NEUROTHERAPY VED HINDI

SvSq j}vn ]bt;n' k' k/9 ]nym Rules for healthy living nh;n' k' ]nym 

jh;. tk h{ sk' hr m[sm m'. 1.2' p;n} s' h} nh;y'. : ]sr k{ o{t' smy phl' p;n} k; Ak l{`; ]sr p' 2;l'.- pr k;n{. pr nh}. a;y' yh Oy;n rh' : ]fr gdEn k' n}c' p}1 a[r k.o{. pr- ]fr s;r' xr}r pr 2;ln; c;]hy' : k;r~ : ]sr pr p;n} 2;lt' smy agr phl; l{`; k.o{. y; k;n pr p2'g;- t{ Ak ghr; s;\s a; j;n' s' p;n} k;n{. m'. cl; j;t; h" : yh p;n} k;n{. k} m"l y; wax k{ ptl; kr d'n' k' b;d k;n{. k' a.dr k} gm}E k' k;r~ Ak bubble y; b/lb/l; bn j;t; h"- j{ k;n k' ]9d@ pr a; j;n' s' s/nn; km h{ j;t; h" : ]jnk{ km s/nt; h" v' agr hm;r' upc;r k' al;v; nh;n' k' tr}k' bdl l'. t{ s/nn' m'. jLd} fkE a; j;t; h" _ yh tj/b'E k} b;t h" : j{ 1.2' p;n} s' nh;n' k} a;dt 2;lt' h". uNh'. rKt s.c;r aC9} trh s' h{n' k' k;r~ sd}E h{n' k' a;s;r km h{t' h". : yh tj/b'E k} b;t h" :

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keE l{g{. k} a;dt h" ]k b"1 kr grm p;n} s' nh;t' smy sbs' phl' v' i/`n{. pr p;n} 2;lt' h". : g/½j} kht' h". ]k b/3;p' m'. i/`n{. k} dd'E. a;n' k; yh} Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" _ s{ i/`n{. pr p;n} 2;ln' k' bj;y uUpr kh' an/s;r ]sr p' p;n} 2;l kr nh;n; x/# kr'.

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hm'. s;b/n s' nh}. nh;n; c;]hy' Ky{.]k uss' cm2>} k{ n/ks;n h{t; h" : ps}n; Y/d g/~k;r} h" Ky{.]k usm'. keE k}`;~/n;xk tTv h". j{ ]k s;b/n lg;n' k' b;d YTm h{ j;t' h". : nh;n' s' phl' Ak_Ak b?.d srs{. t'l y; k{eE w} aNy t'l k{ en p;.c jgh{. pr avXy lg;n; c;]hy' _ k;n{. k' p}9'- n;]sk;a{. m'.- tq; n;w}- g/d;- a[r armpits y;]n kC9 k' aNdr : en sb jgh{. m'. t'l lg;n' k' b;d s;r' xr}r pr lg;y'. a[r b;d m'. (bg"r s;b/n lg;y') Y;l} s;d' p;n} s' nh;n; c;]hy' : g/½j} Y/d esk' gv;h h". ]k A's; krn' s' xr}r m'. bdb? y; ]ks} w} p@k;r k; cmE r{g nh}. h{g; Ky{.]k ]p9l' pc;s s;l s' v' bg"r s;b/n k' h} nh;t' a;y' h". : jh;. tk h{ sk'- 1.2' p;n} s' nh;n; h} rË s.c;r k' ]ly' u¶m h" : agr bcpn s' h} yh a;dt 2;l d'. t{ bCc{. m'. sd}E_Y;\s} eTy;]d pr'x;]ny;. h{.g' h} nh}. :

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j"s' uUpr kh; gy; h"- bCc{. k{ nhl;t' smy w} p;n} A's; h} 2;l'. ]k k;n{. k{ bc;t' h/y' phl' ]sr pr- ]fr k.o{. pr- ]fr s;r' xr}r pr p;n} 2;ln; c;]hy' :

Y;n'_p}n' k' ]nym 

s/bh 1.2' p;n} s' nh;n' k' b;d- km s' km 45 ]mn` tk n;Xt; nh}. krn; c;]hy' : k;r~ : nh;n' k' b;d xr}r k{ grm h{n' m'. a;o' i.`' s' 45 ]mn` tk smy lgt; h" : tb rË s.c;r cm2>} k} a[r Jy;d; rht; h"- n ]k aNy a.g{. k} trf : p'` a[r p;cn s.Sq;n tb tk 1}k s' k;m nh}. kr'.g' jb tk ]k s;r; xr}r grm nh}. h{ j;y' a[r rË s.c;r unk} trf n b3>' : a[r us smy k' a.dr n;Xt; krn' s' vh km pc'g; a[r g"s k} p@{Bl'm rh'g} : Oy;n rh' ]k nh;n' k' b;d h} n;Xt; krn; c;]hy' : agr ]ks} k;r~ n;xt; phl' krn; p2>' t{ k;f} smy k' b;d h} nh;n; c;]hy' t;]k Y;y; h/a; w{jn pc j;y : agr n;Xt; y; Y;n' k' t/rNt b;d nh;y'. t{ apcn y; p'` k} aNy smSy;y'. h{ skt} h". :

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Y;n; Y?b cb;kr Y;n; c;]hy' t;]k Jy;d; m;µ; m'. l;r ]nkl' j{ ]k cp;t}- c;vl Av. aNy m}1' pd;q{E. k{ pc;n' m'. mdd krt} h" : Av. jb2>{. k' hlcl s' b@'n k' nVEj> 1}k s' k;m kr'.g' ]jss' p;cn s.Sq;n 1}k s' k;m kr'g} a[r Y;n; 1}k s' pc'g; : agr Y;n' m'. f"`=s 1}k s' nh}. pc' t{ uss' m{`;p; w} b3> skt; h" :

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Y;n; Y;t' smy p;n} nh}. p}n; c;]hy' : Y;n' k' a;o; iN`' phl' y; a;o; iN`' b;d m'. h} p;n} p}n; c;]hy' : p'` m'. Ak A]s2 bnt} h" j{ ]k d;l p@{`}n=s eTy;]d k{ 1}k s' pc;n' m'. mdd krt} h" : yh A']s2 etn} sÅt h{n} c;]hy' ]k us i{r A']s2 m'. k{eE b"K`}]ry; y; v;ers ]jNd; n rh p;y' : Y;n' k' b}c m'. p;n} p}n' s' l;r tq; A]s2 d{n{. k} x]Ë km h{ j;y'g} t{ p;cn ]bg2> j;y'g} : l']kn w{jn k' smy p;n} k; ]gl;s j#r p;s m'. rYn; c;]hy'- Ky{.]k kw} w} k{eE nv;l; y; g@;s gl' m'. a`k skt; h" : agr nv;l; a`k' y; agr m/\h s?Y; h{ t{ Ak_a;o i?.` p;n} p} skt' h". : LMNT m'. hm kht' h". ]k j{2>{. m'. ddE aKsr rË m'. A']s2 b3>n' k' k;r~ a;t; h" : k;r~ : a;y/v'Ed m'. w} kht' h". ] k Y`=`} c}j'. Y;n' s' dd'E. b3>t} h". : t{ ]jNh'. xr}r m'. dd'E. h{. y; (joint pains) h{.- A's' l{g{. k{ Y`=`} c}j'. _ j"s' ]k dh}eml}- `m;`r- ]n.b? eTy;]d nh}. Y;n} c;]hy' : us} p@k;r- j{ fl kCc' h{n' pr Y`=`' h{t' h". a[r pkn' pr m}1' h{t' h". _ j"s' s.tr;- m/s.b} y; m[sm}- s'v- a;m eTy;]d _ uNh'. w} nh}. Y;n} c;]hy' : j{ fl kCc' h{n' pr k2>v' y; f}k' h{t' h". pr pkn' pr m}1' h{t' h". _ j"s' k'l;- c}k?- pp}t;- s}t;fl- p'#- a.j}r- a;\vl; eTy;]d _ uNh'. x[k s' Y; skt' h". : n"c/r{p|q} (naturopathy) m'. upc;r k' t[r pr upv;s k' d[r;n ]n.b? xrbt p}n' k' ]ly' kht' h". _ agr a;p upv;s krt' nh}.- mgr w{jn k' s;q ]n.b? l'. t{ x;yd dd'E. b3>'.g} : v"s' h}- kht' h". ]k k{km A']s]2`} k' ]ly' u¶m h" : l']kn r{g} n' Y/d a;jm;kr d'Yn; h" ]k k{km Y;n' s' j{2>{. m'. ddE h{t' h". y; nh}. : hr Ak Vy]Ë k{ sw} c}j> Ak_j"s; p@w;v kr'.g'- A's; w} nh}. h" : yh an/wv k} b;t h" :

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hm'. (t/ k' fl (seasonal fruits) a[r s]Bjy;\ h} Y;n; c;]hy' _ j{ us p@d'x y; p@;.t m'. ugt' h{. : k;r~ : smy a[r jgh k' an/s;r hm;r' ]lvr k} k'm}kLs bdlt} rht} h". a[r v' us (t/ Av. Sql k' c}j{. k{ pc;n' k' ]ly' bnt} h".s{ aNy (t/ y; Sql k} c}j{. k{ pc;n' m'. g2>b2>} h{g} : j"s' ]k ap@"l mh}n' k} gm}E m'. h} a;m a;t' h". _ v' us smy a[r (t/ k' an/s;r us p@;.t m'. rhn'v;l{. k' ]ly' l;wd;yk h" : a[r agr ]ds.br (December) mh}n' m'. a;m Y;y'.g' t{ avXy b}m;r p2>'.g' : us mh}n' m'. bh/t 1.2} h{t} h"- us smy hm'. m;L`; j"s' 1.2' m[sm k' fl vg"rh h} Y;n} c;]hy'- yh Oy;n rh' : Yrb?j; y; trb?j (water melon) j;]t k' fl Y;n' k' b;d p;n} n ]py'. : k;r~ : y' fl g]mEy{. m'. a;t' h". _ h]r n' unm'. phl' s' h} Jy;d; p;n} wr d} h" ]jss' mn/Zy apn} Py;s b/4; sk' : unk' uUpr p;n} p}n' s' xr}r m'. A'Lkl} b3> j;y'g} ]jss' p'` m'. ddE h{ skt; h" y; b/Y;r w} a; skt; h" : t{ A's' fl Y;kr t/rNt p;n} p}n' s' l?j> m{xn (loose motions) y;]n dSt w} a; skt' h" : ]jNh'. ]f`=s a;t} h{. uNh'. A's' fl Y;n' s' ]f`=s b3>t} h". :

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k/drt n' mn/Zy k{ sb k/9 ]dy; h"- ]js m'. p;n} Ak h"- j{ ³} (free) y;]n m/Ft h" : t{ hr Vy]Ë k{ Ak ]dn m'. km s' km d{ y; 2½ ]l`r p;n} t{ avXy p}n; c;]hy' : k;r~ : hm;r' xr}r m'. p'x;b- ps}n; a[r s;\s %;r; k;f} p;n} ]nkl j;t; h" ]js' b"l'.s (balance) krn' k' ]ly' yh j#r} h" : p;n} km p}n' k' k;r~ bh/t_s} b}m;]ry;\ a;t} h". _ j"s' kBj}- ½m|]`j>m (rheumatism)- l{ b} p}- A']s]2`} eTy;]d- ]jNh'. hm A']s2 k} b}m;]ry;\ kht' h". : Ak b;r b}m;r} a;n' k' b;d Jy;d; p;n} p}n' s' km l;w h{t; h": c;y- 1.2' p'y eTy;]d sw} p;n} s' h} bn' h".l']kn xr}r uNh'. w{jn h} sm4t; h" : k{eE w} aNy p'y p;n} k} jgh nh}. l' skt; : s{ hm'. r{j x/5 p;n} k' #p m'. d{ ]l`r p;n} t{ avXy p}n; c;]hy' :

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p;n} b"1 kr h} p}n; c;]hy' nh}. t{ ]p.2]ly{. m'. dd'E. a;t} h"._yh an/wv k} b;t h" : k;r~ : jb hm k/9 Y;t' y; p}t' h".rË k; bh;v p'` k} trf Jy;d; h{g; t{ us smy p"r{. k{ km rË ph/\c'g; : s{ m;\s_p']xy{. m'. kmj{r} a;n' k' k;r~ v' ddE krn' lgt} h". :

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hm'. s;d; p;n} y; m`k' k; p;n} h} p}n; c;]hy' : ]³j (fridge) k; p;n} xr}r k' ]ly' h;]nk;rk h" : Ky{.]k us 1.2' p;n} k{ grm krk' xr}r k' `"Mpr'cr tk l;n' k' ]ly' rË k{ Jy;d; k;m krn; p2>t; h" : ]jsk' ]ly' energy y;]n uUj;E x]Ë YcE krn; p2>t; h" j{ xr}r k' ]ly' f;lt? k;m h" :

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s{kr u1n' pr t/rNt 1.2; p;n} p}n' s' k/9 l{g{. k{ kf a;n; y; n;k bhn; eTy;]d h{ skt' h". : h;\- g/ng/n; p;n} p} skt' h". : y; u1n' k' b;d 5 ]mn` 1hr kr s;d; p;n} y; m`k' k; p;n} p} skt' h". :

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d?o y; c;y p}n' k' t/rNt b;d p;n} p}n' s' A'Lkl} b3>'g} ]jss' l?j> m{xNs y; ptl} ``=`} a; skt} h". : a[r ms?2>'. kmj{r h{ skt} h". :

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ptl} ``=`} y; l?j> m{xn (loose motions) a;n' pr s;d; p;n} nh}. p}n; c;]hy'- nh}. t{ a[r Jy;d; ``=`} a;y'.g} : dSt s' xr}r m'. kmj{r} n h{ es]ly' p;n} m'. ]n.b? y; k;gd} ]nc{2>kr usm'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. nmk a[r xKkr ]ml;kr us' i?.`_i?.` p}n; c;]hy': Y;l} nmk}n p;n} p}n' s' w} ``=`} b3> skt} h". :

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]js p;n} m'. b/lb/l' y; bubbles h{. us' nh}. p}n; c;]hy' : es trh k; p;n} p'` m'. j;n' k' b;d tkl}f d'g;- xr}r k' ]ly' ]htk;r} nh}. h{g; : k;r~ : k/9 d'r rYn' k' b;d b/lb/l' a;n' k; mtlb us p;n} m'. b"K`}]ry; h". ]jnk} Xvsn p@]´y; k' k;r~ k;rbn 2;y a;| Ks;e2 g"s ]nkl rh; h" : xhr{. m'. p;n} m'. b/lb/l' k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" ]k p}n' k' p;n} k' p;ep m'. ]ks} k;r~ g`r k' g.d' p;n} k} ]ml;v` k; h{n; : un k}`;~/a{. k' k;r~ k{l'r;- `;ef;e2 eTy;]d b}m;]ry;\ w} h{ skt} h". :

s{n' a[r u1n' k' ]nym  hm'. l'`t' y; s{t' smy phl' p;\v ek`=1' kr l'n; c;]hy' a[r uNh'. i/`n' s' aNdr k} trf m{2> l'n; c;]hy' a[r h;q{. k; sh;r; l't' h/y' ]ks} w} krv` l'`kr ]fr p;\v s}o; krn; c;]hy' : u1t' smy w} s}o; h} nh}. u1n; c;]hy' : phl' krv` l'.- ]fr p;\v j{ s}o' h". uNh'. m{2> l'.- a[r ]fr h;q{. k; sh;r; l'kr u1n; c;]hy' : k;r~ : s}o; u1n' s' n;w} pr glt asr p2>'g; tq; ºdy k{ rË k} j#rt b3> j;t} h"- j{ b;d m'. apcn- aSqm; (asthma)2;y;b}`}s (Diabetes Mellitus), srv;ekl Sp[N2}l{]ss (cervical spondylosis)- y; h;`E p@{Bl'm a;n' k; Ak k;r~ bn skt; h" : 

hm'. r;t k{ 10.30 s' phl' h} s{ j;n; c;]hy' : k;r~ : p}]nyl g@.q} (pineal gland) 1}k rhn' s' h} xr}r k' s;r' k;m_k;j s/c;½ #p s' clt' h". : kht' h". ]k yh w;rt m'. r;t k{ 12.30 a[r Ak bj' k' b}c j;g,t h{t} h" : c;h' vh ds ]mn` k' ]ly' h} k;m kr'- l']kn vh tb h} k;m kr'g} agr hm aC9} ghr} n}.d m'. h{. : a[r ghr} n}.d k} avSq; y; ]Sq]t m'. j;n' k' ]ly' a;m a;dm} k{ km s' km d{ i.`' c;]hy' :

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s{t' smy Oy;n d'. ]k kmr' m'. p?r; a.o'r; h{ t;]k p}]nyl Gl".2 1}k s' uks;y; j;y : s{t' smy night lamp y;]n j}r{ v;|` bLb k} w} a;dt n lg;y'. t{ b'htr h" : k;r~ : a.o'r' kmr' m'. s{n' s' a;y/ y; umr lMb} h{t} h" : k9/A k} a;y/ d{_t}n s[ s;l s' Jy;d; h{t} h" : a[r vh hm'x; apn} gdEn y; m/.2} aNdr rY kr s{t; h" a.o'r' m'. : s{t' smy s;r' xr}r k{ 3>}l; rY kr l'`'. : ]dm;g m'. k{eE tn;v n h{- esk; Oy;n d'. :

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1

k;r~ : s/bh u1t' smy ]dm;g m'. tn;v h{ t{ s;r; ]dn ]sr w;r} rh'g; : s{ r;t k{ h]r k{ y;d krt' h/A x;Nt mn s' s{y'. : Av. u1t' smy w} h]r k; n;m l't' h/y' aC9' sk;r;Tmk ]vc;r{. k' s;q ]bStr s' u1'. t{ s;r; ]dn aC9; j;y'g; : 

s{t' smy ]Y2>]ky'. Y{lkr s{n; c;]hy' t;]k t;j} hv; kmr' m'. a;y' : bNd kmr' m'. s{n' s' kmr' m'. k;rbn 2;eE a;|Ks;e2 (carbon dioxide ) k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h" ]js s' xr}r s;r; ]dn qk;_qk; s; rh'g; a[r k;m krn' k{ mn w} nh}. kr'g; : ud;hr~+ b;.d@; ]Kl]nk m'. RA (Rheumatoid arthritis ) k} Ak p'x.` a;t} q} ]js' keE ]dn upc;r ]dy' gy' : hr ]dn v' kht} q}. ]k upc;r k' asr r;t tk aC9' lgt' q'- mgr d?sr' ]dn s/bh h} dd'E. v;ps a;t} q}. : RA k' aNy r{]gy{. k{ un upc;r{. s' bh/t l;w h{t; q; l']kn us' nh}. t{ g/½j} s{c m'. p2> gy' : ]fr uNh{.n' p?9; ]k r;t k{ s{t' smy a;p ]Y2>k} Y{l kr s{t} h". y; nh}. < t{ pt; lg; ]k vh 1.2 k' 2r k' m;r' ]Y2]ky;\ bNd krk' s{t} q} : t{ g/½j} n' sh} an/m;n lg;y; ]k r;t m'. ]Y2>]ky;\ bNd rhn' k' k;r~ kmr' m'. a[r usk' xr}r m'. k;rbn 2;eE a;|Ks;e2 k} m;µ; Jy;d; h{t} q} ]jsk' k;r~ dd'E. s/bh b3> j;t} q}. : uNh{.n' sl;h d} ]k Ak;o ]dn ]Y2>k} Y{lkr s{ey' a[r d']Yy' Ky; fkE p2>t; h" : us a[rt n' g/½j} k} b;t m;n} a[r d'Y; gy; ]k d?sr' ]dn s' s/bh dd{E. k; a;n; bNd h{ gy; a[r vh jLd} h} apn} LMNT upc;r{. s' 1}k h{n' lg} :

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s{t' smy phl' b;.eE krv` m'. l'`kr c;r Xv;s l'n;- ]fr s}o; l'`kr a;1 Xv;s l'n;- a[r ]fr d;.eE krv` m'. l'`kr s{lh Xv;s l'n; : A's' krn' s' Bl2 p@'xr k} b}m;r} a;n' k} s.w;vn; km h{.g} : k;r~ : b;eE. krv` m'. l'`n' s' s?yE n;2>} clt} h"- jb ]k d;y}. krv` m'. s{n' s' cNd@ n;2>} clt} h" : y{g ]c]kTsk w} p@;~;y;m %;r; cNd@ n;2>} k{ uks;kr h;eE b} p} y;]n Bl2 p@'xr k; el;j krt' h". : [ ]jNh'. n}.d nh}. a;t} unk' ]ly' w} yh Ak u¶m upc;r h" : s;o;r~t+ s{lh Xv;s k' phl' h} n}.d a; j;y'g} : agr esk' b;d w} n}.d n a;y' t{ Oy;n Xv;s m'. rYt' h/y' lMb' Xv;s l'n; x/# kr d'. : 9{`' y; jLd} Xv;s l'n' s' n}.d nh}. a;t} : lMb' Xv;s l'n' s' b@'n k{ Jy;d; m;µ; m'. a;|Ks}jn ]mln' pr xr}r ]rl|Ks h{g; a[r n}.d t/rNt a; j;y'g} ]

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s/bh u1t' smy w} p?r; a.o'r; h{n; c;]hy'- s{ s?yE c3>n' s' phl' u1'. : k;r~ : u1t' smy kmr' m'. k;f} r{xn} h{ t{ s;r; ]dn ]sr w;r} rh'g; : jLd} s{n' Av. jLd} u1n' s' xr}r SvSq h{g; :

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c;h' s/bh- d/phr y; x;m h{ _ ]bStr s' s{kr u1t' smy p;\v t/rNt n.g} jm}n pr n rY'. : cPpl pr rY'. y; k/9 d'r 1hrn' pr n.g' jm}n pr rY skt' h". : ]bStr k' aNdr a;pk' p"r grm q'- jb ]k jm}n 1.2} h"- t{ t/rNt u1t' h} n.g} jm}n pr p;\v rYn' s' a;pk{ sd}E h{ skt} h" :

s{t' smy ]sr k' n}c' y; ]sr k' uUpr h;q rYkr y; a;\Y{. k{ b;j? s' 3k kr s{n; nh}. c;]hy' : agr a;\Y{. pr k{eE r{xn} a; rh} h" t{ kp2>' s' 3k l'n; c;]hy' pr b;j? k{ a;\Y{. pr n rY'. : k;r~ : gdEn k' d{n{. b;j/a{. s' subclavian arteries ]nklt} h". j{ k.o{. k' uUpr k} clavicle h]2=2y{. k' n}c' s' ]nklkr axillary tq; brachial arteries n;mk n]lk;a{. %;r; u\g]ly{. tk rË k{ ph/\c;t} h". : jb h;q n}c' k} a{r h{t' h". t{ rË k' p@v;h m'. k{eE a2>cn nh}. a;t} : l']kn agr hm h;q{. y; b;j/a{. k{ k.o' k' level k' uUpr lMb' smy tk rY' rh'. _ j"s'' ]k ]sr k' n}c' uNh'. rYkr s{t' smy h{t; h" _ t{ un rË n]lk;a{. pr clavicle h]2=2y{. k; db;v p2'g;- ]jsk' k;r~ un m'. rË k; p@v;h 1}k s' nh}. h{g; : a.t m'. esk; asr brachio-cephalic artery %;r; ºdy pr w} p2>'g; : s{ A's' h;q rYkr s{n' s' chest pain y;]n s}n' m'. ddE a; skt; h"- y; h;q'. y; u\g]ly;. s/¸ h{ skt} h". : h;q{. y; u\g]ly{. k; s/¸ h{n; un l{g{. m'.

Jy;d; h{g} ]jnm'. ] v`;]mn B12 k} km} h" : bs y; `Ä'n m'. sfr krt' smy agr uUpr k} p;ep k{ k;f} d'r tk pk2>kr Y2>; rhn; p2>' t{ u\g]ly;\ s/¸ h{ j;t} h". _ usk; Ak m/Åy k;r~ ]v`;]mn B12 k} km} h} h" : 

a[rt{. k' ]ly'  a[rt{. tq; l2]ky{. k{ p;\v k' uUpr p;\v c3>kr rYkr b"1n; y; s{n; nh}. c;]hy' : k;r~ : p;\v k' uUpr p;\v c3>kr b"1n' y; s{n' s' n;w} k} n}c' k} a.g{. k} m;\s_p']xy{. pr Ak_trf; ]Y.c;v a;t; h" ]jsk; p@w;v rË s.c;r pr w} p2>'g; : en a.g{. m'. m/Åy h" y?`Äs a[r a{vr}j> : enm'. rË s.c;r k' ]bg2>n' s' sf'd p;n} j;n;- m;]sk omE a;g'_p}9' h{>n;- y; y?`Äs p@{l|Ps eTy;]d h{ skt' h". : s{ sw} k{ s}o} `;.g{. s' s{n; c;]hy' : A's' b"1n' k} a;dt `ln' tk g/½j} k; s/4;v h" ]k ]ny]mt smy m'. p"r{. k{ b;r}_b;r} s' bdlt' rh'. t;]k d{n{. trf k} m;\s_p']xy{. pr sm;n ]Y.c;v a;y' : 

m"Nss k' d[r;n Jy;d; Bl}]2.g (bleeding) h{ t{ uss' xr}r m'. k"]Lxym k} km} n h{ es]ly' Sμ} k{ km s' km p[n; ]l`r g/ng/n; d?o p}n; c;]hy' : l']kn d?o a]ok grm nh}. h{n; c;]hy'- Ky{.]k uss' Bl}]2.g a[r b3> skt} h" : r;t k{ Ak Y;rk (Yj? r_j"s;) Ak kp d?o m'. 2;lkr ]³j m'. rYn; : s/bh us d?o k{ Y;rk k' s;q h} ub;lkr us Y;rk k{ Y;kr d?o w} p} l'. :

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r;t k; w{jn A's' smy tk kr l'n; c;]hy' ]k Y;n; Y;n' a[r s{n' k' smy m'. km s' km d{ i.`' k; aNtr h{n; c;]hy'- t;]k Y;n; j{ s[]l2 f;mE (solid form) y;]n 1{s #p m'. Y;y; h{t; h"- vh p;n} k} trh ptl; h{kr 1}k s' pc j;y : Y;n' k' t/rNt b;d agr s.w{]gk ]´y; y; eN`rk{sE (intercourse) krn' s' p]t a[r pTn} d{n{. k{ g"]S`Äk p@{Bl'm (gastric problem) y;]n p'` k} p@{Bl'm a; j;y'g} Ky{.]k j{ rË p;cn t.μ k' ]ly' c;]hy'- vh aNy k;y{E. k' ]ly' upy{g ]ky; j; rh; h" :

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b/Y;r m'. y; b/Y;r a;n' k' k/9 ]dn{. tk ]lvr Av. g[l Bl"2r ]bg2>} rht} h". y; 1}k s' k;m nh}. krt' : us smy m'. m"q/n krn' s' xr}r m'. a[r kmj{r} a; j;y'g}- f}vr w} b3> skt; h" :

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gwEvt} Sμ} k{ ]ks} w} p@k;r k} g{]ly;\ nh}. Y;n} c;]hy' _ j"s' ddEn;xk g{]ly;\ (pain killers), A'N`}b;y{]`Ks (antibiotics), gwE ]nr{ok g{]ly;.- y; ]ks} aNy b}m;r} k' ]ly' S`}r;|e2=s (steroids) eTy;]d : k;r~ : phl' t{ en g{]ly{. k; asr m;. k' ]lvr a[r ]k2n} pr p2>t; h" : p@'gn"Ns} k' smy m'. m;\ j{ w} Y;y'g} usk; asr a.t m'. bCc' pr w} p2'g; h} : en g{]ly{. k' k;r~ bCc' k{ jnm k' b;d Jv;]N2s (jaundice) y;]n p}]ly; h{ skt; h" : y; en k' d/Zp@w;v bCc' k' b@'n- ]k2n} y; q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 pr p2> skt' h". : s{ g/½j} ]vXv;s k' s;q kht' h". ]k mNd b/]5 bCc' p"d; h{n' k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ en g{]ly{. k; d/Zp@w;v h":

k/9 aNy s/4;v  a;\Y{. k' b;j? m'. d{ 9{`} ]9d@ h{t} h".- ]jNh'. l"Kr}ml 2K`=s (lacrymal ducts) kht' h". : r{j nh;t' smy enk{ 30 b;r o}m'_o}m' shl;n' s' a;\s? k; s.c;r Av. a;\Y{. k' lens k' a.dr k; p@'xr 1}k p@k;r s' h{g; Av. Gl;uk{m; (glaucoma) y; m{]ty; s' bc;y; j; skt; h" : Gl;uk{m; a;n' k' b;d w} es upc;r s' keE p'x.` l;w u1; c/k' h". : ]jNh'. a;\Y{. s' lg;t;r p;n} ]nklt; rh' _ unk' ]ly' w} yh u¶m upc;r h" : 

v}r;sn m'. Oy;n lg;n' s' concentration power y;]n Ak;g@t; x]Ë b3> j;t} h"- ]jss' memory y;]n y;d=d;Xt b3> j;t} h" : bCc{. k{ p3>;eE m'. bh/t l;w h{t; h" : h]r k{ p;n' k' ]ly' aC9; h" : ]jnk{ fits a;t} h{.- uNh' apn' LMNT upc;r k' al;v; yh a;sn ]sY; d'n' s' bh/t l;w h{g; :

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k/9 l{g drv;j' pr b;hr k' l{g{. k' ]ly' My?]j>kl b"Ll (musical bells) _ y;]n s.g}t bj;n'v;l} i.]`y;\ _ lgv;t' h". : s/bh s{y' p2' agr d?ov;l' n' yh i.`} bj; d} t{ tp;k s' u1n' pr k/9 l{g{. k' k;n m'. apn' a;p i.]`y;\ bjn' lgt} h".- Ky{.]k us b"Ll k} a;v;j bh/t t}v@ h{t} h" : ess' vr`}g{ (vertigo) y;]n cKkr w} a; skt' h". : s{ ir{. m'. km a;v;j v;l; bj>r(buzzer) h} lg;n; c;]hy'- n ]k My?]j>kl b"Ll:

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k;n{. k' aNdr Ak wax bnt; h" ]jss' k;n k} r6; h{t} h" : s{ k;n{. s' m"l nh}. ]nk;ln; c;]hy' : Ky{.]k a;p ]nk;lt' j;y'.g'- a[r xr}r bn;t' j;y'g; : k;n{. m'. t'l k; b?\d `pk;n; nh}. c;]hy' Ky{.]k uss' k;n k' pd'E k' ]9d@ y; ear drum k{ n/ks;n y; h;]n h{ skt} h" : y; vh ]9d@ bNd h{ skt; h"- ]jss' s/nn; km h{ j;t; h" : prNt/ a;p t'l k{ k;p/s y;]n #eE (cotton) s' hLk' s' lg; skt' h". :

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A'N`}b;y{]`Ks (antibiotics) k} dv;ey;\ Y;n' s' y; c;y- k;|f}- ]sg;r'` eTy;]d m'. j{ k"f}n (caffeine) y; ]nk{]`n (nicotine) h{t; h"- uss' k;n k} ns'. kmj{r h{ j;t} h".- ]jss' s/nn; bNd h{ skt; h" : esk' al;v; y' dv;ey;\ xr}r m'. vitamin K bn;n'v;l' ]htk;r} b"K`}]ry; k{ n/ks;n ph/\c;t} h". : agr xr}r m'. ]v`;]mn K k} km} h{- t{ rË k; Kl{]`.g (clotting) nh}. h{g;: s{ xr}r m'. kh}. w} ]ks} k;r~ s' rË bhn' lg' t{ (hemorrhage) vh bNd h} nh}. h{g;: a[rt{. m'. yh p@{Bl'm h{ t{ unk' m"Nss j{ c;r ]dn k' b;d bNd h{n} c;]hy'- v' bNd h} nh}. h{.g' : rË k} km} k' k;r~ kmj{r}- cKkr a;n; y; aNy b}m;]ry;\ a;y'.g} :  k;n k' p}9' t}n n]lk;y' h". ]jNh'. semi circular canals kht' h". : enm'. Ak p;n}_j"s; trl Fl?e2 (fluid) wr; rht; h" j{ hm;r' xr}r k; eKv}]l]b@ym (equilibrium ) y;]n b"l'.s (balance) y; xr}r k; s.t/ln bn;y' rYt; h" : agr hm u1t' smy tp;k s' y;]n jLd} s' u1'. t{ unm'. s' ]ks} m'. s' p;n} b;hr ]nkl j;n' s'

2

bh/t cKkr a; skt' h".- ]js' vr`}g{ (vertigo) k; n;m ]dy; j;t; h" : s{ u1t' smy h]r k; Oy;n krt' h/y' pl.g pr km s' km t}s s'k'.2 b"1 kr u1n; b'htr h" : 

k;n{. k' ]9d@ k{ c;r{. ]dx;a{. m'. aNdr s' b;hr k} trf Ak_Ak b;r db;n' s' k;n Y/l j;t' h".- a[r agr t}n_t}n b;r c;r{. ] dx;a{. m'. db;y; j;y t{ h;eE Bl2 p@'xr y;]n h;eE b} p} (high BP) km h{ j;t} h" : r{j nh;n' k' b;d A's; krn' s' b} p} kw} b3>'g} nh}. : yh tj/b'E k} b;t h" :

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sd}E h{n' pr n;k k{ bh/t j{r s' y; Jy;d; s;f nh}. krn; c;]hy' : agr s;f krn; h{ t{ d{n{. n;]sk;a{. k{ Y/l; rYkr h} s;f krn; c;]hy' : k;r~ : agr n;k bNd h{ a[r a;p Ak k{ bNd rYkr d?sr' s' j{r s' hv; ]nk;ln' k} k{]xx kr'.- t{ j{ My?ks (mucus) y; kc2>; h"- vh k;n k} n;2>} k' aNdr i/s j;y'g; ]jss' s/nn; bNd h{ j;y'g; y; km s/nn' lg'g; :

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agr n;k s' p;n} bh rh; h{- t{ ds ]mn` tk b;y}. krv` m'. l'`n' s' s?yE n;2>} cln' lg'g} a[r n;k s' p;n} k; ]nkln; bNd h{ j;y'g; : ]jnk{ s/bh_s/bh 1.2} y; A'l'j}E (allergy) k' k;r~ A's; h{t; h{- uNh'. s{y' p2' u1t' smy ds ]mn` tk b;y}. krv` m'. s{kr b;d m'. u1n' k} a;dt bn; l'. t{ k/9 h} ]dn{. k' aNdr es pr'x;n} s' m/Ë h{ skt' h". :

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´".MPs (cramps) y;]n A'.1n a;n' pr d{n{. h;q{. k{ ]sr k' uUpr l' j; kr c/`k} bj;n' s' ´".MPs ]nkl j;t' h".- yh an/wv k} b;t h" : v"s' h}- ub;s} a;n' pr m/\h k' s;mn' c/`k} bj;n' pr m/\h k; Y/l' k; Y/l; rhn; y; jaw y;]n jb2>' k; a`k j;n; eTy;]d nh}. h{g; : hr b;r jb h'yr 2;eE (hair dye) y;]n b;l{. k' r.g bdln' k; s;on upy{g kr'. _ c;h' vh m'h.d} s' bn; h{ y; aNy h{ _ usk; k'm}kl Tvc; k' ]9d@{. %;r; rKt m'. p@v'x krt; h" a[r km s' km c;l}s ]dn tk p'x;b m'. a;t; rht; h" : es 2;eE s' Ak p@k;r k; k"Nsr w} a; skt; h" : k;r~ : rË k; s;r; kcr; t{ ]k2n}j> k{ h} b;hr ]nk;ln; p2>t; h" : 2;eE p'x;b m'. a;t; h"- esk; mtlb ]k2n}j> k{ _ apn' n[rml k;yE k' al;v; _ c;l}s ]dn tk es 2;eE k{ ]nk;ln' k; extra y;]n f;lt? k;m krn' k' ]ly' mjb?r ]ky; j;t; h" : jr; s{c'. ]k j{ l{g keE s;l{. s' hr mh}n' y; b;r_b;r 2;eE k; upy{g krt' h".- unk' ]k2n}j> k{ ]ktn; Jy;d; k;m krn; p2>'g; < ]fr v' (]k2n}j> ) kmj{r Ky{. n h{. < agr ]k2n}j> kmj{r h{ j;y'. t{ k"Nsr y; aNy b2>} b}m;]ry;\ Ky{. nh}. a;y'.g} <

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p"r k' a.g?1' a[r p@qm u.gl} k' b}c m'. Ak n;2>} h"- j{ agr db j;y t{ ]vzy_w{g y;]n v;sn;_p?]tE k} w;vn; db j;t} h" y; sm;Pt h{ j;t} h" : es]ly' h} s;o/ l{g a.g?1' v;l} Y2>;uU. phnt' q' ]jss' vh n;2>} db j;t} q} t{ A's' w;vn; nh}. a;t' :

g;yμ} m.μ c[b}s a.k k; h" : kh; j;t; h" ]k esk' x/5 uCc;r~ krn' s' hm;r' xr}r k' c[b}s v;Lv- c[b}s b2>} n;]2>y;\ tq; c[b}s 9{`>} n;]2>y;\ j{ h". _ sb Y/l j;y'.g} : p?Jy g/½j} k' R}m/Y s' a[rt{. k' ]ly' k/9 aNy mhTvp?~E b;t'. 

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]2l}vr} k' smy a.o'r' a[r grm kmr' m'. h} p@sv h{n; c;]hy' t;]k a[rt k' xr}r s' bh/t ps}n; ] nkl' ]jss' usk' xr}r k' toxins y;]n an;vXyk ]vz"l} c}j ]nkl j;y'.g' j{ m;\ a[r bCc' d{n{. k' ]ly' l;wd;yk h" : phl' jm;n' m'. p@sv k' smy kmr' m'. Ak a.g}1} rY} j;t} q} t;]k gm}E k' k;r~ a[rt k{ bh/t ps}n; a;y' : a;jkl AC room m'. delivery k} j;t} h" j{ bCc' a[r m;\ d{n{. k} s'ht k' ]ly' Yr;b h" :

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p@sv k' ddE k' smy xr}r s' p@{S`;Gl"]N2Ns ]nklt' h". j{ y?`Äs k{ ]sk/2>n' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". : l']kn p@sv k; ddE m;n]sk k;r~{. s' Jy;d; mhs?s h{t; h" : ddE a;n' k; m/Åy k;r~ yh h" ]k us smy a[rt apn' y?`Äs k' msLs k{ bh/t tight y;]n k2k kr l't} h"- Ky{.]k usk' m;. n' us' bcpn s' h} 2r;y; h/a; h{t; h" ]k "bCc; p"d; krk' t{ d'Y t{ ddE Ky; h{t; h" pt; cl'g; !" hm;r' upc;r s' ]2l}vr} a;s;n h{g} :

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p@sv k' d[r;n- a[r b;d m'. w}- hr a[rt k' bdn s' Ak Y;s ]kSm k} b? ]nklt} h"- j{ k/drt n' es]ly' bn;y; h" ]k usk; p]t us smell y;]n v;s k' k;r~ uss' d?r rh' a[r us' n 9'2' : l']kn us a[rt k} m;\ k{ us b;s k; pt; nh}. clt;- a[r n h} us' vh Yr;b lgt; h" :

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d?o ]pl;t' smy bCc' k' h;q k{ Y{l d'n; c;]hy' t;]k vh m;\ k' qn k' s;q Y'l' – A's' krn' s' Oxytocin Jy;d; bn'g; a[r d?o Jy;d; ]nkl'g; : A's} a[rt{. k{ Ak h} smy m'. Jy;d; p;n} p}n' k' bj;y ]dn m'. an'k b;r km m;µ; m'. p;n} p}n; c;]hy' : k"]Lxym k' ]ly' eNh'. d?o w} p}n; c;]hy' :

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bCc' k{ hm'x; d{n{. h;q{. s' u1;n; c;]hy' _ ]ks} w} Ak h;q s' u1;n' s' y; t{ apcn- kBj} aNyq; loose motions y;]n dSt h{ skt' h". :

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bCc{. k' jb d;\t ]nklt' h". tb f}vr y; loose motions l?j> m{xn y;]n dSt h{ skt' h". : us smy us' 50% d?o a[r 50% s;b?d;n; k; p;n} ]pl;n; c;]hy' : ess' dSt a;n; bNd h{ j;y'g; : dSt s' xr}r k{ n/ks;n ph/..\ct; h" : l']kn f}vr d{ ]dn tk rh skt; h" _ s{ b/r} b;t nh}. h" : s"Ls a[r unk} k;yE x"l} Cells and their functions hm;r' xr}r m'. kr}b 1032 y;]n ds hj;r kr{2> kr{2> kr{2> kr{2> s"Ls h".- j{ bh/t h} 9{`' h{t' h/y' w} sw} ]jNd; h". : s"Ll xr}r k} sb s' p@;q]mk v s?Émtm j}]vt rcn; h" ]jsm'. xr}r k' hr k;yE krn' k} 6mt; h" : ]js p@k;r Ak_Ak eE.` j{2> kr d}v;r bn;eE j;t} h" a[r d}v;r{. k' ]mln' pr alg_alg kmr' bn;y' j;t' h". ]jsm'. alg_alg k;yE h{t' h". _ j"s' ]k k{eE s{n' k; kmr;, k{eE Y;n; bn;n' k; kmr;, k{eE nh;n' k; kmr; eTy;]d : us} p@k;r Ak_Ak s"Ll k{ j{2> kr ]`x?j> bnt} h".- a[r bh/t s' ]`x?j> ]mlkr mSsl bn'- bh/t s' mSsl j/2> kr g@.]qy;\ bn}.- bh/t s} g@.]qy;\ j/2> kr ]sS`m bn}. a[r bh/t s' ] sS`m j/2> j/2> kr mn/Zy bn; : keE mSsl ]ml kr Ak a[rgn (organ) k{ bn;t} h". : hr a;|gEn k' k/9 ]no;E]rt k;yE h{t' h".- j"s' ]lvr- ºdy- ]k2n}j> eTy;]d : k/9 a[rg|Nj> ]ml kr Ak ]sS`m (system) y;]n s.Sq;n bn;t' h". ]jsk} Ak Y;s f.kxn y; ]jMm'd;r} h{t} h" : ud;hr~ k' ] ly'- s;.s l'n' k' ]ly' 9h (6) a.g{. k} j#rt h" _ n;k- f']rNKs (pharynx)- l']rNKs (larynx) y;]n Svr p'`}- `Ä'k}y; (trachea) y;]n Xv;s n]lk;- b@{.k} (bronchi) Av. l.Gj> (lungs); tq; en sw} a.g{. k{ p{z~ d'n' k' ]ly' rË n]lk;y'. : y' a.g alg_alg jgh pr ]Sqt h".- pr sw} ]mlkr Ak h} k;yE krt' h".- y;]n Xv;s p@]´y; k} d'Yr'Y- ]js' respiratory system y;]n Xvsn s.Sq;n kht' h". : hm;r' rË m'. j{ RBC’s h"., unk; s;eEj> y;]n a;k;r 7.5µ mtlb 7.5 /1000 mm. ]rk'`=]sy; (ricketsia) n;mk v;ers k; s;eEj> (size) 350 nano metre mtlb 350/100,000 mm. h{t; h" : ab tk j{ 9{`' s' 9{`' v;eErs j{ eEl'K`Ä;|n m;e´{Sk{p (electron microscope) s' ]dY;eE d't' h". unk; s;eEj> 15 nano metre mtlb 15/100,000 mm. p;y; gy; h" : m;nv xr}r m'. sbs' 9{`; s"Ll ] js m'. Ny?]Klys h{t; h"- us' nucleated cell kht' h". : us k; 2;y;m}`r (diameter) j} h" vh 5 s' 10 µm (m;e´{ m}`r) h{t; h" : es s"Ll k} lMb;eE Av. c[2;eE sb s' 9{`' v;ers k} t/ln; m'. hj;r g/n; Jy;d; h{t; h"- mtlb usk; v[Ly?m y;]n a;ytn sbs' 9{`' v;ers s' ]b]lyn (billion) g/n; Jy;d; h" : agr hm es s"Ll k; Ak Gl{b (globe) y; g'.d bn; l{ t{ j{ 15 nano metre k; sb s' 9{`; v;eErs h" _ j{ phl' phl bn'- j{ ]j.d; h{t' h". _ es g'.d y; Gl{b m'. keE kr{2> a;y'.g' : khn' k; t;TpyE h" ]k s.s;r m'. etn' 9{`' j}v h{t' h". j{ ]j.d; w} h{t' h". : s;e@j> b2; h{n' k' k;r~ m;nv s"Ll v;eErs s' bh/t h} Jy;d; complex k;yE krn' k} 6mt; rYt} h" ]k hm s{c w} nh}. skt' : ]ks} w} b2>' a;|f}s y; k;rY;n' m'. 1}k #p s' k;m h{n' k' ]ly' sw} kmEc;]ry{. k' b}c kMy?]nk'xn k; m;Oym k; h{n; j#r} h" : k/9 s;l phl' tk a;|f}s k' a.dr k' s.d'x Py?n y;]n dFtr} l' j;y; krt' q' : m;]lk y; m/Åy a]ok;]ry{. k' ]ly' Av. b;hr} d/]ny; s' s.pkE krn' h't/ `'l}f{n k; upy{g ]ky; j;t; q; (a;jkl `'l}f{n sw} l{g{. k' ]ly' uplBo h" s{ alg b;t h" ) 1}k es} p@k;r s' hm;r' xr}r k' a.dr w} d{ alg p@k;r k' kMy?]nk'xn ]sS`m h{t' h". : sw} a.g{. k} k;y{E. k} d'Yr'Y krn' v;l' a.g b@'n k' a.dr h". : b@'n tq; b;hr} d/]ny; k' s;q sMbNo rYn' k' ]ly' j{ s.c;r k; ]sS`m h"- us' nvEs ]sS`m kht' h". : esk' s.d'x ]vD/t_j"s' m;Oym k} t'j rFt;r s' clt' h". : enk' al;v; a;m g@.]qy{. k' b}c s.d'x vhn krn' k' ]ly' h{rm{Ns n;mk k'm}kLs h{t' h". j{ dFtr} y; d?t k} trh rË k' m;Oym s' s;r' xr}r m'. s.d'x ph/\c;t' h". : rË s.c;r k;f} t'j g]t s' h{n' pr w} ]vD/t k} g]t k' t/ln; m'. bh/t h} km g]tx}l h" : r{j_mr;E k' hr k;yE k' ]ly' sw} ]sS`m k{ ]ml_j/lkr k;m krn; h" : yh tw} s.wv h" jb hr Ak s"Ll apn' k;yE k{ 1}k p@k;r s' kr p;y' : ab d'Yt' h". ]k hr s"Ll k' a.dr Ky; w;g h".- a[r hr Ak w;g Ky; k;m krt; h" : -- --

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s"Ll bh/t s} vSt/a{. k' ]mln' s' bn; h" _ ]jn m'. m/Åy h". p;n}- el'K`Ä{l;eE`=s electrolytes, p@{`}n=j> (proteins), ]

l]p2=s>> (lipids) a[r k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s (carbohydrates). p;n} water yh} p@o;n tTv h" j{ s"Ll k; 70 s' 80 p@]txt w;g h" : es p;n} m'. s"Ll k} k'm}kLs ]ml} rht} h". : enm'. keE s"Ls k' a.dr j{ p;n} h"- us' ICF kht' h". : el"K`Ä{l;eE`=s Electrolytes enm'. m/Åy h". p{`;]xym, m"gn}]xym, f[sf'`, sLf'` tq; b;eEk;rb{n'` : enk' al;v; q{2} m;µ; m'. s{]2ym, k"]Lxym a[r Kl{r;eE2 w} h". : y' sb s"Ll k' a.dr k} r;s;y]nk p@]´y;a{. m'. sh;yk h".- tq; s"Ls k' aNdr k} k;y{E. k' ]ny.μ~ k' ]ly' j#r} h". : en sb k} sh} m;µ; h{ t{ h} s"Ls k' a.dr cy;pcy (metabolism) k; k;yE 1}k p@k;r s' h{g;: enk' h} p@w;v s' nvE tq; msLs k' f;ebsE m'. electric tq; k'm}kl e.pLss Ak jgh s' d?sr} jgh w'jn' a[r l;n' k' ]ly' j#r} h". : agr enk} m;µ; m'. k/9 km_Jy;d; h{ j;y t{ xr}r k} keE k;y{E. m'. a2>cn a; j;y'g} : keE p/r;n} b}m;]ry;\ el"K`Ä{l;eE`=s k} g2>b2>} k' s;q j/2>} h/y} h". : p@{`}n=s proteins p;n} k' b;d y' h} s"Ll k' a.dr m/Åy #p s' p;y' j;t' h". : y' s;o;r~t+ s"Ll k' vjn k' 10 s' 20 p@]txt w;g h".. : p@{`}n=j> d{ p@k;r k' h{t' h" _ Ak k{ globular proteins Gl{b?lr p@{`}n=s kht' h". : y' m/Åyt+ ANj;>em=s h{t' h".- j{ s"Ll k' aNdr k} Fl?e2 m'. i/l' rht' h". : y' s"Ls k' a.dr k'm}kl ]rA'Kxn reactions k{ b3>;v; d't' h". : ud;hr~ k' ]ly'- en p@{`}n=s k' p@w;v s' h} s"Ll k' a.dr Gl?k{j> k{ t{2> kr x]Ë y; Anj}E (energy) bn;eE j;t} h" a[r us d[r;n a;|Ks}jn k' ]mln' s' vh k;rbn 2;eEa;|Ks;eE2 a[r p;n} m'. bdl j;t} h" : en p@]´y; s' p@;Pt Anj}E s' s"Ll apn; b;k} k;yE krt; h" a[r yh} s"Ll k} x]Ë h" : d?sr' ]kSm k} p@{`}n=s k{ S`ÄKcrl p@{`}n structural protein kht' h". : Oy;n rh' cm2>}, b;l, n;Y?n, eTy;]d S`ÄKcrl p@{`}n h". : s"Ll m'. y' p@{`}n lMb' lMb' bh/t ptl' r'x{. k' #p m'. rht' h" ]jn k' %;r; s"Ll k' ]`x?j> eTy;]d bnt' h". a[r es} p@k;r s' mSsLj> bnt' h". y; Bl2 v"SsLj>, `"N2Nj> a[r ]lg;m"N`s eTy;]d bnt' h". : en k; m/Åy k;yE h" m;\s_p']xy{. k{ ]sk{2>n' k; m"k;]njm (contractile mechanism) p@d;n krn; : esk' al;v; y' p@{`}n=s Y;s #p m'. k{n']K`v ]`x? (connective tissue), rË n]lk;y'.- `'N2Ns (tendons), ]lg;m'N`=s (ligaments) eTy;]d m'. w} p;y' j;t' h". : Oy;n rh' ]k s"Ll k' a[rg|nLj a[r m'Mb@'n eTy;]d p@{`}n=s s' bnt' h" : ]l]p2=j> lipids en m'. bh/t p@k;r k} vSt/y'. h{t} h". : alg_alg h{n' pr w} en sb k; Ak h} g/~ h" ]k v' vs; k{ i/ln'v;l} ]l]Kv2 (fat solvents) m'. i/l skt} h".- mgr y' p;n} m'. nh}. i/l skt} : en m'. m/Åy h". f;|Sf{]l]p2=j> (phospholipids) a[r k{l'S`Ä;|l (cholesterol) : y' s"Ll k' vjn k' 2% m;µ h". : s"Ll k' a.dr m'. w} 9{`'_9{`' a.g h{t' h".- ]jNh'. a[rg'nLj> organelles kht' h". : hr Ak k; alg_alg f.Kxn h" a[r en a[rg'nLj> s' h} cell k' s;r' k;yE ]ny.]μt #p s' clt' h". : p;n} m'. n i/ln' k' k;r~ y' ]l]p2=j> s"Ll k' a.dr k} d}v;r'. bn;n' k' k;m m'. a;t' h". : a[r ens' bn' d}v;r{. k' b}c a[rg'nLj> s/r]6t rht} h". _ p;n} s' uNh'. k{eE n/ks;n nh}. h{t; a[r n h} v' gl'.g} : hr a[rg'nl k' uUpr w} d{ ]l]p2 m{]lKy?l=j> molecules tk p2>t c3>} rht} h". t;]k v' alg_alg rh' a[r a;ps m'. ]ml kr Ak n h{ j;y'. : en d{n{. k' al;v; k/9 s"Ls m'. `Ä;e]Gl}s'r;eE2=j> (tri-glycerides) k} m;µ; a]ok h{t} h" : eNh'. Ny?`Äl f"` (neutral fat) w} kht' h". : xr}r m'. Ak ]kSm k' s"Ls h". ]jNh'. fat cells kht' h". : un s"Ls m'. kr}b 95% `;e]Gl}s'r;eE2=j> h} h{t' h". : en s"Ls m'. f"` s.]ct rht; h"- j{ Anj}E y;]n uUj;E d;yk p{z~ tTv{. k; w.2;r h" : enk; upy{g yh h" ]k xr}r k{ jb w} uUj;E k} j>#rt p2>' tb eNh'. gl;kr uUj;E d} j; skt} h" :

]v]w¸ p@k;r k} s"Ls Av. ]`x?j> s' bnt; h" Ak a.g k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s carbohydrates yh} s"Ll k} x]Ë h"- a[r enk} p@m/Y w?]mk; s"Ll k{ p{z~ p@d;n krn' k; h" : hr s"Ll k' a.dr y' q{2>} m;µ; m'. h} p;y' j;t' h". (m;µ 1%) j{ ]k Gl;eEk{j'n glycogen k' #p m'. s.]ct rht; h" : pr s"Ll k' a;j? b;j? m'. j{ A'KS`Ä; s"Ll/lr Fl?e2 (ECF y; extra-cellular fluid) rht} h" us m'. k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s Gl?k{j> k' #p m'. hm'x; rht} h". j{ ]k s"Ll k} j#rt k' an/s;r upy{g m'. l;y} j;t} h".: --

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s"Ll k} ]v]w¸ w;g{. k} j;nk;r}

- -Different parts of a cell

s"Ll m'Mb@'n y; Pl;Sm; m'Mb@'n Cell membrane or plasma membrane yh s"Ll k} b;hr} d}v;r y; ]4Ll} h"- j{ double layer y;]n d{ prt{. k} h{t} h" : yh m/Åyt+ f{Sf{ ]l]p2 (phospho lipids) Av. p@{`}n=s s' bn} h/y} h" : f{Sf{]l]p2 p;n} m'. i/lt' nh}.- s{ v' s"Ll k' a;j?_b;j? k' p;n} (ECF) s' a.dr k} aNy c}j{. k{ s/r6; p@d;n krt' h". : yh ]4Ll} bh/t h} ptl} h{n' pr w} esm'. k/9 m;µ; m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l (cholesterol) w} h{t; h"- j{ s"Ll k{ mjb?t} p@d;n krt; h"- mgr usk' lc}l'pn k{ km krt; h" : ]4Ll} k' k/9 p@{`}n=s Y/d ANj;>em=s h{t' h".- jb ]k k/9 aNy p@{`}n=s ] v]w¸ h{rm{Ns- ANj;>em=s tq; A'N`} b{2}j> k' ]rs'P`jE k' k;m krt' h".- ]jss' xr}r k' k;yE s/c;½ #p s' clt' h". : yh Ak %;rp;l j"s' k;yE krt} h" : esm'. mh}n ]9d@ h{t' h". ]jns' yh ]ny.]μt krt} h" ]k s"Ll k' a.dr Ky;_Ky; c}j'. kb a;n} c;]hy'- uNh'. a.dr a;n' d't} h"- Av. s"Ll %;r; bn} c}j'. (h{rm{Ns- ANj;>em=s eTy;]d) j{ b;hr j;n} c;]hy' y; j{ an;vXyk c}j'. ]jnk} s"Ll k{ us smy a;vXykt; nh}. h"- uNh'. u]ct smy a[r u]ct m;µ; m'. b;hr j;n' d't} h": agr es ]4Ll} k{ s?eE s' c/b; ]dy; j;y a[r s?eE k{ b;hr ]nk;l ]dy; j;y t{ vh jgh apn' a;p b.d h{ j;t; h" _ ]jss' s;]bt h{t; h" ]k s"Ll m'Mb@'n m'. self-healing y;]n apn' a;p k{ 1}k krn' k} 6mt; h" (Tortora & Grabowski 8th edn. p56) s;eE`{s;|l Cytosol s"Ll k} ]4Ll} k' a.dr p;n}_j"s;- l']kn p;n} s' Jy;d; g;3>;- Ak Fl?e2 (fluid y;]n trl pd;qE) wr; rht; h" ]js' s;eE`{s;|l (cytosol) kht' h". : es Fl?e2 m'. p@{`}n=s- ANj;>em=s- w{jn s' p@;Pt p{z~ tTv- ay{Ns (ions) eTy;]d keE c}j'. i/l} rht} h". : esk' al;v; esm'. k/9 a[r c}j w} ]ml} h/y} h". ]jnm'. m/Åy h". _ a{rg|n'Ls (organelles) tq; unk' %;r; bn;y} gy} c}j'. j"s' m'l;]nn melanin- Gl;ek{jn glycogen- `Ä;e]Gls'r;e2 triglycerides eTy;]d :

4

a[rg|

nLj>

Organelles

s"Ll k' a.dr Y;s k;y{E. k' ]ly' _ j"s' s"Ll k; ]vk;s- d/½St} tq; ]ny.μ~ k' ]ly' _ Y;s a;k;r k} rcn;y'. (structures) h{t} h". ]jNh'. a{rg|n'Ls (organelles) kht' h". : enm'. m/Åy h". _ Ny?]Klys (nucleus)- m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; Mitochondria)r;eb{s{Ms (ribosomes)- AN2{Pl;]Smk r"`}k/lm (endoplasmic reticulum)- g{Lj} A'p;r'`s (Golgi apparatus), l;eEs{s{Mj> (lysosomes)- p'r;|s}j>{Mj>- ]s´}`r} v|s}kLs eTy;]d : (agl' p,Z1 pr ]cμ d'Y'. ) Oy;n d'. g@{q y;]n ]vk;s k' ]ly' s"Ls apn' a;p k{ d/g/n; bn;t} h".- ]js' ]m`{]ss (mitosis) kht' h".- a[r yh tk nh}. h{g; jb tk organelles double size k; n h{ j;y'.: es k;yE k' ]ly' a{]r]jnl Ny?]`ÄAN`=s c;]hy' (original nutrients) j{ xr}r n' bn;y' h".- n ]k j{ b;hr dv;ey{. s' ]mlt' h". : s;q m'. ]v`;]mn B12, f{]lk A']s2- q;y;m}n eTy;]d w} c;]hy' : a[r y' sw} Ny?]`ÄAN`=s tw} bn'.g} y; unk; avx{z~ tw} h{g; jb p;cn s.Sq;n 1}k h{ : es}]ly' h} LMNT m'. g/½j} kht' h". ]k hr b2>} b}m;r} k' ]ly' hm'. p'` k{ 1}k krn; h" : s;eE`{Pl;j>m Cytoplasm sb s' b2; a{rg|nl h" Ny?]Klys (nucleus). Ny?]Klys k} b;hr} ]4Ll} s' l'kr s"Ll m'Mb@'n tk j{_j{ c}j'. h".- un s;r} c}j{. k{ ]ml;kr Ak n;m s' j;n; j;t; h"- ]js' s;eE`{Pl;j>m cytoplasm kht' h". : y;]n s;eE`{Pl;j>m k' a.tgEt s;eE`{s;|l (aq;Et= s"Ll k' a.dr k; p;n}) k' al;v; a{rg|n'Ls tq; m'l;]nn eTy;]d c}j'. sw} x;]ml h".- ]sv;y Ny?]Klys k' : Ny?]Klys Nucleus yh sbs' b2>; a{rg|nl h" j{ aKsr g{l;k;r y; a.2' k' a;k;r k; h{t; h" : esk} b;hr} d}v;r w} Ak 2bl prt k} ]4Ll} k} bn} h/y} h" ]js' Ny?]Klyr m"Mb@'n nuclear membrane kht' h"., ]js k' aNdr Ny?]Klys nucleus h{t; h" : yh} s"Ll k; k'.d@ h" j{ ]k s"Ll k' a.dr k' hr k;yE k{ a[rg|nLj> %;r; krv;t; h" : es ]4Ll} m'. w} keE ]9d@ h{t} h".- ]jnk' %;r; Ny?]Klys a[r s;eE`{Pl;j>m k' b}c m'. RNA y; p@{`}n=s y; aNy c}j{. k} y;t;y;t h{t} rht} h" : p?~E ]vk]st RBC’s k{ 9{2>kr xr}r k' b;k} sw} s"Ls k' a.dr m'. km s' km Ak Ny?]Klys t{ h{t; h} h" : Ny?]Klys k' a.dr w} k/9 9{`} g{l;kr rcn;y'. h{t} h". ]jnk} b;hr} ]4Ll} nh}. h{t} : eNh'. Ny?]Kly{l;e (nucleoli) kht' h". : y' DNA, RNA Av. p@{`}n=s k' 4/.2 h{t' h". : enm'. r;eb{s{Ms k} keE 4?.2'. h{t} h".- j{ ]k ny' p@{`}n k' uTp;dn m'. mhTvp?~E w?]mk; ]nw;t} h". : jb Ak s"Ll k; d{ s"Ll bn rh; h{t; h"- tb Ny?]Kly{]l g;yb h{ j;t' h".- mgr ny' s"Ll bnn' k' b;d d/b;r; bn j;t' h". : Ny?]Klys k' a.dr ´{m{s{m h{t' h". j{ DNA s' bn' h/y' h".- ]js' s"Ll k} j'n']`k m'`}]ryl (genetic material) kht' h". : DNA, RNA tq; Ny?]Kly{`;e2=s hr s"Ll k' Ny?]Klys k' a.dr d{ ]kSm k} A']s2=s p;y} j;t} h". : eNh'. DNA tq; RNA kht' h". : y' Ny?]Kly{`;e2=s s' bn} h". : yh} an/v;.]xk p@v,]¶y{. k; ]n~Ey krt' h". tq; ANj;>em=s k' k;yE Av. ]ktn} m;µ; m'. bnn; h" enk; w} ]ny.μ~ krt' h". : (Tortora & Grabowski p47) Ny?]Kly{`;e2=s nucleotides t}n c}j{. s' bnt} h". _ Ak ]js' ribose x/gr kht' h". : d?sr; ]js' phosphate group kht' h". : tq; t}sr; h"- ]js' base kht' h".- j{ ]nMn c;r{. m'. s' Ak h" _ A, T, G, y; C (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) y;d rh' ]k yh thymine q;e]mn h" j{ DNA k' a.dr p;y; j;t; h" : esk; q;y;m}n (thiamine) n;mk ]v`;]mn k' s;q k{eE sMbNo nh}. h" : an'k nucleotides k{ ]v]xZ` trh s' j{2>kr DNA Av. RNA k{ bn;y; j;t; h" : en d{n{. k' k;r~ h} s"Ll k' a.dr sw} ^{`}n=s k; uTp;dn h{t; h"- j{ ]k s"Ll k; m/Åy k;yE h" : DNA Ny?]Klys k' a.dr h} rht} h"- a[r us s' p@;Pt s.d'x k' an/s;r RNA Ny?]Klys k' b;hr ]nklkr r;eb{s{Ms k' a.dr u]ct ^{`}n bnv;n' k; ]ny.μ~ krt} h" : RNA keE p@k;r k} h{t} h". ]jnk; alg_alg f.Kxn tq; n;m h{t; h" : DNA tq; keE ^{`}n=s k{ Ak bh/t h} a;XcyEjnk compact y;]n s.t/]lt rcn; bn;kr rY; j;t; h" ]js' ´{m{s{m=s (chromosomes) kht' h". : ´{m{s{m k} k;y;ETmk ek;eE (functional unit) k{ j}Ns kht' h". : Oy;n d'n'v;l} b;t yh h" ]k hr s"Ll k' a.dr v' sw} j}Ns h". ]jnm'. yh 6mt; h" ]k v' sw} p@k;r k} ^{`}n bn; skt' h". ] jsk} xr}r k{ a;vXykt; h"- ]fr w} an'k s"Ll ]js jgh y; a.g pr ]Sqt h".- k'vl un ^{`}n=s k{ h} bn;t' h". j{ ]k xr}r m'. unk' Y;s k;yE k' ] ly' j#r} h" :

(R&W 9th edn. p.31)

5

DNA s' mRNA k; bnn; a[r ny' ^{`}n k; uTp;dn m;eE`{k{N2Ä}y; Mitochondria y' s"Ll k' pvr h;us (power house) y;]n uUj;E k'.d@ h". : jb hm s;.s l't' h".- t{ us a;|Ks}jn s' y' s"Ll k' a.dr Gl? k{j> k{ jl;kr ATP bn;t' h". ]jss' s"Ll k' a.dr k' hr k;yE k' ]ly' Anj}E ]mlt} h" : m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; k' bg"r s"Ll Ny?]`ÄA'N`=s (nutrients) a[r a;|Ks}jn s' Anj}E (energy) bn;n' s' v.]ct rh j;y'g;- a[r en k' bg"r s"Ll k;m h} nh}. kr skt; : ATP tq; Anj}E bn;n' k} es p@]´y; k{ cellular respiration kht' h". : s"Ll k' s;e`{Pl;j>m (cytoplasm) m'. bh/t s} a[rgn"Ls (organelles) h". a[r Ak s"Ll m'. s[ s' km m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; h{t' h".- a[r ]ks}_]ks} s"Ll m'. hj;r{. w} h{t' h". _ j"s' ]k mSsl- ]lvr Av. ]k2n} `=y?b?l k} s"Ls : unk} s.Åy; es pr ]nwEr krt; h" ]k s"Ll k{ ]ktn} Anj}E (energy) c;]hy' : y' s"Ll k' us w;g m'. a]ok h{t' h".- jh;. pr a]ok Anj}E c;]hy' : m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; ]w¸_]w¸ s;eEj> k' h{t' h". : 9{`' s' 9{`' k/9 s[ n"n{m}`r (nano-meter) s' Ak m;eE´{m}`r (micro meter) tk k' h{t' h".-Av. m{`;eE m'. Ak m;eE´{m}`r a[r lMb;eE s;t m;eE´{m}`r tk k' h{t' h". : en k} w} 2bl ]4Ll} h{t} h" ] jsm'. x'LVj> (shelves) bn} h{t} h". ]jn k' s;q k/9 A's} ANj;>em=s j/2>} h{t} h".- ]jNh'. a;|Ks}2']`v ANj;>em=s (oxidative enzymes) kh; j;t; h" : esk' s;q m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; m'. Ak m"`Ä}Ks (matrix) h{t; h"- ]js m'. (dissolved enzymes) wr} rht' h".- y;]n i/l} h/y} ANj;>em=s s' wr; rht; h"- ]jnk' %;r; Ny?]`ÄA'N`=s s' Anj}E bn;eE j;t} h" : y' ANj;>em=s j{ m"`Ä}Ks m'. wr' rht' h". a[r s;q m'. x'LVj> (shelves) k' wr' y; a|`"c h/y' ANj;>em=s ]ml kr Ny?]`ÄA'N`=s k{ a;|Ks}2;ej> (oxidize) krt' h".- ]js s' k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 a[r p;n} bnt; h" : A's; h{n' s' us s' j{ x]Ë y; Anj}E bnt} h" us' ATP y;]n a|2}n{s;en `Ä;eEf;|Sf'` (adenosine tri-phosphate) kht' h". : ]fr es ATP k{ m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; k' b;hr s"Ll m'. w'j ]dy; j;t; h" t;]k s"Ll k{ k;m krn' k' ]ly' jh;. pr w} s"Ll k{ j#rt h{ es x]Ë y; ATP k{ v;pr' : j#rt p2>n' pr m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; Ak d?sr; t}sr; y; c[q; m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; bn; skt; h" : j"s'_j"s' s"Ll k{ ATP k} a]ok a;vXykt; h{- v"s'_v"s' m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; bnt' j;t' h". : Oy;n rh' m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; m'. A's; h} DNA h" j"s; ]k s"Ll k' Ny?]Klys m'. h" : es]ly' h} s"Ll y; m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; d/sr' 2/Pl}k'` s"Ll y; m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; bn; skt' h". : r;eb{s{Ms Ribosomes y' RNA tq; p@{`}n=s k} bn} h/y} 9{`} granules h". ]jNh'. hm s"Ll k; ]kcn (kitchen) y;]n rs{eE ir sm4 skt' h". : y' RNA k' s.d'x;n/s;r s;e`{Pl;Sm k' a.dr k' A'm}n{ A']s2=s s' ny} p@{`}n=s bn;t} h". : s"Ll k' a.dr y' _ Ny?]Kly{ls k' a.dr tq; Ny?]Klys k' b;hr _ ak'l' y; 4/.2 m'. p;y} j;t} h". : j{ r;eb{s{Ms ak'l} h{t} h".- v' us s"Ll k} k;y{E. k' ]ly' tq; us s"Ll k} uTp;dn k' ]ly' j{ w} p@{`}n=s c;]hy'- unk{' bn;t} h". : esk' al;v; rough EPR k} uUpr} sth pr w} r;eb{s{Ms p;y} j;t} h".j{ xr}r k' aNy s"Ls k' ]ly' ^{`}n=s bn;t} h". : AN2{Pl;]Smk r"`}k/lm Endoplasmic Reticulum (EPR) hm;r' sw} s"Ls aNdr s' tkr}bn Ak_j"s' h". : hr s"Ll k' b;hr Ak 2bl l'yr (double layer) h" y;]n d{ ]4]Lly;. h".- ]jnk' b}c m'. s}rs Fl?e2 (serous fluid) n;mk trl pd;qE bnt} rht} h" : s"Ls k' Ny?]Klys (nucleus) k} b;hr} prt w} 2bl l'yr h" : Ny?]Klys k} b;hr} ]4Ll} k' s;q lg} h/y} 9{`} channels y;]n n;]ly'._j"s} h{t} h". : y' w} d{ m'Mb@'n y; ]4Ll} k} bn} h/y} h". : y' Ny?]Klys k' a.dr tq; usk' b;hr s"Ll k} m'Mb@'n (b;hr} d}v;r) tk w} f"l} rht} h". : eNh'. s.6'p m'. EPR kht' h". : y' alg_alg a;k;r k} h{t} h". : enk; m/Åy k;yE h" ]k enk' a.dr s' h{kr r;eb{s{Ms m'. bn} ^{`}n=s y; aNy k'm}kLs s"Ll k' a.dr Ak jgh s} d?sr} jgh tk y; s"Ll k' m'Mb@'n tk ph/\ct} h". : y' d{ p@k;r k} h{t} h". : Ak k{ Rough y; Granular EPR kht' h".- tq; d?sr' k{ Smooth y; Agranular EPR kht' h". : Rough Granular EPR _ en pr r;eb{s{Ms lg} h{t} h". y; en k' s;q r;eb{s{Mj> j/2>' rht' h". ]jn m'. RNA rht; h" a[r y' v' p@{`}n=s- ANj;>em=s tq; h{rm{Ns bn;t} h". j{ g{lj} A'p;r'`s m'. S`{r ]ky' j;t' h". a[r j#rt k' an/s;r xr}r k' aNy s"Ls k' upy{g k' ]ly' ]dy' j;t' h". : esk' al;v; y' t;Tk;]lk k'.d@ h".- ]jnm'. ny} ^{`}n=s s.]ct rht' h". : y' k/9 ^{`}n=s k' s;q x/gr k{ ]ml;kr Gl;ek{ ^{`}Ns (glycol-proteins) w} bn;t} h". : Smooth Agranular EPR k' a.dr k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s rht' y; bnt' h". a[r y' an'k p@k;r k} f'`} A']s2=s- f;|Sf{_]l]p2=j> tq; S`}r;|e2 h{rm{Ns w} bn;t} h". : tq; enm'. xr;b- k}`_n;xk dv;ey;. tq; k"Nsr k{ uks;n' v;l} k'm}kLs k{ w} YTm krn' k} 6mt; h" : AN2{Pl;]Smk r"`}k/lm k} keE aNy f.kxNj> w} h". _ 1. en m.' k/9 es p@k;r k' ANj;>em=s w} h".- ]jn k' %;r; Gl;eEk{jn (glycogen) k{ k.`Ä{l ]ky; j; skt; h"- jb usk{ A'nj}E (energy) bn;n' k' ]ly' upy{g ]ky; j;t; h" : 2. en m'. A's' bh/t s} ANj;>em=s h". ]jn k' %;r; dv;eEy{. k' s;eE2 ef"K`s k{ d?r ]ky; j; sk' t;]k s"Ll k{ k{eE n/ks;n n h{ : v' es k' ]ly' keE tr}k' apn;t' h". ]jnm'. m/Åy h" _ k{a|g/l'xn coagulation, a{]Ks2'xn oxidation, h;eE2Ä{l;eE]ss hydrolysis, glycuronic acid k} sh;yt; s' k{Nj/g'xn conjugation krn; y; aNy tr}k{. s' krt; h" : g{Lj} A'p;r'`s Golgi Apparatus yh Ak A's} rcn; h" j{ Ny?]Klys k' bh/t njd}k h{t; h" : yh sw} s"Ll m'. h{t; h"- pr j{ s"Ls Gl".2=s k} ¹;v bn;t} h".unm'. y' a]ok m;µ; m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh EPR k' s;q ]mlkr k;m krt; h" : esm'. m'Mb@'n s' bn;y} 9{`} q"]ly{. Ak k' uUpr Ak rY} h{t} h". : A'N2{Pl;]Smk r"`}k/lm j{ w} ^{`}n=s y; h{rm{Ns eTy;]d bn;t' h".- uNh'. ER vesicles n;mk aNy 9{`} q"]ly{. m'. wrkr g{lj} A'p;r'`'s tk Ak p/l_j"s; bn; kr 9{2> ]dy; j;t; h"- ]jn k' %;r; un c}j{. k{ g{Lj} A'p;r'`s m'. w'j; j;t; h" : esk; m/Åy k;yE h" ]k un ^{`}n=s k{ alg_alg ]vw;]jt krk' uNh'. g;3>; krk' p@}ksEr k' #p m'. t"y;r krt; h" : ]fr uNh'. secretory granules n;mk 9{`}_9{`} q"]ly{. m'. p"k (pack) krk' rY; j;t; h" : a[r jb j#rt h{ uNh'. b;hr 9{2; j;t; h" : j{ ^{`}n=s y; ]l]p2=j> s"Ll Pl;Sm; m'Mb@'n bn;n' k' ]ly' j#r} h".- v' w} g{lj} A'p;r'`'s k' a.dr a;t' h". : uns' l;es{s{Ms lysosomes tq; s'´}`r} v's}kLj> (secretory vesicles) y; s;eE`{Pl;j>m k} aNy rcn;y'. (cytoplasmic components) bn;y} j;t} h". : l;eEs{ s{Mj> Lysosomes Sm?q EPR Ak p@k;r k} q"]ly'. bn;t' h".- ]jNh'. v"s}kLs (vesicles) kht' h".- ]jnk} 2bl l'yr (double layer) h" : enm'.

5 s' 8 n|n{m}`r k' g@|Ny?Lj> (granules) wr' rht' h".- ]jnk' a.dr h;e2Ä{l;e]`k k.p;u.2=s (hydrolytic compounds) wr' rht' h". : en v"s}kLs k{ bn; bn; kr g{Lj} A|p|r'`s (Golgi apparatus) m'. w'j; j;t; h"- ]js m'. g{Lj} %;r; p@{s's (process) y;]n t"y;r ]ky; h/a; pd;qE en v"s}kLs m'. wr kr s"Ls k' s;e`{Pl;Sm m'. 9{2> ]dy; j;t; h" : eNh'. l;es{j>{Ms (lysozomes) kh; j;t; h" : y' l;eEs{s{Mj> (lysosomes) 9{`}_9{`} q"]ly{. k} trh k} a[rg'nLj> (organelles) h"., j{ g{Lj} A'p;r'`s s' `?`kr ]nklt} h". a[r p?r' s;eE`{Pl;Jm m'. f"l} h/y} h". : ]v]w¸ s"Ls k' alg_alg l;eEs{s{Mj> h{t' h"., ]jn k} s;eEj> size y; m{`;eE 250 s' 750 n|n{ m}`r h" (n|n{ m}`r=Ak m}l} m}`r k; ds l;Yv; ]hSs;) : enk; b;hr} a;vr~ 2bl ]`x/ k; bn; h{t; h" ]js m'. 5 s' 8 n"n{ m}`r k' d;n' y; g@"Ny?Lj granules wr} p2>} h{t} h". j{ ]k kr}b c;l}s ]v]w¸ ANj;>em=s k} 4/.2 h". : y' ANj;>em=s h;eE2Ä{l;eE]ss

6

(hydrolysis) n;mk p@]´y; s' s"Ll k' a.dr k} keE c}j{. k{ t{2>n' k} 6mt; rYt} h". : s;o;r~t+ l;eEs{s{Mj> k} b;hr} ]4Ll} en A'Nj>;eEm=s k{ s"Ll k' d?sr' pd;q{E. k' s;q n ]mln' y; ]mKs h{n' s' bc;t; h" y; d?sr' pd;q{E. k' s;q ]mKs (mix) nh}. h{n' d't; : l']kn j#rt k' an/s;r s"Ll k/9 l;eEs{s{eMj> k} ]4Ll} k{ t{2> d't; h" : l;es{s{Ms k' ]nMn f.KxNs y;]n k;yE h". _ • enm'. es p@k;r k' a|m;el's h".- ]jnk' %;r; poly saccharides k{ h;e2Ä{l;e]ss kr kr Gl?k{j> m'. bdl d't; h" : es f.Kxn k{ degradation of macromolecules kht' h". : Macromolecules y;]n ^{`}n=s y; p;|l} s|Kk;r;e2=s k} m[]lKy?l k{ kht' h". : • es} p@k;r s' es k' a.dr l;ep'j>s (lipases) h".- j{ Lipids y;]n vs; k{ h;e2Ä{l;e]ss kr kr f"`} A']s2=s m'. Av. f"`} A']s2=s k{ ]Gls'r;e2=s (glycerides) m'. bdl d't; h" :

• es trh s' p@{`}n k{ h;eE2Ä{l;eEj> (hydrolyse) kr k' A'm}n{ A']s2=s m'. bdln;- Gl;eEk{j"n (glycogen) s' Gl?k{s (glucose) bn;n;- y; ]l]p2=s s' f"`} A']s2=s tq; ]Gls'r;|l (glycerol) bn;n; eTy;]d s"Ll k' sw} k;yE eNh}. k' %;r; h} h{t; h" :

• l;es{j>{m k' a.dr nucleases y;]n Ny?]Klys k{ pc;n'v;l} ANj;>em=s w} h". ]jn k' %;r; yh nucleic acids k{ hydrolyse kr kr enk{ mono-nucleotides m'. bdl d't; h" : • es trh s' v' ]v]w¸ p@{`}n=s, Ny/Kl}ek A']s2=j> nucleic acids, My?k{ p{l} s'kr;eE2=j> muco-poly-saccharides, ] l]p2=j> lipids a[r Gl;eEk{'j"n eTy;]d k{ pc; d't} h". : • jb kw} k{eE b;hr} k}`;~/ y; b"K`}]ry; s"Ls m'. a; j;t; h"- t{ l;es{j>{Ms d{ ]v]w¸ tr}k{. s' uNh'. sm;Pt krt' h". _ o Ak yh ]k en v"s}kLj> k' uUpr k} m'Mb@'n f` j;t} h"- a[r un g@|Ny?Lj> k' a.dr wr' h/y' h;e2Ä{l;e]`k k.p;u.2=s %;r; us b"K`}]ry; k} uUpr k} m'Mb@'n k{ h;e2Ä{l;e]ss (hydrolysis) krk' us' sm;Pt kr ]dy; j;t; h" : o d?sr; yh ]k y' l;es{j>;eMs (lysozymes) n;mk aTyNt x]Ëx;l} ANj;>em=s bn;t' h". _ j{ b"K`}]ry; k} b;hr} prt k{ pc; kr sm;Pt kr d't' h". : agr s"Ls k' a.dr y; b;hr k{eE AKS`Ä; ]`x? k} g@{q h{ j;t} h"- us' w} sm;Pt kr d't' h". : y;]n y' `=y?mr j"s' anc;h' g@{q (growth) k{ YTm krn' k} 6mt; rYt' h". : • jb hm (1) Para d't' h". t{ xr}r m'. g;.1'. kh}. w} h{. v' t/r.t h} nrm h{ j;t' h". a[r Ak;o ]dn{. m'. km h{ j;t' h". : es} upc;r s' hm `=y?mr- l;ep{m; (lipoma) eTy;]d h} nh}.- yh;. tk ]k k"Nsr k' k;r~ j{ xr}r m'. dd'E. a;t' h".- uNh'. w} km kr p;t' h". : a[r es} upc;r s' hm keE A's} b}m;]ry{. k{ 1}k kr rh' h". : s{ g/½j} yh an/m;n lg; rh' h". ]k (1) Para s' hm g{Lj} Ap;r'`s k' l;es{s{Mj> k{ uks; rh' h". : • agr s"Ll k' a.dr k{eE a;|rg|n'l k; ]`x? Yr;b h{ j;t; h" y; 2"2 ]`x/ dead tissue) bn j;t; h"- j"s' ]k mitochondria jb Yr;b h{ j;t; h" y; j}~E (worn out) h{ j;t; h"- t{ EPR s' bn; h/a; l;es{s{m c;r{. trf s' us' 3>k l't; h"- a[r a.dr k' m;l k{ Y; j;t' h".- y; digest kr d't' h".- t;]k vh;. pr ny; ]`x? bn; ]dy; j;y : yh} k;r~ h" ]k l;es{j>{Ms k{ s"Ls k; ‘Garbage system’ kht' h". : • uUpr bt;y; gy; h" ]k lysosomes k} 2bl My?ks m'Mb@'n k' a.dr d{ s' p;.c nanometer k} m{`;eE k' h{t' h". ]js m'. lysosomes k' a.dr k} ANj;>em=s k{ hydrolysis kr kr etn; x]Ëx;l} bn;y; j;t; h" ]k vh ]ks} b;hr} vSt/ k{ sm;Pt kr d' : • agr ]ks} Gl".2 k' s"Ls k; k;yE h" ]k k{eE Y;s k'm}kl k{ bn;n; _ agr vh Jy;d; m;µ; m'. bn j;y t{ us s"Ls k' lysosomes us a]ok bn' h/y' k'm}kl k{ sm;Pt kr d't' h". : • m'l;n{;e` s"Ls (melanocyte cells) k' l;es{s{Ms m'l;]nn (melanin) k{ bn;t' h". ]jss' cm2} a[r a;\Y{. k{ k;l;pn ]mlt; h" : v"s' h} m;S` s"Ls (mast cells) k' l;es{s{Ms s'r{`{]nn bn;t} h". j{ eNFlm'xn m'. k;m a;t; h" : • k/9 vzE phl' m;l?m h/a; h" ]k hm;r' eMy?n ]sS`m m'. j{ s"Ls hm;r} eMy?]n`} k{ 1}k_1;k rYn' k' ]ly' j{ k'm}kLs bn;t' h". _ vh w} lysosomes %;r; h} bn;y' j;t' h".: • bh/t Oy;n d'n' k} b;t h" ]k T-Lymphocytes a[r natural killers j{ bh/t h} blv;n s"Ls h". a[r k"Nsr tk k' blv;n xμ/ k' s"Ls k{ n;x kr skt' h".- unk' a.dr k' k'm}kLs ]jn k' %;r; xμ/ k; n;x ]ky; j;t; h"- vh eNh}. Lysosomes %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" _ j"s' ]k perforyn & Granzymes n;m k' k'm}kLs k; bnn;- ]jnk' %;r; at}v blv;n v;ers a[r `=y?mr s"Ls k{ sm;Pt ]ky; j; skt; h" : Perforin %;r; d?sr' v;ers eTy;]d k} uUpr} ]jLd y; My?ks m'Mb@'n m'. perforation y;]n 9'd kr kr us k' a.dr A's' ^{`}n=s wr' j;t' h". ]k vh sm;Pt h{ j;t; h" : es} p@k;r m/\h k' l;r m'. w} lysozymes h{t' h". hm;r} r6; k' ]ly' : Golgi apparatus k' aNy m/Åy uTp;dn _ d?o m'. Ak x/gr h{t; h"- ]js' gl|K`{j> (galactose) kht' h". : yh cerebrosides k; Ak m/Åy a.g h" j{ Ak f"`} sBS`;Ns h" j{ nVEj> tq; k/9 aNy ]`x?j> m'. p;y; j;t; h" : gl|K`{j> ]lvr %;r; Gl?k{j> m'. bdl; j;t; h" : l']kn es adl_bdl k' ]ly' Ak Y;s ANj;>em k} j#rt h" j{ ]k k/9 bCc{. m'. jNm s' nh}. bnt; h" : us ANj;>em k} km} s' rË m'. gl|K`{j> b3> j;t; h"- ]jss'' Galactosemia n;mk k{Nj']n`l congenital y;]n jNmj;t ]bm;r} a; j;t} h" : yh Ak m'`;b{]lk b}m;r} (metabolic disorder) h"- ]jsk; dv;ey{. %;r; el;j nh}. h{t; a[r A's' bCc' d{_t}n s;l m'. mr j;t' h". : v"s' yh ]bm;r} r'yr (rare) h" y; bh/t km h" : My?ks m'. Ak vSt/ h" ]js' proteoglycans kht' h". vh w} yh}. bnt; h" : h]2=2y{.. m'. y; k;r`}l'j m'. Ak vSt/ upy{g k} j;t} h" ]js s' a[rg"]nk m"`Ä}Ks organic matrix bnt} h"- vh w} yh}. bn;eE j;t} h" : Ky; (1) Para en sw} c}j{. k' ]ly' upy{g} h{g;- yh try krn; h" : Peroxisomes (p"r[Ks}j>{Mj>) p"r[Ks}j>{Mj> Ak Y;s ]kSm k} v's}kLs (vesicles) y;]n p;n}_wr} q"l} h{t} h". ]jnm'. keE ]kSm k' ANj;>em=s p;y' j;t' h".- ]jnm'. m/Åy h". k|`|l's catalase n;mk ANj;>em : y' p@;y+ xr}r k' sw} s"Ls m'. h{t} h".- pr m/Åy #p s' y' ]lvr m'. w;r} m;µ; m'. p;y} j;t} h". : y' l;eEs{j{>Mj> (lysosome) j"s}_h} lgt} h".- mgr v' un s' ]w¸ h". : enk; k;m w} alg h" : l;eEs{j{>Mj> g{Lj} A'p;r'`s (Golgi apparatus) %;r; bn;y' j;t' h". jb ]k p"r[Ks}j>{Mj> Sm?q AN2{Pl;]Smk r"`}k/lm (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) s' ]nklt} h".: en m'. a[Ks}2'>ss (oxidases) k' tTv h{t' h". jb ]k l;eEs{j{>Mj> m'. h;e2Ä{l'ss (hydrolases) k' tTv h{t' h". : p"r[Ks}j>{Mj> m'. bh/t s} tTv A's} h". ]k a;|Ks}jn k{ h;eE2Ä{j'n ay;|n (hydrogen ion) k' s;q ]ml;kr- s;q m'. s"Ll k' aNdr k' d?sr' k"m}kLs k} sh;yt; s' h;eE2Ä{j'n p'r;|Ks;e2 H2O2 k{ bn; d't' h". : h;eE2Ä{j'n p'r;|Ks;e2 Ak bh/t h} sÅt y; h;eEl} a;Ks}2;eE]j>.g vSt/ (highly oxidizing substance) h"- j{ k|`;l'j> (catalase) k' s;q ]mlkr k;m krt} h" : Oxidases un ANj;>em=s k{ kht' h".- j{ oxidation k{ uks;t' h". : Hydrolases un ANj;>em=s k{ kht' h".- j{ hydrolysis k} p@]´y; k{ uks;t' h". : p'r;|Ks}j>{m k' aNdr h} k|`;l'j> (catalase) n;mk Ak d?sr} ANj;>em p;y} j;t} h"- ]jsk' %;r; y' bh/t s} vSt/a{. k{ a;Ks}2;eEj> (oxidise) kr d't} h". : agr y' A's; n kr'. t{ un vSt/a{. k} sÅt jhr s"Ll k{ n/ks;n ph/\c; skt} h" : j"s; ]k jb mn/Zy A'Lk{h{l (alcohol) y;]n xr;b p}t' h".- us k} jhr k{ ]lvr k' s"Ls m'. j{ p"r[Ks}j>{Mj> p;y} j;t} h".- v' sm;Pt kr d't} h". t;]k xr}r k{ n/ks;n n h{ : d?sr;- y' f"`} A']s2=s k{ h;eE2Ä{j'n p'r;|Ks;e2 a[r k|`;l'j> m"k;]nj>m (catalase mechanism) s' a;| Ks}2;eEj> kr d't} h". ]js s' acetyl Co A bn j;t; h"- ]js k{ s"Ll Anj}E k} trh upy{g kr l't} h". : y' Py?r}Ns (purines) k{ y?]rk A']s2 (uric acid) m'. bdlt} h".- tq; excess fatty acids k} breakdown krt' h". : tq; y' m;y']ln myelin tq; b;el A']s2=s bile salts k' uTp;dn k' ]ly' j#r} h". (Sembulingam, p 10) : en sb s' pt; clt; h" ]k degeneration k} b}m;]ry{. m'. tq; m;y']ln k} g2>b2>} k} b}m;]ry{. m'. enk} km} h" : jb hm (1) Thrd ‘P’ d't' h". tb degeneration k} b}m;]ry{. k} p'x.`{. k{ t/rNt h} Sf?]tE a[r dd{E. m'. r;ht ]mlt} h" : ess' g/½j} yh ] nZkzE ]nk;lt' h". ]k Ky; (1) Thrd ‘P’ s' hm p'r;|Ks}j{Ms k{ uks; rh' h". < p"r[Ks}j>{Mj> k} km} s' Zellweger's Syndrome n;mk jNmj;t b}m;r} a;t} h" ]jsk; m/Åy l6~ h" ]lvr k; ]sr{]ss liver cirrhosis- tq; s'.`Äl nvEs ]sS`'m k} jNmj;t b}m;]ry;\ eTy;]d : Taber’s 18th ed.p1452. x;yd yh} r;j h" ]k mL`}pl SKl'r{]ss m'. (1) Thrd ‘P’ etn; k;my;b h" < ab Ky; yh ]lvr k' ]sr{]ss m'. k;m d'g;- yh try krn; h" : Secretory vesicles bh/t s} s"Ls k; Ak Y;s f.Kxn h" ]k v' Sp'xl sBS`Ns's (special substances) y;]n Y;s vSt/ ]s´}` (secrete) krt' h".y;]n bn;t' h". : s"Ll k' a.dr vSt/y'. c;h' AN2{Pl;]Smk r'`}k/lm (endoplasmic reticulum) m'. bn'.- y; g{Lj} A'p;r'`s (Golgi Apparatus) m'. bn'.- un vSt/a{. k{ Ak ]kSm k} q"l} m'. S`{r y; jm; rY; j;t; h" _ jb tk xr}r k{ us k"m}kl k} j#rt n h{ : un q"]ly{. k{ s}´}`{r} v"]skLj> (secretory vesicles) y; s}´}`{r} g@|Ny?Lj> (secretory granules) kh; j;t; h" : a[r b;d m'. uNh'. s"Ls k' s;e`{Pl;Sm (cytoplasm) m'. 9{2> ]dy; j;t; h" : ud;hr~ k' ]ly' _ p".]´y;s k} A's}n} s"Ls (acini cells) p@{`}n pc;n' k' ]ly' `Ä}]Psn (trypsin) n;mk ANj;>em bn;t' h". _ uNh'. w} s}´}`r} v"]skLj> y;]n q"]ly{. m'. h} rY; j;t; h" jb tk xr}r k{ us ANj;>em k} j#rt n h{ : a[r uNh'. v"]skLj> m'. `Ä}]Psn{j"n (trypsinogen) n;mk p@{ANj;>em (pro-enzyme) k' #p m'. rY; j;t; h" t;]k v' p".]´y;s k' aNdr h} k;m krn; x/# n kr d'. : a[r jb w{jn m'. p@{`}n=s k{ pc;n' k' ]ly' es ANj;>em k} j#rt h{t} h" t{ yh `Ä}]Psn{j"n s}´}`{r} v"]skLj> s' ]nklkr p".] ´y;]`k 2K` (pancreatic duct) %;r; 2=y/a{2'nm m'. cl; j;t; h"- jh;. vh AN`r{k;en's (enterokinase) n;mk ANj;>em %;r; `Ä}]Psn m'. bdl; j;t; h" a[r ]fr p'` s' a;y' w{jn k} p@{`}n=s k{ pc; d't; h" :

