CONTENTS
Elõszó / 7
I. GRAMMAR / 9 1. Nouns and Noun Phrases / 11 2. Verbs and Verb Phrases / 17
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2.1. Igeragozás 1 – Conjugation of Verbs, Common Aspect / 18 2.2. Igeragozás 2 – Conjugation of Verbs, Continuous Aspect / 20 2.3. Possibility, Probability, Necessity, Conditionals / 21 Use of Auxiliary Structures / 24 2.4. Verbal Phrases in Aviation English; The Infinitive, The Present Simple, to be, to have, The Imperative, The Gerund, The Present Participle, The Past Participle, The Future Tense / 25 2.5. The Passive Voice / 30 2.6. Some Irregular Verbs Used in Technical Context / 34 2.7. Reported Speech – Sequence of Tenses / 37 2.8. The Causative / 40 Numbers and Measurements; Counting – Cardinal Numbers, Ordering – Ordinal Numbers, Date, Mathematics, Arithmetics, Measurements / 41 Adjectives and Adjectival Phrases, Comparisons / 48 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases / 52 Expressing Movement / 56 Basic Sentence Structure / 63
II. FLIGHT COMPONENT – Reading Lessons / 69 8. Aeronautical Sciences / 71 8.1. The Parts of Airplanes / 71 8.2. Aerodynamics and Flight Mechanics / 72 8.3. Airplane Stability / 75 Technical Terms / 78 9. General Aspects of Aircraft Configuration Development / 80 9.1. Aircraft Design and Development / 80 3
CONTENTS
9.2. Configuration Development / 80 9.3. Initial Specification / 81 Technical Terms / 84 10. Classification of Aircraft / 87 10.1. Categories, Classes and Types / 87 10.2. Aviation Classification / 88 Technical Terms / 90 11. Aircraft Engines / 92 11.1. Gas Turbine Engines / 92 11.2. Reciprocating Engines / 94 Technical Terms / 97 12. Airframe, Flight Controls and Landing Gear / 100 12.1. Airframe / 100 12.2. Flight Controls / 104 12.3. Landing Gear / 104 Technical Terms / 107 13. Aircraft Electrical Systems / 115 13.1. Wiring Diagrams / 115 13.2. Electrical Systems of Small Single-Engine Aircraft / 117 13.3. Small Multi-Engine Aircraft / 119 13.4. Large Multi-Engine Aircraft / 119 13.5. Aircraft Lighting Systems / 120 Technical Terms / 121 14. Flight Instruments / 124 14.1. Basic Navigation Instruments / 124 14.2. Radio Navigation Systems / 125 14.3. Instrument Landing System (ILS) / 127 14.4. Global Positioning System (GPS) / 127 Technical Terms / 128 15. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems / 130 15.1. Hydraulic Systems / 130 15.2. Aircraft Pneumatic Systems / 132 Technical Terms / 135 16. Fuel and Ice Control Systems / 138 16.1. Aircraft Fuel Systems / 138 16.2. Ice Control Systems / 140 Technical Terms / 142 17. Aircraft Cabin Atmospheric Control Systems and Passenger Safety / 145 17.1. Aircraft Cabin Atmospheric Control Systems / 145 17.2. Passenger Safety / 148 Technical Terms / 151 4
CONTENTS
18. Aircraft Materials / 153 18.1. Materials of Aircraft Construction / 153 18.2. Operational Materials / 156 Technical Terms / 158 19. Airworthiness Requirements and Airports / 161 19.1. Civil Airworthiness Requirements / 161 19.2. Airports / 164 Technical Terms / 165 20. Checking, Maintenance and Repair / 168 Technical Terms / 170 Technological Documents / 173 References in Foreign Languages / 191
5
VERBS AND VERB PHRASES
Passive 2: INDIRECT OBJECT of the active sentence → SUBJECT of the passive sentence The manufacturers were given the designs for the new aircraft. ↓ ↓ SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT Common verbs with two objects: bring buy
cost
get
give
leave
lend
make
offer
owe
pass
pay
play
promise
read
refuse
send
show
sing
take
teach
tell
wish
write
NOTE: Some verbs cannot be used in passive, e.g.: have, lack, resemble, suit.
