal .................................................................................... 77 Figure 95 section for development of spaces ............................................................... 78 Figure 96 isometric circulation for proposed plan ....................................................... 78 Figure 97 circulation pattern through floors ................................................................ 79 Figure 98 departure area for proposed plan ................................................................. 79 Figure 99 Retail area for proposed plan ....................................................................... 80 Figure 100 hold-room for proposed plan ..................................................................... 80 Figure 101 Sketches for proposed hold room .............................................................. 81 Figure 102 International retail area for proposed plan................................................. 81 Figure 103international hold-room for proposed plan ................................................. 82 Figure 104 sketches for proposed hold room ............................................................... 82 Figure 105Arrival for proposed plan ........................................................................... 83 Figure 106 baggage claim area for proposed plan ....................................................... 83 Figure 107 Existing road .............................................................................................. 86 Figure 108 Departure & Arrival Roads ....................................................................... 86 Figure 109 Mono Rail .................................................................................................. 89 Figure 110 Forecourt visual 01 .................................................................................... 89 Figure 111 Forecourt visual 02 .................................................................................... 90 Figure 112 Departure curb visual ................................................................................ 91 Figure 113 Departure hall visual.................................................................................. 95 Figure 114 Domestic Security Area Visual ................................................................. 96 Figure 115 Security area plan ...................................................................................... 96 Figure 116 Courtyard development 01 ........................................................................ 97 Figure 117 Courtyard development 02 ........................................................................ 97 Figure 118 Courtyard development 02 ....................................................................... 97 Figure 119 Atrium visual 01 ........................................................................................ 98 Figure 120 Atrium Visual 02 ....................................................................................... 98 Figure 121 Atrium visual 03 ........................................................................................ 99 Figure 122 Domestic retail shop visual ..................................................................... 100 Figure 123 Domestic food court ................................................................................ 101 Figure 124 Domestic Furniture Visual 01 ................................................................. 102 Figure 125 Domestic Furniture Visual 02 ................................................................. 103 Figure 126 Domestic Furniture Visual 03 ................................................................ 104 Figure 127 International security & immigration area .............................................. 109 Figure 128 International duty free area ...................................................................... 110 Figure 129 Recreational area ..................................................................................... 111 Figure 130 Special furniture for recreational area ..................................................... 112 Figure 131 International floor furniture visual 01 ..................................................... 113 Figure 132 International floor furniture visual 02 ..................................................... 114 Figure 133 International floor furniture visual 03 ..................................................... 115 Figure 134 type of passenger ..................................................................................... 116 Figure 135 Fast track passenger movement ............................................................... 117 ix

Figure 136 Kids play area .......................................................................................... 117 Figure 137 Activities in terminal building ................................................................. 118 Figure 138 Prayer room ............................................................................................. 118 Figure 139 Work station ............................................................................................ 119 Figure 140 Retail shop ............................................................................................... 119 Figure 141 Photogenic spaces .................................................................................... 120 Figure 142 Sleeping beds ........................................................................................... 120 Figure 143 Arrival floor 01 ........................................................................................ 125 Figure 144 International arrival visual 01 .................................................................. 125 Figure 145 Transit Visual 01 ..................................................................................... 126 Figure 146 Arrival Floor 02 ....................................................................................... 126 Figure 147 Arrival floor 03 ........................................................................................ 126 Figure 148 Ground floor 01 ....................................................................................... 131 Figure 149 Baggage claim area visual ....................................................................... 131 Figure 150 Ground floor 02 ....................................................................................... 132 Figure 151 Ground hold room visual ......................................................................... 132 Figure 152 Visual of swimming pool ........................................................................ 134 Figure 153 Normal passenger circulation .................................................................. 137 Figure 154 Transit passenger circulation ................................................................... 138 Figure 155 Staff circulation ....................................................................................... 139 Figure 156 Service core details .................................................................................. 140 Figure 157 fire exit circulation plan........................................................................... 141 Figure 158 South side elevation ................................................................................. 145 Figure 159 North side elevation ................................................................................. 145 Figure 160 West side elevation .................................................................................. 146 Figure 161 East side elevation ................................................................................... 146 Figure 162 Structural example ................................................................................... 147 Figure 163 Structural column grid ............................................................................. 148 Figure 164 Frame structure example ......................................................................... 149 Figure 165 Truss & outer skin ................................................................................... 150 Figure 166 Truss system & material .......................................................................... 150 Figure 167 Parking division ....................................................................................... 151 Figure 168 Site plans ................................................................................................. 155 Figure 169 Details of site plan ................................................................................... 156 Figure 170 ATC tower ............................................................................................... 157 Figure 171 Visuals 01 ................................................................................................ 159 Figure 172 Visuals 02 ................................................................................................ 160

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GLOSSARY Airside: - area front of terminal, plane movement Landside: - area from terminal Apron area: - where planes are parked Terminal: - complex where passenger moves Hold room: - waiting area for passengers Check-in counter: - passenger needs to collect boarding pass from here and drop the baggage which is to be loaded in plane for journey Immigration counter: - here passenger travelling internationally is asked the purpose of going there and duration of stay in particular country Duty free: - here world renowned brands are located where on any shopping you don’t have to pay tax Aero-bridge: - connection between terminal and airplane gate Taxiway: - lane dedicated for moving plane towards runway Ground staff: - people involved in handling airplane activities of loading and unloading of fuels, baggage’s and water like stuff Drop off: - place where taxi leaves passenger

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Chapter 1.

ABSTRACT

In 21st century airways have become the fastest mean of transportation, with increasing demand of air traffic, the competition in the airline for providing more cheaper and quality base service are getting developed, with the increase in demand the several airports need to be an international connectivity, to reach more people and make world a smaller village, Surat being the diamond city of world where 8/10 diamonds in world are polished over here, Surat needs the international connectivity to make easy export of diamonds and develop other trades worldwide, Surat is also known for its textile industry, Surat currently has domestic airport terminal which serves the 6 million population of Surat and 12 million population of south Gujarat and surrounding.

The need of Surat international airport has been approved by the central government of India and has been updated to status of international airport by AAI, the need for the new terminal building arises which can accommodate the traffic of 30 million passenger annually, currently Surat domestic airport is located on Surat-dumas road near magdalla, it comprises of one runway of 45 m wide in wind ward direction and terminal building with 240 passenger/hour capacity, using the surrounding land for development for new terminal building will ease the operation, afterwards by splitting passengers in different form, the design of terminal has to be more precise and accurate in accordance with 21st century modern airport need, the failures of other international airport can be overcome through the detail studies of their circulation, aesthetics, flexibilities & user experience. The major loop holes in this parameters will lead to huge failures and loss, today the airport once handled by government are being privatized which demands for good design and always increasing traffics, as a designer there are several points which could play major role in airport success and functionality, it could be circulation and user experience, the behavior of passenger or tourist with the respective space and response to it is an important aspect. For case studies of airport one of the example of Singapore Changi airport and London Heathrow airport could be considered, this airports have changed the scenario for design, in modern approaches the circulation of transit passenger is need, where people in long journey has hold or stop in between for the rest and re-fueling in aircrafts, this creates the business and opportunity for local to grow more, aesthetics plays role through the experience in space the more natural and modern look will attract tourist, the sense of nation could be explained through interactive spaces at terminal building.

During the design process the focus would be on several parameters, which could be approach for the quality design, incorporating those terms and parameters in design with space hierarchy and massing will be the priority for achieving and fulfilling the need of good airport, in the modern world of globalization and global warming, the design approach could be through the green building norms and sustainable development in terminal block, which is possible by reducing carbon foot prints and narrowing down the use of materials in construction with respect to context and form.

Airport could be one of the major identity for city with parallel to its heritage values.

Key words: International Airport, Circulation, Aesthetics, Flexibilities, Modern Approach, Functionality, Terminal Building International Airport | 13

Chapter 2.