7

p;cn t.μ y; p;cn s.Sq;n k' m/Åy k;yE Digestive system aC9' Sv;SQy k' ]ly' Y;n; Y;n' k' k/9 s;m;Ny ]nym{. k} j;nk;r} hm j{ k/9 w} Y;y'.- hm'x; c[k2>} y; pl;1} lg; kr h} Y;n; c;]hy' t;]k rË k; bh;v p'` k} trf a]ok h{ : yh es]ly' h" ]k k/drt k' ]nym k' m/t;]bk Y;n' k' b;d p'` a[r p;cn s.Sq;n k' a.g{. m'. a]ok m;µ; m'. rË k} bh;v h{t} h" Ky{.]k us smy un a.g{. k{ Jy;d; rË k} j#rt h" : agr k/s}E pr b"1kr Y;y'. t{ Y;t' vË p"r l`k' rh'.g'- t{ p,Qv} k} a;kzE~ x]Ë k' k;r~ rË k; bh;v p"r{. k} a{r Jy;d; rh'g; ]jsk' k;r~ p;cn s.Sq;n k} k;y{E. k' ]ly' py;EPt rË nh}. ]ml'g; : es} p@k;r s'- w{jn k' t/rNt b;d h} cln; y; k{eE aNy w;r} k;m krn; p2' t{ p;cn s.Sq;n k' al;v; h;q_p"r{. k{ w} Jy;d; rË k} j#rt h{g}- ]js' p?r; krn' k' ]ly' ºdy k{ Jy;d; k;m krn; p2>'g;- a[r ess' xr}r k{ tkl}f h{g} : yh} k;r~ h" ]k hr Vy]Ë k{ Y;n; Y;n' k' 20 ]mn` b;d tk cln;_]frn; nh}. c;]hy' _ pr agr v' vj@;sn m'. b"1'. t{ bh/t aC9; h" : m/Åyt+ ºdy k} b}m;r} k} r{]gy{. k{ tq; ]jnk{ cln' pr s;.s f?lt} h{ - uNh'. yh c't;vn} j#r krn} h" : Sk?l_k;|l'j k' bCc{. k{ aKsr s/bh k' n;Xt; k' t/r.t b;d bs eTy;]d pk2>n' k' ]ly' w;gn; p2>t; h" : agr 9{`} um@ s' h} uNh'. yh `Ä']n.g d} j;y ]k v' n;Xt; k/9 d'r phl' h} Y; l'. a[r j{ w} aNy 9{`'_m{`' k;yE j{ b"1kr kr skt' h".- uNh'. n;Xt; k' b;d krn' k} a;dt 2;l'.- tq; k/9 d'r b"1n' k' b;d a;r;m s' Sk?l k' ]ly' ]nkl'.- t{ bcpn k} keE b}m;]ry{. s' v' bc skt' h". : v"s' h}- a;|f}s j;t' smy es a;d'x k; Oy;n rY; j;y t{ Sv;SQy jLd} ]bg2>'g; nh}. : Y;n; Y;n' s' phl' h;q aC9} trh s' s;f kr l'n' k' b;d Y;n; c;]hy' : hm;r' b?3>' l{g a;cmn krt' h/y' Y;n' k} q;l} k' c;r{. trf p;n} 2;lkr Y;n; x/# krt' q' _ yh es]ly' h" ]k k{eE r'.gt; h/a; k}2>} y; mk[2; n Y;y; j;y'- Ky{.]k agr q;l} k' b;hr p;n} p2>; h{ t{ vh q;l} m'. nh}. j; skt; : Y;n' k' b}c m'. y; t/rNt b;d m'. p;n} nh}. p}n; : t{ w} w{jn k' smy p;n} avXy p;s m'. rYn; c;]hy' t;]k kw} nv;l; a`kn' pr y; 1sk; lgn' pr k;m a;y' : w{jn krn' k' a;o' i.`' b;d Ak ]gl;s p;n} p} skt' h". a[r usk' b;d hr i.`'_2'3> i.`' b;d Ak ]gl;s p;n} p}n; _ A's' ]dn m'. km s' km ds_b;rh ]gl;s p;n} p}n; c;]hy' : ab hm p;cn s.Sq;n k' k/9 a.g{. k} j;nk;r} d't' h". _ h{.1

en pr gm}E sd}E shn' k' ]ly' s"Ls (cells) rht} h". : uUpr k' h{.1 pr bfE lgn' s' k{L2 y;]n sd}E h{ j;t} h" y; gl; Yr;b h{ j;t; h" : h{.1 k; f`n; ]v`;]mn B6 k} km} k} ]nx;n} h"- ]js' 1}k krn' k' ]ly' p;cn Av. avx{z~ k{ s/o;rn; h" : a;jkl xr}r m'. keE ] v`;]mn{. k} j#rt{. K{ p?r; krn' k' ]ly' g{]ly;. d} j;t} h". : y;d rh' ]k g{]ly{. s' w} tw} l;w ]ml'g;- jb p'` a[r a;.t]2y{. k} k;yE k{ ]bn; a[zo 1}k ]ky; j;y : a[r agr p;cn s.Sq;n 1}k h{ t{ d?o tq; s;g s]Bjy{. m'. sw} ]v`;]mn m[j?d h". j{ hm'. c;]hy'- t{ ]v`;]mn k} g{]ly{. k} k{eE j#rt nh}. h" :

d;.t phl' jm;n' k' l{g d;.t?n tq; u\g]ly{. k; upy{g krt' q'- s{ unk} ms?2'. mjb?t h{t} q}. : ms?2{. k} mjb?t} k' ]ly' bcpn s' h} uNh'. r{j u.gl} s' db;_db; kr ms;j (massage) krn; bh/t j#r} h" : ess' d;.t{. a[r ms?2{. m'. rË s.c;r bh/t b3> j;y'g;- a;sp;s k} m;\s_p']xy;. SvSq a[r mjb?t h{.g}- a[r y/v;vSq; m'. ]vS2m `?q (wisdom tooth) ]nklt' smy uNh'. k{eE pr'x;n} nh}. h{g} : l']kn a;jkl xhr{. m'. h} nh}.- b]Lk g;v{. m'. w} sw} b@x a[r `?q p'S` k; h} upy{g krn' lg' h".- ]jss' ms?2{. k} mjb?t} nh}. bnt} : es]ly' g/½j} kht' h". ]k a;n'v;l} p}]3>y{> m'. l{g{. k' aKsr 28 h} d;.t h{.g'- a[r agr ]ks} k' £¢ d;.t h/y' w}t{ uNh'.'. b{r (bore) kr y;]n ]2Ä]l.g drilling krk' h} ]nk;ln' p2'.g' : unk} sl;h h" ]k agr d;.t?n k; upy{g n kr sk'. t{ b'htr h" ]k k{eE aC9;_s; m.jn k; p;u2r l'. a[r mOym u\gl} s' us p;u2r k{ lg;kr ms?2{. k} Y?b m;]lx kr'. : l{g aKsr a.g?1' k' b;j? k} phl} u.gl} s' d;.t s;f krt' h".- jb ]k mOym u.gl} s' krn; b'htr h"- Ky{.]k x;Sμ{. k' an/s;r us u.gl} k; tq; d;.t{. k; ]m`=`} tTv s' sMbNo h" : a;jkl bh/t h} km um@ m'. bCc{. k{ d;.t{. k' p@{Bl'm a;n' k; yh} Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" ]k r{j u\g]ly{. s' ms?2;'. k} m;]lx nh}. k} j;t} h" : a;y/v'Ed m'. ]lY; gy; h" ]k d;.t{. k' ]ly' n}m bh/t h} b]3>y; h"- a[r yh w} ]lY; h" ]k hLd} k}`;~/ n;xk h" : agr k{eE n}m k' p;u2r- ]μfl; c?~E a[r hLd} p;u2r sm;nm;µ; m'. ]ml;kr rY l'. a[r bcpn s' h} us} ]mR~ s' ]dn m'. km s' km d{ b;r _ y;]n s/bh u1n' k' t/rNt b;d a[r r;t k{ s{n' s' phl' _ d;.t{. a[r ms?2{. k} m;]lx kr'.- t{ mrt' dm tk d;.t n kw} ]gr'.g}- a[r n h} unm'. k}2>' p2>'.g' : agr d;.t ]hl rh' h{. t{ es} hLd}_n}m ]mR~ k' s;q q{2}_s} alum (A'lm y;]n ]f`kr}) k; p;u2r ]ml; l'.t{ d{_c;r b;r k' m;]lx k' b;d ]hln; Akdm b.d h{ j;y'g;- ddE w} YTm h{ j;y'g;- a[r d;.t ]nk;ln' k} n[bt h} nh}. a;y'g} : a[r jb tk a;p r{j d{ vË es ]mR~ s' d;.t{. k; m.jn krt' rh'.g'- d;.t{. k; k{eE w} p@{Bl'm nh}. h{g; _ yh a;y/v'Ed k; Ak x]tEy; el;j h" : j>b;n yh 3>;eE eNc k} j>b;n bh/t h} Ytrn;k h" : es' 1}k trh s' s.w;ln; c;]hy' : es k} j>r; s} glt} _ j{ d@[pd} n' k} q} _ uss' mh;w;rt k; y/5 h{ gy; q; : es k{ ]jtn; c;h' m}1; bn; l{ y; ]jtn; c;h' k3>v; bn; l{- vh apn' h;q m'. h" : t{ Ky{. n es s' m}1' b{l h} b{l' j;y'.- j{ sb k{ aC9' lgt' h".- a[r ]js pr k{eE YcE nh}. h{t; < es k' Sv;d n' h} p'` k{ Yr;b ]ky; h" _ c;h' Sv;d s' Y;n' k' b;d p'` us Y;n' k{ pc; sk' y; nh}.- esk; kZ` p'` k{ h} w{gn; p2>t; h" : g/½j} k' y' xBd y;d rYn' y{Gy h". _ ‘ agr t/Mh'. lMb; h" j}n; _ t{ j>b;n k; kh; kw} nh}. m;nn; ! ’ j>b;n k' ]p9l' w;g m'. `'S` b2=j> (taste buds) y;]n Sv;d k} g@.]qy;\ h".- ]js k' %;r; Y;n' k; `'S` (taste) y;]n Sv;d m;l?m p2>t; h" : unk} a;y/ ds ]dn k} h{t} h"- y;]n en k' s"Ls hr ds ]dn m'. bdl j;t' h". : agr dv;eE s' y; aNy ]ks} k;r~ s' y' s"Ls (cells) mr j;y'. a[r Sv;d n a; rh; h{ t{ vh Sv;d 10 ]dn m'. ny' s"Ls bnn' k' b;d a; j;y'g; : alg_alg jgh{. pr m}1;- nmk}nY`=`; y; ks"l; (bitter) Sv;d k; pt; lgt; h" : j>b;n k' ag@ y;]n s;mn' k' n{k}l' w;g m'. m}1' k; Sv;d a;t; h"- usk' 1}k p}9' nmk}n k;- d{n{. s;e2{. m'. y; j>b;n k} d{n{. trf Y`=`' k;- a[r jh;. j>b;n YTm h{t} h"- vh;. k2>v'pn k; Sv;d pt; clt; h" : j>b;n pr alg_alg nVEj> k;yE krt} h". y;]n apn; p@w;v 2;lt} h". _ j>b;n k; sh} hlcl k; k;yE h" _ ´']nyl nvE n.br n[ a[r b;rh k} s' 1.2;_grm- SpxE a[r dd{E. k; Ahs;s _ ´']nyl nvE n.br p;.c (Cranial nerve V) s' Sv;d k; Ahs;s _ ´']nyl nvE n.br s;t a[r n[ n.br (Cranial nerve VII & IX) s' j>b;n k} a;Yr} w;g m'. ´']nyl nvE Gy;rh a[r b;rh (Cranial nerve XI & XII) w} k;m krt} h". : j>b;n k; r.g hm'x; s;f Av. g/l;b} rhn} c;]hy' : j>b;n k; g.d;- sf'd- y; p}l; h{n; y; fr (fur) y;]n r{m_j"s} Ak prt us pr h{n; yh bt;t; h" ]k p'` a[r m/Åy #p s' ]lvr 1}k nh}. h" : k/9 l{g{. k' j>b;n pr k?l'_k?l' b;l_s} h{t} h".- y; cm2>} kh}. kh}. ]nkl} h/y} h{t} h"- us' Jy;|g@]fkl `.g (geographical tongue) kht' h". : yh dv;ey{> s' 1}k nh}. ]ky; j; skt; : A's' Vy]Ëy{. k{ mOym y; ptl} ``=`} a;t} h} h" a[r eNh'. hm'x; kmj{r} rht} h" Ky{.]k Y;n; pct; nh}. : eNh'. phl' m{xn k{ 1}k krn' k' ]ly' Ulta Normal formula d'n; h"- b;d m'. aNy upc;r{. s' 1}k ]ky; j; skt; h" : j>b;n k; k;l; h{n; y; j/b;n m'. k/9 k/9 jgh k;l' oBb{. k; ]dYn; yh bt;t; h" ]k us Vy]Ë k' p'` y; a;.t]2>y{. m'. toxins y;]n k{eE an;vXyk c}j{. k} jm;v` h"- Av. ]v`;]mn B12 tq; n|y;]sn k} km} h" : es' p'l|gr; (pellagra) kht' h". : y' c}j'. Jy;d; d'r tk xr}r m'. rhn' s' xr}r k' ]ly' jhr j"s} bn j;t} h". : yh k;l;pn dv;ey{. s' 1}k nh}. h{ skt} : k/9 l{g{. m'. t{ yh dv;ey{. k' d/Zp@w;v s' w} a;t} h" : LMNT m'. phl' UDF + HCl formula d'kr b;d m'. Pure Folic Black y; Large Folic Black formula d'n' s' k;l;pn km h{n' lgt; h" : yh;. tk ]k usk' c'hr' pr j{ k;l;pn h"- ]js' ]pGm'.`'xn (pigmentation) kht' h".- vh w} 1}k h{n' lg'g; : mtlb c'hr' k' r.g k} 9;ey;. w} ]nkl j;y'.g} : a[r agr r{g} Y;n' m'. hr} r.g k} y; hr} p¶'v;l} s]Bjy;. Y;n' lg' t{ jb v' pcn' lg'.g'- c'hr' pr k;l;pn d/b;r; nh}. a;y'g; : l;3> (l;r) j>b;n k' n}c' d{n{. trf d;.t{ v g;l{. k' b}c m'. k/9 l;2> ]nkln' k' ]9d@ h". jh;\ s' l;3> y; l;r ]nklt} rht} h" j{ l;2> g@.]qy{. s' a;t} h" : m/\h k' a.dr t}n j{2>} Gl".2=s y; g@.]qy;\ h". j{ 24 i.`' m'. 2'3> ]l`r tk sl;ev; (saliva) y;]n l;r bn;kr p'` m'. w'jt} h". : y' g@.]qy;\ Y;n; Y;t' smy h} nh}.- b]Lk Y;n' k; Oy;n y; Y;n' k} Y?xb? m;µ s' w} sl;ev; bn;n; x/# kr d't} h". : en t}n{. g@.]qy{. m'. sb s' b2>} g@.q} k;n a[r ]p9l} d;3>{. k' p}9' ]Sqt h"- ]js' p|r{]`2 Gl".2 (parotid gland) kht' h". : enk; ]ny.μ~ n[ n.br k} ´']nyl nvE krt} h" ]js' uks;n' k' ]ly' (9) Medulla d't' h". : agr en g@.]qy{. m'. s?jn a;y' t{ uss' mMPs (mumps) k} b}m;r} a;t} h" : ( es b}m;r} k' b;r' m'. ]vSt,t j;nk;r} n}c' ]dy; gy; h" ) d?sr} j{2>} j>b;n k' n}c' h". _ uNh'. sb_]l.g/al Gl".2 (sub-lingual gland) kht' h". : t}sr} g;l{. k' n}c' h". _ uNh'. sb m".2}b?lr Gl".2 (sub-mandibular gland) kht' h". : l']kn enk; ¹;v w} j>b;n k' n}c' k' ]9d@{. s' h} ]nklt; h" : en t}n{ g@.]qy{. k; Bl2 sPl;eE gdEn k' b;j? m'. ]Sqt external carotid artery n;mk n]lk; k} x;Y;y'. %;r; h{t; h" a[r enk{ uks;n' k; LMNT upc;r h" Ptyalin treatment. l;r m'. keE c}j'. h{t} h".- ]jsk' b;r' m'. n}c' ]dy; gy; h" : enm'. m/Åy h" `|y]ln (ptyalin) n;mk k'm}kl h"- j{ p".]´y;s k{ m}1' c}j{. k} pc;n' m'. mdd krt; h" : `|y]ln k' al;v; sl;ev; m'. ]nMn c}j'. w} h{t} h". _ eMy?n{Gl{b?]ln (immunoglobulin) tq; l;es{j>;em (lysozymes) _ j{ b;hr} k}`;~/a{. s' r6; krt' h". ; Av. k/9 Bl2 Kl[]`.g f|K`r (clotting factors) w} h{t' h". j{ rË k{ Kl[]`.g (clotting) h{n' y;]n jmn' m'. mdd krt' h". : yh} k;r~ h" ]k jb u.gl} k` j;t} h" t{ b2>' b?3>' l{g kh; krt' q' ]k c?sn' pr t/rNt rË k; p@v;h ½k j;y'g; : esk' al;v; l;r m'. s{]2ym (sodium) w} h"- j{ m}1} c}j{. k{ pc;n' m'. `|y]ln k} mdd krt; h" : w{jn k; hr m}1; tTv pcn' k' b;d Gl?k{j> (glucose) m'. bdlt; h" : es} Gl?k{j> s' xr}r k' hr s"Ll k{ apn} k;y{E. k' ]ly' uUj;E y; x]Ë ]mlt} h" : jb x/gr a;|Ks}jn k' s;q ]mlkr s"Ls k' aNdr j;y'g} tw} hm'. Anj}E ]ml'g} ]jss' hm w;r} vjn u1;n; eTy;]d k;yE kr skt' h". : s"Ls k} j#rt p?r} h{n' k' b;d rË m'. j{ b;k} Gl?k{j> h"- usk{ g;3; krk' ]lvr a[r msLs m'. rY ]dy; j;t; h" : a[r esk' b;d w} k/9 bc gy; t{ ]lvr us' f"` (fats) k' #p m'. A2}p{j> ]`x?j> (adipose tissues) k' aNdr rY l't; h" : Gl?k{j> k; g;3>; ]ky; h/a; #p k{ Gl;ek{j'n (glycogen) kht' h". : eor Ak a[r g[r krn' v;l} b;t h" : k/9 p'x.` p?9t' h". ]k hm tl} h/y} c}j y; f'`=s eTy;]d nh}. Y;t'- ]sfE d;l_c;vl a[r Ak y; d{ cp;t} h} Y;t' h".- ]fr w} hm m{`' h{t' j; rh' h".- esk; k;r~ Ky; h" < agr hm'. m{`;p; s' bcn; h" t{ hm'. utn} h} m;µ; m'. w{jn l'n} c;]hy' j{ us ]dn k' x;r}]rk k;yE k} j#rt{. k' ]ly' py;EPt h{- nh}. t{ j{ bc j;t; h" _ c;h' vh d;l_c;vl h{- y; p@{`}n y; f"`=s _ un sw} k{ ]lvr f"` bn;kr A'2}p{j= ]`x?j> (adipose tissues) m'. rY l'g;- yh Oy;n rh' : yh} k;r~ h" ]k j{ a;f}s m'. `'bl pr b"1kr k;m krt' h".- v' Ak_d{ cp;t} Y;n' k' b;d w} m{`' h{t' j;t' h".- pr uNh'. hr vË qk;n k} ]xk;yt rht} h"- jb ]k Y't m'. w;r} k;m krn' v;l; ]ks;n a;1_ds cp;t} Y;n' k' b;d w} d/bl;_ptl; a[r c/St rht; h" : A'2}p{j= ]`x?j> (adipose tissues) f"`=s k{ S`{r (store) krn' v;l' s"Ls s' bn' ]`x?j> k{ kht' h".- j{ xr}r m'. Y;s t[r s' kmrn;w} k' a;s_p;s tq; p,Z1 w;g m'. f"l' h/y' h".: p?n; k' p;s u½l}k;.cn m'. Ak ]nsgE upc;r k'.d@ h" ]jsm'. Ak b{2E pr ]lY; q; ]k Ak cp;t} m'. etn} (calories) Anj}E h" ]k us' pc;n' k' ]ly' 45 ]mn` ]Sv]m.g krn; h" ! j{ l{g w;r} k;m_k;j nh}. krt' h".- unk{ c;y_k;f} Av. fl eTy;]d m'. h} a;vXyk uUj;E p@;Pt h{t} h"- ]fr uNh'. Jy;d; c;vl cp;t} Y;n' k} j#rt nh}. h"- yh Oy;n d'n' k; ]vzy h" : v"s' h}- Ty[h;r k' ]dn{. m'. ] m1;eE Y;n' k; avsr h"- us ]dn c;vl cp;t} Ty;gn' k' al;v;- c;y_k;f} k} jgh pr ]l.b?_xrbt y; aNy k{eE nmk}n p'y l'. t{ wrp'` ] m1;eE Y;n' k' b;vj?d x/gr k; b"l'.s rh'g; a[r m{`' h{n' tq; 2;y;b}`}s k' a;s;r s' bc skt' h". sl;ev; m'. `|y]ln k; mhTv hm'. Y?b cb;kr Y;n; c;]hy' t;]k Y;n' s' sl;ev; y; l;r a]ok s' a]ok m;µ; m'. p'` m'. j;y' : j"s' uUpr kh; gy; h"- sl;ev; m'. keE c}j'. h{t} h".- ]jnm'. m/Åy h" `|y]ln (ptyalin) n;mk k"m}kl j{ k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s y;]n m}1' tTv k{ pc;n' k} x/½a;t krt; h" : us' es k;m m'. mdd krt; h" nmk ]js' s{]2ym Kl{r;e2 (sodium chloride) w} kht' h".: j{ w} k'm}kl ]ks} c}j k{ pc;t; h" us' ANj;>em (enzyme) kht' h".- a[r j{ k'm}kl ANj;>em k' k;yE m'. mdd krt; h" us' k{_ANj;>em (co-enzyme) kht' h". : es]ly' s{]2ym Kl{r;e2 y;]n nmk k{ `|y]ln k; k{_ANj;>em (co-enzyme) kht' h". : j{ ANj;>em m}1' c}j{. k{ pc;t; h" us' a|]ml's (amylase) kht' h". : `|y]ln k; n;m sl;evr} a|]ml's h" (salivary amylase). q{2; k;yE yh `|y]ln krt; h"- a[r b;k} k; k;yE p".]´y;s k; a|]ml's (pancreatic amylase) krt; h" : ]p9l' k/9 dxk{. m'. w;rt m'. 2;y;b}`}s (diabetes) k} b}m;r} b3> rh} h" : k/9 2|;K`r{. k; khn; h" ]k yh es]ly' ]k w;rtv;s} Ty[h;r{. m'. ]m1;ey;. Jy;d; Y;t' h". : l']kn hm;r' d'x m'. m}1' Y;n' k} ]rv;j hj;r{. s;l p/r;n} h" : a[r a;m tj/b;E h" ]k p/r;n' jm;n' m'. a;m jnt; 2;y;b}`}s s' etn} p}]2t nh}. q} ]jtn' ]k aw} k/9 dxk{. s' h{ rh; h" : t{ sh} k;r~ Ky; h" < esk; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" ]k a;jkl hm ]rf;N2 x/gr (refined sugar) y;]n sf'd xKkr k} ]m1;eE Y;t' h".- jb ]k s]dy{. s' hm;r' p?vEj g/2> k} ]m1;ey;. Y;t' q' : d?sr; k;r~ h" hm;r} a]ny]mt tq; w;g_d[2 k} j}vn x"l} : a;jkl l{g{. k{ ]m1;ey{. k{ tq; aNy m}1' p'y{. k{ jLd}_jLd} Y;n'_p}n' k} a;dt p2>} h" : Sk?l j;n' k} um@ s' h} m;t;_]pt; bCc{. m'. yh a;dt 2;lt' h". ]k hr c}j k{ jLd} Y;n} v ]ngln} c;]hy' _ c;h' ]m1;eE h{ y; d?o- y; aNy w{jn : yh a;dt bCc' k' ]ly' n/ks;nd;yk h" : jLd} ]ngln' s' l;r py;EPt m;µ; m'. n ]nkln' k' k;r~ m}1' c}j k{ pc;n' k; s;r; w;r p".]´y;s pr a;y'g; a[r us' Jy;d; k;m krn; p2'g;- ]jss' usk} aNy k;y{E. pr p@w;v p3>'g;- a[r vh lMb' um@ tk 1}k s' k;m nh}. kr p;y'g; : agr m;._b;p yh a;dt 2;l'. ]k bCc; c;h' km Y;y'l']kn Y?b cb;kr Y;y'- t{ hm bcpn k} keE b}m;]ry{. s' uNh'. bc; skt' h". : yh l;r y; q?k bh/t h} k}mt} h" Ky{.]k us' bn;n' k' ]ly' xr}r k{ k;f} x]Ë YcE krn} p2>t} h" : s{ us' kw} waste nh}. krn; c;]hy' : t.b;k? y; p;n Y;n' k' b;d j{ b;r_b;r q?.kt' rht' h". _ uss' w} xr}r k} Anj}E i`t} j;y'g} _ esk; Oy;n rh' :

sl;ev; m'. ]nMn c}j'. i/l} h/y} h{t} h". _ • ANj;>em=s _ `|y]ln- m;L`'s- ]l.g/al l;ep'j>- l;es{j>;em- f;|Sf'`'s- k;rb{]nk a|Nh;e2Ä's- kLl}´;en • aNy a;|gE]nk k.p;u.2 (other organic compounds) o ^{`}n=s _ My?]sn- Alb?]mn- Bl2 g@?p AN`}j'Ns- ³} A'm}n{ A']s2=s o n;e`Ä{j"n_y/Ë pd;qE l']kn j{ ^{`}n nh}. h". _  y?]ry; (urea), ´']`n;en (creatinine), y?]rk A']s2- (uric acid),  j>|Nq;en (Xanthine)- h;ep{_ j>|Nq;en (Hypo-xanthine) o en=_a;|gE]nk pd;qE (inorganic substances) _ s{]2ym- p{`"]xym- k"]Lxym- b;ek;rb{n'`- b@{m;e2Kl{r;e2- Fl/a{r;e2- f;|Sf'` • g|s's (gases) _ a;|;Ks}jn- k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2- n;e`Ä{j"n ab enm'. k/9 ANj;>em=s k} ]vx'z j;nk;r} n}c' p@St/t h" _ `|y]ln (ptyalin) – k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ pc;t; h" m;L`'s (maltase) – m;L`{s (maltose) n;mk x/gr k{ pc;kr Gl?k{j> m'. bdlt; h" ]l.g/al l;ep'j> (lingual lipase) – m/\h m'. k/9 `Ä;e]Gls'r;e2=s (tri-glycerides) k{ pc;t; h" l;es{j>;em (lysozyme) – yh Ak ANj;>em h" j{ sl;ev; k' al;v; ]nMn m'. w} p;y; j;t; h" _ f|g{s;e`=s (phagocytes)- Ny? `Ä{]fLs (neutrophils), m|´{f'j's (macrophages), tq; a;\s?- ps|n; Av. xr}r k' aNy Fl?e2=s m'. – esm'. b"K`}]ry; k' d}v;r k' ] jLd k{ t{2>kr uNh'. YTm krn' k} 6mt; h" : f;|Sf'`'s (phosphatase) – f;|Sf{]rk A']s2 k' f;|Sf'` (phosphate) k.p;u.2 k{ t{2>n' k} p@]´y; k{ uks;t; h" : k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s (carbohydrates)- Ny?]Kly{`;e2=s (nucleotides) Av. f;|Sf{]l]p2=j> (phospho-lipids) k' A'Bj{>PxEn y;]n avx{z~ Av. unk' cy;pcy m'. esk} mhTv p?~E w?]mk; h" : Av. yh h2=2} m'. k"]Lxym b3>;n' k' ]ly' a]t a;vXyk h" : f;|Sf'`'s d{ p@k;r k} h{t} h" _ A']s2 f;|Sf'`'s Av. ALkl}n f;|Sf'`'s k;rb{]nk a|Nh;e2Ä's (carbonic anhydrase) - yh Ak ANj;>em h" j{ l;l rË k' s"Ls m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh k;rbn 2;y a;| Ks;e2 a[r p;n} k{ k;rb{]nk A']s2 m'. bdln' k' ]ly' uks;t; h" : a[r k;rb{]nk A']s2 k{ t{2>kr k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 a[r p;n} m'. bdl d't; h" : kLl}´;en (kallikrein) _ yh Ak ANj;>em h" j{ rË k' Pl;Sm; m'.- p'x;b m'. Av. xr}r k' ]`x?j> m'. ]n]Z´y #p (inactive state) m'. p;y; j;t; h" : jb yh s]´y h{ j;t; h"- tb yh x]Ëx;l} v|s{2;el'`r (vaso-dilator) h"- y;]n esk' p@w;v s' rË n]lk;y'. f"l j;t} h". : yh k;e]nn (Kinin) bn;t; h"- j{ Ak x]Ëx;l} p;|l} p"P`;e2(poly-peptide) k' g@?p k{ kht' h". : k;e]nn (Kinin) k' ]nMn g/~ h". Sm?q mSsl k' ]sk/2>n k{ uks;n;h;ep{ `'Nxn (hypo-tension) y;]n b} p} k{ km krv;n; 9{`} k"p}lr}j> k' a.dr rË k' bh;v k{ b3>;n; tq; ddE b3>;n; p|r{]`2 Gl".2 m'. s?jn ( Inflammation in the parotid glands) kw}_kw} ]ks} v;ers (virus) k' k;r~ p|r{]`2 Gl".2 m'. eNFlm'xn a; j;t; h"- ]jss' mMPs (mumps) k} b}m;r} a;t} h" : es b}m;r} k{ glg.2- k;nf?l- y; k;np'3>' w} kht' h". : esm'. k;n{. k' n}c' v; gl' m'. v; g;l{. pr s?jn a;t} h" Av. b/Y;r a; j;t; h" : agr ]ks} l2k' k{ yh b}m;r} a;y} t{ usm'. kw}_kw} usk; Ak `"S`}s (testes) y;]n a.2k{z m'. s?jn a; j;t} h"- ]js' a;|pr'xn krk' 1}k kr;n; c;]hy' : agr a;1 ]dn m'. 1}k n kr;y; t{ vh a.2k{z apn' a;p ]sk/2>n; x/# h{ j;y'g; a[r Akdm 9{`'_s' d;n' tk ]sk/2> j;y'g; :us Vy]Ë k; ab Ak a.2k{z sm;Pt h{ j;y'g;- a[r Ak h} rh j;y'g; k;m krn' k' ]ly' : v"s' t{ yh b}m;r} j}vn m'. Ak h} b;r a;t} h" : pr kw}_kw} Ak r'yr (rare) k's m'. y;]n ds hj;r mMPs k' k's{. m'. Ak h} Vy]Ë k{ d{ b;r ]nkl skt' h". : t{ agr d/b;r; Oy;n n ]dy; gy; a[r d?sr; a.2k{z w} sm;Pt h{ j;y' t{ vh l2k; np/.sk h{ j;y'g;- y;]n vh bCc; p"d; krv;n' m'. asmqE rh'g;- Ky{.]k a.2k{z k; m/Åy k;m h" SpmE y;]n v}yE bn;n; : mMPs k{ eNFlm'xn f[rm/l; (inflammation treatment formula) s' 1}k ]ky; j; skt; h" : v;s y; g.o k} phc;n n;]sk; k' sm;Pt h{n' pr uUpr k} trf k' My?ks m"Mb@'n (mucous membrane) m'. g.o y; v;s (smell) k{ phc;nn' v;l} ns{. k} q"l} h" : es' a{Lf|K`r} bLb (olfactory bulb) kht' h". : es} w;g s' s/gNo k; pt; lg;y; j;t; h" : y' ns Ak n.br k} ´']nyl nvE (Cranial nerve #1) s' j/2} h". : y' nVEj> apn; s.d'x b@'n k' s'r'b@m (cerebrum) k' `'Mp{rl l{b (temporal lobe) m'. l' j;t} h". : agr ]ks} Vy]Ë k; n;k b.d n h{- ]fr w} uNh'. g.o k; Ahs;s n h{ _ uNh'. (1) Medulla x 3 treatments d'kr t/rNt g.o k; Ahs;s l;y; j; skt; h" : yh LMNT k; Ak cmTk;]rk el;j h"- j{ x;yd ]ks} w} dv;eE s' s.wv nh}. h" : Ap}Gl{]`s (epiglottis) jh;. pr Sv;d k} Gl".2=s Av. j>b;n sm;Pt h{t} h".- vh;. m/\h k} g/f; k{ f|]rNKs (pharynx) kht' h". : uUpr d{ ]9d@ h". jh;. n;k s' ]ly; gy; Xv;s Ak n]lk; %;r; l"]rNKs (larynx) y;]n Svr p'`} Av. l.Gj> (lungs) y;]n f'f2{. m'. ph/\ct; h" : Xv;s n]lk; k{ `Ä"k}y; (trachea) kht' h". : usk' 1}k p}9' h} a¸ n]lk; h" ]js' eEs{f'gs (eosophagus) kht' h". : jb hm k/9 w} Y;t' h".t{ us nv;l' k; Y;n; Svr p'`} y; f'f2{. m'. n cl; j;y'- es]ly' j>b;n k' a.t m'. n;]sk; k' ]9d@{. k' a;g' Ak pd;E_s; h" ]js' Ap}Gl;|]`s (epiglottis) kht' h". : esk; k;m h" yh d'Yn; ]k w{jn k; k{eE w} 1{s y; trl pd;qE l.Gj> k' aNdr n j; p;y' : yh pd;E s;o;r~t+ Y/l; h} rht; h"- ]jss' hv; apn' a;p n;k s' l.Gj> k' a.dr cl} j;t} h" a[r s;.s l'n' m'. k{eE ]dKkt nh}. h{t} : l']kn jb nv;l; j>b;n %;r; gl' m'. ok'l; j;t; h"- t{ 1}k us smy yh pd;E Svr_p'`} k' 3Kkn_j"s; un d{n{. ]9d@{. k' uUpr a;kr uNh'. p?r} trh bNd kr d't; h"- t;]k nv;l' k; k{eE w} w;g Xv;s n]lk; m'. n j;y' : Ap}Gl;|]`s k' uUpr s' nv;l; g/jrt; h/a; Y;n' k} nl} m'. cl; j;t; h"- a[r j"s' Y;n; a¸ n]lk; m'. i/s j;t; h"- vh pd;E v;ps Y/l j;t; h"- t;]k Xv;s l'n' m'. ]dKkt n h{ : nv;l' k{ b{ls (bolus) w} kht' h". : agr ]ks} g2>b2>} k' k;r~ yh epiglottis 1}k s' b.d n h{ t{ 1sk; lgt; h"- y; kw}_kw} nv;l' k; q{2>; w;g n;k k' ]9d@ %;r; b;hr a; skt; h" : t/rNt h} (9) Medulla x 3 treatments s' p'x.` k{ Akdm 1}k kr skt' h". : (Ap}Gl{]`s k; ]c8; p}9' ]dy; h" ) eEs{f'gs (esophagus) eEs{f'gs y; a¸ n]lk; -10 e.c tk l.b} h{t} h" : esk' msLs a.dr k} trf ]sk/2} rht} h". : j"s' nv;l; y; b{ls es m'. i/st; h"v"s' us jgh k' n}c' k' msLs Y/lt} j;t} h".- a[r j"s'_j"s' nv;l; n}c' j;t; rht; h" v"s' uUpr k' msLs ]sk/2> kr bNd h{t} j;t} h". : j{ hlcl apn' a;p h{- us' eNv;lN`r} m?Vm'.` (involuntary movement) kht' h". : ]nglt' smy x/# x/# m'. nv;l; k{ ok'ln' k' ]ly' j/b;n k} j#rt h"- a;g' nv;l; apn' a;p eNv;lN`r} m?Vm'.` (involuntary movement) s' j;t; h" : a;pn' d'Y; h{g; ]k g;.v{. k' m'l{. m'. k{eE uL`' l`k kr k'l; vg"rh Y;t' h".- uNh'. ]ngln' m'. k{eE tkl}f nh}. h{t}- usk; yh} k;r~ h" : l.Gj> a[r p'` k' b}c m'. Ak 2;y;³;m (diaphragm) n;m k} ]4Ll} h" j{ d{n{. k{ Ak d?sr' k' hlcl{. s' bc;t; h" : eEs{f'gs y; a¸ n]lk; es 2;y;³;m k{ w'dt; h/a; p'` m'. i/s j;t; h" : hm;r' xr}r m'. msLs s' bn} d{ ]kSm k} rcn;y'. h{t} h".- j{ alg_alg p@k;r s' Ak g'` (gate) y; drv;j' k; k;m krt} h". a[r c}j{. k' y;t;y;t k; ]ny.μ~ krt} h". : esm'. Ak h" ]Sf.K`r (sphincter) a[r d?sr; h" v;Lv (valve) : ]Sf.K`r k} msLs A's} h{t} h". ]k us k' a.dr s' k{eE w} c}j j#rt h{n' pr d{n{. trh s' y;t;y;t kr skt; h"- jb ]k v;Lv (valve) %;r; b;k;yd; k{eE w} c}j ]sfE Ak h} ]dx; m'. j; skt} h"- d?sr} ]dx; s' v;ps nh}. a; skt} : p;cn s.Sq;n m'. m/Åyt+ d{ ]Sf.K`r h". _ Ak h" k;|r2}y|k ]Sf.K`r (cardiac sphincter) j{ eEs{f'gs jh;. p'` s' ]mlt; h" vh;. pr ]Sqt h" : d?sr; h"- p;el{]rk ]Sf.K`r (pyloric sphincter), j{ p'` jh;. YTm h{kr 9{`} a;.t k' 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ]mlt; h"- vh;. pr h" : en d{n{. jgh{. m'. ]SfNK`r h} c;]hy' v;Lv nh}.- Ky{.]k agr w{jn m'. k{eE A's} c}j a; j;y' ]jss' xr}r k{ n/ks;n h{- y; xr}r us' pc; nh}. sk'- t{ uL`} k} p@]´y; %;r; us c}j k{ b;hr f'.k ]dy; j;t; h"- ]jss' xr}r k} bc;v h{t} h" : jh;. 9{`} a.;t k} eE]lym (ileum) sm;Pt h{t} h"- vh;. Ak v;Lv h{t; h"- ]js' eE]ly{ s}kl v;Lv (ileo cecal valve) kht' h". : es v;Lv k; k;m h" ]k b2>} a;.t s' k{eE w} c}j v;ps eE]lym m'. n a;y' : es jgh pr ]SfNK`r h{t; t{ xr}r k{ n/ks;n h{t; : nv;l; y; b{ls k;r2}y|k ]Sf.K`r k{ p;r krk' p'` k' a.dr i/st' h} vh Sf}NK`r (cardiac sphincter) bNd h{ j;y'g; t;]k Y;n; v;ps uUpr n a; j;y' : nv;l' k{ m/\h s' p'` tk k' sfr s' g/j;rn' m'. 9' s' ds s"k.2j> (seconds) tk k; smy lgt; h" : Y;n; d;.t{. s' Y?b cb; kr Y;n; c;]hy' : a[r h]r b/3;p' m'. d;.t es]ly' t{2>t; h" ]k us umr m'. mn/Zy k{ km Y;n; c;]hy' Ky{.]k us umr m'. p;cn s.Sq;n kmj{r h" : cb;n; es]ly' h" ]k Y;n' k' s;q_s;q Jy;d; s' Jy;d; l;2> w} p'` m'. j;y'g;- a[r vh;\ 45 ] mn` tk l;2> k; `|y]ln w{jn k' S`;cE y;]n m}1' pd;q{E. k{ k'm}kl r}]t m'. t{2>kr uNh'. aNy 9{`' k~{. m'. bdl d'g; : `|y]ln k{ 1}k s' k;yE krn' k' ]ly' pH 6.5 k' a;sp;s h{n} c;]hy' : l']kn jb p'` m'. h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 k} m;µ; etn} b3> j;y ]k pH 4.5 k' a;s_p;s ph/\c j;y- usk' b;d `|y]ln k;m nh}. kr skt; : Y;n; p'` m'. th{. m'. rht; h" : j"s' sm/d@- Y't a[r r']gSt;n m'. lhr clt' h". v"s' hm;r' s;r' xr}r m'. lhr' clt} rht} h". : p'x;b n]lk; m'. w} lhr clt} h". ]jss' b?.d_b?.d krk' p'x;b Bl"2r y;]n p'x;b k} q"l} m'. j;t; rht; h" : p'` m'. Ak ]mn` m'. t}n lhr'. clt} h". : p'` m'. c;r m/Åy ¹;v ]nklt} h". _ • h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 y; HCl • My?ks (mucus) • eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r (intrinsic factor) a[r • p"Ps}n{j"n (pepsinogen) _ j{ b;d m'. p"Ps}n m'. bdlt; h" : esk' al;v; k/9 a[r c}j'. w} km m;µ; m'. ]nklt} h". : en sw} c}j{. k} ]mR~ k{ g|S`Ä}k Jy?s (gastric juice) kht' h". : s;r' ]dn p'` m'. d{ s' t}n ]l`r tk g"S`Ä}k Jy?s bnt; h" : es Jy?s k' k;r~ Y;n; p'` m'. s[]l2 (solid) y;]n sÅt y; 1{s #p s' bdlkr ] l]Kv2 (liquid) y;]n trl #p m'. bdl j;t; h"- ]js' k;eEm (chyme) kht' h". : h;eE2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 Ak k;f} sÅt A']s2 h" j{ p'` m'. tw} bn'g} jb t}n c}j{. k} m[j?dg} h{ _ A']s`;el k{l;en- ]hS`;m;eEn- Av. g"S`Ä}n : y' t}n{. c}j> alg_alg jgh s' ]nklt' h"._

A]s]`lk{l;eEn (acetylcholine) _ yh Ak Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r h"- j{ b@'n s' ]nklt; h" : yh dsv}. ´"]nyl nvE y;]n v'gs nvE %;r; p;cn t.μ k' keE a.g{. k{ uks;n' k; s.d'x l;t; h" _ mgr yh ]2s'.]2.g k{ln k{ nh}. uks;t; h" ]hS`;m;eEn (histamine) _ yh p'` m'. h} bnt; rht; h" : g"S`Ä}n n;mk h[rm{n _ yh p;el{]rk Sf}NK`r k} b;hr} prt s' ]nklkr rË m'. ]mlt; h" : yh tb bn'g; jb w{jn p'` k' n}c' k' w;g m'. ph/\c'g; (]js' pyloric antrum kht' h". ) g"S`Ä}n k; k;yE h" h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 bn;n'v;l' s"Ls k{ s.d'x ph/\c;n; ]k v' u]ct m;µ; m'. A']s2 bn;y'. : p'` m'. ]v]w¸ jgh pr alg_alg s"Ls h{t} h". : : p'` k' n}c' k' w;g m'. "j} s"Ls" •‘G cells’) n;mk s"Ls h". j{ g"S`Ä}n h{rm{n bn;t} h". : a[r g"S`Ä}n p'` k' b;hr p;el{]rk ]Sf.K`r k' b;hr 2=y/a{2'nm k} trf w} bnt} h" : a[r es} jgh k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' hm b;y}. j;.i k' b}c pr db;t' h". : HCl formula m'. k; (1) pt. Gal k; upy{g Gastrin bn;n' k' ]ly' h} ]ky; gy; h" : p'` m'. 2'3> ]l`r tk w{jn rY; j; skt; h" : jb p'` k' a.dr k/9 w} n h{ t{ vh ]bn hv; k' f/Gg' k} trh ]sk/2> j;t; h" : Y;n; Y;n' a[r pcn ]´y; m'. p"r;_]sMp""q']`k nvEs ]sS`'m k; 1}k s' k;m krn; j#r} h" : vh v'gs nvE (vagus nerve) y;]n ds n.br k} ´']nyl nvE %;r; k;m krt} h" : v'gs nvE k; p@w;v s;r' p;cn s.Sq;n pr h"- ]sv;y ]2s'.]2.g k{ln k{ 9{2>kr : es' uks;n' k; Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r h" a|s']`l k{l}n (acetyl choline) j{ g"S`Ä}n h[rm{n %;r; p'` m'. HCl k} m;µ; k{ t}n g/n; b3>; skt} h" : agr a|s']`l k{l}n 1}k m;µ; a[r 1}k smy pr ]nkl' t{ h} w{jn k; p;cn tq; avx{z~ sh} tr}k' s' h{g;- vrn; nh}. : a;j k} j}vn x"l} k; m/Åy d'n (<) h" ]k k;m_k;j k' d[r;n Vy]Ë k{ vË_b'vË Y;n' k} a;dt Av. n[bt a; p2>} h" : esk' al;v; j}vn k' `'Nxn k' k;r~ b;r_b;r g/Ss; krn' k' ]ly' keE 9{`'_b2>' m[k' a;t' rht' h". : b;r_b;r u¶']jt y; ´{]ot h{n' s' p"r;_]sMpq']`k nvEs ]sS`m k;m nh}. kr p;t; a[r w{jn k{ pc;n' v;l} k"m}kLs nh}. ]nkl'.g} : uUpr ]lY' t}n{. k'm}kLs m'. s' ]ks} Ak k} w} km} h{ t{ h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 nh}. bn'g} : agr yh A']s2 1}k s' bn' t{ yh etn} sÅt h{t} h" ]k p'` k; pH = 0.8 tk j; skt; h" : us i{r A']s2 m'. k{eE b"K`}]ry; y; v;ers ]jNd; nh}. rh skt; : us A']s2 k; SpxE m;µ w} m/l;ym Tvc; m'. i;v kr skt; h" : agr A']s2 k' k;r~ p'` k} a.dr} prt m'. i;v h{ j;y us' p']P`k aLsr (peptic ulcer) kht' h". : pr a;m t[r s' sw} k{ p']P`k aLsr nh}. h{t'- Ky{.]k A']s2 s' bc;n' k' ]ly' d{ rcn;y'. h{t} h". _ phl; yh ]k p'` k} a.dr} d}v;r k} prt Y;s mjb?t bn} h/y} h" ]js' a;s;n} s' Yr{.c y; n/ks;n nh}. ph/\c skt; : d?sr;- p'` k} prt m'. Y;s My?ks Gl".2=s (mucus glands) h". j{ Ak s' t}n m}l} m}`r tk m{`; l'p_s; My?ks (mucus) n;mk Ak ´}m_j"s} pd;qE s;r' p'` pr aNdr s' c3>;y' rYt} h".- j{ bnt; rht; h"- v s;q_s;q pct; rht; h" : p'` k} A]s2 es]ly' sÅt h{n} c;]hy' Ky{.]k p'` k} ¹;v{. k; pH km s' km 3 y; uss' n}c' 1 tk j;n} c;]hy' : Av. p'` k; pH 3 s' n}c' h{ j;n' pr vh;. pr p"]Psn n;m k; ANj;>em (y;]n k"]mkl) bn'g; j{ Y;n' k' d;l eTy;]d p@{`}n=s k{ pc;n; x/# kr''g; y;]n uNh'. b2>' b2>' `/k2{. k' 4/ˉ2{. m'. bn; d'g; : es]ly' h} phl' ]lY; gy; h" ]k Y;n' k' phl' y; b}c m'. p;n} nh}. p}n; c;]hy' t;]k yh A]s2 3 s' n}c' j;y' ]jss' p"]Psn 1}k s' k;yE kr sk' : l']kn j#rt p2>n' pr gl; s;f krn' k' ]ly' Ak;o i?.` p} skt' h". : p'` m'. eN`Ä}]Nsk f"k`r (intrinsic factor) n;mk Ak Y;s ^{`}n j{ bnt} h"- usk; k;yE h" ]k s;g_s]Bjy{. eTy;]d s' p@;Pt Vitamin B12 k{ p'` a[r a;.t]2>y{. k' p;ck ¹;v{. s' bc;kr us' 9{`} a;.t k' eE]lym m'. l' j;n; : vh;\. aNy p{z~ tTv{. k' s;q ] v`;]mn B12 eE]lym k' ]vLl;e (villi) %;r; A'Bj{>bE (absorb) h{kr rË m'. ph/\c'g; a[r ]lvr m'. S`{r h{ j;y'g; : w{jn m'. ]v`;]mn B12 k; Y;s mhTv h" : es ]v`;]mn k' bg"r rË m'. RBC’s m"Cy{r (mature) y;]n t"y;r nh}. h{ skt}. : agr p'` m'. eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r nh}. bn; t{ us Vy]Ë k' xr}r m'. vitamin B12 k} km} a; j;y'g} ]jss' usk' xr}r m'. k;l;pn- qk;n- nVEj> k} kmj{r} eTy;]d l6~ ]dY'.g} : p"l{rs (pylorus) y;]n p;el{]rk Sf}NK`r (pyloric sphincter) s' j{ Y;n; ]nklt; h" vh sÅt nv;l' s' trl pd;qE m'. bdl c/k; h{t; h" : us' k;em (chyme) kht' h". : p'` m'. hr b}s s'k.2 (second) m'. Ak v'v (wave) y; lhr clt} h"- j{ k;r2}y|k ]Sf.K`r s' l'kr p;el{]rk ]Sf.K`r tk j;t} h" : us lhr k' an/s;r p;el{]rk ]Sf.K`r q{2>; Y/lt; h"- ]jss' Ak c;y k} cMmc ]jtn; k;em b;hr ]nkl'g; a[r 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ph/\c'g; : ]fr p;el{]rk ]Sf.K`r b.d h{ j;t; h"- a[r d/b;r; tb tk nh}. Y/l'g; jb tk 2=y/a{2'nm k; k;em pckr a;g' n ] nkl j;y' : 9{`} a;.t k' ]nMn w;g h". _ 2=y/a{2'nm (lMb;eE 8 to 11 in. y; 20 s' 28 cm) j'j/nm (lMb;eE 9 f/` y;]n 2.8m) eE]lym (lMb;eE 13 f/` y;]n 4 m) 2=y/a{2'nm ‘C’ a;k;r k} kr}b 25 cm y;]n 10 e.c l.b} n]lk; h{t} h" : usm'. w} lhr clt' rht' h".- ]jss' pc; h/a; k;em o}r'_o}r' 9{`} a;.t k' b}c v;l; w;g m'. ph/\ct; h" ]js' j'j/nm (jejunum) kht' h". a[r yh kr}b d{ m}`r l.b; h{t; h" : j{ k/9 w{jn ab w} anpc; rh gy; h{ us' pc;n' k' ]ly' j'j/nm s' aNy p;ck ¹;v ]nklt} h". t;]k Y;y' h/y' w{jn s' Jy;d; s' Jy;d; m;µ; m'. p{z~ tTv xr}r k{ p@;Pt h{ sk' : 2=y/a{2'nm m'. Secretin a[r CCK h{rm{Ns ]nklt' h". : enk' p@w;v s' k;|mn b;el 2K`= %;r; p".]´y;s a[r ]lvr s' alg_alg p;ck ANj;>em y;]n k"m}kLs ]nklt} h". j{ A.p?l; a;f v'`r (ampoulla of Vater) %;r; 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ph/\c kr w{jn k' ] v]w¸ tTv{. k{ y;]n k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s- p@{`}n=s a[r f"`=s k{ pc;n; x/# kr d't} h". : p'` m'. hydrochloric acid k' k;r~ Y;n; A']s2 y/Ë #p m'. duodenum m'. a;t; h" : jb chyme •Y;n; a[r p;ck rs{... k; p'` m'. bn; ]mR~– 9{`} a;.t2} m'. p@v'x krt; h"- tb a;.t]2y{. k} My?k{s; Secretin n;mk hormone release krt} h" : k;em m'. A]s2 ]ktn} sÅt m;µ; m'. h"- us} k' m/t;]bk utn} Jy;d; m;µ; m'. ]s´']`n (secretin) ]nkl'g; : ]s´']`n tb h} bn'g; jb p'` k' ¹;v{. k; pH 4.5 s' n}c' j;y' : agr p'` m'. A']s2 1}k s' n bn' y; agr usm'. p;n} ]ml; ]dy; j;y t{ p'` k; pH 4.5 k' n}c' nh}. j; skt;- a[r ]s´']`n nh}. bn'g; : yh Ak a[r k;r~ h" ]k Y;n; Y;t' vË s;q m'. p;n} Ky{. nh}. p}n; c;]hy' : j"s'_j"s' A']s2 k} m;µ; b3>'g}- p'` k; pH=3 y; uss' a[r n}c' j;y'g; t{ Jy;d; m;µ; m'. ]s´']`n ]nkl'g; : ]s´']`n ]nMn p@k;r s' p;.c jgh p@w;v 2;lt; h" _ 1. k;em k} A]s2 k{ x;.t krn' k' ]ly' p".]´y;s k{ u]ct m;µ; m'. s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` (NaHCO3) w'jn' k' ]ly' s.d'x d'g; a[r us' uks;y'g; : t{ pancreas us A']s2 k{ neutralize krn' k' ]ly' s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` n;mk el'K`Ä{l;e` (electrolyte) k{ ]nk;lt; h"]jss' k;em k; pH j{ 3 s' 1 k' b}c m'. h"- usk; pH=8 tk h{ j;y' : es} pH=8.0 m'. h} p".]´y;s k| p;ck ANj;>em k;yE kr skt} h". : Oy;n d'. _ Sodium bicarbonate Av. Hydrochloric acid d{n{. ]mln' pr sodium chloride (NaCl) a[r carbonic acid (H2CO3 ) bnt' h".... _ HCl + NaHCO3 = NaCl + H2CO3 H2CO3 y;]n Carbonic acid s' carbon dioxide and water (p;n}) bnt' h".. : esm'. Sodium chloride a[r q{2' p;n} k{ rË l' l't; h" : b;k} carbon dioxide a[r k/9 p;n} nm} k' #p m'. l.Gj> %;r; b;hr f'..k' j;t' h".. : j"s' uUpr kh; gy; h"- ]k stomach m'. My?ks k} prt h" ]js s/r6; k} vjh s' p'` m'. acid %;r; k{eE n/ks;n nh}. h{t; : l']kn duodenum m'. es My?ks k} s/r6; utn} nh}. h" s{ acid k} vjh s' us' n/ks;n h{ skt; h" : ]s´']`n 1}k s' k;m krn' pr vh s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` %;r; 2=y/a{2'nm k{ bc;t; h" ]jss' A']s2 y/Ë k;em k} vjh s' 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ulcers y;]n i;v nh}. h{t' : 2=y/a{2'nm k' aLsr k{ duodenal ulcers kht' h". : 2. ]lvr k{ uks;y'g; ]k vh b;el w'j d' : ]lvr k} b;el ptl} a[r A'Lkl}_y/Ë h{t} h" : vh w} k;em k} A']s2 k{ x;.t krn' m'. s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` k{ mdd kr'g} : 3. j'j/nm k} m{]`]l`} k{ km kr'g; t;]k k;em jLd} a;g' n j;y'- jb tk ]k f"`=s- p@{`}n=s eTy;]d pc nh}. j;y' : 4. p"l{rs (pylorus) s' kh'g; ]k vh tb tk b.d rh' a[r k;em k{ tb tk nh}. w'jn; jb tk ]k phl' k' w'j' gy' j{ pd;qE 2=y/a{2'nm m'. h". _ v' pckr a;g' n cl' j;y'. : 5. g"S`Ä}n k{ r{k'g; ]k vh tb tk a[r A]s2 bn;n' k; s.d'x nh}. d' jb tk p"l/rs nh}. Y/lt; : yh Ak a[r k;rk h" j{ p'` m'. p']P`k aLsr h{n' s' bc;n' m'. sh;yk h" : ]s´']`n k' al;v; 2=y/a{2'nm m'. k{]l]sS`{k;e]nn (cholecystokinin) n;mk h;rm{n w} ]nklt; h" j{ Ak s;q keE k;yE krv;t; h" : 1.

Ak t{ vh p".]´y;s k{ s.d'x d't; h" ]k w{jn k' sw} pd;qE _ y;]n f"`=s- k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s tq; p@{`}n=s _ en t}n{. k{ pc;n' k' ]ly' j#rt k' an/s;r ]v]w¸ ]kSm k' p;ck ANj;>em=s w'j d' : 2. d?sr; vh g[lBl"2r k{ s.d'x d't; h" ]k Y;n' m'. ]jtn; i}_t'l h"- usk' an/s;r u]ct m;µ; m'. b;eEl (bile) w'j d' _ yh b;el f"`=s k' k~{. k' b}c m'. f"l j;t; h" a[r uNh'. Ak d?sr' s' ]cpkn' nh}. d't; : agr g[l Bl"2r 1}k s' k;m n kr' t{ b;el k' aw;v m'. pancreatic lipase 1}k trh s' fats k{ pc; nh}.. p;y'g; : a[r usk' k;r~ 2=y/a{2'nm m'. k;em 1}k g]t s' a;g' nh}. b3> p;y'g; : t'l s' bn} c}j'. Y;n' k' b;d 9;t} m'. jln h{n' k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" g[l Bl"2r k; 1}k s' k;m n krn; : p".]´y;s k} p;ck ANj;>em=s s' sMb]Not CCK k' ]nMn k;yE h". _ • k;em m'. ]jtn} m;µ; m'. k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s h". _ j{ l;r k' `|y]ln (ptyalin) n' k/9 hd=d tk pc;y} h" _ usk' an/s;r p".]´y;s k{ a|]ml's (amylase) w'jn' k{ uks;y'g; : a|]ml's un k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ pc;kr Gl?k{j> m'. bdl d'g; : • ]jtn} m;µ; m'. p@{`}n=s h". _ j{ p'` m'. p"Ps}n n' pc;y} h"- usk' an/s;r p".]´y;s k{ ]`Ä]Psn (trypsin) a[r k;em{ ] `Ä]Psn (chymo trypsin) w'jn' k{ uks;y'g; : y' d{n{. ]mlkr ^{`}n=s k{ pc;kr A'm}n{ A']s2=s m'. bdl d'.g' : • ]jtn} m;µ; m'. i}_t'l eTy;]d f"`=s h". _ us} k' an/s;r p".]´y;s k{ us' pc;n' k' ]ly' l;ep's (lipase) w'jn' k' ]ly' uks;y'g;- j{ uNh'. f"`} A']s2>=s m'. bdl d'g; : g[l Bl"2r k; mhTv ]lvr b?.d_b?.d krk' 24 i.`{. m'. kr}b 800 ml b;el bn;t; h" j{ ptl} a[r A'Lkl}n y/Ë h{t} h" : us' g[l Bl"2r m'. g;3>; krk' rY; j;t; h" : g[l Bl"2r ]lvr k; g{d;m h" jh;\ b;el k{ S`{r ]ky; j;t; h" : l']kn g[l Bl"2r etn} 9{`} h" usk' a.dr ]sfE 50-60 ml. k} m;µ; tk h} k{eE w} c}j rY skt' h". : t{ g[l Bl"2r k} ]`x?j> (tissues) ]lvr k; w'j; h/a; kr}b 450c.c. b;el s' p;n} k{ s{Y l'.g} a[r us' g;3>; krk' kr}b 60ml. bn;kr apn' aNdr rY l'.g} : mn/Zy hr ]dn w{jn m'. ]ktn} m;µ; m'. f"`=s Y;t; h"- usk' an/s;r CCK g[l Bl"2r k{ b;el w'jn' k' ]ly' kh'g; : b;el k' aw;v m'. p".]´y;s k; l;ep's (pancreatic lipase) f"`=s k{ pc; nh}. skt;

a;g' Y;n; j'j/nm m'. j;n' k' b;d vh;. pr p".]´y;s k' w'j' h/y' t}n ]kSm k' ANj;>em=s us' pc;t} h". : j'j/nm k' a;g' 9{`} a;.t2>} k; a.]tm w;g eE]lym h" j{ kr}b t}n m}`r l.b; h" : eor pc' h/y' w{jn s' p{z~ tTv s{Y kr rË m'. w'j' j;t' h". : yh;. pr a¸ n]lk; k' avx{z~ k{ b3>;n' k' ]ly' es w;g m'. ]vl;eE (villi) n;mk rcn; h". : y' u\g]ly;\_j"s} h{t} h". ]jsm'. bh/t h} mh}n ]9d@ h{t} h". : ]vl;eE k' b;hr rË n]lk;y'. tq; ]lMf (lymph) k} n]lk;y'. h". j{ unk{ c;r{. trf s' 3>k} h/y} h{t} h". : w{jn k' p{z~ tTv en ] 9d@{. %;r; ]nklkr un n]lk;a{. m'. i/s j;y'.g} : Gl?k{j> a[r 9{`' p@{`}n=s k' k~ rË n]lk;a{. m'. i/s'.g} jb ]k f"`=s a[r w;r} p@{`}n=s k} k~ j{ rË n]lk; m'. i/s nh}. skt} _ v' Ak a[r n]lk; m'. i/s'.g} ]jsk; n;m ]lMf n]lk; h" : es} ]lMf n]lk; %;r; b"K`}]ry; y; aNy k}`;~/ k' k~ w} i/s'.g} j{ h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 k' i;tk p@w;v s' bc c/k} h". : Ak mhTvp?~E b;t yh h" ]k ]vl;eE (villi) k} s"Ls k{ wrp?r a;|Ks}jn c;]hy'- vrn; v' m,Typ@;y'_s} h{ j;t} h". a[r 1}k s' k;yE nh}. kr p;y'.g} : y' ]vl;eE k} s"Ls h} Y;n' s' p{z~ tTv- s{]2ym- p{`"]xym- k"]Lxym j"s' el'K`Ä{l;e`=s (electrolytes)tq; sw} ]v`;]mn eTy;]d sw} c}j{. k{ s{Yt} h".- ]js' rË %;r; hr s"Ll k{ tq; ]lvr m'. w'j; j;t; h"- S`{r krn' (store) y;]n jm;n' k' ] ly' : es]ly' a;.t2>} k; 1}k h{n; bh/t h} a;vXyk h" : ]vl;eE k{ a;|Ks}jn 1}k s' ]mln' k' ]ly' h}m{Gl{]bn k; 1}k h{n; a;vXyk h" ] jsk' ]ly' ]v`;]mn B12 a[r f{]lk A']s2 k; 1}k h{n; w} a;vXyk h" : es]ly' h} UDF formula m'. B12 tq; f{]lk A']s2 k; Pv;e.` ]dy; gy; h"- ]jss' sw} p'x.`{. k{ bh/t l;w ]ml; h" : eE]lym k' a.t m'. Ak v;Lv h" ]js' eE]ly{ s}kl v;Lv (ileo cecal valve) kht' h".: p{z~ tTv k{ s{Y l'n' k' b;d j{ kc2>; bc j;t; h" us' es v;Lv %;r; l;jE eN`'S`;en (large intestine) y;]n b2>} a;.t m'. w'j; j;t; h" : s.6'p m'. 9{`} a;.t k' k;yE _ 2=y/a{2'nm tq; j'j/nm (jejunum) m'.

• CCK tq; Secretin bn;n; v j#rt k' an/s;r unk{ ]nk;ln; : • p".]´y;s k' p;ck ANj;>em=s %;r; p;cn ]´y; k; h{n; : • f'`=s k{ pc;n' m'. b;el k} sh;yt; j#r} h" j{ ]lvr m'. bnkr g[l Bl"2r m'. S`{r rht; h" a[r j#rt k' an/s;r ]nklt; h" : eE]lym m'.

• ]vl;eE (villi) %;r; w{jn k' p{zk tTv tq; B12 k; avx{z~ h{t; h" : • eE]ly{ s}kl v;Lv (ileo cecal valve) %;r; avx'z kcr; k{ b2>} a;.t m'. w'jn; • sw} h{rm{Ns Av. ANj;>em=s k' m?l tTc w{jn k' pcn' k' b;d eE]lym m'. bnt} h".

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b2>} a;.t k' ]nMn w;g h". _(lMb;eE 5 f/`) • d;]hn} trh k' w;g _ Ap'N2}Ks (appendix) lMb;eE 3-4 e.c, s}km- As'.]2.g k{ln •ascending colon) • b}c v;l' mOym w;g _ `Ä;NSvsE k{ln (transerse colon) • b;y}. trf k' w;g _ ]2s'.]2.g k{ln (descending colon) • n}c' a.dr k} a{r m/2>n' v;l' w;g _]sGm;|e2 k{ln (sigmoid colon) • r'K`m (rectum) y;]n ml;xy _ jh;. ml S`{r rht; h" : • Ans (anus) y;]n g/d; %;r y; ml %;r jh;. s' ml b;hr ]nklt; h" : b2>} a;.t k' k;yE • A's'.]2.g k{ln m'. f{]lk A']s2 Av. ]v`;]mn K bn;n; Av. • ]2s'.]2.g k{ln m'. ]v`;]mn B12 bn;n; : • p;ck ANj;>em=s k' s;q j{ p;n} 9{`} a;.t m'. a;y; h"- us' v;ps s{Y l'n; : • a;vXykt; an/s;r k/9 Y]nj o;t/- ]v`;]mn=s Av. k/9 dv;ey{. k{ s{Yn; • hr a;o' i.`' m'. Ak lhr clt} h" j{ `Ä;NSvsE k{ln k' a.dr k} c}j{. k{ a;g' ok'lt} h" : • jb r'K`m wr j;y' t{ sh} m[k; d'Ykr ml %;r s' ml k{ b;hr ]nk;ln; : LMNT m'. hm kht' h". ]k p;n} k; b3>n; A'Lkl} k; s?ck h" Av. s?Y;pn A']s]2`} k; : eE]lym s' a;y' h/y' k;em m'. p;n} wrp?r m;µ; m'. h{t; h" : es]ly' h} g/½j} kht' h". ]k As'.]2.g k{ln k' us w;g m'. i{r A'Lkl}n (alkaline) h" : yh avx'z xr}r k' ]ly' kc2>; h"- a[r ]ks} w} kc2' m'. k}`;~/a{. k' pnpn' k; Ytr; h"- s{ eor Ap']N2Ks (appendix) n;mk rcn; h"- j{ r6;Tmk f[]jy{. k; ]kl;_Sv#p h" : yh ]lMf;|e2> ]`x? (lymphoid tissue) y;]n ]lMf s"Ls k; bn; h/a; h" : esm'. keE p@k;r k' r6k s"Ls h". ]jnk; k;yE h" k}`;~/a{. k{ m;rn; a[r b2>} a;.t k' ]ks} w} w;g m'. uNh'. pnpn' n d'n; : j"s' yh kc2>; y; ml b2>} a;.t k' n}c' s' uUpr k} a{r g/jrt; h"- v"s' usk' p;n} k{ s{Y ]l y; j;t; h" : jb tk vh ] 2s'.]2.g k{ln ph/\ct; h" tb tk vh trl #p s' s?Ykr 1{s pd;qE k' #p m'. bdl j;t; h" : es]ly' g/½j} kht' h". ]k ]2s'.]2.g k{ln m'. i{r A']s]2k (acidic) h" : esk' b;d a;.t m/2>kr ml;xy k} a{r j;t} h"- us w;g k{ ]sGm;|e2> k{ln (sigmoid colon) kht' h". : es s?Y' ml k{ r'K`m (rectum) y;]n ml;xy n;mk q"l} m'. rY; j;t; h" : jb yh q"l} wr j;t} h" t{ us' f}ss feces y;]n ``=`} k' #p m'. Ans (anus) y;]n ml %;r s' b;hr ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : n[nv'j y;]n m;.s;h;r} Y;n' pr g[r krn' v;l} b;t _ • l{g kht' h". ]k n[nv'j Y;n; c;]hy' Ky{.]k us m'. p@{`}n a]ok h{t' h". : p@{`}n c;h' km Y;a{ pr j{ Y;a{ us' pc;n' k} 6mt; h{n} c;]hy' : a[r yh tw} h{g; jb p'` k} A']s2 pH=3 s' n}c' j;y': a[r agr ]ks} k{ s.2;s m'. anpc; Y;n; a;t; h{ t{ vh ]ktn; w} p@{`}n Y; l'- usk' xr}r k{ uss' k{eE l;w nh}. h{g; : y;]n A's' Vy]Ë k{ n[n v'j Y;n; b'k;r h" : d?sr} b;t h" ]k m;.s;h;r} w{jn k{ pc;n' k' ]ly' xr}r k{ Jy;d; m'hnt krn; p2>t; h" : a[r us s' j{ v'S` p@{2K` y;]n f;lt? c}j ]nklt' h". v' xr}r k' ]ly' Jy;d; `[]Ksk toxic y;]n jhr}l' h{t' h". : a[r agr usk} p;cn x]Ë sh} h{ t{ keE s]Bjy{. m'. n[n v'j k' br;br p@{`}n ]ml j;t' h". : es]ly' sw} p@k;r s' d'Y; j;y t{ m;.s;h;r} Y;n' k} j#rt nh}. : hm'. k'vl p'` a[r p;cn s.Sq; k{ 1}k rYn; h" : a[r yh d'Yn; h" ]k hm;r' l"`Ä}n m'. anpc; Y;n; _ j"s' `m;`r k; ]9lk;- y; s]Bjy{. k' b}j y; p ¶' eTy;]d _ v"s' k' v"s' apn' a{]r]jnl y;]n ]nj} xKl m'. nh}. a; rh' h". : • aKsr yh p@Xn u1t; h" ]k Ky; sw} l{g{. k{ m;.s;h;r} w{jn s' d?r rhn; h" y; ]sfE Ny?r{q'r'p} upc;r k' smy yh prh'j rYn; k;f} h" Ky; < • xr}r m'. b}m;r} a;n' k; m?l k;r~ h" p;cn s.Sq; k; 1}k #p s; k;m n krn; : m;\s;h;r} w{jn w;r} ^{`}n a[r vs; k; bn; h" j{ a;s;n} s' pct; nh}. h" : p/r;n' jm;n' m'. j{ a;]d m;nv m;.s;h;r} w{jn Y;t' q'- uNh'. us j;nvr k{ ]xk;r krn' k' ]ly' k;f} m'hnt krn; p2t; q; s{ vh Y;n; pc j;t; q; : l']kn a;jkl j;nvr{. k{ m;rn' k' ]ly' k{eE Y;s x;r}]rk p]rRm nh}. krn; p2t; h" ]jss' ]k A's' w;r} ^{`}n Y;n; pc j;y : jb k{eE Vy]Ë hm;r' p;s upc;r k' ]ly' a;t; h"- usk; mtlb h" ]k usk} pcn s.Sq; ]bg2>} h/y} h" : A's} avSq; m'. usk; xr}r m;\s;h;r} w{jn k{ pc;n' a[r uss' p{z~ tTv{. k{ avx{z~ krn' m'. asmqE h{g; : agr w{jn 1}k s' n pc' t{ uss' xr}r m'. toxins y;]n anc;h' pd;qE k} jm;v` h{n' lgt} h"- ]jss' ]lvr- Tvc; a[r ]k2n}j> pr b{4 p2>t; h" Ky{.]k uNh'. h} un toxins k{ b;hr ]nk;l f'.kn' k' ]ly' Jy;d; k;m krn; p2>t; h": • Ak a[r Oy;n d'n'v;l} b;t w} h" : ]jn p@;]~y{. y; m/]gEy{. k{ b'cn' k' ]ly' p;l; j;t; h"- uNh'. keE h{rm{Ns k} g{]ly;. d} j;t} h". t;]k jLd} m{`' bn' a[r Vy;p;r} k{ Jy;d; l;w ]ml' : Av. y' j;nvr b}m;]ry{. k; ]xk;r n h{.- es]ly' unk' a;h;r m'. ]v]w¸ A'N`}b;y{]`k g{]ly;. d} j;t} h". j{ unk' a.2{. m'. Av. xr}r m'. cm2>} y; m;.s m'. h} rh j;t} h". a[r Y;n'v;l' k' p'` m'. p@v'x kr'.g' h} : esk' al;v; A's; w} h{ skt; h" ]k b}m;r j;nvr{. k' m;.s k{ w} ]bk@} k' ]ly' rY ]dy; j;t; h" : en sb k; d/Zp@w;v unk' m;.s Y;n' v;l' k' Sv;SQy pr p2>'g; h} : es]ly' SvSq j}vn k' ]ly' a.2' Av. m;\s;h;r} w{jn d{n{. s' d?r rh'. : • aNy g[r krn' v;l} b;t'. _ x'r m;.s;h;r} h" Ky{.]k vh n t{ an;j- sBj}- fl- y; i;s Y; skt; h"- mgr m;.s h} usk; Y/r;k h" : a[r vh x;k;h;r} j;nvr k; h} m;.s Y;t; h"- n ]k m;.s;h;r} j;nvr k;- mtlb vh g;y- w".s- bkr} y; ]hr~ eTy;]d j{ x;k;h;r} h".un h} k{ Y;t; h"- n ]k l{m2>}- w']2>y; eTy;]d m;.s;h;r} j;nvr k{ : us} p@k;r c}l w} ]c]2>y; y; kb?tr j"s' x;k;h;r} p6} k{ h} Y;y'g;- n ]k k[a; y; uLl? k{ j{ m;.s;h;r} h". : j{ Vy]Ë m;.s;h;r} Y;n; Y;t' h". unk} a;.tr} 20 f/` l.b} h{t} h" jb ]k j{ x;k;h;r} h} T;t' h".- unk} a;.tr} 24 f/` l.b} h{t} h" : mn/Zy k} a;.tr} a;m t[r s' 24 f/` l.b} h{t} h" j{ ]k x;k;h;r} w{jn k' ]ly' h} bn; h" : hm;r; m/\h w} g;y y; w".s k} trh j/g;l} kr skt; h"- j{ ]k x;k;h;r} h".- n ]k k/¶; y; ]bLl} k} trh s}o; Y/lt; h" : s{ hm'. x;k a;h;r h} Y;n; c;]hy' : -- --

PANCREAS

p".]´y;s

p"N´}y;s s;t e.c lMb} Ak g@Nq} •Gland– h" : es k' a.dr k; w;g bn;v` m'. l;r g@.]qy{. s' ]mlt} j/lt} h" : yh p'` k' p}1 k' vr`"br; k' njd}k m'. ]Sqt a[r 2=y/a{2'nm SPl}n tk f"l} h/eE h" : bn;v` k' an/s;r ´y;s k{ t}n w;g;'. m'. b;.` h".. :

p}9' bh/t h" s'

p".] skt'

Head of pancreas sbs' c;"2; w;g j{ p'` k' d;]hn} k' 2=y/a{2'nm m{2 k} aoE skEl k' b}c{. b}c ]Sqt h" : k' b}c s' pancreatic duct ]nklt} h"- ] %;r; p".]´y;s k' 2=y/a{2'nm k'

yh h" a{r k' es} jsk' ¹;v a.dr ph/\ct}. h". : Body of pancreas

yh p@o;n w;g h" j{ p'` k' p}9' a[r 1st lumbar vertebra k' a;g' ]Sqt h" :

Tail of pancreas yh b;y}. s;e2 m'. Ak narrow y;]n s.k}~E w;g h" j{ spleen k{ 9?t; h" : yh endocrine w;g h" a[r yh apn; hormones s}o; rË m'. 9{2t; h" : p".]´y;s k} ¹;v p".]´y;s m'. d{ p@k;r k' s"Ls h{t} h". ]jns' alg ¹;v ]nklt} h". _ y' h". _ A']sn} s"Ls (acini cells) tq; unk' b;hr k} n]lk;a{. k} 2K`l s"Ls (ductal cells) : hr r{j Pancreas 1200 ml ¹;v 2=y/a{2'nm m'. Y;l} krt; h" : es' p".]´y;s k; AKs{´;en f.Kxn exocrine (chyme) function kht' h". : p".]´y;s k' aNdr k} 2K`l s"Ls (ductal cells) w;r} m;µ; m'. s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` (sodium bicarbonate) bn;t} h". : s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` k; k;yE h" p'` s' a;y} k;em (chyme) k} A']s2 k{ x;.t krn; t;]k 2=y/a{2'nm k{ us i{r A']s2 s' n/ks;n n h{ : A']s2 x;.t h{n' pr h} p".]´y;s k} p;ck ANj;>em=s apn; k;yE kr skt} h". : en s"Ls k{ s.d'x d'n' k; k;m ]s´']`n (secretin) h[rm{n krt; h" : p".]´y;s k' aNdr Ak a[r p@k;r k} s"Ls h". ]jNh'. A']sn} s"Ls (acini cells) kht' h". : en k; k;yE h" p;ck ¹;v (digestive enzymes) bn;n; : y' alg p@k;r k' ¹;v h". ]jnk; k;m h" k;rb{h;eE2Ä'`=s- p@{`}n=s Av. f"`=s k{ pc;n; :Digestive enzymes ] nk;ln' k' ]ly' s.d'x d'n' k; k;yE CCK h[rm{n k; h" :  Pancreatic Amylase - yh k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s carbohydrates k{ pc;t; h" :  Pancreatic Lipase – yh vs; (]l]p2=s y; f"`=s) k{ pc;t; h" : 

Trypsin & Chymotrypsin - y' d{n{. ]mlkr p@{`}n=s k{ A'm}n{ A']s2=s m'. bdlt' h". :

uUpr k' ¹;v ]nk;'ln' k' k;yE k{ p".]´y;s k' AKs{´;en f.Kxn (exocrine function) kht' h".: c;h' y' d{n{. p@k;r k' ¹;v Ak h} n]lk; %;r; ]nklt} h". ]jsk; n;m h" p".]´y;]`k 2K`= (pancreatic duct) : us} smy g[l Bl"2r s' _ j#rt k' an/s;r _ k;mn b;el 2K`= (common bile duct) n;mk n]lk; %;r; b;el (bile) ]nklt; h"- j{ p".]´y;s k' l;ep's (lipase) k{ f'`=s k{ pc;n' m'. mdd krt; h" : p".]´y;s k' ¹;v tq; g[l Bl"2r k' ¹;v b;d m'. Ak s;q jh;. ] mlt} h".- vh;. n]lk; k/9 c[2} h{t} h"- us' a|Mp?l; a;|f v'`r (Ampoulla of Vater) kh; j;t; h": us a|Mp?l; s' h{kr y' d{n{. ¹;v ]SfNK`r a;|f a;|2} (sphincter of Oddi) %;r; 9{`} a;.t k' 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ph/\ct} h".: p".]´y;s k' ANj;>em=s k' m/Åy k;yE ]vSt,t #p s' es p@k;r h". _  p".]´y;s k; am;eEl'j> (pancreatic amylase) _ yh l;2> %;r; pc;y' gy' k;rb{h;eE2Ä'`=s k' b2' `/k2{. k{ aTyNt 9{`'_9{`' k~{. m'. pc;kr uNh'. Gl?k{j> (glucose) n;mk #p m'. bdl d'g; : y;]n agr l;r 1}k s' n ]nkl' t{ k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ pc;n' k; s;r; b{4 p".] ´y;s k' uUpr a;y'g; :  p".]´y;s k; l;eEp'j (pancreatic lipase) _ yh f"`=s k' un k~{. k{ _ j{ ]k b;el n' ]cpkn' s' r{k rY; h" _ uNh'. t{2>kr f"`} A]s2=s (fatty acids) a[r ]Glj>'r;|l (glycerol) n;mk 9{`' 9{`' `/k2{. m'. bdl d'g; : agr b;el 1}k s' n ]nkl' t{ p".]´y;s k; l;eEp'j k;m h} nh}. kr p;y'g; : A's' Vy]Ëy{. k{ f'`=s pc'.g' nh}. a[r uNh'. tl} c}j Y;n' s' pr'x;n} h{g}- Y`=`} 2k;r eTy;]d a;y'.g' :  Trypsin (`Ä}]Psn) tq; chymotrypsin k;em{`Ä}]Psn _ y' d{n{. ^{`}n pc;n'v;l} ANj;>em=s h". : y' ]mlkr p'Ps}n %;r; pc;y' gy' p@{`}n k' b2>' `/k2{. k{ a[r w} 9{`'_9{`' `/k2{ m'. pc;kr uNh'. A'm}n{ A']s2=s (amino acids) n;mk #p m'. bdl d'.g' : j"s'_j"s' Y;n; pct; j;y'g; v"s' vh j'j/nm m'. a;g' b3>t; j;y'g; a[r ]fr p;el{rs Y{l'g; a[r ny; k;em 2=y/a{2'nm m'. a;t; j;y'g; : pc;y; ha; w{jn jb eE]lym m'. ph/\c'g; t{ un sw} c}j>{. k{ e]lym k}. ]vLl;e (villi) %;r; s{Y ]ly; j;y'g; Av. p{r`l v'en (portal vein) %;r; ]lvr m'. w'j ]dy; j;y'g; : v'gs nvE (Vagus nerve) %;r; p".]´y;s k' k;yE k; ]ny.μ~ jb Y;n; m/\h m'. j;t; h" tb Vagus nerve y;]n dsv}. ´']nyl nvE stimulate h{t} h" y;]n uks;y} j;t} h" j{ Pancreas k{ ANj;>em=s bn;n' k' ]lA p@']rt krt} h" : l']kn y' ANj;>em=s tw} w;r} m;µ; m'. ]nkl'.g} jb CCK h{rm{n s' s.d'x ]ml' : p".]´y;s k' h{rm{Ns p".]´y;s h} Ak A's} g@.q} h" ]jsk' A'N2{´;en tq; AKs{´;en f.KxNs h". : y;]n usk} k/9 ¹;v n]lk; %;r; ]nklt} h".- jb ]k k/9 aNy ¹;v s}o' rË m'. ]ml j;t} h". : j{ ¹;v s}o' rË m'. ]ml j;t} h".- uNh'. h{rm{Ns kht' h". : p".]´y;s k} b;hr} prt m'. islets of langerhans (a;el'`=s a;|f l".grh|Ns ) n;mk s"Ls h".- j{ kr{2{. k} m;µ; m'. ]bYr} h{t} h". : enm'. t}n p@m/Y types of cells h".. _ "Alpha", "Beta" a[r " Delta" cells j{ m/Åyt+ t}n ]kSm k' h[rm{n bn;t} h". _ eNs/]ln- Gl?k;g[n tq; s{m"`{S`"]`n : es' p".] ´y;s k; AN2{´;en f.Kxn kht' h". : α Alpha cells Gl?k;g[n Glucagon h{rm{n bn;t} h". β Beta cells eNs/]ln Insulin h{rm{n bn;t} h". δ Delta cells Somatostatin h{rm{n bn;t} h". eNs/]ln a[r Gl?k;g;|n ]mlkr rË m'. x/gr k} m;µ; k; ]ny.μ~ krt' h". : agr xr}r m'. eNs/]ln 1}k s' n bn' y; 1}k s' k;m n kr' t{ rË m'. Gl?k{j> rhn' k' b;vj?d s"Ls usk; upy{g nh}. kr p;y'.g} : Gl?k{j> n ]mln' pr v' 1}k s' k;m nh}. kr skt}.- l']kn rË m'. x/gr k} m;µ; b3>t} j;y'g} ]js' 2;y;b}`}s m"l}`s (Diabetes Mellitus) n;mk b}m;r} kht' h". : Insulin eNs/]ln k' k;yE k' b;r' m'. sm4n' k' ]ly' sbs' phl' xr}r k' a.dr k;yE k"s' clt' h".- yh sm4'. : j"s' phl' h} ]lY; gy; h"xr}r m'. 1032 y;]n ds kr{2> kr{2> kr{2> kr{2> s"Ls h".- a[r xr}r k; hr k;m en s"Ls %;r; h} h{t; h" : hr s"Ll k{ k;yE krn' k' ] lA Anj}E (energy) y;]n uUj;E c;]hy' : hr cell k{ apn} j#rt k' an/s;r uUj;E bn;n' k} 6mt; h" : es uUj;E bn;n' k' ]ly' j{ fuel y;]n eE.on c;]hy' vh h" glucose, j{ ]k hm'. w{jn m'. k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s pcn' k' b;d p@;Pt h{t; h" : hr s"Ll k} m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; Ak furnace y; w`=`} j"s} k;m krt} h"- j{ Gl?k{j> k{ jl;kr s"Ll k} k;y{E. k' ]ly' Anj}E p"d; krt} h" : l']kn hr s"Ll k{ Gl?k{j> tw} ]ml'g; agr rË m'. eNs/]ln h{ : eNs/]ln k} k;y{E. k} s.]6Pt j;nk;r}

Insulin k{ hm s"Ll k{ Y{ln' k} c;b} A's' sm4 skt' h". : jb rË m'. x/gr k} m;µ; b3> j;y' t{ eNs/]ln apn' a;p ]nklt; h" : vh cell m'Mb@'n pr p@w;v 2;lt; h" ]jss' Gl?k{j> py;EPt m;µ; m'. s"Ll k' a.dr i/s sk' : glucose sh} trh jlkr Anj}E k' ]ly' upy{g m'. a;y' _ esk} d'Yw;l w} eNs/]ln h} krt; h" : es trh eNs/]ln m/Åyt+ rË m'. x/gr k} m;µ; k{ maintain krt; h"- y;]n bn;y' rYt; h" : esk' al;v; eNs/]ln k; k;m h" ]k p".]´y;s %;r; pc;y' h/y' w{jn k} ]v]w¸ c}j{. k{ _ j"s' ]k Gl?k{j>- A'm}n{ A']s2=s a[r f"`} A']s2=s k{ _ ]1k;n' lg;n; y;]n unk{ s"Ls a[r ]`x?j> m'. ph/\c;n;- ]jsk' ]ly' vh ]nMn tr}k' s' k;m krt; h" _ 1.

60% eNs/]ln pc;y' h/y' k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ s"Ls k' a.dr ph/\c;n' k; k;yE krt; h" : Y;n' k' t/rNt b;d rË m'.