2.6. SOME IRREGULAR VERBS USED IN TECHNICAL CONTEXT INFINITIVE arise bear beat bend bind blend
PAST TENSE arose bore beat bent bound blent/blended
PAST PARTICIPLE arisen born beaten bent bound blent/blended
blow break breed bring about broadcast build burn burst cast catch choose cleave cling creep cut deal
blew broke bred brought about broadcast built burnt/burned burst cast caught chose cleft clung crept cut dealt
blown broken bred brought about broadcast built burnt/burned burst cast caught chosen cleft clung crept cut dealt
dig
dug
dug 34
JELENTÉS ébred (erõ) keletkezik üt hajlít, hajlik köt, megköt kever, egybeolvaszt fúj, fuvat eltörik tenyészt, szaporít elõidéz, okoz rádión ad épít, gyárt (el)ég, éget szétreped dob, vet (meg)fog választ hasít, hasad hozzátapad kúszik, folyik vág, forgácsol kezel, bánik valamivel ás
SOME IRREGULAR VERBS USED IN TECHNICAL CONTEXT
INFINITIVE draw drive
PAST TENSE drew drove
PAST PARTICIPLE drawn driven
engrave fall feed fling flow
engraved fell fed flung flowed
fly
flew
freeze gird
froze girt
grind grow hang hit hold hurt keep lade
ground grew hung hit held hurt kept laded
lay lead lean lie light lose make make up meet
laid led lent lay lit lost made made up met
melt mistake overcome overhang override overrun recast reeve
melted mistook overcame overhung overrode overran recast rove
engraved fallen fed flung flowed/flown (az utóbbi régies alak) flown repül, repülõn visz frozen megfagy girt körülvesz, felerõsít ground köszörül, csiszol grown nõ, válik vmivé hung függ, függeszt hit megüt, ütõdik held tart, befog hurt megsért kept megtart, marad laded/laden megrak, -terhel (az utóbbi régies alak) laid fektet, helyez led vezet, irányít lent hajlik, támaszkodik lain fekszik lit meggyújt lost elveszít made gyárt, készít made up felépít, összeállít met kielégít vmit, megfelel vminek melted/molten megolvad mistaken összetéveszt overcome leküzd vmit overhung túlnyúlik overridden túlvezérel overrun túlfeszít recast újraönt roven átfûz, áthúz 35
JELENTÉS rajzol, húz hajt, vezet, bever (szöget) bevés, gravíroz (le)esik betáplál, elõtol hajít, dob áramlik, folyik
5. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
In case we want to indicate the place where an action occurs, the place where someone or something is, the place they are going to or coming from, or the direction they are moving in we use prepositions or prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its object, which is nearly always a noun group. A preposition is a word which opens up the possibilities of saying more about a thing or an action. Most prepositions are single words, although there are some that consist of more than one word, such as “out of” or “in between”. Here is a list of common one-word prepositions used to talk about place and destination: about before down opposite towards above behind from outside under across below in over underneath along beneath inside past up alongside beside into round within among between near through around beyond off throughout at by on to More than one-word prepositions used to talk about place and destination: ahead of close by in front of on top of all over close to near to out of away from in between next to The English language has a large number of prepositions, some of them, such as “beside”, “by”, “near” and “next to” are very close in meaning. Other prepositions, for example “at” and “in” can be used in several different meanings. The meaning and the correct usage of prepositions should be checked in a dictionary.
52
EXERCISES
Prepositions indicating position, direction and destination: aboard around by near to about astride close by next to above at close to off across away from down on against before from onto ahead of behind in on top of all over below in between opposite along beneath in front of out of alongside beside inside outside amidst between into past among beyond near round
through to toward(s) under underneath up upon with within
Note, that “onto” is sometimes written as two words: The man hopped up on to a higher box. Some prepositions can only be used with a restricted group of nouns. For example, “aboard” is used with a noun referring to a form of transport, such as a ship, plane, train or bus. Some nouns that you can use with “aboard” to indicate position: aircraft carrier coach rocket train bike ferry ship trawler boat jet sledge truck bus plane space shuttle yacht
EXERCISES 1. Use these words and prepositions to complete the words in the pictures. The first or the last letter is given. aft along around at behind between beyond
bottom centre corner down forward from in
in front of inner into left lower near next to
53
off on outer out of over rear right
through to top under up upper within
15. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
15.1. Hydraulic Systems A hydraulic system is much like an electrical system. It must have a source of power, a means of transmitting this power, and finally some types of device to use the power.
15.1.1. Open Hydraulic Systems The most basic form of an open hydraulic system is that used by hydroelectric power plants. Large dams block streams of water to form lakes that store billions of gallons (1 gallon = 4.546 l) of water. This stored water represents the potential energy in the system. This potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the water flows downward through penstocks or pipes to the turbine. The kinetic energy of the flowing water is converted to mechanical energy as it turns the turbine used to drive the generator. The open hydraulic system works well for the production of electrical energy, but has no practical application to airborne systems.
15.1.2. Closed Hydraulic Systems To apply hydraulic power to aircraft systems we must enclose the fluid, move it through a system of rigid lines and flexible hoses, and put its energy to use in various types of actuators and hydraulic motors. Among the first hydraulic systems used on airplanes was the hydraulic brake. Most airplanes use disc brakes, but the hydraulic systems for both disc and shoe brakes are similar. The hydraulic cylinder inside the wheel has 2 rubber cups, which act as pistons. They are both pushed into the cylinder as the brake return spring pulls the shoes away from the drum. The piston in the master cylinder is pushed back by a spring so it just uncovers the compensator port and opens the passage between the vented reservoir and the inside of the master cylinder. When the pilot applies the brakes, the first movement of the piston in the master cylinder covers the compensator port and traps the fluid in the line to the wheel cylinder. As the piston continues 130
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
Complete aircraft hydraulic system
to move, the fluid is forced into the wheel cylinder where it moves the pistons out and pushes the brake shoes against the drum. When the brake pedal is released, the spring in the wheel pulls the shoes away from the drum, and at the same time, the spring inside the master cylinder moves the piston back, uncovering the compensator port. If any fluid is lost, it will be automatically replaced from the reservoir. And if the fluid in the brake line expands due to heat, the expanded fluid will back up into the reservoir and not cause the brakes to stick on. In the figure of a complete aircraft hydraulic system, there is a grey shaded area on both sides of the pistons that is not indicated among the colour codes. This would like to show the natural position, concerning the situation of the selector valve, which means neither indicated pressure levels appear in the grey shaded area on both sides of the pistons.
15.1.3. Application of Hydraulic Systems As aircraft have become more complex, the demand for hydraulically operated equipment has increased. Retractable landing gear, wing flaps, engine cowl, 131