INTRODUCTION

Project Background

Figure 1Modes of transportation through centuries

Airways are gateway to the countries, dynamic growth of city is dependent on its connectivity to different regions and countries, an international airport plays an important role to sustain the city’s development and to recognize the culture at international level. Airway is fastest means of transportation of goods as well as travelers, airways are free of physical barriers like sea, mountains, rivers, roads, etc.

Airports helps the city to get recognize at an international level, airport helps to develop economic growth of its nation, it encourages economic growth followed by international tourism, it has large concourse to welcome people, the airport is not only about how it functions it’s also about how the attractive it is, how it involves a passenger on board with the structure, how that passenger interacts and changes the mood to traveling, the one by one space gives it a uniqueness and ability to attract the people, airport is not only for check in and check out, the journey between this two is the feel that reflects the country heritage, reputation and its culture, many business travelers stay overnight at airport waiting for their connecting flight, so the interest was developed in this massive planning during one of the journey, a small design where from a young child to old person a man with billions of money to a simple struggler uses this area, the whole air conditioned space running 24/7 for its pride, airport designing has the equivalent potential to develop like a small planned city in tourist list, airport or concourse design is not only for function but also to attract the passenger towards the city, which will not only attract tourist, but will also welcome the growth of city in trading and developing IT industry for the city.

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Chapter 3.

NEED OF PROJECT

Current Surat domestic airport serves the population of 6.5 million, which is located at dumas road, near magdalla, which is 20km from city center, it serves not only Surat but whole south Gujarat with more than 12 million populations, Surat is diamond hub, 8 out of 10 diamonds are cut and polished in various part of Surat city, it contributes $60 million to Indian economy, while parallel Surat is also known for its textile industry.

By developing an international airport, the export of polished diamonds and textile will become easy for the owners and will not have to travel Ahmedabad or Mumbai airports, this will also encourage the diamond burse project and DREAM (diamond research and mercantile) city, two important and upcoming mega project for the city’s growth.

Impact On The Surrounding

Figure 2Impact on surrounding.

Real estate: - due to international airport provision the real estate development will boost, an increase in demand of commercial buildings and office space will increase which will also demand the residential buildings.

Small business: - new startups and small business will get encouragement and direct exploration to the world, international airport will allow access to local markets to import and export goods in different countries of world at minimum cost, while it will enable small business owners and local contractors to travel in and out of local community for work, which will save their time to develop and establish their business.

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Tourism: - tourist will be the large numbers of operators, as always there are very less time for vacation and days are been spent in travelling through road and train, the air connectivity with outside the country will attract the more number of operation during vacation.

Economic growth: - ultimately with export/import of good and in-out of passenger will boost the city life and will accelerate the economic growth with all around development, thousands of people will get jobs and employment with this.

Capital: - The respective owner of airport which is company holding authority based on ppp model, or which comes direct under the central government rule. Several scheme like UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik) to schemes like NABH (Nextgen Airport for Bharat).

Surat Airport Feasibility

Figure 3Surat city background

Surat Airport is located on Magdalla - Dumas Road towards the famous Dumas Beach on the South-West part of the city, approximately 20kms from the city centre.

The Airport currently serves Surat city with a population of 6 million and serves the South Gujarat region with an overall population of 12 million, Surat is known as the diamond city of world here 8 out of 10 diamonds in the world are cut and polished in various parts of town, it contributes $60 billion to the Indian economy, Surat is also known for its old jari works and textile industry, By developing an international airport, the export of polished diamonds and textile will become easy for the owners and will not have to travel Ahmedabad or Mumbai airports, this will also encourage the diamond burse project and DREAM (diamond research and mercantile) city, two important and mega project for the city’s growth.

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Airport authority of India had already approved for the international airport for Surat in financial year 2018-19, but due to its low carrying capacity and airport runway challenges it is not functioning properly, now there is a need of time to develop a new terminal for Surat international airport which can host approx. 60 million passengers till 2035, impact of developing international airport will also help the city small business, the famous food items, tourism, and IT companies to grow here, after Mumbai Surat will become the western gateway to India.

Import – Export Of India

Figure 4 Import/Export data of India

Every city has its own characteristic and its reputed business but apart from that very small business creates huge impact on cities economic growth, every country has its own items which is delivered to the world and some materials which are not produced in region are being imported, so for the logistic purpose it’s the import export business, which runs to full scale, the above mention Figure 5shows import/export data of India in 2019, which suggest huge number of people are involved in its movement, Surat and its surrounding has many large scale industry where raw material is to be imported for the final production, for this purpose the person involved in this travels much for getting better quality and dealing for the materials, which will directly help in the count of passengers, it also rise the need for cargo terminal.

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Industries & Nri Villages

Figure 5 industrial & NRI villages

Various industrial area around Surat are marked above which will contribute to passenger count, there are several multinational companies, where the officials comes for an inspection from headquarters every month, after development of Surat international airport, it will be easy for them and will have to travel less by road, which will save their time.

Swot Analysis

Figure 6 Project SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis for project was carried out to know what all aspects could help and affect the project, there were many weakness and threat which could be overcome by developing opportunities and could be strengthened in design aspects.

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Chapter 4.

RESEARCH STATEMENT

For the development of design, there must be in-depth analysis of what project needs to consider in its process, the research statements help to find the answer through design.

Transit passengers: - This is the important aspect of 21st century airports, people travelling long route takes and changes the flight in between, according to figures more than 355 of people lost their connecting flight due to large ques and inaccessible area at airports Problem in circulation: - Design fault address by more than 25% airport authority, where tracking passenger in security and customs become hard, a person gets lost many times and lands up a wrong place, which results in missing the flight, other than circulation for domestic passengers, international passenger faces issue due to language problem, and misguiding steps and path, Architectural overview: - The new perspective added to airport design other than space making is architectural touch, the fascinated and attractive design, where sustainability and parametric architecture plays a vital role, making it cost effective with modern day inventions.

Sense of context: - Idea or overview of the city/nation where the person lands hold more importance, with their respective heritage, person before leaving the airport should take some good thoughts for the country which are reveled to him in the transit from arrival to taxi area.

Flexible ends: - Terminal buildings are rapidly growing, every year increase in passenger is there, so after decades the need for new terminal building is there, so taking into consideration that future expansion will take place from particular end will help in future development.

Theoretical ground: - above mentioned 5 points are important ways and parameters for designing the airport terminal, an overview states that most airport failures are based on this particular aspects, the data gathering and research on this base points will help to categorize airports for its bad or good.

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Chapter 5.

METHODOLOGY

Figure 7 Research Methodology

To obtain the certain design level at different stages, the following methodology could be implemented at case study level which could help in bringing the necessary outcome in the project, also some parameters are defined which are tool for analysing the airports.

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Chapter 6.

PARAMETERS

Below mentioned points are the tool for analyzing the design, all the mentioned points are related to architectural aspect, where each and every argument needs to be criticized for its best outcome, all parameters are explained in brief to understand its importance and role in designing.

Circulation: - The main aim of studying circulation for transit passengers, the aim will be finding loop holes for airports. Tracking the passenger movement and understanding their behavior, studying different circulation of security, transit passenger, V.I.P. passenger, field workers, captain & crew members, which would assist to merge and designed the best possible way.

Identity Creation: - giving a sense of place where the passenger has arrived. Not only giving through experience but also through some of the cultural heritage treats and values. Displaying the various photo frames with stone monuments, which helps the tourist explorer to see it.

Aesthetics: - trying out for modern approach and making space with spatial experience for the user through which it attracts them to visit again and again. The direct eye catching things like greenery vegetation, modular structure, curves and calm materials.

User Experience: - the walk through from one end to other merging into each other with pure architectural form, using technology to solving issues faced by passengers.