Gl?k{j> k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h" : t{ eNs/]ln k' p@w;v s' h} us Gl?k{j> k{ ]lvr a[r msLs k' a.dr Gl;ek{j'n k' #p m'. S`{r krk' rY; j;t; h" _ t;]k w{jn k' k;f} d'r b;d jb w} xr}r k' ]ks} w} system k{ Anj}E k} j#rt h{ t{ yh} glycogen v;ps glucose m'. bdlkr v;ps rË m'. 2;l d} j;t} h" : eNs/]ln k' ]bn;- s"Ls k' a.dr Gl?k{j> nh}. j; skt} Ky{.]k s"Ls k' uUpr eNs/]ln k' ]ly' ]rs'P`sE (receptors) h".- j{ ]bn; eNs/]ln k' apn' drv;j' k{ Gl?k{j> k' ]ly' bNd rYt} h". : a[r Gl?k{j> k' ]bn; s"Ls apn' k;yE nh}. kr skt}. : h;.- k]1n y; w;r} Vy;y;m krn' s' Gl?k{j> s"Ls m'. j; skt} h" _ A's; k"s' h{t; h"- aw} tk pt; nh}. lg; h" : a[r 2;y;b}`}s k; r{g} sÅt Vy;y;m krn' s' apn' a;p k{ 1}k rY skt; h" Av. ]bn; dv;eE k' s"Ls k{ x]Ë d' skt; h" : s"r y;]n `hln' k' s;q_s;q d[2n'_k?dn' s' y; d.2_b"1k p'l kr 2;y;b}`}s k{ k;f} hd tk s/o;r; y; sm;Pt ]ky; j; skt; h" : 2. d?sr;- p".]´y;s k' ]`Ä]Psn tq; k;em{]`Ä]Psn (chymotrypsin) ANj;>em=s p@{`}n=s k{ pc;kr A'm}n{ A']s2=s k' #p m'. uNh'. bdl c/k' h{t' h". _ un A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ s"Ls k' a.dr ph/\c;n' k; k;m w} eNs/]ln h} krt; h" : 25% eNs/]ln es k;yE k' ]ly' upy{g ]ky; j;t; h" : eNs/]ln k' es} k;yE s' p/r;n} ]`x?j> k} mrMmt h{t} h" Av. ny} ]`x?j> bnt} h". : mSk/lr ]2S`Ä{f} n;mk b}m;r} m'. m;\s_p']xy{. k} ]`x?j> m'. ]2S`Ä{f}n (dystrophin) n;mk ^{`}n k} km} h{t} h" : us b}m;r} k' upc;r m'. g/½j} es} tQy k{ Oy;n m'. rYkr (10) Pan k; upy{g krt' h". ]jsk' nt}j' km;l k' h". : 3. t}sr; 10% eNs/]ln f"`=s k{ _ ]js' p".]´y;s k' l;ep'j> n;mk ANj;>em n' pc;y; h" _ us' s"Ls k' a.dr jh;\_jh;\ a;vXykt; h{ vh;. ph/\c;n' k; k;yE krt; h" : LMNT m'. hm (10) Pan s' eNs/]ln bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". : y]d pancreas eNs/]ln bn;n; b.d kr d' t{ es hormone k} km} s' " IDDM y; Type I diabetes mellitus" b}m;r} h{ j;t} h" : agr Vy]Ë k{ lMb' smy tk diabetes h{- a[r usk; u]ct upc;r n kr' t{ Gl?k{j> n ]mln' k' k;r~ cells fats k{ jl;n' lgt} h"..- y; muscles m'. s' proteins ]nk;l krk' usk{ jl;kr uss' uUj;E bn;n' lgt} h". : ess' a;dm} k; h/l}y; m,t_xv_j"s; xr}r, bh/t h} d/bl; ptl;, w']2y' j"s} w?Y Av. sd; Py;s; h{t; h" : es b}m;r} m'. rË m'. tq; p'x;b m'. x/gr k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h" : Allopathy m'.. es b}m;r} k{ eNs/]ln k} eNj'Kxn y; g{]ly{. s' k.`Ä{l krt' h".. : Glucagon p".]´y;s k; d?sr; m/Åy h[rm{n h" Gl?k;g;|n (glucagon) ]js' p".]´y;s k' A'Lf; s"Ls bn;t' h". : esk; k;yE h" ] k j#rt k' an/s;r rË m'. x/gr k} m;µ; k{ b3>;n; : yh h[rm{n A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks (adrenal cortex) k} sh;yt; s' ]lvr m'. p2>; Gl;ek{j'n (glycogen) k{ ]nk;lkr 250 g@;m tk Gl?k{j> y; x/gr bn; skt; h"- jb xr}r k{ Gl?k{j> k} a;vXykt; h{ : yh effect insulin k' p@w;v k' opposite y;]n ]v½5 h" : agr ]ks} k{ eNs/]ln k} dv;eE Jy;d; h{ j;n' k;r~ ac;nk s/gr bh/t h} km h{ j;y us' diabetic hypo-glycemia kht' h". ]jsk; el;j glucagon k; injection lg; kr krt' h". : Insulin a[r glucagon d{n{.. hormones h}- cells s' a]ok m;µ; m'. glucose k; upy{g kr;t' h". : jb glucose k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h" t{ Insulin us a]ok x/gr k{ u1;kr cells k{ tq; liver k{ supply krt; h"- a[r jb xr}r k{ Anj}E k} j#rt h{ tb glucagon k' p@w;v s' ]lvr S`{r ]ky; h/a; glycogen k{ v;ps glucose k' #p m'. d' d't; h" : es}]lA w;r} Vy;y;m k' smy d{n{.. hormones s;q_s;q k;m krk' muscles k{ energy d't' h". : es trh Glucagon apn' k;yE %;r; rË m'. Gl?k{j> k} concentration k{ n[rml s' n}c' j;n' s' bc;t; h"- jb ]k Insulin mechanisam rË m'. Gl?k{j> k} m;µ; k{ n[rml s' Jy;d; h{n' nh}. d't; : Glucagon r{g} k{ "hypoglycemic coma" y; s/gr k} km} k' k;r~ "convulsions" h{n' s' r6; krt; h" a[r insulin "diabetes mellitus" y; h;epr Gl;es}]my; k} ]Sq]t s' bc;t; h" : LMNT m'. hm (4) Pan y; (4) Adr s' Gl?k;g{n bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". : -

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Somatostatin s{m"`{S`'`}n _ p".]´y;s k' 2'L`; s"Ls s{m"`{S`"]`n (somatostatin) n;mk h[rm{n bn;t' h". : yh} h[rm{n h;yp{q|lms s' w} ]nklt; h"- j{ ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 s' bn' GH y;]n g@{q h[rm{n k{ r{kt; h" : s{m"`{S`"]`n ]nMn sw} h{rm{Ns k{ w} r{kt; h" _ (Guyton 10th ed. p 893) eNs/]ln- Gl?k;g;|n- TSH, g"S`Ä}n- g"S`Ä}k Jy?s tq; CCK (R&W 9th edn. p. 217) jb w} rË m'. x/gr y; A'm}n{ A']s2=s y; f"`=s b3> j;t' h". tb s{m"`{S`"]`n ]nklt; h" a[r yh p'`- 2=y/a{2'nm tq; g[l Bl"2r k} m{]`]l`} y;]n g]t k{ r{kt; h" Av. GIT y;]n a¸ n]lk; m'. ¹;v{. k; ]nk;s tq; avx{z~ d{n{. k' smy k{ b3>; d't; h"- t;]k Y;n' k{ pc;n' m'. k{eE jLd}b;j} n h{ : `'br (Taber's dictionary) m'. ]lY; h" ]k k/9 p@y{g{. m'. p;y; gy; h" ]k `=y?mr j{ h[rm{n bn;t' h". _ uNh'. s{m"`{S`"]`n r{kt; h" : esk' al;v; xr}r m'. kh}. w} anc;h; g@{q (growth) j"s' tumors, fibroids eTy;]d _ us' s{m"`{S`"]`n YTm kr skt; h" : LMNT k{ es 7;n s' bh/t l;w h" : LMNT m'. hm (2) Pan s' s{m"`{S`"]`n bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". : d'Y; gy; h" ]k jb hm (2) Pan x 6 treatments d't' h". t{ l;ep{m; (lipoma) Av. 9{`'_m{`' `=y?mr k/9 h} upc;r{. m'.

YTm h{ j;t' h". : d'x_wr m'. A's' an'k p'x.`{. pr s;]bt h/a; h"- s{ hm'. yk}n h{ gy; h" ]k (2) Pan s' s{m"`{S`"]`n k{ uks;y; j; rh; h" : esk' al;v; es} upc;r s' hm hr h[rm{n y; g@.q} j{ h;epr (hyper) y;]n Jy;d; k;m kr rh' h". _ uNh'. r{k skt' h". : -

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Over-calcium y;]n k"]Lxym k; Jy;d; h{ j;n' s' p".]´y;s ]bg2> j;t; h" _ ]js' 'Thrd 'P' d'kr 1}k kr skt' h".. : (Diary : 19th May 1990 ) es s' hm'. sm4 m'. a;t} h" ]k p".]´y;s k; k;yE ]ktn; mhTvp?~E h" xr}r m'. : p".]´y;s h} k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s- p@{`}n=s a[r f"`=s k{ pc;n' k' ]ly' p;ck ANj;>em=s bn;t; h"- a[r un ¹;v{. %;r; pc;y; h/a; k;em eE]lym %;r; s{Y kr rË m'. cl; j;y'g; : b;d m'. us} k; bn;y; h/a; eNs/]ln un sw} p{z~ tTv{. k{ jgh_jgh ]1k;n' lg;t; h" a[r uNh'. sw} s"Ls tk ph/\c;t; h"- j{ un m'. s' us ]dn k' j#rt k' an/s;r l' l't' h". : j{ k/9 bc j;t; h" vh ]lvr m'. S`{r (store) ]ky; j;t; h" : p".]´y;s a[r k"Nsr s{m"`{S`"]`n eNs/]ln a[r Gl?k;g;|n d{n{. k{ r{kt; h"- s{ (2) Pan x 6 treatments k' upc;r s' hm'. k"Nsr k' el;j krn' m'. y; upc;r krn' m'. w} bh/t sh;yt; ]ml} h" : k;r~ k"Nsr k' s"Ls k{ eNs/]ln s' bn;y; h/a; y; ph/\c;y; h/a; Gl?k{j>- p@{`}n=s y; f"`=} A']s2=s ]mln' b.d h{ j;y'.g' ]jss' unk; f"l;v y; b3>n; ½k j;y'g; : Ny?r{q'r'p} kht} h" ]k k"Nsr k; h{n; `Ä{f{Bl;S` s"Ls (trophoblast cells) a[r AS`Ä{j"n (estrogen) k} ]ml} wgt s' h{t; h" : hm (2) Pan x 6 treatments n;mk apn} upc;r %;r; s{m"`{S`"]`n k{ uks;kr `Ä{f{Bl;S` s"Ls k{ YTm kr d't' h". a[r es upc;r %;r; j{ w} s"Ls h;epr A']K`v (hyper active) h". unk} A']K`]v`} (activity) y;]n k;yE k{ r{k ]dy; j;t; h" : -

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agr s{m"`{S`"]`n py;EPt m;µ; m'. nh}. bn; t{ xr}r m'. f;eb@;|e2=s (fibroids)- l;ep{m; (lipoma)- ]sS` (cyst) y; `=y?mr (tumour) b3>n' lg'.g' j{ k"Nsr k; #p w} o;r~ kr skt' h". : y; k{eE g@.q} h;ypr h{ skt; h" y;]n Jy;d; h[rm{n bn;n' lgt; h" ] jss' keE aNy b}m;]ry;\ y; l6~ h{ skt' h". : -

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]lvr

Av. usk' k;yE

LIVER and its functions

]lvr hm;r' xr}r k} sb s' b2} g@.q} h" : es k; vjn kr}b 1½ ]kl{ h"- a[r yh AB2{m"n y;]n p'` m'. d;eE. trf s' b;y} trf tk ]Sqr h" : uUpr k} trf es' ps]ly'. bc;t} h". t;]k es' k{eE m;r n lg' : ]lvr k' 500 s' Jy;d; f.KxNs h". tq; 1100 s' Jy;d; k'm}kLs bn;t; h" : esm'. alg_alg p@k;r k} s"Ls h". ]jnm'. m/Åy h" h'p;]`k s"Ls (hepatic cells), j{ 24 i.`{. m'. kr}b 800 cc y; p[n; ]kl{ b;eEl (bile) y;]n ]p¶ n;mk p}l; r.g k; Fl?e2 bn;t} h". : ]lvr k' p}9' g[lBl"2r (gall bladder) h"- j{ ]lvr k' bn;y' b;el m'. s' p;n} ]nk;l kr apn' aNdr us k{ g`=1 y; g;3>; bn; kr 50 y; 60 cc tk rY l't; h"- ]jsk' k;r~ us p}l' b;eEl k; r.g bdl kr hr; bn j;t; h" : p'` s' jb k;eEm (chyme) 2=y/a{2'nm m'. a;t; h"- t{ vh;. s' k{]l]sS`{k;e]nn (chole cysto kinin) n;mk h[rm;'n bn'g; a[r us h[rm;'n k} m;µ; k' an/s;r g;|l Bl"2r apn' a.dr S`{r rY; h/a; g`=1 b;el k{ k;|mn b;el 2K`= n;mk p;eEp s' a| Mp?l; a;|f v'`r (ampoulla of Vater) %;r; 2=y/a{2'nm m'. w'j d't; h" : yh b;el k;eEm m'. a;y' i}- t'l eTy;]d k' k~{. k{ alg kr d't; h" : ]fr p"N´}y;j> k' l;eEp'j> (lipase) un k~{. k{ t{2>kr f"`} A']s2=s m'. bdl d't; h" : us' 9{`} a;.t2} k' eE]lym m'. ]vLl;eE %;r; A'bj>{rb (absorb) y;]n s{Y ]ly; j;t; h"- a[r ]lMf=s k} n]lk;y'. %;r; rË m'. w@m~ krt' h/y' a.t m'. ]lvr m'. ph/\ct; h" : ]lvr f"`} A]s2=s k{ k{l'S`Ä;|l (cholesterol) m'. bdl d't} h" : k{l'S`Ä;|l k{ Ak S`}r;|e2 (steroid) kht' h". : ]lvr %;r; xr}r m'. ]jtn; k{l'S`Ä;|l bnt; h" _ us k; 85 p@]txt w;g d/b;r; b;eEl bn;n' m'. h} YcE kr l't; h" : b;k} k' 15 p@]txt k{l'S`Ä;|l s' A'S`Ä{j"n- p@[j"S`Ä{n y; `"S`{S`}r{n h[rm;'Nj> Av. A']2Änl k[r`'Ks k' S`}r;|e2 h{rm{Ns bn;y} j;t} h". : ]lvr %;r; k{l'S`Ä;|l a[r b;el k' adl_bdl m'. 94 p@]txt k{l'S`Ä;|l upy{g ]ky; j;t; h"- a[r b;k} 9' p@]txt v'S` (waste) h{ j;t; h" : ** a;g' d'Y'. p;cn ]´y; m'. ]lvr k; k;yE ]lvr pc;y' gy' p{z~ tTv{. m'. s' ]v`;]mn B12, Gl?k{j> eTy;]d keE c}j{. k{ S`;|k (stock) kr apn' aNdr rY l't} h" _ w]vZy m'. k;m a;n' k' ]ly' : agr w{jn m'. k{eE b"K`}]ry; y; k}`;~/ h{ j{ p'` k' A']s2 s' bc gy; t{ ]lvr k' k/fr s"Ls (Kupffer cells) uNh'. YTm kr d'.g' : b;k} tTv rË k' a.dr w@m~ krt' h/y' hr Ak cell tk ph/\ct' h". a[r hr cell unm'. s' apn'_apn' k;y{E. k' ]ly' j#rt k' an/s;r a;vXyk vSt/a{. k{ l' l'.g} : y;]n en sb s' hm'. yh sm4n; c;]hy' ]k xr}r k; hr k;yE w{jn k' p{z~ tTv{. s' h} h{t; h"- a[r y' k;yE tw} h{ skt' h". jb w{jn k; p;cn a[r pc' h/y' tTv{. k; avx{z~ 1}k p@k;r s' h{ Y;n' m'. j{ f"` (fats) h". v' pcn' k' b;d fatty acids Av. glycerol k' #p m'. Bl2 m'. ph/\ct' h". : uNh'. ]lvr bdlkr k{l'S`Ä;|l (cholesterol) bn;t} h" : xr}r m'. ]jtn; k{l'S`Ä;|l h" usm'. kr}b 85% k{l'S`Ä;|l k{ ]lvr v;ps b;eEl bn;n' m'. YcE kr l't} h" j{ d/b;r; fats k{ pc;n' m'. mdd kr'g; : b;k} 15% k{l"S`{l k{ xr}r k' ]nMn g@.q} apn' S`}r;|e2 h{rm{Ns bn;n' k' ]ly' upy{g krt' h". _ A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks _ k{`}Ej>{n- A'L2{S`}r{n- A'N2Ä{j"Ns eTy;]d : m;]sk omE m'. a{vr}j> tq; gwEd;n k' b;d Pl"s'N`; (placenta) _ AS`Ä{j"n- p@{j'S`'r{n `"S`}s _ `"S`{S`}r{n ** l']kn b;eEl s' k{l'S`Ä;|l y; k{l'S`Ä;|l s' b;eEl bn;n' m'. 4-6% k{l'S`Ä;|l YcE h{ j;t; h" : s{ agr mn/Zy f"`=s Y;n; ] bLk/l bNd kr d' a[r usk' xr}r m'. Jy;d; k{l'S`Ä;|l n h{ t{ 16 ]dn k' b;d 16 x6 = 96% cholesterol y;]n k{l'S`Ä;|l ]bLk/l h} YTm h{ j;y'g} a[r agl' ]dn s' ]fr us' k{l'S`Ä;|l k} j#rt p2'g} : Cholesterol k' ]bn; adrenal cortex k' h[rm{n nh}. bn'.g' a[r un h{rm{Ns k' bg"r mn/Zy ]jNd; h} nh}. rh skt; : s{ hr 15 ]dn b;d us' q{2>}_q{2>} f"` Y;n} x/# kr d'n} c;]hy' t;]k k{l'S`Ä;|l ] bLk/l YTm n h{ j;y' : h;\- f"`=s m'. sbs' g/~k;r} h" asl} i} : l']kn i} Y;n' k' b;d us' pc;n' k' ]ly' v]jEx kr'. y; s}]3>y;\ c3>'. t{ Jy;d; l;wd;yk h" : etn; h} nh}.- ]lvr a[r p;cn s.Sq;n k; 1}k h{n; w} j#r} h" : s;mn' s' d'Yn' pr ]lvr k{ p']r`{]nym k' %;r; d{ w;g{. m'. b;.`; gy; h" _ ]jNh'. left tq; right lobe of liver kht' h". : p'r}`{]nym k' es a.x k{ Falciform ligament kht' h". : es f"Ls}f;|rm ]lg;m'N` k' n}c' k' 9{r k{ ]lg;m'N`m `'r's (ligamentum teres) kht' h".j{ jnm k' phl' k' _ left umbilical vein k; avx'z m;µ h" : yh left umbilical vein jnm k' phl' mhTvp?~E w?]mk; ]nw;t} h" _ y;]n yh v'en h} Pl"s'N`; s' gwE k' bCc' k' ]ly' rË l' j;n' k; k;yE krt} h"- j{ ]k jnm k' k/9 i.`{. b;d b.d h{ j;t} h" : ]lvr k' aNy k;yE ]lvr hm;r' xr}r k} Ak bh/t h} b2>} l'b[r'`Ä} (y;]n p@y{gx;l;) h"- j{ bh/t k]1n k]1n k;yE w} Ak s"kN2 k' s[v'. ] hSs' m'. kr l't; h"]js' hm s{c w} nh}. skt' : es k' p;.c s[ s' a]ok f.KxNs (functions) y; k;yE h".- ]js m'.

Ak hj>;r s' w} a]ok ANj;eEMj> (enzymes ) bnt} h". : ]lvr hm;r' xr}r k; Ak bh/t h} b2; g{2;uUn y; g{d;m h"- ]js m'. hm;r} j#rt k} vSt/A. p2} rht} h".]js' xr}r k{ a;vXykt; h{n' pr yh bn; d't} h" y; d' d't} h" : j"s' ]k es m'. Vitamin B12 k; S`[k (stock) c;r s' 9' s;l tk k; rht; h" : ]js vSt/ k} a;vXykt; nh}. h"- ]lvr us' y?r}y; bn;kr p'x;b k' r;St' s' xr}r k' b;hr f'..k d't} h" : es m'. etn; Gl;eEk{j"n (glycogen) rht; h" ]k a;vXykt; h{n' pr yh Gl;ek{j"n k{ hydrolysis krk' y;]n usm'. p;n} ]ml;kr uss' d{ s{ pc;s g@;m tk Gl? k{s bn; skt} h" a[r jb j#rt h{ t{ Gl?k{s k' s;q Am}n{ g@?p ]ml;kr p@{`}n bn; d't} h" : a[r es} p@k;r Ak s"kN2> k' s;"v' ] hSs' y; w;g m'. ]lvr p@{`}n s' Gl?k{s y; Gl?k{s s' p;n} bn; d't} h" : mn/Zy k' jÅm} h{n' pr ]lvr k' a.dr j{ ]v`;]mn K S`{r rht; h"- uss' i;v wrt; h" y; rË k; Kl{` bn; kr bht' rË k{ r{kt; h" : r;t k{ ]dYn' k' ]ly' ]lvr ]v`;]mn A bn;t} h" j{ es m'. S`{r rht; h" y;]n p2>; rht; h" : ]k2n}j> A]rq@{p{y']`n (erythropoietin) n;mk h{rm{n bn;t} h". _ ]js k' s.d'x ]mln' pr h} b{nm"r{ (bone marrow ) rË bn;y'g} : b{n m"r{ pc;s p@]txt s' a]ok xr}r k} rË k} a;vXykt; k{ p?r; krt; h" : l']kn ]k2>n}y{. k' ]bg2>n' pr A]rq@{p{y']`n nh}. bn'g;- us smy ]lvr A]rq@{p{y']`n bn;t} h" : c;h' km m;µ; m'. bn;t} h" pr mn/Zy k{ m,Ty/ s' bc;t} h" : ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 (pituitary gland) jb h[rm;'Nj> bn;t} h"- t{ j#rt s' a]ok h} bn;t} h" a[r ]jtn' ]js g@.q} k{ c;]hy' utn' us k' upy{g krn' k' b;d b;k} j{ a]ok h[rm;'Nj> rË %;r; ]lvr m'. j;t} h".- ]lvr uNh'. sm;Pt kr d't} h" : es} p@k;r k{eE w} vSt/ j{ a]ok h{ ]lvr s.w;lt} h" : h;.- ]lvr k; 1}k h{n; a;vXyk h" _ ]js' hm xr;b p} p} kr Yr;b kr d't' h".. : b}m;r} k' a;n' pr yh A'N`}b[2>}j> bn;kr xr}r k{ b}m;r} s' bc;t} h" : m;\ k' p'` m'. jb bCc; bnt; h{t; h" t{ 91' sPt;h s' t}n mh}n' tk yh bCC{ k; rË bn;t} h"- p}9' SPl}n (spleen) w} rË bn;t} h" : b{nm"r{ (bone marrow) jb p?~E #p s' rË bn;n' x/# krn' pr y' d{n{. a.g rË bn;n; bNd kr d't} h". : ]lvr k} My?k{s; (aNdr k} ]4Ll}) h'p;]rn (heparin) bn;t} h"- ]js s' rË m'. qKk; y; Kl{` n bn'. : ]lvr Av. l.Gj> d{n{. ] mlkr xr}r m'. 85% h'p;]rn bn;t} h".- b;k} 15% xr}r k' hr ]`x? m'. bnt; h" : ]lvr ]bC9? k' j>hr k{ A]2Änl Gl".2 k} sh;yt; s' sm;Pt kr skt} h" : bh/t sÅt Vy;y;m krn' pr xr}r k} mSsLj> j{ l"]K`k A']s2> k{ bn;t } h". _ j{ a]ok h{n' pr k/9 n/ks;n xr}r k{ ph/.c; skt} h" _ us' ]lvr Gl;eEk{j"n (glycogen) m'. bdl d't} h" a[r apn' a.dr rY l't} h" : SPl}n s' ]nkl' h/y' rË m'. s' j{ r"2 s"Llj> (RBC’s) usn' m;r' h{t' h".- unm'. s' upy{g} vSt/y'. _ j"s; ]k h}m;'Gl{]bn eTy;]d _ k{ ]lvr rY l't} h"- b;k} kc2; s.2;s y; ``=`} %;r; b;hr f'.k; j;t; h" :

]lvr hm;r' xr}r k} Ak A's} g@.q} h" j{ 80% Yr;b h{n' pr w} y; 80% agr k;` ]dy; j;y' a[r b;k} j{ 20% rh gy; h" vh es xr}r k' ]ly' k;f} h" : a[r xr}r k' sb k;yE vh s/c;½ #p s' kr skt} h" : a[r agr mn/Zy Y;n' p}n' k; 1}k trh s' Oy;n rÅ{ y; xr;b eTy;]d k; upy{g n kr'- t{ c;r_9' m]hn' m'. vh ]bg2>} h/y} ]lvr w} s/or skt} h"- y; 1}k h{ skt} h" : Oy;n rh' ]k ]lvr h} hm;r' xr}r k} Ak A's} g@.q} h" ]js' 80% w} agr k;` ]dy; j;y' t{ ]lvr k/9 m]hn{. m'. d{b;r; p/r;n' a;k;r m'. bn j;t} h" _ ]js trh s' ]9pkl} k} p?.9 y; S`;r ]fx (star fish) n;m k} m9l} k`n' k' b;d apn' a;p d{b;r; bn j;t} h" : ]lvr agr 1}k h{ t{ dv;eEy{. k' d/Zp@w;v y; s;eE2 ef"K`s k{ sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; rYt} h" : ]lvr m'. k;|pr (copper) k; S`{r rht; h" y; S`[k rht; h"- a[r a;yrn (iron) y;]n l{h tTv ]lvr m'. f"r}]`n (ferritin) k' #p m'. rht; h"- j{ a;vXykt; p2>n' pr upy{g ]ky; j;t; h" : k"]Lxym k' avx{z~ m'. w} ]lvr k; b2; h;q h" : ]lvr k' 1}k trh s' k;yE krn' s' h} ]k2n}j> %;r; 1,25 2;eE h;eE2Ä;|Ks} k{l k"Ls}f"r{l (1,25 DCC or 1,25 dihydroxy chole calciferol) n;mk h[rm{n bn'g; j{ a;.t2}.y{. k{ k"]Lxym k{ A'bj;"rb (absorb) krn' y;]n s{Yn' k{ uks;t; h"- ]js s' k"]Lxym bnt; h" y; xr}r k} h]2=2y{. m'. ph/.c;y; j;t; h"- y; xr}r k{ a;vXykt; p2>n' pr h]2=2y{. s' ]nk;l kr k"]Lxym Bl2 k{ ]dy; j;t; h" : mtlb ]lvr k} sh;yt; s' 1,25 DCC bnt; h"- j{ ]k k"]Lxym k' pc;n' tq; cy;pcy m'. sh;yt; krt; h" : pr y]d k"]Lxym k; m'`;b]lj>m ]bg2 j;y tb ]lvr m'. w} k"l]sf}k'xn (calcification) y;]n ]lvr m'. k"l]xym k' k~ jm j;n' s' ]lvr k' k;yE pr asr h{t; h" : ]lvr xr}r k} j#rt k' an/s;r ]ks} w} p@{`}n y; a;m}n;' A]s2 k{ d?sr} a;m}n{ A]s2 m'. bdlt} h"- y; en s' ATP bn;t} h" y; a;m}n;' A]s2 s' f"`=s y; k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ bn;t} h" : yh rË k' keE Pl;Sm; p@{`}n=s (plasma proteins) k{ w} bn;t} h" : h;`E m'. rË j;n' s' phl' ]lvr m'. s' j;t; h" : xr}r k} g@.q}y{. s' j{ rË a;t; h" _ usm'. i/l} c}j{. k{ ]lvr k' k/fr s"Llj> (Kupffer Cells) 99% tk s;f kr d't' h".- b;k} i/l} v;y/a{. (gases) k{ l.Gj> m'. s;f kr ]dy; j;t; h" : ]lvr k' k/fr s"Ls rË k' un p/r;n' s"Llj> (RBC’s) k{ sm;Pt kr d't} h".- ]jn k{ 120 ]dn h{ c/k' h{t' h".- a[r rË m'. j{ w} kc2; SPl}n s' a;t; h"- us' w} ]lvr k' k/fr s"Llj> (Kupffer cells) s;f kr Ak s"kN2 k' s[v' ]hSs' m'. Y; j;t} h".- y; y]d w{jn m'. b"K`}]ry; y; j}v;~/ j{ ]k p'` k} A]s2 s' bc gy' h{. _ j{ eN`'S`;eEn y;]n a;.t2>} s' a;t; h" _ us' Y; kr sm;Pt kr d't' h". : b;k} k; kc2>; s.2;s y; ``=`} %;r; ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : ]lvr m'. rË k/9 m;µ; m'. jm; rht; h"- t;]k h;`E k{ us k} a;vXykt; k' an/s;r rË k{ km y; a]ok w'j; j; sk' : ]lvr q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' T4 k' h[rm{n s' T3 k{ bn;t} h" : ]lvr Ak eNs/l}n_j"s} k'm}kl bn;t} h" ]js' s{m"`{m']2>n C (somatomedin C) kht' h".- j{' GH y;]n g@;{q h[rm;'n k{ uks;t; h" : ]lvr m'. A'.]jy{`"Ns}n{j"n (Angiotensinogen) bnt; h"- ]js k' s;q ]k2>n} s' bn;y; r"]nn (renin) a[r l.Gj> s' bn;y; k[nv`}.EEg A'nj;eEm (converting enzyme) k{ ]ml;kr A'.]jy{`"Ns}n n.br 2 (Angiotensin #2) k{ bn;y; j;t; h" : ]js s' l{ Bl2 p@'xr y; kmt} rË c;p k{ b3>;y; j; skt; h" : ]lvr rË k} jm;v` k' ]ly' a;vXyk d{ c}j bn;t} h" _ p@{q@{]Mbn (prothrombin) a[r f"br}n;'j"n (fibrinogen)- ]js s' rË k; qKk; y; Kl{` bnt; h" y; rË jmt; h" : ]lvr k' bn;y' b;eEl m'. b;eEk;b{En'` (bicarbonate) k;f} a]ok h{t; h"- j{ p".]´y;s k' s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` k' s;q ]mlkr p'` s' 2=y/a{2'nm m'. a;eE A']s2> k{ x;.t krn' m'. mdd krt; h" : ]lvr h}m;'Gl{]bn k' h'm (heme) s' b;eEl ]pgm"N`s (bile pigments) k{ bn;t} h":  j}w pr sf'd prt k; h{n; ]lvr kmj{r h{n' k; s?ck h" : aKsr f}vr s' phl' A's; h{t; h" :  jb rË m'. ]bl}#]bn b3> j;t; h"- us' Jv;.]2s (jaundice) y;]n p}]ly; k} b}m;r} kht' h". :  Liver function test s' pt; clt; h" ]k ]lvr 1}k s' k;yE kr rh; h" y; nh}. : k/9 b}m;]ry{. m'. SGPT y; SGOT n;mk k'm}kLs rË m'. b3> j;t' h". : en d{n{. k} m;µ; 31.00 U/L s' km h{n} c;]hy' : h'p;`;e]`s (hepatitis) m'. y; ºdy k} mSsl k} ]`x? 2| m'j h{n' pr y' d{n{. h} b3> j;t' h". : a;jkl SGPT k{ AST Av. SGOT k{ ALT kht' h". : [k/9 ]rp{`E (report) m'. ]lY; h" ]k en d{n{. k' al;v; GGTP – 7.0 s' 32.0 U/L k' b}c m'. h{n; c;]hy']  j[.]2s (jaundice) y; ml']ry; (malaria) k' b;d ]lvr kmj{r h{t; h" : us smy Y;n'_p}n' k; bh/t Oy;n rYn; h" : es h;lt m'. agr vh Vy]Ë g]rZ` w{jn kr'. t{ usk; xr}r us' pc; nh}. p;t; a[r un ^{`}n=s k; #p;;.tr am{]ny; m'. h{ j;t; h"- ]jsk' k;r~ Vy]Kt b'h{x h{ j;t; h"- y; us' ]f`=s a; skt} h" :  agr ]lvr y; ]k2n}j> 1}k s' k;m n kr' t{ w} rË m'. Am{]ny; k} jm;v` h{g} j{ b@'n k' ]ly' n/ks;n h"- y; y?]rk A']s2 b3>'g} ] jss' j{2>{. m'. ddE a;t; h" : 9{`' bCc{. m'. Am{]ny; b3>n'' k' k;r~ ]f`=s w} a; skt} h". : Am{]ny; b3>n'' s' Vy]Ë k{m; m'. w} j; skt; h"- ]js' h'p;]`k k{m; (hepatic coma) kht' h". : b3>} h/y} Am{]ny; k{ 1}k krn' k' ]ly' hm'. ]lvr a[r ]k2n}j> k{ uks;n; h" : t{ esk' ]ly' ]nMn upc;r bn;y; gy; ]js' Ammonia treatment kht' h". : Ammonia treatment I (1)Gas Only – 6 points (1)Gas ‘ I ’ – 6 points II 6 TF ‘Liv’ (1) point Liv (1) Liv° (1) Mu° x 6 treatments yh upc;r bCc' k} m;t;_]pt; k{ ]sY; d'n; a[r khn; ]k d{_d{ i.`' k' a.tr m'. ]dn m'. 9h_a;1 b;r d'. : km s' km t}n bCc{. k{ p.orh ]dn{. k' a.dr h} es upc;r s' b3>} h/y} A'm{]ny; km h{kr n[rml h{ gy} : ]js l"b{r'`r} m'. test ]ky; gy; q;- vh;. k' 2|;K`r{. k{ acrj lg; _ ]k yh h/a; k"s' < uNh{.n' yh w} kh; ]k yh as.wv h" ]k b3>} h/y} Am{]ny; etn} jLd} km h{ j;y l']kn esk' ]rp{`E hmn' p;y' h". : a;jkl myoclonic jerks y;]n xr}r k' ak;r~ k.pn m'. w} yh upc;r bh/t l;wd;yk p;y; gy; h" : an'k k;r~ h". ]jns' ]lvr k} k;yEx]Kt o}m} h{ j;t} h" a[r uss' bnn' v;l' rs;yn nh}. bnt' y; km bnt' h". j"s' – jb mj}E tb w{jn krn;- hm'x; an/]ct w{jn krn;- asmy pr s{n;- ]cNt;- d/Y y; tn;v m'. rhn;- hm'x; nk;r;Tmk s{cn;- ^d?z~ k' v;t;vr~ m'. rhn;- b3>t} um@ y; kw} n kw} sd}E j/k;m b/Y;r y; k{eE n k{eE ]bm;r} k; a;k@m~ _ en sw} k;r~{. s' ]lvr k;yE o}r' o}r' km krt' j;t; h" : esk' k;r~ ]lvr k' bh/t s;r' k']mkl- ANj;em y; h;|rm{Ns j{ bnt' h". unk} m;8;; k;f} km h{ j;t} h" : ]lvr pr dv;ey{. k; d/Zp]r~;m w} h{t; h" _ j"s' ml']ry;- Bl2^"xr- 2;yb}`}j- ºdy r{g y; a;qEr;e`}s j"s} ´{]nk ]bm;]ry{. m'. hm'x; hr r{j dv;eE Y;y} j;t} h"- ]jsk; b/r; asr ]lvr pr p2>t; h" a[r ]lvr k} k;yEX]Kt 6}~ h{t} j;t} h" : ]jNh'. b;r_b;r f}vr a;t; h{ y; ]jnk{ ml']ry;- `;ef;|e2 y; p}]ly; h;l m'. y; kw} w} phl' h/a; h{ unk; ]lvr bh/t h} kmj{r h{t; h" : y' l{g m;.s_m9l} eTy;]d Y;n' s' y; g]rZ` w{jn krn' s' w} ]lvr k{ Jy;d; k;yE krn; p2t; h" : bh/t Jy;d; k;yE krn' s' usk' s'Lls qk j;t' h". a[r usk; k;yE km h{t; j;t; h" : yh;. tk ]k f"`s k{ 1}k s' n pc; p;n' k' k;r~ f"`s xr}r m'. jmn' lgt} h"- Vy]Kt m{`; h{n' lgt; h" a[r ]lvr Y/d w} "f"`} ]lvr" (fatty liver) bn j;t; h" : ]lvr k; Ak m/Åy k;m h" detoxification y;]n nx}l} c}j{. k; `;Ks}n (jhr) b;hr ]nk;ln; j"s} xr;b- ]sgr'`- p;n_pr;g y; tMb;k? eTy;]d : pr j{ hm'x; xr;b p}t' h". y; tMb;k? Y;t' rht' h". ]lvr k} s"Ls k} k;yEx]Kt Jy;d; k;yE krn' s' YTm h{ j;t} h"- ] jss' unm'. s?jn a; j;t} h" : ]fr w} y]d Vy]Ë n' apn} a;dt'. n bdl}> t{ d{ y; t}n s;l b;d ‘]lvr ]sr{]ss’ (liver cirrhosis) h{ skt; h" : hm;r' xr}r k} f}2b"k ]sS`m (feedback system) n;mk VyvSq; h" ]jsk' %;r; ]ks} w} a.g k{ ]ktn} m;µ; m'. h:|rm{Ns k} j#rt h"- yh ]n~Ey ]ly; j;t; h" : pr y]d k{eE AN2{k@;en g@.q} Jy;d; h:|rm{Ns bn; w} d' a[r xr}r m'. usk} j#rt n h{ t{ rË %;r; ]lvr m'. ph/\cn' k' b;d v' YTm h{ j;t' h".: es}]ly' ]lvr 1}k rhn' s' h:|rm{Ns pr w} ]ny.8;~ rht; h" : CP y;]n s'r'b@l p|Ls} k' bCc{. k' h;q p"r jk2 j;t' h". _ es' Sp|]S`]s`} (spasticity) kht' h". : hm kht' h". ]k enk' xr}r m'. A'Lkl} b3>} h" ]jsk' k;r~ y' jk2n h" : A's' bCc{. k; y]d ]lvr 1}k krt' h". t{ unk' h;q p"r 3}l' p2n' lgt' h". : o}r' o}r' b@'n pr w} aC9; asr h{t; h"- y]d ]f`=s a;t' h{. t{ v' w} b.d h{ j;t' h". : es ^k;r s' bh/t s;r} ]bm;r}y;. h". j{ ]sfE es Ak a.g k} k;yEx]Kt 6}~ h{n' k} vjh s' h} a;t} h". : en sbk' b;d w} hm;r; Sv;SQy etn; ]bg2t; nh}. h" jb tk ]k ]lvr k; bh/t Jy;d; n/ks;n n h{- tb hm ]bm;r h{t' h". : ]lvr y]d 20% w} k;yE krt; h" t{ hm'. Jy;d; k{eE tkl}f nh}. h{t} : y]d hm r{j ]sfE ]lvr k{ uks;y'. a[r us' 1}k s' k;yE krn' k' ]ly' ^']rt kr'. t{ bh/t s;r} ]bm;r}y;. a;y'g} h} nh}. y; a;y}. w} t{ hm uns' m/Kt h{ skt' h". : g/½j} k; khn; h" ]k x/#_x/# m'. ]lvr ]bg2>n' k; shj s?ck h" ]k n;Y?n{. k' n}c' k' w;g m'. aoE_cNd@m;_j"s} sf'd} ] dYn' lg'.g} : es' moons in the nails kht' h". : agr esk; t/rNt upc;r ]ky; j;y t{ b2>} b}m;r} m'. bdln' s' r{k skt' h". : ]lvr k} ]ks} w} b}m;r} m'. ]nMn upc;r bh/t h} l;wd;yk h" : upc;r _ (1) point liver x 6 treatments : d{_d{ i.`{. k' a.tr m'. s;r; ]dn d't' j;n; : d{_t}n mh}n; d'n' s' bh/t h} Jy;d; l;w ]ml'g; : yh upc;r ]nMn b}m;]ry{. m'. l;wd;yk h" : -

• • • •

]lvr upc;r k' ]v]w¸ upy{g uUpr k; upc;r ]lvr k} ]nMn b}m;]ry;\ m'. aTyNt l;wd;yk _ o h'p;`;e]`s (hepatitis) p}]ly; (jaundice) ]sr{]ss (cirrhosis) o fatty infiltration of liver y;]n ]lvr k' aNdr k' ]`x?j> m'. fat k} jm;v` h{ j;t} h"- ]jss' usk' k;yE m'. g2>b2>} a; j;t} h" : esk; Ak asr h" ]k rË m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l (cholesterol) y; `Ä;eE]Gls'r;e2=s ( triglycerides) b3> j;t' h". : agr rË m'. am{]ny; (ammonia) y; citrulline b3>n' k' k;r~ ]f`=s a;t} h{. y; ]rp{`E m'. abnormal EEG A's; ]lY; h{ t{ ; ml']ry; (malaria)- `;ef;|e2 (typhoid), y; ½m|]`k f}vr _ yh upc;r un bCc{. k{ w} d'n; h" ]jnk} m;. k{ p@'gn"Ns} m'. y; usk' phl' en b}m;]ry{. m'. s' k{eE w} a;y} h{ agr WBC b3>' h{.- y; A'm{]ny; b3>; h{- p{`"]xym Jy;d; y; km h{ t{- A'Bn[rml p@{`}n k{ km krn' sw} serious y; d}iEk;l}n b}m;]ry{. k' ]ly' ]jnm'. k/9 n}c' ]dy' gy' h". _

A'Nj;en; (angina)

SPl}n- ]lvr y; h;`E Anl;jE (enlarged) h{ t{ b@'n y; xr}r m'. Bl2 Kl{` h{ t{ ;

l.Gj> k} 6mt; b3>;n'

k{eE w} h{rm{n b3> j;y y; km h{ j;y us' 1}k krn'

eMy?]n`} b3>;n'

]ks} w} m'`;b{]lk ]2j;2Er m'. (metabolic disorders)

s'r'b@l p"Ls} (CP) y; m.d b/]5

m;]sk omE k} hr ]kSm k} pr'x;]ny;|\

p;cn x]Ë s/o;rn'

kmj{r Vy]Ëy{. k; vjn b3>;n' tq; mSsLj> bn;n'

A]rq@{p{y']`n k' ]ly'

Jy;d; vjn (m{`;p;) y; km vjn d{n{. m'.

rË s.c;r k' p@{Bl'm

K"]Lxym, a;ern- ]v`;]mn A, y; B12 k} km}

j'nrl kmj{r} (weakness)

km t;pm;n (low body temperature)

b/Y;r (]ks} w} ^k;r k;)

]ks} w} ^k;r k; eNf'Kxn y; eNFlm'xn m'.

]ks} w} ^k;r k} s?jn

j/l;b y; dSt (loose motions)

w?Y n lgn; y; apcn

Bl2 ^'xr b3>n; y; km h{n;

Pl'`'l'`=s k; km h{n;

]f`s- $;`k' y; d[r' (epilepsy)

Jv;.]2s- p}]ly;- y; ml']ry;

k{l'S`Ä;|l y; `Ä;eE]Gls'r;e2=s (triglycerides) k; b3> j;n;

]hm{Gl{]bn km h{n;

hkl;n; y; t{tl;n; (stammering)

n;k s' hm'x; p;n} a;n;

prn}]xys An}]my; (pernicious anemia)

p'x;b m'. eNf'Kxn

HIV; AIDS; cancer

]k2n} k} b}m;]ry;\

Av. RBC y; h}m{Gl{]bn b3>;n' _ Y;s kr p@'Gn"N` (pregnant) y;]n gwEvt} a[rt{. m'. ab Ak ]kSs; s/n'. – Transverse myelitis n;mk b}m;r} k' Ak p'x.` a;y' q' _ unk} p}1 pr aj}b uw;2>_j"s} Sv']l.g q} : b;r_b;r f}vr h{t; q; a[r y?]rn `"S` m'. p;y; gy; ]k p'x;b m'. ps s"Ls bh/t h} Jy;d; q}.- y;]n p'x;b k' rSt' m'. k/9 eNf'Kxn h" : m;y'l;e]`s eNFlm'xn k} b}m;r} h"- tq; us' a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er w} kht' h". – s{ ps s"Ls k' ]ly' 'Th - q;ems' y; 'Th + Ch q;ems c'S`' nh}. d' skt' : unk} pTn} k{ (1) point liver x 6 treatments ]sY;y; gy; a[r kh; gy; ]k hr i.`' k' b;d d't' j;ey' : uNh{.n' hm;r} b;t m;n l} a[r ]dn m'. km s' km b;rh `Ä}`=m'.` d} : t}n_c;r ]dn k' a.dr f}vr a;n; b.d h/a; a[r p'x.` k{ bh/t aC9; lgn' lg; : etn; h} nh}.- s;t ]dn k' b;d `"S` kr;y; t{ ]rp{`E a;y; ]k p'x;b m'. ab Akdm ps s"Ls nh}. h". : es ]kSs' s' y;d rh' ]k ]lvr eNf'Kxn tq; eNFlm'xn d{n{. m'. k;m d't; h" : yh upc;r Sp|]S`]s`} (spasticity) y;]n m;\s_p']xy{. k} k2>kpn k{ w} km krt; h" : a;y/v'Ed m'. kht' h". ]k p}pl k' Ak;o p¶{. k' s;q q{2; s[.f ]ml;kr s/bh Y;l} p'` m'. cb;kr Y; l'n' s' ]lvr k' ]ly' l;wd;yk h" : k/9 m/Åy A'm}n{ A']s2=s k} j;nk;r} A few facts about amino acids 

As'.xl tq; n;|n As'.xl A'm}n{ A']s2=s (Essential & Non essential amino acids ) kht' h". ]k es s.s;r m'. k/l ]ml;kr kr}b 80 A'm}n{ A']s2=s h". - ]jsm'. s' 22 amino acids mn/Zy k{ c;]hy' : en m'.

11 A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ xr}r k} g@.]qy;\ _ Y;s t[r s' ]lvr _ bn; p;t} h". _ s{ uNh'. n;|n As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s kh; j;t; h" : l']kn b;k} 11 amino acids k{ As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s kh; j;t; h" Ky{.]k uNh'. w{jn s' p@;Pt krn; h" _ ]jsk' ]ly' p;cn s.Sq; k; 1}k #p s' k;m krn; j#r} h" : As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s ]sS`}n Cysteine ]h]S`2}n Histidine a;es{ Ly?s}n Isoleucine l?]sn Leucine l;es}n Lysine m'q;ey{n;en Methionine f']nl a|l|n;en Phenyl alanine `;er{]sn Tyrosine q@}y{n;en Threonine ]`ÄP`{f|n Tryptophan v|l}n Valine

n;|n As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s a|l|n}n Alanine a|r]jn}n Arginine a|Sp|r]jn Asparagine a|Sp;]`Ek A']s2 Aspartic acid ]s`=`ÄLl;en Citrulline Gl?`|]mk A']s2 Glutamic acid Gl?`|m}n Glutamine Gl;es}n Glycine h;e2Ä;|]Ks p@{l}n Hydroxy proline p@{l}n Proline s'r;en Serine

kht' h". ]k s{y;b}n h} Ak A's} c}j h" ]jsm'. sw} 22 amino acids p;y' j;t' h". : esk' al;v; k{eE A's; Ak pd;qE nh}. h" ]jsm'. s;r' 22 A'm}n{ A']s2=s h{. : k/9 p@{`}n=s h". ]jn m'. sw} As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s h{t' h". _ j"s' ]k d?o- pn}r- a.2' v m;.s : eNh'. kMPl}` p@{`}n=s (complete proteins) kht' h". : b;k} p@{`}n=s j"s' s]Bjy;.- d;l'.- an;j eTy;]d m'. sw} As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s nh}. h{t}. _ ]ks} d;l m'. k/9 A'm}n{ A']s2=s h{.g} t{ ]ks} aNy d;l m'. k/9 a[r h{.g} : es]ly' xr}r k} j#rt k' ]ly' hm'. sw} p@k;r k} d;l'. Y;n} c;]hy' : b'htr h" ]k r{j j{ d;l bn rh} h" usm'. q{2} m;µ; m'. Ak y; d{ aNy d;l ]mKs (mix) krk' Y;y'. t;]k hr ]dn k} A'm}n{ A']s2=s k} j#rt p?r} h{ j;y : NT v'd k} ]l]Yt p@]t m'. n;|n As'Nxl m'. n;|r_Ly?s;en Norleucine, Hydroxyglutamic acid a[r R&W p. 272 m'. ]sS`}n Cystine n;mk Ak a[r A'm}n{ A']s2 k; w} ]j´ h" : p'` a[r p".]´y;s k' p;ck ANj;>em %;r; pc;y' j;n' k' b;d w{jn s' p@;Pt A'm}n{ A']s2=s a;.t]2y{. k' ]vl;eE (villi) %;r; rË m'. A'Bj{>bE (absorb) h{t} h". : a[r p{`El v'n (portal vein) %;r; ]lvr m'. tq; vh;\ s' s;r' sk/El'xn m'. h{kr hr Ak ]`x? k' p;s ph/\ct} h". : ]fr ]js ]`x? k{ ]jn_]jn A'm}n{ A']s2=s k} j#rt h" vh uNh'. rË s' g@h~ kr l't; h"- a[r un A'm}n{ A']s2=s s' us p@{`}n k{ bn; l't; h" j{ us' c;]hy' : jb sw} s"Ls k} j#rt'. p?r} h{ j;t} h" tb j{ Jy;d; A'm}n{ A']s2=s rh j;t} h".- j{ upy{g m'. nh}. a;y'- uNh'. ]lvr t{2kr y; a| 2}p{j> ]`x?j> (adipose tissues) m'. rYv;t} h" y; apn' p;s Gl;ek{j'n k' #p m'. S`{r kr l't} h" : es p@]´y; m'. f;lt? c}j (waste product) k' #p m'. Am{]ny; (ammonia) bnt; h" ]js' b;d m'. ]lvr y?]ry; k' #p m'. bdlt; h" ]js' ]k2n}j> p'x;b %;r; ]nk;l kr f'.kt} h". : agr y?]ry; 1}k s' n ]nkl p;y' t{ vh rË m'. y?]rk A']s2 bnkr rh j;t} h" : ab k/9 m/Åy A'm}n{ A']s2=s k' p@]t ]vx'z j;nk;r} d't' h". : ]jnk' b;r' m'. nh}. ]dy; gy; h" unk' b;r' m'. ]sfE etn; ]lY; h" ]k v' ^{`}n=s k' pcn' k' b;d bnt' h". : As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s (Essential amino acids) ]h]S`2}n Histidine yh ]`x? k' ^{`}n=s k' h;eE2Ä{l;e]ss (hydrolysis) n;mk p@]´y; s' bnt} h" : yh ]`x? ]rp'yr (repair) y;]n mrMmt Av. ]`x? k' ]vk;s (growth) k' ]ly' a;vXyk A'm}n{ A']s2 h" : a;es{ Ly?s}n Isoleucine f;e]b@n (fibrin) tq; aNy keE p@{`}n=s k{ h;e2Ä{l;e]ss (hydrolysis) n;mk p@]´y; s' t{2>n' pr yh bnt; h" : es' ]ny]mt #p s' Y;n; c;]hy' :

l?]sn Leucine yh A']s2 p@{`}n pcn' k' b;d bnt} h" y; p;y} j;t} h" : yh xr}r k' sw} ]`x?j> m'. h{t} h" : yh xr}r k' n[rml ]vk;s a[r cy;pcy k' ]ly' j#r} h" : l;es}n Lysine yh w} p@{`}n pcn' k' b;d bnt} h" y; p;y} j;t} h" j{ s;o;r~ ]vk;s a[r ]`x?j> k} mrMmt y; d/½St} k' ]ly' j#r} h" : m'q;ey{n;en Methionine yh sLfr (sulfur) k; k.p;u.2 h" j{ Ak As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2 h" : `;er{]sn Tyrosine yh Ak bh/t h} m/Åy A'm}n{ A']s2 h" j{ ]k d?o- dh}- pn}r eTy;]d d?o s' bn} c}j{. m'. p;y} j;t} h" : esk' cy;pcy k' ]ly' d{ m/Åy ]v`;]mNs c;]hy' _ ]v`;]mn C, Av. f{]lk A']s2 : es A'm}n{ A']s2 s' keE aNy h{rm{Ns bnt} h". : l']kn v' sb tb bn'.g} jb d?o 1}k s' pc j;y a[r us Vy]Ë k' Y;n' m'. fl a[r hr} s]Bjy;\ py;EPt m;µ; m'. h{ : `;er{]sn a|m}n{ A']s2 s' d{ g@.]qy{. k' h{rm{Ns bnt' h". _ q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 Av. A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; • agr es k' s;q a;y{]2n alg_alg m;µ; m'. j/2> j;y t{ uss' q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' T3, T4 h{rm{Ns bn'.g' : • A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; k' d{ h{rm{Ns A'p}n"f>]rn Av. n[r_Ap}n'fr}n bnn' k' ]ly' c;r alg p@]´y;y'. h". _ `;er{]sn a|m}n{ A']s2  h;e2Ä;|]Ksl'xn (hydroxylation)  2{p; bn'g; 2{p;  2}k;|rb;|]Ksl'xn (decarboxylation)  2{p|m}n bn'g; 2{p|m}n  h;e2Ä;|]Ksl'xn (hydroxylation) n[r_Ap}n'fr}n bn'g; n[r_Ap}n'fr}n  m']ql'xn (methylation)  A'p}n"f>r}n bn'g; enk' al;v; `;er{]sn a|m}n{ A']s2 s' m'l;]nn (Melanin) n;mk h[rm{n w} bnt; h"- j{ a;\Y- b;l a[r cm2} k' r.g k' ]ly' j#r} h" : ]`ÄP`{f|n Tryptophan yh m;.s v; m9l} m'. a]ok p;eE j;t} h" : xr}r k' n[rml g@{q y;]n ]vk;s k' ]ly' esk} bh/t j#rt h" : es} A'm}n{ A']s2 s' s'r{`{]nn bnt} h" : nvE s"Ls k' a.dr s' nvE e.pLss _ impulses y;]n nvE %;r; s.d'x _ k' 1}k p@k;r s' y;t;y;t k' ]ly' yh Ak m/Åy k"m}kl h" : ]`ÄP`{f|n k} g{l} a]ok m;µ; m'. l} j;y t{ u]L`y;\- j} ]mcl;n; eTy;]d h{ skt' h". : v|l}n Valine yh 9{`' bCc{. k' Sv;w;]vk ]vk;s k' ]ly' j#r} h" : w{jn s' h} es' p@;Pt krn; h" -

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n;|n As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s (Non-essential amino acids)

a|r]jn}n Arginine yh A']s2 s]Bjy{. k' ]`x?j> k' 2}kMp{j> h{n' s' (decompose) y;]n s2>n' k' b;d bnt} h" : yh eNs/]ln k{ uks;t} h" : a|Sp;]`Ek A']s2 Aspartic acid p".]´y;s k' p;cn ]´y; s' p@;Pt h{n'v;l} Ak n;|n As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2 h" : ]s`=`ÄLl;en Citrulline yh trb?j (water melon) m'. p;y} j;t} h" : ]lvr k} b}m;]ry{. m'. esk} m;µ; rË- p'x;b a[r CSF m'. b3> skt} h" : A's' h{n' pr A'm{]ny; w} b3> j;t; h" a[r u]L`y;.- ]f`=s tq; m.d b/]5 j"s' aNy l6~ w} ]dY skt' h". : agr trb?j Y;n' pr ]ks} k{ u]L`y;. h{ t{ x;yd vh es A']s2 k' b3>n'' k' k;r~ h" < agr A's; h{ t{ uNh'. ]lvr k; upc;r d'kr x;yd t/r.t a;r;m ph/\c'g; < _ (1) Single point liver x 6 treatments Gl?`|]mk A']s2 Glutamic acid yh p@{`}n=s k' pcn ]´y; k' d[r;n bnt} h" : yh Ak m;µ A'm}n{ A']s2 h"- ]js' b@'n apn} m'`;b[l;ej> (metabolize) kr p;t; h"- y;]n j#rt k' an/s;r esk; adl_bdl kr skt; h" : esk' k.p;u.2 glutamates h". j{ Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r h" _ y' b@'n k' k;| r`'Ks (cortex) k' keE w;g{. tq; b'sl g".Gl}y; m'. s.v'dn; tNt/a{. k' n]lk;a{. (sensory pathways) s' ]nklt' h". : yh A']s2 x;yd hm'x; uks;n' (excitation) k; k;yE krt} h" : (Guyton 10th ed. p 520, 659) a;\Y{. k' a.dr rods & cones n;mk rcn;y'. h". ]jnk' b;ep{lr s"Ls (bipolar cells) k' ]sn|Pss (synapses*) glutamates y;]n glutamic acid k' k.p;u.2 bn;t' h". : y' Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r h". _ j{ uks;n' (excitation) k; k;yE krt' h". : * d{ Ny?r[Ns k' j.Kxn _ y;]n jh;. Ak Ny?r[n k; A'Ks;|n (axon) d?sr' Ny?r[n k' 2'N2Ä;|n (dendron)s' ]mlt; h". _ us jgh k{ ] sn|Ps (synapse) kht' h". : Gl?`|m}n Glutamine s{c; j;t; h" ]k yh A'm}n{ A']s2 Stress response k' hyper-metabolic phase m'. GIT k' My?k{s; k} integrity k{ bn;y' rYt} h" : Cellular proliferation k{ b3>;n' k' k;r~ yh a;.t]2y{. k} A'Bj{>pExn k{ b3>;t} h" Av. a;.t k} d}v;r s' xr}r k' a.dr b"K`}]ry; k' j;n' k{ r{kt} h" : Gl;es}n Glycine yh m/Åyt+ Sp;enl k[2E k' ]sn|Pss (synapses) %;r; bnt} h" (Guyton 10th ed. p 586) _ a;\Y{. k' r'`}n; k' ]sn|Pss (synapses) km s' km a;1 ]v]w¸ Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r bn;t' h". ]jnm'. p;.c m/Åy h". : GABA y;]n g;m; a|m}n{ By?]`]rk A']s2 (Gamma amino butyric acid) Glycine Gl;es}n Dopamine 2{p|m}n Acetylcholine a|s']`l k{l}n Indolamine eN2{lm}n y' sw} inhibition y;]n r{kn' k; k;yE krt' h". h;e2Ä;|]Ks p@{l}n Hydroxy proline yh k{l;j'n (collagen) m'. p;y} j;t} h" : k{l;j'n Ak bh/t h} mjb?t p@{`}n h" j{ ]nMn c}j{. m'. h{t} h" _ bone h2=2} dermis y;]n Tvc; k} uUpr} prt cartilage k;]`El'j connective tissue y;]n j{2>n' v;l' ]`x? tendons `'.2n j{ msl k{ h2=2} k' s;q j{2>t' h". ligament ]lg;m'N` j{ d{ h]2=2y{. k{ Ak d?sr' s' j/2>' rhn' m'. mdd krt; h" : uUpr k' sw} m'. My?]sn (mucin) h" j{ b;el m'. p;y; j;t; h" : agr enm'. s' ]ks} k{ bn;n; h{ t{ Vater + New Gal treatment s' bn; skt' h". : s'r;en Serine yh d?o k' k']sn (casein) m'.- v;e`']ln (vitellin y;]n egg yolk k; p@{`}n ) tq; aNy keE p@{`}n{. m'. tq; SvSq Vy]Ëy{. k} p'x;b m'. p;y} j;t} h" : g[l Bl"2r Gall Bladder g[l Bl"2r p}yr n;mk Ak fl k' a;k;r (pear shape) k} q"l}_s} h" j{ ]lvr k} d;.eE l{b (right lobe of liver) k' n}c' ]Sqt h" : esk' a.dr k; v[Ly?m y;]n a;ytn k/l 50 y; 60 cc tk h} h{t; h" : yh Ak g{d;m j"s; h" jh;. ]lvr k' bn;y' b;el k{ S`{r y;]n s.]ct krk' rY; j;t; h" : ]lvr c[b}s i.`{. m'. b?.d_b?.d krk' 500 s' 750 ml k} m;µ; m'. ptl; b;el bn;t} h"- ]jsk; r.g p}l; h{t; h" : vh b;el jb g[l Bl"2r k' a.dr ph/\ct; h" t{ g[l Bl"2r us b;el m'. s' p;n} k{ ]nk;l kr us' Ak g`=1 Fl?e2 k' #p m'. apn' a.dr rY l't; h" : g`=1 h{n' k' k;r~ us b;el k; r.g p}l' s' bdlkr hr' r.g k; h{ j;t; h" : p'` y; stomach jh;. 2=y/a{2'nm k' s;q ]mlt; h"- vh;. p;eEl{rs (pylorus) n;m k; ]Sf.K`r (sphincter) h"- j{ p'` k' pc;y' h/y' k;em k{ 2=y/a{2'nm n;mk 9{`} a;.t2>} k' uUpr} w;g m'. w'jt; h" : w{jn m'. ]jtn} m;µ; m'. i} t'l eTy;]d f'`=s Y;y' j;t' h".- usk' an/s;r 2=y/a{2'nm m'. CCK n;mk h{rm{n ]nklt; h", j{ g[l Bl"2r k{ b;eEl w'jn' k' ]ly' uks;t; h" : us k' an/s;r g[l Bl"2r s' ]jtn; b;eEl c;]hy' ]nkl'g; j{ b;eEl 2K`= %;r; j{ ampoulla of vater s' 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ]mlt; h" : b;eEl 2=y/a{2'nm m'. i} t'l k} k~{. k{ ]cpk;n' nh}. d'g; a[r uNh'. alg_alg k~{. m'. kr d'g; : ]fr p".]´y;s k; w'j; h/a; l;ep's n;mk ANj;>em en 9{`' k~{. k{ f"`} A']s2 m'. bdl d'g;- j{ eE]lym k} ]vLl;eE %;r; s{Y kr lymphs %;r; xr}r k' a.dr ph/\c; ]dy; j;t; h" : b;eEl k; yh action usk' a.dr k' bile salts %;r; ]ky; j;t; h" ]jnk; n;m glyco-cholate Av. tauro-cholate h" : b;eEl k' a.dr b;eEl ]pGm"N` (bilirubin a[r biliverdin) h". : eNh}. k' k;r~ usk; r.g ]dY;y} d't; h" : esk' al;v; usm'. k{l'S`Ä;|l- l's}]qn- My?]sn- a[r d?sr' organic a[r inorganic sBS`;Nss (substances) y;]n pd;qE h". : l's}]qn lecithin – yh Ak vs; y;]n i}_t'l j;t}y pd;qE h" j{ ]k phospho-lipids g@?p k} h" : yh rË m'.- b;eEl m'.b@'n m'.- a.2' k} jd}E m'.- nVEj> m'.- Av. p@;]~y{. k} aNy ]`x?j> m'. p;y} j;t} h" : jb es' h;e2Ä{l;e]ss ]ky; j;y t{ stearic acid, ]Gls'r;|l- f;|Sf{]rk A']s2 a[r k{l;en (choline) eTy;]d bnt' h". : Phospho lipid Ak vSt/ h" ]jsm'. phosphorus a[r vs; k; ]mR~ h" : stearic acid _ p@;]~y{. k' f'`=s m'. p;y} j ;t} h"- Av. k/9 s]Bjy{. m'. w} h" : My?]sn mucin – yh Ak glyco-protein h"- y;]n k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s Av. ^{`}n k; ]mR~ h" j{ My?ks m'. p;y; j;t; h" : esk' al;v; yh sl;ev; tq; sl;evr} Gl".2=s (salivary glands) m'.- Av. cm2>}- connective ]`x?j>- tendons, a[r k;r`}l'j (cartilage) m'. p;y; j;t; h" : b;eEl 24 i.`{. m'. 800 cc bnt} h" : yh kBj} k{ ]m`;t} h" a[r p'` s;f krt} h" : b;eEl k; Ak a[r g/~ h" ]k vh anti-septic y;]n k}`;~/_n;xk h{t} h" : jb ]lvr kmj{r h{ j;t} h"- t{ rË m'. b;eEl k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h" ]jss' Jv;.]2s (jaundice) y;]n p}]ly; h{ j;t; h"- a[r r{g} k{ n pc; h/a; i}_t'l s.2;s m'. ]nkl skt; h" : A's} avSq; m'. r{g} k{ i}_t'l ]bLk/l nh}. Y;n; c;]hy' :

agr g[l Bl"2r k' My?k[s; m'. eNFlm'xn a; j;y' t{ ³} b;eEl (free bile ???) %;r; g[l Bl"2r m'. S`{n y;]n pqr} bnt} h" : Ny?r{q'r'p} m'. es S`{n k{ gl;n'' k; tq; usk' k;r~ a;y} eNFlm'xn k{ 1}k krn' k; upc;r h" _ (12) Liv (6) Adr Oy;n rh' ]k g[l Bl"2r k{ CCK, v'g;s nvE y;]n ds n.br k} ´']nyl nvE a[r enteric nervous system (y;]n a;.t]2y{. k' nvEs ]sS`m ) k' %;r; uks;y; j;t; h" : 2=y/a{2'nm y; a;.t2>} k' aNdr j{ peristalsis k} wave y;]n lhr clt} h"- us' b;eEl h} l;t} h" : us} lhr k' %;r; ]Sf.K`r a[f a[2} (sphincter of Oddi) k{ uks;y; j;t; h"- ]js k' k;r~ b;eEl 2=y/a{2'nm m'. 9{2>} j;t} h" : jb Y;n' m'. i}_t'l ]bLk/l n h{ t{ g[l Bl"2r b;eEl nh}. 9{2>t; h" y; km 9{2>t; h" : uUpr bt;y; gy; h" ]k g[l Bl"2r k} b;eEl A'N`}s"]P`k (anti-septic) h", j{ ps (pus) k' s;q ]mlkr a;|Ks}jn k{ 9{2>t} h" a[r es trh ps k; sf;y; krt} h" : b;eEl jb 2=y/a{2'nm m'. j;kr k;em (chyme) k' s;q ]mlt} h" t{ Ak trh k} 4;g_j"s} h{ j;t} h" f'`=s k} k~{. k{ Ak d?sr' k' s;q ]cpkn' nh}. d't} : Av. b;el a;.t2>} k' m;\s_p']xy{. k} `"Nxn k{ km krt} h" _ ]js k' b;d h} p".]´y;s k; l;eEp'j> (lipase) i}_t'l- f"`=s eTy;]d k{ 1}k s' pc; p;t} h" _ A's; b;eEl m'. j{ glyco-cholate a[r tauro cholate k' k;r~ h{t; h" j{ b;eEl m'. p;y} j;t} h". : Glycocholate Ak b;eEl salt h" j{ ]k glycocholic acid s' bn; h/a; h" : uUpr bt;y; gy; h" ]k a;.t2>} m'. j{ v'v y; lhr clt} h" vh b;eEl k' peristalsis k{ uks;y' j;n' k' k;r~ A's; h{t; h" a[r p{kl y; hollow a;.t2>} j{ tube k} trh h" us m'. v'v clt} h" j{ a;.t2>} k' aNdr k' c}j{. k{ a;g' ok'lt} h" a[r yh v'v n cln' pr kBj} k} ] xk;yt h{t} h" : yh a;.t2>} k' aNdr k' Sm?q r;u.2 mSsl (smooth round muscles) k{ ]sk{2>t} h" y; k[NS`Ä}K` krt} h" a[r yh ]sk/2>n a;g'_a;g' lhr k} trh clt} h" : ]sk/2>n k' p}9' ]rl|Ks'xn (relaxation) w} h{t} h" ]js s' v'v k} trh y; lhr k} trh k;yE krt} h" : b;el k{ uks;n' k; sbs' nv}n upc;r h" _ New Gal formula a;jkl d'Y; gy; h" ]k phl' Vater Formula d'kr b;d m'. New Gal formula d'. t{ bh/t h} b]3>y; results a;t' h". : ]b]l#]bn Bilirubin ]b]l#]bn b;eEl k; Ak ]pGm"N` h" ]jsk; r.g n;r.g} y; p}l; r.g h"- j{ ]k b;el k{ r.g p@d;n krt; h" : yh rË k' RBC’s m'. j{ h}m{Gl{]bn h"- uss' bnt; h" : l;l rË k} s"Ll (RBC’s) k} a;y/ h" 120 ]dn : jb unk} a;y/ p?r} h{ j;t} h" t{ unk{ macrophage system k} s"Lls %;r; YTm ]ky; j;t; h" j{ ]k ]lvr- SPl}n a[r b{n m"r{ y;]n h2=2} k} a.dr} mJj' m'. rht} h". : es p@]´y; k' d[r;n jh;. w} ]b]l#]bn bn' vh rË %;r; ]lvr m'. w'j; j;t; h"- jh;. us' b;eEl m'. 2;l; j;t; h" : yh ]b]l#]bn b;eEl m'. rht; h"- a[r 2=y/a{2'nm %;r; b2>} a;.t m'. w'j; j;t; h"- jh;. pr us' b"K`}]ry; k' bn;y' ANj;>em %;r; Urobilinogen m'. bdl ]dy; j;t; h" a[r aNt m'. ``=`} %;r; b;hr ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : agr urobilinogen rË k' p@v;h m'. cl; j;y t{ us' p'x;b %;r; b;hr ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : y; esk; k/9 w;g d/b;r; b;eEl m'. cl; j;t; h" : agr yh rË m'. jm; h{kr b3>t' j;y' t{ r{g} k{ jaundice h{ j;t; h" : esk; Ak m/Åy ud;hr~ h" ]k k/9 bCc{. k{ jNm k' b;d h} Ak;o ]dn{. k' ]ly' jaundice k; a; j;n; : y?r{]b]ln{j"n Urobilinogen esk; k{eE r.g nh}. h{t; : j"s' uUpr ]lY; gy; h"- ]b]l#]bn k' uUpr a;.t2>} k' b"K`}]ry; k' ANj;>em k} p@]´y; %;r; Urobilinogen bn j;t; h" j{ ``=`} %;r; b;hr ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : agr Urobilinogen rË k' p@v;h m'. cl; j;y t{ us' p'x;b %;r; b;hr ] nk;l ]dy; j;t; h"- y; usk; k/9 w;g d/b;r; b;eEl m'. cl; j;t; h" : Gl}s'r;|l Glycerol (glycerine) Glycerol Ak ]kSm k; alcohol h" : esk' ]mR~ s' hr p@k;r k} fats bnt} h" : yh Ak r.g_h}n trl pd;qE h" j{ p;n} m'. y; alcohol m'. ]ml j;t; h" : yh cm2} k} b}m;]ry{. k' ]ly' bh/t upy{g} h" : Glaucoma k' p'x.`{. m'. intra ocular p@'xr y;]n a;\Y{. k' p/tl} k' a.dr k' p@'xr k{ km krn' tq; intra cranial p@'xr y;]n b@'n k' a.dr jb Fl?e2 b3> j;t} h"- us' km krn' k' ]ly' yh dv;eE k' #p m'. bh/t upy{g} h" : (Taber’s 18th edn.p 808) y;]n glaucoma tq; hydrocephalus m'. New Gal treatment d'n} c;]hy' <<< Try krn; h" : a;.t2>}y{. tq; ]lvr m'. b;eEl s[L`=s k; s.c;r tkr}bn 3% b;eEl s;|L`=s eN`'S`;en k' My?k{s; m'. d/b;r; s{Y ]ly; j;t; h" : yh k;m eE]lym (ileum) m'. h{t; h" : eE]lym 9{`} a;.t2>} k; a;]Yr} 4-5 m}`r k; w;g h"- j{ l;jE k{ln k{ j;kr ]mlt; h" : uor s{Yn' k' b;d b;eEl s;|L`=s p{r`l Bl2 %;r; ] lvr m'. cl' j;t' h". : ]lvr m'. j;n' k' b;d ]lvr k' s"Ls us' d/b;r; b;eEl m'. 2;l d't' h". : es p@k;r s' 94% b;eEl s[L`=s d/b;r; circulation m'. upy{g m'. l;y; j;t; h" : a[r b;k} k; 6% waste h{ j;t; h" j{ ``=`} m'. ]nkl j;t; h" : es trh 18 b;r tk A's; h{ skt; h"b;k} k; 6% j{ km h{ j;t; h"- ]lvr k' s"Ls us' bn; l't' h". j{ es km} k{ p?r; kr l't' h". : ]jtn; b;eEl r{j bnt; h"- usk; d;r{md;r y; usk; A's; h{n; b;eEl s[L`=s k' uUpr ]nwEr h{t; h" : ]jtn; Jy;d; b;eEl s[L`=s h{.g' utn; a]ok b;eEl bn'g; a[r ]lvr w} utn; a]ok b;eEl s[L`=s bn; d't; h" (2.5 gm. tk r{j : v"s' r{j 0.5gms. bnt; h" ) ]js s' s"k2>{. ]mLl} l}`r (800 ml) b;eEl a]ok bn j;t} h" : b;eEl s;|L`=s k' m/Åy k;yE ]lvr k} s"Ls tkr}bn 0.5 gms. b;eEl s;L`=s (bile salts) r{j bn;t} h".- j{ ]k k{l'S`Ä;|l s' bnt' h".- j{ Y;n' m'. f'`=s k' pcn' k' b;d bnt; h" : b;d m'. yh k{]lk A']s2 (cholic acid) m'. w} bdl j;t; h" : yh k{]lk A']s2 Gl;e]sn (glycine) n;mk Ak nonessential acid k' s;q ]mlkr glyco-cholic acid bn;t; h" (k{]lk A']s2 %;r; g[l Bl"2r k' aNdr k' S`{n k{ sm;Pt ]ky; j; skt; h" ) : en acids k' salts b;eEl m'. ]ml j;t' h". j{ b;d m'. a;.t2>} m'. cl' j;t' h". : Oy;n rh' ]k en b;eEl s[L`=s (bile salts) k' d{ m/Åy y; j#r} f.KxNs y; k;m h". _ phl; b;eEl s[L`=s m'. electric charge bh/t sÅt h{t' h". ]jss' a;.t2>} m'. enk; k;yE 1}k v"s; h} h{t; h" j"s' detergent y;]n s;b/n k; k;yE h" ]k vh vh m"l k' k~{. k' b}c m'. j;kr b"1 j;t; h"- a[r uNh'. ]cpkn' nh}. d't; : v"s' h} y' b;el s;|L`=s a;.t2>} k' a.dr k} `"Nxn k{ km krt' h".- a[r w{jn k' a.dr k' f"`=s k' b}c m'. j; b"1t' h". a[r un k~{. k{ 9{`'_9{`' `/k2>{. m'. alg_alg rhn' k' ]ly' mjb?r kr d't' h". : d?sr; enk; Ak bh/t j#r} k;m yh h" ]k a;.t2>} m'. b;eEl %;r; h} f"`=`} A']s2=j> (fatty acids) k{ s{Y; j;t; h" : y' f"`} A']s2=j> y; d? sr' lipids w} k{ s{Yn' m'. mdd krt' h". : Oy;n rh' ]k b;eEl s[L`=s k' bg"r 40% lipids ``=`} m'. ]nkl j;t' h". a[r a[r vh keE Ny?]`ÄAN`=s k{ nh}. pc; p;t; ]jss' mn/Zy k{ m'`;b[]lk 2"f}]xyNs} (deficiency) h{ j;t} h" : y;]n j{ w} m'`;b[]lk ]2j>;E2r f"`} A']s2 y; Ny?]`ÄAN`=s k} km} s' a;t} h".- uNh'. 1}k krn' k' ]ly' hm'. Vater + New Gal formula d'n; h" :

b;eEl k' ]nk;s m'. ]s´']`n k; f.Kxn b;eEl A']s2=j> (bile acids) %;r; b;eEl secretion krn; y; b;eEl bn;n' k' al;v;- ]s´']`n h[rm{n j{ 9{`} a;.t2>} m'. bnt; h"- Y;n; Y;n' k' b;d ]lvr k{ a[r b;eEl bn;n' k{ uks;t; h"- a[r keE i.`{. tk ]lvr b;eEl k{ k;f} a]ok m;µ; m'. bn;t; h" : Oy;n rh' ]s´']`n k{ p'` s' w'j' h/y' k;em k{ y;]n Y;n; j{ h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 s' wr; h"- usk{ x;.t krn' k' ]ly'- p".]´y;s k{ s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` k{ w'jn' k' ] ly' uks;t; h"- prNt/ ]lvr k{ w} b;eEl m'. b;ek;rb{n'` w'jn' k' ]ly' uks;t; h"- t;]k vh p".]´y;s k' w'j' h/y' s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` k' s;q ]mlkr us k;em k} A']s2 k{ x;.t kr d't; h" y; neutralize kr d't; h" : k{l'S`Ä;|l k; uTp;dn tq; g[l Bl"2r m'. pqr} k; bnn; Oy;n rh'- xr}r m'. ]jtn; w} k{l'S`Ä;|l h"- usk; a;o; mtlb 50% ]lvr m'. bnt; h" : b;k} k; 50% xr}r k{ Y;n' %;r; ]mlt; h" : g[l Bl"2r s' w'j' b;eEl m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l w} p;y; j;t; h" : yh ]lvr k' bn;y' k{l'S`Ä;|l k' dsv'. w;g k' br;br h{t; h" : A's; Ky{. h{t; h" pt; nh}.- prNt/ A's; lgt; h"- j"s' x;yd b;eEl bn;n' k; by-product h" : k{l'S`Ä;|l p;n} m'. nh}. i/lt; prNt/ agr es k' s;q b;eEl s[L`=s a[r lecithin ]ml; ]dy; j;y t{ yh p;n} m'. i/l skt; h" : jb g[l Bl"2r ]lvr s' bn' b;eEl s' p;n} ]nk;l kr g`=` bn;kr 50 y; 60 cc. rY l't; h" t{ usk' s.g b;eEl s[L`=s a[r lecithin w} rht' h". : Urea s' sMb]Not k/9 xBd y?]ry; k;rb{]nk A']s2 k; Ak 2;eE_am"2> (di-amide) h"- ]jsk; f[rm/l; CH4N2O h" : yh rË m'.- ]lMf m'. tq; p'x;b m'. p;y; j;t; h" : y?]ry; ]lvr m'. us ammonia s' bnt; h" j{ A'm}n{ A']s2=s k' de-amination s' bnt; h" : mtlb y?]ry; ammonia s' bnt; h" a[r ammonia A'm}n{ A']s2=s k' cy;pcy k' d[r;n (de-amination h{n' k' b;d) bnt; h" : d?sr' xBd{. m'. jb A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ t{2 kr A'm{]ny; bnt; h"- ]fr ]lvr us A'm{]ny; k{ t{2t; h" tb y?]ry; bnt; h" ]js' p'x;b %;r; ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : esk' al;v; yh xr}r m'. a;rj}n;en arginine n;mk A'm}n{ A']s2 s' w} bn;y; j; skt; h" : y?]ry; p'x;b k; Ak m/Åy a.x h" : yh p@{`}n cy;pcy k; a.]tm uTp;dn h" : y?]rn k' %;r; j{ n;e`Ä{j"n k; ]nk;s h{t; h"usm'. kr}b 80 s' 90 p@]txt y?]ry; k' #p m'. h} h{t; h" : rË m'. y?]ry; k' b3>n' k{ y?r}]my; uremia kht' h". : mn/Zy ]ktn; p@{`}n Y;t; h"- us pr y?]ry; k; ]nk;s ]nwEr h" : y?]ry; k; ]nk;s f}vr m'.- 2;y;b}`}s m'.- tq; A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 Jy;d; k;m krn' pr b3> j;t; h" : t{ rË m'. y?]ry; b3> j;y t{ (6) Adr y; (10) Adr d'n' s' l;w h{ skt; h" Ky; < try krn; h" : y?]ry; k{ diuretic y;]n p'x;b b3>;n' k} dv;eE bn;n' k' ]ly' upy{g krt' h". : Ammonia NH3 a|m{]ny; yh p@{`}n a[r A'm}n{ A']s2=s k' 2}kMp{j> (decompose) h{n' y;]n unk' `?`n' pr bnt} h": yh} a|m{]ny; k{ b;d m'. ]lvr k' aNdr y?]ry; m'. bdl ]dy; j;t; h" : yh keE jhr}l} vSt/a{. m'. p;y} j;t} h" : v"s' h} an'k upy{g} p@{`}n Av. d?sr' l;wkr k"m}kLs ]jnm'. n;e`Ä{j"n rht} h"- uns' w} esk; sMbNo h" : a[r yh n;e`Ä{j"n k; end-product y;]n a.]tm ]nZkzE h" : yh p;n} m'. i/l j;t} h"- A']s2=s k{ x;.t krt} h" Av. red litmus paper y;]n l;l ]l`=ms k;gj k' r.g k{ n}l; bn; d't} h" ]jss' s;]bt h{t; h" ] k yh A'Lkl;en (alkaline) g"s h" Diamide: 2"_am"2> _ us k.p;u.2 k{ kht' h". ]js m'. d{ a|m;en (amine) g@?p=s h{. : kw}_kw} Ak 2"_am"n y; h;eE2Ä{j'n k{ s?]ct krn' k' ]ly' w} es xBd k; upy{g ]ky; j;t; h" j{ ]k krn; nh}. c;]hy' : Deaminization: 2}_a|m}n;ej>'xn ]ks} Am}n{ k.p;u.2 s' NH2 n;mk k"m}kl g@?p k; ]nkl j;n' k{ y; ]nk;l ]dy' j;n' k{ 2} a|m}n;ej>'xn kht' h". : yh a| m}n{ g@?p=s (amino groups) k{ pc;n' k} Ak p@]´y; h" : agr yh p@]´y; a;|Ks}jn k' m;Oym s' h{ t{ us' a[Ks}2']`v (oxidative) 2}_a|m}n;ej>xn Av. agr vh h;eE2Ä{l;e]ss %;r; y;]n p;n} k' ]mR~ s' h{ t{ us' h;eE2Ä{l;e]`k hydrolytic 2}_a| m}n;ej>xn kht' h". : ud;hr~ k' ]ly' Alanine k{ a[Ks}2']`v 2}_a|m}n;ej>'xn krn' k' b;d _ p;eE#]vk A']s2 a[r a|m{]ny; (ammonia) – n;mk d{ vSt/y'. bn'.g} ]jsk; eEKv'xn (equation) es p@k;r h" _ CH2CH(NH2)COOH + O = CH3CO.COOH + NH2 ]js ANj;>em s' a{]Ks2;eE]j>.g (oxidizing) ]ky; j;y'g;- agr us p@]´y; k' b;d a|m}n{ g@?p=s ]nklt' h".- tb us' 2}_a|m}n;e]j>.g ANj;>em (de-aminizing enzyme) kht' h".: Cell respiration y;]n a;|Ks}jn k} up]Sq]t m'. s"Ls k' a.dr Ny?]`ÄAN`=s nutrients k{ t{2n' k} ]´y; k' ]ly' A'm}n{ A']s2=s k; 2}_a|m}n;ej>'xn krn; h} phl; kdm h" : a[r es k' b;d NH2 k{ y?]ry; m'. bdl ]dy; j;t; h" a[r p'x;b %;r; xr}r s' b;hr ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : agr xr}r m'. y?]ry; k} m;µ; Jy;d; h{ t{ hm ]lvr Av. ]k2n}j> k{ uks;kr us' km kr skt' h". : a;|Ks}jn f[rm/l; w} upy{g} h{ skt; h" : - - Carbonic anhydrase : esk' b;r' m'. sl;ev; m'. ]lY; j; c/k; h" : yh l;l rË k' s"Ls m'. h{t; h" : yh Ak ANj;>em h" j{ k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 a[r p;n} k{ k;rb{]nk A']s2 m'. bdln' k' ]ly' uks;t; h" : a[r k;rb{]nk A']s2 k{ t{2>kr k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 a[r p;n} m'. bdl d't; h" : esk' k;yE k; ]vSt,t v~En a;g' h" : k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k; rË m'. s.c;r (Guyton 10th ed. p 470) RA k} r{]gy{. k{ New Star Modified formula d'n' k' b;d all joints ghisai krn' s' t/rNt h} dd{E. m'. etn} r;ht ]mlt} h" ]k uNh'. lgt; h" ]k km;l h{ gy; h" : l']kn yh akSm;t y; t/Kk; s' bn;y; gy; upc;r nh}. h" : esk' p@]t g/½j} n' k;f} aWy;s ]ky; h" : eor us r;j k' p}9' v"7;]nk tQy Ky; h" yh bt; rh' h". : xr}r m'. rË %;r; k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k{ l.Gj> tk l' j;n' m'. etn} tkl}f nh}.- ]jtn} ]k a;|Ks}jn k{ l.Gj> s' xr}r k' s"Ls tk ph/\c;n' m'. h" : ]ks} as;o;r~ h;lt m'. w} RBC’s m'. yh 6mt; h" ]k v' a|;Ks}jn k} t/ln; m'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k{ l' j; skt} h".- pr rË m'. k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k} a]oktm m;µ; ]ktn} h{g}- yh xr}r k} Fl?e2 (body fluids) k' A']s2_b's b"l'.s pr ]nwEr h" : s;o;r~ Vy]Ë m'. a;r;m krt' smy p@]t 100 ml. rË m'. average y;]n a[stn 4 ml. (c;r ]ml} l}`r) k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 rË %;r; ]`x?j> s' l.Gj> m'. l' j;eE j;t} h" : yh k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 ]nMn #p{. m'. l' j;y} j;t} h" _ i/l} avSq; m'.b;ek;rb{n'` ay;|n k' #p m'.- bicarbonate ions h}m{Gl{]bn k' s;q ]mlkr _ k;rbm}n{ h}m{Gl{]bn k' #p m'. carbamino-hemoglobin k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 CO2 ]`x?j> k} s"Ls s' jb ]nklt} h"- t{ i/l} h/y} #p m'. ]nklt} h"- n ]k b;ek;rb{n'` k' #p m'.- Ky{.]k b;ek;rb{n'` a;yn (ion) s"Ll m'Mb@'n s' b;hr nh}. ]nkl skt} _ A's} VyvSq; h" : k"p}lr} (capillary) m'. ph/\cn' k' b;d k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 t/rNt keE p@]´y;a{. k{ b3>;v; d't} h" ]jss' vh jLd} s' jLd} RBC y;]n rË k' s"Ls m'. cl} j;y : pr rË m'. i/l} h/y} avSq; m'. bh/t km p@]txt k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 l.Gj> m'. j;t} h" _ p@]t 100 ml. rË m'. m;µ 0.3 ml. – j{ ]k rË %;r; `{`l y;]n k/l vhn ]ky' gy' CO2 k} m;µ; k; k'vl s;t p@]txt m;µ h" : Vy;Åy; _ k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 j{ ]xr;a{. k' rË k} Fl?e2 m'. i/l} h{t} h"- us k} m;µ; p@]t 100 ml. rË m'. 2.7 ml h"- ] jsk' k;r~ v}ns rË m'. PCO2 y;]n k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k; p@'xr 45 mm. Hg. h" : l']kn a;r`r}j> y;]n om]ny{. m'. j{ a;r`}]ryl Bl2 (arterial blood) y; x/5 rË h"- us rË m'. p@]t 100 ml. rË m'. k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k} m;µ; 2.4 ml h"- s{ usk; p@'xr 40mm.

Hg. y;]n k/9 km h{t; h" : t{ es m'. j{ fkE y; difference 0.3 ml. h" : k;rb{]nk a|Nh;e2Ä's k; k;m Jan 2010 k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 p;n} m'. ]mln' pr k;rb{]nk A']s2 bn'g; l']kn rË k' Pl;Sm; m'. es k;yE k' ]ly' s;o;r~t+ keE s'k.2 s' l'kr k/9 ]mn` tk lgt' h". : RBC’s y;]n rË k' s"Ls k' a.dr k;rb{]nk a|Nh;e2Ä's (carbonic anhydrase) n;mk Ak ^{`}n ANj;>em h" ]jsk; k;yE h" ]k k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k{ k;rb{]nk A']s2 m'. bdln' k} p@]´y; k{ aTyNt t'j} s' kr d'n; : k;rb{]nk a| Nh;e2Ä's k' k;r~ h} yh k;yE Pl;Sm; s' 5000 g/n; jLd} _ y;]n kr}b Ak s'k.2 k' s[v' w;g y; uss' w} km smy m'. _ h{ j;t; h" : nt}j; yh h" ]k rË ]`x?j> k' k"p}lr}j> k{ 9{2>n' s' phl' h} RBC’s k' a.dr k' p;n} k' s;q p@c/r m;µ; m'. k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k} ] rAKxn h{ c/k} h{t} h" : k;rb{]nk A']s2 k; bdl;v es} p@k;r s' RBC y; rË k' s"Ls k' a.dr j{ k;rb{]nk A']s2 h"- vh Ak s'k.2 k' s[v'. ]hSs' y; uss' km smy k' aNdr h;eE2Ä{j'n ay;|n tq; b;ek;rb{n'` ay;|n (bicarbonate ion) m'. bdl j;t; h" : t/rNt h} d{ k;yE h{n' lgt' h". _ phl; yh ]k tkr}bn s;r' k; s;r' h;eE2Ä{j'n ay;|n=j> ( Hydrogen ions) RBC’s k' a.dr k} h}m{Gl{]bn k' s;q ]ml j;t' h".Ky{.]k h}m{Gl{]bn k; ^{`}n bh/t h} x]Ëx;l} A']s2_b's bfr (powerful acid-base buffer) h" : agr A's; n h{t; t{ h;eE2Ä{j'n ay;| n=j> k} jm;v` h{t} a[r rË bh/t h} A']s2_y/Ë h{ j;t; : es]ly' yh VyvSq; h" : d?sr} trf b;ek;rb{n'` ay;|n=j> (ions) RBC’s k' b;hr ]nkl kr Pl;Sm; m'. cl' j;t' h". a[r unk} Y;l} jgh m'. Pl;Sm; s' Kl{r;eE2> ay;|n=j> RBC’s k' aNdr i/s j;t' h". y; wr j;t' h". : yh A's; es]ly' h{ p;t; h" Ky{.]k RBC’s k' s"Ls k} b;hr} ]4Ll} pr Ak ]vx'z b;ek;rb{n'`_Kl{r;e2 k"r}yr n;mk p@{`}n (bicarbonate-chloride carrier protein) rht; h" ]jsk; k;m h" ]k b;eEk;rb{n'` ay;|n Av. Kl{r;eE2 ay;|n=j> k{ aTyNt t'j} s' ]vpr}t ]dx;a{. m'. j;n' d'n; : yh} k;r~ h" ]k a;r`}]ryl Bl2 k' s"Ls k} t/ln; m'. v}ns Bl2 y;]n v'eNs k' rË k' s"Ls m'. Kl{r;eE2 ay;|n=j> a]ok m;µ; m'. p;y' j;t' h". : es k;yE p@~;l} k{ chloride shift kht' h". : (shift y;]n jgh bdln; ) : rË %;r; ]`x?j> s' l.Gj> m'. ]jtn; k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 ph/\ct} h"- usm'. kr}b 70 p@]txt es} k;r~ ph/\c p;t} h" Ky{.]k RBC k' aNdr k;rb{]nk a|Nh;e2Ä's rhn' k' k;r~ carbon dioxide s"Ls k' a.dr k' p;n} k' s;q t'j} s' j/2> p;t} h" : RBC’s k' s"Ls k' p;n} k' s;q j/2>n' k' al;v; k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 rË k' h}m{Gl{]bn k' amine k} radicals k' s;q ]mlkr k;rbm}n{ h}m{Gl{]bn carbamino hemoglobin CO2Hgb n;mk k.p;u.2 bn j;t; h" : kr}b b}s p@]txt k;rbn 2;y a;|ks;e2 es} p@k;r s' l.Gj> m'. ph/\ct} h" : rË m'. aNy Pl;Sm; ^{`}n=s w} h{t} h". unk' s;q w} k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 es} p@k;r s' j/2>kr l.Gj> m'. ph/\ct} h" : pr yh aLp m;µ; m'. h} h"- Ky{.]k Pl;Sm; ^{`}n=s k} s.Åy; h}m{Gl{]bn k} t/ln; m'. Ak c[q;eE w;g h} h" :

]fr l.Gj> m'. j;kr k;rb{]nk A']s2 Av. k;rbm}n{ h}m{Gl{]bn s' k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 ]nkl j;t; h" j{ Xv;s %;r; b;hr ]nk;l d} j;t} h" : es p@]´y; m'. x'z rh' _ h}m{Gl{]bn Av. p;n} : h}m{Gl{]bn l.Gj> s' a;|Ks}jn k{ l' j;n' k' ]ly' upy{g m'. l;y; j;t; h" : p;n} m'. k/9 a.x s;.s %;r; ]nkl j;t; h" a[r k/9 w;g rË m'. h} rh j;t; h" : es p@k;r yh c´ clt; rht; h" : jb hm apn' New Star Modified upc;r k' b;d all joints ghisai krt' h".- t{ j{2>{. K' b}c m'. j{ k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 rht} h"- vh rË k' a.dr h{kr l.Gj> tk ph/\ct} h" a[r vh;. s' s{lh Xv;s k' a.dr 90% k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 b;hr ]nkl j;t} h" : es]ly' r{g} k{ t/rNt h} a;r;m ph/\c j;t; h" : k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s un k.p;u.2 k{ kht' h". ]jnm'. C, H Av. O k; ]mR~ h" : y' keE p@k;r k' h{t' h". : enk; a;m f[rm/l; h" C6H12O6 - ]js' (CH2O)6 w} ]lY skt' h". : y;]n d?sr' xBd{. m'. kh'. t{ H2O y;]n p;n} k' tTv{. k' s;q k;rbn ]mln' s' k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s bn skt' h". : Oy;n rh' k} k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ a[Ks}2;eEj>2 oxidized ]ky; j;y' t{ es m'. A'nj}E + k;rbn 2;eEa[Ks;eE2 + p;n} bn'g; : k;rbn 2;eEa[KseE2 a[r p;n} ]mlkr k;rb{]nk A']s2 k{ bn;t' h". : k;rbn 2;eEa;|Ks;eE2 + p;n} = k;rb{]nk A']s2 k;rb{]nk A']s2 k{ a;|Ks}2;eEj> ]ky; t{ = k;rbn 2;eEa;|Ks;eE2 + p;n} k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ a;|Ks}2;eEj= krn; _ s"Ll m'. yh k;yE m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; krt; h" : es s' k;rbn 2;eEa[Ks;eE2 + p;n} bn''g; – s;q h} 4.1 k"lr}j> A'nj}E bn'g} ]jsk{ s"Ls k' k;y{E. k{ krn' k' ]ly' upy{g m'. ]ly; j;t; h" : k;rbn 2;eEa[Ks;eE2 rË %;r; l.Gj s' b;hr ]nkl j;t} h" a[r p;n} rË m'. ]ml j;t; h" : ^{`}n=s un k.p;u.2 k{ kht' h". ]jnm'. C, H, O k' al;v; N y;]n n;e`Ä{j'n k; w} ]mR~ h" : y; y?. kh skt' h". ]k k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k' tTv{. k' s;q n;eE`r{jn ]ml;n' s' v' p@{`}n m'. bdl j;y'.g' : Y;n' s' j{ p@{`}n=s ]mlt' h".- agr un k{ a[Ks}2;eEj> ]ky; j;y'g; t{ usm'. s' A'nj}E + k;rbn 2;eEa[Ks;eE2 + p;n} + y?r}y; bn'g;- mtlb n;eE`Ä{jn k{ y?r}y; m'. bdl ]dy; j;t; h" a[r yh k;yE ]lvr bh/t a;s;n} s' kr d't; h" a[r es m'. A'nj}E 4.35 k"l{r}j> ]ml'g} y; bn'g} : Amide: am;e2> Amine: a|m;en Carbonic :k;rb{]nk Carboxylic:k;rb{]Ks]lk Deamidase : 2}_am;e2's Deaminase: 2}_am}n's Diamine: 2;eE_am;en Hydrazine: h;eE2Ä|j>;en Hydrocarbon: h;eE2Ä{k;bEn Hydroxide: h;eE2Ä;|Ks;e2 Hydroxyl: h;eE2Ä;|Ks}l Hydroxylase: h;eE2Ä;|Ks}l's Monovalent: m{n{v|l'N` Substrate: sBS`Ä'`

]js k.p;u.2 m'. _CONH2 h" - us' am;e2 kht' h". : n;e`Ä{j"n s' bn; Ak k.p;u.2 j{ A'm{]ny; k' t{2n' s' bnt; h" k;rbn s' sMb]Not ]js A']s2 m'. (COOH) h" : vh ANj;>em j{ amides k{ t{2>t; h" y; ]js m'. s' ]nMn d{ vSt/y'. bn'.g} carboxylic acid a[r ammonia. us ANj;>em k{ kht' h". j{ ]ks} w} a{rg|]nk k.p;u.2 s' Am}n{ g@?p k{ p@]´y; %;r; ] nk;l d' ]js k.p;u.2 m'. d{ NH2 g@?p h".

