Design fundamentals

DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS National Institute Of Design R & D Campus, Bangalore July-15 To Nov-15

RAJU KUMAR

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In partial fulfilment of the degree of M.Des Design for Retail Experience Semester I

Department of Design for Retail Experience National Institute of Design, R and D Campus, Bangalore

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© National Institute Of Design, r&d campus, Bangalore All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any means – graphics, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems – without the prior permission in writing of the author/institution.

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Introduction

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Introduction To Design Speaker Session Memory Drawing

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By Nijoo Dubey & Speaker

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Fundamental Of Visual Design Freehand Drawing Geometry and Structure Isometry Drawing Color and Composition Structure and Composition

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By Chakradhar S, Nijoo Dubey, Jagriti Galphade, C S Susanth, V S Ravishankar, Nileesh, Dinesh

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Science And Liberal Art - 1 Why I Am Liking It? @ NGMA Aesthetic In Graphic Design Study of Neo-Platonism

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By Jagriti Galphade, Chakradhar S, Mamata N Rao

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Design Process Canteen Management System

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By V S Ravishankar, Mamata N Rao & Aneesha gupta

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Space Representation Furniture - Orthographic Drawing Space Measurement & 3D Modelling Perspective Drawing

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By C S Susanth & Nijoo Dubey

Contents

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Spatial Perception Study Architect @ Nid|B and Jalahalli Village From & Composition Form & Composition Inside Box Study the Architect

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By Nijoo Dubey, Mamata N Rao & V S Ravishankar

Acknowledgements

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Introduction

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The name of this book is ‘Design Fundamentals’ its contains the journey of my design learning.

The journey of 131 days of duration having subject like – Introduction to design, Fundamental Of Visual Design, Science And Liberal Art – 1, Design Process, Space Representation, Spatial Perception. Introduction to design and fundamental of visual design taught about basic learning of design and strengthen your visualization and change the way of seeing.

Science And Liberal Art is all about why we appreciate particular art form. This subject gives you language or you can say that it will gives you power bank of aesthetic sense that you can start communicate and understand the circumstances. Design Process is actually research based module in which you have to follow the set of rule to achieve design problem solution. In Space Representation we have to study existing built space and understand how the elements complimenting each other. Spatial Perception an understanding of how human perception of built spaces function is required.

Introduction

This book contains brief of subject, step involved, visuals of work and learning of the subject.

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Introduction To Design Speaker Session Memory Drawing

By Nijoo Dubey & Speaker

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Introduction To Design

Predominantly, graduate level education in most streams in India has been linear, structured andtheoretical in nature. Design and creative thinking process is less emphasized as the subject of matter in many of the schools and colleges. Introduction to the realm of design thinking and its role in professional practice and society at large is relevant as a primer to the new students of design.

Step Involved (Introduction To Design) Take a walk to the Jalahalli and observe what is happing in enviroment.

Repeat the same step next day.

After that we have to come up with idea what I have observed during my walk.

Negative white (negative peace) – there are no interaction with each other.

People do not actually want talk to each other.

Positive Blue – This interval of time shows interaction among people. People actually talk to each other they share each of their happiness and sorrow.

Track of life – this track show how people manage to follow the path or they distracted.

TIME TRAVEL Time travel the title of the assignment because my observation is moves around time and event happening around the atmosphere during my “TAKE A WALK” assignment (NID to jalahalli).

In starting of my walk I noticed in tapari near our campus a man want to drink tea but he does not have time to drink single cup of tea properly. While he drunk at the same time he get the money from his wallet to give tea shopkeeper. All these show people doesn’t have even time to drink a single cup of tea comfortably.

Further I move ahead to my walk and I surprised see that no one helping that old women who is waiting for crossing the road so long, no one is not come forward to help the old lady. I still decided to wait for some more time and want to see that is anybody has still humanity before I am going to help her.

After waiting for 5 minute I decided to go and help her to cross the road at the same time what I show a gentlemen go near the old lady and helped her.

Take A Walk

So, man who drinking tea doesn’t have any have time to drink his tea properly he doesn’t have time to look around him, he is not interacting with people or atmosphere there are kind of gap/peace. And the old lady is helpless she want to cross the road but no one bother to help her. People do not have 5 minute to help her. Is it the matter of time or something else that people do not want to indulge themselves to help others?