The internal beauty of light and play in levels will also give an amazing experience to tourist.

Flexibility: - today in the modern airports, the major prediction of traffic is not possible, so to study how the airport can be expanded on sides to overcome the passenger movement, how could the airport be expanded, which type of service on edge will benefit to the upcoming size and terminals.

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Chapter 7.

AIM & OBJECTIVE

Aim

Figure 8 Graphics for Aim

To provide an international air connectivity to developing city and rise the business possibilities for small scale industry to large scale industries which provides and generates employment to the city crowd and faster the economic wheel.

Objective

Figure 9 Graphics for Objective

To host international passengers and cargo terminal Design terminal building for international airport.

Site zoning Design an airport which responds to nature and helps context to grow

Chapter 8.

SCOPE & LIMITATION

Scope Of Project :- The approach to design will be with modern architecture, with exploration of new forms and materials, the design process will aim on finding best possible approaches and ideas for building design and its location, building design through parametric principle and identity creation by incorporating different aspects of forms, each and every space influence the other space, the user of airport is mainly the tourist and business person, moreover people who afford flying are well educated or with higher standards of living in society, the key purpose in design will be architectural intervention to attract passenger, to solve the circulation problem for transit passenger and some sort of idea for the nation identity.

Limitation: - Airport terminal building needs to accommodate wide range of spaces, airport being the mega project of scale more than 3 Sq. km area, each space and buildings in the project are influence by each other, so design will largely focus on overall site planning, which include the building placements, and services like cargo terminal, fire station and all, while the main concern and detail design will be for terminal building and its approaches.

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Chapter 9.

SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 10 Option for Site

There were two site for proposal of new airport, one was the site beside existing airport which was brown field project and second site was green field project where airport needed to be developed from scratch, the proposal for second site was near the ubhrat beach in navsari, it was 52 km from the current domestic airport, the distance could have been reduced to 13 km if bridge have been constructed on mindhola creek.

It was advisable to carry out development on the existing site, the reasons like no need of development of two new runways, the cost of bridge could be used in the terminal development, if new green field airport was developed then current airport would have got abandoned, also the investment done around the land could have dropped down drastically, also major point like it was far 24 km from the Surat city center, which would need passenger to leave house 30 min prior to regular departure time, so idea was dropped for green field proposal.

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Chapter 10. PROPOSED SITE

Figure 11 Existing Airport site

In above figure the drawing of existing airport is there which has facilities like runway with 3000-meter X 45-meter-wide, terminal building with capacity of handling 1.5 million passenger per year, the approach to site is from the adjoining 60-meter-wide Surat-dumas road, on the right side the commercial development is there and on bottom part their lake for aquaculture, where farming of fish is done,

Figure 12 Proposed Site

The site proposed is been highlighted in above figure, where the lake is situated of 6.5m depth, which could help us to design a better terminal complex, also the idea is to develop the site with its major zoning like airline offices and air traffic control tower, below is the section for same proposed site.

Figure 13 Site Section AA'

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Chapter 11. PROPOSED SITE PHOTOS

Figure 14 Site Photographs

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Supportive Documents For Airport

Figure 15 Existing plan with satellite image

Figure 16 future terminal planning

Here is the proposed area for the future terminal planning, with 3 aerobridges, and taxiway in red color, also proposed expansion for terminal 01 is marked in red color.

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Figure 17 Apron area

Figure 18 Passenger flow at Surat airport

In year 2018-19 passenger flow at Surat terminal increased by 127% 28 | RBSA

Figure 19 Existing gas line of ONGC

On both side of runway, 6m below ground line there is 6ft diameter of gas line, due to this the expansion of runway are not possible, ONGC has proposed plan for shifting pipeline from dumas side to help airport expansion.

Figure 20 expansion of terminal news cutting

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Figure 21 Building survey

Figure 22 parallel runway and terminal planning

In 2019 P.M. Narendra Modi laid foundation for expansion of existing terminal.

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Site Swot Analysis

Figure 23 Site SWOT Analysis

During site selection SWOT analysis was carried out to know the major pros and cons of the developing terminal, where major issues could be turned into opportunity and can be created with all round development, also in design public transport system were needed to be introduced tom make public access easy and increase the connectivity with the world, threats are the problem of the concerned authority which can be overcome with negotiation.

Sun Path Diagram

Figure 24 Sun Path Diagram

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Surat Weather & Business Background

Table 1 Weather Chart

Floods in Surat 1968 city was flooded 1994 flood caused plague 1998 30% of city got flooded 2006 95% of city flooded Famous Food Industry of Surat Surat is famous for its food. There is a famous saying in Gujarati language "સુરતનુ​ું જમણ અને કાશીનુ​ું મરણ", which means Eat in Surat and Die in Kashi for the ultimate experience of the soul, The unique dishes of Surat include Locho, Ghari (sweet), Surti Bhusu, Alupuri, Ponk, Undhiyu, Dhokla, Khaman, Sev Khamani, and so forth. People's love for food in Surat is so much that there is a lane called as "Khaudra gali" which means foodie's lane which has all stalls of various types of dishes specialty being Mysore Dosa.

Agriculture • Second largest producer of Banana in the state • Surat is largest producer of Okra (Lady finger) in Gujrat with a share of 19% of total production.

• It is Fourth Largest Producer of pulses in Gujrat.

• Seventh Largest Producer of Cereals in Gujrat.

• Largest Producer of Turmeric in the State.

• Second largest producer of Ginger in state.

• Second largest producer of Chilly in Gujrat.

Business of Surat • Art Silk Fabrics • Jari Goods • Diamonds • Machinery, Machine tools and its • parts Textiles • Chemicals and petrochemicals • Products • Furniture • Readymade cloths

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Chapter 12. CASE STUDY Mumbai Airport One of the busiest airport in India is chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaja International Airport, the terminal 02 is marvelous example of modern architecture and design, it is one of the best airport in world.

Figure 25 Site plan of Mumbai Airport

The above map shows how different airside activities are planned, the connection between different runways and taxiways, currently only one runway 09-27 is functional, on runway 14-32, on the 32 side lies Bhaba Atomic research center, which was declared no fly zone by government, and on 14 side their sites trombay hills which are obstruction for both landing and take-off. 09-27 runway is 60-meter-wide with F-code, which can handle A380 flights & Boeing 747, new terminal T2 and old Domestic terminal T1 are separated with 5.5 km of road travelling, due to which many time passenger having connecting flight miss it.

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Drop Off Zone

Figure 26 Drop off zone

Terminal 2 handles both international and domestic passengers, on the drop-off zone there are three lanes for the car, out of which one is for drive through for passenger not stopping at zone, different facilities are provided in between two lanes, like ticket counter, trolley lines, security counters, phone booth, on the extreme side above the parking there are café’s where people can enjoy the last movements with relatives.

Drop off zone is at 4th floor which is approached through elevated road.

Total Departure gates: - 8 gates V.I.P. gate no.: - 01, 08 Figure 27 Detail of Drop off zone

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Check-in counter

Figure 28 Check-in Area

Figure 29 Detail of check-in counter

After entering terminal, passenger first encounter’s the check-in area, where they need to drop their baggage which are not to be taken in airplane, there are 8 island counter, having 2 rows on both side of island, namely from A to P, which has 13 counters in single row at island, on both the extreme edges there is V.I.P seating and lounge area for business class passengers, curb has different facilities like money exchange, ATM machine service, information desk, café’s, baggage weighing area and many more.

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Security Check

Figure 30 International security check of Mumbai airport

After clearing the check-in area, international passenger moves for the security check on the same floor while domestic passenger needs to move down to 3rd floor, after security check of international passenger, they need to go for immigration check, there are total 60 immigration counters for departure.

Figure 31 Domestic security check of Mumbai airport

From the third floor domestic passenger comes down through escalators for security check, the yellow marked zone consist of 16 security counters, with landscape around it.