1. H2N2 n;mk r.gh}n v;y/ j{ p;n} m'. i/lnx}l h" : 2. y; us g's s' bn; k{eE k.p;u.2 h;eE2Ä{j'n tq; k;rbn s' bn} k.p;u.2 k{ kht' h". ]js k.p;u.2 m'. OH g@?p h{ j"s' ]k NaOH (s{]2ym h;e2Ä;Ks;eE2) OH g@?p ]js' A'Lkl} y; b's w} kht' h". : yh m'`l y; aNy u]ct ay;|n=j> ions k' s;q ] mlkr h;e2Ä;Ks;eE2 bn;t; h" : j{ ANj;>em ]ks} sBS`Ä'` k' a.dr h;eE2Ä{j'n i/sn' k} p@]´y; k{ b3>;t; h" Ak ak'l; h;eE2Ä{j'n a|`m k' j/2>n' k} x]Ë rYn'v;l; ]js vSt/ pr ANj;>em k;yE krt} h" us' sBS`Ä'` kht' h". :.

The Peritoneum p'r}`{]nym p'r}`{]nym _ yh Ak s}rs m"Mb@'n (serous membrane) h" ]jsk} 2bl ]4Ll} h"- ]js m'. s}rm k} trh k; Fl?e2 (fluid) y;]n rs bnt; h"- j{ s}rs s"Ls(serous cells) %;r; bn;y; j;t' h". : es Fl?e2 m'. A'Lb/]mn (albumin) n;mk p@{`}n rht; h" : (s}rm _ rË Kl[]`.g h{n' k' b;d bc; h/a; vh trl w;g- ]js m'. RBC’s, WBC’s eTy;]d rht' h". ) : yh m"Mb@'n xr}r m'. sb s' b2>} m"Mb@'n h"- ]js k' d{ w;g h". : es k; Ak w;g A'B2{mn k' xr}r k} d}v;r y; us k' a.dr k' w;g k' s;q j/2>; h"- d?sr' w;g n' A'B2{mn k} hr g@.q} y; a[rgn (organ) k{ lp'` rY; h"- y; g@.]qy;\ es m'. ]lp`} h". : d{n{. ]4]Lly{. k' b}c k' w;g k{ p'r}`{]nyl Sp's (peritoneal space) y; p'r}`{]nyl s|k (peritoneal sac) kht' h". : p/½z{. m'. yh p?r} k} p?r} n}c' k} g@.]qy{. k{ 3>kt} h"- pr Sμ}y{. m'. A's; h" ]k y?`'rs es s' 3>k; h"- pr f"l{]pyn `=y?Bs (fallopian tubes) j{ y?`'rs k' s;q j/2>' h".- v' es p'r}`{]nym k' b;hr h". : p'r}`{]nym k' d{ f{L2=j> (folds) y;]n th h{t' h". ]js' a{m'N`m (omentum) kht' h".- j{ A'B2{mn k} hr g@.q} _ ]js k{ p'r}`{]nym k' m'Mb@'n n' lp'`' h". _ y' f{L2=j> n' p}1 k} d}v;r k' s;q j{2> rY; h"- t;]k y' g@.]qy;\ eor_uor n; j;y'. : p'r}`{]nym n' S`[m|k (stomach) y;]n p'` k{ lp'`n' k' b;d `Ä;NsvsE k{ln (transverse colon) k{ lp'`; h" : es k' b;d 9{`} a;.tr} k{ es trh lp'`; h" ]k us' k;m krn' m'. y;]n f"ln' v ]sk/2>n' m'. k{eE tkl}f n h{ : yh apn' m/l;ym Fl?e2 (fluid) y;]n rs m'. f"`=s (fats) h{t' h". ]jnk' ]ckn;pn %;r; un g@.]qy{. k{ l/br}k'` (lubricate) w} krt} h"- Av. apn' ]ckn;pn s' Ak d?sr' k' irxn s' uNh'. bc;t} h"- t;]k uNh'. n/ks;n n h{ : yh;. tk ]k ]ks} g@.q} m'. agr k{eE eNf'Kxn y; eNFlm'xn a; j;y' t{ us eNf'Kxn eTy;]d k{ d?sr} g@.q} m'. j;n' s' yh} r{kt} h"- t;]k eNf'Kxn n f"l' : yh} k;r~ h" ]k es' A'B2{mn k; p{l}sm"n (policeman) kht' h". : p'r}`{]nym n' ]lvr k{ c;r{. trf s' kvr ]ky; h" : ]lvr k{ kvr (cover) krn' y;]n 3kn' k' b;d usk' bh/t s' ]lg;m'N`=s es k' %;r; bn;y' gy' h". : es} k' bn;y; h/a; Ak ]lg;m'.` n' ]lvr k{ d{ l{Bs (lobes) y;]n w;g{. m'. b;.`; h"- ]js' falciform ligament (f| Ls}f;mE ]lgm'N`) kht' h". : p'r}`{]nym n' A'B2{mn m} sb g@.]qy{. k{ p?r; p?r; kvr krn' k' al;v;- un g@.]qy{. k{ nVEj>(nerves), Bl2 v'sLs (blood vessels) y;]n rË n]lk;y'. a[r ]lMFs (lymphs) k} sPl;eE w} krt} h" : es n' y?]rn k' Bl"2r (urinary bladder) y;]n p'x;b k} q"l} tq; p@{S`'` Gl".2 k{ kvr ]ky; h" : es k' us w;g k{ m's'N`r} (mesentery) kht' h". : ]jsn' 9{`} a;tr} k{ kvr krn' k' b;d us' p}9' p}1 k} aNdr k} d}v;r k' s;q j{2> rY; h" : m;. k' p'` m'. jb bCc; bn rh; h{t; h"- es' a]Mb]lkl v'en (umbilical vein) kht' h".- ]jsk' %;r; bCc' k{ Pl"s'N`; (placenta) %;r; rË Av. Ny?]`ÄAN`=s (nutrients) k} sPl;eE (supply) y; p?]tE k} j;t} h" : Pl"s'N`; bCc' k' jNm k' b;d s?Y j;t} h" : m;. k' p'` m'. jb `"S`}s (testes) bn rh' h{t' h".- t{ v' uUpr n;w} k' p;s Ak p;eEp (pipe) m'. h{t' h". j"s'_j"s' bCc; k{Y m'. b3>t; j;t; h"- v"s'_v"s' `"S`}s n}c' utrt' j;t' h". : s;tv'. mh}n' m'. utrt' h/y' n}c' a;t' h". t{ s;q m'. p'r}`{]nym k; k/9 w;g l' kr a;t' h". j{ b;d m'. `=y?]nk; v"]jn;]ls (tunica vaginalis) m'. bdl j;t' h". : Oy;n d'. ]k y?`'rs k} b;hr} d}v;r k} t}n th'. h". y; l'ysE (layers) h". : a.dr k} prt k{ AN2{m"`Ä}ym (endometrium) a[r b}cv;l} prt k{ m;y{m']`Äym (myometrium) kht' h". : sbs' b;hr} prt p'r}`{]nym k} bn} h/y} h": p'r}`{]nym k{ uks;n' k; sbs' shj v p@w;vx;l} upc;r h" – r;mn `Ä}`=m'.` s}rs m'Mb@'n Serous membranes xr}r m'. s}rs m"Mb@'n t}n jgh m'. p;y} j;t} h". : 1. A'B2{mn k} g@.]qy{. k' uUpr y;]n p'r}`{]nym (peritoneum) ]js k; v~En uUpr ]ky; h": 2. Pl?r; (pleura) ]js n' d{n{. l.Gj> k{ kvr ]ky; h" : 3. h;`E k; kvr _ ]js' p'r}k;]2Eym (pericardium) kht' h". : sw} m'. 2bl l'yr (double layers) y;]n d{ th'. h{t} h". : d{n{. th{. k' b}c m'. j{ trl ]l]Kv2 (liquid) h{t} h", us' s}rs Fl?e2 (serous fluid) kht' h". : s}rs Fl?e2 k' d{ m/Åy f.Kxn h". _ phl; yh ]k a;j?_b;j? k' a.g{. k' ]³Kxn (friction) y;]n izEn s' bc;n; : a[r d?sr; yh ] k s;q m'. en a.g{. m'. k{eE eNf'Kxn y; eNFlm'xn a;n' pr- us' a;g' d?sr' a.g{. m'. j;n' s' r{kt} h" :es p@k;r yh Fl?e2 h;`E a[r l.Gj> d{n{. k{ bc;t} h" : l.Gj> k' uUpr k' Ap"Ks (apex) j{ gdEn k' n}c' sbKl']vyn `Ä;yA'Ngl (subclavian triangle) m'. ] Sqr h"- Raman treatment d' kr en k{ uks;y; j; skt; h"- ]jss' l.Gj> k} tkl}f'.- h;`E k} A'Nl;jEm'N` (enlargement) k{ km krn;- Av. Liv0 - Mu0, f{]lk A']s2- q;y;m}n (thiamine)- B12, n|y;]sn (niacin)- eTy;]d sw} dd{E. k{ sm;Pt ]ky; j; skt; h" :

m/Åy A'N2{´;en g@.]qy;\ Av. k;yE Endocrine glands and functions xr}r k} sw} f.KxNs (functions) k; asl} a;o;r d{ ]sS`m=j> (systems) pr h" _ 1. nvEs ]sS`m (nervous system) 2. h{rm{nl y; A'N2{´;en ]sS`m (hormonal or endocrine system) y' d{n{. ]sS`m Y;s p@k;r k} k'm}kLs %;r; d{ alg tr}k{. s' s.d'x d't' h".- a[r es p@k;r xr}r k} ]v]w¸ ag{. k' b}c t;lm'l bn;y' rYt' h". : yh s.d'x es]ly' j#r} h" Ky{.]k us} k' j]ry' hr a.g k{ pt; clt; h" ]k uNh'. Kb a[r ]ktn} d'r tk Ky; k;m krn; c;]hy' a[r kb apn' k;m k{ r{kn; c;]hy' : agr bh/t h} jLd} Ak s;q keE a.g{. k{ s.d'x d'n; h{- tb nvEs ]sS`m %;r; k;m ]ky; j;t; h" : tb b@'n s' k/9 k'm}kLs el']K`Äk (electric) y;]n ]vD/t k} g]t s' ]nklkr xr}r k} keE a.g{. k{ t/rNt ph/\c kr apn; k;yE krn' lgt' h". : en ]vD/t tr.g{. k{ e.pLs (impulse) kht' h".- a[r y' ]js rcn; %;r; xr}r k' hr Ak a.g y; w;g tk ph/\ct} h".- uNh'. nVEj> (nerves) kht' h". : j{ k'm}kLs yh k;yE krt} h". uNh'. Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r (neuro-transmitter) kh; j;t; h" : yh k;yE Ak s'k.2 k' hj;rv; (milli second) y; ds l;Yv; ]hSs; (nano second) y; uss' km smy m'. w} h{ j;t; h"- a[r unk; asr utn} h} d'r} k' a.dr sm;Pt w} h{ skt; h" : l']kn jb d}iE_k;l}n asr y; bdl;v l;n; h{ t{ rË k' a.dr k/9 k'm}kLs k{ 9{2> ]dy; j;t; h"- ]jNh'. h{rm{Ns kht' h".- j{ rË %;r; hr s"Ll tk ph/\ckr apn; s.d'x d't' h". : h{rm{Ns h[rm{n Ak k"m}kl sBS`;Ns (chemical substance) h"- j{ ]ks} Ak s"Ll y; s"Ls k' g@?p y;]n 4/.2 n' bn;kr xr}r k} Fl?e2 m'. 2;l ]y; h" y; 9{2> ]dy; h"- j{ xr}r k' d?sr' s"Ls k{ k;yE krn' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". y; k;yE n krn' k' ]ly' r{kt' h". : (]ks} w} a[rgn (organ) y; (tissue) ]js c}j> y; pd;qE s' bn} h"- us' sBS`;Ns (substance) kht' h". ) h{rm{Ns Y;s k"]mkl h".- j{ m"s'.jr (messenger) y;]n d?t y; s.d'x_v;hk k; k;yE krt' h". : y' j#rt k' an/s;r ]ks} gland s' ]nklt' h." a[r Bl2 %;r; aNy Gl".2=s k' target cells tk ph/\ct' h." Av. unk' k;yE k{ y; t{ uks;t' h". y; us' r{kt' h." : v' ]js gland y;]n g@.q} s' ]nklt' h." vh;\ s' rË n]lk; y; ]lMf %;r; Bl2> m'. 9{2' j;t' h." : ]jn Gl".2=s k; Ak m;µ k;m h{rm{Ns bn;n' k; h"- uNh'. ‘endocrine glands’ kht' h." : eNh'. ‘ductless glands’ w} kh; j;t; h" Ky{.]k y' apn} h{rm{Ns ducts y;]n n]lk;y'. %;r; ]ks} Y;s jgh pr nh}. 9{2t'- b]Lk v' h{rm{Ns k{ s}o' h} rË y; ]lMf (lymph) k' aNdr 9{2t' h." : enm'. m/Åy h". _ ]p`=y?`r}- q;yr[e2- p|r; q;yr[e2- A'2Ä}nl- p".]´y;s- a{vr}j> Av. `"S`}s j{ apn; ¹;v rË m'. 9{2t' h". : h;yp{q|lms w} h[rm{Ns bn;kr rË m'. 9{2t; h"- l']kn us' A'N2{´;en Gl".2 nh}. kht' Ky{.]k vh b@'n k; h} Ak w;g h" : enk' al;v; q;ems g@.q} w} A'N2{´;en g@.q} h" j{ apn' ¹;v ]lMf m'. 9{2t} h" : (Taber’s 18th edn.p 795) enk' 1}k ]vpr}t xr}r m'. k/9 A's} organs w} h". j{ apn' R;v k{ ]ks} 2K` (duct) y;]n n]lk; k' %;r; p;s k' ]ks} a.g y; q"l} m'. 9{2>t' h". : eNh'. AKs{´;en g@.]qy;\ ‘exocrine glands’ kh; j;t; h" : y' g@.]qy;\ aKsr ANj;>em=s n;mk k'm}kLs bn;t} h". : Anj>;em Y;s ]kSm k' ^{`}n=s h{t'' h." j{ ]ks} w} p@]´y; k} g]t k{ b3>;t' h". : y' Jy;d;tr ]ks} w} k"m}kl k{ pc;n' y;]n t{2n' k; k;m krt' h". : v' ]js a.g s' ]nklt' h".- vh;\ s' Ak n]lk; %;r; ]ks} p;s k} jgh y; q"l} m'. ph/\c kr apn; k;yE krt' h". :

k/9 ANj;>em=s k{ apn' k;yE aC9} trh s' krn' k' ]ly' Ak a[r k"m}kl k} j#rt h" ]jNh'. k{_Anj>;em kht' h". : y;]n k{_Anj>;em (co-enzyme) v' k"]mkLs h." j{ Anj>;em k' k;yE m'. mdd krt' h". : ud;hr~ _ l;2> y;]n sl;ev; (saliva) k' ptyalin k; k;yE h" carbohydrates k; pcn: us' es k;yE m'. mdd krt; h" nmk y;]n s{]2ym Kl{r;e2 (sodium chloride) : es]ly' m}1' c}j>{. k{ 1}k s' pcn' k' ]ly' s;q m'. q{2} m;µ; m'. a;c;r y; aNy k/9 nmk}n c}j> Y;n} c;]hy' Av. us' Y?b cb;kr l;2 m'. aC9} trf i/ln' k' b;d h} us' ]ngln; c;]hy' : Pancreas Ak A's} g@.q} h" j{ d{n{. k;yE krt; h" : vh w{jn k{ pc;n' k' ]ly' ANj;>em=s bn;kr pancreatic duct n;mk n]lk; %;r; 2=y/a{2'nm m'. 9{2t; h" ]js' A'Ks{´;en f.Kxn (exocrine function) kht' h". : esk' al;v; vh k/9 h[rm{Ns bn;kr rË m'. 9{2t; h" ]js' A'N2{´;en f.Kxn (endocrine function) kht' h". : k/9 aNy a.g j"s' _ ]k2n}- S`[mk y;]n p'` Av. eN`'S`;en w} h{rm{Ns bn;t' h".- l']kn uNh'. A'N2{´;en Gl".2=s nh}. kh; j;t;- Ky{.]k unk; m/Åy f.Kxn y; k;yE k/9 a[r h" a[r us k;yE k} p?]tE k' ]ly' v' h{rm{Ns k} sh;yt; l't} h". : dr asl A'N2{´;en ]sS`m xr}r k} alg_alg m'`;b[]lk (metabolic) f.KxNs k{ d'Yt; h"- j"s; ]k ]ks p@k;r s' a[r ]ktn; k{eE k"m}kl s"Ll k' aNdr p@w;v 2;lt; h"- y; k{eE w} sBS`;Ns y;]n vSt/ ]ks trh s' s"Ll k} m'Mb@'n s' aNdr j;t} h" y; ]ks p@k;r s"Ll k} g@{q y; s"Ll k; ]ks} vSt/ k{ bn;n; eTy;]d : k/9 h{rm{Ns A's' h". ]jnk; p@w;v k/9 s'k.2=s (seconds) m'. h{ j;t; h"- k/9 k{ k;yE krn' k' ]ly' k/9 ]dn lgt' h".- ]jss' v' k/9 sPt;h k;yE krt' rht' h".- y; mh}n{. y; vz{E. tk k;yE krt' rht' h". : nvEs ]sS`m tq; h{rm{Ns k' ]sS`m y' d{n{. ]mlkr xr}r m'. h{]my{S`"]ss (homeostasis) y;]n sw} k;rk{. k' b"l'Ns (balance) k{ bn;y' rYt' h". : h{rm{Ns k' functions y;]n k;yE : ]ks} w} endocrine gland k{ agr xr}r k' d?sr' ]ks} a.g k{ a;d'x d'n; h{ t{ vh h[rm{n %;r; apn; s.d'x w'jt; h" : h[rm{n Bl2 m'. s.c;r krt' h/y' hr g@.q} k' cell tk ph//\ct' h." : Cell k' uUpr} prt m'. alg_alg h[rm{n k' ]ly' alg_alg receptors h{t' h."- ]jnk' s;q h[rm{n k; binding y;]n j/2n; h{t; h" : h[rm{Ns k' s.d'x k' an/s;r vh g@.q} y; a.g apn' k;yE k{ b3>;y'g; y; r{k l'g; : es p@k;r s' h[rm{Ns %;r; xr}r k' g@.]qy{. k; tq; hr k;yE k; ]ny.μ~ h{t; h" : h[rm{Ns k' m/Åy f.Kxn h". ]nMn k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ _ metabolism cy;pcy, sexual reproduction p@jnn

growth & development xr}r k; ]vk;s, Av. nervous system k' functions y;]n nVEj> k' k;yE eTy;]d

(cy;pcy k; mtlb h" _ w{jn k{ 1}k s' pc;n; tq; us pc' h/y' m;l k; sh} a[r p?~E upy{g kr p;n; ) Cell k' aNdr nutrients y;]n p{z~ tTv eTy;]d 1}k s' ph/\cn' k' ]ly' h{rm{Ns k; sh} k;m krn; j>#r} h" : h{rm{Ns t}n p@k;r s' k;m krt' h." _ k/9 h{rm{Ns releasing h{rm{Ns h{t' h". y;]n y' aNy h{rm{Ns ]nk;ln' k; s.d'x d't' h". : k/9 h{rm{Ns uks;n' k; k;m krt' h."- Av. k/9 h{rm{Ns inhibit krn' k; y;]n j{ k;yE cl rh; h"- us' r{kn' k; s.d'x d't' h". : h{rm{Ns a[r nVEj> _ y' d{n{. ]mlkr xr}r m'. h{]my{S`"]ss (homeostasis) y;]n hr c}j k; b"l'.s bn;y' rYt' h". : en h{rm{Ns m'. k/9 A's' h{rm{Ns h". ]jNh'. l{kl h{rm{Ns kh; j;t; h" : a[r d?sr' A's' h{rm{Ns h". ]jNh'. j"nrl h{rm{Ns (general hormones) kh; j;t; h" : v"s' t{ xr}r m'. an'k h{rm{Ns h{t' h". : h{rm{Ns k' k/9 ud;hr~ ]nMn h". _ Ak m/Åy h{rm{n h" a|s']`l k{l}n (acetylcholine), j{ ]k p"r;_]sMp""q']`k nvE %;r; uks;y; j;t; h" : yh Sk'l}`l nvE A']N2.Gj> (skeletal nerve endings) m'. Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r k} trh k;yE krt; h" Av. p;cn s.Sq;n k} keE a.g{. k{ uks;t; h" : d?sr; ]s´']`n h[rm{n h" ]js' 2=y/a{2'nm k' a.dr k} ]4Ll} y; d}v;r bn;t} h"- ]js' rË m'. 9{2> ]dy; j;t; h" : yh rË %;r; jb p".]´y;s Av. ]lvr m'. ph/\ct; h"- t{ uNh'. s{]2ym b;ek;rb{n'` (sodium bicarbonate) Av. b;el (bile) bn;n' k{ uks;t; h" : CCK (Cholecystokinin) n;m k; Ak a[r h[rm{n h"- j{ ]k 9{`} a;.tr} k} a.dr k} ]4Ll} y; d}v;r bn;t} h"- a[r us' w} bn;kr rË m'. 9{2> ]dy; j;t; h" : yh w} d{ a.g{. k{ s.d'x d't; h" _ Ak yh g[l Bl"2r k{ b;el w'jn' k' ]ly' uks;t; h" a[r d?sr; yh p".]´y;s k{ `Ä}]Psn{j"n (trypsinogen)- am;el'j> (amylase) a[r l;ep'j> (lipase) eTy;]d p;ck ANj;>em=s w'jn' k{ uks;t; h" : en h{rm{Ns k; k;m l{kl (local) y; njd}k k} g@.]qy{. k{ uks;n; h"- es]ly' eNh'. l{kl h{rm{Ns kht' h". : tkr}bn sb j"nrl h{rm{Ns ]ks} Y;s A'N2{´;en Gl".2 y; g@.]qy{. %;r; bn;y' j;t' h".- j{ Y;s trh k} h{rm{Ns bn;t} h". : j"s; ]k A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' m'2?l; d{ Y;s ]kSm k' h{rm{Ns bn;t' h".- ]jn k; n;m A'p}n"f>r}n a[r n[r_Ap}n'fr}n h".- j{ ]k ]s.p;q']`k nVEj> s' uks;y' j;t' h". : a[r yh d{n{. h{rm{Ns bnn' k' b;d rË %;r; xr}r k' hr w;g m'. cl' j;t' h". : a[r en h{rm{Ns k; asr xr}r k} rË k} n;]2>y{. pr es p@k;r s' p2>t; h"- ]k vh us} smy ]sk/2> j;t} h". : y; unk; s;eEj> phl' k} ap'6; s' km h{ j;t; h" j"s' ]k b;j? k' ]cμ m'. ]dY;y; gy; h" – – – – – – – – –  a[r us} smy us r{g} k; rË c;p y; Bl2 p@'xr j{ km h"- b3> j;y'g; : k/9 j"nrl h{rm{Ns A's' h".- ]jnk; p@w;v xr}r k' hr Ak s"Ll pr p2>t; h"- j"s; ]k g@{q h{rm{n ]js' A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y? `=r} bn;t} h" : a[r es h[rm{n k; p@w;v y; asr xr}r k' hr w;g pr p2>t; h"- ]js s' xr}r k' hr s"Ll k} g@{q y;]n ]vk;s 1}k p@k;r s' h{t} h" : d?sr;- q;yr;|e2 h{rm{Ns h".- j{ q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 bn;t} h" : es h[rm{n k; p@w;v w} xr}r k' hr s"Ll pr p2>t; h"- ]js s' us s"Ll k; j{ w} k;yE h{ us k;yE k{ krn' m'. sflt; ]mlt} h" : a[r v' s"Ls j{ w} k"m}kl bn;t' h".- y; j{ w} k;yE krt' h".- v' 1}k p@k;r s' k;m kr'.g' : d?sr' k/9 A's' h{rm{Ns h".- j{ Y;s ]`x?j> k' ]ly' bn;y' j;t' h".- ]jn pr un h{rm{Ns k{ p;n' k' ]ly' h[rm{n ]rs'P`jE> (hormone receptors) h". j{ rË m'. ]vcrt' h/y' un h{rm{Ns k{ pk2> l't' h". a[r g@.q} k{ d' d't' h". ]js s' g@.q} apn; k;yE krt} h" : j"s; ]k ACTH h[rm{n (adreno cortico trophin hormone) h"- j{ A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' bn;y; j;t; h" ]jsk; p@w;v Y;l} A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' k{r`'Ks pr p2>t; h"- a[r es h[rm{n k' ]mln' pr A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks uks;y; j;y'g; : a[r vh adreno cortical hormone bn;n; x/# kr d'g;- ]jsk' %;r; p@{`}n=s- Gl?k{j>- a[r f"`=s k; pcn; 1}k p@k;r s' h{g; : es} p@k;r s' d{n{. a{vr}j> (ovaries) s' alg_alg h{rm{Ns bnt' h". _ v\ s"k.2r} s'Ks a;|rgNs (secondary sex organs) k} ]vk;s Av. unk' k;yE k} d'Yw;l krt' h".- ]jss' a[rt{. k' m;]sk omE Av. p@jnn sMbNo} sw} k;yE ]ny]mt #p s' clt' rh' : p@}ksEr keE ANj;>em=s a[r h[rm{Ns inactive y;]n ]n]Z´y #p m'. rht' h." a[r b;d m'. v' active y;]n s]´y #p m'. bdl ]dy' j;t' h." : us ] n]Z´y #p k{ p@}ksEr (precursor) kht' h." : keE p@}ksEr k' n;m y; t{ ‘Pro’ s' x/# h{t; h" y; ‘gen’ m'. YTm h{t; h" l']kn hm'x; nh}. : ^}ksEr k; n;m MIT, DIT Serotonin Prothrombin

bdlkr Ky; bnt; h" T3, T4 Melatonin Thrombin

^}ksEr k; n;m Fibrinogen Pepsinogen Trypsinogen

bdlkr Ky; bnt; h" Fibrin Pepsin Trypsin

Y;s t[r s' v' ANj;>em=s j{ ^{`}n=s k{ pc;t' h".- v' p@}ksEr k' #p m'. h} p;y' j;t' h". : yh w} xr}r k' bc;v k' ]ly' h} h" : v' jh;\ t"y;r h{t' h".- vh}. agr v' s]´y rh'.- t{ v' ]js q"l} m'. t"y;r h{t' h".- us} k{ pc; d'.g' ]jss' xr}r k{ w;r} n/ks;n h{g; : es]ly' unk{ A's} jgh pr s]´y bn;y; j;t; h" ]jss' v' xr}r k{ n/ks;n nh}. ph/\c; skt' ud;hr~ k' ]ly' `Ä}]Psn p".]´y;s k' aNdr `Ä}]Psn{j"n k' #p m'. rht; h" a[r b;d m'. 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ph/\c kr `Ä}]Psn m'. bdlkr ^{`}n=s k{ pc;t; h" : h[rm{n k' k/9 ]vx'z k;yE : xr}r Av. s"Ls k' ]vk;s  bCc{. m'. growth k' ]ly' insulin, & GH (growth hormone) c;]hy' ]jsk' ]ly' p".]´y;s Av. ] p`=y?`r} Gl".2 1}k h{n; c;]hy' : sbs' 9{`' bCc{. k' b@'n k' sh} ]vk;s k' ]ly' q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' h[rm{Ns k} w} j>#rt h" Ky{.]k bCc' k} a;y/ Ak s;l h{n' tk Q;;yr;e2 Gl".2 h} b@'n k' ]vk;s k} d'Yw;l krt; h"- b2{. m'. ^{`}n 1}k s' synthesize h{n' k' ]ly' insulin, GH k' al;v; testosterone k} w} j>#rt h" :  ^{`}n=s k' cy;pcy  agr ^{`}n=s 1}k s' nh}. pc' t{ Y;n; anpc; h} b;hr ]nkl a;y'g; ]js' hm UDF kht' h". : es cy;pcy k' ]ly' m/Åy h". _ GH, q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' T3, T4 hormones, testosterone, ACTH tq; adrenal cortex k; cortisone : y;]n agr ]ks} k} h;eE` b3>;n} h{ t{ y' sw} h{rm{Ns 1}k smy a[r m;µ; m'. ]nkln} c;]hy' : s"Ls k' m"Mb@'n k' j]ry' c}j{. k; y;t;y;t k{ (y;]n cell membrane %;r; Ky;_Ky; c}j> a.dr_b;hr j; rh' h.") aldosterone, growth hormone, parathormone control krt' h."- y;]n en t}n{. m'. k{eE Ak w} km k;m kr' t{ s"Ls k' aNdr k' k;yE 1}k s' nh}. h{ p;y'.g' : agr s"Ls k' aNdr k' k;yE 1}k s' nh}. h{ t{ us' metabolic disorder kh; j;t; h" :  j}Ns k' k;yE k; ]ny.μ~ _ eNs/]ln- A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' h[rm{Ns- ]v`;]mn B12 tq; f{]lk A']s2 : en k' aw;v m'. j'n']`k b}m;]ry;\ a;y'.g} :  ANj;>em=s k' k;yE k; ]ny.μ~  esm'. c;r h[rm{Ns p@m/Y h". : eNs/]ln- A'2Ä}nl Gl".2k' S`}r;|e2 h[rm{NsA'p}n"f>r}n tq; Gl?k;g[n _ l']kn y' alg alg tr}k' s' k;yE krt' h". : Epinephrine Av. glucagon _ y' Y/d enzymes k' activity y;]n ]´y; x"l} k; ]ny.μ~ krt' h." : l']kn insulin Av. adrenocorticoids _ y' j}Ns •genes– k' k;y{E. k{ ]ny.]µt krk' ANj>;em=s k' k;yE k{ uks;t' y; r{kt' h". : en h[rm{Ns k' aw;v m'. m'`;b{]lk b}m;]ry;\ (metabolic disorders) h{.g' : h{rm{Ns k' k;yE krn' k} av]o y; smy (Time for which action of hormones lasts ) Oy;n rh' k/9 h{rm{Ns k/9 s'k.2=j> (seconds) m'. bn j;t' h". a[r un k; A'Kxn (action) y;]n k;yE y; fl w} k/9 s'k.2=j> (seconds) m'. h} ]ml j;t; h" : k/9 d?sr' h{rm{Ns A's' h". ]jn k' k;m krn' m'. mh}n{. lg j;t' h". : esk' d{ ud;hr~ d']Yy' _ A'2Ä}nl g@.q} k' a.dr k' w;g k{ A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; kht' h". : yh d{ h{rm{n bn;t} h" _ A'p}n"f>r}n a[r n[r_Ap}n'fr}n : y' d{n{.

h{rm{Ns uks;n' k' t/rNt b;d h} bn j;t' h". a[r un k; A'Kxn w} t/rNt ]ml j;t; h"- a[r y' bnn' k' Ak s' t}n ]mn` m'. ]`x?j> eTy;]d m'. cl' j;y'.g' a[r sm;Pt h{ j;y'.g' : d?sr'- q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 s' bn' h{rm{Ns T3, T4 q;er{Gl{b?]ln thyro-globulin n;mk ^{`}n k} #p m'. q;yr;|e2 k' f{l}kLj> follicles m'. mh}n{. p2>' rht' h". : jb xr}r k{ enk} j#rt p2>t} h" t{ en k{ T3 Av. T4 h{rm{Ns k' #p m'. bdln' m'. i.`{. y; ]dn lgt' h".- ]fr jb ]`x?j> m'. cl' j;t' h". t{ tkr}bn 2'3> mh}n' tk y\ k;m krt' rht' h". : s{ hr h[rm{n k; bnn' k; alg_alg tr}k; h" a[r ] ktn} d'r tk xr}r m'. p@w;v rh'g; vh w} alg_alg h" : xr}r m'. h{rm{Ns k} bh/t h} km l;gt h" : k/9 h{rm{Ns etn} km m;µ; m'. h{t' h". j"s' _ Ak ]mLl} l}`r rË m'. ]sfE Ak p;ek{ g@;m (pico gram) y;]n Ak g@;m k; (1012) ds hj;r kr{2>v;. w;g eTy;]d : s{ Oy;n rh' h{rm{Ns k; bnn; h} bh/t km h" _ etn} km m;µ; m'. bnn' k' k;r~ h} phl' jm;n' m'. h{rm{Ns k; `"S` krn; w} bh/t k]1n q; : h;l h} k/9 vz{E. s' r']2y{ eMy?n{ a| Ss' (radio immuno assay) n;mk Ak nv}ntm `"S` %;r; rË m'. h{rm{Ns k} m;µ; k; pt; lg;n; s.wv h/a; h" : c?.]k h{rm{Ns %;r; xr}r k} keE k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ h{t' rht; h"- es]ly' h} A'N2{´;en g@.]qy;\ hm'x; j#rt s' k/9 Jy;d; m;µ; m'. h{rm{Ns bn;t} h". : a[r us d[r;n ]js g@.q} k' ]ly' h[rm{n bn;y; gy; h{. agr vh g@.q} s.t/Z` h{ j;y y; usk{ agr h{rm{Ns k} j#rt n h{ t{ rË m'. us h{rm{n k} m;µ; n[rml s' a]ok h{ j;y'g; ]jss' h;yp{q|lms k{ pt; cl j;y'g; ]k xr}r k{ us h[rm{n k} a[r j#rt nh}. h"- t{ vh ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 k{ us h[rm{n bn;n' k' ]ly' ]rl}]j>.g h[rm{n releasing hormone nh}. w'j'g; : t{ ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 us g@.q} k' ]ly' a[r ]S`m/l']`.g h[rm{n nh}. bn;y'g;- prNt/ b;k} s;r' h{rm{Ns bn;y'g; ]jsk} xr}r k{ j#rt h" : es p@k;r k' ] ny.μ~ k{ n"g']`v f}2b"k ]sS`m (negative feedback system) kh; j;t; h" : hm;r' xr}r m'. A's} VyvSq; h" ]k ]js vSt/ k} j#rt nh}. h" us' sm;Pt kr ]dy; j;t; h" : hm;r' xr}r k; k[MPy?`r bh/t h} aC9; h" a[r yh h]r k; d'n h" ]js k; l;w Ny?r{q'r'p} k{ bh/t ]mlt; h" : j{ phl' h{rm{Ns bn c/k' h". v' rË %;r; jb ]lvr m'. j;y'.g' t{ _ j#rt s' a]ok h{rm{Ns j{ bn c/k' h". _ ]lvr un k{ sm;Pt kr d'g; : es trh s' ]js g@.q} k' ]ly' h[rm{n bn;y' gy' h{t' h".- unk{ ]lvr k' k;r~ bh/t l;w ]mlt; h" a[r vh 1}k p@k;r s' k;m krt} h" a[r ]fr a;vXykt; h{n' pr h;yp{q|lms d/b;r; ]p`=y?`r} k{ ]rl}]j>.g h{rm{Ns w'j'g; a[r ]p`=y?`r} s' a;d'x ]mln' pr d/b;r; v' h[rm{n bnn' x/# h{ j;y'.g' : ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 h{rm{Ns bn; bn; kr rË m'. 2;lt; j;t; h" a[r ]js g@.q} k{ usk' h{rm{Ns c;]hy' us g@.q} k' s"Ls pr us h[rm{n k' l'n' k' ]rs"P`rj> (receptors) rht' h". ]jnk} s.Åy; d{ hj;r s' Ak l;Y tk k} rht} h" a[r en ]rs"P`rj> s' g@.q} k{ us k} c;ht k' h{rm{Ns ]ml j;t' h". a[r v' apn; k;yE 1}k p@k;r s' krt' h". : Oy;n rh' ]k p@{`}n- p"P`;e2=j> (peptides) a[r k"`;k{l;m;en=s (cata-cholamines) k' alg_alg ]rs"P`rj> s"Ll k' m'Mb@'n pr rht' h".- a[r S`}r;|e2 h{rm{Ns k' ]rs"P`rj> s"Ll k' s;e`{Pl;j>m (cytoplasm) m'. rht' h".- jb ]k q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' m'`;b[]lk h{rm{Ns k' ]rs"P`rj> s"Ls k' Ny?]Klys m'. rht' h". : yh bh/t Oy;n d'n'v;l} b;t h" ]k s"Ll k' uUpr j{ ]rs"P`rj> (receptors) h".- y' ]rs"P`rj> w} p@{`}n=s s' h} bnt' h". : v' hm'x; Ak j"s' nh}. rht' _ ]dn p@]t ]dn a[r ]mn` p@]t ]mn` bdlt' rht' h". Ky{.]k s"Ls k; p@{`}n bn;n' k; m'k"]nj>m (mechanism) w} 1}k h{n} c;]hy'- j{ hm'x; 1}k h{g; A's; nh}. h" : un ]rs"P`rj> k' m[]lKy?Ls (molecules) agr km h{.g' _ t{ v' 1}k p@k;r s' k;m nh}. kr'.g' a[r h{rm{Ns k; p@w;v 1}k s' nh}. ]ml'g; _ es]ly' `;rg"` s"Ls (target cells) k; m'k"]nj>m (mechanism) w} 1}k h{n; c;]hy' : h[rm{Ns k' p@k;r h[rm{Ns ]js m?l pd;qE (raw materials) s' bn' h." usk' a;o;r pr unk; vg}Ekr~ ]ky; j;t; h" : sw} h[rm{Ns k'vl t}n p@k;r k' raw materials •y;]n kCc; m;l– s' bnt' h." : a[r en sbk; 1}k s' bnn' k' ]ly' w{jn k; 1}k s' pcn; bh/t h} a;vXyk h" : 1. S`}r;|e2 h[rm{n=s _ Steroid hormones - y' a]oktr k{l'S`Ä;|l s' h} bnt' h". a[r en h{rm{Ns k' k"m}kl bn;v` k{l'S`Ä;| l j"s; h} h" : enm' m/Åy h" 1,25 DCC n;mk h{rm{n : esk' al;v; A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 s' alg_alg trh k' S`}r;|e2 s' bn' h/y' h{rm{Ns bnt' h". j"s; ]k k[r`}s{l (cortisol) a[r A'L2{S`}r{n : d?sr' a{vr}j> d{ h{rm{Ns AS`Ä{j"n a[r p@{j'S`'r{n bn;t' h". j{ S`}r;|e2 s' bnt' h". : t}sr; `"S`}s s' bn' `"S`{S`}r{n h[rm{n h" j{ S`}r;|e2 s' bnt' h". : c[q;- Pl"s'N`; w} AS`Ä{j"n a[r p@{j'S`'r{n k{ bn;t; h" : en sb k' bnn' k' ]ly' f'`=s 1}k s' pcn' c;]hy' : 2. `;er{]sn A'm}n{ A']s2 (tyrosine amino acid) s' bn' h/y' h{rm{Ns _ enm'. m/Åy h" q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' T3 a[r T4 h{rm{Ns Av. A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; s' bn' A'p}n"f>r}n a[r n[r_Ap}n'fr}n h{rm{Ns : en k' bnn' k' ]ly' p'` k; 1}k h{n; bh/t j#r} h" : 3. b;k} k' a[r m/Åy h{rm{Ns p@{`}n=s y; p'P`;e2=j> (peptides) s' bnt' h". : a[r A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' bn' h{rm{Ns p@{`}n=s y; l;jE p{l} p'P`;e2=j> s' bn' h". : p[S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' bn' h{rm{Ns ADH (v"s{p@"]sn) a[r a{Ks}`{]sn _ y' p'P`;e2=j> s' bn' h".- ]jnm.' a;1 A'm}n{ A']s2=s h". : eNs/]ln- Gl?k;g[n a[r p"r;q{rm{n l;jE p{l} p'P`;e2=j> s' bn' h". : en sb k' 1}k s' bnn' k' ]ly' p?r} p;cn s.Sq;n 1}k s' k;m krn} c;]hy' : y;d rYn' k' ]ly' n}c' k} `'bl k{ d'Y'. _

h[rm{Ns k' n;m Thyroid gland k' T3, T4 h[rm{Ns Av. Adrenal medulla k' epinephrine & norepinephrine Adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes Av. placenta k' steroid hormones aNy s;r' h[rm{Ns _ ud; _ insulin, oxytocin, parathormone, glucagon, vasopressin, gastrin, eN`'S`;en Av. anterior pituitary k' hormones eTy;]d :

Raw material Tyrosine amino acid Cholesterol Peptide proteins " "

h{rm{Ns k{ ]ks trh S`{r ]ky; j;t; h" a[r k"s' bnt' h". _ Oy;n rh' h{rm{Ns k"s' bnt' h". a[r k"s' S`{r ]ky' j;t' h". unk; Ak h} rSt; nh}. h" : ]fr w} s;o;r~t+ Ak h} trh s' bnt' h". y; S`{r ]ky' j;t' h". : v' h{rm{Ns j{ p@{`}n=s s' bnt' h".- v' sb granular endoplasmic reticulum k' glandular cells Ak h} trh s' bn;t' h". : c;h' j{ p@{`}n=s endoplasmic reticulum a;m tr}k' s' bn;t' h".- v"s' h} p@{`}n=s s' h{rm{Ns bnt' h". pr vh} final h{rm{Ns nh}. h" : mgr v' p@{`}n=s asl} h{rm{Ns s' bh/t b2' h{t' h". ]jNh'. p@}_p@{_h{rm{Ns (Pre-pro-hormones) kht' h". : tb un b2' p@{`}n=s k{ EPR y;]n A'N2{Pl;]Smk r"`}k/lm m'. a[r p@{s's (process) ]ky; j;t; h" ]js s' uNh'. k/9 9{`; bn;y; j;t; h" ]jNh'. p@{ h[rm{n (pro hormone) kh; j;t; h" : ]fr us p@{ h[rm{n k{ A'N2{Pl;]Smk r"`}k/lm k' v"s}kLj> (vesicles) m'. wrkr g{lj} A'p;r'`s m'. d?sr; p@{s's krn' k{ w'j; j;t; h"- jh;. pr us' a[r p@{s's kr kr a[r 9{`; ]ky; j;t; h" a[r ]fr es trh vh f;eEnl h[rm{n bn j;t; h" : ]fr g{lj} A'p;r'`s %;r; us 9{`' ]ky' h/y' h[rm{n y; k[mp"K` h[rm{n (compact hormone) k{ ]s´'`r} v"s}kLj> (secretory vesicles) m'. wr ]dy; j;t; h" _ ]js k} ]4Ll} bh/t ptl} h{t} h" _ a[r us' S`{r kr kr us A'N2{´;en s"Ll k' j{ h[rm{n bn;t; h"- usk' s;e`{Pl;]Smk kMp;`Em'N` (cytoplasmic compartment) m'. rY kr S`{r kr ]ly; j;t; h" a[r us' vh;. pr tb tk rY; j;t; h"- jb tk ]k us h[rm{n k} j#rt k' ]ly' us' nvE ]sGnl=s (nerve signals) n ]ml' : ]fr usk} j#rt p2>n' pr jb nvE ] sGnLs a;t; h" t{ us S`{r ]ky' h/y' ER v"s}kLj> s' h{rm{Ns k{ ]nk;l kr jh;. j#rt h{ t{ vh;. rË %;r; w'j ]dy; j;t; h" : `;er{]sn A'm}n{ A']s2 s' d{ p@k;r k' h{rm{Ns k' sm?h{. y; g@?p=s (groups) k' h{rm{Ns bn;y' j;t' h".- ]jn m'. s' Ak q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' h{rm{Ns- d?sr; A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' m'2?l; s' bn;y' h/y' h{rm{Ns h".- j{ Gl;N2?lr s"Ls (glandular cells) k' s;e`{Pl;]Smk kMp;`Em'N` (cytoplasmic compartment) k' ANj;>em A'KxNs (enzyme actions) s' t"y;r h{t' h". : g/½j} en k' b;r' m'. a[r ]vSt,t #p s' sm4; rh' h". _ A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 (adrenal gland) k' bn;y' h{rm{Ns A'p}n"f>r}n (epinephrine) a[r n[r_Ap}n'fr}n (norepinephrine) k{ us} bn;y' h/y' ER v"s}kLj> m'. h} S`{r ]ky; h/a; rY; j;t; h" jb tk ]k unk} j#rt n p2>' : s;o;r~t+ A'p}n"f>r}n k} m;µ; n[r_Ap}n'fr}n s' c;r g/n; Jy;d; h{t; h" : q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' d{ h{rm{Ns T3, T4 h{t' h". ]jnk{ m'`;b[]lk h{rm{Ns (metabolic hormones) kht' h". Ky{.]k v' xr}r k; m'`;b[]lj>m y;]n cy;pcy k} d'Yr'Y krt' h". : enk' p@{`}n=s bh/t b2>' h". _ ]jNh'. q;eEr{_Gl{b?]ln (thyroglobulin) kht' h".- ] jns' q;eEr;|]Ksn (thyroxin) a[r `Ä;eE a;y{2{ q;eEr{]nn (tri-iodo thyronine) j/2>' rht' h". : eNh'. q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' aNdr q"]ly{. m'. rY; j;t; h" ]jNh'. l;jE f{]lkLs (large follicles) kht' h". : ]fr jb enk} j#rt h{t} h" tb q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' Ak Y;s ANj;>em k} ]´y; k' k;r~ q;yr;|e2 k' Gl".2?lr s"Ls q;eEr{Gl{b?]ln (thyroglobulin) k' molecules y;]n k~{. k{ 9{2>t' h". a[r us k' s;q h} q;yr;|e2 h{rm{Ns k{ rË m'. 9{2> ]dy; j;t; h" :

jb hm ]ks} w} g@.q} k{ LMNT %;r; uks;t' h".- t{ v' j#rt s' Jy;d; k"m}kLs nh}. bn;t' _ esk; r;j> ]nMn h" _ hr Gl".2 y; g@.q} k{ apn; ¹;v km krn' k' ]ly' y; b3>;n' k' ]ly' Ak ]ny.μ~ s.Sq;n h{t; h" ]js' f}2b|k ]sS`'m (feedback system) kht' h". : Feedback k; mtlb h" s.d'x d'n;: us g@.q} k' ¹;v k' m;µ; an/s;r us' ]ny.]μt krn'v;l; g@.q} apn; ¹;v ]nk;lt; h" ]jss' vh g@.q} apn' ¹;v k{ km kr'g; y; b3>;y'g; : agr yh s.d'x nh}. ]ml; t{ k{eE w} g@.q} y; t{ k;m h} nh}. kr'g; y; tb tk ¹;v ]nk;lt' j;y'g; jb tk us' bNd krn' k; a;d'x nh}. ]ml' xr}r m'. s;r' h[rm{Ns f}2b"k ]sS`m s' h} ]ny.]μt h". : ]jtn} m;µ; m'. ¹;v ]nkl' usk' an/s;r aNy Gl".2 apn' k;yE x"l} k{ km y; Jy;d; kr'.g' : tq; h[rm{Ns a[r Gl".2=s k{ sh} #p s' k;yE krn' k' ]ly' f}2b"k ]sS`m 1}k s' k;m krn; c;]hy' : Feedback d{ p@k;r k' h{t' h". _ Negative feedback and positive feedback. ]ng']`v f}2b|k Negative feedback – xr}r m'. a]ok;.x h[rm{Ns k} m;µ; es} ]ng']`v f}2b"k ]sS`'m %;r; ]ny.]µt ]ky' j;t' h." : enm'. m/Åy h". _ h;yp{q|lms k' ]rl}]j>.g h[rm{Ns Av. ]p`=y?`=r} Gl".2 k' ]S`m/l']`.g h[rm{Ns : ud;hr~ _ jb q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 km k;m kr'g; tb Bl2 m'. T3, T4 h[rm{Ns k} m;µ; km h{g} : tb h;yp{q|lms s' TSH.RH ] nkl'g; : vh ]p`=y?`=r} Gl".2 k{ s.d'x d'g; ]k vh TSH bn;y' j{ q;er{e2 g@.q} k{ T3, T4 h[rm{Ns bn;n' k{ uks;y'g; : k/9 d'r k' b;d Bl2 m'. T3, T4 h[rm{Ns k} m;µ; b3>kr py;EPt m;µ; m'. h{ j;y'g} : un b3>} h/y} h[rm{Ns k' k;r~ h;yp{q|lms s' TSH.RH ]nkln; bNd h{g; ]jss' ]p`=y?`r} s' TSH ]nkln; bNd h{g; : TSH n ]nkln' pr T3, T4 h[rm{Ns nh}. ]nkl'.g' : es p@k;r s' xr}r T3, T4 h[rm{Ns k} m;µ; n[rml s' Jy;d; b3>n' nh}. d't; : Ak d?sr; ud;hr~ w} d' skt' h". : jb hm Jy;d; m}1; Y;t' h". tb Bl2 m'. glucose y;]n x/gr k} m;µ; b3>'g} : x/gr b3>n' s' p".]´y;s s' eNs/]ln h[rm{n ]nkl'g; : eNs/]ln k' p@w;v s' s"Ls Gl?k{j> k{ Jy;d; upy{g krn' lg'.g' ]jss' ]k Bl2 m'. glucose km h{ j;y'g; : rË m'. Gl?k{j> sh} m;µ; m'. h{n' pr ]fr insulin km h{ j;y'g; : y' d{n{. ]ng']`v f}2b"k ]sS`'m k' d{ ud;hr~ h". : p;|]j>]`v f}2b|k Positive feedback – ]ks} w} a.g k{ uks;n' y; ]S`m/l'` krn' pr usk' p]r~;m_Sv#p agr vh a[r a]ok u¶']jt h{ j;y a[r Jy;d; k;m kr' t{ us' positive feedback kht' h." : ud; _ ^sv k' smy y?`'rs m'. contractions a;n' s' oxytocin n;mk h[rm{n ]nklt; h" : a[r Oxytocin k' ^w;v s' y?`'rs a[r Jy;d; ]sk/2>t} h" y;]n usk' contractions a[r b3>'.g' : jb hm Ny?r{q'r'p} %;r; ]ks} w} g@.q} k{ uks;t' h".- t{ negative feedback system k' ]ny.μ~ k' k;r~ vh g@.q} k'vl vh} h[rm{Ns y; k"m}kLs utn} h} m;µ; m'. bn;y'g; ]jtn' k} us smy k' ]ly' a;vXykt; h" : [ g/½j} n' a;g' (Guyton 8th ed. p 813 s' 817 tk ]lYn; h" ] PINEAL GLAND Av. HYPOTHALAMUS b@'n m'. h;eEp{q"l'ms (hypothalamus) n;mk w;g h"- j{ d{ p@k;r s' k;m krt; h" _ Ak a[`{n{]mk nrvs ]sS`m autonomic nervous system k;- a[r d?sr;- vh ]pc/`r} Gl".2 (pituitary gland ) %;r; m/Åy A'N2{´;eEn Gl".2=s (endocrine glands) k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' h[rm{Nj> (hormones) bn;t; h" : xr}r k' j{ w} w;g k' ]ly' jh;. w} ]js c}j k} w} j#rt h"- us' h;ep{q|lms k{ bt;n; p2>t; h"- a[r b;k} k;m h;ep{q|lms k; h"- ] k vh c}j kh;\ s' k"s' w'jn} h" : ud;hr~ k' ]ly'- agr xr}r m'. q;eEr;|e2> k' T3-T4 h[rm{n k} a;vXykt; h"- t{ h;eEp{q"l'ms ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> k{ TSH.RH n;mk h[rm{n (mtlb q;eEr;|e2> S`}m/l'`}.g h[rm{n r}l}]j>.g h{rm{n) w'j'g; a[r ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> k{ es TSH.RH k' ]mln' pr h} vh TSH y;]n q;eEr;|e2> S`}m/l'`}.g h[rm{n n;mk h[rm{n bn;y'g;- nh}. t{ vh TSH nh}. bn;y'g; : ]fr ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> hm'x; h[rm{n k/9 Jy;d; h} bn;t; h" a[r agr q;eEr;|e2> Gl".2> s.t/Z` h{ j;y' t{ vh f}2> b"k ]sS`m %;r; h;ep{q|lms k{ bt; d'g; ]k us' a[r h[rm{n k} j#rt nh}. h" : es k' b;d ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> a[r TSH h[rm{n nh}. bn;y'g; jb tk k} us' bn;n' k; a;d'x d/b;r; h;eEp{q"l'ms s' nh}. ]ml'g; : b;k} k; j{ TSH h[rm{n j{ vh bn; c/k; h" a[r j{ rË s.c;r m'. i?m rh' h".- pr q;eEr;|e2> es d[r;n s.t/Z` h{ gy; h"- s{ b;k} k; j{ Jy;d; h[rm{n i?m rh' h".- j"s' h} v' ]lvr m'. j;y'.g' yh j{ Jy;d; h[rm{n a;g' bn c/k' h". uNh'. ]lvr YTm kr d'g; Ky{.]k un k} j#rt ab q;eEr;|e2> k{ nh}. h" : v"s' t{ h;eEp{q"l'ms ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 k' ]ly' GH.RH, ACTH.RH, LH.RH, TSH.RH n;mk keE alg ]kSm k' h{rm{Ns bn;t; h"- ]jNh'. ]rl}]j>.g h{rm{Ns kh; j;t; h"- Ky{.]k en h[rm{Nj> k' ]mln' pr h} ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> GH, ACTH, LH y; TSH eTy;]d h[rm{n bn;y'g;- nh}. t{ nh}. : ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> k{ m;S`r Gl".2> (master gland) kh; j;t; h"- jb ]k es k' uUpr p}n}yl Gl".2> h" : LMNT kht} h" ]k agr ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> m;S`r Gl".2> h" t{ p}n}yl Gl".2 es xr}r k; r;j; h" j{ s;r' xr}r k{ cl;t; h" : w;rt}y s.Sk,t} k' an/s;r hm;r' xr}r k' s;r' k;yE es} p}n}yl _ ]js' t}sr} a;.Y kht' h". _ us s' s.c;]lt h{t' h". : p}n}yl Gl".2> Ak trh k; AN`'n; (antenna) h" es]ly' s? yE c.d@ eTy;]d g@h{. k' p@w;v es pr p2>t; h" a[r us k' an/s;r yh xr}r k{ cl;t; h" : bCc' k' jNm k' smy agr usk; 1}k smy jgh- g;.v- t;l/k; eTy;]d k[n s' l[.g}c?` (longitude) y; l"`}c?` (latitude) pr ] Sqt h" a[r k[n s' d'x m.' h" eTy;]d 1}k trh s' agr k{eE Jy{]tz} k{ ]dy; j;y' t{ vh usk} jNm pµ} bn;kr smy k' s;q bt; skt; h" ]k k[n k[n s' smy y; kb us k' xr}r k{ Ky; kZ` h{g;- j{ k} 1}k h{g; : Jy{]tz ]vD; w} Ak s;eE.s (science) y;]n ]v7;n h" j{ ]k ]bLk/l 1}k h"- mgr mn/Zy k{ usk; 1}k 7;n h{n; c;]hy' : us bCc' k' jnm k' smy pr k[n s; g@h us smy v;y/ m.2>l k{ p@w;]vt kr rh; q; j{ us n' jNm l'n' pr p@qm Xv;s jb ]ly; t{ j{ g@h us v;y/ m.2l m'. p@;~ v;y/ %;r; us p@w;]vt v;y/ k' s;q us bCc' k' aNdr gy;- vh} g@h us bCc' k; r;j; h{g; : s{ us g@h k' ans;r y; uUpr sb g@h{. k' p@w;v k' an/s;r h} us' ]bm;r}y'. a;y'.g} : l']kn agr sh} vË pr LMNT upc;r l'. l'. t{ b}m;r} k} t}v@t; k{ j#r `;l skt' h". _ yh tj/b'E k} b;t h" : hm;r} w;rt}y s.Sk,]t kht} h" ]k p}n}yl (pineal gland) k; sMp?~E a]ok;r xr}r pr h" : LMNT %;r; p}n}yl k{ uks;n' m'. s6m h".- t{ hm p}n}yl %;r; h;eEp{q"l'ms- y; h;eEp{q"l'ms %;r; ]pc/`Ä} y; ]pc/`Ä} %;r; q;eEr;|e2> Gl".2> y; aNy A'N2{´;en g@.]qy{. eTy;]d k{ k.`Ä{l krk' unk' k;yEx"l} k{ 1}k kr skt' h". : `;eEm y; vË Av. n}.d p}n}yl k' a]ok;r m'. h" : p}n}yl Gl".2> m"l;`{]nn bn;t; h" ]js k' %;r; sb k;yE h{ skt; h" :

p}]nyl Gl".2 k' k;yE _ p}]nyl Gl".2 aNy h[rm{Ns k} m;µ; k{ ]ny.]μt krk' h{]my{S`"]ss (homeostasis) bn;y' rYt; h" : (h{]my{S`"]ss xr}r k} us s.t/]lt ]Sq]t k{ kht' h." ]jsm'. xr}r k' keE k;rk Ak ]n]Xct range y;]n s}m; s' b;hr nh}. j;t' : enm'. m/Åy h." _ b}p}- x/gr k} m;µ;- xr}r k; `"Mpr'cr- rË Av. aNy body fluids k; pH- ]`x?j> m'. oxygen Av. carbon dioxide k} m;µ; eTy;]d :) p}]nyl Gl".2 k' h[rm{Ns h." _ Melatonin & Serotonin ] jnk' %;r; yh h{]my{S`"]ss k; tq; ]nMn k;y{E. k; ]ny.µ~ krt; h" _ biological clock, ageing process Av. sexual functions and development Melatonin m"l;`{]nn Tryptophan n;mk Ak amino acid Av. serotonin s' m'l;`{]nn k; uTp;dn h{t; h" : ]jNh'. keE brs{. tk UDF a;t; h{- usk' xr}r m'. tryptophan 1}k s' nh}. bn p;y'g; : j{ 1}k vË pr nh}. s{y'- y; ]jNh'. 1}k s' n}.d nh}. a;t} h{- usk' xr}r m'. s'r{`{]nn nh}. bn'g;- t{ en d{n{. k} km} s' uNh'. m'l;`{]nn k} km} h{ skt} h" : yh pineal gland k; m/Åy messenger h" : Pineal gland apn; s;r; k;yE es} s' krv;t; h" : Melatonin k' k;yE  aNy h[rm{Ns k} m;µ; k{ regulate krn; Av. homeostasis k{ bn;y' rYn; : Biological clock y;]n hm'. kb a[r ]ktn} d'r s{n; c;]hy' a[r kb j;gn; c;]hy' eTy;]d Ageing process y;]n xr}r m'. ]ks g]t s' b/3>;p' k} ]nx;]ny;\ ]dYn' lgt} h."

Sexual functions and development y;]n jnn;.g{. k; ]vk;s ks umr m'. h{n; h"- sex k' ^]t ½]c kb a;n} h" Av. kb

] YTm h{n} h" _ eTy;]d : esk' al;v; yh} ]n]Xct krt; h" ]k l2k} ]ks umr m'. b;]lk h{g} tq; vh ]ks umr m'. bCc; p"d; kr'g} a[r ]ks umr m'. usk' m;]sk omE YTm h{.g' eTy;]d : j#rt h{n' pr yh q;yr;|e2 GL".2 k' T4 h{rm{n k{ T3 m'. convert krv;t; h" ]jss' xr}r k{ Jy;d; energy a[r heat ]mlt} h" : agr ]ks} k} eMy?]n`} (immunity) y;]n a;Tm_r6; x]Ë km h{ t{ m'l;`{]nn h{rm{n ]bg2' h/y' q;yms Gl".2 k{ s/o;rkr eMy?]n`} b3;t; h" :

sn= 2006 m'. g/½j} n' Ak ad=w/t upc;r ]nk;l; h" ]js' d'n' k' b;d d'Y; gy; ]k s'r'b@l A`Ä{f} y;]n ]dm;g k} A`Ä{f} (atrophy) w} YTm k} j; skt} h" : s{ yh s{c; j;t; h" ]k es upc;r k' %;r; hm p}]nyl Gl".2 k{ usk;t' h". : upc;r _ (½) Ku – 40 secs x 6 treatments. m'l;`{]nn bn;n' k; tq; p}]nyl Gl".2 k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' _ ½ Ku – 40 seconds Serotonin yh Ak neurotransmitter Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r h" j{ n}.d l;n' k' ]ly' bh/t j#r} h" : yh ]2p@'xn (depression) y;]n mn k} ud;s} k{ control krt; h" : y;]n y?. kh; j;y ]k xr}r m'. s'r{`}]nn k} km} s' mn/Zy m'. ud;s} y; n}.d nh}. a;n; eTy;]d h{ skt' h". : jb h'm{r'j (hemorrhage)1 h{t; h"- tb platelets s' s'r{`{]nn ]nklt; h" j{ us jgh k' blood vesssels k{ constrict y;]n ]sk/2v;t; h"- ]jss' us w;g m'. rË k; ^v;h km h{ j;t; h" : es trh vh healing m'. mdd krt; h" : (RW 9th ed. p 67, 226). yh smooth muscles k' contraction m'. mdd krt; h" Av. eN`'S`;en k' secretions k{ b3;t; h" : 2 y;]n jh;\ kh}. w} hm'. smooth muscles k' k;yE k{ b3>;n; h{ t{ hm (8) Medulla k; upy{g kr skt' h". : l']kn yh inflammation m'. histamine j"s; k;m krt; h" Av. inflammation k{ b3>;t; h": Pancreatic juice k' production y;]n uTp;dn k{ r{kt; h" : x;yd es]ly' h} k/9 l{g{. k{ w{jn k' t/rNt pXc;t s{n' s' apcn k} ]xk;yt h{t} h{ : yh temperature y;]n xr}r k' t;pm;n k; w} ]ny.µ~ krt; h" : s'r{`{]nn bn;n' k; shj f[rm/l; _ (8) Medulla v}r a;sn %;r; p}]nyl Gl".2 k{ uks; skt' h". a[r ]f`=s k{ w} r{k skt' h". : s"r{`{]nn bn;n' k' ]ly' tq; n}.d l;n' k' ]ly' y; n}c' k; upc;r bh/t l;wd;yk h" _ (8) Medulla (6) Gas ‘I’ (6) Adr (20) + Back of head ghisai h;yp{q|lms k' h{rm{Ns h;yp{q|lms Ak A'N2{´;en g@.q} nh}. l']kn b@'n k; Ak w;g h" : ess' ] nMn]l]Yt h[rm{Ns releasing hormones ]nklt' h." j{ rË n]lk;y'. %;r; anterior pituitary tk ph/\ct' h." a[r u]ct h{rm{n k{ uks;n' k; k;m krt} h". : y' h". _ GHRF (Growth hormone releasing factor) Prolactin releasing hormone Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH y; TRF) Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) Follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor (FSH.RF) Leutenising hormone releasing factor (LRF) inhibiting hormones ]nMn]l]Yt h[rm{Ns inhibiting hormones h." y;]n y' r{kn' k; k;m krt' h". _ Somatostatin - (yh growth hormone k{ inhibit krt; h" ) Dopamine (yh prolactin k{ r{kt; h") enk' al;v; d{ a[r h[rm{Ns h". _ oxytocin and vasopressin - y' h;yp{q|lms m'. bnt' h".- a[r nerve endings %;r; posterior pituitary tk ph/\ckr vh}. S`{r rht' h". : c?.]k v' p[S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' h} ]nklt' h".- es]ly' uNh'. p[S`}]ryr ]p`=y? `=r} k' h[rm{Ns kh; j;t; h" : SvSq Vy]Ë k' xr}r k} `"Mpr'cr a;m t[r pr 98.4 - 98.6 ºF rhn} c;]hy' : pr k/9 r{g}y{. k{ xr}r k} `"Mp@'cr 96.0, 96.5 y; 97 ºF eTy;]d hm'x; rht} h" : `"Mpr'cr k{ agr uUpr l;n; h" t{ (6) Medulla d'n; c;]hy' : 30 m}n` k' b;d agr d/b;r; d' ]dy; t{ us} ]dn 96 s' 97 ºF h{ j;y'g; : es p@k;r d{_c;r upc;r k' b;d unk' xr}r k} `"Mp@'cr 1}k h{ j;y'g} : agr ]ks} k{ Py;s y; w?Y n lg' t{ (6) Medulla d'n' s' Py;s a[r w?Y lgn} x/# h{ j;y'g} : a;jkl km umr k' bCc{. k; upc;r krt' smy (6) Medulla nh}. d't' h". : Ky{.]k h;ep{q|lms w} s{m"`{S`"]`n h[rm{n bn;t; h"- j{ ]k xr}r k' ]vk;s a[r h;eE` (height) b3>n' k{ r{k'g; : l']kn b@'n k} b}m;]ry{. k{ 1}k krt' smy hm'. (6) Medulla h} d'n; h"- Ky{.]k us smy hm'. b@'n k{ 1}k krn; m/Åy h"- us smy h;eE` (height) k{ mhTv nh}. d't' :

]p`=y?`r} Gl".2

PITUITARY GLAND

]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> Ak m`r y; cn' k' d;n' ]jtn; h"- ]js k; vjn a;o; g@;m h" a[r 85% es m'. p;n} h" : es' xr}r k; m;S`r Gl".2> (master gland) kh; gy; h" : ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 k{ h;eEp{f;eE]ss (hypophysis) w} kht' h". : es k} s;eEj> (size) tkr}bn Ak s".`}m}`r (cm.) h" a[r esk; vjn 0.5 gm tk k; h" : a[r yh ]dm;g k' mOy m'. ]Sqt h;eEp{q"l'ms k' s;q j/2>; h" a[r h;eEp{q"l'ms k' kh' m/t;]bk yh xr}r k' keE A'N2{.´;eEn Gl".2>=s k{ s.c;]lt krt; h" : yh h;yp{q|lms k' n}c' ]Sqr h"- ]js' s'Ll; `/rs}k; (sella turcica) kht' h". : k;yE x"l} k' an/s;r es' d{ w;g{. m'. b;.`; gy; h". _ a;g' k' w;g k{ A'N`}r}yr (anterior) a[r ]p9l' w;g k{ p{S`}r}yr (posterior) w;g kht' h". : p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} k; h;yp{q|lms s' s}o; sMbNo h"- jb ]k A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} es k' b;hr h" : en d{n{. w;g{. k' b}c m'. Ak d}v;r_s} h"- ]js' p;jE> eN`rm}]2y; (pars intermedia) y; ‘p;r’ kht' h". : ]p`=y?`r} k' a;g' v;l' Av. hemorrhage = as;o;r~ #p s' xr}r k' a.dr y; b;hr aTy]ok rË bhn' lgn; : jb xr}r k' a.dr h} a.dr h{t; h"- us' internal hemorrhage kht' h." : jb Y?n xr}r s' b;hr ]nkl j;t; h."- us' external hemorrhage kht' h." : 2 Smooth muscles v' h." j{ involuntary actions y;]n an"]C9k k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ krt' h." : y' Y;s kr p'`- a;.t]2y{.- l.Gj> y;]n f'f2'- p'x;b k} q"l}- y?`'rs Av. sw} rË n]lk;y'. k' aNdr tq; glands k' ducts k' aNdr p;y' j;t' h." : 1

p}9' v;l' w;g alg alg h[rm{Nj> bn;t' h". : mn/Zy{. m'. ‘Pars’ (b}c v;l} ]dv;r) k{eE h[rm{n nh}. bn;t;- pr j;nvr{. k; 'Pars' w} h[rm{n bn;t; h" : A'N`}r}yr l{b (anterior lobe) d?sr' AN2{´;eEn Gl".2=j> _ j"s' q;eEr;|e2>- A]2Änl Gl".2> k; uUpr w;g- `"S`}j> y; a;'vr}j>- g@{q h[rm{n- d?o k' ]ly' a[r h]2=2y{. k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' h[rm{Nj> bn;t; h" : Av. p{S`}r}yr l{b (posterior lobe) ] k2>n} k' ]ly' Av. d?o ]nk;ln' Av. y?`Äs k{ ]sk{2n' k' ]ly' h[rm{n bn;t; h" :

]pc/`Ä} Gl".2 k} Ak ]dn k} h[rm{n bn;n' k} p@{2>Kxn (production) Ak g@;m k; ds l;Yv;. ]hSs; ]jtn; h} h{t; h"- j{ yh d?sr' keE A'N2{´;eEn Gl".2=s (endocrine glands) k{ ]ny.μ~ k' ]ly' bn;t; h" : a[r xr}r k' h[rm{Nj> A's; k;m kr skt' h". ]k mn/Zy s{c w} nh}. skt; : es} ]p`=y?`r} k' h[rm{n k' k;r~ bCc; m;\ k' p'` s' b;hr ]nklt; h"- es} k' k;r~ m;\ k' Stn{. m'. d?o a;t; h" : h[rm{Nj> k; asr k/9 k; t{ us} smy ]ml j;t; h" j{ ]k k/9 h} ] mn`{. m'. asr ]dY; d't' h".- k/9 k{ k/9 iN`' lgt' h".- k/9 k{ k/9 ]dn lgt' h". uks;n' k{ _ ]fr vh m]hn{. k;m krt' rht' h".. : Oy;n rh' Ak bh/t k}mt} b;t h" _ vh yh ]k ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2 q;eEms- A]2Änl m"2/l; a[r p"r;q;eEr;|e2> Gl".2=s k' ]ly' k{eE h[rm{n nh}. bn;t; _ en t}n{. k' uUpr ]ks} aNy Gl".2 k; a;d'x nh}. clt;- y' t}n{. e.]2p"N2"N` Gl".2=j> (independent glands) h".- y;]n v' apn} eC9; s' k;yE krt' h". : ]p`=y?`=r} Gl".2 k; ^w;v en pr h" Thyroid k' T3 & T4 h{rm{Ns Adrenal cortex Breasts Ovaries / Testes sw} s"Ls pr ( g@{q y;]n ]vk;s k' ]ly' )

]p`=y?`=r} Gl".2 k; ^w;v en pr nh}. H" Thyroid k' Calcitonin h{rm{n Adrenal medulla Thymus Parathyroid Endocrine Pancreas

R} g/½j} k' apn' k/9 ]vc;r unk' h} xBd{ m'. n}c' ]dy' gy' h". _ " yh j{ m". ]lY rh; h?.- yh ]ks} ]kt;b y; p/Stk m'. nh}. h"- yh m'r' apn' ]vc;r s' ]lY rh; h?. : yh es]ly' j#r} h" Ky{.]k hmn' (y;]n Ny?r{q'r'p} n') es s' k;m l'n' h". : es]ly' a;p k{ es k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' ] ks p@k;r s' k;m l'n; h" t;]k a;p es s' k;m l' sk'. a[r a;p k{ 7;n h{n; c;]hy' ]k es k{ ]ks p@k;r s' uks;y; j; skt; h"- a[r hm es k{ uks;n' m'. k"s' sfl h/y' h". yh bt;t; h?. t{ a;p k{ 7;n h{ j;y'g; : m".n' tj/b'E s' bh/t vzE _ tkr}bn 8–10 s;l phl' _ p;y; ]k Ny?r{q'r'p} h} Ak A's} q'r'p} h" j{ s}o; eNf'Kxn a[r eNFlm'xn k; el;j kr skt' h".- jb ]k d?sr' q'r'p}j> m'. A's; nh}. h" : eNf'Kxn k; el;j hm'. q;ems Gl".2 k{ uks; kr krn; h"- jb ]k eNFlm'xn k; el;j hm'. A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k{ uks; kr krn; c;]hy' : q;ems a[r A'2Ä}nl Ak d?sr' k' ]v½5 h".- a[r agr glt} s' ]ks} n' eNf'Kxn k' p'x.` k{ A'2Ä}nl d' ]dy; t{ b}m;r} bh/t b3> j;y'g} : ud;hr~ k' ]ly' agr r{g} k' ]rp{`E m'. ]lY; h{ ]k us' s"P`}s'm}y; (septicemia) h" y; phl' kw} w} q} t{ us' hm;r' upc;r %;r; q;eEms k{ uks;n; c;]hy' : Ky{.]k es b}m;r} m'. r{g} k} eMy?]n`} km h{t} h" a[r agr es r{g} k{ ] ks} k;r~ (6) Adr k; upc;r d'. t{ A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k' uks;y' j;n' k' k;r~ k[r`}j>[l (cortisol) ]nkl'g; j{ ]k eMy?]n`} k{ a[r km kr'g; a[r es k' k;r~ r{g} k{ k[NvLxn=s (convulsions) y;]n d[r' a; skt' h". : es trh h[rm{Nj> k; mhTv sm4; j; skt; h" ]k v' ]ktn} x]Ë rYt' h". : Y;l} q'r']pS` k{ es k; Oy;n h{n; c;]hy' : es} trh GBS y;]n ]gLln b;r ]s.2Ä{m m'. A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k{ uks;n; c;]hy' Ky{.]k yh eNFlm'xn k} b}m;r} h"- s{ agr glt} s' us p'x.` k{ q;ems d' ]dy; t{ yh b}m;r} a[r b3> j;y'g} : es]ly' hm'. ]ks} r{g} k; el;j krn' s' phl' yh pt; lg;n; h" ]k us' eNf'Kxn k} b}m;r} h" y; eNFlm'xn k} b}m;r} h" t{ 1}k p@k;r s' el;j h{ skt; h" : a[r yh pt; lg;n' k' ]ly' y; t{ hm'. usk; `"S` kr;n; c;]hy' y; ] ks} p/Stk y; ]2Kxnr} (dictionary) k; sh;r; l'n; c;]hy' : ]bn; tsLl} ]ky' el;j nh}. krn; c;]hy' : t{ es p@k;r s' yh pt; lg;n' k' ]ly' m".n' a]ok p3>;eE krn} x/# k} k;r~ A'l{p"q} m'. eNf'Kxn a[r eNFlm'xn d{n{. k{ eNf'Kxn h} kh; j;t; h" : ]fr o}r'_o}r' sm4 m'. a;n' lg; ]k i{r y; ´{]nk eNf'Kxn eNFlm'xn m'. bdl j;t; h" : (tj/b'E s') pt; lg; y; sm4 m'. a;y; ]k a;o; k/.2l} b}s s"k.2 ((½) Ku – 20 secs) s' eNf'Kxn a[r eNFlm'xn d{n{. m'. l;w h{t; h" : es k; mtlb yh h/a; ]k es upc;r s' b{n m"r{ (bone marrow) uks;eE j;y'g} jh;. s' rË k' RBC’s k' s;q m'. WBC’s w} bnn' p@;r.w h{ j;y'.g'- ]js s' g@'n/l{s;e`=s (granulocytes), m{n{s;e`=s (monocytes) ]lMf{s;e`=s (lymphocytes) eTy;]d bnn' x/# h{ j;y'.g' : g@'n/l{s;e`=s t}n p@k;r k' s"Ls bn;t' h". ]jnk; n;m h" _ Ny?`Ä{]fLs- eEs}n{]fLs a[r b"s{]fLs (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils). b"s{]fLs c;h' rË m'. k'vl Ak p@]txt y; uss' km w} h{. mgr y' hm'. bh/t h} l;wkr h". : k;r~ jb xr}r m'. k{eE b}m;r} a;t} h" t{ xr}r us eNf'Kxn k' s;q l2>t; h"- pr jb us a;gNt/k b}m;r} k' k}`;~/a{. k{ sm;Pt krn' m'. sfl nh}. h{t; t{ eNf'Kxn eNFlm'xn m'. bdl j;t; h" : t{ y' b"s{]fLs s"Ls ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 k{ uks;t' h{.g' j{ ACTH h[rm{n bn;y'g; ]js k' %;r; A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k{ uks;y; j;y'g; j{ t/rNt k[r`}s{l (cortisol) h[rm{n ]nk;l'g; ]jss' eNFlm'xn sm;Pt h{ j;t; h" : A's; h{n' k' k;r~ h" ]k ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 m'. w} b"s{]fLs s"Ls h". j{ ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 k' 2'L`; s"Ls (delta cells) bn;t' h". : s{ es} trh s' agr hm ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 k' aNy s"Ls k} j;nk;r} b3>; l'. t{ x;yd hm un s"Ls k{ uks;kr d?sr' h{rm{Ns k{ w} uks; skt' h". : " ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 m'. ]v]w¸ s"Ls h". j{ alg_alg h{rm{Ns bn;t' h". _ • • •

• • •

alpha cells β cells gamma cells

delta cells - y' b"s{]fLs s"Ls h{t' h". sinusoid cells epsilon cells - y' A']s2{]fl s"Ls h{t' h".

Cell k; n;m

unk' h[rm{Ns

Acidophil cells

Prolactin (LTH) & GH

Basophil cells

FSH & LH

Pars intermedia

LTH & MSH

Thyrotrophs

TSH

Oy;n rh' ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 k' s"Ls m'. 30 s' 40 p@]txt g@{q h[rm{n=j> bnt' h".- a[r A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' ]ly' 20 p@]txt ACTH bn;t; h" a[r b;k} sw} a[rgNj> (organs) k' ]ly' _ y;]n q;yr;|e2 Gl".2- d?o bn;n' k} g@.]qy{. tq; s"Ks/al f.KxNs (sexual functions y;]n p@jnn sMbNo} f.KxNs) - sb k' ]ly' k'vl 3 s' 5 p@]txt h{rm{Ns bn;t; h" : l']kn y' h{rm{Ns bh/t h} p;vrf/l (powerful) y;]n x]Ëx;l} h". ]k etn} km m;µ; h} py;EPt h{t} h" : ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> k' d{n{. w;g k/l ]ml:kr a;1 h[rm{n bn;t' h" _ A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} k' h{rm{Ns A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} (y;]n ]p`=y?`r} k' a;g' k; w;g) k; ^w;v keE endocrine glands pr h" : agr v' glands 1}k s' k;m nh{. kr rh' h{. t{ hm ]p`=y?`=r} Gl".2 k{ Ny?r{q'r'p} %;r; uks;kr us gland k{ stimulate krt' h." ]jss' b}m;r} 1}k h{t} h" : A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} 6 h[rm{Ns bn;t; h" ]jnk' n;m h". _ GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH Av. Prolactin. enk' ]v]w¸ k;yE es p@k;r h". _ 1. Somatotropin Hormone or Growth Hormone – g@{q h[rm{n yh h[rm{n s"Llj> k} 2}v}j>n (cell division) krv;t; h" mtlb es h{rm{n k' k;r~ h} s"Ll k; Ak s' d{ bnn; h{g;- a[r yh} p@{`}n k} cy;pcy k{ uks;n' k; k;m krt; h" : xr}r k' tkr}bn sb s"Ls a[r ]`x?j> k' g@{q y;]n ]vk;s es h{rm{n k' bg"r nh}. h{ skt; : xr}r k' sw} cells k' growth k{ uks;t; h"- mgr yh gastrin h[rm{n k{ r{kt; h" : ]lvr m'. s{m"`{m']2n (somatomedin) n;mk ^{`}n bnt; h"- j{ GH k' k;yE m'. mdd krt; h" : 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone OR ACTH – A'2Ä}n{ k{`}Ek{ `Ä{]fk h{rm{n jb h;yp{q|lms s' CRH ]nkl'g; tb anterior pituitary s' ACTH n;mk h[rm{n ]nklt; h" : yh A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k{ uks;t; h" ]jsk' k;r~ h} A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k; k[r`"Ks steroid hormones bn;y'g;- vrn; nh}. : agr xr}r m'. S`}r;|e2 h{rm{Ns nh}. bn' t{ k/9 h} ]dn{. m'. m[t a; j;y'g} : y;d rh' _ ACTH h[rm{n adrenal medulla k{ nh}. uks;t; : 3. Thyrotropin OR Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) – q;yr;|e2 ]S`m/l']`.g h{rm{n es s' q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 uks;y; j;y'g; ]js s' T3,T4 y;]n Tri-iodo thyronine and thyroxine h[rm{n bn'.g' : y' xr}r m'. m'`;b;|]lj>m y;]n cy;pcy k' hr k;yE k{ d'Yt' h". : TSH q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k{ T3, T4 bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;t; h" Av. ]ng']`v f}2b"k %;r; unk} m;µ; pr ]ny.µ~ rYt; h" : tq; un h[rm{Ns k; synthesis •uTp;dn–- s.cyn •storage– Av. eNh'. kb ]nkln; c;]hy' _ esk} d'Yw;l krt; h" : Av. q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k; size k{ w} yh ]n~Ey krt; h" : TSH k{ T3, T4 h[rm{Ns r{kt' h." : y;]n jb T3, T4 k} m;µ; b3>t} h"- t{ TSH k} m;µ; i` j;y'g} : y;d rh' _ TSH h[rm{n Calcitonin k{ nh}. uks;t; : 4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) f;|l}kl ]S`m/l']`.g h{rm{n 5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) l?]`n;e]j>.g h{rm{n FSH , LH - y' d{n{. ]mlkr h} k;m krt' h". : en d{n{. k{ Gonadotrophic hormones kht' h". : y' d{n{. alg_alg tr}k' s' jnn;.g{. k; ]vk;s a[r p@jnn sMbNo} k;yE krt' h".:

a[rt{. m'. m;]sk omE k' phl' w;g m'. FSH k;m krt; h"- a[r esk' k;r~ AS`Ä{j"n h{rm{n ]nkl'g;- j{ p@jnn sMbNo} a.g{. k' ]vk;s krv;t; h" : FSH k' k;r~ a[vr}j> m'. phl' f|;]lkl (follicle) k} g@{q h{t} h" : yh a;'vr}j> (ovaries) m'. f{]lklj> (follicles) k{ m"Cy{r (mature) kr;t; h" : s"k2{. a.2' pkt' rht' h". ]fr Ak a.2; pk kr ]nklt; h"- ]js' a{v/l'xn kht' h". : a[rt{. m'. m"n{p{j> (menopause) k' b;d FSH kr}b 15-g/n; b3> j;t; h" : Av. md{E. m'. v,5;vSq; m'. jb `'S`}s k; k;m i` j;t; h" tb w} FSH k; uTp;dn b3>t; h" : m;]sk c´ k' d?sr' w;g m'. LH k;m krt; h" ]jsk; uks;n' pr p@{j'S`'r{n bn'g; : Leutinising hormone LH s' a{vr}j> k{ a{v/l'xn krn' k' ]ly' uks;y; j;t; h" b;k} k' sb a.2' j{ sm;Pt h{ j;t' h". unk{ j{2>kr k{pEs l?]`ym corpus luteum bn; d't; h" j{ w} p@{j'S`'r{n bn;y'g; a[r usk' %;r; p@jnn sMbNo} aNy k;y{E. k{ uks;t; h" : a[rt{. m'. LH a{vr}j> m'. AS`Ä{j'n Av. ^{j'S`Ä{n k} m;µ; k{ uks;t; h" Av. en h[rm{Ns k} m;µ; k{ control krt; h" : LH m;]sk c´ k' ]p9l' p.d@h ]dn m'. k;m krt; h" a[r es} k' p@w;v s' m;]sk c´ k' aNt m'. y?`'rs k; endometrium `?`t; h" ]jsk' k;r~ menses a;t' h". : LH `"S`}s (testes) m'. `"S`{S`}r{n (testosterone) h[rm{n bnn' k{ uks;t; h" Av. unk} m;µ; k{ control krt; h" : a[rt{. m'. esk; n;m LH h" jb ]k p/½z{. m'. es' ICSH kht' h". : p/½z{. m'. FSH `"S`}s m'. v}yE k} SpmE sperms k{ bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;t; h" : (ICSH k; p?r; n;m h" _ inter-stitial cell stimulating hormone = eN`r_]S`]xyl s"l ]S`m/l']`.g h[rm{n) 6. Prolactin OR Lactogenic Hormone p@{l"K`}n h[rm{n s' breasts k} development h{t} h" a[r Stn{. m'. d?o bnt; h" : es s' a[rt{. k' b2>} h{n' pr Stn{. m'. d?o bnn' lg'g; : uUpr ]lY' y' 9h h[rm{Nj> ]pc/`Ä} k; A'N`}r}yr y;]n s;mn' k; w;g bn;t; h" : n}C{ ]lY' h[rm{Nj> ]pc/`Ä} k' p}9' k; p{S`}r}yr w;g (posterior pituitary) bn;t; h" :

p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} k} h{rm{Ns p[S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' d{ h{rm{Ns n]klt' h". j{ h;yp{q|lms bn;t} h" a[r v' p[S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} m'. S`{r rht' h". _ y' h".

OXYTOCIN a;|Ks}`{]sn a[r ADH y; v"s{p@"]sn : 1. OXYTOCIN a;|Ks}`{]sn yh y?`'rs y;]n gw;Exy k' nrm msl k{ ]sk{2>t; h" a[r gw;Exy k} xKl k{ bn;t; h" y; 1}k_1;k rYt; h" t;]k bCc' k; jNm 1}k p@k;r s' h{: v""s' yh Stn{. k' d?o bn;n' v;l' Gl".2=j> y; g@.q}y{ k{ uks;y'g; t;]k bCc; jb ]nPplj> (nipples) k{ c?s' t{ wrp?r d?o 1}k p@k;r s' ]nkl' : phl' hm a;|Ks}`{]sn k' ]ly' (4) Para d't' q' : g/½j} k} s{c h" ]k ab Oxytocin bn;n' k; latest LMNT upc;r es p@k;r h{g; _ (1½) Para – 6 secs.

2. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE OR ADH ADH y;]n A'N`}_2;eE_y?r']`k h[rm{n (anti di-uretic hormone) y;]n p'x;b r{kn'v;l; : yh p'x;b k} m;µ; k{ i`;t; h" : es h{rm{n k} p@w;v s' ]k2>n}y{. k} `=y?b?Lj> (tubules) p;n} k{ r}_ANj{bE (re-absorb) kr l't} h". y;]n v;ps s{Y l't} h". a[r p'x;b %;r; b;hr j;n' nh}. d't} : (es} k;r~ s' esk; n;m anti-diuretic hormone h" : Diuretic y;]n p'x;b k{ b3;n'v;l; : anti-diuretic y;]n p'x;b k{ r{kn' v;l; ) es h{rm{n k' asr k' k;r~ p'x;b km h{.g' ]jss' xr}r m'. p;n} k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h" : jb p;n} b3>'g; tb Bl2 v[Ly?m w} b3>'g; ]jss' b} p} b3>'g} : es k' al;v; es h{rm{n k' p@w;v s' rË n]lk;a{. (blood vessels) k' smooth muscles ]sk//2> j;y'.g}- y; unk; 2;y;m}`r (diameter) km h{ j;y'g; : A's' krn' s' b} p} y;]n Bl2> p@'xr- j{ brs{. s' l{ rht} h"- vh b3>kr n[rml h{ j;y'g}- ]jsk' k;r~ es} h{rm{n k; Ak a[r n;m v"s{p@']sn (vasopressin) h" : (vaso y;]n Bl2 vessels s' sMb]Not; pressin y;]n p@'xr k{ b3>;n' v;l;) Ny?r{q'r'p} m'. (2) Para d'kr hm p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} k{ vasopressin ]nk;ln' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". : esk' b;r' m'. Ak ] kSs; g/½j} k' m/\h s' s/]ny' _ " Ak b;r R}mt} s?r} j} _ ]jn k{ k".sr q; _ unk; Bl2> p@'xr 70/40 rh gy; : unk' l2>k' k; f{n a;y; ]k "g/½j} mMm} j; rh} h".- 2;|K`r s;mn' b"1' h". pr mMm} k; Bl2> p@'xr n}c' ]grt} j; rh} h" :" smy km q;- l']kn h]r k} eC9; q} ]k us} smy 2|;. kml'x (y;]n kml'x d}d} ) k; f{n a;y; _ ]ks} aNy p'x.` k' b;r' m'. p?9n' k' ]ly' _ t{ m".n' us' R}mt} s?r} j} k} h;L;t bt;eE t{ uNh{.n' kh; ]k m". un k' ir k' p;s h} h?. ! t{ m'r' khn' pr us} smy vh unk' ir ph/.c geE a[r un k{ (2) Para n;mk upc;r d' ] dy; : ds ]mn` b;d m;l?m p2>; ]k Bl2> p@'xr 100 k' kr}b a; gy; h" a[r vh bc geE : yh sb h]r eC9; s' h} h/a; Ky{.]k kml'x k; 1}k us} smy f{n a;n;- vh;. us} A]ry; m'. us smy us k; h{n; a[r t/rNt j; p;n; - yh sb hm;r} Pl;]n.g (planning) s' nh}. q} : (2) Para d'n' s' xr}r m'. v"s{p@"s}n bn gy} j{ xr}r k} hr n;2>} k{ ]sk/2>; d'g}: a[r j"s' h} n;2>}y'. ]sk/2>} Bl2> p@'xr b3> gy} : " Oy;n d'. ]k ADH a[r v"s{p@"]sn d{n{. Ak h} h{rm{n k' d{ n;m h". : ]jNh'. keE brs{. s' l{ b} p} h"- unk' ]ly' (2) Para Ak aTyNt p@w;vx;l} upc;r h" : l']kn yh `Ä}`=m'.` uNh'. nh}. d'n; ]jNh'. xr}r m'. rË k} km} k' k;r~ ]jnk{ ac;nk l{ b} p} h/a; h{ : (A's' Vy]Ëy{. k' ]ly' `Ä}`=m'.` h" angiotensin #2 formula.)

p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} k' d{n{. h{rm{n k' k;y{E. k; s.6'p m'. t/ln; n}c' ]dy; gy; h" _

p@w;v kb ]nklt; h" k;yE

LMNT `Ä}`=m'. `

Oxytocin

ADH (Vasopressin)

esk; p@w;v y?`'rs a[r Stn{. k' d?o g@.]qy{. pr h" : Delivery k' ddE k' smy Av. lactation y;]n m;\ bCc' k{ d?o ]pl;t' smy yh ] nklt; h" delivery y;]n p@s?]t k' labour pains k' smy y?`'rs k{ ]sk/2v;t; h" Av. jb bCc; qn m'. m/\h lg;y' tb a;\cl s' d?o ] nk;ln' k; s.d'x d't; h" : esk; `Ä}`=m'.` h" (4) Para

esk; p@w;v ]k2n}s Av. rË n]lk;y'. pr h" : tn;v (stress) Av. dehydration •xr}r m'. p;n} k} km}– k' smy v"s{p@']sn a]ok m;µ; m'. ]nklt; h" : xr;b p}n; vasopressin k' k;yE k{ r{kt; h" : tn;v (stress) k' smy yh b}p} k{ b3>;t; h" : Av. dehydration y;]n xr}r m'. p;n} k} km} k' smy yh urine k{ r{kt; h" : esk; `Ä}`=m'.` h" (2) Para. usk' phl' (15) Medulla d'n; b'htr h"Ky{.]k vasopressin k{ acetyl choline h[rm{n uks;t; h" :

agr anterior pituitary h;yp{ h{ _ • c?.]k A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' 6 h[rm{Ns ]nklt' h".- t{ ]jn h[rm{Ns k} km} h"- usk' an/s;r alg alg b}m;]ry{. k; n;m ]dy; j;t; h" : • k/9 l{g{. m'. systemic BP ac;nk km h{ j;t} h" ]jss' q;yr[e2 k'- A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k' Av. gonads (y;]n jnn;.g) k' ]S`m/l']`.g h[rm{Ns nh}. ]nklt' h". : us' Simmond’s disease kht' h". : A's' l{g{. m'. gluco-corticoids k} km} k' k;r~ m[t w} h{ skt} h": Gonadotrophic h[rm{Ns y;]n FSH,LH k} km} k' k;r~ k/9 a[rt{. k{ 2'l}vr} k' b;d bCc' k' ]ly' d?o nh}. bnt; : • agr GH a[r keE h[rm{Ns nh}. ]nkl' t{ us' ]p`=y?`r} 2/v;r]fj>m (pituitary dwarfism) kht' h". : A's' bCc{. m'. b/]5 Av. xr}r n[rml bCc{. j"s; h{t; h"- l']kn unk} h;e` (height) a;m bCc{. s' km h{t} h" : enm'. Py?b`}E (puberty y;]n b;]lkpn) d'r s' a;t} h" : Av. k/9 l{g{. m'. h;yp{Gl;es}]my; y;]n ( x/gr k} km} ) h{ skt} h" : • agr GH, FSH & LH h;yp{ h{ t{ us' Frohlich’s syndrome kht' h". - unm'. g@{q (growth) km- a]vk]st jnn;.g- mNd b/]5- m{`;p; tq; xr}r m'. f"`=s k} jm;v` a[rt{._j"s; h{t; h": agr ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 h;ypr h{ t{ _ esk; m/Åy #p h" _ Growth hormone y;]n GH k; a]ok bnn; : esk' k;r~ h2=2}y'.- h;`E Av. sw} a.g Anl;jE y;]n b2' h{ j;t' h". : A's' Vy]Ëy{. h;eE b} p} tq; 2;y;b"`}s k' ]xk;r bnt' h". : • agr bcpn m'.- y;]n epiphysis k' l;en (line) j/2n' k' phl' h} A's; h{ j;y' t{ bCc; uU.c' kd k;- Av. w}mk;y Sv#p k; h{g; ]js' gigantism kht' h". : agr yh jv;n} m'. h/a; t{ uss' b[Ns m[`'- Tvc; Y/rdr}- b2} j}w- b2' h;q_p"r eTy;]d l6~ h{t' h".- ]js' A'Kr{m"g;l} (acromegaly) kht' h". : • agr p@{l"K`}n l'vl ( level ) b3> j;y _ j{ h{rm{Ns k} eNj'Kxn k' d/Zp@w;v s' h{ skt; h" _ c;h' p/½z h{ y; Sμ} _ Stn{. s' lg;t;r d?o ]nklt; rh'g; : esk' al;v; a[rt{. m'.. m"Nss k; n a;n;- b;.jpn Av. p/½z{. m'. eMp[`'Ns (impotence) y;]n sex k' p@]t a½]c eTy;]d h{ skt' h". : esk' 1}k ]vpr}t agr p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} h;yp{ h{ agr ADH nh}. bn' t{ p'x;b aTy]ok m;µ; m'. ]nkln' lg'g; : es' 2;y;b"`}s eNs}p}2s k} b}m;r} kht' h". : : Vy]Ë ]dn m'.

15-20]l`r p;n} p}t; h" Av. us' lg;t;r a[r b;r_b;r p'x;b h{t' rht; h" : es b}m;r} k' aNy l6~ h". _ l{ b} p}- at}v qk;n- cKkr eTy;]d (eNh}. l6~{. k' k;r~ xr;b} rSt' m'. s{ j;t' h"..- Ky{.]k xr;b p}n' k' k;r~ xr}r m'. ADH k; uTp;dn km h{ j;t; h" : ) agr Oxytocin n bn' t{ ]2l}vr} m'. p@{Bl'm h{ skt; h" : bCc' k' ]ly' d?o w} 1}k s' nh}. ]nkl'g; : hmn' d'Y; h" ]k p}]nyl Gl".2 k; k.`Ä{l y;]n ]ny.μ~ an'k A'N2{´;en g@.]qy{. pr h" : ab p}]nyl Gl".2 %;r; q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k{ ] ks p@k;r uks;n; h" d']Yy' _ (½) Ku – 40 secs p}]nyl Gl".2 %;r; m'l;`{]nn k' ]ly' (6) Medulla h;yp{q|lms %;r; TSH.RH k' ]ly' (4) THRD “P” A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} %;r; TSH bn;n' k' ]ly' (4) THRD. T3 , T4 eTy;]d bn;n' k' ]ly' es} p@k;r uUpr k' upc;r m'. (4) Thrd k' jgh pr aNy Pv;e.` d'kr hm d?sr' AN2{´;eEn Gl".2=j> s' d?sr' h[rm{Nj> bn; skt' h".- ]jn k} hm'. j#rt h" : s.6'p m'. _ q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' (½) Ku – 40 secs (6) Medulla (4) Thrd ‘P’ A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' (½) Ku – 40 secs (6) Medulla (4) Thrd ‘P’ a{vr}j> y; `"S`}s k{ uks;n' (½) Ku – 40 secs (6) Medulla (4) Thrd ‘P’ agr hm'. k'vl g@{q h[rm{n k{ uks;n; h" t{ us k' ]ly' (½) Ku – 40 secs (6) Medulla (4) Thrd ‘P’

(4) Thrd (6) Adr (6) Rt.Ov. (6) Lt.Ov. py;EPt h" :

g@{q h[rm{n GROWTH HORMONE g@{q h[rm{n h} xr}r k' sb s"Llj> k' ]2]vxNj> (cell division) k} d'Y_r'Y krt; h" : mtlb Ak s"Ll s' d{- ]fr d{ s' c;r eTy;]d bn;n;- un k' Ny/]Klys k{ b;.`n;- ]fr ´{m{s{m{. (chromosome) k{ b;.`n; eTy;]d tq; un m'. 23 j{2' y; 46 ´{m{s{Mj> k{ rYn; _ y' sb k;y{E. k} ]ngr;n} krn; g@{q h[rm{n k; k;m h" : xr}r k' sb ]`x?j> (tissues) k{ sh} smy pr bn;n; y; un k{ p@{`}n=s d'n; y; un k; ]rp'y]r.g (repairing) y;]n d/½St} krn;- y; hr s"Ll m'. A'm}n{ A']s2 k{ j;n' d'n; v; p@{`}n k; bn;n; ]js s' k} xr}r k{ b3>;v; ]ml' _ yh sw} g@{q h[rm{n k; k;m h" : jNm s' h} bCc' k' A'p}q"]lyl- AN2>{q"]lyl y; m"s{q"l}yl s"Llj>- (epithelial, endothelial and mesothelial cells), k{n']K`Vh ]`x? (connective tissues) k' s"Llj>- mSsLj> (muscles)- n;2}y.' y; a[rgNj> (organs) y; g@.]qy{. k{ bn;n;- y; xr}r k' 75 s' 100 `Ä}l}yn (trillion) s"Llj> k{ d'Yn; v; bn;n; : sb s"Ls smy_smy pr- k{eE phl' k{eE b;d m'. b3>t' h". y; bnt' h".. : Y;s t[r pr q;eEr;|e2> Gl".2> phl' vzE m'. bCc{. k' b@'n k{ bn;t; h" : ]lvr %;r; s{m"`{m']2n C (Somatomedin C) n;mk p@{`}n bn;y; j;t; h" : yh eNs/]ln k} trh h" j{ Xv;s %;r; ]ly; gy; n;eE`r{j>n k{ r{kt; h" a[r p@{`}n- k;rb{h;eE2Ä'`=s v; f"`=s k' m'`;b[]lj>m k{ b3>;v; d't; h" : yh 1}k s' k;m krn' k' ]ly' w} g@{q h[rm{n k} j#rt h" : Oy;n rh' bCc' k} lMb;eE b3>;n} h{ t{ g@{q h[rm{n k' s;q s{m"`{m']2n C k; bnn; j#r} h"- a[r g@{q h[rm{Nj> k{ b3>;v; d'n' k' ]ly' k;rb{h;eE2Ä'`=s k; h{n; bh/t j#r} h" : nh}. t{ af]rkn ]pGm}j> (African pygmies) k} trh lMb;eE 9{`} rh j;y'g} : ]pGm}j> k' xr}r m'. s{m"r{m']2n C nh}. bnt;- ]js k' k;r~ v' 9{`' kd k' rh j;t' h".- a[r unk} lMb;eE y; u.c;eE nh}. b3>t} : agr g@{q h[rm{n Jy;d; bnn' lg j;y' a[r agr Vy]Ë k} lMb} h]2=2y{. k' Ap}]fj}yl l;eENj> (epiphyseal lines) n j/2>' h{. t{ v' mn/Zy bh/t Jy;d; lMb' h{ j;t' h". : es' j;eg|]N`j>m (gigantism) kht' h". : a[r agr v' l;eNj> j/2> gy' h{. t{ h]2=2y;\ lMb;eE m'. agr nh}. b3>' t{ c[2;eE m'. k;f} b3> j;y'.g' : j"s' ]k m;q' k} h2=2} v; 1{.3>} k} h2=2} a;g' ]nkl a;y'g} : unk} h;q v; p;.v k} u.g]ly;.- h;q v; hq'l} c[2}- p;.v b2>'_b2> eTy;]d : xr}r c[2>;eE m'. k;f} b3> j;y'g;- ]js' A'´{m'g"l} kht' h".

(Acromegaly) : x/# h} m'. agr r{g} a; j;y' t{ y' sb LMNT upc;r %;r; Akdm 1}k h{ skt' h". : j"s' uUpr ]lY; gy; h"- g@{q h[rm{n k; f;|mE/l; h" _ (½) Ku – 40 secs (6) Medulla (4) Thrd ‘P’ GH k' f.KxNs esk; m/Åy a[r Akm;µ k;m h" _ xr}r k' sw} cells k' growth k{ uks;n; : Insulin, growth hormone and testosterone p@{`}n k' uTp;dn k' ]ly' a;vXyk h". : bCc{. m'. growth k' ]ly' insulin, & GH (growth hormone) c;]hy' : • l']kn b2{. m'. ^{`}n 1}k s' synthesize h{n' k' ]ly' testosterone k} w} j>#rt h" :– yh muscles Av. q;yms d{n{. k' growth k{ b3;t; h" : Lactation k' smy y;]n d?o ]pl;t} m;t;a{. m'. yh Oxytocin k' s;q ]mlkr qn{. s' a]ok m;µ; m'. d?o ]nkln' m'. mdd krt; h" : g@{q h[rm{n testes m'. metabolic functions k' ]ly' j#r} h" : y;]n agr GH 1}k s' n bn' t{ b;.jpn k; Ak k;r~ bn skt; h" : GH k{ somatostatin, adrenal cortex Av. ovary k' h[rm{Ns inhibit krt' h". y;]n r{kt' h". : GH k; raw material h" peptide proteins. y;]n es h{rm{n k' 1}k s' bnn' k' ]ly' ^{`}n=s k; 1}k s' pcn; j#r} h" : aq;Et= ]js bCc' k{ UDF a;t; h{ t{ usk} h;eE` w} km h{ skt} h" :

A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 ADRENAL GLANDS y' Gl".2=s d{n{. ]k2]ny{.. pr Ak_Ak ]Sqr h". : y' A's' h} lgt' h".- j"s' ]k ]k2]ny{. pr t;j p2; h{ : ( Renal y;]n ]k2n} s' sMb]Not a[r Add y;]n j/2>n; ) hr A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k; vjn p;\c g@;m h" a[r yh p}l' r.g k; h{t; h" : m;\ k' p'` m'. jb bCc; h{t; h" t{ usk' A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k; vjn jNm k' Ak m;s b;d k' bCc' s' d/g/n; Jy;d; h{t; h" : vh es]ly' ]k bCc' k' a;1v'. v; n[v'. mh}n' m'. yh d{n{. Gl".2=s glycogen %;r; bCc' k' h;`E a[r f'f2{. k{ etn; mjb?t kr d't' h">>> t;]k jnm k' smy jb bCc; p@qm Xv;s l' t{ h;`E y; l.Gj> k{ k{eE n/ks;n n h{ j;y' : esm'. Gl;ek{j'n (glycogen) j{ ]lvr m'. bnt; h"- y; S`[k rht; h"- vh w} s;q m'. k;m krt; h" : y' d{n{. ]k2n}y{. pr h" : s{ Ny?r{q'r'p} k' ]hs;b s' d{n{. k' alg_alg k;m h{n' c;]hy' a[r d{n{. alg_alg h{rm{Ns bn;n' c;]hy' : a;g' Y{j krn' pr esk; pt; lg;y; j;y'g; : en k{ agr b}c' m'. s' k;`; j;y' t{ mOy w;g m'. m"2/l; h{t; h"- ]js k; k;m alg h" : A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' m"2/l; a[r k[r`"Ks k' b}c m'.

Ak prt y; ]dv;r h" j{ alg h[rm{n bn;t' h".- y;]n unk; k;m alg h" : sbs' uUpr} w;g k{ k[r`"Ks (cortex) kht' h".- j{ ]k k[`}Ej{n (cortisone) bn;t; h" _ usk; k;m alg h" : es k' b;d uUpr k} prt h" ] js k; k;m alg h" ( b;hr k} prt) : phl' kht' q' ]k yh 28 p@k;r k' h[rm{n bn;t; h" : smy k' s;q s;q pt; lgn' pr en k' k;m k' p@]t ab kht' h". ]k y' pc;s s' uUpr h[rm{n bn;t' h". : en k; hm;r' xr}r pr bh/t p@w;v h" a[r bh/t l;w xr}r k{ h{t; h" : A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k; k[r`"Ks k{r`}j>{n (cortisone) bn;t; h" j{ ] k S`}r;|e2> (steroid) h" a[r vh k{l"S`Ä{l s' bnt; h" : xr}r m'. ]jtn; k{l'S`Ä;|l bnt; h" _ ]lvr us k; 85% b;eEl bn;n' m'. upy{g kr l't; h" _j{ ]k ]l]p2j> y; i} t'l k{ pc;t; h" : b;k} 15% k{l"S`Ä{l s' A]2Änl Gl".2=j> k' h{rm{Ns y; A'S`Ä{jn- p@{j"S`Ä{n y; `"S`{S`Ä{n h[rm[Nj> bnt' h".. : en k' 10% ]`x?j> w} r{j> mr;E k} j#rt{ k{ p?r; kr skt' h".. : agr yh k;m krn; ]bLk/l bNd kr d'. t{ mn/Zy c;r ]dn s' Jy;d; ]jNd; nh}. rh skt; : ]fr us r{g} k{ ]sNq']`k h[rm{n (synthetic hormone y;]n k,]μm h{rm{n ) d' kr bc;y; j; skt; h" : agr m;n l{ A2r}nl Gl"¯2²; 1}k h{. a;"r mn/Zy ]sNq']`k h[rm{n Y;n' x/# kr d' t{ ]lvr xr}r k' asl} h{rm{Ns k{ YTm kr d'g; : s{ ]bn; `"S` ]ky' ]sNq']`k h[rm{n nh}. Y;n' c;]hy' : agr A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks km h[rm{n bn;y'g; t{ xr}r w} k;m km krn' lg'g; : agr ]ks} 9{`' l2>k' m'. A'2Ä}nl Gl"¯2 Jy;d; h[rm{n bn;n' x/# kr d'v' ]ks} k;r~ vx t{ km umr m'. h} usk} a;v;j w;r} h{ j;y'g} a[r usk; jnn'..]Nd@y Ak jv;n p/½z k} trh h{ j;y'g; : Av. h]2=2y;'. k' ]sr' j{ jv;n h{n' k' b;d h} j/2t} h". s{ jv;n} k' phl' h} j/2> j;y'>..g} [The epiphyseal lines will be closed prematurely] Adrenal Gl"N2>j> k' r;j smy k' s;q s;q Y/l rh' h">. : phl' es k' b;r' m'. etn; pt; nh}. q; : Ak r;j hmn' w} Y;'l; h"> a[r yh s.s;r m'. phl} b;r m;l?m p2'g; ]k hm;r' es upc;r s' hm eNFlm'xn s' a;y} b}m;]ry{. K{ a;s;n} s' 1}k kr skt' h". : x;yd esk; s.s;r k{ bh/t b2; l;w h{g; _ b2} b2} ]bm;r}y;'. k; el;j a;s;n h{ j;y'g; : y' k[r`}j{n (cortisone) k} trh k' h{rm{Ns bn;t' h". j{ s[ s' uUpr b}m;]ry{. k{ 1}k krt' h". _ j"s' ]k ½m"`[e2 a;rq@;e]`s (Rheumatoid arthritis), aLsr']`v k{l;e]`s (Ulcerative colitis), a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er (auto-immune disorders)

aSqm; (Asthma) ]2p@'xn depression eTy;]d

A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' 10% k} ]`x?j> w} xr}r k} r{j> k} ²;#rt{.. k{ p?r} kr skt' h".. : enk' aNdr k;f>} h{rm{Ns jm; rht' h"> : hm;r' `}Ä`m'.` k' aNdr enk' bn;y' h/A h{rm{Ns us} smy apn' `;rg'` s"Ls (target cells) pr ph/.c j;t' h". a[r apn; k;m kr ]dY;t' h". : Adrenal gland k' k;yE A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' d{ w;g h". j{ alg_alg h[rm{Ns bn;t' h". : y' h{rm{Ns xr}r k{ stress y;]n tn;v s' s;mn; krn' k' ]ly' mdd krt' h". : A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k} uUpr} prt k{ A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks (adrenal cortex) a[r aNdr} prt k{ A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; (adrenal medulla) kht' h". : esm'. A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks h} A'N2{´;en g@.q} khl;t} h" : A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; k' f.KxNs nvEs ]sS`m k' a.tgEt a;t' h".. : jb ]k A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks tw} k;yE kr'g; jb us' A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' ]rl}]j>.g h;|m{ENs (releasing hormones) %;r; a;d'x p@;Pt h{ : hm LMNT m'. A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k{ ‘Adr’ n;mk upc;r %;r; uks;t' h".- jb ]k A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; k{ ‘Swt’ n;mk upc;r %;r; uks;t' h". : A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k' k;yE A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks t}n trh k} S`}r;|e2 h[rm{Ns bn;t} h" ]jsk; m?l tTv (raw material) k[l"S`Ä;|l h" : enk' n;m h". _ Gl? k{_k[r`}k;|e2=s (glucocorticoids) ]mnr"l{_k[r`}k;|e2=s (mineralocorticoids), Av. A'N2Ä{j"Ns (androgens). en sb k' alg_alg k;yE h". : 1. Gl?k{_k[r`}k;|e2=s (gluco-corticoids) _ y' cy;pcy (metabolism) k; ]ny.μ~ krn' tq; xr}r k{ stress y;]n tn;v k; s;mn; krn' k' ]ly' a;vXyk h". : yh xr}r k' sb p@{`}n=s- k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s- a[r f"`=s k} p;cn ]´y; k{ d'Yt' h". y; krt' h". : y; enk' %;r; y' t}n{. vSt/y'. pc;y} j;t} h". : agr xr}r m'. y' nh}. bn'. t{ m[t ]n]Xct h" : enm'. m/Åy h" k[r`}s[l (cortisol).

Cortisol - yh Ak Glucoocorticoid h" ]js' adrenal cortex bn;t; h" : esk; m/Åy f.Kxn h" eNFlm'xn k{ r{kn; : Cortisol h[rm{n k' ]S`m/l'xn k' k;r~ h} ]lvr proteins k{ carbohydrates m'. bdlt; h" : es h[rm{n k' p@w;v s' ]lvr m'. DNA k{ RNA m'. bdlt; h" : Cortisol bn;n' k; f[rm/l; h" (6) Adr 2. ]mnr"l{_k[r`}k;|e2=s (mineralocorticoids) _ esm'. m/Åy h" A'L2{S`}r[n (aldosterone) yh xr}r m'. p;n} a[r s{]2ym- p{`"]xym eTy;]d k; ]ny.μ~ krt; h" : yh ]k2n} Av. b2} a;.t2} pr ]ny.µ~ krk' p'x;b a[r stools %;r; s{]2ym b;hr j;n' s' r{kt; h"- ]jsk' k;r~ p{`"]xym xr}r s' a]ok b;hr ]nkl j;t; h" : mtlb- es' uks;n' s' xr}r m'. s{]2ym k} m;µ; b3> j;y'g} a[r p{`"]xym k} m;µ; km h{ j;y'g} : es p@k;r yh l{ b}p} h{n' nh}. d't; : agr yh a]ok k;m kr' t{ h;eE b} p} h{ skt; h" : A'L2{S`}r{n bn;n' k; f[rm/l; h" (2) Adr Aldosterone k' km h{ j;n' s' ]nMn p]r~;m ]dYt' h". _ • ]k2n} %;r; sodium chloride tq; p;n} k; absorption nh}. h{g; : s{ y?]rn Av. l"`Ä}n %;r; nmk ]nkl j;y'g;- ]jss' xr}r m'. kmj{r} b3>'g} a[r ]dn m'. w} ´".MPs y;]n A.'.1n mhs?s h{ skt} h" : • ECF (extra cellular fluid) y;]n s"Ls k' b;hr j{ Fl?e2 h"- usm'. p{`;]xym k} m;µ; b3> j;y'g} Av. ECF k; volume w} km h{ j;y'g; : • Diarrhea y;]n ptl} dSt w} h{ skt; h" ]js k' k;r~ a[r w} Jy;d; salt xr}r s' ]nkl j;y'g; : esk' k;r~ b}p} bh/t km h{ skt; h" : Aldosterone k{ potassium, angiotensin Av. ACTH ]ny.μ~ krt' h". : l']kn aldosterone pr ACTH k; ^w;v utn; nh}. h" ]jtn; ] k b;k} d{n{. k; h" : 3. A'N2Ä{j"Ns (androgens) _ eNh'. ( male sex hormones w} kht' h". j{ bh/t km m;µ; m'. bnt' h". : A's; s{c; j;t; h" ]k y' Py?b`}E (puberty) y;]n y[vn;r.w m'. m/Åy w?]mk; ]nw;t' h"." : y' DNA and RNA d{n{. k{ uks;t' h". : esm'. m/Åy h" _ `"S`{S`}r{n (testosterone), j{ testes m'. w} Jy;d; m;µ; m'. bnt; h" : Oy;n rh' _ adrenal cortex k; Cortisol ]lvr m'. k'vl DNA k{ RNA m'. bdlt; h" : vh unk{ uks;t; nh}. : agr ]ks} k{ keE mh}n{. tk k[r`}s{n y; k{eE aNy S`}r[e2 k} g{l} l't' rhn; p2>' _ t{ usk' s;e2_ef'K` (side effect) s' a[S`}y{p{r{]ss (osteoporosis) h{g; y;]n b[Ns (bones) Y{Yl} h{.g} ]jss' v' j>r;_s; m;r lgn' pr w} a;s;n} s' `?` skt} h". : (Tbr 18th edn.p1832 _ g{l} bNd krn' k' b;d adrenal insufficiency y;]n A'2Ä}nl h{rm{Ns k} km} k' l6~ ]dY'.g' : y;]n A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k; f.Kxn etn; db j;t; h" ]k agr p'x.` k{ k{eE s}]rys eNf'Kxn (serious infection) y; A'Ks}2'N` h{ t{ p'x.` k{ us stress k{ s;mn; krn' k' ]ly' j{ u]ct r"Sp[Ns (response) krn; h"- v' kr nh}. p;t' : es' steroid withdrawal syndrome kht' h". : ) jb hm A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k{ LMNT upc;r ]S`m/l'` krt' h". t{ ]nMn nt}j' p;y' gy' h". _ (6) Adr s' eNFlm'xn t/rNt h} km h{t; d'Y; gy; h" : t{ hm m;nt' h". ]k yh k[r`}j>[l k{ uks;t; h" : es} an/m;n s' jb us' p'x.`{. pr a;jm;y; gy; t{ d'Y; gy; ]k yh Y;s kr yh a;.t]2y{. k' eNFlm'xn (gastritis or enteritis ) k{ 1}k krn' k' ]ly' upy{g} h" : yh p{]ly{- eNFlm'xn k} b}m;]ry;\ a[r a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er m'. w} l;w d't; h" : (4) Adr s' k/9 l{g{. m'. rË m'. x/gr k} m;µ; b3>} h" : s{c; j;t; h" ]k yh upc;r Gl?k;g;|n k{ uks;kr x/gr k{ b3>;t; h" : es pr a[r Y{j j;r} h" : (2) Adr A'L2{S`}r{n k{ uks;t; h" j{ xr}r m'. nmk a[r p;n} k} m;µ; k; s.t/ln rYt; h" : hm LMNT m'. (2) Adr %;r; xr}r m'. s{]2ym k} m;µ; k{ b3>;t' h". : A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k' h{rm{Ns Jy;d; h{n' s' xr}r pr ]nMn p]r~;m h{t' h".

• j"s' uUpr ]lY; gy; h" _ A'2Ä}nl g@.q} k' d{ w;g h". _ A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks Av. A'2Ä}nl m"2?l;: • agr A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks h;ypr h/a; t{ y; t{ k[r`}j[l (cortisol) b3>'g; y; A'L2{S`}r{n (aldosterone) : bh/t h} km Vy]Ëy{. m'.

A's; h{t; h" ]k A'N2Ä{j"Ns b3> j;t' h". : k[r`}j[l k' b3>n' s' Cushing’s syndrome h{g; ]jsk' k/9 l6~ h". _ h;eE b} p}- 2;y;b"`}s- m;]sk omE k} g2>b]2>y;\- n}.d n a;n;- q;yms Gl".2 km k;m krn;- ]k2n} m'. pqr}- p'` m'. aLsr eTy;]d : • agr A'L2{S`}r{n Jy;d; h{ t{ _ ]k2n}y{. k' k;yE ]bg2>n' k' k;r~ rË k; v[Ly?m y;]n a;ytn b3>t; h" Av. h;eE b} p} h{t; h" : s;q m'. h;ep{_k"l}]my; (hypo-kalemia) y;]n rË m'. p{`"]xym k' km h{n' k' k;r~ A'Lk|l{]ss (alkalosis)- m?9;E (fainting) tq; m;\s_p']xy{. m'. kmj{r} a; j;t} h" : • agr androgens (m/Åyt+ `'S`{S`'r{n) k} m;µ; b3> j;y t{ unm'. md;Eng} k} ]nx;]ny;\ ]dYn' lgt' h". ]jsk; asr alg_alg h{t; h" (Taber’s 18th edn.p 43) _ o agr 9{`} a;y/ •km umr– m'. A's; h{ t{ _  l2]ky{. k{ m;]sk omE smy s' phl' y;]n bh/t km um@ m'. h{g} :  agr 9{`' l2k{. m'. A's; h{ t{ unk' jnn;.g as;o;r~ #p s' jv;n md{E._j"s; l.b' a[r b2' h{ j;t' h". : es' adrenogenital syndrome kht' h". o agr a[rt{. k{ t½~vSq; k' b;d m'. A's; h{ t{ unm'. md;Eng} k} ]nx;]ny;\ ]dYn' lgt} h." : j"s' _ md{E. j"s} c;l a[r xkl_s?rt- c'hr' pr tq; anc;h' jgh{. pr b;l k; b3>n;- a;v;j> m'. w;r}pn k; a;n; eTy;]d : (Taber’s 18th edn.p 43) . o c;h' p/½z h{ y; a[rt d{n{. m'. k/smy b;l k; 42n; (baldness) a[r acne y;]n m/h;s' w} a; skt' h". : • agr A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; h;epr h{ t{ n[r_Ap}n'fr}n a[r Ap}n'fr}n k' b3>n' k' k;r~ h;ypr `'Nxn y;]n h;eE b}p} h{g; : A'p}n"f>]rn k' k;r~ systolic BP b3'g;- l']kn n[r_Ap}n'fr}n k' k;r~ systolic and diastolic BP d{n{. b3'.g' : s;q h} Bl2 x/gr Av. y?]rn m'. x/gr k; b3>n;- ps}n; 9?`n;- ]sr ddE- m"`;b[]lk r'` k; b3>n; eTy;]d w} h{ skt' h". : h;eE b}p} k' k;r~ arteriosclerosis Av. cerebral hemorrhage h{ skt; h" y;]n b@'n k} ns'. f` skt} zxhin ]jsk' k;r~ mn/Zy k{ p"r;l;e]ss y;]n lkv; w} h{ skt; h" : agr A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks h;ep{ h{ t{ uss' a;n'v;l} b}m;r} k{ Addison’s disease kht' h".

Addison’s disease k' m/Åy l6~ es b}m;r} m'. s{]2ym a]ok m;µ; m'. p'x;b %;r; ]nkl j;t; h" a[r us} p@m;~ m'. p{`"]xym rË m'. b3> j;t; h" ]jss' p'x.` k{ kmj{r}- qk;v` Av. b"1' y; l'`' avSq; s' Y2' h{n' pr cKkr a;n' lgt' h". : Tvc; k' j{ w;g kp2' s' 3k' n h{. v' k;l' p2 j;t' h". _ Y;s kr w;rt}y a[rt{. m'. Bl;us a[r kmr m'. s;2} k' l;en k' b}c k' w;g m'. : aNy l6~ h". _ A'n}]my;- vjn i`n;- l{ b} p}- uL`}y;\ y; dSt eTy;]d : A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks h;ep{ y; h;epr h{n' k' k;r~ d{ ]v]w¸ b}m;]ry;\ a;t} h". ]jNh'. Addison's disease Av. Cushing's syndrome kht' h". : y' ]vrl b}m;]ry;\ h".- pr un d{n{. k} ]w¸t; Av. sm;nt; k} t/ln; j;nk;r} k' ]ly' n}c' d} gy} h" : Addison’s disease

Cushing's syndrome

esm'. adrenal cortex h;yp{ h{t; h"- ]jss' xr}r m'. corticosteroids k} km} a; j;t} h"

esm'. ACTH k' a]ok h{n' k' k;r~ adrenal cortex h;ypr h{t; h" _ ]jss' Gl?k{_k{]`Ek{e2=s Jy;d; bnn' lgt' h". :

70% cases m'. yh Ak auto immune disorder m;n; j;t; h" : y;]n esm'. q;yms h;ypr h{t; h" :

Lymph nodes k' atrophy h{ j;n' k' k;r~ enk} immunity Av. thymus gland •h;yp{– y;]n km h} rht' h". :

esk' aNy k;r~ h." _ TB, k"Nsr y; ]ks} aNy b}m;r} k' k;r~ adrenal glands nZ` h{ j;t' h". : q;er{e2 y; p"r;q;er{e2 Gl".2 k; h;ypr h{n' pr w} A's; h{ skt; h" :

k;r~  Adrenal gland k' tumour y; hyperplasia h{n' k' k;r~

Symptoms  at}v qk;n Av. ]ks} k;yE m'. mn nh}. lgn; :

Symptoms  m{`;p;- muscles k} kmj{r}- i;v y; jYm k; d'r s' 1}k h{n;- moon face y;]n c;\d_j"s; g{l c'hr; :

Hypoglycemia •x/gr k} km}–

Hyperglycemia y;]n Diabetes Mellitus

y; prednisolone, cortisone eTy;]d steroid Y;n' s' yh h{ skt; h" :

enm'. p{`"]xym Jy;d; Av. nmk •sodium– k} km} h{t} h"" Ky{.]k ]k2]ny'. nmk k{ nh}. r{kt} a[r p'x;b m'. ]nkln' d't} h". ]jss' b}p} w} l{ h{ j;t; h" : es]ly' eNh'. hm'x; ]nmk d'n; p2>t; h" : p'` Av. pcn k} g2b]2y;\ • u]L`y;\- diarrhea y;]n dSt- w?Y nh}. lgn; eTy;]d–

h;ypr `'Nxn y;]n High BP

p'` Av. gl' m'. fat jmn' lgt; h"- l']kn h;q Av. p"r bh/t h} ptl' eTy;]d :

a[rt{. m'. m;]sk omE k} g2>b]2>y;\- r{y'. y];n xr}r k' b;l Ytm h{ j;t' h". eTy;]d : Stn{. k' n}c' Av. kmr m'. jh;\ n;2; b;\o; j;t; h" vh p?r} l;eEn pr cm2} k;l} s} h{ j;t} h" :

a[rt{. m' m;]sk omE ½k j;t; h" :

ACTH & MSH Jy;d; h{n' k' k;r~ ]v]w¸ jgh{. pr j"s' c'hr;- kmr- j{2> a;]d k' curves pr k;l' d;g :

7th cervical vertebra pr hump (g;.1_j"s; uwr; h/a;–

`Ä}`=m'.` - (6) Adr x 3 treatments

(2) Pan x 6 trt OR (1) Th x 3 trts

q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' k;yE

3

Thyroid gland & its function

q;yr;|e2 Gl".}2 t}n h[rm{Ns bn;t; h" _ T3, T4 Av. Calcitonin.

• T3 y;]n Av. T4 q;er{]Ksn y' d{n{. ]mlkr k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s- ^{`}n=s Av. f'`=s k' cy;pcy k} d'Yw;l krt' h". : a[r tri-iodothyronine h{rm{Ns j{ bnt' h".- v' xr}r k' tkr}bn sb s"Ls k' k"m}kl ] rAKx'Ns (reactions) k{ d'Yt' h".- ]jss' xr}r k' ]v]w¸ a;|gENs k' metabolic rate y;]n cy;pcy k} g]t k{ b3>;v; ]mlt; h" : tq; xr}r m'. gm}E k' uTp;dn k; Oy;n rYt' h". : • Calcitonin k; k;yE h" ]k agr Bl2 m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; b3 j;y' t{ vh osteoblasts k{ uks;y'g; ]k us excess k"]Lxym k{ Bl2 s' ]nk;lkr bone m'. 2;ln; h" : y;]n k"Ls}`{]nn (calcitonin) h[rm{n s' h]2=2y{. pr k"]Lxym (calcium) c3>n; x/# h{ j;t; h" : y; h]2=2y{. m'. k"]Lxym b3> j;t; h" : a[r d?sr' b;j? ECF y;]n AKS`Ä; s"Ll/lr Fl?e2 m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; km h{ j;y'g} : • xr}r m'. oxygen sh} m;µ; m'. h{ a[r carbon dioxide sh} p@m;~ m'. b;hr ]nkl' usk} d'Yw;l w} q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 h} krt; h" : • q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 s' a;y{]2n (iodine) ]nklt; h" j{ i;v{. k{ jLd} 1}k h{n' m'. mdd krt; h" : es]ly' p/r;n' i;v{. k{ 1}k krn' k' ]ly' (4) Thrd d't' h". : • q;yr;e2 Gl".2 k; sMbNo female sex glands s' w} h" : at+ a[rt{. k} b}m;]ry{. m'. Thrd d'n; l;wd;yk h{g; : • agr Bl2 m'. T3,T4 k} m;µ; km h{ t{ us' h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m (hypo-thyroidism) tq; jb usk} m;µ; b3 j;y t{ h;ypr q;er[e]2j>m (hyper-thyroidism)kht' h". : • q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' enlargement y;]n b3> j;n' k{ g{y`r (goiter) kht' h." : esk' keE k;r~ h".

1. eNf'Kxn k' k;r~ q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 m'. eNFlm'xn h{n' s' 2. q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 m'. `=y?mr 3. q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' h;yp{ h{n' s' (y;]n km k;m krn' s' – 4. q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' h;ypr h{n' s' •y;]n Jy;d; k;m krn' s' – 3

hyperplasia = ]ks} w} a;|gEn y; g@.q} k} n[rml s"Ls jb hd s' b3> kr a;k;r m'. b3>n' lg' us' h;eprPl"]sy; kht' h". (excessive growth of cells of the normal tissues of any organ or gland.)

4. Y;n' m'. y; p;n} m'. a;y{2}n k} km} h{ t{ Thyroxin ( T4 ) Av. Tri-iodo-thyronine ( T3 ) T4 Av. T3 alg_alg h{t' h/y' w} ]mlkr k;m krt' h". : Q;;yr;e2 Gl".2 s' T4 h[rm{n h} Jy;d; m;µ; (90%) m'. ]nklt' h". : l']kn j>#rt k' an/s;r xr}r m'. T4 k{ T3 m'. bdl; j;t; h" : es h{rm{n s' xr}r k; temperature y;]n t;pm;n k; ]ny.μ~ h{t; h" : y' BMR y;]n cy;pcy k} g]t k{ k.`Ä{l krt' h." Av. s;r' xr}r k} cells k{ 1}k s' k;m krn' k' ]ly' uks;t' h." : m/Åy #p s' k;b{Eh;e2Ä'`=s k' cy;pcy pr enk; m/Åy ^w;v h" : (es]ly' h} jb Q;;yr{e2 Gl".2 h;yp{ y;]n km k;m krt; h" tb vh 2;y;b"`}s k; Ak k;r~ bn j;t; h" : Ky{.]k 2;y;b"`}s x/gr k} cy;pcy s' j/2} b}m;r} h" : (BMR = basal metabolic rate) y' g@{q h[rm{n k' k;yE k{ uks;t' h". Av. cell k' a.dr ATP bnn' k} g]t b3>;t' h." : ATP bnn' s' h} s"Ls k{ k;yE krn' k' ]ly' uUj;E p@;Pt h{g} : y' rË m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l (cholesterol), f;|Sf{]l]p2=j> (phospholipids Av. `Ä;e]Gls'r;e2=s (triglycerides) k} m;µ; k{ km krt' h."- Av. free fatty acids k} m;µ; k{ b3;t' h." : y;]n m{`;p; k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" h;yp{ q;er[e2=_ej>m k; h{n; y;]n q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k; km k;m krn; : y' vasodilation krv;t' h".- y;]n rË n]lk;a{. k' a.dr} Vy;s k{ y' b3;t' h." ]jss' us w;g m'. rË k; bh;v b3'g; : T4 h[rm{n β-carotene k{ vitamin A m'. bdlt; h"- j{ a;\Y{. k' ]ly' bh/t aC9; h" : es]ly' h} a;\Y{. k} b}m;]ry{. m'. (4) Thyroid d'n' s' l;w ]mlt; h" : ( y' Nucleus k' a.dr tq; s;r' xr}r k' k;y{E. (functional activity) m'. ^g]t l;t' h." : T3 Av. T4 s"Ls k' Ny?]Klys k' aNdr DNA a[r RNA k; adl_bdl m'. mhTvp?~E w?]mk; ]nw;t' h". : es k;yE k{ j}Ns k' nuclear transcription kht' h". : Cell k' a.dr messenger RNA %;r; Nucleus k' DNA k' j}n s.b.o} information k{ r;eb{s{Ms k' uUpr copy krn' k{ nuclear transcription kht' h". : es} k' k;r~ ny' ^{`}n k; uTp;dn h{t; h" : es]ly' w} j'n']`k y; metabolic b}m;]ry{. m'. q;yr;|e2 g@.q} k{ uks;n' s' l;w ]mlt; h" } h;ypr q;er[e]2j>m _ jb rË m'. T3, T4 h{rm{Ns k} m;µ; n[rml s' b3> j;t} h"- us' h;ypr q;er[e2=_ej>m kht' h". : y' h{rm{Ns b3>n' k' k;r~ TSH k} m;µ; bh/t h} km h{g} : h;ypr q;yr{e]2j>m (hyperthyroidism) k; d?sr; n;m h" q;er{_`;|]Ksk{]ss (Thyrotoxicosis) agr q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 Anl;jE h{ t{ gl' m'. s?jn h{g; ]js' g;|e`r • goiter ) kht' h". : yh ]nMn k;r~{. s' h{ skt; h" _  eNf'Kxn k' k;r~ eNFlm'xn h{n;  a;y{2}n k} km} _ yh un p@d'x{. m'. h{t; h" j{ sm?d@ y; nd} s' 200 km. s' w} Jy;d; d?r} pr ] Sqt h". : w;rtvzE m'. x;yd A's} k{eE jgh nh}. h{g; :  q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 m'. `=y?mr k' k;r~  a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er k' k;r~ q;yr;|e2 m'. eNFlm'xn ]js' q;er;|e2;e]`s (thyroiditis) kht' h".  q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 h;epr h{ y; h;ep{ h{ d{n{. m'. g;e`r h{ skt; h" : h;ypr q;er[e]2j>m m'. k/9 l{g{. k{ a;\Y'. w} uwr} y;]n b;hr ]nkl} h/y} rht} h". ]js' AKs_a;|Fq| Lm{s (exophthalmos) kht' h". : ]jnk{ uUpr k' keE l6~ Ak s;q h{ t{ us b}m;r} k{ Grave’s disease kht' h". ]js' auto immune disorder m;n; j;t; h" : eor ]cμ m'. es a[rt k{ g;e`r w} h" a[r exophthalmos d{n{. h" : es' exophthalmic goiter kht' h". : h;ypr q;er[e]2j>m k' aNy m/Åy l6~ h;ypr q;yr{e]2j>m m'. q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 bh/t a]ok k;m krt; h" : Ptl} l"`Ä}n y; l?j> m{xn

Pulse rate Av. heart rate d{n{. aTy]ok b3' h/y' h{t' h".

Vjn k; km h{>n;

bh/t h} jLd} ]c3>]c3>;pn y; nrvs •nervous– h{ j;n;

n}.d nh}. a;n;

h;q_p"r y; xr}r hm'x; grm rhn;

BMR y;]n cy;pcy k} g]t aTy]ok Jy;d; h{n;

xr}r k; t;pm;n normal s' a]ok h{n;

m"Nss m'. km ]dn{. k' ]ly' y; bh/t h} km ¹;v a;n;

w']2>y' j"s' w?Y pr w} bh/t d/bl;_ptl; ]dYn;

h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m _ jb q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' T3, T4 h[rm{Ns py;EPt m;µ; m'. nh}. ]nklt' us' h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m kht' h". : esk; Ak l6~ h" ]k rË m'. TSH k} m;µ; b3> j;y'g} : h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m k' aNy l6~ at}v kBj}- apcn- w?Y n lgn;

m"Nss m'. 5 ]dn{. tk y; a]ok ¹;v ]nkln;

A'n}]my;

m'`;b[]lk r'` (BMR) km h{n; Av. vjn k; b3>n;

a;\Y{. m'. kc2;

h;q_p"r y; xr}r hm'x; 1.2; rhn; (eNh'. p.Y; psNd nh}.)

a;\Y{. k} aNy b}m;]ry;\

k[l"S`Ä;|l `Ä;e_]Gls'r;2 y; f;|Sf{]l]p2=s k; b3> j;n;

njr k} kmj{r}

Tvc; m'. Y/rdr;pn y; Y/jl} y; cmE r{g

]dn m'. w} n}.d a;n;

m/\h f?l;_f?l;_s; rhn;

s{kr u1n' pr plk{. k' n}c' s?jn

c'hr' k' d{n{. b;j? k' 4/]rEy;\ Ak_j"s; n h{n;

#Y'_s?Y' b;l

n}c' k' h{.1 uUpr} h{.1 s' b;hr ]nkl} h/y}

b;l{. m'. #s} (s}k2}) y; j?\

n;Y?n k' a;sp;s k} Tvc; a;s;n} s' f` j;n;

k/smy b;l{. k; ]grn; y; 42>n;

s'Ks k' p@]t a½]c h{n; kp2' o{n' k' b;d n;Y?n k' a;sp;s ps y;]n p}p k; h{n;

agr m;\ k{ p@'gn"Ns} m'. h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m h{ t{ bCc; m.d b/]5 k; h{ skt; h" Av. usk} j/b;n m{`} Av. uwr} h/y} h{ skt} h" : LMNT %;r; A's' bCc{. m'. k;f} s/o;r l; skt' h". : h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m k' k;r~ h} ]nMn b}m;]ry;. a;t} h". _ 2;y;b}`}s y;]n x/gr k} b}m;r} 2;un ]sN2Ä{m (Down Syndrome) y;]n m.g{l bCc' ]k2n} k} keE b}m;]ry;\ Cretinism (n}c' d'Y'. ) ºdy r{g- ANj;en; eTy;]d m"Nss m'. Jy;d; y; a]ok ]dn{. k' ]ly' Bl}]2.g k; h{n; k{l'S`Ä;|l (cholesterol) y; `Ä;e_]Gls'r;e2=s (tri-glycerides) k; Jy;d; h{n; ]jsk' k;r~ ]nMn b}m;]ry;\ a; skt} h". _ A'q'r{ SKl'r{]ss k;|pEl `nl ]s.2Ä{m `;|sEl `nl ]s.2Ä{m athero-sclerosis carpal tunnel syndrome tarsal tunnel syndrome A's; Ky{. h{t; h" ]k y' b}m;]ry;\ h;yp{ q;er[e2=_ej>m k' s;q j/2>' h". _ yh sm4n; a;s;n h" jb hm y;d kr'. ]k q;yr;| e2 g@.q} h} xr}r k} Ak m;µ m/Åy ]mSμ} h"- ]jsk' khn' pr h} sb g@.]qy;\ tq; a;|gENs (organs) k;m kr'.g' : y]d q;yr;|e2 h{rm{Ns py;EPt m;µ; m'. nh}. h{.g' tb xr}r k} m'`;b;|]lj>m t{ km h{g} h}- s;q m'. keE a.g{. k} k;yE krn' k} g]t bh/t h} km h{ j;y'g} : ]k2n} km k;m kr'g}- t{ rË k; x/5}_kr~ us g]t Av. m;µ; s' nh}. h{ p;y'g} ]jtn} c;]hy'- a[r xr}r m'. f;lt? c}j{. k} jm;v` b3>'g} : agr keE s;l{. tk yh ]Sq]t rh'g} t{ es jm;v` k' k;r~ ]k2n} pr a[r b{4 p2>''g; ]jss' ]k2n} f'l (kidney failure) h{n' lgt} h" : v"s' h} p;cn s.Sq;n k' km k;m krn' s' peristalsis km h{g; t{ sÅt kBj} h{g} h" : s;q m'. f'`=s 1}k s' nh}. pc'.g' ]js k' k;r~ k{l'S`Ä;|l b3>n' k} y; ºdy k} b}m;]ry;\ a;t} h". :

Cretinism – bh/t h} ]vrl y;]n rare b}m;r} j{ h;yp{ q;er[e2=_ej>m k' k;r~ a;t} h" : ‘Cretinism’ k; m/Åy k;r~ h" _ congenital hypothyroidism y;]n bCc; m;\ k' p'` m'. rht' smy s' h} Q;;yr;e2 Gl".2 bh/t h} km k;m krn; : A's' h{n' k' keE k;r~ h{ skt' h". _ gwE;vSq; m'. m;\ k{ p[]Z`k a;h;r n ]mln;- 1,25 DCC k} km}- Y;n' m'. iodine k} km}- AN2{´;en Gl".2=s k} g2>b2>}- acid b3> j;n' s' eTy;]d bh/t h} km cases m'. Q;;yr;e2 Gl".2 k' ]ks} artery m'. clot h{ j;n' s' w} A's; h{ skt; h" : agr gw;EvSq; m'. m;\ k{ h;yp{q;yr{e2 h{ t{ bCc' k{ w} h;yp{q;yr{e2 h{g; h} : s;o;r~t+ iodine Y;n' m'. hr} s]Bjy{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" : v;Stv m'. w;rtvzE m'. x;yd h} A's} jgh h{g} jh;\ k} s]Bjy{. m'. iodine k} km} h{ : es]ly' hm'. iodised salt Y;n' k} k{eE a;vXykt; nh}.

‘Cretinism’ k' m/Åy l6~ h". _ bh/t h} 9{`; kd : hr trh s' x;r}]rk Av. m;n]sk ]vk;s aTyNt h} km h{g; : 18 s;l k; y/vk w} 3 s;l k; 9{`;_s; bCc; j"s; ]dY'g; : cm2} Y/rdr}- bh/t m{`' h{.` Av. j}w- tq; n}c' k} h{.` uUprv;l' s' b;hr ]nkl} h/y} rht} h" : eNh'. hm'x; h} ´{]nk • chronic)

constipation rht; h" : y;]n s.2;s bh/t h} k2k- Av. kw}_kw} c;r_p;\c ]dn m'. Ak b;r h} a;t; h" : Dandruff, vjn b3n; Av. b;l jLd} 42n' k} ^{Bl'm enm'. hm'x; p;y; j;t; h": - p"r;_q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 Parathyroid gland y' q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' p}9' c;r bh/t h} 9{`} g@.]qy;\ h". j{ PTH y;]n p"r;q{rm{n (parat hormone) k{ bn;t' h". : j{ xr}r k' AKS`Ä; s"Ll?lr Fl?e2 ECF m'. k"]Lxym ay;|n (ion) k{ 2;lt' h". : d?sr; gut y; A'B2{mn s' k"]Lxym k{ s{Yt' h". y; A'Bj{>bE krt' h". : t}sr; agr k"]Lxym k} s.Åy; b3> j;y t{ us' ]k2n}j> s' b;hr ]nk;lt' h". : p"r|;q[rm{n k' k;yE

Functions of PTH

PTH (Parathormone) k; Ak m;µ k;yE h" ]k Bl2 m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; k{ sh} bn;y' rYn; t;]k usk} m;µ; p@]t 100 ml rË m'. 9-11 mg. s' n}c' n j;n' p;y' : esk' ]ly' vh ]nMn p@k;r s' rË m'. calcium k} m;µ; k{ b3>;t; h" _ 1. eN`'S`;en k{ uks;t; h" ]k w{jn m'. agr k"]Lxym h{ t{ usk; 1}k s' A'Bj{>b'Exn y;]n avx{z~ h{ : PTH xr}r k' AKS`Ä; s"Ll?lr Fl?e2 ECF m'. k"]Lxym ay;|n (ion) k{ 2;lt' h". : 2. ]k2n}j k' `=y?b?Ls pr p@w;v 2;lt; h" ]k v' k"]Lxym k{ p/nx{Ez~ y;]n r}=_A'Bj{>bE kr' t;]k k"]Lxym p'x;b %;r; b;hr n j;n' p;y' tq; f>;Sf>'` k{ y?]rn y;]n p'x;b %;r; b;hr j;n' d't; h" : 3. agr en d{n{. up;y{. k' b;vj?d rË m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; km rh' tw} PTH osteoclasts k{ uks;t; h" ]k v' h2=2} s' k"]Lxym ]nk;lkr rË m'. 2;l'. : 4. c[q; agr ECF m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; km h{ t{ us' b{Ns y;]n h]2=2y{. s' ]nk;l kr ECF m'.

2;lt' h". : agr p"r; q;yr[e2 Gl".2 h;yp{ y;]n km k;m kr' t{ Bl2 m'. k"]Lxym k} km} a;y'g} tq; rË m'. f;|Sf{rs (phospjorus) k} m;µ; b3>t} h" : x/# m'. ´".MPs (cramps) a;t' h". : agr bcpn s' A's; h/a; t{ h2=2}y;. kmj{r h{.g} : d;\t- b;l a[r n;Y?n w} 1}k s' bn nh}. p;t' : tq; Tvc; Y/Xk h{t} h" : k"]Lxym k} km} k' l6~ k' s;q _ b;r_b;r p'x;b k; a;n;- m{t}]bNd/ (cataract) k' k;r~ njr k} kmj{r}- s;\s l'n' m'. tkl}f (wheezing) eTy;]d l6~ w} ]dYt' h". : (Taber’s 18th edn.p 1412) agr p"r; q;yr[e2 Gl".2 h;ypr y;]n Jy;d; k;m kr' t{ a{S`}y{Bl;S`=s h2=2}y{. s' k"]Lxym ]nk;lkr Bl2 m'. 2;l'.g' ]jsk' k;r~ h2=2}y'. Y{Yl} h{kr a;s;n} s' `?`n' lg'.g} : m;\sp']xy;\ bh/t h} kmj{r h{ j;t' h".- tq; h2=2}y;. w} nrm h{ j;t} h". : Bl2 m'. f;|Sf{rs k} m;µ; km h{g} a[r k"]Lxym k} m;µ; b3>'g} ]js' h;ypr k"]Ls}]my; (Hypercalcemia) kht' h". : esk{ blood test s' pt; lg;y; j; skt; h" : Hypercalcemia k' ]nMn l6~ h".  constipation y;]n kBj}- w?Y n lgn; y; Y;n' k{ j} n krn;- j} ]mcl;n;- s/St} Av. a;lspn- u]L`y'. k} p@v,]¶ h{n;- a]ok y?]rn k; a;n;- m;n]sk ut;r_c3;v eTy;]d : keE s;l{. tk excess calcium y;]n k"]Lxym k} m;µ; n[rml s' Jy;d; h} rh' t{]k2n} S`{n y; Bl2 Kl{` •blood clot) bnn' k; m/Åy k;r~ bn skt; h" : p".]´y;s k} b;hr} prt pr ]Sqt a;eEl'`=s a[f l".grh|Ns Islets of Langerhans on the outer layer of the pancreas p".]´y;s k} ]4Ll} k} prt m'. Y;s t[r s' t}n p@k;r k} cells h{t} h." j{ alg_alg h[rm{Ns bn;t} h". : es' p".]´y;s k; A'N2{´;en f.Kxn (endocrine function) kht' h". : Gl?k;g{n Av. eNs/]ln d{n{. ]mlkr Bl2 m'. x/gr k' level k{ br;br rYt' h". : en t}n{ k' al;v; A'Ks{´;en p".]´y;s m'. PP cells w} h{t' h". l']kn enk; f.Kxn pt; nh}.: 1. eNs/]ln k' p@w;v s' h} xr}r k' hr s"Ll k' a.dr Gl?k{j> ph/\c skt} h" : eNs/]ln k' %;r; k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k; m'`;b[]lj>m h{t; h" : 2. Gl?k;g[n h[rm{n ]lvr %;r; xr}r k} Fl?e2=s m'. Gl?k{j> k} m;µ; k{ b3>;t; h" : s"Ls k; n;m α-cells A'Lf>; s"Ls

h[rm{n Glucagon (4) Pan

β-cells b}`; s"Ls δ-cells 2'L`; s"Ls

Insulin (10) Pan Somatostatin (2) Pan

usk; k;yE Bl2 x/gr k{ b3;n; _ jb Bl2 m'. Gl?k{j> km h{ j;t; h" tb yh A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k} sh;yt; s' liver m'. p2' Gl;yk{j'n k{ Gl?k{s m'. bdln' k; s.d'x d't; h" : es p@k;r s' Bl2 x/gr k} m;µ; k{ n;rml krt; h" : Bl2 x/gr k{ km krn; : Y;s kr w{jn k' pXc;t= jb rË m'. x/gr k} m;µ; b3> j;y t{ s"Ls- m;\s_p']xy{. Av. ]lvr m'. us' s.]ct rYn' k; s.d'x d't; h" : ]ks} w} g@.q} k' hyper-activity k{ r{kn; : yh eNs/]ln- Gl?k;g;|n- GH tq; g"S`Ä}n k{ r{kt; h" : ]js k' k;r~ yh `=y?mr (tumours), l;ep{m; lipoma, y? `Äs y; Sqn{. m'. f;eb@;|e2 (fibroid) y;]n g;.1 eTy;]d k{ YTm krt; h" :

a{vr}j> (ovaries) y' d{ h{rm{Ns bn;t} h". _ AS`Ä{j"n (estrogen ) a[r p@{j'S`'r{n (progesterone): AS`Ä{j"n h[rm{n a[rt{. k' s"Ks a[rgNs (sex organs) – j"s' ]k breasts a[r p@jnn sMbNo} sw} g@.]qy;. _ unk' ] vk;s k; Oy;n rYt; h" : p@{j'S`'r{n h[rm{n gwE o;r~ k' d[r;n m"Nss k{ a;n' s' r{kt' h". : jb k[Ns}v h/a; a[vm (ovum) f|l{]pyn `=y?b s' y? `'rs m'. a;t; h" t{ y' Ak sf'd r.g k; p[]Z`k Fl?e2 bn;t' h". ]js' y?`']rn ]mLk (uterine milk) kht' h". : yh Fl?e2 es]ly' bnt; h" ]k a.2' k' a.dr j{ s"Ls division h{ rh} h"- unk{ y' ]mLk %;r; b3>;y; j;y : y;]n yh Fl?e2 a.2' k' a.dr j{ s"Ls h"- unk} Y/r;k h"- ] jss' s"Ls k} g@{q 1}k s' h{ a[r unk; b3>n; n ½k' : esk' al;v; p@{j'S`'r{n h[rm{n Sqn{. k' a.dr d?o bn;n' v;l} g@.]qy{. k} g@{q kr;t' h". y; Oy;n rYt' h". Av. y?`'rs k' a.dr AN2{m"`Ä}ym k} prt k{ a[r m{`; a[r lc}l; bn;t' h".: Pl"s'N`; (Placenta) jb p@'gn"Ns} h{ j;t} h"- y; a{vm m'. SpmE cl; j;t; h" t{ a{vr}j> s' m"Nss a;n' bNd h{ j;t' h". : gwE o;r~ h{n' k' c[dh ]dn tk Pl"s'N`; bnt; rht; h"- a[r vh Ak h[rm{n bn;t; rht; h"- ]js' human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone ·?mn k{]ry{]nk g{n;2{`Ä{]fk h[rm{n kht' h". : es h{rm{n k' p@w;v s' k{rps Ly?]`ym (corpus luteum) bnt; h" ]js k' p@w;v s' k{rps Ly?]`ym AS`Ä{j"n a[r p@{j'S`'r{n h{rm{Ns k{ bh/t m;µ; m'. bn;t' rht' h". : AS`Ä{j"n m;. k' s"Ks a[rgNj> k{ blv;n y; mjb?t krn; x/# kr d't' h". a[r bCc' k' k/9 ]`x?j> k{ w} bn;n; x/# kr d't' h". : p@{j'S`'r{n h[rm{n d?sr} trf y?`'rs k' AN2{m"`Ä}ym k{ bn;n; x/# kr d't' h". t;]k gwE o;r~ m'. a{vm k{ AN2{m"`Ä}ym k' a.dr 1}k p@k;r s' rYn; sk' y; e>MPl;N`'xn (implantation) y;]n jgh pr ]b1;n; 1}k p@k;r s' h{ a[r s;q m'. bCc' k' j{ bn rh; h{t; h" usk' k/9 ]`x?j> y; g@.]qy{. y; organs k{ w} bn;t' h". : s;q m'. m;. k' Stn{. m'. d?o bn;n' v;l} g@.]qy{. k{ w} bn;n; x/# kr d't' h". : Pl"s'N`; Ak a[r h[rm{n bn;t; h"- ]jsk; n;m ·?mn s{m"`{ m"Mm{`Ä{]fn (human somato mammotrophin) h" : es h[rm{n %;r; f}`s (fetus) y;]n gwE k' bCc' k' k/9 ]`x?j> a[r bnn' x/# h{ j;t' h". : a[r m;. k} breasts k{ w} t"y;r krn; x/# kr d't' h". :

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`"S`}s (testes) `"S`}s y;]n a.2k{z `"S`{S`}r{n (testosterone) n;mk h[rm{n bn;t' h". j{ p/½z{. k' s'Ks a{gENs sex organs k} g@.]qy{. k{ bn;n' k; y; k;yE krn' k; Oy;n rYt' h". : Testosterone k' k;yE _ yh sbs' m/Åy male hormone h" : esk; k;yE h" _ md;Eng} k} ]nx;]ny;\ bn;n; _ j"s' w;r} a;v;j- cm2} tq; h2=]2y;\ Av. muscles k{ mjb?t bn;n; eTy;]d : yh Jy;d; k;m kr' t{ sebaceous glands a]ok stimulate h{'.g' ]jss' acne y; pimples a;t' h". : yh ]`x?j> k' aNdr proteins k} jm;v` k{ b3;t; h" Av. k/9 h) tk sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate and water k{ xr}r s' b;hr j;n' s' r{kt; h": uUpr k' ]vvr~{. k{ p3> kr yh s;f h{ c/k; h{g; ]k xr}r k; m'`;b[]lk f.Kxn tkr}bn s;r; A'N2{´;en ]sS`m s' h{t; h" : j"s; ]k g@{q h[rm{n k' n h{n' pr mn/Zy b[n; y; 2=v;fE (dwarf) rh j;y'g;- a[r q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' bn;y' h{rm{Ns k} km} s' xr}r m'. sb k"m}kl ]rAKxn=s (chemical reactions) ]bg2> j;y'.g' a[r p".]´y;s s' bn' eNs/]ln agr n h{ t{ Y;n' %;r; bn' k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s j{ ] k s"Ls k} x]Ë h"- y; Anj}E h"- uss' v.]ct rh j;y'.g'- y; yh x]Ë nh}. ]ml'g} : a[r s"Ks h{rm{Ns (sex hormones) k' n h{n' pr s"Kx/al f.KxNs (sexual functions) b.d h{ j;y'.g' y; nh}. h{.g' :

]v`;]mn Av. Y]nj o;t/ VITAMINS and MINERALS j}vn m'. p"s' k; h{n; j#r} h"- pr p"s' k' ]ly' xr}r k{ Yr;b mt krn; : agr xr}r aC9; Av. tNd½St h" t{ m'hnt y; pr}Rm krk' gy; h/a; p"s; mn/Zy ]fr km; skt; h" : es]ly' s/bh r{j> mn/Zy k{ k/9 Vy;y;m krn; c;]hy'- t;]k yh xr}r 1}k rh' : a[r Y;n; Y;t' smy Y?b cb; cb; kr x;.]t s' v; Oy;n s' Y;n; Y;y'. : Y;t' smy k{eE A's} vSt/ n Y;y' ]js s' xr}r Yr;b h{ y; k{eE n/ks;n h{ : mn/Zy k{ hr w;j} Av. hr p@k;r k; fl y; an;j- d;l'. eTy;d} Y;n} c;]hy' : 2Bb; p"k fl- sBj} eTy;]d nh}. Y;n} c;]hy' : ] bn; s}jn k' k{eE fl y; sBj} n Y;y'. : a;m j?n k' mh}n' tk h} Y;n; c;]hy' : agr a;p 2}s'Mbr m]hn' m'. a;m Y;y'.g' t{ avXy ]bm;r p2'.g' : Jy;d; t[r pr ]v`;]mn hm'. d;l'. sBj} y; fl{. h} s' ]mlt' h".- v' xr}r m'. nh}. bnt': a[r ]cNt; ]ct; k' br;br h} h"- s{ ]cNt; bh/t km kr{ : ]cNt; krn' s' p'` Yr;b h{ j;t; h" : ´{o ]bLk/l nh}. krn; : Ak b;r k' ´{o m'. t}n b;r s.w{g k' krn' k} x]Ë nZ` h{t} h" : Ak dm s;d; rhn; c;]hy'- s;d; Y;n;- s;d; phnn; c;]hy' : a]ok eC9;y'. n rYn; h} s/Y} rhn' k; s?μ y; k;r~ h" : w;rt m'. a]ok l{g Y;n' p}n' k; Oy;n n rYn' k' k;r~ kmj>{r y; ]bm;r rht' h". : unk' c;r k;r~ bt;y' gy' h". _ 1. Y;n' k} km} k' k;r~ k"lr}j> (calories) m'. km} 2. j#r} am}n{ A']s2> (Essential amino acids) bn;n' k' ]ly' j{ ^{`}n Y;n} c;]hy' vh n Y;n' s' us k} km} : 3. keE l{g t;j' fl a[r sl;d_sBj} Y;t' nh}.- uss' ]v`;]mn k} km} a; j;t} h" 4. ]mnrLj> (minerals) y;]n Y]nj o;t/a{. k} km} _y' w} s;g_s]Bjy{. m'. h} p;y} j;t} h".

Jy;d; k"lr}j> Y;n' s' Jy;d; k"lr}j> bn'g} A's; nh}. h" : v"s' h}- a.2' y; Jy;d; ^{`}n Y;y' t{ Jy;d; l;w h{g; yh w} nh}. h" : Jy;d; Y;n' s' mtlb nh}.- l']kn 1}k s' pc;n' s' mtlb h" : s2>k pr pTqr t{2>n' v;l; mjd?r Y?b k;m krt' h/A 9' s?Y} heE r{`} s/bh Py;j a[r hr} ]mc}E k' s;q Y;kr s;r; ]dn k;m krt; h" es]ly' d/bl;_ptl; rht; h" : xhr} b;b? j{ k/s}E pr b"1kr k;m krt' h".brs{. s' d{ y; t}n cp;t} Y;n' k' b;d w} m{`' ]dYt' h".- usk; yh} k;r~ h" ]k ]ktn} k"lr}j> Y;eE a[r ]ktn; k;m ]ky; usk; ]hs;b nh}. b"1; : cp;t} y; c;vl unk{ Jy;d; c;]hy' j{ x;r}]rk Vy;y;m krt' h". : hm;r' p?vEj g;.v{. m'. Y't{. m'. ]dn wr Y?b s{r krt' q'- es]ly' v' Jy;d; c;vl y; cp;t} Y;n' k' b;d w} tNd/½St rht' q'- ess' x;r}]rk Vy;y;m k; mhTv sb sm4 skt' h". : p'` 1}k h{n; c;]hy'- k{eE gNd} a;dt nh}. h{n} c;]hy'- t{ h]r n' mn/Zy k' s/Y} j}vn k' ]ly' sb vSt/y.' ³} (free) d} h" : ]nMn sw} k;y{E. k' ]ly' ]v`;]mn{. k} j#rt h{t} h" _

 xr}r m'. s"Ls k} d/½St} k' ]ly' j{ k'm}kl p@]´y;y'. clt} h". unk{ uks;n' k' ]ly'  xr}r k{ hr k;yE krn' k' ]ly' j{ Anj}E y; uUj;E k} j#rt h"  j'nrl h'Lq (general health) y;]n Sv;SQy k{ s;m;Ny #p m'. m'N`'n krn' k' ]ly' Oy;n rh' ]v`;]mNj> xr}r m'. nh}. bnt' : k/9 ]v`;]mn=s p@;k,]tk #p m'. p@{_]v`;]mn (pro-vitamin) k' #p m'. p;y' j;t' h" ] jNh'. xr}r a;s;n} s' bdln' k} 6mt; rYt; h" : ud;hr~ k' ]ly' g;jr a[r p;lk j"s} s;g_s]Bjy{. m'. β carotene n;mk pro-vitamin p;y; j;t; h" ]js' ]v`;]mn A m'. bdlkr ]lvr m'. rY; j;t; h" : aNy ]v`;]mn sBj}, w;j}, an;j a[r d;l{. k' ]9lk{. m'. p;y' j;t' h". a[r p;cn s.Sq;n %;r; xr}r m'. avx{z~ h{n' k' b;d hm'. p@;Pt h{t' h". : s{ hr k/drt} c}j> sBj}, w;j}, an;j a[r d;l{. eTy;]d k{ Y;n; c;]hy' ]js s' hm'. hr p@k;r k' Vitamins ]ml'. : enm'. s' sw} s"Ls m'. q{2>} m;µ; m'. rht' h". a[r k/9 ]v`;]mn k{ ]lvr m'. k/9 Jy;d; m;µ; m'. S`{r ]ky; j;t; h" : agr w{jn m'. k{eE ]v`;]mn n ]ml' t{ w} unk; S`[k (stock) ]lvr m'. rht; h"- ]jss' vh k/9 ]dn{. y; mh}n{. k' ]ly' k;m cl; sk' : pr mn/Zy k{ hr ]dn s;g_sBj} eTy;]d Y;n} c;]hy' ]jss' ]v`;]mn k} km} n a;y' : ]lvr m'. k/9 ]v`;]mNs k; S`;|k es p@k;r h" _ VIT. A VIT. B complex

5-10 mh}n' k/9 ]dn

VIT. D Vit B12

2 to 4 mh}n'

1 s' 5 s;l

]v`;]mn A, D, E a[r K f"`=s m'. i/lt} h". Av. unk' eE]lym m'. A'Bj{>PExn (absorption) h{n' k' ]ly' b;el s;|L`=s k} j#rt h"- Av. w{jn m'. k/9 m;µ; m'. f'`=s h{n} c;]hy' aNyq; enk; avx{z~ nh}. h{ p;y'g; : Vitamin B12, C, folic acid eTy;]d aNy s;r} vitamins p;n} m'. i/lnx}l h".- a[r agr Jy;d; h{ j;y'. t{ p'x;b %;r; ]nk;l ]dy' j;t' h". : agr w{jn m'. py;EPt ]v`;]mn n h{. y; sgr p;cn s.Sq;n kmj{r h{ t{ uss' h]2=2y{.- m;\s_p']xy{. a[r aNy ]`x?j> k} keE b}m;]ry;\ ]nm;E~ h{t} h". : i;v{. k' jLd} wrn' m'. keE ]v`;]mn mhTvp?~E w?]mk; ]nw;t' h". _ ]v`;]mn A

Ap}q}]lyl s"Ls (epithelial cells) k} d/½St} k' ]ly' a;vXyk _ Y;s kr Xvsn n]lk; m'. : y;]n b@[.k;e]`s Av. aSqm; k' ]ly' p}l} vSt/y'. l;wkr h". :

sw} B ] v`;]mn

s"Ls k' a.dr k{_ANj;>em (co-enzyme) k' k;yE krt' h". : enm'. m/Åy h". q;y;m}n- n| y;]sn Av. riboflavin y;]n ]v`;]mn B2. y' ddE ]nv;r~ w} krt' h". tq; s"Ls k} d/½St} k' ]ly' cell duplication y;]n s"Ll apn' a;p k{ d/g/n; krn' k} p@]´y; k' ]ly' j#r} h". k{l;j'n (collagen) Av. H2=2} k' m|`Ä}Ks (matrix y;]n 3;.c; ) k' aNy c}j{. k' uTp;dn Av. d'Yw;l k' ]ly' c;]hy' : yh ny} rË n]lk;a{. k} mjb?t} b3>;n' k' ]ly' Av. unk' uTp;dn k' ]ly' a;vXyk h" : esk} km} h{n' pr Tvc; k' uUpr k} i;v w} wr'.g' nh}.- Av. rË n]lk;a{. k} d}v;r etn' ³'j;el • fragile ) h{ j;t' h". ]k v' a;s;n} s' `?`n' lgt' h". :

]v`;]mn C

]v`;]mn D

k"]Lxym k' avx{z~ k' ]ly' a;vXyk h" : k"]Lxym k' k;r~ h} h]2=2y;. mjb?t rht' h". : ³|Kcr (fracture) y;]n `?`} h2=2} k{ wrn' k' ]ly' k"]Lxym j#r} h" :

]v`;]mn E

i;yl ]`x? k} d/½St} k} g]t k{ b3>;t; h" : x;yd i;v k' ]nx;n bnn' nh}. d't; :

]v`;]mn K

rË k' qKk' bnn' m'. mdd krn' v;l' Y;s ^{`}n=s k{ bn;n' k' ]ly' a]nv;yE h": es p@k;r s' vh i;yl Vy]Ë k{ rË Jy;d; bhn' k' k;r~ m[t h{n' s' bc;t; h" :

en s;r} c}j{. k' avx{z~ ]ly' p'` k; 1}k rhn; a]nv;yE h" : p'` 1}k ]ky' bg"r a;p c;h' ]jtn} w} dv;ey;. l' l{ i;v p?~E wr'.g' nh}. _ yh Oy;n rYn; h" : LMNT k} Y;]syt h" ]k hm sbs' phl' p'` k{ 1}k krt' h". a[r yh} k;r~ h" ]k LMNT k' upc;r{. k' b;d i;v{. k' ] nx;n' tk w} ]m` j;t' h". y; km h{ j;t' h". : --

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k/9 m/Åy ]v`;]mNs k} ]vx'z j;nk;r} n}c' ]dy' gy' h".

Vitamin A ]v`;]mn A j;nvr{. k} ]`x/j> m'. retinol k' #p m'. rht; h" : yh p@;k,]tk #p m'. keE c}j>{. m'. β-carotene Av. aNy p@{_]v`;]mn pro-vitamin m'. p;y; j;t; h"- ]js' ]lvr ]v`;]mn A m'. bdlkr S`{r kr l't} h" : v"s' yh ]lvr, aN2' k' p}l' y{k (egg yolk) m'., ]ckn, d?o, i}- mYn Av. d;l{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh Ak f"`=_s;"Ly/bl ]v`;]mn (fat-soluble vitamin) h" j{ p}l} Av. hr} s;g_s]Bjy{. m'. p;y; j>;t; h" j"s' ]k w{.pl;, pp}t;- kd=d? y; p.p]kn (pumpkin), g;jr- mKk;- Av. p;lk j"s' s;g{. m'. eTy;]d : yh ]v`;]mn xr}r k' p@;y+ sw} s"Ls k' s;o;r~ ]vk;s (development) k' ]ly' bh/t j>#r} h" : yh m/Åyt+ A'p}q"l}yl ]`x? j> (epithelial tissues) k' n[rml f.kxn k' ]ly' a;vXyk h" : A'p}q"l}yl ]`x?j> v' ]`x?j> h{t} h". ]jss' Gl".2=s Av. unk} n]lk;a{. k} 2K`= duct y;]n p;ep bn} h/y} h". : y;]n ]v`;]mn A k' bg"r Gl".2=s k} ¹;v bn;n' k} ]`x?j> 1}k s' k;m nh}. kr'.g} : ]v]w¸ ¹;v 1}k s' nh}. ]nkl'. t{ xr}r m'. keE c}j{. k} km} a; skt} h" ]jss' ]v]w¸ b}m;]ry;\ a; skt} h". : yh ]v`;]mn ]lvr m'. S`{r h{t; h" a[r ]lvr es' bn;t; w} h" : a[rt{. k{ r{j> es k} 800 m;e´{ g@;m k} a[r p/½z{. k{ 1000 m;e´{ g@;m k} a;vXykt; h" : ]v`;]mn A Y;n' k{ ]ks p@k;r s' pc;t; h" aw} tk m;l?m nh}. p2;> h" : ]v`;]mn A k} km} s' r;t k{ ]dYn; bNd h{ j;t; h"- ]js' rt[.o} night blindness kht' h". : Vitamin A k} km} k' k;r~ ]nMn tkl}f'. w} h{ skt} h". _ 1. Tvc; s?Y j;t} h"- cm2}> pr A'Kn} (acne y;]n m/h;s') y; scaliness a; j;t} h" y;]n cm2} 42n' lgt} h" : 2. bCc{. k; b3>n; ½k j;t; h" : 3. es ]v`;]mn k; sb s' b2>; f.kxn yh h" k} `"S`}j> k} jrm}nl A'p}q"]lym (germinal epithelium) m'. A'`Ä{f} (atrophy) k; a; j;n; y;]n `"S`}s k' a.dr j{ s"Ls ny' j}vn k{ jnm d'n' k} 6mt; rYt' h".- v' ]sk/2>_s} j;t} h". ]jss' v' p@jnn k' k;m nh}. a; skt} : kw} kw} es ]v`;]mn k} km} k' k;r~ a[rt{. k} m;hv;r} m'. g2>b2} h{t} h" : 4. yh ]v`;]mn À]Z` k' ]ly' k/9 j#r} ]pGm'N`=s (visual pigments or photo pigments) bn;n' k' ]ly' a]t a;vXyk h": es ]v`;]mn k' aw;v m'. a;\Y{. k} k[rn}y; (cornea) k; k'r;]`n;ej'xn (keratini-zation) h{ j;t; h" ] jss' vh sÅt h{n' k' k;r~ vh ap;rdxEk h{ j;t; h"- ]jss' a.o;pn a; j;t} h" : 5. es ]v`;]mn k} km} s' Ap}q}]lyl ]`x?j> m'. eNf'Kxn w} h{ j;t; h" : m/Åyt+ a;\Y{. k} k{NjNK`}v; (conjunctiva) y;]n uUpr} prt- p'x;b n]lk; y; Xv;s n]lk; k} a.dr k} prt'. eTy;]d : at+ es ]v`;]mn k{ eNf'Kxn s' bc;n' v;l; ]v`;]mn (anti-infection vitamin) w} kh; j;t; h" : es ]v`;]mn k} km} k' ]ly' hm'. p;cn s.Sq;n k{ s/o;rn; h" : 6. ]v`;]mn A k} km} d?r krn' k' ]ly' ]lvr a[r q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k; 1}k rhn; j#r} h" : Vitamin D

yh d?o- ´}m a[r o?p m'. p;y; j;t; h" : es ]v`;]mn k} km} s' bCc{. m'. ]rk'`=s (rickets) k} b}m;r} h{t} h" ]jsm'. p}1 m'. k/Bjt; eTy;]d a; j;t' h". : agr b2' um@ m'. es ]v`;]mn k} km} h{ t{ us' a;|]S`y{ m|l']xy; (osteo malacia) kh; j;t; h"- ]jsm'. h]2=2y;\ as;o;r~ #p s' `'3>}_m'3} h{ j;t} h". : ]v`;]mn D d?o- k;|2 n;mk m9l} k' ]lvr k; t'l ( cod liver oil), b`r (butter)- ´}m (cream) eTy;]d m'. p;y; j;t; h" : ]lvr m'. yh S`{r rht; h" : es ]v`;]mn %;r; k"]Lxym bnn' k} p@]´y; ]nMn h"_ ]v`;]mn D3 cm2>} k' n}c' 7-Dehydrocholestrol n;mk k"m}kl k' #p m'. jm; rht; h" : us pr s?rj k} aL`Ä;v;yl'` ]kr~{. (ultra-violet rays) k' p2>n' s' yh ]v`;]mn Vitamin D3 (cholecaliferol) m'. bdl j;t; h" : Vitamin D3 k{ ]lvr m'. 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol y;]n (25HCC) n;mk #p m'. bdl; j;t; h" : l']kn yh 25 HCC ]v`;]mn D k; ]n]Z´y #p h" : ]v`;]mn D tw} ]´y;x}l h" jb vh 1,25 DCC n;mk k'm}kl k' #p m'. bdlt; h"- ]jsk' ]ly' PTH y;]n parathormone Av. kidneys k; 1}k h{n; j#r} h" : en d{n{. k' p@w;v s' ]v`;]mn D k; bh/t h} x]Ë x;l} #p ]k2n}j> %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" ]js' 1,25 DCC kht' h". : y;]n ]v`;]mn D ] lvr- PTH Av. ]k2n} en t}n{. k' p@w;v s' 1,25 DCC n;mk h{rm{n m'. bdlkr k"]Lxym k} cy;pcy k} d'Y_r'Y krt; h" : ]v`;]mn D k' k;r~ h} g'S`Ä{_eN`"S`;eEnl `Ä"K` (GIT) y;]n a¸ n]lk; m'. k"]Lxym s{Y; j;t; h" a[r s{Y' h/A k"]Lxym k{ h]2=2y{.. m'. 2;l ]dy; j;t; h" : k"]Lxym 9{`} a;.t2>} k' a;Yr} w;g m'. _ j{ b2>} a;.t2>} s' ]mlt; h"- ]js' e]lym kht' h". _ usm'. s{Y; j;t; h" : ]v`;]mn 2} Y;s t[r pr Ak A's; k"]Lxym b;eE.]2.g p@{`}n k{ bn;t; h" ]js k' %;r; a;.t2>} k' A'p}q"]lym (epithelium) m'. k"]Lxym k{ s{Yn; b3> j;t; h", a[r us' h]2=2y{.. y; mSslj> eTy;]d m'. w'j ]dy; j;t; h" : xr}r m'. ]v`;]mn D k} km} _ ]v`;]mn D k' aw;v m'. xr}r m'. k"]Lxym Av. f[Sf'` k; upy{g 1}k trh s' nh}. h{g;- ]jss' b[Ns (bones) nrm h{t' h". Av. unk; a;k;r abnormal h{t; h" : agr bcpn m'. h} es ]v`;]mn k} km} h{ t{ us' rickets kht' h". : d;\t d'r s' ]nklt' h". Av. crooked y;]n `'3'_m'3' h{t' h".. m;q; b2; Av. c[k{n y;]n square shape k; h{t; h"- Av. skull y;]n Y{p2>} k} h]2=2y;\ etn} nrm h{t} h". ]k h;q lg;n' pr s?Y'_p¶'_j"s; a;v;j krt' h". : esk' al;v; 9;t} k; b{n (bone) uwr; h/a;; k/9 l{g{. k' 9;t} m'. Ak depression y;]n g2=3;_j"s; ]dYt; h"- ]js' pigeon chest kht' h". : p"r{. k' b[Ns `'3>' h{n' pr us' bow legs kh; j;t; h" : agr rickets b2} umr m'. h{ t{ us' osteo-malacia kht' h". : eNh'. anemia a[r weakness rht; h" : s;q m'. h;q_p"r Av. Sp;en- q{r|Ks (thorax) Av. p"Lv}s (pelvis) m'. dd'E. h{t' h". : Taber’s18th. p.1367 Vitamin E (Tocopherol Vitamin E a.k/]rt g'h?\- nuts, hr} s]Bjy;.- s;b/t an;j- d?o- mKYn tq; vnSp]t t'l m'. p;y; j;t; h" : v"s' esk} km} mn/Zy{. m'. nh}. h{t} : bh/t r'yr k's rare case m'. esk} km} h{ skt} h"- Ky{.]k tkr}bn yh sw} p@k;r k' Y;n' m'. yh ]v`;]mn ] ml j;t} h" : h;. l{ar A'n}mLj> (lower animals) y;]n mn/Zy s' km j;nvr{> m'. es ]v`;]mn k} km} s' unk' aN2k{Z; y; `"S`}j> k' A'p}q"]lym (epithelium) ]2j"nr'` degenerate h{ j;t' h". : yh;. tk ]k agr ]v`;]mn E k} km} l{ar A'n}mLj> m'. h{ t{ 1hr; h/a; gwE w} sm;Pt h{ j;t; h" Av. unk} g@{q y;]n ]vk;s w} ½k j;t; h" : es]ly' es' A'N`}S`r}]l`} ]v`;]mn antisterility vitamin w} kh; j;t; h" : es ]v`;]mn E k' aw;v m'. ]k2n}j> k' `=y?b?lr s"Llj> tubular cells y; mSsLj> k' s"Llj> w} kw} kw} ]2j"nr'` degenerate y;]n YTm h{ j;t' h". : es k} km} s' np/.skt; y; b.jpn a;t} h" : vs; k; Ak m/Åy #p h" unsaturated fats, j{ xr}r k} keE rcn;a{. k' 1}k s' k;yE krn' k' ]ly' j#r} h" : yh ]v`;]mn unsaturated fats k} r6; krt; h" t;]k v' oxidize n h{ : es k} km} s' s"Ll m'Mb@'n, m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; a[r l;eEs{s{Mj> k} rcn; Av. unk' k;yE k;f} ]bg2> j;t' h". : esk} km} s' b.dr{. m'. mSk/lr ]2S`Ä{f} n;mk b}m;r} a;t} h" :(T&G p. 840) -

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Vitamin K ]v`;]mn K f"`=s, a{`=s oats, g'h?., r;eE Av. p;lk- f?l g{w}- bNd g{w} eTy;]d m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh ]lvr a[r SPl}n m'. S`{r rht; h" : Vitamin K k{ l;jE k{ln k} b"K`}r}y; bn;t} h". : jb b"2> s{r (bed sores) h{n' pr 2|;K`r eNf'Kxn k{ YTm krn' k' ]ly' Jy;d; A'N`}b;y{]`Ks (antibiotics) d't' h". tb un k' p@w;v s' p'` Yr;b h{ j;t; h"- a[r Vitamin K bn;n'v;l' y' ]htk;r} b"K`}]ry; w} sm;Pt h{ j;t' h".Vitamin K k} w} km} h{ j;t} h"- ]js k' k;r~ jÅm nh}. wrt; : t{ us smy Jy;d; m;µ; m'. w{jn m'. es ]v`;]mn k{ Y;n} c;]hy' : ]v`;]mn K k' aw;v m'. ]lvr Factor VII, Factor IX a[r Factor X nh}. bn; skt; : agr Vitamin K k} km} h{ t{ rË k{ Kl;"` y; qKk; y; jmn; nh}. h{g; Ky{.]k en factors m'. s' ]ks} Ak k} w} km} h{ t{ xr}r m'. Kl[]`.g nh}. h{ skt; : t{ bht' rË k{ jmn' k' ]ly' Vitamin K k} ]ktn} a;vXykt; h"- yh sm4 skt' h". : rË k' jmn' k' ]ly' k"]Lxym k} w} j>#rt h{t} h" : agr r{g} k{ f'`=s 1}k s' nh}. pc' t{ k"]Lxym k; A'Bj{>pExn (absorption) nh}. h{g;- ]jsk' k;r~ w} rË 1}k s' jm'g; nh}.yh Oy;n rh' : Prothrombin :- yh Ak Pl;Sm; p@{`}n h"- j{ k[g/l'xn f"k`r coagulation factor y;]n rË jmn' k; Ak m/Åy k;rk h" : ]lvr Vitamin K k} sh;yt; s' es p@{q@|;]Mbn k{ q@;|]Mbn thrombin m'. bdl d't} h" j{ a;g' clkr Kl[` (clot) bnn' m'. sh;yk h" : -- - - - - - - -VITAMIN B12 Vitamin B g@?p k} keE ]v`;]mn h". : en sb m'. k{b;lm}n cobalamin n;mk k'm}kl p;y; j;t; h" : bh/t s' k{b;l;]mn k' ]mln' s' Vitamin B12 bnt; h" : Cobalamin:- Ak k"m}kl ]jsm'. k{b;L` (cobalt) h{t; h"- j{ sw} ]v`;]mn_B-y/Ë c}j{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" : Cobalt : yh Ak g@' (grey), sÅt, m"`l> (metal) h"- j{ ductile y;]n lMb; ]ky; j; skt; h" : k{b;L` k} km} s' w} Ak ] kSm k; A'n}]my; anemia h{ j;t; h" : k{b;L` ]v`;]mn B12 m'. Ak j>#r} A'l}m"N` (element) h" : k{b;L` s' Vitamin B12 k} p@{2Kxn s' RBC bnt' h". y; RBC p@{2Kxn k{b;L` s' h{t} h" : mgr esk; upy{g s}o; RBC bn;n' k' ]ly' nh}. krn; c;]hy' : k{b;L` (cobalt) k} g{l} a]ok m;µ; m'. d'n' s' bCc{. m'. m,Ty/ h{ j;t} h" Av. jv;n Vy]Ëy{. m'. uL`}y'. a; skt} h". : Oy;n rh' ]k xr}r m'. k{b;L` k} b;eE.]2.g 1}k us} p@k;r k} h" ]js p@k;r h'm{Gl{]bn k' s;q a;yrn (iron) k} h" : a[r x;yd k{b;L` A'`Mj> atoms A's' h} k;m krt' h".- j"s; k} h'm{Gl{]bn : yh xr}r m'. bnn; h} c;]hy' : esk; S`[k (stock) ]lvr m'. 5/6 s;l k; rht; h" : agr a;j esk} j#rt h" t{ sm4n; c;]hy' ]k ]p9l' 5/6 s;l s' yh a;.tr} m'. s{Y; h} nh}. j; rh; h"- y; p'` m'. eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r (intrinsic factor) nh}. bn rh;- Ky{.]k eN`Ä}n]sk f"K`r k' s;q ]ml kr agr B12 j'j/nm tk ph/.c j;y'g; tw} ]lvr m'. S`{r kr ]ly; j;y'g; : agr eN`Ä}n]sk f"K`r k' s;q n ]ml' t{ p'` v; a;.t]2>y{. k' ANj;eEm es' pc; j;y'.g' : es ]v`;]mn k' bg"r RBC k{ m"c{]r`} (maturity) nh}. ]mlt} : ]v`;]mn B12 k' a[r f{]lk A']s2> k' s;q ]mln' s' h} RBC m"Cy{r h{.g' : agr ]v`;]mn B12 k} km} h{t} h" t{ h;q{. k} u.g]ly{. k' p}9' p{r{. k} g;.1{. pr k;l;pn a; j;t; h"y; n;Y/n{. m'. k;l} lk}r'. a; j;t} h". : yh Ak m;µ ]v`;]mn h" j{ s]Bjy{. s' nh}. ]mlt; : j{ x;k;h;r} h".- uNh'. yh ]v`;]mn d?o a[r pn}r s' h} p@;Pt h{ skt; h": xr}r m'. ]v`;]mn B12 k} km} k' d{ k;r~ h{ skt' h". _ d?o nh}. p}n; y; unk' xr}r m'. d? o k; 1}k #p s' p;cn Av. avx{z~ n h{n; : Jy;d;tr ]v`;]mn VIT B12 k} km} Y;n; 1}k s' n pcn' k' k;r~ h} h{t; h" : VIT B12 1}k s' pcn' k' ]ly' stomach s' intrinsic factor ]nkln; c;]hy' : s;q h} intestines 1}k s' k;yE krn; c;]hy' t;]k usk; avx{z~ 1}k trh s' h{ sk' _ es k' ]ly' ]lvr w} 1}k s' k;m krn; h" Ky{.]k Vit B12 k; store liver m'. h} h{t; h" : eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r n bnn' k' k;r~ _ VIT B12 k} km} s' _ j{ rË k} km} h{t} h" us' pernicious anemia kht' h". : esk; Ak m;µ k;r~ h" ]k p'` k' gastric mucosa k} atrophy y;]n ]sk/2> j;n;- ]jss' v' normal gastric secretion h} nh}. krt} h" : p'` k' aNdr Intrinsic factor n;mk Ak glycoprotein h{t; h"- j{ Y;n' k' aNdr k' B12 k' s;q A's' combine krt; h" ]k us' n/ks;n n h{a;"r vh B12 k{ gastro intestinal enzymes s' bC;;t; h" t;]k B12 acid and digestive enzymes %;r; digest h{kr destroy n h{ j;y' : a[r Intrinsic factor usk{ tb tk A's; bc; kr l' j;t; h" jb tk B12 gut y;]n eN`'S`;en k' %;r;

ileum m'. absorb n h{ j;y' : Ak b;r gastro intestinal tract m'. absorb h{ j;n' pr B12 liver m'. large quantity y;]n p@c/r m;µ; m'. 5-6 s;l tk store h{ j;t; h" a;"r o}r' o}r' j#rt h{n' pr - y;]n jb bone marrow k{ c;]hy' y; body tissues k{ c;]hy' tb- es' rË m'. 9{2; j;t; h" : Ak ]dn k} j#rt Ak microgram h" jb ]k liver m'. ess' hj;r g/n; m;µ; m'. store rht; h" : ]v`;]mn B12 k' keE m'`;b[]lk f.KxNj> h". : yh h;eE2Ä{j'n aKs"P`r (hydrogen acceptor) k; k{_ANj;>em (coenzyme) h"- y;]n es} k' k;r~ h;eE2Ä{j'n aKs"P`rj> k;m krt' h". : es} ]v`;]mn k' p@w;v s' RNA k{ DNA m'. bdl; j;t; h"- j{ Ak s"Ll k{ d{ s"Ll m'. bdln' k' ]ly' j>#r} h" : jb tk RNA k{ DNA m'. bdl; nh}. j;y'g; s"Ll k; 2/pl}k'` nh}. h{ skt; : s{ Vit B12 k' d{ p@m/Y f.KxNj> h". _ 1. g@{q y;]n xr}r k' ]vk;s k{ b3>;v; d'n; 2. RBC k' uTp;dn Av. unk' mCy{r'xn m'. mdd krn; : agr Vit B12 k} km} h{ t{ RBC’s m|Cy{r (mature) nh}. h{.g} a[r rË km h{ j;y'g; ]js' A'n}m}y; kht' h". : y;]n xr}r k' sb cells k' ]ly' a;"r tissues k} growth k' ]ly' Vitamin B12 Ak bh/t ²;#r} nutrient h" : d'Y; gy; h" ]k B12 k} km} s' growth m'. w} km} a; j;t} h" : v;Stv m'. es k; k;r~ yh h" ]k jb nucleotide Deoxyribose m'. change h{t; h" t{ es reaction k' ]ly' B12 c;]hy' h{t; h" a;"r yh DNA formation k; Ak bh/t essential and important step h" : es ]ly' B12 n h{n' pr nucleus k; maturation a;"r division fail h{ j;t; h"- a;"r es s' RBC bnn' k; Rate w} ½k j;t; h" y; km h{ j;t; h" : yh ]v`;]mn nVEj> (nerves) k} sh} Sv;SQy k' ]ly' j#r} h" : s{ agr xr}r m'. es ]v`;]mn k} bh/t km} h{ t{ A's' p'x.`{. m'. p"r;l;e]ss (paralysis) w} h{ skt; h" : esk' al;v; Vit B12 k} km} k' k;r~ Sp;eEnl k[2E k' b2'> f;eEbj>E y; l;jE f;eEbj>E m'. ]2m;eEl}n'xn (de-myelination) h{ j;y'g; y;]n l.b} nvE f;eEbj>E k' uUpr k} kv]r.g ]nkl j;y'g} : Y;s t[r pr p}9' k} f;eEbj>E k} kvr}.g y; kw} kw} s;e2 k} lateral columns k} f;eEbj>E (fibres) k} kvr}.g ]nkl j;y'g} : esm'. aKsr p"r}f'rl s"Ns'xn sm;Pt h{ j;t} h" ]jss' unm'. s/¸pn a; j;t} h" y; cm2} ak;r~ h} f` skt} h"- eTy;]d : (peripheral sensation k; mtlb h" h;q_p"r k} u.g]ly{. m'. SpxE mhs?s krn' k} x]Ë) Oy;n rh' k} Vit B12 k} asl} km} k; k;r~ h" _ p'` m'. eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r (intrinsic factor) k; n bnn; : a[r eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r k} km} s' j{ rË k} km} a;t} h"- us' pn}Ex}ys A'n}]my; (pernicious anemia) kht' h"., ]js s' bcn' k' ]ly' p'` k; 1}k h{n; j>#r} h" t;]k eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r bn' a[r usk' s;q B12 ]ml kr j'j/nm m'. pc j;y' a[r pcn k' b;d ]lvr m'. S`{r h{ j;y' : l;l rË k{]xk;y'.