So this kind of peace I called is negative white or negative peace.

The best part was gentleman helped old lady to cross the road. And I call it positive blue, because here I can see humanity is still alive.

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Learning After the completion of this module it sensitize me toward ‘Design thinking and design as a profession’ though I am design graduate this module gave me clear vision for my career specially lectures and presentations by design practitioners/professionals/educators help me lot.

I understand the historical perspectives, contemporary thoughts and the trends in design from a broader perspective.

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Fundamental Of Visual Design Freehand Drawing Geometry and Structure Isometry Drawing Color and Composition Structure and Composition

By Chakradhar S, Nijoo Dubey, Jagriti Galphade, C S Susanth, V S Ravishankar, Nileesh, Dinesh

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Fundamental Of Visual Design

Today we all are living in a complex cacophonic world of design chaos. Information overload is baffling the human mind. SMS language is shadowing the basics of human thinking. Before the post graduate students go back to their discipline this course is thefirst of its kind to make each of them go through the introspective journey of ‘design as a problem solving tool’ since the beginning of human civilization. This course will introduce drawing, visualization, color, form and finally using all these components to express one’s own idea to any given situation in today’slife.

The effort is to improve visual skills, understanding forms, basic design thinking and meaning making.

Sparkale

Torrent

Unity in diversity

OUT OF THE BOX - Celebration

Cloudy

Freehand Drawing

After wave

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Nature Drawing

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Posters on Ear and Eye

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Intersection Polyhedron

Archimedean Polyhedra

Platonic Polyhedra

Tetrahedron and tetrahedron Cube and Cube Octahedron and Octahedron Hexagonal Prism Dodecahedron and Icosahedron

Truncated Tetrahedron Truncated Tetrahedron Truncated Dodecahedron Truncated Icosahedron Left Snub Cube Right Snub Cube Truncated Octahedron Small rhombicuboctahedron Great Rhombicosidodecahedron Right Snub Dodecahedron

Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron

Geometry solids (Platonic, Archimedean, Intersection polyhedron)

Drafting of Dodecahedron and Icosahedron

Truncated Icosahedron

Drafting of Hexagonal Prism

Geometry and Structure

Dodecahedron and Icosahedron

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Isometry Drawing

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Orthographic drawing of cup

Isometry drawing of sampoo bottle

Isometry drawing of cup

Isometry sectional drawing of sampoo bottle

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MC Esher

Composition made of tints and shades using split complementry colors.

Red Orange Blue-Green

Composition made of tints and shades using David Malin work.

Red-Voilet light-Yellow light-Orange Light-Blue

Color and Composition

Composition made of tints and shades using complementry colors.

Green-Blue Red-Orange

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Gestalt Law Figure and ground (Pragnanz) When we look at the NID logo (above), we don’t simply see a single plain containing black and white geometry – even though that’s actually what it is. Rather, most of us perceive an illusory depth as well: we see a figure (a “N” “D” and dot) and a ground that appears to be behind it.

That’s thanks to the figure-ground gestalt principle, which says that when a smaller shape is surrounded by a larger uniform area, we perceive the smaller object to be in front and have the border

The icosahedron, one of the Platonic solids (polyhedrons), shows an interesting connection between the hexagon and pentagon. The icosahedron has twenty triangular faces, and shows a pentagonal outline in a point view and a hexagonal outline in a face view.

The icosahedron shows a pentagonal outline in a point view and a hexagonal outline in a face view

Transitional changes in square through edge & vertices

Transitional changes in square through edge & vertices

Transitional changes one edge & one vertices

Transitional changes one edge & two vertices

Transitional changes two vertices

Transitional changes one vertices

Structure and Composition

Transition of edge & vertices of form

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Creating surface of size 4 inch * 4 inch without tear paper

Create form without lost it rectangular property 6 inch (L) * 6 inch (B) * 1 inch (H)

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Learning Most Important learning that I exposed during this session is ‘peers learning’. The best part is that the mix of education and there approaches towards design is different which I enjoyed throughout and it was great opportunity.

I sensitize and orient students towards visual skills through observation, experience, perception and representation.

Now I am sensitize and orient towards meaning through understanding of form.