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Retail Area/ Duty Free Area

Figure 32 Retail Area of Mumbai airport

Figure 33 Food zone with view of airside.

After clearing the immigration counter, on 4th floor there is duty free zone, which is basically retail area, where international brands have their shops, it is the highest retail area in any Indian airport comprising of 11,000 sq. m.

After retail area passenger enters into hold-rooms where they need to wait for boarding call for flight, there are 4 entry/exit connection from hold-room to duty free and viceversa, with retail area there lies food zone on the curve part of building from where person could look at the apron area and on runway where activity like taking off and landing can be seen which mesmerize the airport experience.

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Figure 34 Baggage claim area at Mumbai airport

Arrival at Mumbai international airport is incredible experience, here a person see’s the glimpse of Indian culture and its heritage value’s, after arrival through international flight, passenger needs to clear the Indian immigration, where they are asked question about purpose of coming to India, the baggage claim area for both domestic and international passenger is common, which are just separated by adjustable glass panel, in total there are 40 immigration counters and 14 baggage claim belt, each belt has some monument and installation on it, reflecting the Indian artist and their creative mind, this is located at 2nd floor with beautiful in house landscape and carvings in wall.

Figure 35 Arrival Hall at Mumbai airport

Arrival hall is adjacent to baggage claim hall, here the domestic passenger comes directly after taking their baggage, while international passengers encounter customs check, meet greet facility is provided for transit passengers where they can chit chat with friends and have some moments with them.

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Lounge

Figure 36 Lounge at Mumbai airport

Lounge are specially designed for the public arriving early or for business class people who want to have discussion at airport with their colleagues, they provide service to the credit card holders for free, have food zone running completely day and night, also there are some lounges where you can heir a room for some hours to get fresh, and continue your journey, all the lounges at Mumbai airport has airfield facing, which engages customer with movement of planes.

Airline Office’s

Figure 37 airline office map at Mumbai airport

Area marked in blue denotes the administration area for airlines and airport management, this is located at 3rd floor below the check-in counter area. This particular area is in design of management of how many airline has its hub as airport, the white part below the airline office is of baggage transformation coming from 4th floor, also the office has some part belonging to government officials who have stake in airport, also this floor has passenger transformation for transit people.

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Concept & Section

Figure 38 Concept of Mumbai airport

Concept of airport is derived from the peacock feather the small detailing on roof and column has its reflection carved in it, while all the floors of departure display’s the culture and heritage of Indian art through centuries, the name is jai he museum which has voice notes for each monument, each detailing has its own idea for designer, section shows the largeness of terminal building and its horizontal connection.

Figure 39 Display at Mumbai airport

Some carved monuments at the terminal building displaying our heritage and detailing during those times, explains the city and Indian value of different forms of architecture.

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Circulation Chart of Passenger

Figure 40 Circulation chart of Mumbai airport

Isometric view of passenger circulation through different floors, red is for the international passenger while blue denotes domestic passenger movements, the upper two floors for departure and below floor for arrival is used.

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Delhi Airport Idea behind selecting Delhi international airport is the structure and planning of it is terminal, here the terminal building is one but has separate block for international and domestic passenger, which helps in smooth function of passenger movement.

Figure 41 Site plan of Delhi airport

Site plan of Delhi international airport suggest the overall planning done in grid pattern with pier area in terminal block, it has two parallel runways both with F-code and safe for A380 planes, it has one of the largest airplane parking facility. It has two parallel taxiways, the runway see on the top of plan are for domestic use for T1 and T2 terminal there is common atc tower for all three terminals, Delhi airport holds the connection with metro and state transport system, T3 has capacity of 60 million passengers, this terminal was built before common wealth games 2010, in period of 37 months,

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Departure Hall

Figure 42 Departure of Delhi airport

Departure of T3 terminal form the 3rd floor, it has same arrangement like Mumbai airport on the terminal block, departure has 8 gates, there are 9 island counters for check-in, drop off zone has facilities like ticket counters and information desk.

Security Area

Figure 43 Security area of Delhi airport

Here at terminal 3 both domestic and international passenger gets separate after the baggage drop, domestic passengers move towards the left side for security check and international passenger moves toward the right side for immigration and security check, there are 48 immigration counters at departure floor.

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Retail Area

Figure 44 Retail area at Delhi airport

After security check and immigration passenger enters into retail area for shopping, the food zone is also next to it, from both the place passenger has view of apron area which is beautiful and attraction for selfie lovers.

Figure 45 Baggage hall at Delhi airport

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Lounge

Figure 46 Lounges at Delhi airport

Lounges with beautiful interior and view of apron area with sunset.

Figure 47 Concept of Delhi airport

Delhi airport display a hast mudra at arrival part as symbol of religious India and belief in cultural values, also it has installations of different art form and struggle of independence in its way to boarding gates. Also it is one of the important building through how the day light is been considered into building.

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Circulation of Passenger

Figure 48 Circulation of Passenger of Delhi airport

There is only two floor circulation in airport here as studied earlier both passenger has different circulation and different blocks. Delhi airport is easiest circulation for transit passengers.

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Comparison Chart

Table 2 Airport Comparison chart

Statics comparison of both important airports. Delhi & Mumbai international Airport.

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Chennai Airport The main aim behind selecting Chennai airport was that it is single block having only international function in it the terminal for domestic is different from this.

Figure 49Site plan of Chennai airport

Site plan of Chennai airport, where the location of both terminal building is in same way, it has two functional runways in V shape, it has satellite terminal for domestic passengers, it has more parking bays then Mumbai airport.

Figure 50 Departure hall of Chennai airport

Chennai airport has walled check-in counters in line which acquires less space and more functional, but confuse passenger about further movement, in total it has 36 check-in counters and 4 gates to enter the terminal.

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Immigration & Security

Figure 51 immigration & security of Chennai airport

After check-in counters passenger moves straight in center to the immigration and security check area, it has 9 immigration counters followed by security check.

Figure 52 Duty free area of Chennai airport

A very small retail is for passengers, with less food zone, in waiting area, it has ramp to board the plane, here duty free area offers gift and hampers, while food shop like café coffee day are located.

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Hold-Room

Figure 53 Hold-room at Chennai airport

In Chennai international airport hold-room has typical design of waiting area with chairs having seating on both the side, there are two three monuments displaying the independence and unity of country.

Figure 54 Baggage claim area at Chennai airport

Arrival is on the second floor and has 3 baggage carousel and 9 immigration counter for arrival, blue one marked is custom.

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Details of Chennai Airport

Figure 55 Section of Chennai airport

Sections defining how the spaces are interconnected with each other and how the bridge connects departure area and hold-room. As seen in section the departure is from the 2nd floor.

Figure 56 Green building concept of Chennai airport

Isometric plan evolution of all floors and structure, while several details of courtyard formed for green building part.

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Beijing International Airport

Figure 57 check-in at Beijing airport

One of the worlds most advanced and biggest airport, it has 9 island counters with 16 in single row, it has entry through bridge connecting drop off and check-in area, the area is at 4th floor, having security check for international passenger on same floor, while domestic people has to move down to 3rd floor, there is again a bridge towards immigration counter.

Figure 58 Security at Beijing airport

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International Hold Room

Figure 59 International hold room at Beijing airport

After immigration passenger moves from the upper floor to 3rd floor, here they have boarding gates duty free and food shop hand in hand all the parts can be accessed by throughout.

Domestic Security

Figure 60 domestic security at Beijing airport

From 4th floor domestic passenger comes on 3rd floor for security check, from this floor again they need to move down to second floor, this part has giant baggage handling area.

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Domestic Hold-Room & Arrival

Figure 61 Domestic hold-room & arrival at Beijing airport

On the third floor passenger needs to move towards the boarding gates with retail area on both the side, in domestic travel arrival is through same gate both departing and arriving passenger meets together, the middle part is for international arriving passenger, while on top we can see the baggage claim area for the domestic passenger.