Av. nVEj> k} Sv;SQy k' ]ly' a]t a;vXyk : esk} km} s' A'n}]my; Av. xr}r m'. kmj{r} a;t} h" : -

NIACIN n|y;]sn n|y;]sn Vit B complex g@?p k; h" : es k{ nicotinic acid ]nk{]`]nk A's}2 Av. A'N`}p'l;gr; (anti-pellagra compound) w} kht' h". : yh k/drt} t[r s' d?o, ]lvr, y}S` (yeast) y;]n Ym}r- pn}r a[r d;l{. m'. p;y} j;t} h" : n|y;]sn xr}r m'. NAD Av. NADP N;;mk d{ #p m'. rhkr k{ANj;>em (co-enzyme) k; k;m krt} h" y;]n aNy ANj;>em=s k} mdd krt} h"- ]jnk' n;m h". _ Adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). p;cn s.Sq;n k' k;yE k' d[r;n k/9 A's} ANj;>em=s ]nklt} h". j{ ]k w{jn s' h;eE2Ä{'jn A'`Mj> (hydrogen atoms) k{ alg ]nk;lt} h". : es p@]´y; k{ 2}_h;eE2Ä{_j'n'xn (de-hydrogenation) kht' h". a[r es p@]´y; k' k;r~ xr}r k} s"Ls k' k;yE k' ]ly' bh/t aC9} uUj;E x]Ë ]nklt} h" ]js' oxidative delivery kht' h". : NAD a[r NADP - y' d{n{. k{ANj;>em=j> h". j{ ]k h;eE2Ä{'jn AKs"P`j>E h"., (hydrogen acceptors) j{ 2}_h;eE2Ä{_j'n'xn %;r; ]nkl} h;eE2Ä{j'n A'`Mj> k' s;q ]ml j;t' h". ] jss' yh p@]´y; bh/t t'j} s' clt} h" : jb xr}r m'. n|y;]sn k} km} h{t} h" t{ a;m t[r pr ]js g]t s' de-hydrogenation h{n} c;]hy', nh}. h{t}, es ]ly' sb s"Ls k{ apn' k;yE krn' k' ]ly' ]js g]t s' w{jn s' uUj;E p@;Pt h{n} c;]hy' s{ nh}. ]mlt} : n|y;]sn k} km} k' k;r~ x/#_x/# m'. mSsLj> m'. kmj>{r} mhs?s h{g} a[r Gl".2/lr ]s ´}xNj> (glandular secretions) km h{.g} y;]n Gl".2=s k' k;m krn' k} 6mt; km h{ j;y'g}- ]js s' v' j{ w} k"m}kl bn;t} h". y; km bn'.g} y; nh}. bn'.g} : l']kn jb h;lt bh/t ]bg2> j;y a[r jb yh ]v`;]mn bh/t h} km h{ t{ xr}r k} ]`x?j> sm;Pt h{ j;t} h". y; mr j;y'.g} : es ]v`;]mn k} km} s' CNS y;]n s'.`Äl nvEs ]sS`'m m'. Yr;b} a; j;t} h" a[r ]2m']Nxy; (dementia) h{ j;t; h" y; keE p@k;r k} s;ek{]ss (psychosis) y;]n m;n]sk ]bm;r}y;. a; j;y'.g} : a[r agr es ]v`;]mn k} km} keE ]dn{. Tk rh' t{ s?yE k} r{xn} s' y; jh;. izE~ h{t; h"- vh;. cm2}> m'. ´"k=s (cracks) a; j;t' h".- cm2} f` s} j;t} h"- a[r cm2>} pr k;l;pn y; ]pGm"N`'xn (pigmentation) y;]n k;l;pn_s} h{ j;t} h" : A's; lgt; h" ]k cm2} es p@k;r k} 2|m'j k{ apn' a;p d/½St krn' m'. asmqE h" : [Dementia k; mtlb y;dd;Xt k} km} y; k/9 k/9 w?ln' lgn; : esk; Ak m/Åy #p h" A'Lj>;emj>E k} ]bm;r} (Alzheimer's disease) : esk' keE k;r~ h". : AIDS k; a;n; y; ]sr pr m;r lgn' s' w} h{ skt; h" ]2m"n]xy; : p;r]kNsn k} ]bm;r}Huntington's Chorea k} ]bm;r} y; Creutzfeldt-Jakob n;mk b}m;r} k' k;r~ w} dementia k; a;n; h{ skt; h" : x/# x/# m'. km y;d rhn' lgt; h"- j{ keE mh}n{. m'. b3>t} j;y'g} a[r s{cn' sm4n' k} x]Ë km h{ j;y'g}- ]fr ]2p@"xn (depression) k; a;n;, n}.d k; n a;n; y; ]c2>]c2;p>n k; a; j;n;, kmj>{r} k; etn; a; j;n; k} r{j r{j k; k;m krn' m'. w} ]ks} k} sh;yt; k' bg"r n h{n; a[r ]fr ] bStr pr hm'x; k' ]ly' l'` j;n; : Creutzfeldt disease (CJD):- ´;|e`=Sf'L2=` ]2j>}j> yh central nervous system CNS k} Ak A's} b}m;r} h"- ]jss' mOy um@ m'. y;dd;Xt k} km} a; j;t} h" : aKsr es um@ m'. A's; h{n; s'r'b@m cerebrum m'. a;r`}]ry{ SKl'r{]ss arteriosclerosis h{n' k' k;r~ h{t; h" : y;]n s'r'b@m k' aNdr k} a;r`r}j> k; lc}l;pn YTm h{ j;n' k' k;r~ usm'. jgh_jgh pr eSk}]my; y; eNf;|K`E= k; h{n; : es b}m;r} k' m/Åy l6~ h". _ apn' a;j?-b;j? k' v;t;vr~ m'. y; ]ks} w} c}j m'. lgn nh}.- y;d n rhn;cln'_]frn' m'. a.g{. m'. t;lm'l n rhn;- m;y{Kl{ns myoclonus (y;]n Ak y; an'k mSsLj> anc;h' #p s' ]hln;) Av. EEG electricencephalography m'. ]v]xZ` bdl;v ]dYn; eTy;]d : s{c; j;t; h" ]k esk; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" prion n;mk organism %;r; eNf'Kxn k; h{n; : dv; k} d/]ny; m'. es b}m;r} k; k{eE el;j nh}. h" a[r es b}m;r} k' k;r~ m[t a; j;t} h" : dv;ey{. s' es b}m;r} k; el;j nh}. h{t; Av. esk; 1}k h{n; n; m/m]kn kh; j;t; h" : n|y;]sn k} km} k' k;r~ m/.h k' aNdr k} ]4Ll} m'. inflammation a; j;t} h" a[r bh/t tkl}f h{t} h" : yh} h;l a;.t2>}y{. k; w} h{ j;t; h" ]js s' Y;n; 1}k p@k;r s' nh}. pct; : enk; A'B2{mn Av. p;cn s.Sq;n Yr;b h{ j;t; h" : a;.t2>}y{. k} A'p}q"]lym (epithelium) apn' a;p k} ]rp'yr nh}. kr p;t}- ]jss' m"`;b[leJm ]bg2> j;t; h"- ]js k; 1}k krn; k;f} k1}n k;yE h" : es k{ m'2}kl w;z; m'. p'l;gr; (pellagra) kh; j;t; h" : esm'. j>b;n w} k;l} h{ j;t} h" ]js' k;l} j/b;n y; black tongue kht' h". : yh sb n|y;]sn k} km} k' k;r~ h{t; h" : hm LMNT m'. m?l k;r~ k{ 1}k krk' b}m;r} k; el;j krt' h". : c;h' ]2m']Nxy; (dementia) h{ y; A'Lj>;emj>E k} ]bm;r} (Alzheimer's disease) y; ´;|e`=Sf'L2=` ]2j>}j> y' t}n{. h} n|y;]sn k} km} s' a;y} h". : s{ t}n{. k; el;j Ak j"s; h} h" : hm UDF, HCl, Niacin point k; ddE ]nk;ln;- tq; vitamin B12 formula Av. Multi Heparin f[rm/l; s' enk; el;j sflt; p?vEk kr skt' h". : ] a³}k; k' l{g{. m'. k;l;pn a]ok p;eE j;t} h" Ky{.k} v' k[nE (corn) y;]n mKk; h} Jy;d; Y;t' h". ]js m'. ]`ÄP`{f"n (tryptophan) n;mk a;m}n{ A']s2 ]bLk/l nh}. h" : ]`ÄP`{f"n s' h} n|y;]sn bnt} h" : ]`ÄP`{f"n Ak As".xl A'm}n{ A']s2 (essential amino acid) h" j{ ]k A'n}ml a[r ]fx p@{`}n (animal and fish protein) m'. a]ok p;y; j;t; h" Av. n[rml g@{q k' ]ly' bh/t j>#r} h" : ]`ÄP`{f"n s' s'r{`{]nn w} bnt; h" j{ s"N`Äl nvEs ]sS`m k; Ny?r{ `Ä;.Sm}`r (neuro-transmitter) h" j{ n}.d l;n' Av. mn k{ x;Nt a[r p@s¸ rYn' k' ]ly' j#r} h" : esk' aw;v m'. ud;s} a; j;t} h" : s'r{`{]nn k' b;r' m'. uUpr ]lY' h/y' s' yh ]nZkzE ]nklt; h" ]k agr ]ks} Vy]Ë k{ n}.d n a;y' a[r usk' n|y;]sn k' Pv;e.` m'. ddE h{ t{ Ky; ]nMn p@k;r k' upc;r s' l;w h{g; < src I UDF/HCl – for tyrosine amino acid II Nia 2:4:4 – for n|y;]sn III (8) Medulla (6) Gas ‘I’ (6) Adr + Broadmann's area 17 & 18 ghisai + (20) Back of knees – for serotonin ]jn Vy]Ëy{. k{ ]pGm'N`'xn (pigmentation) k' s;q h;q_p"r k} u\g]ly{. k' a;j?b;j? y; n}c' k; w;g y; tlv; f`n' lgt; h"agr uNh'. n|y;]sn k' Pv;e.` m'. w} ddE h{ t{ yh m/m]kn h" ]k unk' tlv' f`n' k; Ak k;r~ n|y;]sn k} km} h" : us' 1}k krn' k' ]ly' p;cn s.Sq;n k{ 1}k krn; h"- n|y;]sn Pv;e.` k; ddE ]nk;ln; h"- tq; ]v`;]mn B12 f[rm/l; d'n; h" y;]n (3) Gal (7) Liv (8) Lt Parkhoo src LMNT m'. p;y; gy; h" ]k ]jNh'. ]v`;]mn B12 k} km} h" uNh'. b;y'. j;.i k' f}mr b{n (femur bone) k' uUpr- p"]Lvk b{n (pelvic bone) k' s;mn' k' ]kn;r' pr bh/t ddE h{t; h"- jb ]k n|y;]sn k} km} m'. ddE p"]Lvk b{n k' p}9' k' ]kn;r' pr h{t; h" _ yh tj/b'E k} b;t h" : THIAMINE (q;y;m}n) q;y;m}n (thiamine) k{ ]v`;]mn B1 w} kht' h". : yh m/Åyt+ s?Y' Ym}r m'. Av. a.k/]rt g'h?.- keE b}j{. k} b;hr} prt{. m'. a[r p@;y+ sw} s]Bjy{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" : q;y;m}n Y;s t[r pr thiamine pyrophosphate k' #p m'. xr}r k' m'`;b[]lk ]sS`m m'. bh/t k;m krt} h" : q;y;m}n p;e#]vk A']s2 (pyruvic acid ) k; 2}k;rb;|]Ksl'xn (decarboxylation) krk' us' acetyl-coA y;]n A']s`;el k{_ANj;>em A m'. bdl d't} h"- ]js s' m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; (mitochondria) k{ s"Ls k' a.dr k;m krn' k' ]ly' ATP ]ml j;t; h"- ]jsm'. n ]k k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s h} b]Lk p@{`}n=s a[r f"`=s w} xr}r m'. 1}k s' upy{g m'. l;y' j; skt' h". : Oy;n d'. ]k DNA k' a.dr p;y' j;n'v;l' q;e]mn (thymine) k' s;q esk; k{eE sMbNo nh}. h" : d{n{. k' n;m Ak_j"s' h{n' pr w} q;y;m}n Ak ]v`;]mn h" j{ w{jn s' p@;Pt h{t; h" jb ]k q;e]mn Ak Py?]rn b's h" j{ hr s"Ll k' Ny?]Klys k' aNdr p;y; j;t; h" : q;y;m}n Y;s t[r pr k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s a[r keE A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ upy{g m'. l;n' k' ]ly' bh/t j#r} h" : es ]v`;]mn k} km} k' k;r~ p;e#]vk A']s2 a[r aNy k/9 A'm}n{ A']s2=s (amino acids) k; ]`x?j> m'. upy{g krn; km h{ j;t; h"- a[r un k' jgh pr s"Ls f"`=s k{ Jy;d; m;µ; m'. upy{g krt' h". : es]ly' bh/t s' Ny?]`ÄAN`=s (nutrients) upy{g m'. l;n' s' rh j;t' h".- ]jss' xr}r trh_trh k} b}m;]ry{. k; ]xk;r bn j;t; h" : CNS y;]n s'.`Äl nvEs ]sS`'m k{ 1}k s' k;m krn' k' ]ly' j{ uUj;E x]Ë c;]hy' vh k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k} m'`;b;|]lj>m y;]n cy;pcy s' h} p@;Pt h{n} c;]hy'- n ]k f'`=s k} cy;pcy s'- a[r yh k;m s;r; q;y;m}n pr h} ] nwEr h" : agr q;y;m}n k} km} h{ t{ nvEs ]`x?j> (nervous tissues) %;r; Gl?k{j> k; upy{g 50 s' 60 p@]txt km h{ j;t; h"- ]js s' s'.`Äl nvEs ]sS`'m k' Ny?r[nl s"Ls (neuronal cells) m'. ´{m{]fl (chromophyll) k} km} a; j;t} h" a[r v' s?j j;t} h". : a[r q;y;m}n k} km} k' k;r~ un s"Ls k{ p?r} x]Ë nh}. ]mlt} ]js s' un k; k;m krn; km h{ j;t; h" a[r v' s'.`Äl nvEs ]sS`'m k' d?sr' w;g{. k' s;q 1}k s' s.pkE nh}. kr p;t' : es k' al;v; CNS k' nvE f;eEbsE (nerve fibres) v; p"r}f'rl nvE f;eEbsE (peripheral nerve fibres) k} m;y']ln x}q (myelin sheath) y;]n nVEj> k} kv]r.g (covering) ]nkl j;t} h" y; 2}j'n'r'` (degenerate) h{ j;t} h"- ]jsk' k;r~ p"r}f'rl nVEj> (peripheral nerves) aKsr bh/t er}`bl (irritable) h{ j;t} h". : esk; Ak ud;hr~ mL`}pl SKl'r{]ss (multiple sclerosis) n;mk b}m;r} h" : q;y;m}n k} km} s' p;|l}Ny?r;e]`s (polyneuritis) y;]n nvEj> m'. eNFlm'xn a; j;t} h" Av. bh/t ddE h{t; h" a[r A's; w} h{t; h" ]k k[2E (cord) m'. usk' tract `Ä"K` k' f;eEbjE etn' 2}j'n'r'` (degenerate) h{ j;t' h". ]k p"r;l;e]ss w} h{ skt; h" : agr p"r;l;e]ss n h/a; t{ w} m;\s_p']xy{. m'. A`Ä[f} (atrophy) a; j;t} h" y;]n v' ]sk/2> j;t} h" ]jss' aTyNt kmj{r} mhs?s h{t} h" : brs{. s' q;y;m}n k} km} h{n' pr h;`E k' mSsl w} kmj{r h{ j;t} h". a[r h;`E f'l h{ j;t; h" y; ºdy k;m krn; bNd kr d't; h" : es k' al;v; yh h;`E m'. v'eNs %;r; rË k; bh;v d/g/n; tk b3> skt; h" : yh es]ly' ]k q;y;m}n k} km} k' k;r~ ]`x?j> k{ p?r} x]Ë nh}. ]mlt} h"- ]jss' v' 3>}l} h{ j;t} h". a[r usk' k;r~ sw} n]lk;a{. m'. p'r}f'rl v"s{ 2;el'xn (peripheral vaso-dilation) h{ j;t; h"- y;]n p?r} srk/l'`r} ]sS`m circulatory system k} n;]2y{. k; a.dr} Vy;s b3> j;t; h" : k/9 l{g{. m'. en sb k;r~{. s' p'r}f'rl A2}m; (peripheral edema) y;]n h;q_p"r k} 9{r{. m'. s?jn a[r A|s;e`=s (ascites) y;]n p'` m'. p;n} k; wr j;n; w} h{ j;t; h" : q;y;m}n k} km} k' k;r~ ]nMn tkl}f'. a;t} h". _ • p'` Yr;b h{ j;t; h" : y; apcn h{ j;t; h" : y; sÅt kBj} h{ j;t} h" : • Anorexia A'n{r']Ksy; mtlb w?Y k; n lgn;• ]2p@'xn (depression), • b/Y;r k; b;r_b;r a;n;• a;.t]2>y{. k; ]bg2>n;• g"S`Ä}k A`{n} (gastric atony) - p'` k} msLs 1}k s' k;m n kr p;n; Ky{.]k v' bh/t Jy;d; k2>k h{ j;t' h".

• hypoacidity y;]n p'` m'. h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 k; km h{n;- ]jss' ^{`}n=s pc'.g' nh}. eTy;]d :

c?.]k q;y;m}n c;vl y; an;j k} b;hr} prt{. m'. h{t; h"- s{ a;jkl q;y;m}n k} km} k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" p;|]lx (polish) ]ky; h/a; c;vl y; an;j k{ Y;n; : q;y;m}n k} km} s' p'` k' nrm mSsl (smooth muscles) k{ k;rb{h;e2Ä'` m'`;b{]lj>m (carbohydrate metabolism) k} u]ct x]Ë k; n ]ml p;t; : s{ q;y;m}n k} km} s' bh/t n/ks;n h{t; h" : Oy;n rh' ]k mSk/lr 2;eS`Ä{f} (muscular dystrophy) y; f|`}g (fatigue) y;]n at}v qk;n k' a;n; k; m/Åy k;r~ w} q;y;m}n k} km} h} h" : xr}r k{ r{j 1.5 mg. q;y;m}n k} j#rt h" : A's; d'Y; gy; h" ]k rË m'. a]ok d'r tk Gl?k{j> k} km} h{n' k' k;r~ ]`x?j> 3>}l} p2> j;t} h".- ]js s' b'r}_b"r} (beriberi) n;mk b}m;r} a; j;t} h" : k;r~ ]`x?j> m'. ATP k} km} k' k;r~ A's; h{t; h" ]k v' 3>}l} p2> j;t} h". a[r un m'. ]sk/2>n' k} x]Ë km h{ j;t} h" j{ q;y;m}n k} km} k' k;r~ h{t; h" : es m'. h;`E k' mSsLj> (muscles) m'. w} 3>}l;pn a; j;n' s' un m'. rË k; bh;v d{ g/~; b3> j;t; h" ]js s' yh b}m;r} a; j;t} h" : a[r h;`E m'. rË k; bh;v d/g/n; h{n' s' l.Gj> m'. s?jn a; j;t} h"- a[r ]k2n}j> pr w} bh/t p@w;v p2>t; h" ]js s' v' ]bg2>t} j;t} h". : dr asl v}ns rË venous blood k; bh;v b3> j;t; h" a[r Py{r rË pure blood k; bh;v ]k2n}y{. m'. km h{ j;t; h" : es]ly' xr}r m'. q;y;m}n k} km} nh}. a;n} c;]hy' esk; Oy;n rYn; c;]hy' : V.V.IMP. Thiamine k; k;m co-carboxylase k; h{t; h" : carboxylase k; k;m h" A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ pc;n; y; t{2n; : es p@]´y; m'. j{ mdd krt' h". uNh'. Co-carboxylase kht' h". : enk; k;m h" A'm}n{ A']s2=s eTy;]d k{ t{2>kr uns' k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k{ b;hr ]nk;ln; : q;y;m}n Pyruvic acid Av. aNy A'm}n{ A']s2=s k' decarboxylation m'. mdd krt} h" : us p@]´y; k' b;d acetyl-CoA bnt; h" ]jss' mitochondria k{ ATP ]mlt; h" : t{ Ky; xr}r m'. jh;. w} decarboxylation k; k;m h{ vh;. q;y;]mn Pv;e.` k{ uks;n' s' b;t bn j;y'g} < _ yh try krn; h" : p/r;n} b}m;]ry{. m'. agr hm LMNT upc;r %;r; q;y;m}n k' Pv;e.` k; ddE ]nk;l d'. t{ unk} b}m;r} m'. k;f} r;ht ]mln} h" _ A's' ]p9l' keE vz{E. s' an'k mr}j{. pr s;]bt h/a; h" : yh} k;r~ h" ]k hm;r; Vitamin formation n;mk upc;r bh/t k;my;b h" : keE b}m;]ry;\ A's} h". ]jnm'. rË m'. A'm}n{ A']s2=s k} jm;v` b3>t} h"- t{ en sb m'. q;y;m}n k} km} Ak m/Åy k;r~ h{ skt; h" < enm'. s' keE k{ m'`;b{]lk b}m;]ry{. (metabolic disorders) k; n;m ]dy; j;t; h" : x;yd Fanconi syndrome j"s' l;el;j b}m;r} m'. hm;r' upc;r k} sflt; k; Ak r;j yh} h" ]k hm n|y;]sn- q;y;m}n eTy;]d k' p;cn Av. avx{z~ k{ 1}k krt' h". ! src Ak a[r b;t h" _ uUpr ]lY' h/y' s' s;f pt; clt; h" ]k q;y;m}n k} km} k' k;r~ b@'n k' ]v]w¸ w;g{. m'. s/c;½ #p s' j{ t;lm'l h{n} c;]hy' vh nh}. h{g; : t{ Ky; ataxia, myoclonic jerks Av. Chorea m'. w} q;y;m}n k; bh/t b2>; h;q h" < x;yd ]jn p;| r]kNsn k} mr}j{. k{ 2{p|m}n k} g{l} d'n' k' b;d w} a.g{. m'. t;lm'l nh}. h{t} vh w} q;y;m}n k} km} k' k;r~ Ky{. n h{ < q;y;m}n k; `"S` krn; t{ Jy;d; a;s;n h" jb ]k 2{p|m}n k; `"S` krn; n;m/m]kn h" : es pr a[r ]rscE krn; c;]hy' : src July 2008 LMNT m'. p;y; gy; h" ]k ]jNh'. f{]lk A']s2 k} km} h" uNh'. d;y'. j;.i k' f}mr h2=2} (femur bone) k' uUpr- p"]Lvk b{n (pelvic bone) k' s;mn' k' ]kn;r' pr bh/t ddE h{t; h"- jb ]k q;y;m}n k} km} m'. ddE p"]Lvk b{n k' p}9' k' ]kn;r' pr h{t; h" _ yh tj/b'E k} b;t h" : Folic Acid (f{]lk A']s2) f{]lk A']s2 pteroyl glutamic acid (`'r;|el Gl?`;]mk A']s2) k; g@?p k} Ak A']s2 h" : yh Ak m/Åy ]v`;]mn h" j{ d{ ] v]w¸ r;s;y]nk g@?Ps (chemical groups) k{ vhn k; k;m krt; h"- ]jNh'. hydroxy-methyl (h;eE2Ä;Ks} m}q"l) tq; formyl (f;| r]ml) g@?Ps kht' h". : Oy;n rh' ]k j}Nj> (genes) k{ bn;n' k' ]ly' y; unk' k;yE k{ s/o;rn' k' ]ly' purines a[r thymine k} a;vxykt; h{t} h" : Py?r}Ns Ak A's' k.p;u.2 k{ kht' h".- ]jss' d{ b's's (bases) bnt' h".- ]jnk; n;m h" adenine tq; guanine. d?sr; h" pyrimidine (]p]r]m]2n) j{ thymine (q;e]mn) a[r cytosine (s"`{s"n) n;mk d{ aNy b's's (bases) k{ bn;t' h". y; uks;t' h". : y' c;r{. b'ss (bases) s"Ll (cell) k' Ny?]Klys (nucleus) k' a.dr DNA a[r RNA k' p@o;n a.x h". : s{ hm f{]lk A']s2 k' upc;r s' j}Nj> (genes) 1}k kr skt' h". : [ DNA k; p?r; n;m h" de-oxy-ribonucleic acid (2} a;|Ks} r;eb{Ny?Kl}ek A']s2) ] f{]lk A']s2 k; sb s' j#r} k;m h" xr}r m'. Purines (Py?r}Ns) a[r Thymine (q"]mn) k; ]s.q']ss (synthesis) krn; y;]n bn;n; h" : Purines a[r pyrimidine s' genes bnt' h". : uUpr k' sw} c}j deoxy-ribo-nucleic A']s2 y;]n DNA k{ bn;n' k' ]ly' j#r} h". : es]ly' h} hm LMNT m'. f{]lk A']s2 f[rm/l; k{ j}Nj> k} k;y{E. k{ s/o;rn' k' ]ly' upy{g krt' h". : f{]lk A']s2 w} ]v`;]mn B12 k} trh s"Ls k' a.dr j}Nj> (genes) k{ 2?

Pl}k'` (duplicate) y;]n apn} s.Åy; k{ d/g/n; bn;n' k' k;m m'. a;t; h" : DNA formation k' ]ly' Folic acid w} j#r} h" , l']kn esk; alg tr}k' s' k;m h" _ x;yd yh catalyst k; k;m krt; h" : DNA k} Ak nucleotide k} uTp;dn k' chemical reaction k{ yh uks;t; h" : jb m;e`{]ss (mitosis) h{n; h{t; h"- mtlb jb Ak s"Ll s' d{ s"Ls bnn' h{t' h".- t{ en k' %;r; us s"Ll k' j}Nj> k{ d{ j}Nj> y; 2?Pl}k'` m'. bdl; j;t; h" : y;]n g@{q (growth) k{ b3>;v; d'n' k; k;m _ yh f{]lk A']s2 k; Ak bh/t h} b2>; j#r} k;m h" : es]ly' agr Y;n' m'. es ]v`;]mn k} km} h{g} t{ mn/Zy k' xr}r k} b3>{μ} nh}. h{g} y; g@{q ½k j;y'g} : es]ly' f{]lk A']s2 ]v`;]mn B12 s' mn/Zy k{ a]ok l;w ph/\c;t; h" : f{]lk A']s2 k; Ak a[r upy{g h" ]k yh a[r ]v`;]mn B12 d{n{. s;q ]mlkr RBC’s y;]n l;l rË k{]xk;a{. k' m|Cy{r'xn (maturation) krv;t' h". y;]n RBC’s k{ es l;yk bn;t' h". ]k v' k"p}lr}j> (capillaries) k' a.dr i/s sk'. : f{]lk A']s2 hr} s]Bjy{. m'. ]mlt; h" : Jy;d; pk;n' s' yh YTm h{ j;t; h" : es]ly' r{j kCc} s]Bjy{. k; sl;d Y;n; c;]hy' : esk' al;v; c;vl k' b@|n (bran) y;]n uUpr k} w?s} tq; g'h?. Av. d;l{. k' uUpr k' ]9lk{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" : mn/Zy k{ r{j 0.4 mg. f{]lk A']s2 k} a;vXykt; h" : s{ hm'. ]9lk' v;l} d;l'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. Y;n} c;]hy'- Av. c;vl k' p;n} k{ n f'.k'. t{ aC9; h" : sf'd b@'2 m'. f{]lk A']s2 nh}. h{t}- t{ agr b@'2 Y;n; h{ t{ b@;un b@'2 (brown bread) Y;n; b'htr h" : yh ]v`;]mn w{jn s' ]mlt; h" a[r p'` a[r 9{`} a;.tr} m'. pckr e]lym m'. s{Y; j;t; h" : f{]lk A']s2> a[r VIT B12 - y' d{n{. h} RBC’s k} m"Cy/r'xn (maturation) k' ]ly' a;vXyk h" : a[r y' d{n{. xr}r m'. 1}k m;µ; m'. h{n' s' h} rË 1}k s' bn'g; : es]ly' xr}r m'. f{]lk A']s2> k; h{n; bh/t h} a;vXyk h" : agr xr}r m'. f{]lk A']s2 k} km} h{ t{ RBC’s k; a;k;r k;f} b2>; rh j;y'g; a[r v' k"p}lr}j> k' a.dr i/s nh}. skt}. : k/9 l{g{. m'. maturation failure s' j{ Anemia h{t; h"- vh f{]lk A']s2 k} km} s' h" : es' m'g;l{ Bl;]S`k A'n}]my; (megalo-blastic anemia) y; m"´{s;e]`k A'n}]my; (macro-cytic anemia) kh; j;t; h"- jb ]k ]v`;]mn B12 k} km} s' a;y} A'n}]my; k{ prn}]xys A'n}]my; (pernicious anemia) kht' h". : q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 a[r f{]lk A']s2 k; sMbNo q;er;|e2 Gl".2 k; b']sk k"]mkl `;er{]sn Am}n{ A']s2 (tyrosine amino acid y; TAA) h" ]js' Jy;d; m;µ; m'. d?o k} ^{`}n _ ]js' k"s}n (casein) kht' h". _ usm'. p;y; j;t; h" 4: esk' cy;pcy (metabolism) k' ]ly' ]v`;]mn C Av. folic acid k} w} j>#rt h" : (Taber : 18th edn. p 2022.) uUpr k' v;Ky s' hm lab tests k' bg"r w} yh an/m;n lg; skt' h". ]k ]js bCc' k' xr}r m'. f{]lk A']s2 k} km} jnm s' h} h"- 5 usk' xr}r m'. TAA y;]n `;er{]sn Am}n{ A']s2 k; cy;pcy 1}k s' nh}. h{g; : c?.]k TAA h} q;yr;|e2 g@.q} k' T3,T4 h[rm{Ns k; raw material y;]n m?l pd;qE h"- s{ TAA k' cy;pcy k' ]bg2n' s' xr}r m'. T3, T4 hormones sh} m;µ; m'. nh}. bn p;y'.g' _ t{ us bCc' k{' h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m (hypothyroidism) k} w} problem h{g} : a[r ]jnk; q;er;|e2 jnm s' h;ep{ h" v' mNd b/]5 k' h{ skt' h". : 6 jnk{ f{]lk A']s2 k} km} h" uNh'. LMNT k' f{]lk A']s2 v;l' Pv;e.` pr ddE h{g;- pr q;yr;|e2 Gl".2 k' ]ly' LMNT m'. k{eE Y;s pain point nh}. h" : t{ LMNT m'. Rt.Parkhoo a[r f{]lk A']s2 f[rm/l; k' al;v; uNh'. h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m 1}k krn' k' ]ly' w} hm'. u]ct upc;r d'n; h{g; : s{ mNd b/]5 k' bCc{. k{ upc;r krt' smy hm'. es b;t k{ Oy;n m'. rYn; h" ]k ]jn bCc{. k{ h;yp{ q;er[e]2j>m h"- us' 1}k krn' k' ]ly' phl' p'` y;]n digestion k{ 1}k krn; h" Av. Right Parkhoo y; f{]lk A']s2 f[rm/l; d'kr f{]lk A']s2 k} km} k{ w} 1}k krn; h" tw} unk} b}m;r} m'. p?r; s/o;r h{g; : •

4

f{]lk A']s2 k} km} s' ]nMn b}m;]ry;. a; skt} h". _ m"g"l{Bl;]S`k an}]my; (Megaloblastic anemia) ]jsm'. RBC’s n[rml s' b2>} h{t} h".- s{ v' k"p}lr}j> k' a.dr i/s nh}. p;t' :

Tyrosine amino acid k{ d?o k' sh} cy;pcy s' h} hm p@;Pt kr skt' h". : ]lvr m'. yh nh}. bnt; ]js k' k;r~ es' Ak essential y;]n a;vXyk A'm}n{ A']s2 kht' h". : 5 yh g/½j} k} mhTvp?~E Y{j h" ]k pregnancy k' phl' agr a[rt k' xr}r m'. folic acid k} km} h" t{ usk' bCc' m'. w} jNm s' h} f{]lk A']s2 k} km} rh'g} : 6 Ky{.]k bCc' k' phl' s;l tk q;yr[e2 Gl".2 h} bCc' k' b@'n k; ]vk;s kr;t; h" : Guyton 10th ed. p 862 : If the fetus does not secrete sufficient quantities or thyroid hormone, growth and maturation of the brain, both before birth and afterwards, are greatly retarded.

Neural tube defects y;]n b@'n tq; Sp;enl k[2E ]js pd;qE s' bnt' h". us m'. Yr;b} a; j;n; : es m'. k/9 cases m'. m;|\ a[r bCc' m'. s}rm a|Lf; f}`{ ^{`}n (serum alpha feto- protein AFP) b3> j;t} h" : ess' t}n p@k;r k} b}m;]ry;\ h{ skt} h". : o Sp;en; b;ef}2; (spina bifida); Spina bifida (Sp;en; b;e]f2;) Ak jNmj;t b}m;r} h" : yh s;o;r~ un bCc{. k{ h} a;t} h" ]jnk} m;\ k{ gw;EvSq; m'. f{]lk A']s2 k} km} h{ : un a[rt{. m'. Av. A's' bCc{. m'. NT k' folic acid v;l' point y;]n d;]hn' j;.i k' f}mr b{n (femur bone) k' uUpr- p"]Lvk b{n k' s;mn' k' ]kn;r' pr bh/t ddE h{g; : enk{ kmr k; ddE rht; h} h" : o m"]nNj{ m;y'l{s}l (meningo-myelocele); o m"]nNj{s}l (meningocele); en t}n{. m'. sbs' mild h" Sp;en; b;eEf}2>;- l']kn es} s' Jy;d; bCc' g@St h". : a[r sbs' s}]vyr (severe) h" m;y'l{s}l : • mSKy?lr 2;eS`Ä{f} (muscular dystrophy); • Kl"F` ]lPp y; h"r ]lPp (cleft lip or hare lip) y;]n ]jsk} uUpr} h{.1 jnm s' h} f`} h/y} h{; • Kl"F` p"l'` (cleft palate) y;]n ]jsk} uUpr} t;l? jnm s' h} f`} h/y} h{; • k[nj"]n`l y;]n jnm s' a;n'v;l} ºdy k} b}m;]ry;\ (congenital heart disorders) _ j"s' h;`E m'. h[l (hole in the heart) ]jsm'. ASD,VSD or PDA x;]ml h". : yh g/½j} k} Ak an/pm Y{j h" ]k en sw} k; k;r~ h" _ f{]lk A']s2 k} km} : y' sw} jNmj;t b}m;]ry;\ h". j{ k/9 bCc{. k{ h{t; h" ]jnk} m;\ k{ gw;EvSq; m'. y;]n pregnancy k' d[r;n f{]lk A']s2 k} km} q} : A's' a[rt{. k{ f{]lk A']s2 k' Pv;e.` pr k;f} ddE h{t; h" : yh g/½j} k} Ak an/pm Y{j h" ]k]jtn' w} bCc' ‘Hole in the heart’ y; ºdy k} aNy jNmj;t b}m;]ry{. s' g@St unk' p;s a;y' un sw} k} mMm} k{ LMNT k' f{]lk A']s2 v;l' Pv;e.` pr ddE p;y; gy; h" : es k; m/Åy k;r~ h" _ f{]lk A']s2 k} km} : yh Ak jNmj;t b}m;r} h" j{ k/9 bCc{. k{ h{t; h" ]jnk} m;\ k{ gw;EvSq; m'. y;]n pregnancy k' d[r;n f{]lk A']s2 k} km} q}: A's' a[rt{. k{ f{]lk A']s2 k' Pv;e.` pr k;f} ddE h{t; h" : en d{n{. b}m;]ry{. k; `Ä}`=m'.` Ak h} h" y;]n Folic Acid formula (6) Gas Only (6) Gas ‘I’ (6) Rt.Ov. (8) Rt Parkhoo y; Mild folic acid - y;]n (1)Gas Only – 6 points (1)Gas ‘ I ’ – 6 points (2) Rt.Ov. (8) Rt Parkhoo.

•

k/9 bCc{. m'.

(10) Pan x 3 treatments w} k;f} l;wd;yk h" : -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

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]rb{Fl']vn p;n} m'. i/ln'v;l; Ak ]v`;]mn h" j{ B Complex g@?p k; h" : yh s.tr' r.g k; h" : yh d?o, d?o k' pd;q{E. m'.- tq; hr} w;]jy{. eTy;]d m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh ]`x?j> k' f;|Sf{]rk A']s2 (phosphoric acid) m'. ]mlkr d{ ]kSm k; k{_A'nj>;eEm bn;t; h" _ 1. Fl']vn m{n{_Ny?]Kly{`;eE2 (flavin mononeucleotide) (FMN) Av. 2. Fl']vn a|2'n;eEn 2;eE_Ny?]Kly{`;eE2 (flavin adenine di-nucleotide) (FAD). ]fr y' d{n{. s"Ll k' m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; m'. a;|Ks}jn p@d;n krn' k; m/Åy a;|Ks}2']`v ]sS`m oxidative system k{ bn;n' k' ]ly' h;eE2Ä{j'n k"r}yr hydrogen carrier k; k;yE krt' h". : aKsr NAD 2}_h;eE2Ä{j'n'j> (dehydrogenases) k' s;q ]ml kr k;yE k{ krt' h". : ]fr vh h;eE2Ä{j'n j{ Y;n; pc;n' s' ]nkl} h" y; bn} h" us' FMN a[r FAD m'. ph/.c; ]dy; j;t; h" : ]fr yh sb h{n' k' b;d h;eE2Ä{j'n k{ ay;|n ion m'. bdl ]dy; j;t; h" a[r us' m;eE`{k{N2Ä}y; k} m"]`ÄKs m'. (matrix) w'j ]dy; j;t; h" ]js m'. a;|Ks}jn k' s;q ]ml kr a[Ks}2;eEj> oxidize ]ky; j;t; h" : agr ]rb{Fl']vn k} km} h{ t{ l{ar A'n}mLj> •lower animals) m'. eNFlm'xn k' k;r~ cm2}> k} ]bm;r}, tq; uL`}y'., l?j> m{xNs (loose motions) Av. mSsLj> m'. Sp;]S`]s`} h{g}- (spasticity) j{ b;d m'. aTy]ok kmj{r} m'. bdl'g}- ]fr k{m; (coma), ]fr m,Ty/ h{ j;y'g} : es m'. xr}r k} `"Mp@'cr w} o}r' o}r' km h{t} j;t} h" : ]rb{Fl']vn k} bh/t km} h{n' pr xr}r m'. v"s' h} asr ]dY'.g' j"s; k} Y;n' m'. n|y;]sn k} km} k' k;r~ h{t; h" : j"s; ]k xr}r k' s"Lj> m'. km a[Ks}2'>]`v p@{s"s (oxidative process) k; h{n; eTy;]d : mn/Zy{. m'. ]rb{Fl']vn k} km} s' vh sb k/9 nh}. j{ uUpr ]dy' gy' l{ar A'n}mLj> m'. h{g; y; h{t; h" : mgr ]rb{Fl']vn k} km} k; asr mn/Zy{. m'. km h" _ j"s' p;cn s.Sq;n k} g2>b]2>y;. ]js k; m/Åy p]r~;m h" m/\h k' a.dr 9;l' (mouth ulcers) : es ]v`;]mn k} km} k' aNy l6~ h". a;.Y{. k; y; cm2>} k; jln;_j"s; mhs?s h{n;, h{1{. k' ]kn;r{. m'. f` j;n;, ]sr ddE, ]2p@"xn (depression), w? ln; eTy;]d : ]v`;]mn{. k' sm?h k} km} s' a;n'v;l} b}m;]ry{. m'. m/Åy h". p"l;gr; (pellagra), b'r}_b'r} (beri-beri), Sp@? (sprue), rt[.o} (night blindness) eTy;]d : y' b}m;]ry;\ q;y;]mn, n|y;]sn- ]v`;]mn C, ]v`;]mn A, y; ]rb{Fl']vn sb m'. q{2}>_q{2}> km} h{n' k' k;r~ a;t} h". : pr y;d rYn' v;l} c}j h" ]k y' sw} ] v`;]mn w{jn %;r; xr}r p@;Pt kr skt; h" agr w{jn k; p;cn Av. avx{z~ 1}k trh s' h{ : k{eE c;h' 3>'r s;r' ]v`;]mn k} g{]ly;. Ky{. n Y; l'- pr v' tw} rË m'. ]ml p;y'.g} jb p;cn 1}k h{- vrn; v' v"s' h} xr}r k' b;hr ]nk;l d} j;y'.g} : es]ly' h} g/½j} kht' h". ]k en sb b}m;]ry{. m'. p'` a[r p;cn s.Sq;n k{ 1}k kr d'n' s' t/rNt h} a;r;m ]ml'g} : a[r agr p;cn s.Sq;n s/or j;y' t{ ]v`;]mn k} g{]ly;. Y;n' k} a;vXykt; nh}. : w{jn s' p@;Pt ] v`;]mn h} _ ]bn; d/Zp@w;v k' _ xr}r k' aNy k;yE m'. 1}k p@k;r s' upy{g m'. l;y' j; skt' h". : s { hr p@k;r s' d'Y; j;y t{ g{]ly;. Y;n' k' bj;y LMNT upc;r %;r; xr}r k{ 1}k rY'. t{ en b}m;]ry{. s' h} nh}.- aNy b}m;]ry{. s' w} hm bc skt' h". : -- - - - --Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine) ] p]r2;|Ks}n ]p]r2;|Ks}n s"Ls m'. ]p]r2;|Ksl f;|sf'` (pyridoxal phosphate) k} #p m'. rht; h" : yh `m;`r- p;lk- dh}- Ym}r Av. c;vl k' uUpr} b@|n (bran) m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh Ak k{_ANj;>em h" ]js k' %;r; a|m}n{ A's}2 a[r p@{`}n k' m'`;b[]lj>m sMbNo} keE ]rA'kxn reactions k{ uks;y; j;t; h"- m/Åyt+ jb Ak a;m}n{ A']s2 s' d?sr' a;m}n{ A']s2 bn;n' k} p@]´y; h{t; h{ : es p@k;r s' vh p@{`}n m'`;b[]lj>m y;]n ^{`}n=s k' adl_bdl k; Oy;n rYt; h" : d?sr; k/9 A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ s"Ll k} m'Mb@'n s' a.dr_b;hr w'jn' k' k;yE m'. esk} j#rt p2>t} h" : ]p]r2;|Ks}n k} km} k' k;r~ l{ar A'n}mlj> m'. 2m;E`;eE]`s dermatitis, g@{q k; km h{n;, f"`} ]lvr k; h{n;, m"N`l S`'` mental state k; Yr;b h{n; h{t; h" : r'yrl} rarely bCc{. m'. es ]v`;]mn k} km} k' k;r~ kNvlxNj> (convulsions) y;]n ]f`=s a; skt} h". y; 2m;E`;eE]`s- p'` Yr;b h{n;- j} ]mcl;n; y; uL`} k; a;n; eTy;]d : Pantothenic acid p"N`{q"]nk A']s2 p"N`{q"]nk A']s2 ]lvr, Ym}r a[r keE an;j{. m'. p;y} j;t} h" : p"N`{q"]nk A']s2 m/Åyt+ k{ANj;>em A (CoA) k' s;q ]ml kr s"Ll m'. m'`;b;|]lj>m k} w?]mk; ]nw;t} h" : 1. p"N`{q"]nk A']s2 2}k;rb[Ks} decarboxy h/a; h/a; p;eE#]vk A']s2 k{ A']s]`l-k{_ANj;>em A m'. bdl d't} h" : j{ b;d m'. ] s`]rk A']s2 s;eEkl citric acid cycle m'. cl; j;t; h" : 2.p"N`{q"]nk A']s2 pc} h/eE y; p'` m'. bn} h/eE f"`} A']s2 k{ A']s]`l-k{ANj;>em A m'. bdl d't} h" : agr p"N`{q"]nk A']s2 p'` m'. n h{ t{ k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s a[r f"`s k; pcn; m/]Xkl h" y; nh}. pc'.g', s{ p"N`{q"]nk A']s2 en k{ pc;n' k' ]ly' avXy c;]hy' : agr p"N`{q"]nk A']s2 l{ar A']nmLj> m'. n h{ t{ unk} g@{q ½k j;y'g}, un m'. p@jnn nh}. h{g}, b;l sf'd h{ j;y'.g', 2m;E`;eE]`s dermatitis y;]n cm2>} m'. s?jn h{ j;y'g}, f"`} ]lvr fatty liver h{ j;y'g; a[r A'2Ä}nl k[r`"Ks m'. n"kr{]ss necrosis a; j;y'g; a[r unk; A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k;m nh}. kr'g; : mn/Zy{. m'. esk} km} nh}. h{t} Ky{.]k yh Y;n' k} keE c}j{. m'. yh k;f} m;µ; m'. h{t} h" a[r x;yd yh k/9 m;µ; m'. mn/Zy{. k' xr}r m'. w} bnt; h" : es k; xr}r m'. h{n; utn; h} j#r} h" ]jtn; k} d?sr' ] v`;]mn xr}r k' m'`;b[]lj>m k' ]ly' upy{g} h". : Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

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A'Sk[r]bk A']s2 bNdg{b} y; k"b"j>- g;jr, s.tr;, l"`=y?s lettuce, ]slr} celery, Py;j- `m;`r, r"]2x radish, g@}n ] mc}E, a[r S`Ä{b"r} strawberry, A'pLj> apples y; s'b, p}yrj> pears a[r Plm=j> plums j"s} Y`=`} fl{. m'. p;eE j;t} h" : w;rt k' fl{. m'. a;\vl; m'. ]v`;]mn C wrp?r h" : esk} g/~{. k' k;r~ h} Cyvnp@;x m'. a;\vl; k; upy{g krt' h". j{ xr}r k' ]ly' an'k p@k;r{. s' l;wd;yk h" : Hydroxy-proline :- Ak A'm}n{ A']s2 j{ k{l;j'n m'. p;y; j;t; h" : Collagen :- Ak mjb?t n i/ln' v;l; p@{`}n j{ k} k{n"K`}v ]`x?j>, cm2>}, `"N2n, ]lg;m'N`s, 2}pf']sy; b{Nj> deep facia bones y; h2=2}y'., k;r]`l'j m'. p;y; j;t; h" : k{l;j'n d;.t{. k' ]`x?j>, d;.t{. k; ]sm'N`m cementum, d;.t{. k; ]lg;m"N` j{ d;.t{. k{ us k} h]2=2y{. k' s;q j{2' rYt; h", en sw} m'. p;y; j;t; h", y; en sb c}j{. k{ bn;n' k' ]ly' upy{g} h" : A'Sk[r]bk A']s2 prolyl-hydroxylase n;mk Ak ANj;>em k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' j>#r} h" ]js k' %;r; h;eE2Ä;|Ks}l'xn kr kr hydroxy-proline h;eE2Ä;Ks}_p@{l}n bn;eE j;t} h", j{ k{l;j'n bn;n' k' ]ly' a;vXyk h"- y; ]js k' %;r; k{l;j'n bn;y; j;t; h" : agr

A'Sk{r]bk A']s2 n h{ t{ k{l;j'n kmj>{r a[r ]2f"]K`v (defective) h{g; : es ]ly' yh ]v`;]mn sbKy/`']nys ]`x? (subcutaneous tissue), k;|r`}l'j>, h2=2} a[r d;.t{. k' ]ly' bh/t a;vXyk h" : agr b}s s' t}s sPt;h tk A'Sk[r]bk A']s2 y;]n ]v`;]mn C k} km} h{ t{ Skv}E scurvy n;m k} ]bm;r} a; j;t} h" j{ j;n_l'v; w} h{ skt} h" : d;.t 3>}l} h{ j;y'.g} a[r unk' gMj> gums s' rË bhn' lg'g;, h]2=2y{. m'. v; Jv;e.`=s m'. ddE a; j;y'g} eTy;]d : es k} km} k' k;r~ s"Llj> k{ k[l;j"n k{ bn;n; y; ]`x?j> m'. w'jn; v; h]2=2y{.. y; d;.t{. m'. ]sm'.` j"s; pd;qE w'jn; bNd h{ j;y'g; : es ]v`;]mn k} km} k' k;r~ j>Åm w} nh}. wr'.g' y; jÅm keE mh}n{. tk 1}k nh}. h{.g' : 2;y;b}`}s k} mr}j{. m'. i;v n wrn' k; yh w} Ak k;r~ h{ skt; h" < uNh'. a;.vl; s' f;yd; h{g; : A'Sk[r]bk A']s2 k} km} k' k;r~ h]2=2y{.. k; bnn; bNd h{ j;y'g; a[r h]2=2y{.. m'. a[]sf}k'xn ossification bNd h{n' s' kmj>{r h{ j;y'.g' a[r vh jLd} `?` skt} h". a[r a[S`}y{bl;S`s k;m nh}. kr p;n' k' k;r~ vh h2=2}y'. nh}. j/2'.g} : Skv}E m'. rË v;]h]ny{. k} aNdr k} ]4]Lly'. y; ]dv;r'. kmj>{r h{ j;y'.g} Ky{. k} A'N2{q"]lyl s"Llj> j{ a;ps m'. Ak d?sr' s' j/2'> rht' h".- vh ]sm'.` uNh'. nh}. ]mlt; j{ k} k{l;j'n h} us' bn;t; h" a[r k"p}lr}j> capillaries Y;s t[r pr kmj>{r h{ j;t} h" a[r f`n' lgt} h". a[r s;r' xr}r m'. jgh jgh pr h"m{r'j hemorrhage j"s; h{ j;t; h" : r{g} m'. A'Sk[r]bk A']s2 k} km} t{ nh}. h" yh d'Yn' k' ]ly' a;s;n tr}k; h" ]k us k} b;j? pr Bl2 p@'xr n;pn' k{ p`=`; lg;n; a[r us m'. hv; wrn; : t{ us p`=`' k{ ]nk;ln' k' b;d vh;. pr agr k/9 k"p}lr}j> f` geE h". a[r es k' k;r~ vh;. pr prPy?r;_j"s' (purpura) rË k{ ]nx;n a;y' t{ sm4n; c;]hy' k} es r{g} m'. A'Sk[r]bk A']s2 k} bh/t km} h{ geE h" : ]v`;]mn C k} aTy]ok km} s' d;.t{. s' Y?n bhn' lg'g; a[r uL`}y'. Av. ``=`} m'. w} Y?n a;n' lgt; h" ]js' Skv}E (scurvy) kht' h". : yh Ak gMw}r ]bm;r} h" ]jsm'. s"r'bl h"mr'j cerebral hemorrhage h{ j;t; h"- t}v@ b/Y;r a; j;t; h" a[r ]fr m,Ty/ : ]mnrLs k; mhTv The importance of minerals h;l;.]k xr}r m'. m'`;b;|]lj>m (metabolism) k; ]ny.μ~ h{rm{Ns s' h} h{t; h"- l']kn u]ct ]v`;]mn Av. ]mnrLs y;]n Y]nj o;t/a{. k' ]bn; unk; k;yE as.wv h" : keE ]v`;]mn Av. k/9 ]mnrLs cy;pcy k} k;y{E. k{ uks;n'v;l' ANj;>em ]sS`m k' a.g h". : ]mnrLs xr}r k' vjn k; k/l c;r p@]txt h".- a[r v' Jy;d;tr h]2=2y{. m'. h} p;y' j;t' h". : sw} alg_alg m;µ; m'. xr}r m'. p;y' j;t' h". : y' xr}r k} s"Llj> k' ]ly' Av. ANj;>em=j> k' k;y{.E k' ]ly' j#r} h". : y' Xv;s ]´y; k' ]ly' bh/t a;vXyk h". : h2=2}y'., d;.t a[r n;Y/n eTy;]d xr}r k} 1{s vSt/a{. k{ bn;n' k' ]ly' y' a]nv;yE h". : ]nMn ]mnrLs xr}r m'. k/9 a]ok m;µ; m'. h". _ s{]2ym (sodium), p{`;]xym (potassium), Kl{r;eE2(chloride), m"gn}]xym (magnesium), k"]Lxym (calcium), f;|Sf{rs (phosphorus), a;yrn (iron) ]nMn ]mnrLs bh/t h} q{2>} m;µ; m'. h". a;y{2}n (iodine), ]jNk (zinc), Fl/a{r}n (fluorine), m|Ngn}j> (manganese), k{b;|L` (cobalt), k;|pr (copper) eTy;]d enk' al;v; ]nMn ]mnrLj> w} p;y' j;t' h".- pr unk' mhTv k; pt; nh}. cl; h" _ a|l?]m]nym (aluminium), ]s]lk;|n (silicon), a;|rs']nk (arsenic), ]nKkl (nickel) k"]Lxym Av. f;|Sf{rs _ y' d{n{. h]2=2y{. k' 3;.c' k; a.x bnt' h". : k"]Lxym- a;yrn- m"gn}]xym Av. m"Ngn}j> _ y' sw} k{_ANj;>em=s (co-enzymes) k; k;yE krt' h". : s{]2ym Av. f;|Sf{rs buffer system k; k;m krt' h". : s{]2ym aNy ay;|n (ions) k' s;q ]mlkr p;n} k' a;|Sm{]ss (osmosis) tq; nvE e.pLss (nerve impulses) k' uTp;dn k' ]ly' j#r} h" : ab k/9 m/Åy ]mnrLs a[r unk' k;y{.E k' b;r' m'. d'Yt' h". _ Calcium

k"]Lxym

k"]Lxym xr}r m'. w;r} m;µ; m'. p;y; j;n'v;l; ]mnrl h" : yh aKsr f;|Sf'` (phosphate) k' s;q j/2>; h/a; p;y; j;t; h" : kr}b 99% h]2=2y{. Av. d;.t{. m'. h{t; h"- Av. b;k} m;\s_p']xy{.- aNy ]`x?j> tq; rË k' Pl;SM;; (plasma) m'. p;y; j;t; h" : rË m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; p|r; q;yr[e2 k' PTH Av. Q;yr[e2 Gl".2 k' k"Ls}`{]nn (calcitonin) %;r; h{t; h" : k"]Lxym k; avx{z~ ]v`;]mn D k} up]Sq]t m'. h} s.wv h" : ]v`;]mn 2} k' aw;v m'. rË m'. j{ Jy;d; k"]Lxym h" vh 90% l"`Ä}n %;r; a[r 10% p'x;b %;r; ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : k"]Lxym m/Åyt+ d?o- m?l}- k'l' a[r hr} p¶'d;r s]Bjy{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" : es k' ]nMn upy{g h". _ • h]2=2y{. a[r d;.t{. k} mjb?t} • rË k} jm;v` • Exocytosis and endocytosis y;]n s"Ls k' a.dr_b;hr k'm}kLs k; y;t;y;t • cellular motility y;]n s"Ls k' a.dr ]v]w¸ k'm}kLs k} hlcl k} g]t • s"Ll ]2]vxn (cell division) k' phl' ´{m{s{m k} g]t • Gl;ek{j'n k} cy;pcy • Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r k' uTp;dn (synthesis) Av. ]nk;s (release) ab k"]Lxym k} k/9 k;y{E. k{ ]vSt,t #p s' d'Y'.g' _ Blood m'. calcium k} m;µ; 9-11 mg/dl h{n} c;]hy' : (1dl=100ml). agr Bl2 m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; ess' km h{ j;y us' h;yp{k"]Ls}]my; (Hypocalcaemia) kht' h". : esk{ blood test s' pt; lg;y; j; skt; h" : agr Bl2 m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; km h{ t{ h;q_p"r k' muscles m'. twitching y;]n apn' a;p f2f2;n' lgt' h". : b;r_b;r cramps (A'.1n) a;y'.g' : yh tb h{t; h" y]d 1,25 DCC k;m n kr rh; h{ t{ 9{`} a;.tr} m'. k"]Lxym s{Y; nh}. j;y'g; _ 90% vh ``=`} m'. a[r b;k} 10% vh p'x;b m'. ]nkl j;y'g; : k"]Lxym Ak clotting factor h" : y;]n k"]Lxym k' bg"r Bl2> kl[` nh}. h{ skt;- t{ esk} km} s' a[rt{. k{ m"Nss m'.

Jy;d; m;µ; m'. y; keE ]dn{. tk Bl}]2.g h{t; h" : a[r aNy l{g{. k{ kh}. i;v eTy;]d h{ t{ uss' Bl}]2.g jLd} bNd nh}. h{g; : bCc{. m'. seizures y;]n fits k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ k"]Lxym k} km} h" : d;\t{. k} b}m;]ry;\ w} a;t} h". Ky{.]k d;\t{. k{ mjb?t rhn' k' ]ly' w} k"]Lxym k} j>#rt h{t} h"" : phl' t{ k"]Lxym k} km} s' bc;n' k' ]ly' PTH y;]n parat hormone osteoclasts s' kh'g; ]k v' b{n m'. s' k"]Lxym u1;kr Bl2 m'. 2;l'. : agr yh keE s;l{. tk clt; rh' tb a[S]`y{p{r{]ss (osteoporosis) k} condition a; j;y'g} : esm'. bones etn' Y{Yl' h{ j;t' h". ]k jr;_s} c{` lgn' pr w} v' a;s;n} s' `?` skt' h". : agr ]ks} p?vE b}m;r} k' ]ly' S`}r;|e2 (steroids) k} g{l}y;\ d} gy} h{. t{ vh w} osteoporosis h{n' k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h": k"]Lxym k} km} s' Sp;S`}s}`} (spasticity) y; k2>k pn- b{l"Gj (bow legs)- d;.t{ k; A'n;ml (enamel) k; ]nkln; eTy;]d h{t' h". : h]2=2y{. k; bnn; Av. A']s2>_b's b"l'Ns (acid base balance) k' ]ly' esk} j#rt h" : yh mSsl y; nvEj> k' k;m krn' m'. v; h;`E k' ]ly' bh/t j#r} h" : es k' bnn' m'. p"r;q;eEr;|e2> k; 1}k h{n; j#r} h" Av. xr}r m'. ]v`;]mn D3 k; rhn; w} j#r} h" : ]lvr Av. ]k2>n}y{. k; 1}k h{n; w} j#r} h" : LMNT m'. hm 1,25 DCC n;mk upc;r s' hm k"]Lxym k} km} k} b}m;]ry{. k{ 1}k kr d't' h". : esk' b;r' m'. ]v`;]mn D m'. ]lY; gy; h" : rË m'. k"]Lxym ions k} aTy]ok km} tetany n;mk nVEs k} b}m;r} l; skt} h" ]jsm'. h;q_p"r k' m;\s_p']xy{. m'. ddE k' s;q spasms y;]n c[.k_j;n'_j"s' 4`k' mhs?s h{t' h". : Av. u.g]ly;\- h;q Av. p"r as;o;r~ #p s' a.dr k} trf m/2 j;t' h". : bCc{. m'. myoclonic jerks, spasms and convulsions h{ skt' h". : (Myoclonus y;]n m;\s_p']xy{. m'. ak2n Av. unk; an"]C9k #p s' ]hln; ) Gl;ek{j'n k} cy;pcy m'. k"]Lxym k; h;q h" _ yh} k;r~ h" ]k jb hm 2;y;b}`}s k} mr}j{. k{ apn; 1,25 DCC upc;r d't' h". t{ uNh'. bh/t aC9; lgt; h" : Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r k' uTp;dn Av. ]nk;s k' ]ly' w} yh j#r} h" _ s{ b@'n k} sw} b}m;]ry{. m'. hm'. 1,25 DCC upc;r d'n; h" : rË m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; 11 mg/dl s' a]ok b3> j;y t{ _ es' h;ypr k"Ls}]my; (Hypercalcaemia) kht' h". : yh tb h{ skt; h" jb k{eE s;l{. tk k"]Lxym_y/Ë g{]ly;\ l't' rh' y; agr PTH y;]n p"r|;q[rm{n hyper h{ y;]n a]ok k;m kr rh; h{ : esk{ blood test s' pt; lg;y; j; skt; h" : h;ypr k"Ls}]my; k' l6~  kBj} •constipation–- w?Y n lgn;- y; Y;n' k{ j} n krn;- j} ]mcl;n;- s/St} Av. a;lspnuL]`y'. k} p@v,]¶ h{n;- excess y?]rn k; a;n;- m;n]sk ut;r_c3;v eTy;]d : esk; m/Åy p]r~;m h" _ ºdy k' o2kn m'. ut;r_c3;v _ ]js' cardiac arrhythmia kht' h". j{ aNt m'. cardiac arrest m'. bdl skt; h" y;]n ºdy k} o2kn Akdm bNd h{ skt} h" : keE s;l{. tk excess calcium h{ t{ ]k2n} m'. calcium oxalate k' pqr} y; Bl2 Kl{` •blood clot) k; k;r~ bn skt; h" : k/9 aNy l6~ h". _ Jy;d; s;\s n l' p;n;- k; bnn;- at}v qk;n ]jsm'. mn/Zy k{m; m'. w} j; skt; h"- eTy;]d : Oy;n rh' ]k agr ]ks} k{ tl} h/y} c}j Y;n' s' Y`=`} 2k;r a;y' esk; mtlb uNh'. f'`=s nh}. pc rh' h".- s{ unk' xr}r m'. k"]Lxym k; A'Bj{>PExn (absorption) 1}k s' nh}. h{g;- Av. ]v`;]mn A, D Av. K k} km} w} a; skt} h" : Potassium p{`"]xym yh Ak ]mnrl (mineral) y;]n Y]nj o;t/ h"- j{ d?sr' A']lm'N`=s (elements) k' s;q ]mlkr xr}r m'. k;m krt; h" : yh xr}r k' vjn k; 0.35% w;g h" : yh w} h]2=2y{. Av. d;.t{. k} rcn; k' ]ly' j#r} h" : yh DNA Av. RNA k; Ak m/Åy a.g h" :

yh Y;n' %;r; h} xr}r k{ ]mlt; h" : yh a]oktr d;l{. m'.- s?Y' m`r (dried peas), cvl}- hr} s]Bjy;.- s?Y' m'v;- t;j' v; s?Y' fl{. m'.- tq; s.tr;- trb?j Av. aNy fl{. k' Jy?s Av. d?o m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh keE ANj;>em=s k; Ak m/Åy a.g h" : y;]n xr}r m'. p{`"]xym k} km} s' keE ANj;>em=s 1}k p@k;r s' k;m nh}. kr p;y'.g' : p{`"]xym ]nMn k;y{E. k' ]ly' j#r} h" _ muscles k' contraction y;]n s.k/cn k' ]ly' ; Y;s kr h;`E msl k' ]ly' : xr}r k; electrolyte b"l'.s (balance) bn;y' rYn' k' ]ly' ;Av. nvE eMpLss (nerve impulses) k' transmissiony;]n Ak jgh s' d?sr} jgh 1}k s' ph/\cn' k' ]ly' : yh s"Ll k} eN`Ä; s"Ll?lr Fl?e2 (intra-cellular fluid) y;]n s"Ls k' aNdr k' Fl?e2 k; Ak m/Åy a.x h" : yh A']s2_A'Lkl} b"l'.s k{ 1}k rYt; h" Av. a[Sm{]`k p@'xr (osmotic pressure) k{ bn;y' rYt; h" : es p@k;r s' vh s"Ls k{ Y;s t[r pr 1}k_1;k rYt; h" : yh mSsl a[r nVEj> k} ]´y;x}lt; (activity) m'. m/Åy w?]mk; ]nw;t; h" : mSsl k{ k;m krn' k' ]ly' p{`"]xym- k"]Lxym- s{]2ym a[r k/9 m;µ; m'. m"Gn}]xym a;y{Nj> (ions) k} sh} m;µ; k} a;vXykt; h" : Y;s t[r pr h;`E k{ k;m krn' k' ]ly' enk} 1}k m;µ; ]jtn} c;]hy' utn} h{n} c;]hy' : p{`"]xym k} km} h{n' s' mSsl kmj{r h{ j;t} h". : n}.d k; Jy;d; a;n;- ]2j>}n's (dizzyness) y;]n sr ckr;n;- Py;s k; lgn;- mn m'. ibr;h` k; h{n;- y; ECG m'. 1}k n h{n; eTy;]d l6~ h{ skt' h". : (Taber 18th ed.p1537 & 882 ).

PTH a[r calcitonin h{rm{n k"]Lxym rË m'. k; ]ny.μ~ t{ krt' h} h".- s;q m'. v' p{`"]xym k} m;µ; k{ w} k.`Ä{l krt' h". : l']kn p{`"]xym a[r k"]Lxym Ak h} smy m'. a]ok m;µ; m'. rh nh}. skt' : jb rË m'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. k"]Lxym k} j#rt h" tb en d{n{. h{rm{n k} p@w;v s' Jy;d; p{`"]xym k{ p'x;b %;r; ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" a[r q{2} m;µ; l"`Ä}n m'. ]nkl j;t; h" : ]k2n}j> k' ]bg2>n' pr ECF y;]n AKS`Ä; s"Ll?lr Fl?e2 (extra-cellular fluid) m'. p{`"]xym b3> j;t; h" : p{`"]xym k' a]ok m;µ; m'. h{n' pr k"]Lxym k} m;µ; km h{ j;t} h" a[r s"Ls k; ]2S`ÄKxn (destruction) h{n' lgt; h"- y;]n s"Ls nZ` h{n' lgt' h". : jl j;n' pr y; s}]vyr (severe) m;r lgn' pr y; s}]vyr eNf'Kxn- A'2Ä}nl k; km k;m krn;- p{`"]xym salts k} dv;ey{. k; a]ok l'n;- m"`;b{]lk A']s2>{]ss _ en sb m'. w} p{`"]xym b3> j;t; h" : p{`"]xym k' a]ok h{n' pr mSsLj> m'. kmj{r} a; skt} h"- ]jss' p"r;l;e]ss y;]n lkv; h{ skt; h"- y; k"]Lxym km h{ j;n' k' k;r~ h;`E f'l w} h{ skt; h" : Sodium s{]2ym s{]2ym ECF y;]n s"Ls k' b;hr k' Fl?e2 m'. p@c/r m;µ; m'. Av. k/9 m;µ; m'. h]2=2y{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh p'x;b a[r ps}n; %;r; xr}r s' ]nk;l; j;t; h" : a;|Sm{]ss (osmosis) k} p@]´y; pr p@w;v 2;ln' k' %;r; yh xr}r m'. p;n} k; ]ny.μ~ krt; h" : yh nmk y; k;|mn s;|L` (common salt) k' #p m'. w{jn %;r; p@;Pt h{t; h" : nvE tq; mSsl k' a|Kxn p{`']Nxyl k' s.c;r m'. k;m krt; h" : m;\s_p']xy{. k' sh} s.k/cn k' ]ly' tq; A'Ks[Ns (axons) %;r; nvE e.pLs's (nerve impulses) k' Ak jgh s' d?sr' jgh y;t;y;t (transmission) k' ]ly' Av. xr}r m'. A'l'K`Ä{l;e`=s (electrolytes) k' ]ny.μ~ k' ]ly' s{]2ym a]nv;yE h" : xr}r m'. s{]2ym y;]n nmk k} aTy]ok km} y; agr l{ b} p} p'x.` nmk km Y;y' t{ ´".MPs y;]n A'.1n- p'` m'. w;r}pnm;\s_p']xy{. m'. tn;v- 2}h;e2Ä'xn (dehydration) y;]n xr}r m'. p;n} k} km}- Av. l{ b}p} h{t; h" : (Taber’s 18th edn.p 1782 m'. ]lY; h" ]k xr}r k' fluids m'. s{]2ym k} m[j?dg} xr}r k' aNdr p;n} k{ r{kn' tq; dehydration h{n' s' bc;n' k' ]ly' a;vXyk h" : esk} km} s' kmj{r}- nvE k} b}m;]ry;\- vjn i`n; tq; pcn m'. pr'x;n} h{t} h" ) Addison’s disease k} b}m;r} m'. s{]2ym a]ok m;µ; m'. p'x;b %;r; ]nkl j;t; h" a[r us} p@m;~ m'. p{`"]xym rË m'. b3> j;t; h" ]jss' p'x.` k{ kmj{r}- qk;v` Av. b"1' y; l'`' avSq; s' Y2' h{n' pr cKkr a;n' lgt' h". : Tvc; k' j{ w;g kp2' s' 3k' n h{. v' k;l' p2 j;t' h". _ Y;s kr w;rt}y a[rt{. m'. Bl;us a[r kmr m'. s;2} k' l;en k' b}c k' w;g m'. : 0p'` m'. h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 k' uTp;dn m'. w} s{]2ym ions k; Y;s k;m h" Av. Bl2 m'. p{`"]xym k} m;µ; b3>n' s' k;r]2y|k a;u`p/` km h{g; a[r yh} m[t k; k;r~ bn skt; h" (Guyton 10th ed. p. 743 & 872) xr}r m'. p;n} k} m;µ; sh} h{n' k' ]ly' Av. dehydration n h{n' k' ]ly' s{]2ym k} j#rt h" : esk; p@w;v p{`"]xym Av. k"]Lxym k' level pr h{n' k' k;r~ nerve impulses transmission k' ]ly' Av. ºdy tq; aNy muscles k' sh} contraction k' ]ly' esk} a;vXykt; h" : s{]2ym k} km} s' _ ECF k; v[Ly?m a[r Bl2 k; v[Ly?m km h{n' k' k;r~ l{ b}p} h{g; h} : agr xr}r s' aTy]ok p;n} ]nkl j;y' t{ us' 2}_h;e2Ä'xn (dehydration kht' h". : yh y; t{ v;|]m]`.g- y; dSt (diarrhea y; dysentery) y; aTy]ok ps}n' k' k;r~ h{ skt; h": es k' k;r~ xr}r m'. s{]2ym eTy;]d salts k} km} a; j;y'g} ]jss' r{g} k{ ´".MPs a; skt' h".- Av. l{ b} p} y;]n rË c;p km h{ skt; h" : Dehydration k; h{n; h} w]vZy m'. ]k2n} S`{n h{n' k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" (RW p.355) : p;n} xr}r k' sw} metabolic p@]´y;a{. k' ]ly' aTyNt j#r} h" : p;n} k} km} s' phl' t{ A']s2{]ss h{t; h"- ]js k' k;r~ kBj} h{g; a[r p'x;b krt' smy jln h{g; : agr keE mh}n{. tk yh} h;l rh; t{ metabolic b}m;]ry;\ y;]n cy;pcy k} b}m;]ry;\ a;n' lg'.g' j{ bCc{. k' ]ly' j;nl'v; h{ skt; h" : j"s' umr b3>t} h"- j{ b;r_b;r p'x;b j;n' k' 2r s' km p;n} p}n' k} a;dt kr l't' h".- uNh'. w} A's; h{ skt; h": xr}r m'. s{]2ym k; n[rml l'vl 135 – 145 mEq/L h" : agr xr}r m'. es k} m;µ; b3> j;y _ us' h;epr n"`Ä}]my; (hyper natremia) kht' h". : yh} h;eE b} p} k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" : h;q- p;\v- p'` y; xr}r k' aNy w;g{. m'. p;n} b3 j;y'g; : a[r kw}_kw} 24 i.`' h} s?jn rh skt} h" : Ak ]kSm k} b'h{x} y;]n c"tNy k} km} h{ skt} h" : esk' al;v; y?]rn k; km h{n;- msl (muscle) k; f2f2;n;- msl k; p"r;l;es h{n;- k;r2}y"k a;u`p/` ( cardiac output ) y;]n ºdy s' ]nklt} rË k} m;µ; k; km h{n; eTy;]d aNy l6~ h". : (Taber’s 18th edn.p1782) -

ZINC

]j>Nk bh/t s' ANj;>em=s bn;n' m'. ]j>Nk k} a;vXykt; h" ]jsk' bg"r k;m h{n; k]1n h" : es} trh s' RBC’s m'. Ak ANj;>em k;rb{]nk a|Nh;e2Ä's (carbonic anhydrase) h" j{ p'r}f'rl ]`x?j> (peripheral tissues) m'. k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 m'. p;n} ]ml;kr bh/t h} t'j} s' RBC’s m'. usk; k;rb{]nk A']s2 bn; kr rY d't; h" a[r us rË k' s"Ls m'. j{ k;rb{]nk A']s2 h" us' l.Gj> m'. ph/\cn' pr pLmnr} k|p}lr}j> m'. us k;rb{]nk A']s2 s' t/rNt p;n} ]nk;l d't; h" a[r k;rb{]nk A']s2 s' p;n} ]nkln' k' b;d vh k;rbn 2;y a;| Ks;e2 m'. bdl j;t} h" j{ l.Gj> %;r; b;hr ]nkl j;t} h" : yh k;yE ]j>Nk k} sh;yt; s' bh/t h} x}i@ h{ j;t; h" : yh} k;rb{]nk a| Nh;e2Ä's GIT y;]n a¸ n]lk; k' My?k{s; (mucosa) m'. w} h{t} h" : ]k2n}j> k' `=y?b?Ls m'. w} h{t} h"- a[r xr}r k} bh/t s} g@.]qy{. k' A]pq}]lyl s"Ls m'. w} h{t} h" : ]j>Nk ]nMn k;y{E. k' ]ly' j#r} h" _ k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k' m'`;b[]lj>m k' ]ly' _ q{2>} s} m;µ; m'. p;e#]vk A']s2 a[r l"]K`k A']s2 m'. w} q{2} s} ]j>Nk k} j#rt h" : GIT m'. p@{`}n=s k' pc;n' k' ]ly' w} q{2} s} ]j>Nk k} a;vXykt; h" : xr}r k; s;o;r~ ]vk;s tq; jb m;r lg' tb i;v wrn' k' ]ly' a;vXyk SpmE k;u.` (sperm count) y;]n SpmE k} m;µ; s;o;r~ rYn' k' ]ly' j}w k; Sv;d Av. w?Y s;m;Ny Str pr bn;y' rYn' k' ]ly' esk} km} h{ t{ eMy?]n`} y;]n r{g p@]tk;r x]Ë ]bg2>t} h" Av. ]ks} w} c}j k{ s}Yn' k} 6mt; km h{ j;t} h" : esk} m;µ; b3> j;y t{ rË m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l k} m;µ; b3> skt} h" Oy;n rh' ]k sw} ]v`;]mn Av. ]mnrLj> sh} p@k;r s' ]mln' k' ]ly' Av. 1}k p@k;r s' k;yE krn' k' ]ly' p;cn s.Sq;n k; 1}k h{n; a]t a;vXyk h" : a;jkl etn' r{g Ky{. pnp rh' h". < jr; g/½j} k' m/\h s' s/n'. a;j l{g p"s; bh/t km;t' h".- r{`} Y;n' k' ]ly'- pr r{`} Y;t' smy r{`} m'. Oy;n km- a[r f{n{. m'. b;t Jy;d; krt' h". _ t{ Y;n; pc'g; k"s' < r{`} k} jgh b@'2- bn- ]bSk/`- p}j>; (pizza), s"N2v}c (sandwich) eTy;]d glt pd;qE Jy;d; Y;t' h". : y' sw} c}j m"d; s' bn' h/y' h{t' h". : m"d; ]k2n}y{. k' ]ly' tq; p'` k' ]ly' Yr;b h" : ºZ`_p/Z` rhn' k' ]ly' hm'. 2Bb;_p"k c}j'.- ]³j k; p;n}- ]bn; m[sm k' fl v; s]Bjy;\ eTy;]d nh}. Y;n} c;]hy' _ esm'. xr}r k{ n/ks;n bh/t h{t; h" : v'd Vy;s j} k' p;s k/9 d'vt; gy' a[r uns' p?9; ]k omE Ky; h" < uNh{.n' kh; ]k " omE kht; h" ]k t/m d?sr{. s' vh} Vyvh;r kr{ j{ a;p uns' c;ht' h". _ yh} omE h" : a;p k{ k{eE g;l} ]nk;lt; h" t{ a;pk{ aC9; lgt; h" < nh}. n < t{ d?sr' k{ a;p g;l} n ]nk;l{ " ]fr d'vt;a{.n' p?9; ]k nrk Ky; h" a[r SvgE Ky; h" < a[r m/]Ë Ky; h" < Vy;s j} .n' u¶r ]dy; ]k _ eC9; k} p?]tE n h{n; h} d/+Y k; ]vzy h"- a[r vh} nrk h" : eC9; k} p?]tE h{n; h} SvgE h" : es s.s;r m'. eC9; k; n h{n; h} m/]Ë h" : s{ apn} eC9;a{. k{ km kr{ a[r kZ` km h{g; : apn' j}vn m'. s.t{z on a]ok l;a{ : Y?b kmE kr{ : Y/d ]jy{ a[r d?sr{. k{ j}n' d{ : c;h' vh mn?Zy h" y; p@;]~- sw} k{ es ort} pr j}n' k; sm;n a]ok;r h" : yh hm'. sm4n; h" : ]jtn; h{ sk'- ]c.t; km kr{ : ]c.t; Jy;d; krn' s' xr}r Jy;d; Yr;b h{t; h"- jb ]k k;m Jy;d; krn' s' xr}r Yr;b nh}. h{t; : xr;b- m;.s- m9l}- ]sg;r'`- tMb;Y?p;n_pr;g eTy;]d Vysn n kr'.: en sb s' p"s' k} brb;d} t{ h{g}- pr s;q m'. xr}r k{ at}v n/ks;n h{t; h" :

h]2=2y{.. k; ]sS`m

Bones

Oy;n rh' bCc; jb p"d; h{t; h" t{ usk' xr}r m'. 270 h2=]2y;. h{t} h". : jv;n h{n' pr 206 h2=]2y;. h{t} h". a[r 35 s;l k} umr m'. 202 h2=]2y;. rh j;t} h". Ky{.]k `'l b{n tail bone k} k[]KsKs coccyx k} c;r h2=]2y;. uUpr j/2> j;t} h". : s{ Oy;n rh' k} 33 s' 35 s;l k} umr k' r{g}y{. k{ agr apn; ‘Ku’ k/.2l} upc;r d'n' k} a;vXykt; h{ t{ Oy;n s' jkE jerk y; oKk; n lg;t' h/A o}m'_o}m' vjn b3>;n; c;]hy' t;]k k[]KsKs k} h]2=2y{.. k{ tkl}f n h{ : bCc; jb p"d; h{t; h" t{ us k} Y{p2>} k' a;1 `/k2>' h{t' h". : v' a;ps m'. j/2>' nh}. h{t' t;]k jNm k' d[r;n s.k}~E pq s' bCc; ]nklt' smy bCc' k' b@'n k{ y; d?sr} trf m;. k{ tkl}f n h{ : n[rml jNm h{n' s' ]dm;g y; b@'n k{ k{eE n/ks;n nh}. h{t; mgr f{rs"Ps forceps s' Y}.ckr ]nk;l' j;n' pr p"d; h/A bCc' k' ]dm;g y; b@'n k{ n/ks;n h{ skt; h" : jnm k' Ak s;l k' a.dr y' a;1 `/k2>{. m'. s' p@;y+ sw} a;ps m'. j/2> j;t' h".- ]sfE uUpr Y{p2>} k' mOy w;g m'. Ak 9{`;_s; `/k2>; rh j;t; h" j{ ]k d{ s;l k} umr k' b;d bNd h{t; h" : Y{p2>} k' a;g' k' w;g m'. m;q' k' n}c' d{ Y2=2'_s' h". ]jn m'. a;Y'. rht} h" : d{n{ Y2=2{. k' n}c' mOy w;g m'. n;k k{ t}n k{n{. k; ]9d@ h" ]js m'. n;k rht; h" : n}c' jb2>; y; jaw h" ]js m'. d;.t lg' h{t' h". : a[r Y{p2>} k' d{n{. trf mOy w;g m'. d{ ]9d@ h". ]jn m'. k;n rht' h". : m;q' k' n}c' a;Y{. k' ]9d@{. k' uUpr d{ ]9d@ h". : n;k k' ]9d@{. k' d{n{. trf w} d{ ]9d@ h". a[r n}c' k' d;.t{. k' n}c' 1{.2} (chin) m'. w} d{ ]9d@ h". ]jn s' rË v;]hn}y'. ]nklt} h".- ]jnk{ nh;t' smy b}s b;r msl d'n; c;]hy' ]jn s' a;Y{. k} r{xn} b3'>g}, s;eEns nh}. h{g;, uUpr a[r n}c' k' d;.t{. m'. rË k; bh;v 1}k rh'g; v; k;n{. m'. 1}k s/n;eE d't; rh'g; : es b;t k{ Oy;n rYn; c;]hy' : Y{p2>} m'. bh/t h} mjb?t h2=2} h{t} h" j{ ]dm;g y; b@'n k{ ]ks} w} p@k;r k} m;r s' bc;t} h" : Y{p2>} k' n}c' k; w;g Sp;eEn y; r}3> k} gdEn k' p@qm vr`br; vertebra pr ]Sqr h" : gdEn k' s;t vr`br' h". ]jNh'. srv;eEkl cervical vr`"br; kht' h". : y' Y{p2>} k{ uUpr_n}c' y; c;r{. trf i/m;n' m'. sh;yt; krt' h". : enk' n}c' a;g' k} trf 9;t} k} s;t ps]ly'. h".- j{ a;g' k} trf S`nEm sternum n;mk h2=2} s' j/2>} h". : srv;eEkl k} s;t vr`b@{. k' n}c' q{r;]sk k} b;rh vr`br' thoracic vertebrae j/2}> h". : en k' n}c' lMbr lumbar k' p;.c vr`br' h". : lMbr k; p;.cv; mnk; p"]Lvk k} h2=2} pr ]Sqr h" : 9;t} k} s;tv}. psl} s' t}n ps]ly'. j/2>} h". a[r d{n{. trf d{ d{ ps]ly'. h". ]jNh'. Fl{]`.g ps]ly'. floating ribs kht' h". : 9;t} k; yh ps]ly{. k; ]p.jr; l.gj> Av. h;`E k{ bc;t; h" j{ ]k j{ en m'. ]Sqr h" : d;.eE trf k} ps]ly'. ]lvr k{ a[r d;.eE ]k2n} k{ bc;t} h".- jb ]k b;.eE trf k} ps]ly'. SPl}n Av. b;.eE ]k2n} k{ bc;t} h". : uUpr k} p@qm psl} k' uUpr b;hr k} trf j;t} h/eE Ak Ak k[lrb{n collar bone h". ]jn k' b;hr} 9{r pr d{n{. b;j? l`kt' h". ]jn m'. a;mE, f{r_a;mEj> forearms v; d{n{. trf p;.c_p;.c u.gl}y{. k} h2=]2y;. h". : Sp;eEn s"´l k} h2=2} sacral bone pr ]Sqr h" ]js' s"´m sacrum kht' h".- ]jn k' n}c' k[]KsKs coccyx k} c;r h2=]2y;. h". j{ p".t}s s;l k} umr m'. s"´m s' j/2> j;t} h". : s"´m k} d{n{. trf el}ym k} h2=]2y;. h" ]jn k' ]ncl' 9{2> `;.g{. k' d{n{. f}mr femur pr ]Sqr h" : f}mr k; ]ncl; w;g i/`n{. k; h" ]jn k' n}c' `;.g{. k; n}c' k; w;g ] jNh'. ] `]by; tibia a[r f}b?l; fibula kht' h". j{ A]3y{. k}

h]2=2y{.. pr ]Sqr h". : A2}y{. k' ag@ w;g m'. d{n{. p;.v{. k} u.gl}y'. ]Sqt h". : h2=2} k"]Lxym, f[Sf'` eTy;]d s' bnt} h".- ]jn k{ bn;n' m'. q;eEr;"y2 Gl".2- g@{q h{rm{n , s?yE k} ]kr~'.- 1,25 DCC, eTy;]d sh;yt; krt' h". : b{n m"r{ m'. RBC y;]n l;l rË k{]xk;y'. bn;y} j;t} h". j{ ]k rË k' p@m/Y a.g h". : m;. k' p'` m'. jb bCc; bnt; h{t; h" t{ phl' y{k S';k yolk sac, y;]n bCc'd;n} k} q"l} rË bn;} h"- ]fr k/9 ]dn{. b;d ]lvr a[r ]fr SPl}n rË k{ bn;t' h".a[r p}9' jb b{Nj> y; h2=]2y;. bn j;t} h". t{ b{n k' a.dr k} b{n m"r{ rË bn;n; x/# kr d't; h" : en k' k;m krn' pr ]lvr a[r SPl}n rË bn;n; km kr d't} h". pr.t/ kw} agr ]ks} k;r~vx b{n m"r{ rË bn;n; bNd kr d' t{ SPl}n rË bn; skt} h" : mrt' dm tk b{Nj> rË k{ bn;t} rht} h". : b;l avSq; m'. sw} b{Nj> y; h2=]2y;. rË k{ bn;t} rht} h". : mgr jv;n h{n' pr jb lMb} b{Nj> k' 9{r y; ]sr' _ ] jNh'. A'p}f}j>yl l;eENj epiphyseal lines kht' h". _ v' Fy?j> h{ j;t} h". y;]n ]ml j;t} h". t{ usk' b;d ps]ly'., Fl"` b{Nj> y; vr`b2'> eTy;]d rË k{ bn;t} rht} h". : rË m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; b3>n' pr q;eEr;"y2 Gl".2 rË s' k"]Lxym k{ u1; kr b{Nj> m'. 2;lt; h" : k"]Lxym k} km} k' k;r~ mSslj> m'. A'.1n y; mSslj> m'. k'Mps a; j;t} h".- ]js s' h;`E w} f'l fail h{ skt; h" : s{ rË m'. agr k"]Lxym km h{ j;y' t{ A's} avSq; m'. p"r; q;eEr;"y2 Gl".2 b{Nj> s' k"]Lxym k{ ]nk;l kr rË m'. 2;lt; h" t;]k rË m'. k"]Lxym l'vl km n h{ j;y' : h]2=2y{.. bnt} rht} h". a[r YTm w} h{t} rht} h". : j{ s"Ll ny} h2=2} bn;n' k; k;m krt' h".- uNh'. a{S`}y{Bl;S`=s kht' h". jb ]k j{ s"Ll p/r;n} h2=2} k{ Y;n' k; k;m krt} h".- uNh'. a{S`}y{Kl;S`=s kht' h". : y' 1 m}l}m}`r g/n; 1 s"N`}m}`r tk k} b{n k{ s;t ]dn m'. Y; j;t' h".- ]js' a{S`}y{Bl;S`=s 45 ]dn m'. bn;y'.g} : es trh s' s;r; j}vn wr es trh s' b{Nj> y; h2=]2y;. neE bnt} rht} h" : agr k{eE b{n b3> j;y' t{ es k; mtlb yh h" ]k a{S`}y{Kl;S`=s h;eEp{ h" y;]n km k;m kr rh} h".- ]js' p"r;q;eEr;|e2 Gl".2 %;r; uks;y; j; skt; h" a[r h2=2} k; j{ w;g b3>; h/a; h"- us' km ]ky; j; skt; h" : v"s' h} agr k{eE b{n Jy;d; Y;eE geE y; ]is gy} h". _ us' 2}_j'nr'xn kht' h". _ t{ hm'. sm4n; c;]hy' k} a{S`}y{Bl;S`=s km k;m kr rh} h". ]js' g@{q h;"rm{n a[r q;eEr;"y2 Gl".2 k{ uks;kr 1}k ]ky; j; skt; h" : h]2=2y{.. k{ a;ps m'. j{2>' rYn' k; k;m `"N2Nj> tendons, ]lg;m"N`=s ligaments a[r mSslj> krt' h"., ]jn k} sh;yt; s' v' a;ps m'. j/2>} rht} h". : p}1 k' hr vr`"br; k' b}c m'. Ak x;|kr_j"s}- g;dl}_s} rht} h" ]js' ]2Sk disc kht' h". j{ unk{ a;r;m s' k;m krn' k} d'Yw;l krt} h". t;]k v' a;ps m'. rg2> Y; kr ]is nh}. j;y'. : b3>t' um@ k' s;q h2=]2y;. ptl} h{ j;t} h".- ]js' a[S`}y{ p[r{]ss osteoporosis kht' h". : esk; mtlb h" ]k un m'. s' k"]Lxym k;f} ]nkl gy; h" ]jss' v' Y{Yl} h{t} j;t} h". : esk; asl} k;r~ h" ]k unk} a;.t2>}y'. k"]Lxym k{ s{Y nh}. rh} h". y; A'bj>[bE nh}. kr rh} h". ]js k' k;r~ rË k; k"]Lxym l'vl 1}k rYn' k' ]ly' p"r;q;eEr;|e2 Gl".2 h]2=2y{. s' k"]Lxym ]nk;l kr rË m'.