I learn various basic tools and methods through drawing, color and composition as the most important tools to express, visualize and draft the initial idea of a project.

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Science And Libral Art - 1 Why I Am Liking It? @ NGMA Aesthetic In Graphic Design Study of Neo-Platonism

By Jagriti Galphade, Chakradhar S, Mamata N Rao

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Science And Liberal Art - 1

This course explores the subject of Aesthetics in both the Indian and Western tradtions, focusing particularly on the Indian tradition. In exploring the subject of aesthetics in the Indian and Western traditions, it has art as its central axis.

Why I am liking am liking particular things forcefully or in actually the things is having capabilities that I like. I question myself that is it necessary to find out reason behind everything “WHY I AM LIKING ART form is there any emotion behind it or whether there is GESTALT law is the end of liking and disliking of anything. All these thought I having in my mind while I was visited National Gallery of Modern Art” Bangalore.

If we talking about Monalisa portrait is great example of golden ratio but what I saw yesterday was Modern Monalisa portrait I was surprise to see it was pleasing to eye though it is not follow proper golden ratio theory as old Monalisa portrait was. The painting is recently (14-11-1198) done by H. Babura. Both the painting have own importance old one painted elegantly with beautiful thought and on the other hand modern Monalisa portrait just came up with interesting way of depicting art form of painting. He used most ionic face of modern era (kajol-Bollywood actress) to depicting Monalisa face which is closely similar to the original Monalisa portrait and I liked it the way he presenting the medium of art. Aesthetic value is totally depend upon one individuals how he perceive the things. Someone may like the things that you declare ugly. When I was came to know about hightness’ of my interest when I was saw art gallery on Sachin’s life I was feeling so proud myself that we are in same generation and he is leaving legend and source of inspiration for all of us. I saw each and every installation and I admired all of them one by one.

Why I Am Liking It? @ NGMA

The aura of National Gallery of Modern Art from outside itself speaks a lot about the place it has in it. The way of hanging of artwork, Placement, layout, Ease of seeing, the light and sound used for great experience. According to my taste of sense and knowledge of aesthetics all these elements play important role in what we liking and what not.

I saw some of the panting Likewise:- Mischef-Bireswara San (1849-1974) The painting having fire flame which gives meaning to the art work. Due to this element rest all the element is came into the focus and appreciate it. Basically the frame of the whole painting is darker so flame of fire plays role of catalyst.

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As the aesthetic aspect of graphic design is becoming more and more important in customers’ decisions, there is an increasing need of tools able to express and preserve the styling intent during the product development cycle, while offering an interaction with the user much more adherent to his mentality. This article will give you a short introduction to aesthetics.

As graphic designers I use the pretentious and misleading word ‘aesthetic’ but maybe we should replace it by sensual perception. Aesthetic, philosophy of the arts, philosophical discipline dealing with beauty its perception and arts. Aesthetics is the philosophical discipline devoted to the study/determination of beauty as related to art and nature. What exactly is aesthetically pleasing to an individual is dependent on his or her life experiences. The culture you live in, the events you have witnessed, your interactions with others - in short your life - continually shapes your concept of what is aesthetically pleasing to you. This concept is learned - as we develop mentally and socially, we are taught that shapes, colors, and musical notes arranged in particular manners are desirable to experience. We also are taught which arrangements are undesirable. Our primary concepts of aesthetics are formed early in our development, often without us being aware of what is occurring. Later in life, our aesthetic taste may change, but as a general rule, we usually seek out external opinions which reinforce our own, so aesthetic tastes rarely change much beyond childhood.

The common ground which forms our aesthetic principles is the culture we live in. You can’t escape your geographic location, and that plays a large role in what aesthetic values you are taught. Beyond that, it’s whatever experiences you’ve had. Again, common culture creates a tendency for individuals to have similar life experiences within that culture, but obviously everyone’s life is as unique as their DNA - and so are aesthetic tastes.

According to my experience, aesthetics is personal, which means that people with generally the same views and beliefs will agree that something is aesthetically pleasing. The bad thing is that most of our clients are not in that “grouping” (of people with the same beliefs and views.). Which causes a lot of those battles with your clients.

I think it can apply to touch and feel even though it’s generally used to describe sight or items that one feels our visually appealing.

Aesthetic In Graphic Design

What’s the relation to graphic design?