Figure 62 Baggage claim area at Beijing airport

International arriving passenger comes into immigration area after de-boarding the plane and then moves down towards the baggage claim area and arrival hall.

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Circulation Chart of Passenger

Figure 63 circulation map for Beijing airport

Here we can see the movement of passenger from various floor to boarding gates and arriving passenger in arrival hall. The unique feature of airport is its massive and designed for 100 million passenger capacity, the domestic departure and arrival at same floor is the trust in their local people.

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Learnings From Case Study Below is some key take away from case study

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Derived Circulation Chart from Case Study

Figure 64 departure circulation for international passenger

Figure 65 departure circulation for domestic passenger

Figure 66 Arrival circulation for international passenger

Figure 67 Arrival circulation for domestic passenger

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Area Analysis

Area Analysis 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

Delhi

Mumbai

Beijing

Figure 68 bar chart for area analysis

Figure 69 deriving area

Here all three airport catering both flights were taken to compare and analyze them to derive initial area of proposed Surat airport, the process of derivation was done through average method and calculating them by divide method, so derivation came with an estimation of 1,65,000 sq. m of area, with 15 million passengers annually

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Chapter 13. PROGRAM Program was detailed in design to get an estimate of how much site area would be required to implement whole design, also component number were thought to give an idea of requirement for spaces in terminal, all the area are in square meter, here table consist of only area in terminal block, all area’s outside terminal are excluded.

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Chapter 14. CONCEPT

Figure 70 sketches for plan development

The process for developing concept started from the outer shape of the building in plan, it was developing in the idea of how two major spaces were functioning in each part, the pond was the major context and building was needed to be plan around it, to avoid the harm to nature and biodiversity. Before finalizing the shape zoning was done to get major indication of spaces.

Figure 71 conceptual zoning

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Elevation Development On the other side the idea of outer skin development which is the skin of the airport was in mind, how the person will get its first glimpse before entering into terminal is also an important way of design process, plenty of option were tried keeping and abstracting the planes and drawing curve shapes, fancy elevation and all.

Figure 72 different form of elevation

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Some 3d sketches and handmade model were designed to see how the airport could be done in way to achieve the planning and elevation both hand in hand, one of the model was derived from the idea of Indian national flower – lotus, by arranging its petals in round shape, another was by simply arranging the required area around lake. Elevation

Figure 73 model's for form exploration

During conceptual development, model played an important role in developing terminal design, in right side model where complete box model is there which becomes heavy for site and also it will give a more carbon foot print.

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Concept: - Bird’s Nest

Figure 74 bird/airplane comparison

After lots of process and thinking on how the airport should be and on what it should be based, a relatable thing in nature was found and then it was used as the concept for the airport terminal development, “ bird’s nest” was the concept for the outer skin part, a bird is only the living element which can fly in the air, and has their home on the ground, same way what are pleas, they are also big steel elements which can fly in air but are manmade, so we could call airplane as and big steel bird flying in the air, and airport are home to the planes, after flying all around they come and settle at their terminal, i.e. nest.

Figure 75 Different nest in nature

In nature there are various nest available, there are more than 1000 spices who build nest, but the airport terminal was to be developed in India, so it was need to find the nest of bird which is Indian and has importance in country, two birds were classified out of which one was peacock and second was pigeon, International Airport | 65

From years the pigeon was known as the messenger bird, which transferred messages from one place to other, same could be related with airplane, it also transfers people from one place to other, moreover pigeon is one of the most common bird found on Indian streets, so for further exploration pigeon bird was selected with its nest.

Figure 76 form generation process

Some digital scribbles were done on the photograph of pigeon nest in sideways and in top view, how the stick were arranged and place in manner to achieve the need.

Figure 77 first thought of elevation

The above sketch was done after thinking of this elevation could be achieved at last by abstracting the pigeon nest and undergoing study of its characteristic in nature.

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Figure 78 models for aerial view and outer look

Some models were developed using threads and paper for outer skin and photographs were clicked to get its 3d view in aerial format. Lights were added to get glow of terminal during night and highlighting the line form during night.

Figure 79 section for development of spaces

Deriving division of floors through, section, how spaces are interconnected with each other. At initial level all level departure started from ground! Shifting passenger in elevated manner. Which was discontinued after development.

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Chapter 15. SHAPE DEVELOPMENT Before starting the design on paper it was important to decide the type of terminal that could accommodate more passenger and more airplane parking, so thorough study was necessary for the floor print, out of this major six type two were combine and implement in the airport terminal, the standard linear and concourse were mixed to achieve the shape.

Figure 80 Type of terminal

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Figure 81 Shape development 01

On the site major context was pond, it was clear that hold-rooms will be at bottom of lake to continue with old terminal building, while departure curb was to be on front to avoid traffic and crossing lake.

Figure 82 Shape development 02

Connection was necessary between two major areas which could be filled by retail and food shops in middle but the span was too large to achieve, so later on security and immigration were also added in highlighted part.

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Figure 83 Shape development 03

Site entry was not parallel to each other as well the departure block also needed to respect pond and be parallel to it so the line with pond were made parallel to building.

Figure 84 Shape development 04

The centre retail part was on the left side of hold room, which would make people walk more who’s hold room were in right and it would be injustice if it was not take care off.

So it was arranged in a way that it touches centre line of both hold-room and departure block.

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Figure 85 Shape development 05

So this made the complete shape of building foot print, volume was much high and had severe box feel, it was like a shape has been extruded from ground and would make the corners difficult to treat.

Figure 86 Shape development 06

The derived shape was treated once again after placing necessary things at place, the gate was not visible from entry point from departure road, so front wall was curved to get all visuals at one, while the rear wall where airplane gates were coming, the largest airplane A380 needed more 16 M so the concave arc was made to take airplane inside and make it easier for everybody to have look from one gate to another

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Chapter 16. FORM DERIVATION

Figure 87 Form development 01

Different type of pigeon nest was studied to derive the form, the line was drawn to get their structure and how do they arrange in manner to get its elevation.

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Three nest were selected on basis of different form and arrangement were studied and lines were merged later on to achieve the part, it was divided in three parts were red was thickest, blue were normal and green were thinnest lines.

The outer skin part was derived from the abstracted lines. And were arrange from small to large.

This was the final outcome of the line and form was generated by pasting it on shape derived.

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Conceptual Sketches

Figure 88 conceptual sketch 01

Sketch shows the transition of spaces from drop off to check-in counter.

Figure 89 conceptual sketch 02

Retail shop and boarding gates connection, the vertical gardening which could be developed as selfie point.

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Figure 90 conceptual sketch 03

Food zone near the hold-room, where people can enjoy the view of airside where planes are landing and taking off.

Figure 91 conceptual sketch 04

Typical design of hold-room, and its connection to upper floors and retail area.

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Figure 92 conceptual sketch 05

An idea of how lounge could be for the passengers.

Ceiling Design – An Art Of Looking Up. During the conceptual development, the idea was developed to rethink the ceiling part, because after all the tedious procedure of check-in and security check person arrives and sit in the waiting area, where he looks up with saying “hash” so this could be grabbed as opportunity to develop something which reflect the Indian culture and international ceiling could be found in the design.

Figure 93 different ceilings from world known buildings

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Chapter 17. DEVELOPMENT STAGE Approach Development

Figure 94 approach to terminal

In the above drawing the approach towards the terminal building, different line shows the movement of vehicle, monorail, and pedestrian movement, Red line: - for departure passengers of terminal 02, here passenger coming through car would have to approach the terminal by climbing the elevated bridge starting from the edge of airport site, it will land at third floor about 9 meters above the ground level, after the drop off car will move down to the same Surat-dumas road, during approach towards terminal 02 in between there comes a way to enter into parking block, it would also be connected from drop-off zone.