2;l rh; h" : s{ es k' ]ly' p'` k{ 1}k krn; y; 1,25 DCC k{ 1}k h{n; j#r} h" s{ us r{g} k{ p'` 1}k krn' s' sb 1}k h{ j;y'g; :

mSk/lr ]sS`m

Muscles

hm;r' xr}r m'. tkr}bn 700 k' kr}b mSsLj> h".- j{ 9{`'_b2'> a;k;r m'. h". : sbs' b2>; mSsl b`k buttocks k; h"- ]js pr b"1t' h".- ]js' gluteus maximus Gl/]`ys m"Ks}ms mSsl kht' h". : sbs' 9{`; mSsl k;n k; h" ]js' stapedius S`"p}2}ys mSsl kht' h". : mSsLj> h} hm;r' xr}r k' 60 p@]txt w;g h". j{ s;r' xr}r a[r h]2=2y{.. k{ b;.o' rY; h" ]js s' hm Y2'> h{ skt' h". : hm'. hr k;yE krn' k' ]ly' ]ks} n ]ks} mSsl k} j>#rt p2>t} h" : sw} mSsLj> d{ ]sr{. y; 9{r{. s' j/2'> rht' h"., Y;l} Ak jb;n k; mSsl h" j{ Ak ]sr' s' j/2>; h" : c;h' hm a;r;m h} Ky{. n kr rh' h{.- t{ w} mSsLj> xr}r k{ b;.o' rYn; a[r aNy a;vXyk ] ´y;a{. k{ krt' rht' h". : mSsLj> k{ k;m krn' k' ]ly' a;|Ks}jn k' al;v; Gl?k{j> c;]hy' j{ Gl;eEk{j"n k' #p m'. unm'. S`{r p2>} rht} h" ]js' xr}r k} x]Ë kh skt' h". a[r ]jn k} sh;yt; s' xr}r k;m krt; h' : xr}r m'. Sk"]l`l mSsLj> skeletal muscles h". j{ cm2>} k' n}c' h"., ]jn pr b@'n y; Sp;eEnl k[2E k; a]ok;r d'Yt} h"a[r en k' khn' k' an/s;r k;m krt'> h". a[r h]2=2y{.. k' s;q s;q k;m krt' h". : h;`E k; mSsl Ak alg trh k; bh/t h} mjb?t mSsl h" j{ a[`[n{]mk nvEs ]sS`m %;r; uks;y; j;t; h" : esk; Ak g/~ h" ]k jb xr}r m'. a;|Ks}jn k} km} h{ j;y a[r l"]K`k A']s2> b3> j;y t{ h;`E k; mSsl Ak m;µ; mSsl h"- j{ ]k s}]mt smy tk us l"]K`k A']s2> s' h} uUj;E p@;Pt krn' k} 6mt; rYt} h" : k/9 Sm?q mSsLj> (smooth muscles) h". j"s' ]k p'` k' mSsLj> _ en k{ a[`[n{]mk nvEs ]sS`m ( autonomic nervous system ) d'Yt; h" ]jnk{ k;m krn' k' ]ly' m"`;b[l;ej>2 Gl?k{s (metabolized glucose) c;]hy' : yh Gl?k{s q;y;m}n s' bnt; h" : agr q;y;m}n n h{ y; km h{ t{ A's} avSq; m'. en mSsLj> m'. s?jn a; j;t} h" a[r y' k;m krn; bNd kr d't' h". ]js s' h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 1}k p@k;r s' nh}. bn p;t} ]js s' p'` m'. s' anpc; Y;n; rh j;t; h" j{ s.2;s y; ``=`} m'. v"s; h} ]nkl j;t; h" a[r xr}r k{ p?r' Ny?]`ÄAN`=s nh}. ]ml p;t' a[r xr}r aSvSq rh j;t; h" : y' Sm?q mSsLj> cm2>} m'., Bl2 v"SsLj> m'., 2;eEj"S`}v ]sS`m m'. a[r yh;. tk ]k ]rp@{2K`}v ]sS`m m'. w} h{t' h". : t{ en sb ]sS`m k{ 1}k k;yE k' ]ly' q;y;m}n k} j#rt h" : es ]ly' Oy;n d'. ]k agr bCc; p"d; nh}. h{t; t{ yh w} q;y;m}n k} km} k' k;r~ h{ skt} h" : A's} avSq; m'. LMNT upc;r %;r; p;cn s.Sq;n k{ s/o;rn; Av. q;y;m}n k; ddE ]nk;lkr us' 1}k krn; j>#r} h" : enk' al;v; k/9 srk/lr mSsLj> circular muscles h{t' h". - j"s; k} p"l{rs pylorus k' ]Sf.K`r y; anus y;]n l"`Ä}n y; s.2;s k; mSsl y; p'x;b krn' k' mSsLj> y; y/r}nr} `Ä'K` k' mSsLj> : y' mSsLj> g{l h} h{t' h". j{ ]Sf.K`r k{ 1}k p@k;r s' Y{lt' y; bNd krt' h". t;]k uss' k/9 w} eor uor n j;y' y; l}k leak n h{ :

a[rt{. k' p@jnn s.Sq;n

Female reproductive system a[rt{. k' p@jnn s.Sq;n k' m/Åy a.g h". _ y?`Äs (uterus) y;]n gw;Exy d{ a{vr}j> y;]n ]2.b g@.q} (ovary) d{ f|l{]pyn `=y?Bj> (fallopian tubes) Av. vj;en; (vagina) y;]n y{n}

enm'. p@m/Y h" y?`Äs (uterus) ]js' k/9 p@;.t{. m'. bCc;_d;n} w} kht' h". : yh Ak ]p.k ( pink y;]n hLk} g/l;b} ) r.g k} q"l} h" j{ n;w} k' n}c' ]Sqt h" : es k; vjn 57 g@;m h" : esk} x'p (shape) y;]n a;k;r p}c (peach) n;mk fl k} trh k} h" : esk' d{ ]9d@ uUpr h". _ ]jsk' d{n{. b;j? m'. d{ n]lk;y'. h". _ ]jNh'. (fallopian tubes) f|l{]pyn `=y?Bj> kht' h". : y?`Äs k' aNdr Y;l} etn} s} jgh h{t} h" ]k Ak `} Sp?n (tea spoon) ]jtn; p;n} a; skt; h" : (yh us k' aNdr ]ktn} jgh h" yh dx;Et; h" y; bt;t; h" ): y?`Äs k' b;hr d{n{. trf Ak_Ak a;'vr} y;]n ]2.b g@.q} h"- ]js m'. hr mh}n; ]ks} Ak a{vr} s' Ak a.2; y; a;'vm pk kr ] nklt; h" _ gwE o;r~ h{n' k' ]ly' _ a[r f|l{]pyn `=y?b (fallopian tube) %;r; vh a;'vm y?`Äs m'. j;t; h" : d{n{. a;'vr}j> m'. c;r p;.c l;Y a;'v; rht' h".- j{ d/b;r; bnt' nh}. : y;]n hr a;'vr} m'. 2 y; 3>;eE l;Y a;'v; (aN2') h{t' h". : <<< (Ak a.2; h{ t{ a{vm Av. an'k h{ t{ a{v; kht' h". ) hr mh}n; d{n{. a;'vr}j> m'. ds_b;rh aN2' m|Cy{r (mature) y;]n p]r pKv h{t' rht' h". : ]fr Jy{. h} Ak a;'vr} s' phl' m| Cy{r h/a; aN2>; f?`; v; ]nkl;- t{ b;k} k' sb aN2>' us} smy db j;y'.g' : Ky{.]k jw} aN2>; f?`t; h" y;]n m|Cy{r h{ kr s"k (sac) y;]n q"l} s' b;hr ]nklt; h"- us} smy us s' Ak k"]mkl ]nkl'g; j{ b;k} k' sb aN2>{. y; a;'V;; k{ _ j{ pk rh' h{t' h". _ uNh'. db; d'g; : yh} k;r~ h" ]k aKsr ]2l}vr} m'. Ak h} bCc; h{t; h" : a[rt apn' j}vn k;l m'. p;.c s[ s' Jy;d; a;'v; upy{g (use) nh}. krt} :

aN2; y; a;'vm jb pk kr s"k (sac) s' b;hr ]nklt; h" _ us' a{v/l'xn kht' h".: a{vr}j> (ovaries) k' b;hr f|l{]pyn `=y?b k' d{n{. 9{r{. pr b;l_s} rcn; h". ]jNh'. s}]ly; (celia) kht' h". : enk' Y;s hlcl k' k;r~ a{vr}j> k' b;hr A's} lhr bn j;t} h". j{ a.2' k{ fallopian tube k' a.dr k} ]dx; m'. ok'lt} rht} h". : f|l{]pyn `=y?Bj> m'. w} v'Vj> (waves) y; lhr'. clt} rht} h".- ]jn k' %;r; a;'vm y;]n aN2>; o}r'_o}r' y?`Äs m'. a; j;t; h" : a.2; fallopian tube m'. 24 s' 48 i.`' tk h} ]jNd; rh skt; h" a[r es} d[r;n sperm k{ ess' s.pkE krn; c;]hy' tw} fertilization y;]n ]nz'cn h{g; : y?`Äs y;]n gwE;xy k; m/Åy f.Kxn h" gwE k' ]xx/ k' ]ly' s/r6; Av. us' p{z~ tTv p@d;n krn; : y?`Äs k' a.dr k} prt k{ AN2{m"`Ä}ym (endometrium) kht' h". : yh a;'vm k; eNtj>;r krt} h" : a.2; ]nkln' k' b;d a{vr}j> s' p@{j'S`'r{n n;mk h[rm{n ]nklt; h" j{ ]xx/ k' p{z~ k' ]ly' AN2{m"]`Äym m'. an'k th{. m'. s"Ls wr d't; h" ]jnk' a.dr p@c/r m;µ; m'. Gl;ek{j'n^{`}n=s ]l]p2=s y;]n vs; Av. ]mnrLs y;]n Y]nj o;t/ h{t' h". : en th{. k' k;r~ y?`Äs bh/t h} m/l;ym a[r nrm w} bn j;t} h" : agr a;'vm k[ns}v (conceive) h/a; h" t{ yh rË bCc' k' p{z~ k' ]ly' upy{g} h{t; h" : pr agr a;'vm k[ns}v nh}. h/a; h" t{ c[dh ] dn k' b;d p@{j'S`'r{n k;m krn; b.d kr d'g; ]jsk' b;d AN2{m"`Ä}ym k; prt apn' a;p gln' lgt; h"- a[r usk' th{. k' a.dr k; rË b;hr ]nkl j;t; h" : es' h} m"Nss y; m;]sk c´ y; m;]sk omE (MC) kht' h". : AN2{m"`Ä}ym k} m{`;eE 6 mm tk h{t} h" j{ m"Nss k' phl' k' ]dn tk rht} h" a[r m"Nss k' d[r;n vh i`kr 1 mm tk rh j;t} h" : agr k[ns}v h/a; a;'vm a;t; h" t{ m"Nss a;n' bNd h{ j;t' h".- a[r a{vr}j> k' AS`Ä{j"n a[r p@{j'S`'r{n h{rm{Ns d{n{. ]mlkr ]v]w¸ tr}k{. s' us gwE k; Oy;n rYt' h". : aN2>{. k; f{]lkl y; s"k (sac) m'. m"Cy{r h{n; Av. pk kr s"k (sac) s' b;hr ]nkln; - y' d{n{. k;yE ]nMn h{rm{Ns k' p@w;v s' h{t; h" : h;yp{q|lms s'  GnRH g{n;2{`Ä{]fn ]rl}]j>.g h{rm{n Av. A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s'  FSH Av. LH n;mk d{ h{rm{Ns a{vr}j> s'  AS`Ä{j"n tq; p@{j'S`'r{n GnRH h;yp{q|lms s' hr 90 ]mn` m'. Ak b;r bh/t km m;µ; m'. ]nklt} h" a[r yh m;]sk c´ k' sw} ]dn p@;y+ Ak j"s} rht} h" : pr aNy h{rm{Ns k} m;µ; m;]sk c´ k' sw} ]dn{. m'. Ak j"s} nh}. rht} : c´ k' alg_alg ]dn m'. alg_alg m;µ; m'. ]nklt} h". : k[ns}v (conceive) h{n; y; ]nz'cn y; fr`}l;es fertilise h{n' k; mtlb h" s.w{g k' b;d a.2' k; SpmE s' ]mln; _ ]jsk' ]bn; p@jnn h{ nh}. skt; : m;]sk omE phl} b;r Bl}]2.g h{t} h" us' a.g@'j} m'. menarche kht' h". : yh aKsr p.orh y; s{lh s;l k' um@ k' b;d h{n} c;]hy' : hr m;]sk m'. rË ]nkl j;n' k' k;r~ xr}r m'. kmj{r} a;y'g} h}- s{ phl; m;]sk 16-17 s;l k} um@ k' b;d a;y' t{ utn; xr}r k' ]ly' aC9; h" : tb tk l2>k} k; Sv;SQy bn j;y'g; a[r bCc' tw} ºZ`_p/Z` h{.g' agr m;. k; Sv;SQy aC9; h{ : g;.v k} l2>]ky{. k{ m;]sk k/9 d'r s' x/# h{t; h" Ky{.]k v' xhr k} l2]ky{. k} t/ln; m'. x;m Av. r;t m'. kmt} r[xn} m'. rht} h". : phl' jb ir{. m'. d}pk h} jlt' q' t{ m;]sk a[r w} d'r s' x/# h{t} q}. : b;d m'. ]bjl} k' hLk' bLb{. y; kmr{xn} v;l} l;eE` _ j{ a;m p}l}_s} h{t} h" _ usk' p@w;v s' m;]sk Gy;rh (11) s;l k' uUpr x/# h{t; h"- mgr a;jkl xhr{. m'. Jy;d; l;eE` y; r{xn} h" _ j"s' `=y?b> l;eE` k} r{xn} m'. _ l2>]ky{. k{ n;" s;l h} m'. m;]sk x/# h{n' k} s.w;vn; rht} h" : m;]sk km um@ m'. h} x/# h{n' k; Ak a[r k;r~ h" kMPy?`r / `'l}]vjn TV k} h;]nk;rk ]kr~'. : m;]sk omE k; s.bNo c;.d s' h" : es k{ 28 ]dn m'. a;n; c;]hy' t{ 1}k h" : agr d'r s' a;y' t{ w} 30 ]dn k' a.dr a; j;n; c;]hy' : nh}. t{ xr}r w;r}_w;r} lgn' lgt; h" a[r a[rt k{ bh/t tkl}f h{n' lgt} h" : 28 ]dn k' c´ k' ]hs;b s' phl' 14 ]dn FSH k' p@w;v s' A'S`Ä{j>n k;m krt' h".- j{ ]k s"k'N2Ä} s"Ks a[rgNj> (secondary sex organs) k{ y; bn;t' h". y; Oy;n rYt' h". : a[r 14 v'. ] dn AS`Ä{j"n k' k;yE b.d h{ j;y'.g'- a.2; b;hr ]nkl j;y'g; a[r ]fr 15v'. ]dn s' LH k' p@w;v s' p@{j"S`Ä{Nj> (progesterone) k;m krn; x/# kr d't' h".- j{ ]k y?`Äs k} A'N2Ä{m'`Ä}ym (endometrium y;]n a.dr} prt) k{ 27v;. ]dn tk y;]n (phl' k; 14 + p}9' k; 13) ]dn tk bn;t' rht' h". : agr a.2; fr`}l;es nh}. h/a; t{ a.2' k' ]nkln' y; f?`n' k' c[dh ]dn b;d y;]n 28 v;. ]dn p@{j'S`'r{n (progesterone) k;m krn; b.d kr d'.g' a[r m;]sk omE a; j;t; h" : (vj;en; y;]n y{n} k' al;v; qn Av. p@jnn sMbNo} aNy a.g{. k{ s"k'N2Ä} s"Ks a[rgNj> kht' h". ) ]js ]dn m;]sk omE a;y' us ]dn s' c;r ]dn h} m;]sk a;n; c;]hy' a[r en c;r ]dn{. m'. s.w{g nh}. krn; c;]hy' : ]fr 9' ]dn s'f (safe) smy h{ skt; h"- y;]n es d[r;n s.w{g kr'. t{ bCc; n h{n' k' a;s;r Jy;d; h". : usk' b;d a;1 ]dn k' a.dr ]ks} w} ]dn aN2; k[Ns}v (conceive) h{ skt; h"- Av. ]fr b;k} k' ds ]dn s'f (safe) h{.g': h;l;.]k c[dhv;. ]dn h} a.2; f?`'g;- pr usk' c;r ]dn phl' Av. c;r ]dn b;d tk y;]n dsv;. ]dn s' l'kr a1;rhv;. ]dn k' b}c s.w{g krn' pr w} p@'gn"Ns} h{n' k' a;s;r h". : m;]sk omE k' d[r;n a[rt p/½z s' alg rhn} c;]hy' a[r p/½z k{ us' 9'2>n; h} nh}. c;]hy' Ky{.]k m;]sk omE ]bg2> j;y'g; : a[r agr p/½z n' us d[r;n us s' sMw{g kr ]ly; t{ us' cm2>} y; skin problem a; j;y'g} a[r a[rt k{ kmj{r} a]ok y; qk;v` a]ok h{ j;y'g} a[r us' w} x;r}]rk n/ks;n h{g; : pc;s s;l phl' k' jm;n' m'. t{ a[rt{. k{ m;]sk m'. alg kmr' m'. rY; j;t; q; a[r vh Sn;n w} c;r ]dn nh}. krt} q} : dr asl m;]sk omE m'. Sn;n nh}. krn; c;]hy' Ky{.]k uss' Bl}]2>.g ½k j;t} h" j{ 1}k nh}. h" : b'htr h" Sp{.j (sponge) krn; y;]n t[]ly; k{ ]w.g{kr uss' s;r' xr}r k{ hLk'_hLk' p{.9 l'n; : agr a[rt G;mE p;n} s' nh;t} h" a[r us' Bl}]2>.g Jy;d; a;t} h{ t{ Bl}]2>.g b3> j;y'g} a[r agr 1.2' p;n} s' nh;t} h" t{ xr}r m'. dd{E k' s;q_s;q Bl}]2>.g ½k j;y'g} : es} p@k;r Jy;d; G;mE y; 1.2; p}n' s' n/ks;n h{g;- t{ m;]sk omE m'. Jy;d; G;mE y; ] ³j> k; p;n} y; 1.2' p'y nh}. p}n' c;]hy' : m;]sk omE m'. t{ nd} m'. y; b;hr kteE nh}. nh;n; c;]hy' _ a[rt k{ bh/t h} n/ks;n h{t; h" : k/9 a[rt{. m'. kmj{r} y; aNy k;r~{. s' m"Nss k' d[r;n AN2{m"`Ä}ym kh}. kh}. p?r} w} ]nkl j;t} h"- es} ]ly' m"Nss m'. Ly?k{s;eE`=s (leukocytes /WBC’s ) ]nklt' h". t;]k jh;. s' AN2{m"`Ä}ym sMp?~E ]nkl geE h" vh;\ y?`Äs k' n..g' h{n' k' k;r~ k{eE eNf"Kxn n h{ j;y' es smy m'. : mtlb m"Nss m'. sf'd p;n} ]nkln; Svw;]vk h"- Yr;b nh}. : mgr m"Nss k' a;g' p}9' sf'd p;n} nh}. ]nkln; c;]hy' _ agr Jy;d; ]nkl' t{ us' Ly?k{]ry; (leucorrhea) k} ]bm;r} kht' h". : es k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ p/½z Sµ} k' ]nPpLj> (nipples) k{ ak;r~ a[r aTy]ok 9'2>n; h" : s.w{g k' smy k' al;v; unk{ b;r b;r 9'2>n' s' h} Ly?k{r}y; a;;t} h" : s{ p]t pTn} d{n{. k{ es b;t k; Oy;n rYn; c;]hy' : Jy;d; sf'd p;n} j;n' s' y; ]nkln' s' a;.Y{. k' n}c' k;l;pn a; j;t; h"- v; m/Y pr k} a;w; y; g@'s (grace) km h{ j;t} h"- Ky{.]k yh sf'd p;n} bh/t k}mt} p@{`}n h" ]js' bn;n' m'. k;f} x]Ë ]nkl j;t} h" : agr y' Jy;d; m;µ; m'. ]nkl j;y t{ p}l'pn y; k;l;pn a; j;t; h"- a[r kmj{r} w} mhs?s h{g} : s.w{g ]´y; Av. p@jnn Sperm k} lMb;eE 55 to 65 µ h{t} h" : Head y;]n m;q; 5 µ h{t; h"- m{`;eE 2 µ h{t} h". : (1 µ = Ak mm k; hj;rv; w;g) Sperms apn} p?.9 k{ upy{g krt' h".- Av. uterus k} wave k' k;r~ en k} speed t'j h{ j;t} h" a[r yh fallopian tube m'. j;t' h". : Ak b;r ]nkln' pr kr}b c;l}s kr{2> SpmE tk h{ skt' h".- ]fr w} fallopian tubes m'. k/9 hj;r h} ph/.c p;t' h". : SpmE k} n{k y; tip k{ h'2 (head) kht' h". : esm'. Ak Ny?]Klys h{t; h" ]jsm'. ´{m{s{m=s h{t' h". : s;q m'. Ak m'Mb@'n h{t; h" ]js' A´{s{m (acrosome) kht' h". ]jsm'. f`}El;ej'xn y;]n ]nz'cn k' ]ly' j#r} ANj;>em=s h{t' h". : enm'. m/Åy h" Hyaluronidase acid n;mk ANj;>em h{t} h" j{ ovum k} ]4Ll} k{ g;lt} h" a[r sperm aNdr j;t; h" : (]p9l' page k' ]c8: m'. d'Y'. ) sMw{g p?r; h{n' k' b;d km s' km b}s ]mn` tk SpmE vj;en; m'. h} ]nXcl p2' rht' h". : a[rt k} vj;en; k} FLy?2> v; p/½z k' s}mn (semen) k} Fl?e2 (seminal fluid) d{n{. aLk;l}n h{t} h".- jb ]k SpmE v"s 2'f'r'Ns (vas deferens) n;mk n]lk; m'. rht' h". jh;. ]s]`Äk A']s2> (citric acid) Av. aNy A']s]2k pd;qE h{t' h". ]jn k' k;r~ vh;. v' s/St h{t' h". : a{vm= k} ]4Ll} k{ h} Zona pellucida kht' h". : a.2; ]nkln' s' phl' f|l{]pyn `=y?b y; a;'vr} k' %;r pr km s' km t}n hj;r SpmE avXy c;]hy'- tb j; kr Ak SpmE aNdr j; p;y'g; : 3000 s' km sperms h{n' s' chemical km h{g;- ]4Ll} nh}. gl'g}- a[r k{eE w} sperm aNdr nh}. j; skt; : Capacitation :– yh 1950 m'. m;l?m p2>; h" ]k SpmE k{ phl' k/9 d'r tk a[rt k' vj;en; k' a.dr h} smy k;`n; c;]hy' : us smy m'. vj;en; k' a.dr SpmE k' n{k k' uUpr Ak r;s;y]nk p@]´y; h{t; h" : usk' b;d h} usm'. a.2' k{ fr`}l;ej> krn' k} 6mt; p@;Pt h{t} h" : us jgh pr j{ SpmE pr p@]´y; h{t} h" us' capacitation k|p"]s`'xn kht' h". : mn/Zy{. m'. es p@]´y; k' ]ly' s;t i.`' tk w} lg skt' h". : j"s' h} Ak SpmE a.dr j;y'g;- t/r.t us} 6~ aN2' k' b;hr k; ]jLd y; ]`x? y; My?ks Ak dm sÅt h{ j;y'g; t;]k d?sr; SpmE aNdr n j; sk'. : SpmE k' aNdr j;t' h} SpmE k} p?.9 k` j;t} h" ]fr usk; xr}r y; h"2 a[r a;'vm y; aN2' k; Ny/Kl}ys d{n{. k{ ek`Â1' h{n' m'. y; ]mKs h{n' m'. y; d{n{. k; Ak bnn' m'. d{ y; 3>;eE ]dn lgt' h".- ]fr Ak k; d{ h{n' m'. Ak y; 2'3> ]dn lgt; h" : ]fr yh jLd} jLd} ]SPl` (split) y;]n Ak k; d{ h{n' m'. jLd} jLd} krt' h". : j"s' h} aN2' m'. b}s tk s"Llj> bnt' h" t{ y?`Äs k' a.dr j{ 80% `Ä{f{bl;S` s"Ls rht' h".- v' o}m'_o}m' AN2{m"`Ä}ym k' a.dr i/s j;t' h". a[r v' bCc' k' p{z~ k' hr phl? k} ]ngr;n} rYt' h/y' j}Nj> k' m/t;]bk bCc' k' xr}r k{ bn; d't' h". : c?.]k bCc' k' a.g{. k{ p?~E #p s' bn;n; `Ä{f{Bl;S` s"Ls k; k;yE h"- es]ly' h} g/½j} kht' h". ]k `Ä{f{Bl;S` s"Ls j}Nj> (genes) k} w;z; k{ j;nt' h". : hm Thrd ‘P’ n;mk upc;r s' GH y;]n g@{q h[rm{n k' %;r; `Ä{f{Bl;S` k{ w} uks; skt' h". : a[r es p@k;r s' j{ w} a.g jnm k' smy 1}k s' n bn; h{- us' hm bn; p;t' h".- ]jsk' b;r' m'. a;g' ]lY; gy; h" : a[rt k' vj;en; m'. j{ FLy?2> h" usk; pH 3.5 s' 4.0 tk rht; h" ]js' x;.t krn' k; k;m p/½z k' p@{S`'` Gl".2 k' Fl?e2 k} k'm}kLs krt' h". : en sb k;r~{. s' jb vj;en; k' a.dr aLk;l}n k} m;µ; b3> j;y t{ b}s ]mn` b;d vh SpmE h{]xy;r h{ j;t; h" a[r y? `Äs k' srv}Ks (cervix y;]n y?`Äs k; %;r) %;r; uUpr c3>n; x/# kr d't; h" a[r a;'vr} k' %;r pr c;l}s ]mn` m'. ph/.c j;t; h" : (a[r agr vj;en; m'. A']s2>_y/Ë pd;q{E. k} m;µ; Jy;d; h{ t{ SpmE vh}. s/St bn; p2>; rh j;t; h" a[r uUpr sr]vKs m'. n c3>t; h/a; mr j;y'g; ) p@jnn a[r b;.jpn Conception and Infertility s.w{g h{n' s' hr a[rt k{ t/rNt h} s.t;n h{g} A's; nh}. h" : p@jnn k' ]ly' k/9 m/Åy k;rk{. k{ Oy;n m'. rYn; h" : phl; h" xr}r k} `"Mpr'cr : a;m t[r pr xr}r k} (temperature) `"Mp@'cr 98.6 ºF y; 98.4 ºF h"- j{ ]k r;t k{ n}.d m'. k/9 km h{g}- j{ Sv;w;]vk h" : pr a[rt{. m'. s{eE avSq; m'. w} yh km s' km 97.4 ºF h{n} c;]hy' t{ h} usk; aN2>; k[Ns}v (conceive) h{g;- nh}. t{ nh}. h{g; : m;]sk omE k' d[r;n 97 ºF y; uss' km h{ j;t; h"- ]fr c;r ]dn k' b;d 97.4 ºF h{n; c;]hy'- ]fr vh b3>n; c;]hy' : agr

`"Mpr'cr es s' km h{g; msln 96.5 ºF eTy;]d t{ aN2; k[Ns}v nh}. h{g; : ]js ]dn aN2>; s"k (sac) y;]n q"l} s' ]nklt; h" us ]dn a[rt k} xr}r k} s;r' ]dn k} `"Mp@'cr 99 y; a]ok h{g} Av. h{n} c;]hy' : xr}r m'. gm}E b3>n' k' al;v;- us ]dn usk' c'hr' k; r.g r{j mr;E s' Jy;d; l;l y; g@'sf/l (graceful) y; s"Ks} (sexy) h{g;- a[r us ]dn usk' ]vc;r w} s"Ks (sex) k' p@]t a]ok h{.g' : a[r us Ak ]dn s{eE avSq; m'. usk} `"Mp@'cr m;]sk c´ k' aNy ]dn{. s' k/9 t{ a]ok h{g; : ]js ]dn a[rt k} b[2} `"Mp@"cr s{eE avSq; m'. 97.4 s' a]ok h{g}- agr p/½z n' us ]dn uss' sMw{g ]ky; h{ t{ us s' gwE h{n' k} sMw;vn; a]ok h" : xr}r k} `"Mpr'cr 1}k h" y; nh}. usk; pt; lg;n' k' ]ly' a[rt{. k' ]ly' g/½j} ]nMn tr}k; bt;t' h". _ r;t k{ s{n' s' phl' h} apn' t]ky' k' n}c' Ak qrm{m}`r- Ak 9{`} s} diary Av. pen rY l'. : s/bh jb w} a;p u1t} h". tb a;\Y Y/ln' k' s;q h} t]ky' s' apn' m;q' k{ n u1;t' h/y' _ l'`} avSq; m'. h} _ apn' m/\h m'. qrm{m}`r rY l'. : Ak ]mn` k' b;d qrm{m}`r m/\h s' ]nk;lkr us m'. apn' xr}r k} `"Mpr'cr d'Yn' k' b;d t/rNt us ]dn k} t;r}Y Av. `"Mpr'cr k{ diary m'. ]lY l'. : y' sb krn' k' b;d h} ]bStr s' u1n; h" Av. usk' b;d h} x[c y; aNy k;yE k' ]ly' j; skt} h". : agr ]ks} ]dn t]ky' k' n}c' qrm{m}`r rYn; w?l gy}. t{ s/bh m;q; n u1;t' h/y' apn' p]td'v s' khn; ]k v' qrm{m}`r k{ 3?.3kr a;pk' m/\h m'. rY d'. : y;d rh' ]k Ak b;r w} m;q; u1;n' k' b;d agr hm `"Mpr'cr n;p'. t{ vh sh} nh}. h{g; : ]sfE Ak mh}n' A's; ]lYn' s' k;m nh}. cl'g;- Ky{.]k m;]sk c´ an'k k;r~{. s' a;g'_p}9' h{ j;t; h" : km s' km p;.c_9h mh}n' A's' ]lY kr rYn' pr a;pk{ yk}nn m;l?m h{g; ]k aKsr c´ k; k[n_s; ]dn a.2; f?`t; h" : (Taber’s 18th edn.p 203 m'. chart d'Y'. ) yh `"Mpr'cr k; 1}k h{n; Ky{. j#r} h"- yh hm a;m an/wv s' sm4 skt' h". : sw} k{ pt; h" ]k m/g}E k' a.2' k{ u]ct gm}E ]mln' pr h} a.2' s' c?j>' ]nkl'.g' _ ]jsk' ]ly' h} m/g}E a.2{. pr b"1 kr uNh'. s'kt} h" : v"s' h}- a{v/l'xn k' ]dn a[rt k' xr}r k} `"Mp@'cr 97.4 k' a;sp;s y; usk' uUpr h{n} c;]hy'- nh}. t{ vh m;. nh}. bn skt} : d?sr} b;t _ a[rt k} vj;en; vagina y;]n y{n} m'. keE r;s;y]nk p@]´y;y'. clt} rht} h" : ]jnk' k;r~ usk} y{n} m'. Fl?e2 k; pH 3.5 y; 4 tk h{t; h" : j"s' uUpr ]lY; gy; h"- vj;en; k} A']s]2`} km h{ tw} SpmE jLd} uUpr ph/\c'g; : pr agr vj;en; m'.

A']s]2>k p@{2K`=s (acidic products) k} m;µ; a]ok h{. _ j{ nh}. h{n} c;]hy' _ tb w} gwE o;r~ h{g; nh}. : (y;d rh' vj;en; k} A']s]2`} y?`Äs k} p@]´y;a{. k' k;r~ h" : yh p'` k} h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 s' Av. rË k} A']s]2`} s' ]w¸ h" : ) t}sr; k;rk yh h" ]k SpmE k} m;µ; a[r unk' g/~ k"s' h". es pr ]nwEr krt; h" : k/9 l{g{. m'. SpmE k} m;µ; bh/t km h{t} h" : k/9 l{g{. m'. SpmE ]n]Z´y (immotile) p2>' rht' h". y; SpmE k' a;k;r m'. k/9 d{z a; j;t' h". j"s' d{_m;q' v;l' y; d{ p?.9 v;l' SpmE eTy;]d : a{vr} k' %;r pr aC9} quality k' t}n hj;r s' a]ok SpmE c;]hy'- tw} v' a.2' k} ]4Ll} k{ w'd skt' h". : c[q; k;r~ h" ]k y?`Äs k; a;k;r n[rml s' km h{n; : es' hypo-plastic uterus kht' h". : k/p{z~ k' al;v;- a;jkl k} Vy;y;m_r]ht j}vn_x"l} k' k;r~ yh k;l'j k} k/9 9;μ;a{. m'. b;.jpn k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ bn gy; h"- jh;. dv;ey;. Y;s l;w nh}. d' p;t} : Ny?r{q'r'p} m'. hm p;cn s.Sq;n k{ s/o;rkr n;w} k' n}c' rË_p@v;h k{ b3>;n' k' ]ly' New Genes formula d't' h". : ] p9l' dxk m'. d'xwr m'. A's' keE a[rt{. m'. d'Y; gy; h" ]k hm;r' LMNT upc;r{. s' unk' y?`Äs k; a;k;r n[rml xKl_s?rt m'. a;y; h" a[r v' aC9' Av. SvSq bCc{. k{ jnm d' p;y' h". : enk' al;v; p@jnn k' ]ly' m/Åy h{rm{Ns h". _ AS`Ä{j"n a[r p@{j'S`'r{n : y' d{n{. k{l'S`Ä;|l s' bn' h". : agr ]ks} k{ f'`=s 1}k s' pc n rh' h{.- y; ]lvr 1}k s' k;m n kr rh; h{ _ j"s' ]k ml']ry; y; Jv;.]2s k} b}m;r} k' b;d h{t; h" _ t{ unk' xr}r m'. y' h{rm{Ns 1}k s' nh}. bn'.g' : b;.jpn k{ 1}k krn' m'. LMNT k;f} sfl h" _ usk; r;j yh} h" ]k hm hr phl? k{ m?l k;r~ tk ph/\c kr 1}k krt' h". : en k;rk{. m'. s' k{eE Ak w} 1}k n h{ t{ gwE o;r~ nh}. h{g; : hm apn' LMNT upc;r %;r; p'` tq; m'`;b;|]lj>m k{ s"` (set) krt' h".; f'`=s k} p;cn k{ s/o;rt' h".; xr}r k} `"Mpr'cr k{ b3>; d't' h".; u]ct upc;r d'kr vj;en; k} A']s]2`} k{ km krt' h".; Av. p/½z k{ w} u]ct upc;r d'kr SpmE k} m;µ; k{ b3>;t' h". y; aNy d{z{. k{ 1}k krt' h". : gwE o;r~ a[r us pr ]ny.μ~ Pregnancy and control Oy;n d'n'v;'l} b;t yh h" ]k p@{j'S`'r{n k; k;yE ]sfE ]p9l' c[dh ]dn k; h"- jb ]k AS`Ä{j"n k' k;yE k' ]dn m"Nss k' an/s;r km_Jy;d; h{ skt' h". : ab Ak p@Xn mn m'. u1 skt; h" ]k p@k,]t t{ sb k/9 ]nym s' krt} h" t{ k/9 a[rt{. m'. m"Nss a;g' p}9' Ky{. a;t' h". < mn/Zy k' xr}r k' sw} k;m usk' p'` Av. m;n]sk ]Sq]t k' s;q j/2} h/y} h{t} h". : AS`Ä{j"n a[r p@{j'S`'r{n bnn' k' ]ly' m?l pd;qE h" _ k{l'S`Ä;|l : a[r a;pk{ pt; h" ]k k{l'S`Ä;|l i}_t'l eTy;]d k' pcn' k' b;d h} bn'g;- ]jsm'. m/Åy y{gd;n ]lvr- g[l Bl"2r Av. p".]´y;s k; h" : ]js a[rt k; p'` Yr;b h{ y; tl} h/y} c}j'. pc;n' m'. tkl}f h{- y; Y`=`} 2k;r'. a;t} h{.- usk' xr}r m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l k; adl_bdl 1}k s' nh}. h{ p;y'g;: v"s' h} `'Nxn- ]c.t;- 2r- qk;n- g/Ss; y; ]ks} ]p@yjn k} m[t eTy;]d h{n' s' p'` a[r a;.t]2y{. k} ¹;v 1}k s' nh}. ]nkl'.g} ]jsk; p]r~;m sw} h{rm{Ns pr w} p2>'g; h} : en sb s' m;]sk c´ ]bg2> j;t; h"- Av. m"Nss m'. g2>b]2>y{. k' ]ly' y' sw} ]jMm'v;r h". : m;]sk omE k' b;d ]ktn' ]dn s'f (safe) h". yh g;r.`} k' s;q khn; k]1n h{ j;t; h" Ky{.]k ]v]w¸ k;r~{. s' xr}r k; s.t/ln ] bg2> skt; h" ]jss' m"Nss t;r}Y s' jLd} y; d'r} s' a; skt' h". : uUpr k' sb ]hs;b tb h} l;g? h{.g' agr m;]sk c´ 1}k 28 ]dn k; h{ : pr agr k/9 a;g' p}9' h{ j;y t{ anc;h} p@'gn"Ns} h{ skt} h" j{ ]k ]nMn ud;hr~ s' sm4 skt' h". : Ny?r{q'r'p} m'. hmn' p;y; h" ]k agr a[rt k' xr}r m'. A'Lkl} b3> j;y _ ]jsk; s?ck h" ]k us' ‘Gal’ ‘Liv’ ‘Rt.Ov.’ eTy;]d Pv;e.` m'. ddE h{g; _ t{ usk} m;]sk omE d'r} s' a;y'.g} : sm4{ 28 ]dn k' jgh 35 ]dn m'. a;y'. t{ a.2' k' ]nkln' y; f?`n' k; ]dn m;]sk s' c[dh ]dn phl' h/a; h{g; : y;]n us m;]sk k' x/# h{n' k' 21v;. ]dn pr a.2; f?`'g; jb ]k es k' phl' vh 14v;. ]dn f?`t; q; : t{ phl' c;r ]dn Bl}]2.g k' b;d b;rh y; t'rh ]dn s'f (safe) h{.g' _ j{ ]k 28 ]dn v;l' c´ m'. ]sfE 9h ]dn q' _ ]fr a;1 ]dn gwEE o;r~ k} x.k;- ]fr ds ]dn s'f : es k' 1}k ]vpr}t- agr xr}r m'. A']s2 b3> j;y- t{ usk} m"Nss jLd} a;y'.g' : sm4{ 28 ]dn k' jgh 22 ]dn m'. h} m"Nss a;y'. t{ Bl}]2.g k' 4 ]dn k' b;d Ak w} ]dn s'f nh}. h"- Ky{.]k a;1v;. ]dn h} a.2; ]nkl c/k; h{g; a[r ]fr 14 ]dn k' b;d m"Nss a;n' c;]hy' ]jsm'. a.t k' ds ]dn s'f h{.g' : l']kn jb tk agl; m"Nss nh}. a;t; tb tk yh nh}. pt; clt; ]k m"Nss sh} vË pr a;y'g; y; nh}. : t{ a.t k' ds ]dn j{ s'f h". vh ]ks ]dn s' x/# h{g; yh g;r.`} s' khn; m/]Xkl h" : uUpr kh' gy' m/t;]bk `"Mpr'cr r{j d'Yt' j;y'. t{ t}n_c;r mh}n' k' b;d x;yd Ak an/m;n lg; skt' h". ]k ]ks ]dn `"Mpr'cr b3> rh} h" ]jsk' c;r ]dn b;d s'f ]dn x/# h{.g' : pr k{eE g;r.`} nh}. h"- es]ly' g/½j} kht' h". ]k hm'. ]ks} p@k;r k; w} ]rSk (risk) nh}. l'n; c;]hy'- a[r agr bCc; nh}. c;]hy' t{ p/½z k{ k{N2>{m (condom) lg;n; h} u¶m m;gE h" : k/9 l{g apn} p]Tny{. k{ ‘k;|pr_T’ (copper-T) y; ‘2;y;³;m’ diaphragm lgv; d't' h".- jb ]k en s' a[rt k{ bh/t n/ks;n h{t; h" : sb s' aC9; h" ]k p/½z apn; h} a;|pr'xn kr;y' : Ak t{ vh ds ]mn` k; a;|pr'xn h"- d?sr; es m'. sMw{g krn' m'. k{eE fkE m;]sk a.2; ]nkln' ]ks ]dn s' agl' s'f ] omE Bl}]2.g s'f k; ]dn ]ks ]dn tk gwE d;n agl; m"Nss gwE d;n k' dn k' c´ k' ]dn ]dn h{n' k' a;s;r h". k; ]dn a;s;r h". ]ktn' k' ]dn 28 4 ]dn 6 ]dn 10 v; ]dn 14 v; ]dn 18 v; ]dn tk 10 ]dn 28 v; ]dn 35 4 ]dn 13]dn 17 v; ]dn 21 v; ]dn 25 v; ]dn tk 10 ]dn 35 v; ]dn 22 4 ]dn 0 ]dn p.;.cv; ]dn 8 v; ]dn 12 v; ]dn tk 10 ]dn 22 v; ]dn nh}. p2t; _ n us k' er"Kxn (erection) m'. y; d?sr; k{eE fkE a;t; h" : agr fkE h{t; h" t{ yh ]k usm'. SpmE nh}. h{t'- b;k} sb FLy?2=j> 1}k rht} h". : d?sr; p/½z k' SpmE us k' xr}r k' sb h2=2}y'.- mSsLj> y; mJj; bnn' k' b;d bnt' h".- a[r SpmE h} m'. usk} x]Ë h"- a[r agr vh 74 ]dn es' eSt'm;l y;]n upy{g nh}. kr'- t{ xr}r us SpmE k{ s{Y l'g; a[r jb mn/Zy n' unk; eSt'm;l h} nh}.. k}- t{ m'r' ]vc;r s' vh s;.w{]gk ]´y; krn' k' b;d w} Ak trh k; x]Ë_h}n nh}. h"- Ky{.]k usk} x]Ë xr}r k' a.dr h} h"- a[r usk} x]Ë km nh}. h{.g} : a[r x]Ë km n h{n' k' k;r~ s.w{g k' b;vj?d usk} a;y/ lMb} h{g}- a[r vh ]bm;r}y{. s' m/Ë h{g; _ agr us k' Y;n' p}n' k; 3.g- ]cNt; n krn;- r{j> Vy;y;m krn; v; u¶m v;y/ m'. rhn; eTy;]d 1}k h{g; t{ : a{v; multiply nh}. h{t' y;]n unk} s.Åy; b3>t} nh}.- pr SpmE multiply h{t' h". (Ak h{ t{ ovum kht' h". : an'k h{ t{ Ova kht' h". ) a.2' k' Av. sperm d{n{. k' ´{m{s{m=s center y;]n b}c m'. a; j;t' h".. : unk} m"Mb@'n Ak h{ j;t} h" t;]k ´{m{s{m=s (chromosomes) mix h{ j;y'. _ y' d{n{. mix h{kr Ak cell bn j;t; h" ]js' j>;eg{` zygote kht' h". a[r bCc' k} uTp]¶ h{n} x/# h{ j;t} h": a.2; a[r SpmE s' bn; h/a; yh cell xr}r k' sb cells s' b2>; cell h{t; h" : esm'. d?sr' cell s' d{g/n; ²y;d; cytoplasm h{t; h" j{ h} nucleus h" : phl' en k{ Ak cell bnn' m'. 4 ]dn lgt' h". ]fr 2 cells bnn' m'. 30 i.`', ]fr 2 k' 4 bnn' m'. 10 i.`' lgt' h".. _ mgr a.2;'. k; size same h} rht; h" : yh s}]ly; k} lhr'. %;r; uterus m'. j;t; h" : es m'. 20 s' 32 tk blastomeres h{t' h" : aNdr k} ]4Ll} neE bnt} h"- a.2' k} phl} ]4Ll} YTm h{ j;t} h" : SpmE jb a;'vm k' s;q j/2>t; h" t{ apn' s;q Ak l;Y j}Nj> (genes)- Ak l;Y p@{`}n=s (proteins) a[r 23 ´{m{s{m (chromosomes) l' kr j;t; h"- Av. a;'vm m'. w} Ak l;Y j}Nj>- Ak l;Y p@{`}n=s a[r t'v}s ´{m{s{m h{t' h". : mn/Zy apn' s;r' j}vn k;l m'. 9' s' a;1 hj>;r p@{`}n=s h} eSt'm;l krt; h" y; use krt; h" : hr d{ t}n s;l m'. Ak j}Nj> (genes) km h{ j;t' h". : A's; bh/t h} km avsr h{.g' jb ]k d{n{. Sµ} v; p/½z k' Ak h} trh k' j}Nj> km h/A h{. : Ak b;r c?h{. pr Ak p@y{g ]ky; gy; ]k p/½z c?h' k' SpmE s' a;Nt2>}y{. k' j}Nj> ]nk;ln' k' b;d us' Sµ} c?h' k' a.2' k' s;q ]nz'cn krk' usk' gwE k' aNdr 9{2; gy; : uNh{.n' s{c; ]k esk' bCc' k' a;.t]2y;\ nh}. h{g} Ky{.]k uNh{.n' usk' a;.t]2y{. k' j}Ns k{ ]nk;l ]dy; q; : mgr jb c?h' bCc' p"d; h/A t{ un bCc{. k} a;.t2>}y;\ q}.- k;r~ uNh{n' p/½z c?h' k' j}Nj> m'. s' ]nk;l' q'- pr Sµ} k' a.2' m'. a;.t2}y{. k' j}Nj> h{n' k' k;r~ un bCc{. k' a;.t2}y'. q}. : ]jss' s;]bt h{t; h" ]k m;._b;p en d{n{. m'. s' ]ks} Ak k} w} j}Nj> 1}k h{ t{ w} bCc' n[rml h{ skt' h". : Oy;n rh' ]k b}s p@]txt `Ä{f{Bl;S`=s xr}r m'. aNy jgh pr h". : m'2}kl s;eNs k{ m;l?m nh}. en k; Ky; k;yE h"- pr LMNT kht} h" ]k jb `Ä{f{Bl;S`=s j}Nj> k} w;z; k{ j;nt; h" a[r bCc' k{ j}Nj> k' m/t;]bk h} bn;t; h" t{ agr a;pk{ es k{ uks;n' k{ a;t; h{ t{ j{ k;yE xr}r m'. ap?~E rh gy; h{ t{ a;p en `Ä{f{Bl;S`=s %;r; us' p?~E kr skt' h".. : keE s;l k' phl' k' g/½j} k; Ak an/wv s/]ny' _ " k;f} s;l phl' m'r' p;s d{ l2>]ky;\ a;eE. ]jn k{ jNm s' h} y?`Äs v; a;'vr}j> nh}. q}. : d?sr' 2|;K`r{. k; khn; q; ]k yh ]jn']`k ]2f'K` (genetic defect) h" j{ 1}k nh}. h{ skt; : m".n' s{c; ]k Ky; A's;

nh}. h{ skt; ]k ]jn j}Nj> n' y?`Äs v; a;'vr}j> bn;n} q} unk' a;r`Ä}j> m'. k{eE Bl2> Kl{` (blood clot) h{n' s' unk} g@{q ½k gy} y; un k; bnn; nh}. h{ sk; < t{ es} s{c s' m".n' heparin formula d'kr tq; `Ä{f{Bl;S` k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' g@{q h[rm{n bn;n' k' ]ly' A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} k{ uks;n' k; upc;r d'kr vh sb 1}k ]ky; : usk' b;d unk} s{n{g@;f} (sonography) k} t{ p;y; gy; ]k y?`Äs a[r a;'vr}j> d{n{. njr a; geE. ]jss' p@m;]~t h/a; ]k usk' (uterus & ovaries) bnn' lg' :" a;'vm k' aNdr j{ s"Llj> rht} h". unk} p{z~ k' ]ly' `Ä{f{Bl;S`= s"Ls AN2>{m"`Ä}ym k' prt k{ h} uNh'. ]Yl;t' h". : ]fr `Ä{f{Bl;S`=s us a;'vm k' p{z~ k' ]ly' u]ct jgh Y{jt' h/A AN2{m"`Ä}ym k' aNdr us aN2>' k{ i/s; d't' h". : jh;. s' vh aN2; aNdr AN2{m"`Ä}ym m'. j;t; h"- vh;. Ak ]4Ll} y; 3>kn; k} prt_s} a; j;t} h" : ]fr yh a.2; endometrium m'. y?`Äs k' p}9' w;g m'. attach h{ j;t; h" y;]n j/2> j;t; h" : yh Ak Y;s jgh h} Ky{... c/nt; h" m;l?m nh}. _ vh;\ j2'..…jm;n; x/# kr d't; h" _ 10 ]dn m'. yh j2'. jm; l't; h" : ]fr ]4Ll} h} Pl"s'N`; (placenta) bn j;t} h" : ]fr rË k} n]lk;a{. %;r; us' nutrients y;]n p{z~ tTv ]mlt' rht' h"…: m;\ k; Av. bCc' k; Y?n alg alg h{t; h" :

gw;Exy k' k;yE Functions of Uterus Fertilisation y;]n gwEd;n h{n' k' b;d fetus k' p{z~ k' ]ly' nutrients Av. bCc; p"d; h{n' tk us k' ]ly' s/r6; p@d;n krn; : agr a{vm= k; SpmE k' s;q ]mln nh}. h/a; t{ endometrium y;]n y?`'rs k; d}v;r `?`n' lgt; h" ]jsk' k;r~ menses a;t' h".: a.2' k{ Fallopian Tube s' uterus m'. j;n' m'. 3–4 ]dn lgt' h"…: agr m/g}E k' a.2' m'. heart k} jgh k' cells k{ m;e ´{Sk{p (microscope) %;r; d'Y; j;y' t{ unk' aNdr uNh'. f2> f2> krt' p;y'.g' Ak h} tune s' _ yh} heart k} o2>kn h". : bcpn m'. a{vr}j> k;m nh}. krt} Ky{.]k ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 gonadotropic hormones (FSH Av. LH) nh}. bn;t} h" : l']kn agr ]ks} l2>k} m'. bcpn k' b;d w} ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 v' h{rm{Ns nh}. bn;y' t{ usk} ovaries AS`Ä{j"n tq; p@{j'S`'r{n nh}. bn;y'.g} ]jss' vh l2>k} kw} m;. nh}. bn skt} a[r n h} us' m"Nss a;y'.g' : Taber18th edn. p1798 SpmE k' m;q' k; w;g a{vm k} ]4Ll} k{ w'dt; h" a[r jb d{n{. s"Ls j/2t} h". tb usk} p?.9 k` j;t} h" : es ]cμ m'. s;f ]dYt; h" ]k Mitochondria SpmE k' mOy w;g m'. h"- tail y;]n p?.9 m'. nh}. : s{ h} g/½j} kht' h". _ m;e`{k{N2Ä}y; g;yb nh}. h{t; : m|Cy{r h{t; h/a; fetus k; s"Ll SpmE y; xr}r k' aNy s"Ls s' keE g/n; b2>; h" : vh g{l;k;r k; h{t; h" : usk; diameter kr}b 110 – 160µ h{t; h"- ]jsm'. Ak m/Åy w;g h" j>{n; p"l?s}2; zona pellucida j{ 10 – 20 µ etn; m{`; h{t; h" : fr`}l;ej> (fertilize) h/a; aN2; y; a;'vm us AN2{m"`Ä}ym k' aNdr pln; x/# h{ j;t; Y?n s' b2>; h{t; h" v; plt; h" : n;2? m'. m;\ a[r bCc' d{n{. k' Y?n k' a;r`r}j> alg_alg h{t' h".- a[r d{n{. k' b}c m'. Ak ptl} s} ]`x/ (tissue) k} ]dv;r h{t} h" j{ d{n{. k' rË k{ a;ps m'. ]mKs (mix) nh}. h{n' d't} : h;.- bCc' k' xr}r k' waste products y;]n f;lt? c}j'. a[r k;rbn 2;eE a[Ks;eE2> eTy;]d us ]4Ll} %;r; m;\ k' Y?n m'. cl' j;t' h". a[r m;\ k' rË s' a[]Ksjn bCc' k{ cl; j;t; h"- s;q m'. d?sr' el"K`Ä{l;eE`=s (electrolytes) w} j{ j{ us' c;]hy' v' w} us} ]4Ll} %;r; bCc' k' rË k' a.dr ]ml j;t' h". : es smy m;. k} ]k2n}j> w} apn} uTp;dn b3>;t} h". – mother k; m'`;b[]lj>m metabolism bdl j;t; h" _ usk} p;cn ] ´y; slow h{ j;t} h" pr nutrients k; avx{z~ a{r p?~E #p s' a[r aC9} trh s' h{t' h". : es]ly' h} p@'gn"Ns} k' smy a[rt k{ km m;µ; m'. mgr b;r_b;r Y;n' k{ j} c;ht; h"- a[r q{2} m;µ; l'n' k' b;d w?Y nh}. h{t; : bCc; ]js FLy?2> m'. rht; h"- hr t}n iN`' m'. bdl j;t' h". v; hr b;rh_p.orh iN`{. m'. s{]2ym- p{`"]xym eTy;]d el"K`Ä{l;eE`=s w} bdl j;t' h". : ]fr `Ä{f{Bl;S`s j}Ns k} w;z; k' an/s;r Ak m[2l_s; model 3;.c; s; bn; kr bCc' k{ t"y;r kr d't' h". j{ o}m'_ o}m' b3>n; x/# kr d't; h" : bCc; ]js q"l} m'. b2>; h{ rh; h{t; h" us' Pl"s"N`; (placenta) kht' h".- j{ bCc' k; bh/t Oy;n rYt; h" : Pl's"N`; bCc' k' ]ly' bh/t m;µ; m'. p@{j"S`Ä{n- AS`Ä{j"n Av. HCG n;mk h[rm{n bn;t; h"- Av. agr l2k; h{ t{ usk' HCG h[rm{n `"S`{S`}r{n w} bn;t; h" : Pl"s'N`; k' k;m

Functions of Placenta



Placenta k' an'k k;m h". _ bCc' k{ a;|Ks}jn k} supply d'n; _ bCc' k' xr}r k' waste products y;]n f;lt? c}j k{ m;\ k' lungs, liver and kidneys %;r; ]nk;ln; :



gwE k' d[r;n Pl"s'N`; w} hormones bn;t; h" j{ uterus k{ Jy;d; b3>n' nh}. d't' _ m;. k' ºdy k} g]t Av. uss' rË k; ]nk;s d{n{. h} b3> j;t' h". :



Placenta Gl;ek{j'n eTy;]d store krt; h" : m;. k} breasts b3>n' lg j;t} h".. : Pl"s'N`; k' h{rm{Ns h} us' t"y;r krt' h". ]k usm'. d?o 1}k s' a[r py;EPt m;µ; m'. bn'. : jnm k' phl' tk Pl"s'N`; s' a;|Ks}jn p@;Pt h{t; h" j{ tb ]lvr j"s; w} k;m krt; h" :

  

m;. k' xr}r k} Toxins Av. h{rm{Ns k{ gwE k' bCc' k' aNdr j;n' s' r{kt; h" : agr k{eE glt} s' ph/\c w} gy' t{ Pl"s'N`; k' k/9 Y;s ANj;>em=s uNh'. YTm kr d't' h". : pr p@'gn"Ns} k' a.]tm k;l m'. Pl"s'N`; k' an/m]t s' keE A'N`}b;|2}j> m;. s' bCc' k' a.dr j; p;t' h". ]jss' ]k bCc' k{ un sw} r{g{. k' ]v½5 r{g p@]tk;r x]Ë ]nm;E~ h{- ]jn r{g{. s' m;\ k' xr}r n' sflt; p?vEk s;mn; ]ky; h" : a[r m;\ s' ]jtn' j}Nj> m'. k{2> (code) h{t' h" j;n' d't; h" j{ bCc' k' q;eEms Gl".2> m'. m"mr} s"Ll (memory cells) m'. cl' j;t' h".:

yh} q;eEms Gl".2> bCc' k} eMy?n}`} bn;t; h" a[r bCc' k' ]lMf']`k ]sS`m lymphatic system Av. sf'd rË s"Ls k{ t"y;r krt; h". : es k' m"mr} s"Llj> m'. p?vEj{. k' sb k{2 _ j{ j{ ]bm;r}y{. k' el;j k' un k' aNdr q' _ v' wr ]dy' j;t' h". a[r us bCc' m'. un un ]bm;r}y{. k' a;n' pr un k' k}`;~/s{. s' l2n' k} 6mt; us bCc' m'. wr d} geE h{t} h"- a[r vh ]ks}. w} ]bm;r} s' l2>n' k} 6mt; rYt; h" : yh} k;r~ h" LMNT ]ks} w} dv;eE v; eNj'Kxn (p{]ly{ k; `}k; eTy;]d) k' ]v½5 h"- Ky{.]k jb phl' h} hm;r' aNdr sb k/9 m[j?d h" t{ ]fr p{]ly{ eTy;]d k; eNj'Kxn Ky{. kr lg;n; < keE 2;|K`r{. k; m;nn; h" ]k p{]ly{ k; eNj'Kxn bn' s;1_p".s1 s;l h} h/A _ es k' b;d h} a]ok ]bm;r}y;. a;eE h".- es s' phl' etn} ]bm;r}y;. nh}. q}. !! y?`Äs m'. bCc' k; ]vk;s k/9 es p@k;r h{t; h" _ a;y/ 4-5sPt;h 6 sPt;h

]vk;s k} ]Sq]t bCc' k; s;eEj> Ak m`r k' d;n' ]jtn; bCc' k' ]sS`mj> x/# h{ j;t' h".- h;`E w} k;m krn; x/# kr d't; h"- 9{`' 9{`' ]lMb=j> b2>j> (limbs buds) phl' h;q- ]fr p;.v bnn' lgt' h". : k/9 mn/Zyà k} trh ]dYn' lg'g;- n;k k} jgh uw:2> s} a;y'g}- j[ y; jb2>; bn'g;- a;.Y' k} jgh bn'g} : es k} 7 sPt;h lMb;eE 1¼ ” y; 3 s"N`}m}`r ]lMbj> y;]n h;q-p"r- a;.Y'- k;n-m/.h- n;k- p/½z y; Sµ} SpZ` ]dYn;- h;`E l.Gj>- ]k2>n}y'.- ]lvr8 sPt;h 2;eEj"]S`v `Ä"k- b@'n k; q{2>; bnn; 9 sPt;h lMb;eE 3.5 s"N`}m}`r- vjn 1 g@;m- h;q{. v; p;.v k; ]dYn;- p"N´}y;j> k; k;m krn; x/# krn;- us k' s;q h} sb `Ä{f{Bl;S`s k; k;m sm;Pt h{n;- a[r un sb `Ä{f{Bl;S`s k; sm;Pt h{n; y; mrn;- bCc' k' sb g@.]qy{. k; bn j;n; a;g' Y;l} b3>n' k; k;m rh'g; 11 sPt;h lMb;eE 6.5 s"N`}m}`r- a;.Y{ k' pd{E k; a;ps m'. ]mln; 9`' m]hn' tk- ab y?`Äs b3>n; x/# kr d'g;bCc' k' s"Ks k' p@]t m;l?m h{n; 14 sPt;h lMb;eE 13.0 s"N`}m}`r- Y?n k; bnn; c[q' m]hn' s' h} x/# h{ j;t; h" gwE hr sPt;h m'. kr}b 1.5cm s' b3>t; j;t; h" : t}sr' mh}n' m'. usk} l.b;eE 9 to 18 cms. (3½ to 7 inches); p;.cv' mh}n' m'. 25 cms. (10 inches); s;tv' mh}n' m'. vjn b3>n' lgt; h" : p?r' term k; vjn (complete term weight) - 3 to 4 kgs. tq; 50 cms. (20 inches) tk lMb; h{ j;t; h" : t}sr' mh}n' tk Pl"s'N`; k' d{n{. m"Mb@'n ]js' k{]ry;|n tq; a|]Mny;|n Chorion and Amnion kht' h".- v' j/2> j;t' h". : gwE amniotic fluid m'. s/r]6t h{kr us} m'. Svt.μ #p s' t"rt; rht; h" : t}sr' mh}n' s' bCc; ]js a|]Mny{]`k Fl?e2 (amniotic fluid) m'. rht; h" us} m'. p'x;b w} krt; rht; h" a[r us} k{ q{2; p}t; w} rht; h" : t}sr' mh}n' m'. Pl"s'N`; gwE s' 9h g/n; b2; h{ j;t; h"- l']kn b;d m'. vh hr ]dn shrink h{t; rht; h" a[r jnm k' smy tk i`kr gwE k; 1/5 v; w;g vjn tk h} rh j;t; h" : agr bCc' k; vjn at birth 2.5 kg s' km h" t{ n[ mh}n' k' b;d jnm h{n' pr w} us' premature p@}m|Cy{r bCc; h} kh; j;y'g; : Premature bCc' k' lungs developed nh}.. h{t'- es}]ly' uNh'.. incubator m'.. rY; j;t; h" : l']kn a;|Ks}jn k} m;µ; sh} h{n} c;]hy' : km nh}.. h{n; c;]hy' : a[r j>r;_s} l;prv;h} s' agr a;|Ks}jn k} m;µ; ²y;d; h{ t{ v' bCc' aNo' h{ j;y'.g' _ es' Retrolental Fibroplasia kht' h".. : bCc; suck krn; y;]n c?sn; tq; swallow krn; y;]n ]ngln; _ y' d{n{. k;yE w} kw} kw} krt; rht; h" _ c;h' vh limited h" es avSq; m'.- pr vh krt; h" _ s{eE avSq; m'. vh s{t; h" _ j;gt} avSq; m'. vh kw} kw} a;\Y'.. Y{lt; h" v; I;/m;t; h" : j;gt} avSq; m'. es' ²y;d; a;v;j w} s/n;eE d't} h" : Jy;d; light h{ y; m;\ n' ac;nk position change ]ky; y;]n apn} ]Sq]t bdl} t{ us' m;l?m p2>t; h" : hr 3 I;.`;'. k' b;d amniotic fluid change h{ j;t} h" _ hr 12 to 15 hours m'. electrolytes w} change h{ j;t' h".. : Sodium and potassium w} bdl' j;t' h". : p@'gn"Ns} k' b;d agr (6) Rt. Ov for Progesterone – ]dy; j;y t{ stretch marks y;]n gwE k' d[r;n j{ p'` k} Tvc; Y}.c j;n' k' ]nx;n h". v' w} ]nkl j;t' h". : Progesterone k' k;yE _  p@'gn"Ns} tk m"Nss k{ r{kn; 

sw} ]`x?j> tq; m;\s_p']xy{. k{ nrm krn;- Y;s kr y?`Äs tq; usk' sr]vKs (cervix) y;]n %;r k' msLs k{ lc}l; bn;y' rYn;- ] jss' gwE k{ y?`Äs k' a.dr sh} jgh pr a;s;n} s' ]b1;n' m'. mdd h{ :



gwE_o;r~ k' d[r;n y?`Äs Jy;d; s'Ns}]`v (sensitive) h{ t{ 9{`}_m{`} k;r~{. k' ]ly' w} gwEp;t h{ skt; h" : t{ us smy p@{j'S`'r{n y?`Äs k} irritability y;]n ]c3>]c3>;pn k{ km krt; h"- ]jss' gwE p;t k' a;s;r km h{ j;t' h". :



y?`Äs k} sr]vKs (cervix of uterus) k{ t"y;r krt; h" ]k bCc' k' jnm k' smy us pr j{ stretching y;]n ]Y.c;v a;y'g; us' vh sh sk' : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-

bCc' k; jnm

BIRTH

A'2Ä}nl Gl".2=s d{n{. ]k2n}j> k' uUpr ]Sqt h". mgr m;. k' p'` k' aNdr un pr k/9 extra muscles h{t' h". a[r unk; vjn bCc' k' jNm k' smy k' Ak m;s b;d s' double y;]n d/g/n; h{t; h" : y' bCc' k' ]ly' jNm s' phl' es' b;hr a;n' k' ]ly' t"y;r krt' h". : y' jNm k' b;d s' k/9 Jy;d; hormones bn;t' h". : y' extra glycogen bCc' k' xr}r m'. jm; kr d't' h".. Y;s kr liver and heart m'. t;]k Oxygen k} d'r} s'- •mtlb jNm k' b;d bCc' n' t/rNt nh}. r{y; t{– k{eE heart k{ n/ks;n n h{ a[r vh beat krn; bNd n kr d' : y' ºdy k{ bh/t mjb?t bn; d't' h". t;]k ]ks} k;r~ vx tkl}f n h{ _ bCc' k{ m;\ k' p'` m'. placenta h} s' oxygen ] mlt} h" : y' lungs k{ jNm k' ]p9l' d{ mh}n{. m'. bh/t h} mjb?t kr d't' h.." t;]k Xv;s l'n' m'. k{eE tkl}f n h{ : yh} k;r~ h" ]k premature bCc' apn' a;p Xv;s nh}. l' skt' _ tkl}f h{t} h" _ Ky{....]k n[v'. mh}n' m'. h} lungs bnt' h". : ]p9l' 1½ mh}n; bCc; bh/t I;?mt; h" b;hr a;n' k} t"y;r} k' ]ly' _ kw} ]sr uUpr kw} n}c' _ p}9' ]sr n}c' rht; h" _ bLk} ] p9l' ]dn{. womb y;]n gwE;xy k' s;q n}c' utr j;t; h" t;]k m;\ k{ Xv;s l'n' m'. tkl}f n h{ _ Ky{..]k bladder pr bCc' k; vjn a; j;t; h" : ]fr m;. k{ b;r b;r p'x;b a;t; h"- Ky{..]k bladder Jy;d; nh}. f?l skt; vjn k' k;r~ : jnm k' phl' tk bCc' k' l.Gj> k;m nh}. krt' a[r uNh'. k'vl 10% rË ]mlt; h": us smy a;|Ks}jn Pl"s'N`; s' p@;Pt h{t; h" j{ tb ]lvr j"s; w} k;m krt; h" : jnm s' phl' t}n n]lk;y'. h{t} h". j{ bCc' k' ºdy- ]lvr tq; l.Gj> k{ b;ep;s (bypass) krt} h".- y;]n en t}n{. a.g{. k' k;yE en t}n n]lk;a{. %;r; h{t' h". : en n]lk;a{. k{ Foramen ovale, Ductus arteriosus Av. Ductus Venosus kht' h". : jnm k' b;d jb y' t}n{. a.g 1}k s' k;m x/# krn' lgt' h". tb y' t}n{. b;ep;s jnm k' 48 i.`{. k' a.dr apn' a;p b.d h{ j;t' h". y; YTm h{ j;t' h". : Foramen ovale _ f{r;m'n a{v;l' _ f}`s y;]n w@?~ k' ºdy k' d{n{. atria k' b}c k' opening k{ kht' h". : Ductus Arteriosus - 2K`s a;r`}]ry{ss _ yh m/Åy pLm{nr} a;r`r} (the main pulmonary artery) a[r Ay{r`; (aorta) k' b}c rË p@v;h k; m;gE ( channel of communication) h" : Ductus Venosus - 2K`s v}n{ss _ yh n;2? k} umbilical vein k} p}9'v;l} 9{`} x;Y; h" j{ ]lvr k{ b;ep;s krk' eNf}]ryr v'n; k;v; m'. rË l'kr j;t} h" : jnm k' Ak s' t}n i.`{. k' a.dr 2K`s v}n{ss k} d}v;r k' msLs j{r s' s.k/]ct h{ j;t} h". a[r es n]lk; y; rSt' k{ sd; k' ]ly' b.d kr d'.g': f}`s y;]n gwE k' bCc' k' ]ly' X-ray h;]nk;rk h{t' h". : un ]kr~{. k' radiation gwE k' s"Ls k{ nZ` kr skt' h".- a[r unk' ´{m{s{m k' structure y;]n bn;v` k{ bdl skt' h". ]jss' as;m;Ny ]vk;s (abnormal development) h{n' k' a;s;r b3> j;t} h". : a.g?1' bNd m/1=1} m.'. h;..' t{ brain k;m nh}..…kr rh; h{t; h" : Fetus y;]n gwE m'. w} yh} position y;]n ]Sq]t h{t} h" : ]f`=s (fits) k' smy w} Vy]Ë k} m/`=1} A's} h{t} h" ]k a.g?1; a.dr a[r c;r{. u\g]ly{. usk' uUpr h{t' h". _ es ]Sq]t m'. b@'n k;m nh}. krt; : yh ]Sq]t m.d b/]5 k} w} Ak phc;n h" : a;m Vy]Ë k' xr}r m'. a;|Ks}jn y/Ë Y?n a[r 2}_a;|Ks}jn'`'2 y;]n a;|Ks}jn_r]ht Y?n A's' d{ p@k;r k' Y?n h{t' h". : mgr m;\ k' p'` m'. bCc' k' xr}r m'. Y?n alg_alg nh}. h{t; _ aC9; Y?n phl' ]sr k' w;g m'. j;t; h" b;d m'. n}c' k' w;g m'. j;t; h" : m;q; 9;t} s' b2>; h{t; h"- h;q p"r{. s' Jy;d; l.b' h{t' h".- SkLl (skull) y;]n m;q' k} h2=2} keE `/k2>{. s' j/2>; h/a; h{t; h"t;]k jNm k' smy Skl db kr crush y;]n c?r_c?r n h{ j;y: Brain phl' bnt; h" : Implantation - y;]n y?`Äs m'. a.2; apn} sh} jgh ph/.cn' k' b;d _ p@{j'S`'r{n h[rm{n AN2{m"`Ä}ym k' cells k{ bh/t m²;b?t bn; d't; h" : Av. vh us' wrp?r nutrients y;]n p{z~ d't; h" t;]k conceptus y;]n k[Ns}v ]ky; h/a; gwE k' bCc' k{ l;w h{ : Implantation k' b:d- trophoblast cells en AN2{m"`Ä}ym k' cells pr hml; krk' uNh'. Y;t' h". a[r enk' nutrients s' h} conceptus k{ x/# m'. Y/r;k ]mlt; h" : Conceptus k' Y?n vg"rh bnn' k' b;d _ kr}b a;1 sPt;h k' b;d _ yh k;m bNd h{ j;t; h" a[r bCc' k} growth x/# h{ j;t} h" : Implantation k' 16-v'. ]dn Y?n k} supply x/# h{ j;t} h" : Fetus k; Y?n d{ umbilical arteries s' j;n; x/# kr d't; h" Av. Ak umbilical vein s' pure Y?n a;n; x/# h{ j;t; h" : d{n{. k; Y?n _ m;\ k; Av. bCc' k; _ alg alg h{t; h"- tq; d{n{. Y?n k} d?r} 3.4 e.c h" : gwE k; rË j{ Pl"s'N`; m'. a;t; h"- usm'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 h{t; h"- pr esk; a]ok;.x w;g gwE k' rË s' diffusion %;r; m;. k' rË k' a.dr i/s j;t; h" : Loss of carbon dioxide makes the fetal blood more alkaline, whereas increased carbon dioxide in the maternal blood makes it more acidic. y;]n k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 ]nkl j;n' s' gwE k; rË Jy;d; A'Lkl} y/Ë h{t; h"- jb ]k k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 Jy;d; b3>n' s' m;. k; rË Jy;d; A']s]2k h{ j;t; h" : en k;r~{. s' gwE k' rË m'. a;|Ks}jn k' s;q j/2n; k} 6mt; b3> j;t} h"- jb ]k m;. m'. vh 6mt; km h{ j;t} h" : es k; mtlb h" p@;~;y;m s' pH of blood 1}k h{ skt; h" : xr}r m'. oxygen k} m;µ; b3;n' s' acidity i.e. carbon dioxide km h{g} y; alkalinity b3> j;y'g} : m;\ k' p'` s' b;hr ]nkln' k' ]ly' Mature foetus k;f} t"y;]ry;\ krt} h" j{ un h{rm{Ns s' h{t} h" j{ usk' Adrenal glands bn;t' h".. _ t;]k b;hr k} d/]ny; m'. us' k{eE tkl}f n h{ : bCc; k; ]sr n}c' ]Sqr h{ j;n' k{ Cephalic presentation kht' h" _ agr ]sr uUpr h{ t{ Breech presentation kht' h". : Labor y;]n p@s?]t k' phl' dd{E. k' a;n' k' d{ t}n sPt;h phl' bCc; Av. p"r n}c' utr j;t' h".- ]js' lightening kht' h".- _ t;]k m;\ a;r;m s' Xv;s l' sk' : yh am/mn white women y;]n ]vd'x k' g{r' a[rt{. h} m'. h{t; h" : jNm s' tkr}bn Ak mh}n; phl' bCc; d;n} k' m/\h m'. ]Sqr h{ j;t; h"- ]js' engagement of the head kht' h". : yh phl' bCc' m'. j>r; Oy;n d'n; p2>t; h" _d? sr' Av. a;g' bCc;'. k' ]ly' yh A's; bt;t; h" ]k m;\ k; pelvis k; size and shape 1}k h" : p@sv ddE k; a;r.w :- s;r} pregnancy m'. uterus r{j ]sk/2>t; rht; h" j{ usk; aWy;s h" : yh m;\ k{ m;l?m nh}. p2>t;kw} kw} h} m;l?m p2>t; h" : A's; lgt; h" ]k yh tb h{t; h" jb p@{j'S`'r{n k} m;µ; km h{ j;t} h" : ab A's; sm4; j; rh; h" ]k x;yd yh avSq; foetus y;]n gwE k; bCc; h} l;t; h" hormonal reaction s' : bCc' k' brain m'. phl' hypothalamus s' h} link h{t; h" _ agr yh theory 1}k h" t{ x;yd ACTH hormone 9{2>t; h" t;]k bCc' k; A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 corticosteroids Jy;d; m;µ; m'. bn; sk' j{ bCc' k' ]ly' bh/t j#r} h" : y' S`}r;|e2=s m;. k' xr}r k' a.dr h{rm{Ns k' b"l'.s m'. bdl;v l;t' h". a[r usk' ]`x?j> k{ p@{S`;Gl"]N2Ns h{rm{Ns bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". p@{S`;Gl"]N2Ns _ enm'. h{rm{Ns- ]v`;]mn=s ANj;>em=s a[r k|`|]lS`=s en sw} k' k/9_k/9 g/~ x;]ml h". : x;yd xr}r k' sw} ]`x?j> k' a.dr p@{S`;Gl"]N2Ns k/9 m;µ; m'. h". : PgX n;mk Ak p@{S`;Gl"]N2n h" j{ a;r`r}j> k' d}v;r m'. bnt' h". : yh q@;Mbs bnn' nh}. d't; a[r a;r`r}j> k' Sm?t msLs k{ ]rl|Ks kr;t; h" : p@{S`;Gl"]N2Ns bh/t h} km m;µ; m'. ]nklt' h". l']kn y?`Äs k' m;\s_p']xy{. k{ bh/t j{r s' ]sk/2n' k' ]ly' p@w;v 2;lt' h". : bCc' k' jNm k' process k{ labor kht' h."- Ky{..]k es smy m;\ k{ extraordinary y;]n as;m;Ny m'hnt krn} p2t} h" : jNm k' smy bCc' k' ]sr k; w;g ]nkln; x/# h{ j;y'g; _ us k} 1{.2} 9;t} k' s;q lg j;t} h" a[r vh b;hr ]nkln; x/# h{ j;y'g; : j"s' j"s' cervix f"ln; x/# h{ j;y'g;- v"s' v"s' bCc; b;hr ]nkln; x/# kr d'g; : jb sr]vKs p?r; f"l j;t; h" tb y?`Äs- sr]vKs a[r vj;en; Ak continuous curved passage bn j;t' h". ]js' birth canal kht' h". t;]k bCc; k} ]2l}vr} es d/]ny; m'. a;s;n} s' h{ sk' : sb s' phl' labour k} first stage h{n' pr amniotic sac y;]n q"l} f`t} h" a[r amniotic fluid b;hr ]nklt} h" : usm'. ]ckn} My?ks h"- t;]k bCc; a;r;m s' b;hr ]nkl sk' : es' "breaking of waters" kht' h". :. jnm a[r usk' b;d :jb cervix ]bLk/l Y/l j;t; h" t{ apn' a;p us} smy m;\ k' pituitary gland s' Ak hormone Oxytocin ] nkl'g; j{ bCc' d;n} k' uUpr k' w;g k{ shrink h{n' k' ]ly' mjb?r kr'g; Av. y?`Äs shrink h{n; x/# h{ j;y'g; a[r bCc; b;hr ]nkl a;y'g; : jNm k' b;d bCc; sf'd Av. us k' n}c' g@' r.g k; h{t; h" Ky{..]k usk; blood circulation y;]n rË s.c;r aw} tk x/# nh}. h/a; h{t; : cNd Xv;s l'n' k' b;d us k} body k; r.g ]p.k h{ j;t; h" _ qPp2> m;rkr ½l;y; j;t; h" _ n;# k; okok krn; bNd h{n' k' b;d h} us' k;` kr b;.on; c;]hy' _ Ak ]sr; bCc' k' p'` s' Ak e.c tk k} d?r} tk k;`; j;t; h" ]fr b;.o; j;t; h" : cNd ]dn{.. b;d vh apn' a;p s?Y kr ]nkl j;t; h" pr esk; Oy;n rYn; j#r} h" : d?sr; ]sr; b;.okr 9{2> ]dy; j;t; h" : q{2}> d'r k' b;d q"l} b;hr a; j;t} h" : k;`n' s' k{eE n/ks;n nh}. h{t; _ k;`n; h} p2>t; h" : bCc' k' xr}r k' uUpr k' amniotic fluid k{ p?r} s;f nh}. krn} c;]hy' jNm s' a;1 ]dn tk _ yh bCc' k{ ]ks} w} p@k;r k' infection s' bc;y'g; : c?.]k bCc; g}l} amniotic fluid m'. rht; h"- us s' s;r' xr}r pr 4/r]r>y'. h{t} h".- es}]ly' us' grm p;n} s' hLk; nhl;n; c;]hy' a[r nrm kMbl m.' lp'`kr a;r;m ]dl;n; c;]hy' a[r m;\ k{ avXy d'n; c;]hy' t;]k usk' xr}r k} grm} usk{ s;r} umr y;d rh' a[r yh} us k' xr}r k; r;j; rh' : bCc' k; vjn 3 s' 4 ]kl{ h{t; h' : es smy bCc' k{ s?jn rht} h" _ yh xkl 40 ]dn tk bdlt} rht} h" : n;2? k;`n' k' 20 ]mN;` k' b;d placenta y?`Äs s' b;hr a; j;y'g; _ Placenta b;hr ]nklt' h} uterus s' Ak hormone ] nkl'g; j{ pituitary gland k{ prolactin hormone 9{2>n' k' ]ly' uks;y'g; a[r m;\ k} breasts m'. d?o utr a;y'g; : l']kn d?o qn s' b;hr ]nk;ln' k; k;m oxytocin homone kr'g; : yh hormone m;\ k' pituitary gland s' tb ]nkl'g; j"s' h} bCc; m;\ k' qn k{ m/\h lg;y'g; _ yh d?o bCc' k{ j#r ]pl;n; c;]hy' jb tk p}y' : yh d?o ]pl;n' s' s;r; xr}r m;\ k; aC9; rht; h"- a;'j a;t} h" : d?o ]pl;n' s' breast m'. k{eE n/ks;n y; 3}l; pn nh}. a;t; _ a[r bCc' s' m{h b3>t; h" : aKsr d'Y; gy; ]k jb tk bCc; d?o p}y'g; d?sr' bCc' k} s.w;vn; nh}. rht} : ]fr w} ]rSk (risk) nh}. l'n; c;]hy' Ky{.]k hm'x; A's; h} h{g; yh kh nh}. skt' _ s{ k;N2{m eTy;]d s' s/r6; krn; c;]hy': agr l2>k} p"d; h/eE h{ t{ 40 ]dn m'. a[r agr l2>k; h{ t{ 80 ]dn m'. uterus apn} same xKl (size) m'. a;y'g; : yh} k;r~ h" ]k hm;r' d'x m'. jnm k' c;l}sv'. ]dn k{ function krt' h". :

bCc' k' phl' Xv;s l't' h} heart m'. k; hole Ak flap s' bNd h{ j;t; h" : kw} kw} ]ks} k; hole bNd nh}. h{t; t{ b2>; h{n' pr operations %;r; bNd ]ky; j;t; h" _ b;k} sb bypass 15 ]dn k' aNdr bNd h{ j;y'.g' _ s{y' s{y' n}c' k; w;g bCc' k; l;l a[r uUpr k; p}l; p2> j;t; h" jm}n k} gravity k' k;r~ _ ]fr Y?n k; d[r; 1}k h{n' pr sb 1}k 1;k h{ j;y'g; : hr bCc' k{ jNm s' h} un sw} r{g{. k' p@]t eMy?]n`} (immunity ) h{t} h" ]jns' ]p9l' sw} p}]3>y{. k' v.xj{. n' s;mn; ] ky; h{ : yh} k;r~ h" ]k g/½j} b;r_b;r kht' h". ]k p{]ly{ tq; aNy `}k; eTy;]d lg;n' k} k{eE j#rt nh}. h" : agr ]ks} bCc' k' d{n{. p"r b;hr k} a{r f"lt' rh' t{ sm4 l'. ]k vh n[rml ]2l}vr} s' nh}.- b]Lk aKsr ]sj']ryn a;|pr'xn %;r; p"d; h/a; h{t; h" : yh avl{kn pr a;o;]rt g/½j} k} Ak an/pm Y{j h" :

Diary 23rd Jan '90

gwEvt} a[rt{. k{ tq; m"Nss k' d[r;n a[rt{. k{ Ny?r{q'r'p} upc;r d't' smy ]nMn c}j{. k; Oy;n rYn; c;]hy' :gwEvt} a[rt{. k' ]ly' Ny?r{q'r'p} upc;r

m"Nss k' d[r;n a[rt{. k; Ny?r{q'r'p} upc;r

Fever h{ t{ ‘Gal-Liv’ d' skt' h." : Pregnancy m'. u]L`y'. h{ t{ ‘Big Toe Gas’ y; ‘20TF / 6NNS ‘Gas’ d' skt' h." :

Menses k' d[r;n ddE h{ t{ (30) Medulla d'.