Graphic designers provide solutions to visual problems - as such it’s rather important to know what a particular culture or subculture (target audience) considers to be visually beautiful or ugly. For instance, some African cultures consider extremely large women with gaps in their teeth to be the ideal of beauty - pics of Kate Moss wouldn’t be that effective. What’s also important to note here is that aesthetics is a branch of philosophy, which doesn’t seek to provide solutions, but rather to generate discussion.

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God was Beauty and the source of Beauty. God’s image is Man. Therefore, the ideally beautiful Man is the closest approximation of God on this earth.

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Neo-Platonism was a revival of the philosophies of Plato (Republic, Symposium, Meno, etc.) and Plotinus: Plotinus a third century philosopher who argued that there were three hypostases (underlying realities): the One, the Intelligible, and the World Soul. The One was the highest, most perfect realm.

The One was completely undifferentiated and, therefore, nothing could be said about it fit well with the idea of God and the heavenly realm.

Neo Platonism was focused on bringing together Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine. It was a philosophy that was promoted by the Medici house, who went so far as to est. a Neo-Platonic academy in Florence in the 15th cent.

In the late 15th century a Dominican monk, Girolamo Savonarola, barracked for the damning of paganism and pagan culture.

Neo-Platonism was seen as heretical during the Counter-Reformation and many artists quickly gave up this philosophy. Botticelli went so far as to burn many of his pagan works.

Michelangelo renounced his Neo-Platonist philosophy for ascetic piety and moved away from figurative arts. “Thus I now know how fraught with error was the fond imagination which made Art my idol and my king…no brush, no chisel would quieten the soul.” -Michelangelo

Study of Neo-Platonism

Things to consider

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Founded academy of Athens Laid foundation of western philosophy with his teacher Socrates and student Aristotle. Consider essential figure in development of philosophy in the western tradition. Gave birth to the school of Platonism.

As Michelangelo was taken into the Medici court, he was exposed to the work of Ficino and the translations of Plato and Plotinus.

Michelangelo believed that the artist’s function was to bring preexistent forms out of the material at hand: “the greatest artist has no conception which a single block of marble does not potentially contain within its mass, but only a hand which obeys the intelleto can accomplish that”.

Works that exemplify Michelangelo’s Neo-Platonic philosophy include: David, the Tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo de’Medici, Pieta and Pope Julius II’s Tomb.

Neo-platonism (or Neo-Platonism) is a modern term used to designate the period of Platonic philosophy beginning with the work of Plotinus and ending with the closing of the Platonic Academy by the Emperor Justinian in 529 C.E. This brand of Platonism, which is often described as ‘mystical’ or religious in nature, developed outside the mainstream of Academic Platonism.

The origins of Neoplatonism can be traced back to the era of Hellenistic syncretism which spawned such movements and schools of thought as Gnosticism and the Hermetic tradition.

A major factor in this syncretism, and one which had an immense influence on the development of Platonic thought, was the introduction of the Jewish Scriptures into Greek intellectual circles via the translation known as the Septuagint.

Learning I am able to understand art and culture how they depend on each other.

Visit of NGMA Bangalore was very helpful to understand why particular art or design is beautiful and why I am liking it.

I understand and explore the link between art, design and aesthetics.

After this module I would able to visualize and appreciate the beauty and the same time I able to answer myself why I am liking it.

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Design Process Canteen Management System

By V S Ravishankar, Mamata N Rao & Aneesha Gupta

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Design Process

This course gives students an overview of the process of design. This overview is essential for them to appreciate the learning through various courses.

Design is a process. Anyone who wants to getinto the field of design, irrespective of the discipline of specialzation, needs to be well versedwith the basic steps, their relevance, methods and approach involved in the process of designing. This course seeks to introduce the design process and methods.

Step Involved (Canteen Management system) We identify a broad filed or subject area of interest (Canteen Management system).

We does brain storming.

Then we segregate the similar topic.

Then we are doing detailed study on each selected topic individually.

Feedback and analysis, create questionnaire.

We as a team discussed each and every aspect.

Dissect the broad area into Subareas looking for problem.

Subject areas

Subareas

CANTEEN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS):

Reason of food wastage

Select what is of most interest to you?