Blue line: - for arrival at terminal 02 as well for departure and arrival of terminal 01, this would be on the ground level and will have exit point for terminal 02 passengers and passenger for terminal 1 will take left and enter into loo redirecting them to Suratdumas road.

Green line: - mono rail is being introduced in the project, which will be from both side of airport and will come at the third floor of the terminal building.

Yellow line: - pedestrian movement, it will be also on ground where passenger going for departure will have the access at 3rd floor from the arrival zone through escalators, while person going through terminal 01 would move directly, apart from designated pathway the person can approach terminal 02 from parking block also from the main road, like passenger needs to leave the rickshaw/taxi on main road and could enter the building straight through parking.

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Figure 95 section for development of spaces

Division of levels and different activities at different level. The above sketch was done as preliminary section of dividing spaces through multi-level model.

Figure 96 isometric circulation for proposed plan

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Proposed Circulation For Project

Figure 97 circulation pattern through floors

Both images show the movement of passenger through terminal block, on left side image is of passenger departing and on right side image is of arrival, here red line denotes the domestic movement while blue line represents movement of international passenger.

Departure Area

Figure 98 departure area for proposed plan

3rd floor plan of departure hall, where 6 island counters are provided for the baggage drop, one particular island consist of 13 check in counters in single row.

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Retail Area

Figure 99 Retail area for proposed plan

Central zone is for the retail area and food zone, where domestic people will enter after security check.

Figure 100 hold-room for proposed plan

Hold rooms are designed in way where people could keep themselves engage in activities, more facilities are provided for the kids and people travelling for business purpose.

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Domestic Hold-Room

Figure 101 Sketches for proposed hold room

Idea is to provide different sitting spaces for every boarding gate, like all having capacity of 150 people seating at a time, which would help in developing the new identity for terminal.

Duty Free Area

Figure 102 International retail area for proposed plan

After baggage drop at check-in counters international people needs to climb up at 4th floor where they will first have security check and then will encounter immigration department, after which they will enter into duty free zone, which will have branded shops and will also have roof garden and terrace for people’s enjoyment.

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International Hold-Room

Figure 103international hold-room for proposed plan

Hold room for international passenger, here they will be waiting till boarding call after which they would be landing down at 3rd floor for boarding into plane. Here the part on right side would be double heighted which could be fully transferred into international part during rush hours.

Figure 104 sketches for proposed hold room

Above image shows how the spaces will be at international departure floor, carving out random spaces for sitting and working. Helps the human nature to go for walk in terminal.

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Arrival Floor

Figure 105Arrival for proposed plan

After de-boarding plane, international passenger will move to extreme edge of building while domestic passenger will move through corridor in between arrival and service area. I (Dalal, 2021)international passenger would need to clear immigration at same level and then move down towards the baggage claim area.

Figure 106 baggage claim area for proposed plan

Ground floor plan, here three hold rooms are provided for 6 airplane boarding which would be parked in apron area, also ground floor has small hospital for terminal, and canteen for ground staff, while moreover spaces for baggage handling system is provided.

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Chapter 18. FINAL DESIGN

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Approach Approach Road

Figure 107 Existing road

Approach for the terminal is from 60m wide Surat-dumas road, the location of airport is on non-programing road, which is getting developed for future, on the right in future it will make connection with costal highway connecting various cities of Gujarat and Mumbai.

Terminal approach

Figure 108 Departure & Arrival Roads

Terminal is vertically divided, departure and arrival both are separately at different floor, the departure road is elevated from the site boundary to achieve 12.5 meter of height, while arrival road remains on the ground with elevation of 1.2 meters,

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Mono-Rail

Figure 109 Mono Rail

Surat has been advancing in public transport system, currently, city bus is the major public transport, metro rail project phase-1 has started, but airport is eliminated due to technical reasons of having underground ONGC pipeline, so idea of connecting the airport with fast moving public transport like mono-rail is advisable, as it will be elevated and will make passenger movement faster from city side, keeping the future in mind two tracks of monorail has been provided, on both the end track flipping system is provided which can change tracks as per needs, all the rails coming through dumas road can be adjusted on the right side of departure curb, the track arrives at fourth floor of parking which is 12 meter above the ground level, the idea behind bringing monorail at top level was for fast passenger movement, (all the technical details for monorail tracks and its working were taken care off during the design, for the purpose of understanding the details Mumbai mono-rail project was taken as example to study)

Figure 110 Forecourt visual 01

This is the first view of passenger arriving at forecourt through monorail, here the vast canopy shades the place, with landscape of green and water body supporting the ambience of huge transport hub.

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Figure 111 Forecourt visual 02

On the forecourt the commercial spaces have been provided which comprises of different shops, offices for airlines, spots for café, also police station and space for Indian post office.

Apart from this the down way access has been designed to reach parking floor, where escalators and stairs has been provided with grass giving identity to it, the canopy covers the office spaces and helps to shade the forecourt, there are different green pockets with seating on its surrounding.

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Departure Curb

Figure 112 Departure curb visual

Departure curb has three lanes for drop off, first two lanes on the inner side is for the cars and the exterior lane on forecourt side is for the bus, here in four wheeler lane, there are three separate sub divided lanes, where if one gets stuck with car another two function and keeps the traffic moving, also it will enable the fast movement of passenger and people coming to drop will easily leave the terminal. Here between bus and car lane, small temporary structure type office for airlines are placed, which would help the passenger for inquire and books ticket easily at last moment.

Departure curb is last public space, after this the person having tickets can only enter the terminal, this is the last goodbye point for loved ones, there are six main gates provided to enter the terminal building, out of which 1 & 6 number gate is for V.I.P and business class travelers, departure curb is fully covered to avoid the rain and direct sunlight in building.

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Chapter 19. DOMESTIC FLOOR

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Check-In Hall

Figure 113 Departure hall visual

Passenger departing from the terminal has to first go through the check-in counter and baggage drop area, in provided departure hall there are 6 island check-in counters, each with 13 counters on one side, so it takes total of 156 counters, on every island the front is provided with information desk, while at every island last counter is reserved for airline staff.

So design of check-in counter is done in such a way that it could clear ques in 10 min, at the back side of island there is space for storage and technical room, as celling of the counter jail pattern was developed, which helps indirect lighting on the counter, with this roof covering of counter, there could be AC blowers on it which helps to keep place cool, the V shape columns are introduced to make more space and give opt out the traditional look, between each island there are benches provided for passenger to sit and take rest.

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Domestic Security Check Area

Figure 114 Domestic Security Area Visual

Figure 115 Security area plan

Security check area, Domestic security check area is the next part where the passenger comes after completing the baggage drop, here in line there are 10 security counters, there is a common que line between two counters, here there are three metal scanners, one in the middle is for ladies and both side edge is for males. (technical details have been studied through the company making scanners and tracers) In this space the arches have been made to as a slab on the part creates a long distance with less volume so to break the visibility and make space function proper, arches were developed to get space the architecture look.

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Courtyard Development

Figure 116 Courtyard development 01

So after moving through security check, the passenger enters into the retail area, basically as mentioned in the shape development part the retail area was the connecting space between hold rooms and departure hall, as seen in above section the volume was less and span was long so day light could not reach till half part,

Figure 117 Courtyard development 02

Somehow the shops were to be placed at both ends so passenger entering the area has visual to all shops and their location, so this addition did a dark space in the middle, this will increase the cost of electricity as well will also need regular maintenance,

Figure 118 Courtyard development 02

So at last the skylight were introduced to the space which makes it feel like a courtyard, as well generates the connection between both domestic and international floor, also it helps the space to make an identity and atrium makes it volumetric.

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Figure 119 Atrium visual 01

The above displayed image is of person getting first visual of atrium after completing the security check, there is provision of sky light with controlled sunrays, this huge space makes the movement of people easier, as well will also help temporary stalls to place in between.

Figure 120 Atrium Visual 02

In the central atrium the water body was introduced to add the charm of the space and to make it sound, some green pockets around were placed where a monument could be displayed, as well some sitting benches on the pond border. Fountains were the part of water body.

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Figure 121 Atrium visual 03

On the left side of water body, the part was merged with green garden like space where sittings were made like a wooden block and were arranged in diagonal crossing way, this space was created near the shop where food stalls could be installed, it will also help the children to stay busy in playing while their parents are shopping in retail area, also temporary columns were added to side which adds the architectural look to the space as well will make the entity define with poles in line.

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Figure 122 Domestic retail shop visual

Addition to all this there were five oval shape glass office were provided where the people can have information about some international brands like having a SBI card demo over there, as well as could have some insurance agents who deal with international travelers, also some closed café and bars could be sheltered, in second image you could see the shops, the front part of the shops are given the round look to distract the original shape of building and are created like puncture to make it more free of offsets, all the shop staff can enter from the back door from service area, which will make their movement easy, also the large slab will have some design beautification in it.

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Food Zone

Figure 123 Domestic food court

Small filler between hold room and retail part was the food zone where the passenger has a rush after all formalities, though the food at airport are very costly but people has the only option to eat, basically food zone was arranging on the convex part near the lake so the person having seat can enjoy the scene as well as the passenger can see the planes landing and taking off from the part.

Food zone in domestic section has been designed in c shape shops which consist 14 food shops, also in middle round four shops are located which can be used by the liquid stores.

Thinking about the service core for the food shop the heat generated will be directly taken off through chimneys in celling, while knife and sharp items will not be allowed in the floor for security reasons, so the food court leads to the right side of the service corridor. Which helps easy movement of goods without disturbing the passenger movement.

Furniture Design The hold-rooms are the last stop for the passenger before boarding gates, airport has the old type seating, like benches and all, so as a part of design intervention, the challenge to design better hold-rooms was the idea, where people don’t get bored and enjoy the every minute of their airport journey, here some journey were getting on while some are getting its end all the process could be enjoyed, and this is what here the design feels and gives the experience, below are some visuals showing the different type of seating and their respective activities.

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Figure 124 Domestic Furniture Visual 01

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Figure 125 Domestic Furniture Visual 02

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Figure 126 Domestic Furniture Visual 03

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Chapter 21. INTERNATIONAL FLOOR

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International Security & Immigration

Figure 127 International security & immigration area

After completing the baggage drop, international passenger comes to level 4 from the departure hall, as a mandatory part of airport process, passenger encounters immigration followed by the security check area, here the que line is for immigration while security is fast without line formation, Here also as a part of space development and volumetric part the arches were created between two columns, while all the series of arches are of brick layered, this mixes two different type of materials together to form a part of material pallet, after completion of this security process the person enters into duty free area, after crossing this person is not allowed to go back and exit.

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Duty Free Area

Figure 128 International duty free area

After all the procedures the passenger comes into the duty free area, here the atrium is observed from the middle, a fully covered glass wall is there before the courtyard which helps to keep the security, here also shops are placed on both the edges followed by service passages at back, there is a clear gap of 7.5m between shop and the courtyard glass wall, In the second visual you can notice the steps going upward from the food zone towards the transit lounge as well as airline office area, also here you can notice the shops front coming from security area till the starting of food zone.

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Recreational Zone

Figure 129 Recreational area

As an international hold-room, this is the top floor the roof is directly above this floor without any column, particularly on this floor, the recreational area was designed, here different type of ambience and spaces were created, some blue water bodies were added to get the charm of the place, also here monuments showing our culture could be shown which reflects the nation identity and heritage values.

Mix seating were also placed in field, here pergola was used, this all mix up and gives the sense of connection with nature, it gives experience of outside in the building itself.

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Figure 130 Special furniture for recreational area

Since as a part of stop design, the blank wall of the toilet was added up with seating’s in different shapes and geometry, this gives the colorful look to the space as well as benefits the solo travelers to sit, sleep and enjoy the time left with passenger.

Same as the domestic hold-room, here also the try has been made to design new furniture which turns the bore room into the enjoyable area, different type of shapes and geometry has played an intense role in developing this particular part, also as its top floor sunlight comes at every place and anytime, so major furniture’s are with green pockets in them, this is also kind of landscape generation for the building.

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Figure 131 International floor furniture visual 01

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Figure 132 International floor furniture visual 02

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Figure 133 International floor furniture visual 03

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Chapter 22. TYPE OF PASSENGER As an architectural aspect it is the design aspect where you keep in mind the end user of the building, so here there were different kind of passengers that are generally found on any of the airports, so taking them into consideration, problems and solution were thought in the direction to make them happy,

Figure 134 type of passenger

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Hurry Passenger The first and common type of passenger found here are people running late due to some reason, so here they need a clear way to navigate till their boarding gates without any obstacle, this will benefit to person who aims to go without any movement at retail and food part. Blue part is for domestic floor and orange one is for international passenger.

Figure 135 Fast track passenger movement

Kids Play Area During the airport process the people gets fed-up with things, and if they are with children it becomes hard to handle, and child also gets pissed off due to formalities, so keeping them in design process part, at each floor there is provision of play area, where they could hangout and parents can be free to move in retail spaces.

Figure 136 Kids play area

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Activities At Airport

Figure 137 Activities in terminal building

Generally people reach to airport sometime early to avoid last minute rush, also some people have to wait more due to their flight delay or waiting to catch connecting flight, in this case the airport waiting areas become boring for them, so to make sure that person is engage in doing any activity, the activities were developed to make most of the time better for them, activity like yoga, movie theater, indoor games, theme garden were provided, apart from this all, economy lounges and business lounges were also provided where they could rest for long time.

Prayer Room

Figure 138 Prayer room

As India has many religion and people worship god time to time, keeping them in the design aspect, prayer room has been provided, where majorly three rooms are there one is for Muslims to offer namaz, benches for Christian community, and third for common Hindu religions, here in every room the direction is kept in mind.

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Working Passenger

Figure 139 Work station

Considering the traffic and type of passenger at airport, the major people travelling through were business class people and people coming for work like they are on business tour, so for them specially the units were created were they can sit and work for hours, also considering that they will have some important phone calls and conference calls, so for them booth were made where they could sit and talk without any external voice and problem

Shopping Passenger

Figure 140 Retail shop

Every trip has memory attached to it, so for people travelling through take some gifts or have something with them which keeps on yelling the trip, for that retail shops are important part, also are necessary for the revenue generation of airport.

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Photogenic People

Figure 141 Photogenic spaces

For photogenic people different type of furniture on water body and green pockets were matched, some module was made like hexagon lamp structure.

Tired Passenger

Figure 142 Sleeping beds

After travelling much and going through airport junjut people who early has option to have some sleep and power nap, also people who are returning from vacation are tired and could not afford lounge room so for them the sleeping beds were kept facing lake.

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Chapter 23. ARRIVAL FLOOR

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Arrival Passage

Figure 143 Arrival floor 01

Figure 144 International arrival visual 01

After DE boarding the plane, both passengers get separated, the international passenger are on the front side facing the apron area, here the design has been made in such a way that person is walking between two different entities, on the left side there are green pockets which has the cultural values of Indian society and on the other side there are statues and monument displayed which reflects the heritage of country and creates the impression about particular city.

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Transit Lobby

Figure 145 Transit Visual 01

Figure 146 Arrival Floor 02

For the transit passengers, the different lobbies are provided which does not intersect any movements, that helps the passenger to move through without facing any problem.

Arrival Floor Items

Figure 147 Arrival floor 03

Passenger arriving through international needs to go through the immigration counter which are provided on the front part, the airline office and airport management service office are provided on the top part, electrical & sewage service are on the right side.