Raise research questions (What is it that I want to find out about in this subarea?)

Assess your objectives.

Infographics Canteen management system

Topic Segregation

Detailed study of selected topics

Canteen Management System

Brainstorming

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Learning During this module came learn how designer should approach of different stages in the design process –from perception of a problem to generating a solution to the problem through investigation, analysis and synthesis.

I understand the methodology of the problem solving process and what all things to keeping in mind to approach to do so.

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Canteen funtions in different department

Preparation

Service

Behaviou ral

Disposal

Head Count

Serve Hot

Sessions

Segregation

Tasting Sessions

Smaller Plates

Display Weight

Menu

Logging

Pickling

Healthy Options

Stylish Naming

Lunch Line Re-design

Posters on Bins

Compost

Reward System

Donation

Environment Commitee

Re-imbu rsable meals Time Table

Biofuel Recycling

Biogas Plant

Signages

Young Consumer

YEARS OLD

KG

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Current Design

FOOD WASTE

PLASTIC BUCKET

Observations

regation?

Seg

?

fri

eco -

Plastic Bucket Ho w

ve? mo to

Tra ns

e R mov a

g? rin fer

Plastic Bag

? ge

Spi lla

? d ly en

? ge

Bio-d egr ad

Sm el

Cut an dt

? ied

le? ab

Liqu ids

l?

Food Waste

l?

Lea ka

Problems Big Mouth Lean Down

Capacity

Ignorance Leak

Plastics

Existing Designs

Clearance Shape

Wheels Liquids

Explorations SAD FACE To invoke empathy in the user

WEIGHT DISPLAY

600 gms

BUZZER

BUZZER Sounds on change in weight WEIGHING SCALE Checks weight every 2sec for any changes and displays the

PEDAL

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Proposed Design

POSTERS AND STATS ON HUNGER AND WASTE

1 CHILD DIES EVERY 15SEC BECAUSE OF

WET FOOD Bin section for Curries,

For handling when moving ofthe dustbin

HUNGER

Filter Module

DRY FOOD Bin section for roti, rice, skins

Filters out liquids and the semi dry food left behind

Wheels Easy of moving the dustbin unit and avoids sliding WEIGHT DISPLAY AND BUZZER

YOU HAVE WASTED

700

Gms

HANDLE To manouver the dustbin when moved

FILTER MODULE

BIN BAG HINGE

WEIGHING SCALE Checks weight every 2sec for any changes and displays the

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Space Representation Furniture - Orthographic Drawing Space Measurement & 3D Modelling Perspective Drawing

By C S Susanth & Nijoo Dubey

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Space Representation

A retail designer is required to have knowledge aboutmaterial, technology, process, skills etc. Thus an introdution to this knowledge is required through small workshops. Quick model making will be the prime focus, this will help students in the spatial experience.

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Step Involved (Orthographic Furniture Drawing) Take a detailed measurement of selected furniture.

Measurement should be in millimeter.

Scale should be 1:1.

Draft it freehand on Paper (Orthographic drawing).

Then trace the same orthographic drawing on Gateway sheet.

And write measurement accurately on gateway sheet.

Furniture -Ortho Drawing

Orthographic Drawing - Top View All Dimensions in Millimeter

Orthographic Drawing - Side View All Dimensions in Millimeter

Orthographic Drawing - Side View All Dimensions in Millimeter

Step Involved (NID Canteen @ Bangalore R and D, Model)

AUTO-CAD Orthographic Drawing @ Canteen NID Bangalore R and D campus

Orthographic Drawing @ Canteen NID Bangalore R and D campus

Space Measurement & 3D Modelling

Take a detailed measurement of selected site.

Measurement should be in millimeter.

Scale should be 1:50.

Draft it on paper (Top and sectional view).

For drafting you can use any medium, it should be presentable.

Source the required material and tool (i.e.; sunboard, bamboo, clothes, nail, GIY wire, Super Glue, fabric glue, LED light, electrical wire measuring tape, metal scale, cutter, scissor, hot air gun and driller etc.

On same scale i.e.; 1:50, cut the base.

Now treat every component individually according to measurement.

Assemble each component together.

Then setup the light.

Finally cut the canopy in given size and paste it with fabric glue.