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Chapter 24. GROUND FLOOR

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Baggage Hold-Room

Figure 148 Ground floor 01

Figure 149 Baggage claim area visual

After the immigration international passenger comes in the arrival duty free zone, where food stalls are there, after that they end up into baggage claim area, after deboarding plane domestic also comes in the baggage claim area.

Here on the both extreme side belts are for domestic passenger while three belts in middle are for international passengers, there is one openable partation wall between them, so when crowd increases in any of the side it can be moved and work togather to make less rush, also some elements like water boady and seating were kept around it.

After baggage claim international passenger cross customs and reach to arrival hall, but domestic passenger reach arrival hall after baggage pick.

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Ground Hold-Room

Figure 150 Ground floor 02

Figure 151 Ground hold room visual

In the plan on left side is domestic ground hold-room, while on right side is international ground hold-room, here only the basic amenities were provided like seating and food stalls with toilet blocks, The yellow part in middle is the stairwell for the passenger arriving through ground, they are separated through this line and ends up in their respective corridor.

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Chapter 25. TRANSIT HOTEL

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Airline Office As a part of mandatory provision airline office has been provided on the top floor, here security has been kept in mind to avoid any failure, the staff comes from the security area through service passages.

Figure 152 Visual of swimming pool

On the top most floor, offices for airline department is provided, with transit hotel on one side, which has 28 rooms and has facilities like view of lake from bath tub, swimming pool facing lake and leaned towards the hold room, also the business people could meet from different country and stay here for the conference without leaving the terminal, the open garden restaurants for the lounge people.

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Chapter 26. OVERALL CIRCULATION CHARTS Normal Passenger Movement

Figure 153 Normal passenger circulation

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Transit Passenger

Figure 154 Transit passenger circulation

This circulation chart shows the movement of transit passenger, green line denotes the passenger arrived from international place and going towards the international destination, blue line guides the passenger arrived from domestic place and moving to domestic destination, while red line shows the movement from domestic person travelling to international location, here the passenger travelling from international place to domestic place has to get through all the security and customs.

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Staff Circulation

Figure 155 Staff circulation

This circulation chart is for the staff working at the airport, on both the side there are security check points, from which they will reach into the service passage.

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Chapter 27. SERVICE CORE

Figure 156 Service core details

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Chapter 28. FIRE EXIT PLANS

Figure 157 fire exit circulation plan

The above chart is denoting the fire exit plans from the building, all the fire exit from hold rooms and arrivals are from service core while blue line shows the service exit could be use by passenger moving in retail area.

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Chapter 29. SECTION’S

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Chapter 30. ELEVATION’S

Figure 158 South side elevation

Figure 159 North side elevation

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Figure 160 West side elevation

Figure 161 East side elevation

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Chapter 31. STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Figure 162 Structural example

To derive and design the structural system of the proposed terminal, certain studies were done keeping the examples of that particular airport, like for the rcc system two major examples were Mumbai international airport ad Delhi international airport, in both of this the column size and distance from each other were measured through google images, from that type derivation of columns were proposed in the design.

On the next page the RCC column are arranged in three different grids, this were done in the context of use on that part and on different floor, for the departure hall and arrival hall part grid system of 10 X 17 M was taken, for the retail area the grid system of 10 X 10 M was considered keeping the baggage system floors, and the grid for hold room was taken as 15 X 15 M, where 3 lines were from parallel from the both side as well center line was from the distance of 10 M both side.

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Structural Grid

Figure 163 Structural column grid

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Outer Skin Structure

Figure 164 Frame structure example

Similarly, examples were taken to make the outer skin of the building, for this purpose stadium truss were considered and their depth, length were studied to derive similar truss system for the project, on the next page we could see the truss system that is supporting the outer frame structure, totally this were of the metal section. For protection of the building from rain, materials like tensile structure of PTFE material and ETFE material in the atrium part.

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Figure 165 Truss & outer skin

Figure 166 Truss system & material

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Parking

Figure 167 Parking division

Parking was provided in the front of the terminal, it was designed as multilevel parking instead of having large ground, it was due to expansion possibilities and reduce the walking distance for passengers, keeping the future of electric vehicle, the space for charging point were provided, also pre divided parking area were formed to get vehicle count, percent were taken from international reference, here top and bottom floor were for moving traffic while middle two floors were for long term and rental car parking’s, Also the security of terminal was considered during parking design, space for car checking were provided on ground floor, and with automatic scanning machine.

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Chapter 32. SITE

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Site Plan

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Figure 168 Site plans

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Figure 169 Details of site plan

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Chapter 33. ATC TOWER

Figure 170 ATC tower

Air traffic controller building is the key to make the airport run properly, here the visual connection is important, so following the norms of airport authority, the tower was developed beside the existing tower, this has the capacity of more staff which could handle one plane in every four minutes, the height of tower was take to 62 M, which gives and view of full terminal complex as well through the length of runway.

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Chapter 34.

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VISUALS

Figure 171 Visuals 01

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Figure 172 Visuals 02

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Chapter 35. CONCLUSION As stated in my research part the architectural intervention could bring the airport to next level, with the aim of providing better service and facilities to passenger, many airport fails due to disliking of their ideas and pattern which are followed, all those points were the part of research analysis, during the design process it was found that the hold rooms are the major part of passengers getting bored, by studying the behavior of passenger and its context with building, ideas like rest area and play area were developed, also the architecture language that building should have as a landmark and identity of that particular city, were almost achieved, after design process of this long and vast project conclusion could be made like any things were architecture gets involve the design aspect and perspective could be change for the space design, in this project also small changes made a huge differences and added the life to spaces, airports could be more better than what they are, space crunch and limited budget would also destroy the life of building. Also in further expansion of the idea, the building could be built on a basis of sustainability, as this huge complex consumes more energy, solar plants and water harvesting would encourage more benefits to the operator, flexibility of airport end is also one of the major task that could be worked upon.

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Chapter 36. BIBLIOGRAPHY Citation: Richard De Neufville. (1995), Designing Airport Passenger Buildings For The 21st Century, M.I.T. Research Gate, Https://Www.Researchgate.Net/Publication/242233023_Designing_Airport_Passenge r_Buildings_For_The_21st_Century N. Ashford, N. Hawkins, And M. O'Leary, (2015), Passenger Behaviour and Design of Airport Terminals Loughborough University, England.

Sarah N. Shuchi (2015), A Novel Concept for Airport Terminal Design Integrating Flexibility, Faculty of Creative Industries Queensland University of Technology.

Chen, Long-Wen, (1999). "Airport Design" Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology.

Planning and Design Guidelines for Airport Terminal Facilities, Federal Aviation Administration, Us Transport Department Colonel Robert F. Wood Airpark, Newport State Airport Palak Agrawal, Jay Dalal, and Dr. Krupesh Chauhan (2013), Planning Proposal for Refurbishment and Up-gradation of Airport in Surat, Gujarat, India, Bangkok conference.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2016. NextGen for Airports, Volume 2: Engaging Airport Stakeholders: Guidebook. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press..

Airport Passenger Terminal, Planning and Design, transport & research board, volume 1, volume 2 Washington D.C. 2010.

Airports, Yashi Chapatiwala, Student of architecture, SCET College, surat.

Links https://doi.org/10.17226/23684 https://www.airport-technology.com/features/featurefuture-airport-design-hassellarchitecture/ https://www.designboom.com/architecture/airport-design-fentress-architects-airportsof-the-future-11-05-2018/ https://www.curbed.com/2016/6/10/11904834/airport-design-travel-airline-tsa https://www.designboom.com/architecture/foster-partners-international-airport-saudiarabia-red-sea-project-02-26-2021/ https://csmia.aero/ https://www.mumbaiairport.com/ https://www.newdelhiairport.in/

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