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3D Model @ Canteen NID Bangalore R and D campus

Perceptive Drawing - Canteen Eye Level View

Perspective Drawing

Perceptive Drawing - Canteen Worm Eye View

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The making

Learning This module is kind of direct feed for retail designer, in this session I able to sensitize and orient to the knowledge of material, technology, process, skills etc.

I learn the basics of model making skills using different materials.

Now I can able to visualize the proportion of space and form relatively.

6 Spatial Perception Study Architect @ Nid|B and Jalahalli Village From & Composition Form & Composition Inside Box

By Nijoo Dubey, V S Ravishankar & Mamata N Rao

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Spatial Perception

Retail Design is located within the built environment, an understanding of how human percetion of built spaces function is required.

Step Involved (Spatial Experience NID) Remember 1st day of college.

Which part of space or form of element evokes you to stay or move or give any kind of sensitivity We have to draw those contour or element that force you to do the same.

Final step have to give the suitable attribute to each drawing.

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Step Involved (Spatial Experience Jalahalli village) It is same as previous assignment but in this we have to indicate as node, landmark, pathway, district and edge.

Index District

Building- Base on the type of structure

Node

Temple, church, junction of roads Pathway

Pathway

Roads, Footpaths

Edge

Pathways were forming the edge

Landmark

Overhead Tank, Temporary gateway

Note - The Plan is not to scale

Rolling Planes

Slab and Cube seems moving due to circular nature cylinder have.

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Constructivism The combination of Vertical & Horizontal line in particular composition creats stillness, staticness and equilibrium.

Step Involved (Form and Composition) We have make cube (3W*3H), cylinder (10H*2D) or cuboid (10H*2W) and slab (8L*6W*1H) with thermocol.

Make interesting composition out of these form.

Click photograph of composition.

Again make new composition and click photograph.

We to come of final 3 composition.

And give attribute to every composition.

Multi-Directive

Each and every from having different direction which appears Undecided, Unstable, Busy, Dramatic.

City Light

The behaviour of light shows kind of planing blending with form.

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Step Involved (Form and Composition 2) We to make 2 spaces size of 12H*18*10W or 12H*10*18W. Cube size of (1H*1W, 2H*2W, 3H*3W), plane (6L*3W, 5H*5W).

Cylinder (10H*2D) or cuboid (10H*2W).

2 curve plane of desire size Make 2 composition and both one should have contrasting to each other.

Top flight

The highest class or level.

Peregrinate

Travel or wander around from place to place

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Step Involved Study of Architect Select a Architect.

Do reaearch work of his/her working style.

Create pininterest board.

Make inspiration board out of it.

Do sketching of his/her architecture to understand more of his/her work.

Then create concept(space) of your own design to get an visual essence of architect.

Execute the concept in given space.

Carlo Scarpa (2 June 1906 – 28 November 1978), was an Italian architect, influenced by the materials, landscape, and the history of Venetian culture, and Japan. Scarpa translated his interests in history, regionalism, invention, and the techniques of the artist and craftsman into ingenious glass and furniture design.

Inspiration Board

Fondazione Querini Stampalia

Banca Popolare, Verona, Italy.

Showroom of Olivetti, St. Mark’s Square

Brion Tomb and Sanctuary

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Inspirational model of architect

Learning To learn the representation of a built space with various skills to communicate the concepts and ideas.

I learn the application of elements of form & structure in a built space.

I learn the proportion, relative proportion, ability to visualize an experience in a built space.

I learn how various elements/form which usually influence the utility of the space.

Acknowledgements

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In performing of my project, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us much Pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude Mr C S Susanth, Ms Nijoo Dubey, Mr V S Ravishankar, Mr Chakradhar S, Ms Jagriti Galphade, Ms Mamata N Rao, Ms Aneesha Gupta, Mr Nileesh, Mr Dinesh, Sridhar and Ranjit National Institute of Design for giving me a good guideline for assignment throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided in this assignment.

Acknowledgements

I also thanks to the Institute for their support for providing required facility.

Many people, especially our classmates and team members (Vidhusi, Rohan, Akshay) itself, have made valuable comment suggestions and an inspiration to improve my project. I thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete my/our project. Most importantly I would like thanks to my many friends and family, you should know that your support and encouragement was worth more than I can express on paper.

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raju_k@nid.edu