Clots a; rh' h{. t{ w} ddE h{g; : s{ agr ¹;v km h{ tb Kl[` k{ Y{ln' k' ]ly' u]ct h'p;]rn `Ä}`=m'.` d' skt' h." : agr m'Ns's bh/t h} km h{ t{ us' 1}k krn' k; `Ä}`=m'.` d' skt' h." : agr m'Ns's c;r ]dn s' Jy;d; h{ y; agr ¹;v bh/t h} Jy;d; h{ ]k v}kn's lg' t{ ddE k' Pv;e.` k' an/s;r u]ct upc;r d'n;: aNyq; m"Nss k' d[r;n k{eE aNy upc;r nh}. d'n; :

agr abortion h{n' k; 2r h{ t{ ‘WD’ `Ä}`=m'.` d' skt' h." : Thymus nh}. d'n; : agr m;r lg} h{ t{ Injury treatment without thymus d' skt' h". : h;yp{ q;er[e2=_ej>m- h;eE b} p} y; aNy k{eE A's} p@{Bl'm h{ ]jss' bCc' pr d/Zp@w;v p2> skt; h{ t{ us k' ]ly' u]ct upc;r j#r d'n; h" :

]k2n}j> a[r unk' f.Kxn Functions of kidneys mn/Zy k' xr}r m'. d{ ]k2>n} h". p'` k' p}9' _ Ak d;.eE trf- a[r Ak b;.eE trf : c?.]k hm;r; ]lvr k; d;]hn; w;g b;y}. trf k' w;g s' a;k;r m'. q{2; b2>; h"- s{ d;.eE trf k} ]k2n} b;.eE ]k2n} s' k/9 n}c' h{t} h" : ]k2n}j> k; size h" _ lMb;eE 4½ e.c ; c[2;eE 2 s' 3 e.c tk ; a[r ghr;eE y; m{`;p; 11/8 e.c. hr Ak ]k2n} k; vjn kr}b 140 g@;m h" : hr ]k2n} k' aNdr s' Ak n]lk; ]nklt} h" ]js' y?r'`r (ureter) kht' h". : d{n{. y? r'`r m'. b?\d_b?\d krk' p'x;b ek`=1; h{kr Bl"2r (bladder) y;]n p'x;b k} q"l} m'. w'j; j;t; h" : ]k2n}j> p'r}`{]nym (peritoneum) k' b;hr} prt s' ]`x?j> %;r; j/2>' h/y' h". a[r m;\s_p']xy{. pr rht' h". : yh} k;r~ h" ]k an'k mr}j{. k{ Raman treatment l;w d't; h" : ]k2n} k' m/Åy k;yE _ hr ]k2>n} m'. ds l;Y k' kr}b n"fr[Nj> (nephrons) h{t' h". : enk; m/Åy k;yE h" rË k{ ]fL`r (filter) krn; y;]n bY?b} s' 9;nn; : jb rË ]k2n} k' aNdr s' g/jrt; h" tb y' usm'. s' RBC, WBC eTy;]d sw} s"Ls (cells) k{ 9{2kr aNy s;r} i/l} h/y} c}j{. k{ ]fL`r y;]n alg kr d't} h". : A's; es]ly' ]ky; j;t; h"- t;]k k{eE w} f;lt? c}j> glt} s' n rh j;y : Ky{.]k rË etn} t'j} s' g/jrt; h" ]k vh;. time nh}. h" 9;.`n' k; _ t{ tube k;f} lMb} h"- s{ b;d m'. j{ c;]hy' us' v;ps l' ]ly; j;t; h" :

]fr alg k} gy} c}j{. m'. s' j#r} c}j'.. j"s' vitamins, amino acids, nutrients, glucose eTy;]d sw} p{z~ tTv- tq; h{rm{NsANj;>em=s eTy;]d ]jtn} m;µ; m'. xr}r k{ c;]hy' utn} m;µ; m'. d/b;r; ]ml; d't} h"... _ • es' reabsorption kht' h". ) – a[r b;k} k{ p'x;b %;r; b;hr j;n' d't} h". : p'x;b ] nk;ln' k} ]´y; k{ y?]rn'xn (urination) y; ]mK`=y?]rxn (micturition) kht' h". : ud;hr~ k' ]ly'- kw} agr mn/Zy Jy;d; m}1; Y; l't; h" t{ j#rt s' j{ Jy;d; x/gr y;]n m}1; h" us' p'x;b k' r;St' ]nk;l d't} h".. : v"s' h} ]ks} ]dn agr v'fr (wafers) y; ]cPs (chips) eTy;]d nmk}n Y;y; j;y' t{ xr}r m'. nmk b3> j;y'g} t{ Py;s Jy;d; lg'g} a[r mn/Zy p;n} Jy;d; ]py'g;- ]js s' p'x;b Jy;d; a;y'g; a[r ]k2n}y'. us Jy;d; nmk k{ p'x;b %;r; b;hr ]nk;l d'.g} : y' sw} k;yE etn} Y?b} s' _ automatically y;]n apn'_a;p _ h{t' rht' h". ]k hm s{c w} nh}. skt' : l']kn yh k;yE w} lg;t;r nh}. h{n; c;]hy' : es]ly' mn/Zy k{ s.ym s' hr c}j Y;n} c;]hy' :

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esk' al;v;- dv;ey;\- h}m{Gl{]bn k; ]bl}#]bn (bilirubin)- y; ]v]w¸ h{rm{Ns k' cy;pcy %;r; j{ f;lt? an;vXyk c}j'. (metabolites of various hormones ) t"y;r h{t' h". j"s' _ creatinine, urea, uric acid, ammonium, sulphates eTy;]d sw} c}j{. k{ y' xr}r s' b;hr ]nk;l d't} h". :  Ak a;m mn/Zy k' xr}r m'. p;\c l}`r rË rht; h"- ºdy Ak ]mn` m'. p;.c ]l`r p.p kr d't; h" : usm'. s' 1/5 v; w;g zyn Ak l}`r Y?n k{ k2n}j> p@Ty'k ]mn` m'. ]fL`r krt} h". _ mtlb p;.c ]mn` m'. xr}r k; s;r; Y?n Ak b;r en s' ]nkl kr ]fL`r h{ j;y'g; tq; 24 I;.`' m'. (24 x 60/5 = 288) y;]n kr}b 300 b;r rË en m'. s' ]nklt; h" : Ak l}`r Y?n m'. 10% y;]n 100 ml. m;e´{ Py?]rf;e2 (micro purified)- y;]n p?r} trh x/5 h{kr s;f ]ky; j;t; h" : hr I;N`' m'. s;1 ]l`r Y?n enk' aNdr s' g/jrt; h" ]jsm'. 6 ]l`r x/5 rË ]nklt; h" : es p@k;r Ak ]dn m'. kr}b 30 b;r s;r; k; s;r; Y?n m;eE ´{]fL`r (microfilter) h{t; h" :  ]k2>n} 24 iN`{. m'. km s' km Ak s' 2'3> l}`r p'x;b bn;t} h".. : ]k2>n}y{. m'. b;r}_b;r} s' contraction tq; ]rl|Ks'xn k} Ak lhr s} clt} rht} h"- j{ p'x;b k{ d{n{. ]k2>n}y{. k} `=y?Bj (ureters) m'. ok'lt} h" _jh;. s' p'x;b Bl"2>r m'. jm; h{n; x/# h{ j;t; h" a[r q"l} wrn' pr p'x;b ]nkln' s' y; krn' s' Y;l} h{t; h" : ]k2>n}y{. k} lhr'. ds s' t}s s"kN2> b;d clt} h". : l'`} avSq; m'. h;`E Y;l} p;.c l}`r Y?n ]nk;lt; h" hr ]mn` m'.- jb ]k vjn u1;n' pr- y; Vy;y;m y; aNy w;r} k;yE krn' pr Jy;d; s' Jy;d; b}s s' pCc}s ] l`r tk ]nk;lt; h"- s{ r;t k{ l'`' h{n' k' k;r~ s/bh y; ]dn s' km p'x;b a;t; h"- Ky{.]k ]k2n}y{. k; ]fL`Ä'xn (filtration) rË k' p@v;h pr ]nwEr h" :  Oy;n rh' ]k agr ]ks} Vy]Ë k' l.Gj>- p'` y;]n p;cn s.Sq;n Av. ]k2>n} ]bLk/l 1}k h{ t{ vh kw} b}m;r h{ h} nh}. skt; : s{ en sb k; 1}k h{n; bh/t h} a;vXyk h" : esk' ]ly' sw} q'r']pS` km s' km mh}n' m'. Ak b;r Oxygen, P. Heparin Av. Kidney clear treatment l' ]ly; kr'. t{ v' b}m;r} a;n' k' phl' h} apn' a;p k{ bc; skt' h". : ]k2n}j> k' aNy k;yE  d{n{. ]k2n} ]mlkr xr}r k' fluids m'. A']s2 tq; A'Lkl} k} b"l'Ns k{ bn;y' rYt' h". ]jss' rË k; pH 7.36 s' 7.44 k' b}c m'. rht; h" : Acid y; base ]ks} k; w} km y; ²y;d; h{n' s' xr}r k{ bh/t n/ks;n h{g; : y;]n xr}r m'. acidosis y; alkalosis k} g2>b]2>y{. k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" ]k2n}j> k; km k;m krn; :  jb 1.2} Jy;d; h{t} h" t{ xr}r k' sb organs k{ grm rYn' k' ]ly' us smy rË k; p@v;h Jy;d; h{t; h" : s{ ]k2n} sd}Ey{. m'. gm}Ey{. s' Jy;d; k;m krt} h". : es k' k;r~ p'x;b Jy;d; a;y'g; :  ]k2n}j> y?]rn %;r; xr}r m'. s{]2ym a[r p{`"]xym k; b"l'.s (balance) bn;y' rYt} h". : jb v' nmk k{ b;hr j;n' d't} h". tb v' p{`;]xym k{ r{k l't} h".- us' ]nkln' nh}. d't}. : a[r nmk b3> j;n' s' v' p;'`;]xym k{ b;hr ]nk;l d't} h". ]jss' usk} m;µ km h{ j;y'g} :  agr s{]2ym- p{`"]xym y; p;n} ]ks} k} w} ]mkd;r j>#rt s' Jy;d; h{ t{ us' xr}r s' b;hr ]nk;l d't} h". : enm'. s' ]ks} k} w} m;µ; 1}k krn; h{ t{ hm'. Kidney clear treatment d'n; h" :  Erythropoietin k; uTp;dn _ ]k2n} k; Ak m/Åy d;]yTv h" _ jb xr}r m'. oxygen k} m;µ; km h{ t{ j#rt k' an/s;r b{n m"r{ y;]n h2=2} k' a.dr k' mJj; k{ RBC’s bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;n; : jb ]ks} k;r~ s' a[]Ksj>n k} m;µ; km h{ j;t} h"- us' h"p;|]Ksy; •hypoxia) kht' h". : esk; Ak ud;hr~ h" high altitude mtlb ph;2>} el;k;- jh;. pr hv; m'. a[]Ksj>n k} m;µ; km h{t} h" : Xv;s ]´y; k' d[r;n yh km_a[]Ksj>n_v;l; Y?n ]fL`r h{n' k' ]ly' j"s' h} r}nl a;`Er} %;r; ]k2>n} m'. s' g/jr'g;- us} smy ]k2>n}y' Ar}q@{p{eE`}n (erythropoietin) n;m k; h[rm{n bn;y'.g} j{ b{n m"r{ (bone marrow) m'. j"s' h} j;y'g;- b{n m"r{ r"2 Bl2> s"Llj> (RBC’s y;]n l;l rË k{]xk; ) bn;n; x/# kr d'.g} : ]fr jb mn/Zy ph;2} el;k; s' n}c' a; j;t; h" a[r Y?n m'. oxygen k} m;µ; b3> j;n' s' bone marrow tb tk ny' RBC’s nh}. bn;y'g} jb tk ]k Y?n m'. b3>' h/A RBC YTm n h{ j;y' : RBC’s k} m;µ; a]ok h{n' k' k;r~ h} j{ l{g 9/]`=`y{. k' ]ly' ph;2} el;k' m'. j;t' h". v' vh;\ s' a;n' k' k/9 ]dn tk Jy;d; g{r' ]dYt' h". : xr}r k' hr w;g m'. py;EPt a;|Ks}jn k' ]ly' h}m{Gl{]bn 12-16 tk rhn} c;]hy' j{ tw} h{g; agr Bl2 m'. RBC’s py;EPt m;µ; m'. h{ : xr}r m'. A]rq@{p{y']`n d{ jgh bnt; h" _ ]jsm'. 85% ]k2>n} bn;t} h" a[r 15% ]lvr bn;t; h" : jb d{n{. ]k2>n} ] bLk/l ]bg2> j;t} h". t{ A]rq@{p{y']`n nh}. bn'g;- s{ bone marrow k{ s.d'x nh}. j;y'g; a[r RBC’s bn'.g' nh}. : us smy ]lvr k' bn;y' h/A 15% h[rm{n k' k;r~ RBC’s k; uTp;dn h{g; j#r- l']kn usk} m;µ; km h{g} : ess' r{g} k' Y?n m'. Hb y;]n h}m{Gl{]bn k} m;µ; 12 s' i`kr 8 s' 9.50 tk rht} h" : agr ]lvr A]rq@{p{y']`n n bn;t; t{ rË k' aw;v m'. Vy]Ë k} m[t h{t} : [b{n m"r{ k' RBC’s a]vk]st (immature) Av. Vy;s (diameter) m'. b2>' h{t' h". : t{ y' s"Ls k' aNdr i/s nh}. skt' : uNh'. mature y;]n t"y;r h{n' k' ]ly' 5 ]dn lgt' h". : a[r us maturation k' k;yE k' ]ly' Vitamin B12 a[r folic acid k} w} j#rt h" : ] v`;]mn B12, Y;n; pcn' k' b;d ]lvr m'. S`{r rht; h" a[r f{]lk A']s2 ascending colon k' b"K`}]ry; %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" : ]k2n}y'.

A]rq@{p{y']`n bn;n' k' b;vj?d w}- agr xr}r m'. B12 Av. f{]lk A']s2 k} km} h{ t{ h}m{Gl{]bn nh}. b3>'g; ]

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Renin k; uTp;dn _ yh us Rennin s' ]w¸ h" j{ p'` m'. d?o k' k']sn{j'n (caseinogen) k{ k']sn (casein) m'. bdlt; h" : ]k2n} k; d?sr; m/Åy d;]yTv h" _ r']nn %;r; l{ b} p} k; ]ny.μ~ krn; : ]k2>n}j> m'. ]fL`r'xn (filtration) k; k;yE 1}k s' h{n' k' ]ly' unk' aNdr rË k; p@'xr u]ct h{n; c;]hy' : agr yh p@'xr km h{ j;y tb ]k2n}j> apn; k;yE 1}k s' nh}. kr p;y'.g} : tb ]k2n}j> ]nMn p@k;r s' rË c;p k{ b3>;t} h". _ o rË m'. ]lvr k; bn;y; h/a; A'.]jy{`"Ns}n{j"n (angiotensinogen) n;mk k"m}kl h" : o agr rË k; p@'xr py;EPt n h{ t{ ]k2n} s' Ak ANj;>em ]nkl'g; ]jsk; n;m h" r"]nn o yh r']nn (Renin) ]k2n} %;r; bn;y; Ak Y;s ANj;>em h" j{ rË m'. j{ A'.]jy{`"Ns}n{j"n h"- us' A'Nj}y{`"]Nsn n.br 1 (angiotensin #1) n;mk k"m}kl m'. bdl d't; h" : o vh rË jb l.Gj> k' a.dr ph/\c'g; t{ l.Gj> s' k[Nv]`E.g ANj>;eEm (ACE) n;mk k"m}kl ]nkl'G; j{ A'.]jy{`"Ns}n 1 k{ A'Nj}y{`"]Nsn n.br 2 (angiotensin #2 )m'. bdl d'g; : o A'Nj}y{`"]Nsn n.br 2 Ak bh/t h} x]Ëx;l} v|s{k[]NS`ÄK`r (vaso-constrictor) h"- y;]n esk; g/~ h" ]k usk' p@w;v s' xr}r k} s;r} rË n]lk;y'. 4` s' s.k/]ct h{ j;y'.g} _ ]jss' Bl2> p@'xr b3 j;t; h" : o jb ]k2n}j> k' aNdr rË k; p@'xr py;EPt h{ t{ ]k2n}j> s' r']nn ]nkln; bNd h{ j;y'g; a[r A'.]jy{`"Ns}n n.br 2 bnn; b.d h{ j;y'g; : r']nn A'.]jy{`"Ns}n ]sS`m Renin Angiotensin System rË m'. A'.]jy{`"Ns}n{j"n (angiotensinogen) n;mk Ak Pl;Sm; p@{`}n (plasma protein) h{t; h" : jb xr}r m'. ]ks} k;r~ s' b} p} km h{t; h"- t{ ]k2n}j> rË k{ 1}k s' ]fL`r nh}. kr p;y'.g} : ess' rË m'. urea, creatinine j"s' anc;h' vSt/a{. k} jm;v` h{g} ]jss' xr}r k{ n/ks;n h{g; : A's; n h{- usk' ]ly' ]k2n}j> k' Gl{m'#ls (glomerulus) k' p;s k' JG s"Ls n;mk s"Ls h". ] jns' r']nn (Renin) n;mk Anj>;em ]nklt; h" : yh ANj;>em tb ]nkl'g; jb ]k2n}j> k' a.dr rË k; p@v;h j#rt s' km h{g; : rË m'. angiotensinogen h{ t{ r']nn us' A'.]jy{`"Ns}n 1 (AT1) m'. convert kr d'g; y;]n bdl d'g; (Gl{m'#ls y;]n ]k2n}j> k} m/Åy 9ln} ) (JG cells = juxta-glomerular cells jKS`; Gl{m'#lr s"Ls ) A'.]jy{`"Ns}n #1 (AT1) jb Bl2 m'. g/jrt; h/a; l.Gj> tk ph/\c'g; tb l.Gj> s' ACE n;mk ANj;>em ]nkl'g; j{ us A'.]jy{`"Ns}n #1 k{ A'.]jy{`"Ns}n #2 y;]n A'.]jy{`"Ns}n n.br d{ m'. bdl d'g; (ACE = Angiotensin Converting enzyme ) Angiotensin #2 - ]js' s.6'p m'. AT2 ]lYt' h".- yh b} p} k{ t/rNt b3>;n' v;l; Ak aTyNt p@w;vx;l} k"m}kl h" : AT2 ] nMn tr}k{. s' k;yE krt; h" _ phl; _ vh Ak bh/t h} x]Ëx;l} vaso-constrictor h" { y;]n usk' p@w;v s' s;r' rË n]lk;y'. t/rNt constrict y;]n s.k/]ct h{ j;t} h". } : l']kn km;l k} b;t h" ]k vh om]ny{. a[r ]xr;a{. pr Ak_j"s; p@w;v nh}. 2;lt; : esk; asr a;r`r}j> y;]n om]ny{. pr Jy;d; h"- ]jss' unk' aNdr k; p@'xr (arterial pressure) b3> j;t; h" : a;r`r}j> k' es b3>' h/y' p@'xr k' ]v½5 ºdy k{ rË k{ pMp krn; h" : us} smy agr ]xr;y'. k} n]lk;y'. w} s.k}~E h{. t{ uss' ºdy pr Jy;d; b{4 p2>'g; _ t{ A's; n h{- es]ly' veins y;]n ]xr;a{. k} n]lk;y'. pr AT2 k; asr km h" : d?sr; _ AT2 ]k2n}j> k' tubules pr p@w;v 2;lt; h" ]k v' nmk a[r p;n} k{ p'x;b %;r; b;hr j;n' s' r{k l'. _ ]jss' p'x;b km bn'g; : p'x;b Jy;d; bn' t{ rË k; v[Ly?m a[r i`'g; n < t}sr; _ vh A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks k{ uks;t; h" t;]k uss' aldosterone ]nkl'g; _ ]jsk' p@w;v s' w} ]k2n} k' tubules nmk k{ b;hr j;n' s' r{k'.g' : l']kn nmk ½k'g; t{ p;n} w} s;q m'. ½k'g; : s{ nmk a[r p;n} xr}r m'. h} rh j;y'g; : y;]n A's' t}n ]v]w¸ p@w;v h{t' h". ]jnk' k;r~ Bl2 v[Ly?m bh/t jLd} b3n' lgt; h"- ]jss' b} p} w} apn' a;p b3>'g; : es k;yE k{ p?r} trh s' h{n' k' ]ly' kr}b 20 ]mn` h} lgt' h". : es' r']nn A'.]jy{`"Ns}n ]sS`m (Renin Angiotensin System) kht' h". : r']nn rË m'. ½ i.`' s' Ak i.`' tk rht; h" a[r o}r'_o}r' k;m krt' rht; h" : jb ]k angiotensin #2 (AT2) apn' k;yE k{ Ak d{ ]mn` k' a.dr h} kr l't; h" : Bl2 a[r ]`x?j> s' keE k'm}kLs ]nklt' h". ]jNh'. angiotensin-ase kh; j;t; h"- j{ u]ct smy k' b;d angiotensin k{ YTm kr d't' h". t;]k b} p} bh/t a]ok n b3>' : (a;pk{ y;d h{g; ]k ]js k"m}kl k' n;mk' a.t m'. ase p@Tyy h{t; h"- vh Ak ANj;>em h" j{ ]ks} w} vSt/ k{ t{2>'g; y;]n pc;y'g; : eor angiotensin-ase y;]n angiotensin k{ t{2>n'v;l;) b} p} km h{n' s' Ky; tkl}f h{t} h" < agr Bl}]2.g ac;nk etn; Jy;d; h{ _ ]jsm'. xr}r k; 35% y;]n p[n' d{ ]l`r k' a;sp;s Bl2 ]nkl j;y _ t{ us k' k;r~ phl' ºdy s' rË ]nkln; bh/t h} km h{g; a[r b;d m'. b} p} km h{t; j;y'g; : t{ h;`E f'Ly?r (heart failure) w} h{ skt; h"- y;]n ºdy Ak dm bNd w} h{ skt; h"- ]js' hypo-volemic shock kh; j;t; h" : t{ A's; n h{- es]ly' angiotensin #2 peripheral arteries k{ Jy;d; s.k/]ct krt; h" t;]k h;`E f'Ly?r k} n[bt n a;y' : [hypo=km ; vol - volume (a;ytn); mia _ rË m'. ; hypovolemia y;]n rË k; v[Ly? m km h{n; ] agr xr}r s' ½ ]l`r k' a;sp;s rË ]nkl j;y t{ utn; Ytr; nh}. h" : k/9 a[rt{. m'. m"Nss k' b;d A's; h{ skt; h" : ]jsk' k;r~ uNh'. m;]sk omE k' b;d 2-3 ]dn tk _ y; uss' k/9 Jy;d; ]dn{. k' ]ly' _ k/9 w} k;m krn' pr cKkr a;t' h". : p?9n' pr v' bt;y'.g} ]k uNh'. m;]sk c´ m'. Bl}]2.g bh/t Jy;d; h" : esk' k;r~ unk; Bl2 v[Ly?m (blood volume) tq; Bl2 p@'xr k/9 ]dn{. k' ]ly' ac;nk km h{ gy; : rË k} km} k; mtlb xr}r m'. h}m{Gl{]bn y;]n a;|Ks}jn_v;hk k} km} h{n; : jb a[rt l'`} avSq; m'. h".- t{ unk' xr}r m'. ]jtn; rË h"- uss' xr}r k' an"]C9k k;y{E. k' ]ly' _ y;]n ºdy- l.Gj> eTy;]d k' k;y{E. k' ]ly' _]jtn} a;|Ks}jn c;]hy' vh ]ml j;t; h" : l']kn jb v' k;m m'. lg j;t} h". tb uNh'. Jy;d; a;|Ks}jn k} j#rt h" j{ ]k h}m{Gl{]bn k} km} k' k;r~ uNh'. ]ml nh}. p;t; : b@'n m'. py;EPt a;|Ks}jn n ]mln' k' k;r~ uNh'. cKkr a;t' h". : A's} a[rt{. k' aNy l6~ _ k\pk\p}- d;\t{. k; ak2n;- b{lt} bNd h{n; _ y;]n b{ln' k' ]ly' w} x]Ë nh}. rhn;- temperature Av. pulse k; km h{n; eTy;]d :

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1,25 DCC bn;n' m'. shy{g _ ]k2n} k; t}sr; m/Åy d;]yTv h" _ k"]Lxym k' ]ny.μ~ m'. mdd : xr}r m'. ]v`;]mn D k{ alg_alg #p m'. bdlkr 1,25 DCC n;mk Ak m/Åy S`}r;|e2 h[rm{n (steroid hormone ) bn;y; j;t; h" : es k' ]ly' w} ]k2n}y{. k; 1}k s' k;m krn; a;vXyk h" : xr}r m'. 1,25 DCC k' p@w;v s' h} k"]Lxym a;.t]2y{. m'. s{Y; (absorb) j;t; h" : agr ]ks} k;r~vx ]k2>n}j> Yr;b h{ j;y'.g} t{ 1,25 DCC h[rm{n nh}. bn'g; a[r us h[rm{n k' aw;v m'. k"]Lxym rË k' a.dr nh}. s{Y; j;y'g; : k"]Lxym k} km} s' x/#_x/# m'. ´".MPs a;y'.g' a[r msl k} kmj{r} h{g} : l']kn yh} h;lt brs{. tk rh} t{ us Vy]Ë k{ a[S`}y{p[r{]ss (osteoporosis) a; j;y'g} ]jsm'. h]2=2y'. kmj{r tq; Y{Yl' bn j;t} h". : 1,25 DCC k; p?r; n;m h" _ 1,25 2;eEh;e2Ä;|]Ks_k{lk"Ls}f'r;|l (1,25 dihydroxy chole calciferol)  agr ]ks} k;r~ A']2Änl Gl".2 k; A'L2{S`}r{n (aldosterone ) Jy;d; k;m kr' t{ vh ]k2>n} pr p@w;v 2;l'g; ]k v' nmk a[r p;n} r{k l'. tq; p{`"]xym k{ p'x;b %;r; b;hr j;n' d'. : nmk k{ b;hr j;n' s' r{kn' k} ]´y; k{ salt retention kht' h". : es k' k;r~ h;qp;.v- Ab2>{mn y; xr}r m'. p;n} b3> j;y'g; ]jss' xr}r m'. k;f} s?jn h{g} j{ 24 iN`' rht} h" : A's} avSq; m'. agr ]k2n} f'Ly?r y; k{eE a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er n h{ t{ (8) Th. Only d' kr es 24 i.`' v;l} s?jn k{ jLd} h} km k} j; skt} h" :  Ak a[r r;St; h" ]js' Competition of progesterone with aldosterone kht' h". (Guyton 8th edn p. 910) _ A'L2{S`}r{n Av. p@[j'S`Ä{n d{n{. p'x;b k{ r{kt' h".- pr es m'. A'L2{S`}r{n agr 100% t;ktvr h" t{ p@{j'S`'r{n k'vl 10% h} t;ktvr h" : mgr y' d{n{. Ak h} smy m'. ]k2>n} k' n"Fr;|n=j> (nephrons) pr p@w;v nh}. 2;l skt' : agr p@{j"S`Ä{n ]k2>n} m'. ph/\c'g; t{ A'L2{S`}r{n k{ ]nkln; p2'g; : y;]n agr p@{j"S`Ä{n rË m'. m[j?d h{ t{ ]k2n} pr AL`2{S`Ä{n k; asr nh}. h{g; : o ]jsk' xr}r m'. p@{j'S`'r{n km h"- usk' xr}r m'. agr A'L2{S`}r{n Jy;d; k;m kr' t{ usk' p@w;v s' ]k2n}y'. nmk a[r p;n} r{k'.g'- ]jss' b} p} b3>'g} a[r xr}r m'. k;f} s?jn h{g} j{ 24 iN`' rht} h" : us smy agr a;p r{g} k{ (6) RT.Ov. d'. t{ j"s' h} p@{j'S`'r{n rË %;r; ]k2>n} m'. ph/\c'g; t{ A'L2{S`}r{n b;hr ]nkl j;y'g; y; us k; asr ]k2>n} pr s' ]nkl j;y'g; : a[r t/rNt h} ] k2n} nmk k{ p'x;b %;r; ]nk;ln; x/# kr'.g' Ky{.]k p@{j'S`'r{n k; p@w;v ]k2n} pr 10% h} x]Ëx;l} h" : j"s' h} nmk km h{g; p;n} w} xr}r s' ]nkl j;y'g;- s{ s?jn s;r} ]nkl j;y'g} a[r b} p} w} n[rml h{ j;y'g} : o yh} k;r~ h" ]k h;eE b} p} k{ 1}k krn' k; Ak m/Åy upc;r h" (6) Rt.Ov. o a[r Ak b;t h" _ s{]2ym a[r p{`"]xym Ak h} smy m'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. xr}r m'. nh}. rh skt' : jb Ak b3>t; h"- tb d?sr; apn' a;p km h{t; h" : h;eE b} p} k' p'x.`{. m'. s{]2ym bh/t Jy;d; h{ j;t; h"- t{ p{`"]xym km h{g; : p{`;]xym k' km h{n' s' m"N`l p@[Bl'm tq; msLs kmj{r h{ j;t' h".- f'f2>{. pr asr p2>t; h"- a[r mn/Zy k{ Xv;s l'n' m'. tkl}f w} h{ skt} h" : ]jsk' ]ly' mn/Zy k{ nmk km Y;n' k' ]ly' tq; fruit juices y;]n t;j' fl{. k' rs p}n' k' ]ly' kh; j;t; h" : A's' p'x.`{. m'. p{`"]xym k{ b3>;kr n[rml m'. l;n' k' ]ly' w} (6) Rt.Ov. d'n; h" : p;'`;]xym agr xr}r m'. Jy;d; h} km h{ t{ ]k2n}y'. us' r{kt} h". _ ]nkln' nh}. d't} : ]k2>n}y{. k' ]bg2>n' pr ECF m'. p{`;]xym b3> j;y' t{ p"rl;eE]ss w} h{ skt; h" y; h;`E f'l y;]n ]dl k} o2>kn w} bNd h{ skt} h" :  p;'`;]xym agr xr}r m'. Jy;d; h} km h{ t{ ]k2n}y'. us' r{kt} h".- ]nkln' nh}. d't}  ]k2>n}y{. k' ]bg2>n' pr ECF m'. p{`;]xym b3> j;y' t{ p"rl;eE]ss (paralysis) h{ skt; h" y; h;`E f'l y;]n ]dl k} o2>kn w} bNd h{ skt} h" :  Urine km a;t} h" t{ us' b3>;n' k' ]ly' Lasix n;mk tablets ]dy; j;t; h" : l']kn tablets l'n' k' pXc;t= aTy]ok p'x;b k' k;r~ s{]2ym bh/t h} Jy;d; m;µ; m'. ]nkl j;n' s' Ak a[rt coma m'. cl} gy} : -

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]k2n} m'. p@{Bl'm Ky{. a;t} h" < esk; m/Åy k;r~ h" p;cn x]Ë k; ]bg2n;- ]jsk' b;d xr}r k} eMy?]n`} km h{t} j;t} h" : jb k{eE t}v@ b}m;r} a;y' t{ uss' xr}r m'. toxins k} jm;v` h{n' lgt} h" : c;y k} 9ln} j"s' o}r'_o}r' Yr;b h{t} h"- usk' holes bNd h{n' lgt' h". : v"s' h}- ]k2n} k' 9ln} k' ] 9d@ w} toxins k' k;r~ damage h{ j;t' h". :

]k2>n} api;t v; jln' s'- dv;eEy{. s'- cm2} k} b}m;]ry;\- `[]NsLj y; gl; Yr;b h{n' s' Yr;b h{ j;t} h". : 90% ]k2>n}y{. k' ]bg2>n' pr w} agr mn/Zy p?~E Oy;n d' t{ LMNT upc;r %;r; k;f} 1}k h{ skt} h".. : n[rml Vy]Ë k{ ]k2n} 1}k rYn' k' ]ly' Ky; krn; c;]hy' < p;n} Jy;d; p}n; c;]hy' : j{ p;n} km p}t' h". unk' Jv;e.`=s m'. calcium y; uric acid jmn' lgt; h" j{ a;rq@;e]`s- y; g;u` eTy;]d k; w} m/Åy k;r~ bn j;t; h" : km p;n} p}n; pqr} h{n' k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h" : agr y?]rn bh/t Jy;d; g;3; y;]n (concentrated) h{ t{ vh} Bl"2r y; ]k2n} m'. S`{n bnn' k; m/Åy k;r~ h" : t{ Jy;d; p;n} p}y'. t;]k p'x;b Jy;d; m;µ; m'. a;y' a[r a;p S`{n s' bc skt' h". : esk' al;v; kBj}- l{ Bl2> p@'xr- ry/m'`;|e2 a;qEEr;eE`=sp;eELj eTy;]d ]bm;r}y;\ w} a; skt} h". : l']kn ]jsk} A'Lkl} b3>} h/y} h{ t{ vh Jy;d; p;n} p}y'g; t{ usk' p'` m'. ddE h{'g;: es]ly' phl' usk} A'Lkl} km krn; h" a[r b;d m'. us' p;n} p}n' k' ]ly' khn; c;]hy' : nh}. t{ bCc{. k{ uL`}y;\ w} h{ skt} h". : Meat y;]n m;\s m'. 50% p;n} h"- Banana y;]n k'l' m'. 90% p;n} a[r water melon y;]n trb?j' m'. 93% p;n} h{t; h" : sw} s' kh'. ]k nmk sh} m;µ; m'. l'n; : agr bh/t km nmk Y;y'.g' t{ w} p@{Bl'm a;y'g} Ky{.]k l{ b} p} h{ j;y'g; : p'x.` k{ bt;n; h" ]k hm;r' treatments regularly l'n' k' s;q km s' km Ak ]dn m'. 2-2½ lit. p;n} p}n; j#r} h" t;]k toxins flush out h{ j;y : aoEk`} c´;sn tq; ]μk{~;sn w} ]k2n} k{ SvSq rYn' k' ]ly' bh/t l;wd;yk h". : l']kn d{ ]kSm k' l{g{. k{ p;n} km p}n; h" _  h;`E p'x.` _ Ky{.]k Jy;d; p;n} p}n' s' Bl2 v[Ly?m Jy;d; h{g; ]jss' ºdy pr p@'xr b3>'g; :  j{ m;\ apn' bCc' k{ Stn_p;n kr; rh} h". (lactating mothers) - unk{ Ak h} smy m'. Jy;d; p;n} nh}. p}n; c;]hy' nh}. t{ d?o ptl; bn'g; Av. usk' k;r~ bCc' k{ p'` ddE h{ skt; h" : Normal SvSq Vy]Ë k{ r{j 1-1.5 lit. y?]rn a;n} c;]hy' : l']kn m[sm tq; aNy a;dt{. y; Vysn{. k' an/s;r y?]rn k} m;µ; m'. change y;]n bdl;v a; j;t; h" : p'x;b kb Jy;d; bnt; h" Coffee p}n' s'- y; 1.2} Jy;d; h{ t{ xr;b p}n' s' (ADH km k;m krn' s' ) Jy;d; g/Ss; y; ´{o krn' m'.

2;y;]b`}s m'l}`s y; 2;y;]b`}s eNs}p}2s k} b}m;]ry{. m'.

p'x;b km a;t' h". ]sgr'` p}n' s'- y; morphine k} dv; s' uL`}y'. a;n' k' b;d (ADH bh/t Jy;d; bnn' k' k;r~ ) p;n} km p}n' s'- g]mEy{. m'. ps}n; Jy;d; h{ t{ t'j b/Y;r m'.

xr;b p}n' pr Jy;d; p'x;b Ky{. a;t; h" <

(Guyton 10th ed. p 325) s'

xr;b ADH k{ r{kt; h" : s{ xr;b p}n' k' b;d ]pc/`Ä} Gl".2> 2Mm} (dummy) h{ j;t} h" y;]n k;m krn; km kr d't} h" : ]js s' p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' ADH h[rm{n nh}. bnt; j{ ]k2n}y{. k{ nmk r{kn' k{ kh'g; a[r Ky{.]k nmk nh}. ½kt; s{ p;n} w} p'x;b %;r; b;hr ]nkl j;t; h" : es]ly' h} xr;b p}n' k' b;d Ak trh k; 2}h;eE2Ä'xn (dehydration) h{ j;t; h" ]js k' k;r~ xr;b} d?sr' ]dn Jy;d; p;n} p}t' h". : y?]rn ( y;]n p'x;b ) k' r.g s' p@;Pt j;nk;r}  s;o;r~t+ urobilin k' k;r~ y?]rn k; r.g amber h{t; h" : s/bh k; y?]rn hLk; p}l; h{t; h" :  g;3;_p}l; r.g k; y?]rn _ Jv[N2}s (p}]ly;) k' k;r~ y; ]v`;]mn k} g{]ly;\ y; ]m1;eE eTy;]d m'. j{ r.g 2;l' j;t' h". unk' k;r~ h{ skt; h" :  y?]rn k; r.g cloudy y;]n m`m"l; h{ t{ vh y?r'q@; y; UTI m'. eNf'Kxn %;r; pus cells k' k;r~ h{g; y; y?]rk y; f;|Sf{]rk A']s2 k' k~{. k' k;r~ h{g; :  b@[n (brown) r.g _ y; t{ h}m{Gl{]bn k' k;r~ h"- y; m;\s_p']xy{. k' p@{`}n=s s' h{t; h" :  k;l' r.g k' p'x;b melanoma y;]n skin cancer m'. h{t; h" :  ]k2n} k' keE s;r' b}m;]ry{. m'. albumin / p@{`}n=s ]nklt' h". ]jsk' k;r~ y?]rn m'. d?o ]ml; h/a;_j"s; r.g apn} a;\Y{. s' d'Y skt' h". : es' grm krn' pr dh} k' `/k2'_j"s' ]dY'.g' :  l;l r.g tb a;y'g; jb p'x;b m'. Bl2 y;]n rË h{ : es' h'm;`?]ry; (hematuria) kht' h". : p}]ly; k} b}m;r} jb a]t t}v@ h{t} h" tb w} p'x;b k; r.g l;l h{ skt; h" : agr p'x;b m'. ddE n h{ l']kn r.g l;l h{ t{ yh ]k2n} y; Bl"2r m'. k"Nsr k; s?ck h{ skt; h" :  y?]rn m'. x/gr k} shj ]nx;n} h" jb us jgh m'. c}.]`y;\ y; k}2' njr a;t' h". :  CRF y;]n ´{]nk r}nl f'Ly?r (chronic renal failure ) m'. p'x;b bh/t Jy;d; w} h{ skt; h" : k/9 ]kSm k} b}m;]ry{. m'. p'x;b km h{t; j;t; h" a[r aNt m'. y?]rn k; a;n; Akdm bNd h{ j;t; h" : ]k2n} k' f.Kxn y;]n k;yE k' b;r' m'. a;m tests k} j;nk;r} ]k2n} 1}k k;m kr rh' h". y; nh}. _ esk; pt; lg;n' k' ]ly' rË k; sample tq; p'x;b k; sample d{n{. k} j#rt p2> skt} h" : rË m'. s}rm ´']`n;en k} m;µ; s' ]k2n} k' filtration rate y;]n Ak i.`' m'. ]ks g]t s' 9;nn' k} g]t k; pt; cl skt; h" : rË m'. BUN y;]n Bl2 y?]ry; n;e`Ä{jn k} m;µ; agr 9-25 mgm/ml k' a.dr h{ t{ usk; mtlb ]k2n}j> aC9' s' k;m kr rh} h". : agr yh b3> j;y t{ yh ]k2n}j> ]bg2>n' k; s?ck h" : ]k2n} k} k;yE x"l} k; sbs' ac?k `"S` h" Creatinine clearance test. esm'. 24 i.`' k' p'x;b k{ ek`=1; ]ky; j;t; h" a[r Vy]Ë k' umr- vjn a[r ]l.g k' an/s;r rË m'. s}rm ´']`n;en (serum creatinine) k} m;µ; n;p; j;t; h" : ]k2n}- y?r'`r- Bl"2r eTy;]d k' a;k;r a[r xr}r m'. unk; Sql aC9} trh s' d'Yn' k' ]ly' aL`Ä;s;u.2 Sk|n (Ultrasound scan) k; upy{g krt' h". : yh km k}mt m'. Ak k;f} p@w;vx;l} tkn}k h" : Y:s t[r s' jnm k' t/rNt b;d bCc{. m'. UTI y; m?μ_s.Sq;n k' jNmj;t tkl}f{.- y; p'` k' a.dr k} g2>b]2>y{. k} j;nk;r} p@;Pt krn' k' ]ly' Ultrasound Ak srl a[r s/r6;p?~E up;y h" : Ultrasound s' CT scan Jy;d; mh.g; h" : agr ]k2n} y; Bl"2r m'. `=y?mr k} x.k; h{ Av. vh b;hr ]ktn; d?r tk f"l; h" eTy;]d k' b;r' m'. pt; lg;n' k' ]ly' CT scan k; upy{g krt' h". : k"]Lxym k} jm;v` tq; ]k2n} m'. pqr} k' b;r' m'. pt; lg;n' k' ]ly' CT scan MRI s' w} Jy;d; upy{g} h" : MRI scan - yh sbs' mh.g; tkn}k h" : ]k2n} k' a;j?b;j? k} rË n]lk;y'. tq; ]k2n} k' a.dr agr ]sS`- `=y?mr- Bl}]2.g- eNf'Kxn eTy;]d h{ _ unk' b;r' m'. aC9} j;nk;r} p@;Pt kr skt' h". : l']kn ]k2n} S`{n k' b;r' m'. pt; lg;n' k' ]ly' esk; upy{g nh}. krn; h" : enk' al;v; a[r w} tkn}k h". ]jsm'. m/Åy h" _ A'.[jy{g@;f}(Angiography). l']kn esk' keE d/Zp@w;v h{t' h". : ** ]lvr k} ]ks} w} ´{]nk b}m;r} k' ]ly' - (1) Single point liver x 6 treatments - hr d{ i.`' k' aNtr m'. d't' j;n; h" : o}r'_o}r' ]lvr 1}k h{t' j;y'g; :  ]lvr m'. A'm}n{ A']s2=s k' cy;pcy k' d[r;n y?]ry; n;mk f;lt? c}j w} bnt; h" ]js' ]k2n}j> p'x;b %;r; ]nk;lt' h". : rË m'. y?]ry; k} s;o;r~ m;µ; 20-40 mgm/dl h{t; h" : agr rË m'. y?]ry; b3> j;y'g} us' uremic poisoning kht' h". : ess' Vy]Ë coma m'. j; skt; h" : y; m[t h{ skt} h" :  rË m'. y?]rk A']s2 k} m;µ; 2-3 mgm / 100ml h{t} h" : ]k2n}j> 1.5 – 2 gms r{j p'x;b %;r; ]nk;l d't' h". : rË m'. y?]rk A']s2 b3> j;y t{ h;q v p"r k' j{2>{. m'. ddE a;t; h"- ]js' gout kht' h".  m;q' pr crystals urea k' h} h{t' h".. :  Liver ]bg2>n' s' Urea k} m;µ; n[rml s' km h{ j;t; h" :

Urine test reports s' b}m;r} k} j;nk;r} (Taber’s 18th edn.p 2040-1, 866). p'x;b l;n' k' ]ks} w} a.g _ j"s' ]k2n}- y?r'`r- Bl"2r Av. y?r'q@; _ en sb k{ ]ml;kr y?]rnr} `Ä"K` (urinary tract) y; y?]rnr} ] sS`'m (urinary system) kht' h". : y?]rn m'. keE c}j i/l' h/y' h{t' h". ]jsm'. m/Åy h". – ammonia, phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium, sugar, chlorides, sulphates, oxalates, creatinine, urea, uric acid eTy;]d : ]nMn c}j{. k; y?]rn m'. b3>n; alg_alg b}m;]ry{. k; s?ck h" : Merck's p.590 glucose, ketone bodies Albumin bile y; bile salts blood (hematuria)

fats k' k~ 4;g k' s;q p'x;b k; a;n; Pus cells (p}p y; mv;d k' s"Ls) Pus cells, RBC’s, leukocyte esterase RBC's y;]n l;l rË k{]xk;y'. y?r'q@; / y?r'`r k' epithelial cells Casts ]k2n} k' epithelial cells Leucine and tyrosine crystals Nitrite crystals

2;y;]b`}s m"l}`s y;]n x/gr k} b}m;r} m'. : j"s' hm 2;y;]b`}s k; upc;r d'.g' v"s' y?]rn m'. x/gr k; a;n; km h{n' lg'g; : k/9 h} mh}n{. m'. xr}r s/ort} j;y'g} a[r y?]rn m'. x/gr k; a;n; bNd h{g; : n"Fr;|e]`s- ]k2n} f'Ly?r- y; y?]rnr} `Ä"K` k' My?ks m"Mb@'n m'. eNFlm'xny; dv;ey{>. k' d/Zp@w;v k' k;r~ : yh a]ok;.x Jv;.]2s y;]n p}]ly; y; ]lvr k} k{eE aNy b}m;r} k; s?ck h" : y?]rnr} `Ä"K` k' ]ks} w} w;g m'. c{` y; m;r k' k;r~- ]k2n} S`{n- prostate gland k} b}m;r}- ml']ry; y; aNy ´{]nk eNf'Kxn- n"Fr;e]`s (nephritis)- ]k2n} m'. congestion y; ]k2n} m'. TB, carcinoma y;]n ]ks} w} w;g k' A']pq']lyl ]`x? m'. k"Nsr m'. : ]k2n} m'. ]sS` (cyst), hydronephrosis, glomerulonephritis, sickle cell anemia eTy;]d b}m;]ry{. k' k;r~ eTy;]d : rË m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l k; b3>n; ]jss' ]k2n} k' tubular, glomerular or capsular epithelium m'. degeneration h{ j;t; h" : Fatty degeneration of kidney kht' h". p'x;b m'. b;el Jy;d; h{ t{ A's; h{t; h" : yh Jv;.]2s y;]n p}]ly; k; s?ck h{ skt; h" : ** y?]rnr} `Ä"K` m'. b"K`}]ry; %;r; eNf'Kxn h{n' k; s?ck h" y?]rnr} `Ä"K` m'. eNFlm'xn k; s?ck h" ]k2n} y; Bl"2r m'. S`{n- ]k2n} y; y?]rnr} `Ä"K` m'. eNFlm'xn ]js w;g k' s"Ls h{ us w;g m'. eNFlm'xn n"Fr;e]`s y; ]k2n} k} k{eE aNy b}m;r} (renal disease) serious kidney damage k; s?ck h" : liver disease k; s?ck h" ** b"K`}]ry; %;r; eNf'Kxn h{n' k; s?ck h"

xr}r k} r6;Tmk f[j _ eNf'Kxn s' xr}r k} r6; hm;r' xr}r pr m/Åyt+ c;r p@k;r k' k}`;~/a{. s' a;´m~ h{t; h"_ b"K`}]ry; (bacteria)- v;ers (virus)- f.gs (fungus) tq; p|r;s;e`=s (parasites). enk; p@w;v cm2>}- m/\h- Xv;s n]lk;- a;.t]2y{.- a;.Y{. k' prt k' m"Mb@'n- p'x;b n]lk;a{. eTy;]d pr p2t; h" _ ]jn s' bh/t s} ]bm;r}y;\ a; j;t} h". : agr xr}r m'. en k}`;~/a{. k{ sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; n h{ tb yh wy;nk #p o;r~ kr mn/Zy k{ sm;Pt kr skt} h"- j"s' ]k `;eEf;eE2 b/Y;r- (typhoid fever), Ny/m;'n}y; pneumonia)- S`Ä'P`{k{kl eNf'Kxn (streptococcal infection) eTy;]d : en k}`;~/a{. s' m/k;bl; krn' k' ]ly' hm;r' rË m'. sf'd rË k{]xk; y; WBC’s h{t' h".=- ]jNh'. Ly/k{s;eE`=s (leukocytes) kht' h".- Av. k/9 aNy ]`x?j> (tissues) k' s"Ls h{t' h". j{ Ly/k{s;eE`=s bn;t' h". _ y' sb s"Ls ek`=1} h{kr b;hr} k}`;~/a{. k{ y; t{ uNh'. ]nglkr YTm krt} h". _ ]js' f"g{s;eE`{]ss (phagocytosis) kht' h". - y; un k' ]ly' upy/Ë A'N`}b[2} (antibody) bn; kr uNh'. sm;Pt kr d't} h".. : en k' b;r' m'. ]vSt,t #p s' a;g' ]lY; gy; h" : y' sf'd k{]xk;y'. (WBC’s) k/9 b{n m"r{ y;]n h2=2} k' mJj' m'. bnt' h". j"s' ]k m;'n;'s;eE`=s (monocytes) a[r g@"n/l{s;eE`=s (granulocytes) : k/9 aNy r6k s"Ls w} h{t} h". ]jNh'. ]lMf{s;eE`=s (lymphocytes) a[r Pl;Sm; s"Ls> (plasma cells) kh; j;t; h" : y' ]lMf n;'2=s (lymph nodes) k' al;v; aNy ]lMf ]`x? (lymph tissues) m'. w} bnt' h". : bnn' k' b;d y' rË k' p@v;h m'. i?mt' rht' h".- a[r jh;. jh;. en k} a;vXykt; h{t} h" vh;\ j#rt k' an/s;r y' apn; k;yE krt' h". : g@"n/l{s;eE`=s a[r m;'n;'s;eE`=s b;hr} k}`;~/a{. k{ 3?.3kr ]nk;ln' k' ]ly' tq; uNh'.'. YTm krn' k' ]ly' Y;s p@k;r k} 6mt; rYt' h". : WBC’s y;]n sf'd rË k' s"Ls 9' ]v]w¸ p@k;r k' h{t' h".. _ Ny/`Ä{]fLj ( neutrophils), ea{]sn;']fLj m;'n;'s;eE`=s (monocytes) ]lMf{s;e`=s a[r k/9 Pl;Sm; s"Ls (plasma cells)

( eosinophils), b"s{]fLj> (basophils) (lymphocytes)

Ny/`Ä{]fLj- ea{]sn;']fLj> a[r b"s{]fLj> k{ ek`=1; krk' g@"n/l{s;eE`=s kht' h". : en 9' p@k;r k' s"Ls k' al;v; rË m'. Ak a[r s;tv;. p@k;r k' s"Ls h". _ v' h". Pl"`l"`=s : Pl"`l"`=s (platelets) b{n m"r{ m'. bn;y; gy; m'g;k;y{Es;eE` (megakaryocyte) n;mk s"Ls k' `/k2{. (fragments) s' bnt' h". : enk; m/Åy k;yE h" rË k{ jm;n' y; Kl[` (clot) bn;n' m'. mdd krn; : y;]n y' rË jmn' k' ]ly' a;vXyk h". : k/9 b}m;]ry{. k' k;r~ y; k/9 A'N`}by{]`k g{]ly{. k' k;r~ Pl"`l"`=s k} km} h{ j;t} h" t{ rË jm'g; nh}. : A's' Vy]Ë k{ agr m;r y; c{` lg j;y t{ us i;v s' Y?n k; bhn; b.d nh}. h{g; _ y; a[rt h{ t{ m"Nss keE ]dn{. Tk ½k'g; nh}. _ j{ j;n l'v; w} h{ skt; h" : Ak a;m mn/Zy m'. p@]t m;e´{l}`r rË m'. l;l rË k{]xk;a{. k} m;µ; pc;s l;Y h{t} h"- jb ]k utn} h} rË k' a.dr sf'd rË k' s"Ls WBC’s a[stn m;µ 7000 h{t} h". : en m'.

Ny?`Ä{]fLj> b"s{]fLj> ]lMf{s;eE`=s

62% 0.4% 30% h{t' h".. :

eE]sn;']fLj> m;'n;'s;eE`=s

2.3% 5.3%

Pl"`l"`=s k} m;µ; p@]t m;e´{l}`r rË m'. 3,00,000 y;]n t}n l;Y k' a;sp;s h{t} h" : en k} a;y/ ds ]dn h" ]js k' ]hs;b s' 30,000 s"Ls r{j mrt} h". a[r 30,000 k; r{j jNm h{t; h" : Oy;n rh' g@'n/l{s;eE`=s a[r m;'n;'s;eE`=s b{n m"r{ y;]n rË mJj; m'. h} bnt} h". : ]lMf{s;eE`=s tq; Pl;Sm; s"Ls k; jNm b{n m"r{ k' al;v; ]lMf Gl".2=s- SPl}n- q;eEms Gl".2 (thymus gland), `[n]sLlj> (tonsils)- a;.t]2y{. k' d}v;r k' n}c' k' p'ysE p|cs (Peyer's patches) n;mk w;g m'. h{t; h" : rË m'. ]jtn} WBC’s i?mt} h".- uns' t}n g/n; a]ok m;µ; m'. b{n m"r{ m'. S`{r rht} h". : b{n m"r{ m'. enk; kr}b 9h ]dn k; w.2;r rht; h" : a;vXykt; p2>n' pr y' a]ok m;µ; m'. bn;y} j;t} h". : pr Oy;n rh' ]k enk' 1}k trh s' bnn' k' ]ly' w{jn k; p;cn a[r avx{z~ 1}k p@k;r s' h{n} c;]hy' Av. y' ]jn w;g{. m'. bnt} h". vh;. rË s.c;r 1}k #p s' h{n; c;]hy' : b{n m"r{ s' ]nkln' k' b;d g@"n/l{s;eE`=s k} a;y/ rË k' p@v;h m'. 4 s' 8 iN`' m;µ h{t} h" pr y' jb ]`x? k' a.dr i/s j;t} h". a[r ]`x? m'. rh'. t{ unk} a;y/ 4-5 ]dn tk b3> skt} h" : i{r eNf'Kxn k' smy y' jLd} h} us w;g m'. ph/\c kr b;hr} k}`;~/a{. s' l2>n' lgt} h". a[r l2t' h/A mr j;t} h". tb enk} a;y/ 9Nd i.`{. k} h} h{t} h" : m;'n;'s;eE`=s k} a;y/ rË m'. 10 s' 20 iN`' m;µ h{t} h"- pr y' i?mt' h/y' jb ]`x? m'. lg j;t' h". t{ en k} a;y/ mh}n{. y; vz{.E tk lMb} h{ j;t} h" : ]fr k{eE eNfLm'xn a;n' pr y' s"Ll j#rt p2>n' pr apn' a;p k{ ]`x? s' alg kr l't' h".- a;´m~k;r} k}`;~/a{. k{ m;rt' h". Av. Y/d mr w} j;t' h". : ]lMf{s;eE`=s k} a;y/ mh}n{. y; s;l{. tk k} h" : y' ]lMf k} Fl?e2 m'. i?mt' h/A rË k' p@v;h m'. ]ml j;t} h". : ]fr k/9 i.`{. m'. v' rË s' ]nklkr ]`x?j> k' a.dr i/s j;t' h". : ]fr d/b;r; ]lMf=s m'. g/jrt' h/A ]fr rË k' aNdr a; j;t' h". : es} trh mh}n{. y; s;l{. tk i?mt' rht' h".. : enk} a;y/ us pr ]nwEr h" ]k xr}r k{ en k} ]ktn} a;vXykt; h" : Oy;n rh' ]k g@"n/l{s;eE`=s m'. m/Åyt+ Ny?`Ä{]fLs bh/t blv;n s"Ls h". j{ rË k' p@v;h m'. ]ks} w} a;´m~k;r} b"K`}]ry; y; v;eErs k{ m;r skt' h".. : m;'n;'s;eE`=s rË m'. en s' kmj{r h". _ v' rË k' p@v;h m'. t{ ]ks} b"K`}]ry; y; v;eErs s' nh}. l2> skt'- pr jb v' ]`x? m'. ph/.c j;t' h". t{ apn' a;p k{ f/l;n; x/# kr d't' h". _ yh;. tk ]k p;.c g/n; y; aSs} m;eE´{m}`r tk en k; s;eEj> h{ j;t; h" : a[r unk' a.dr w;r} m;µ; m'. l;es{j>{Ms (lysozomes) wr j;t' h". ]jsk' k;r~ v' etn' blv;n h{ j;t' h". ]k ]`x?j> k' a.dr ]ks} w} ]bm;r} k' a;´m~k;r} k{ m;r skt' h". : tb en m{n{s;e`= s"Ls k{ m"´{f'js (macrophages) kh; j;t; h" :

m;'n;'s;eE`=s k' m"´{f'js> tq; Ny?`Ä{]fLs ]ks} w} a;´m~k;r} k}`;~/ k{ ]ngl kr sm;Pt kr d't' h".- ]js' f|g{s;e`{]ss (phagocytosis) kht' h". : Oy;n rh' ]k enk{ etn; 7;n h{t; h" ]k k{eE w} s"Ll b;hr s' a;y; h/a; h" y; xr}r k; apn; h" : yh} h]r k} k,p; h" ]k eNh'. es b;t k; 7;n h" _ aNyq; y' apn' h} xr}r k' s"Ls k{ Y; j;t' : pr A's; nh}. h{t; ]jsk' keE k;r~ h". _ phl; yh ]k eNh{.n' ]jn s"Ls k{ Y;n; h" un k' uUpr k} ]jLd y;]n b;hr} prt rf (rough) aq;Et= Y/rdr} h{n} c;]hy' : xr}r k' ]`x?j> k} p@;k,]tk prt'. aKsr m/l;ym h} h{t} h". s{ y' uNh'. nh}. Y; skt} : d?sr;- xr}r k' hr s"Ll k' uUpr Ak p@{`"]K`v p@{`}n (protective protein) k; kvc h{t; h" j{ uNh'. bc;t; h" : pr p/r;n} a[r mr} h/y} ]`x?j> k} s"Ls k' uUpr yh r6;Tmk kvc nh}. h{t; : s{ uNh'. y' a;s;n} s' ]ngl j;t' h". pr ny' s"Ls pr y' hml; nh}. krt' : t}sr;- en WBC’s m'. Ak Y;s 6mt; h" ]jss' v' apn' xr}r k} s"Ls k{ phc;n p;t} h".. : yh}. k;r~ h" ]k y' uNh'. nh}. Y;t'jb ]k b;hr s' a;y' h/A k}`;~/ k} ]jLd rf> h{t} h"- v; un pr yh p@{`"]K`v p@{`}n nh}. h{t} : y' m| ´{f'j k' s"Ls el"K`Ä}kl} sÅt c;jE2 (electrically charged) h{t' h". ]jsk' k;r~ v' un b;hr} s"Ls k' s;q ]cpk p;t' h". a[r uNh'. ]ngl kr sm;Pt kr d't' h".. :

yh} t{ hm;r} eMy?n}`} k; Ak tr}k; h" ]jss' ]k mn/Zy ]jNd; h" : a[r hm;r; xr}r en b"K`}]ry; eTy;]d k' AN`}b[2>}j> (antibodies) bn;n' s}Y l''t; h" a[r eNh'. sm;Pt kr d't; h" : Ny?`Ä{]fLs (neutrophils) a[r m"´{f'jj> (macrophages) k' s"Ll k' a.dr l;eEs{s{m=j> (lysosomes) n;mk a.g h". j{ b;hr} k}`;~/a{. k{ m;rn' k' ]ly' kr}b c;l}s p@k;r k' ANj;>em tk bn; skt' h". : Av. m"´{f'jj> l;eEp'j> (lipase) y;]n f"`=s k{ pc;n' v;l; ANj;>em bn; kr b"K`'r}y' k} sÅt ]jLd k{ g;l kr us' ]ngln' l;yk nmE bn; kr ]ngl j;t' h". y; sm;Pt kr d't' h". _ j"s' ]k `} > b} > (TB) k' b"K`}]ry; : Ny?`Ä{]fLs v; m"´{f']jj> ]nMn]l]Å;t keE Anj;eEmj> %;r; ]ks} w} trh s' k}`;~/a{. k{ sm;Pt kr d't' h".- ]jnm'. m/Åy h". _ Complement system, superoxide (O 2-), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Hydroxyl ions (-OH-), myelo-peroxidase, Hypochlorite eTy;]d n;m k' keE bh/t h} wy;nk ANj;>em=s h". ]jn k} Ak q{2>} s} m;µ; w} b"K`}]ry; k{ sm;Pt krn' k' ]ly' k;f} h" : l;es{j>;em (lysozyme) n;m k; ANj>;em _ j{ sl;ev; m'. p;y; j;t; h" _ vh b"K`}]ry; k} ]jLd k{ p;n} trh g;l skt; h" : h;.k/9 b"K`}]ry; A's' h". ]jn k' uUpr en k; p@w;v nh}. p2>t;- uL`' v' Ny?`Ä{]fLs v; m"´{f']jj> k{ h} sm;Pt kr d't' h". ]jn k' k;r~ k/9 p/r;n} ]bm;]ry;\ h{ j;t} h". : es p@k;r s' Ny?`Ä{]fLs a[r m;'n;'s;eE`=s ]ks} w} p@k;r k' b"K`}]ry;- v;eErs y; aNy ]ks} w} jhr}l} vSt/ k{ ]jss' xr}r k{ n/ks;n h{ _ us' sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; rYt' h"..: hr} n' hm;r' aNdr vh k/9 bn;y; h" ]k kw} kw} d'Y kr d.g rh j;t' h". ]k h]r n' yh xr}r ]ktn; aC9; a[r ]ktn; mjb?t bn;y; h" ]k ]js k} t;r}f m/.h s' nh}. h{ skt}: a;.Y{ m'. ]ktn; kcr; j;t; h" _ mgr hm;r' a;.s? m'. Ky; km;l h" ! kht' h". ]k agr Ak jg (jug) p;n} m'. k/9 k}`;~/ p2>' h{. a[r us m'. a;.s? k} Ak b?.d 2;l ]dy; j;y' t{ k/9 i.`{. m'. vh sb k}`;~/a{. k{ sm;Pt kr d'g; a[r p;n} p}n' l;yk h{ j;y'g; : es} trh s' n;k s' Xv;s l'n' pr _ usk; sb kcr; j{ hv; m'. h" _ vh s;f h{ kr- 9n kr- agr hv; bh/t 1.2} h" t{ G;mE h{ j;y'g}- a[r agr hv; bh/t G;mE h" t{ l.Gj>Ã m'. j;n' s' phl' h} ]jtn} gm}E c;]hy' utn} G;mE v;y/ 1.2} h{ j;y'g} : j{ hv; Xv;s %;r; l} j;t} h" vh l.Gj> m'. j;n' k' phl' n;k k' aNdr bh/t jgh a[r bh/t ½k;v`{. s' `kr;t} h" a[r us m'. sb kc2>; eTy;d} hv; k; l.Gj> m'. ph/.cn' s' phl' h} n;k k' My?ks %;r; s;f h{ j;t; h" : agr hv; m'. nm} Jy;d; h" t{ km nm} h{ kr hv; l.Gj> m'. j;y'g}- a[r agr hv; bh/t Y/Xk h" t{ usm'. nm} a; j;y'g} tb l.Gj> m'. hv; j;y'g} : es} trh m/.h %;r; j{ gL;t vSt/ j;n' lg' t{ `;"]NsLj> (tonsils) un s' hm;r} bc;v krt' h". : d;.t{. k} m"l bh/t b2>; AN`}s"P`}k (antiseptic) y;]n k}`;~/ n;xk h" : Av. p'` m'. etn} sÅt A']s2> h" ]k k{eE v;eErs y; b"K`]ry; eTy;]d j}]vt nh}. rY skt; : rË m'. keE s"Ls h". j{ ]k k".sr tk k' s"Llj> k{ m;r skt' h". : enm'. m/Åy h". _ Q;;ems Gl"..2 k' s"Ls sf'd rË k' s"Llj (WBC’s ) j{ ]ks} w} b;hr k' s"Llj> k{ YTm kr d't' h". : enk' al;v; ]nMn w} h". _ N[c/rl ]kLlrj> “Natural Killers y; NK” n;m k' s"Llj> ]lvr m'. k/fr s"Llj> (Kupffer Cells) l.Gj> (lungs) m'. A']Lvy{l;eEj> (alveoli) k' 2S` s"Llj> (dust cells) a[r ]lMf n{2=j> (lymph nodes) g;m; Gl{b/]ln (gamma globulins) j{ rË m'. p;y' j;t' h". m;\ k' p'` m'. jb bCc; p"d; h{ rh; y; bn rh; h{t; h" t{ hm;r} 9;t} m'. Ak q;eEms (thymus) n;m k} g@Nq} h" j{ alg p@k;r k} s"Ls bn;t} h" _ `} h"Lpr- `} ] kLlrj>- `} sp@"Ssr s"Ls : `} h"Lpr ( T Helper cells) – eN`rLy/]kn n.br 2 (Interleukin # 2) n;mk s"Ls bn;t' h". j{ q;ems k' aNy s"Ls k' s;q ]mlkr LAK n;mk A's' ]kLlr s"Llj> (Killer cells) bn;t' h". j{ k".sr k' s"Ll k{ w} sm;Pt kr skt' h". : (Taber’s 17th edn.p 1004) `} sPr"SsjE> ( T Suppressors) -j{ hm'. a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er h{n' s' bc;t' h". : a[r c[q; `} m'mr} s"Ll ( T Memory cells) h" _ ]js m'. hm;r} sw} p}]3>y{. m'. unk{ ]jtn} w} ]bm;r}y'. a;eE. unk' k{2> (code) k' s;q un k' AN`}b;|2} (antibody) bn;n' k' f[rm/l' k; 7;n h{t; h" : y;]n prd;d} s' w} phl' s' l'kr d;d} m;\- d;d} s' hm;r} m;\- a[r hm;r} m;\ s' hm;r' jnm tk j{ b}m;]ry{. s' v' l2 c/k' h". _ unk' p@]t k"s' hm;r} xr}r k{ l2n; h" _ yh 7;n jnm k' b;d s' h} bCc' k{ p@;Pt h{t; h" : jb A's} avSq; h]r n' bn;eE h"- t{ hm'. Ky; a;vXykt; h" ]k p{]ly{ eTy;]d k' `}k' lgv;y'. < phl' phl yh x/# h/a; q; ]k e.Gl".2 m'. vh m'2}kl 2|;K`r ]jsn' 90% p"d; h/y' bCc{. k{ p{]ly{ k; eNj'Kxn d' ]dy' h". uNh'. gvnEm'.` k' trf s' hr s;l 1,875 p;uU.2 ( 1,30,000 ½py' k' br;br) b{ns ]ml j;t; h" : s{ etn; p"s; s;l;n; ]mln' k' ]ly' v' sb A'2v`;EeEj>m"N` (advertisement) krt' h".- t;]k l{g p{]ly{ eTy;]d k; eNj'Kxn lgv; l'v'. : a;p Oy;n d}]jy' _ a;p k' p?vEj{. m'. 300-400 l{g t{ h{.g' _ Ky; unm'. 50% p{]ly{ s' p}]2t q' < t{ a;p k; jv;b h{g; ]k Ak w} nh}. : jb ]k A's; nh}. q;- t{ yh eNj'Kxn Ky{. d'n; h" < yh sm4n' k; ]vzy h" ]k p{]ly{ k; eNj'Kxn bn' p".t}s_c;l}s s;l h/y' h". _ esk' b;d h} ]ktn} b}m;]ry;\ a;y' ]k ]hs;b nh}. : SPl}n- b{n m"r{- ]lvr y; ]lMfn;'2=j> (lymph nodes) m'. k/9 Y;s s"Ls h{t' h".- ]jNh'. A'N2{q}]lyl s"Ls (endothelial cells) kht' h". : m;'n;'s;eE` c;h' p@v;h m'. h{- ]`x? m'.- m"´{f'j> m'. y; A'N2{q}]lyl s"Ls m'. h{- v' j{ k;yE krt' h". us' r"`}k/l{_AN2{q}]lyl ]sS`m (reticulo-endothelial system) kht' h". : en k' k;r~ kh}. w} k{eE b;hr} c}j> bc kr nh}. j; skt} : c;h' vh cm2} m'. h{- y; ]lMf n{2>j> m'. A'f'r'N` (afferent) y; eEf'r'N` (efferent) n]lk;y'. h{.- y; f'f2{. k' a]Lvy{]l m'. 2S` s"Ls- ]lvr m'. k/fr s"Ls- SPl}n y; b{n m"r{ m'. kh}. w} k{eE b;hr} c}j bckr nh}. j; skt} : us' c;r{. b;j? s' i'r kr sm;Pt kr ]dy; j;t; h"- c;h' f'f2{. m'. k{eE 2S`- k;rbn eTy;]d k{eE w} vSt/ h{ us' sm;Pt kr ]dy; j;t; h" : ]fr w} k{eE rh j;y' t{ SPl}n k} k"p}lr}j> (capillaries) k' ]9d@ b2>' h{t' h". (]jn s' rË k' s"Ll ]nkl kr r"2 pLp red pulp m'. s' g/jrt' h". ) t{ vh pLp Abn;"rml rË k' s"Ll y; ]jn RBC’s k; um@ 120 ]dn h{ c/k' h{t' h". uNh'. sm;Pt kr kr rË k{ Ak dm s;f a;g' w'jt; h" : s{ k{eE w} b;hr} vSt/ es ]sS`m s' bc nh}. skt; : h;\- A's; h{n' k' ]ly' SPl}n- ]lvr- q;ems Gl".2 a[r ]lMf n{2>j> k' k;yE s/c;½ #p s' h{n; c;]hy' : t{ eNh'. uks;n' k' ]ly' h} hm LMNT k' Viral treatment formula d't' h". : apn; Ak an/wv eor bt;t; h?. j{ m/4' y;d a;t} h" _ sn= 1942 m'. am,tsr k' veEy;.v;l' b;j>;r m'. d?k;n pr Ak;uU.` ] lYt'_]lYt' Ak a;dm} k; h;`E f'l h{ gy; : sb b;j>;r b.d h{ gy'- l{g kh rh' q' ]k 'i{r kly/g a; gy; ]k a;dm} ]bn; b}m;r p2' mr gy; _ usk} k{eE dv;_d;# w} n kr sk'- k{eE s'v; w} nh}. kr;eE- A's; lgt; h" ]k k{eE m/3 cl gy} h" (k{eE j;d?_`{n; h{ gy; h") Ky{.]k us ]dn tk h;`E f'l Y;s nh}. h{t' q' : a;j hr ]b]L2.g m'. a;p k{ c;r h;`E k' r{g} ]ml j;y'.g' : ab k/9 ]dn phl' tk `} v} (TV) m'. A'2v`;EeEj>m"N` (advertisement) a;t} q} ]k sf{l; Y;a{ a[r h;`E k} p@{Bl'm s' 9/`=`} p;a{- jb ]k e.`rn'xnl #p s' yh kh; gy; h" ]k h;`E p@{Bl'm sf{l; j"s} t'l{. s' a;t} h"- d'x} i} s' nh}. : jn;b- d's} i} Y;ey'- pr us' pc;n' k' ]ly' ]ny]mt #p s' k/9 Vy;y;m w} ]ky; kr'. : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - r{g p@]tk;r 6mt; Immunity hm;r' xr}r k} bn;v` es p@k;r k} h" ]k b;hr s' a;eE ]ks} w} j>hr y; k}`;~/ k; xr}r m'. p@v'x krn' pr- vh apn; p@w;v hm;r' xr}r k' ]ks} ]`x? pr 2;ln' s' p?vE h} us' sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; rYt; h" : en k; s;mn; krn' k' ]ly' hm;r' xr}r k; Ak Y;s ]sS`m y; VyvSq; h" ]js' eMy?]n`} ]sS`m kht' h". : esm'. d{ p@k;r k} 6mt; h{t} h"- ]js' alg_alg n;m{. s' j;n; j;t; h" : phl} 6mt; eNn'` eMy?n}`} h{t} h" (innate immunity) ]js m'. jNm k' smy h} p?vEj{. s' a;eE Y;s Y;s ]bm;r}y{. k' k{2=j> (codes) j{ j}Nj> m'. rht} h".- h{t} h". : es' inherited immunity, intrinsic immunity eTy;]d xBd{. s' j;n; j;t; h" : esk' ]nMn phl? h". _ 1. hr p@k;r k; b"K`}]ry; y; v;eErs k{ sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; _ es k' ]ly' p'` k} A']s2> k; Y?b Jy;d; h{n; j#r} y;]n p'` k' A']s2> k; pH =1 tk j;n;- y; d?sr' ANj>;eEm k; h{n; : 2. sf'd rË k{]xk;y'. (WBC’s) %;r; b"K`}]ry; k{ f"g{s;eE`{]ss (phagocytosis) y; m"´{f'jj> (macrophages) %;r; sm;Pt krn; : 3. cm2>} k; ]ks} w} p@k;r k' a;´m~ k; s;mn; krn;

4. Y?n m'. ]ks} w} p@k;r k' b;hr k' k}`;~/a{. k; y; j>hr k; sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; k; h{n;- j"s' ]k Lysozymes k; h{n;- j{ ] ks} w} b"K`}]ry; y; d?sr} vSt/ k{ sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; rYt; h" : y; kMpl}m"N` ]sS`m (complement system) ]js m'.

20 p@{`}n h{t' h".- ]jn k' %;r; b"K`}]ry; k{ sm;Pt ]ky; j; skt; h" : 5. rË m'. N[c/rl ]kLlj>E (Natural killers) n;mk s"Ls k; h{n; j{ ]k k".sr (cancer) tk x]Ëx;l} k}`;~/a{. k{ sm;Pt kr skt' h". : d?sr} 6mt; yh ]k b;hr} k}`;~/a{. k' ]v½5 l2>n' k' ]ly' A'N`}b[2>}j (antibodies) bn;n' k' ]ly' B ]lMf{s;eE`=s k{ uks;y; j;t; h" ]js s' ]k vh un k}`;~/a{. y; j>hr k{ sm;Pt kr d't' h".. : es' A'Kv;y2E eMy?n}`} (acquired immunity y; non inherited immunity) kht' h". :

A'N`}j"Nj>

Antigens

A'N`}j"Nj> k; mtlb h" v' p@{`}n m;kEr (protein markers), j{ hr s"Ll k' uUpr Ak l;Y k' kr}b rht' h"..- ]jn s' yh phc;n h{t} h" ]k yh a[`{ s"Ll y;]n apn' xr}r k; s"Ll h" y; f[r'n (foreign) s"Ll y; n[n s"Lf vvv (non self cell) y; b;hr s' a;y; h/a; s"Ll h" : en k} phc;n ]nMn s"Ll krt} h". _ • sb s' phl' ]k2>n}y'.- y; cm2>} (skin) • y; v' s"Ll ]jNh{.n' q;eEms Gl".N2> y; b{n m"r{ (bone marrow) s' ]nkln' y; 9{2>n' k' b;d jgh_jgh pr k;|l{n}y{. (colony) bn; l} h".. : eNh'. MALT ( Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue) kht' h". : y' ]nMn jgh{. m'. p;y' j;t' h". _ o a;.t]2y{. k' ]vl;eE m'. Av. unk' b;hr k} n]lk;a{. k' s;q o Xv;s n]lk; m'. Av. unk' b;hr k} n]lk;a{. m'. o p'x;b n]lk;a{. k' s;q_s;q j{ rh rh' h". apn' xr}r k' s"Ll k} phc;n rYn' k} x]Ë k{ a;|`{_eMy?]n`} (auto-immunity) kht' h". : ]fr phc;n krn' k' b;d jb uNh'. m;l?m p2>t; h" ]k y' b;hr k' s"Ll h".- t{ v' un b;hr k} s"Ls k{ sm;Pt krn' k' ]ly' Svy. A'N`}b[2>}j> (antibodies) bn;n; x/# kr d't' h".- s;q s;q B_]lMf{s;eE`=s k{ w} y' A'N`}b[2>}j bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;t' h".- eNh'. sm;Pt krn' k' ]ly' : t}n p@k;r k' s"Ls _ g@"n/l{s;eE`=s - m{n{s;eE`=s y; ]lMf{s;eE`=s s' eNh'. sm;Pt kr ]dy; j;t; h" : kw} kw} xr}r m'. ]ks} m;r k' k;r~ ]ks} s"Ll k' jÅm} h{n' pr k{eE apn; h} A'N`}j"n ]bg2> j;t; h" y; Yr;b h{ j;t; h"t{ xr}r us' b;hr k; s"Ll sm4 kr unk' ]v½5 A'N`}b[2>} bn;n' lgt; h"- y; ]ks} aNy k;r~{. s' glt} s' xr}r apn' h} s"Ll k' ]v½5 A'N`}b[2} bn;n' s' eNFlm'xn a; j;t} h" Av. s"Ls nZ` h{n' lgt' h". _ us' a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er (auto immune disorder) kht' h". : es k; el;j> LMNT m'. A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 k{ uks;kr y; Left Ovary k' upc;r %;r; ]ky; j;t; h"- a[r us r{g} k{ k;f} a;r;m ]mlt; h"a[r sMp?~E w} 1}k h{ skt; h" : kw} kw} ]ks} b;hr k' A'N`}j"Nj> k' k/9 ]`x?j> xr}r k' s"Ll k' s;q ]cpk j;t' h". ]js s' w} a[`{eMy?n}`} a; j;t} h"- yh w} LMNT %;r; 1}k ]ky; j; skt; h": - A'N`}b[2}j> Antibodies B ]lMf{s;eE`=s A'N`}b[2}j> (antibodies) bn;t' h".- j{ ]ks} b;hr s' a;y' h/A A'N`}j"n k{ sm;Pt krn' k' ]ly' bn;y' j;t' h".. :

enk; m{]lk/lr vj>n (molecular weight) 2'3> l;Y s' n[ l;Y tk k; h{t; h"- ]jn m'. d{ l;eE` c'Nj> (light chains) a[r d{ h"v} c'Nj> ( heavy chains) h{t} h"- bnt' h". : ]ks} ]ks} m'. t{ ds l;eE` c'Nj> a[r ds h"v} c'Nj> h{t} h"- bnt' h". : mtlb ]k Ak l;eE` c'n k' s;q Ak h"v} c'n rht; h" : A'N`}b[2>}j> g;m; Gl{b/]ln (gamma globulin) h{t' h".- ]jNh'. eM;y?n{Gl{b/]ln (immune globulin) w} kht' h"- ] jNh'. m|Cy{r Pl;Sm; s"Llj> (mature plasma cells) bn;t' h".- ]js k; ]vvr~ a;g' ]dy; gy; h" : hr A'N`}b[2>} Ak Y;s A'N`}j"n k' ]ly' h} bnt; h" : eMMy?n{Gl{]bn (Ig) m/Åyt+ p;.c p@k;r k' h{t' h". _ • IgA – xr}r k' ]nMn ¹;v{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" _ a;\s?- d?o- Av. Xv;s n]lk; tq; a;.t{. k} My?]sn m'. : • IgD – y' B-]lMf{s;e`=s k' uUpr} prt pr p;y' j;t' h". a[r A'N`}j'n ]rs'P`r (antigen receptor) k; k;m krt' h". : • IgE – yh Ak A's; eMMy?n{Gl{]bn h" j{ Xv;s n]lk; tq; a;.t{. k' m;S` s"Ls k' s;q j/2> kr A'l'j}E p@]´y;a{. (allergic reactions) k{ b3>;t' h". : j{ ak;r~ h} h;epr s']Ns]`v (atopic hypersensitivity) h{t' h". _ mtlb unk; xr}r v;t;vr~ m'. bdl;v k{ bd;Ext nh}. kr p;t; h" _ A's' keE Vy]Ëy{. k' rË m'. reagin n;mk eMMy?n{Gl{]bn Jy;d; h{t; h" j{ ]k IgE s' bnt; h" : • IgG – yh mn/Zy{. m'. p;y; j;n'v;l; m/Åy eMMy?n{Gl{]bn h" : yh gwE k' Pl"s'N`; k{ p;r kr skt; h" : s{ jnm s' phl' gwE k' bCc' k{ eMy?]n`} p@d;n krn' m'. m/Åy w?]mk; ]nw;t; h" : yh complement k} uks;t; h" Av. anti-toxins, viruses Av. b"K`}]ry; (s' l2n' ) k; p@m/Y antibody h" : yh h'p;`;e]`s y; aNy b}m;]ry{. m'. t;Tk;]lk #p s' eMy?]n`} p@d;n kr skt; h" : ]nMn b}m;]ry{. m'. eMy?]n`} k} km} h{t} h" _ CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia), ITP (Idiopathic thrombocytic purpura) Kawasaki syndrome, Av. ]jn k{ bone marrow transplant y;]n h2=2} k' mJj' k} bdl} krn' k} j#rt h" _ en sb b}m;]ry{. m'. IgE k{ intravenous #p m'. eMy?]n`} b3>;n' k' ]ly' ]dy; j;t; h" : tb es' IVIG kht' h". : • IgM – yh A, B Av. O rË g@?p k} antibody responses y;]n p@]t ]´y;a{. k{ k.`Ä{l krt; h" : yh p@;y+ p@Ty'k eMy?n r'Sp;|Ns (immune response) k} x/½a;t m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh complement k' k;y{E. k{ uks;n; k; p@m/Y antibody h" : A'N`}b[2>}j> AN`}j"n k{ ]v]w¸ tr}k{. s' sm;Pt krt' h". _ k[MPl}m"N`= ]sS`m (Complement system) %;r;- jhr y; `[]KsNj> (toxins) k{ Ny?`Äl;eEj> (neutralize) y;]n YTm kr kr- j{ jhr b"K`}]ry; eTy;]d ]nk;lt' h". y; bn;t' h".. unk' a;j?_b;j? m'. 9'd kr sm;Pt krn; y; Y; j;n; eTy;]d : A'Kv;y2E eMy?n}`} Acquired Immunity A'Kv;y2E eMy?n}`} y;]n vh 6mt; j{ phl' s' p@;Pt h" : yh d{ p@k;r k} h" - Ak vh j{ B ]lMf{s;2E`=s s' h{t} h" j{ ] lMfn{2=s m'. t"y;r h{t} h".- Av. d?sr} q;2Ems Gl".2 k' T s"Llj %;r; k} j;t} h" : Oy;n rh' ]k r'2}y'xn (radiation) y; k"m}kLj> y; k}m{ q'r"p} (chemo therapy) %;r; hm;r; eMy?n ]sS`m YTm h{ j;t; h"- j{ d/b;r; dv;eEy{. %;r; nh}. bn;y; j; skt; : es]ly' j}n' k' ]ly' hm;r} eMy?n ]sS`m m'. ]ks} w} eNf"Kxn s' l2>n' k} 6mt; h{n} c;]hy' : vh bCc; ]jsk} eMy?n}`} jNm k' smy s' h} YTm h" y; nh}. h"- us k' aNdr ]ks} w} ]bm;r} s' l2>n' k} 6mt; nh}. rht}- us' bcn; bh/t k]1n h" : pr agr sh} smy m'. a; gy' t{ ]bn; dv;eE k' h}- LMNT upc;r{. %;r; us' w} 1}k ]ky; j; skt; h" : ]lMf{s;eE`s ]lMf n{2=j> m'.- SPl}n- a;.t2}y{. k' s;q Av. b{n m"r{ m'. rht' h". : T Av. B ]lMf{s;e`=s

T and B Lymphocytes

T Av. B ]lMf{s;eE`=s m;eE´{Sk{p (microscope) m'. d'Yn' s' Ak h} p@k;r k' lgt' h".- pr k;yE p5]t enk} alg alg h{t} h" : T ]lMf{s;eE`=s Y/d k}`;~/ s' l2>kr s"Ll k} eMy?n}`} k{ t"y;r krt' h".- jb ]k B ]lMf{s;eE`=s A'N`} b{2}j bn; kr eMy? n}`} k{ t"y;r krt' h". : m;\ k' p'` h} m'. T ]lMf{s;eE`=s k} m'Cy{]r`} (maturity) q;eEms Gl".2 m'. h{t} h"- jb ]k B ] lMf{s;eE`=s k{ phl' ]lvr m'. t"y;r ]ky; j;t; h" : b;d m'. b{n m"r{ k' bnn' pr en k{ jNm s' phl' y; jNm k' b;d b{n m"r{ m'. t"y;r y; m"Cy{r (mature) ]ky; j;t; h" : s{ d{ p@k;r s' eMy?n}`} t"y;r ]ky; j;t; h" _ T ]lMf{s;e`=s %;r; a[r AN`}b{2}j> j{ ]k B ]lMf{s;eE`=s bn;t' h". : T ]lMf{s;eE`=s k{ jNm s' q{2} d'r phl' q;eEms Gl".2 ty;r krt; h" : Av. jNm k' b;d enk{ Y?b t"y;r ]ky; j;t; h" : yh} k;r~ h" ]k b;hr s' ]ks} d?sr' ]`x? y; p;`E (part) k' lg;n' s' _ j"s' ]k ]ks} d?sr' Vy]Ë k} ]k2n} k{ lg;n' pr _ us ]k2n} k{ nk;r ]dy; j;t; h" y; k;m n krn; h{t; h"- yh sb q;eEms Gl".2 k' en T s"lj k' k;r~ h} h{t; h" : agr jNm s' phl' h} us Vy]Ë k; q;eEms Gl".2 ]nk;l ]dy; j;y' t{ d?sr' k} ]k2n} j{ lg;eE geE h" y; bdl} k} geE h" vh k;m kr skt} h" a[r us' nk;r nh}. j;y'g; : agr q;eEms Gl".2 k' h{t' h/A ]k2n} bdl} geE h" t{ us Vy]Ë k{ A's} dv;eE d} j;t} h" ]k usk; q;eEms Gl".2 k;m krn; bNd kr d'- ] js s' k} lg;eE geE ]k2n} k{ nk;r; nh}. j;y' : xr}r m'. k{eE ds l;Y p@k;r `;eEp (types) k' T ]lMf{s;eE`=s h". a[r etn' h} trh k' B ]lMf{s;eE`=s h".- j{ alg_alg trh k' T s"Ls y; AN`}b{2}j> bn; skt' h". : Ak_Ak s"Ll Ak Ak trh k' A'N`}j"n k' ]ly' k;m krt' h".- j{ ]k us A'N`}j"n k{ sm;Pt krn' k' b;d w} k;f} mh}n{. a[r vz;E. tk rË k' s;q s;q i?mt' h/A y; ]vcrt' rht' h". : es p@k;r s' l;Y{. trh k' A'N`}j"n k; s;mn; hm;r} eMy?n}`} ]sS`m kr skt; h" a[r xr}r k{ hr p@k;r k' a;´m~ s' bc;y; j; skt; h" : Oy;n rh' ]k hm;r; Ak Ak T y; B ]lMf{s;eE`= apn' trh k' 2/Pl}k'` s"Ll (duplicate cell) w} bn;t' h".- j{ ]k Ak Y;s trh k' A'N`}j"n k' ]ly' A'N`} b{2} eTy;d} bn; kr us' sm;Pt kr d' : c;h' hm;r' xr}r m'. Ak hj;r k' kr}b j}Nj> (genes) alg alg trh k' T ]lMf{s;eE`=s y; B ]lMf{s;eE`=s bn; skt' h".- mgr jb ]k hr s"Ll pr Ak l;Y k' kr}b p@{`}n m;kErj> (protein markers) h". t{ yh Ak hj;r j}Nj> apn' RNA eTy;]d k{ un k} A'N`} b[2} eTy;d} k{ bn;n' m'. apn' a.dr km Jy;d; p@{`}n krn' k} 6mt; k' k;r~ l;Y{. trh k' A'N`} b[2}j y; T s"Llj> bn; skt' h". a[r bn;n' k} 6mt; rYt' h". : phl' yh r;j q; j{ ab Y/l gy; h" : ]`x? m'. ]lMf{s;eE`=s k' al;v; l;Y{. m"´[f'j}j (macrophages) w} rht' h". : k/9 a;´m~k;r} s"Ls k{ f"g{s;e`{]ss (phagocytosis) %;r; YTm ]ky; j;t; h"- a[r k/9 k{ m"´{f']jj> %;r; YTm ]ky; j;t; h" : a;´m~k;r} %;r; bn;y} gy} c}j'. m"´{f'j k' i{l s' ]ml j;t; h"- ]js' ]lMf{s;eE`=s k' ]ly' 9{2 ]dy; j;t; h" : A's; h{n' s' m"´{f'j %;r; Ak neE c}j bn;eE j;t} h"- ]jss' bh/t h} t;ktvr y; blv;n vSt/ bn'g;- ]js' eN`rLy?]kn n.br 1 kh; j;t; h" : tkr}bn sb A'N`}j"n T tq; B ]lMf{s;eE`=s k{ Ak s;q h} uks;t' h". : agr T ]lMf{s;eE`Âs s' bn;y; h/a; T h"Lpr s"l (T Helper cell) n bn' t{ B ]lMf{s;eE`=s kmt} A'N`}b[2}j bn;y'.g} : pr T h"Lpr s"Ll k} sh;yt; s' B ]lMf{s;eE`=s bh/t h} jLd} Av. p@c/r m;µ; m'. A'N`} b[2} bn;t} h". :

Pl;Sm; s"Ls %;r; A'N`}b[2}j> k; bnn; Antibody formation by Plasma cells ]ks} A'N`}j"n k' ]`x? m'. a; j;n' s' us k' m"´{f'j a[r f"g{s;eE` (phagocyte) h{n' k' b;d us' B ]lMf{s;eE` k' p;s w'j; j;t; h" : es k' s;q s;q A'N`}j"n k{ T ]lMf{s;eE`=s k' p;s w} w'j; j;t; h" j{ T helper cell k{ bn;kr B ]lMf{s;eE`=s k{ w} uks;t' h". : ]fr vh ]lMf{s;eE` us AN`}j"n k' m/k;bl' k' ]ly' apn' a;p k{ f/l;n; x/# kr d't' h".- ]js s' v' ]lMf{Bl;S` (lymphoblast) k; #p o;r~ kr l't' h".- y; ]lMf{Bl;S` bn j;t' h". : en m'. s' k/9 t{ Pl;Sm; Bl;S` (plasmablast) bn j;t' h".- ]jn s' Pl;Sm; s"Llj> (plasma cells) bnt' h". : ]fr v' hr 10 iN`' m'. Ak k' d{ bnn' x/# h{ j;t' h". : es p@k;r Ak Pl;Sm; Bl;S` c;r ]dn m'. p;.c s[ s"Ll tk bn; d't' h". : Ak m|Cy{r Pl;Sm; s"l (mature plasma cell) g;m; Gl{b/]ln (gamma globulin) k{ bh/t h} jLd} jLd} bn; d't' h". : yh;. tk ]k hr s"l Ak s"kN2 m'. 2000 m{]lKy?Lj (molecules) tk bn; d't' h". : es trh AN`} b[2}j bnt' rht' h". Av. rË k' bh;v m'. clt' rht' h". : A's; k;f} ]dn{. y; sPt;h{. tk h{t; rht; h" jb tk ]k Pl;Sm; s"Ll mr nh}. j;y' : es} trh d/b;r; us} AN`}j"n k' a;n' pr Ak bh/t h} sÅt s"l k} uTp¶} h{t} h" ]js' T-m"mr} s"l kht' h".- a[r phl' s' Jy;d; jLd} v; Jy;d; blv;n us A'N`}j"n k' Kl{n (clone) y;]n hmxKl t"y;r ]ky' j;t' h". : yh} k;r~ h" ]k p{]ly{ k} phl} 2{j> (dose) d'n' k' c;r ]dn b;d dv;eE k; asr h{t; h" j{ 9' sPt;h m'. sm;Pt h{ j;t; h" : pr d?sr} 2{j> k' d{ ]dn k' b;d h} dv;eE k; asr h{ j;t; h"j{ 9'_a;1 mh}n{. tk rh'g; : us} p@k;r phl' Ak A'N`}jn k' a;´m~ s' d?sr' a;´m~ k; s;mn; Jy;d; sÅt a[r x}i@ ]ky; j;y'g; a[r unk} A'N`} b[2}j eTy;d} Jy;d; smy tk clt' rh'.g' : yh A'N`} b[2}j g;m; Gl{b/l}n h{t' h".- ]jNh'. eMMy/n{Gl{b/l}n (immunoglobulin) w} kh; j;t; h" : en k; m{lk/lr vjn 2'3 l;Y s' n[ l;Y tk k; h{t; h" : es} p@k;r xr}r m'. Ak k[Mp}lm"N` ]sS`m (complement system) w} h" : en m'. 20 p@{`}n=s rht' h".- ]jn m'. s' Jy;d;tr Gy;rh p@{`}n=s h} k;m krt' h".- j{ ]k C1 s' C9 tk s;q m'. B a[r D ]ml kr Gy;rh h{ gy' en m'. Jy;d; k;m C3, C5, B & D krt' h". : aw} uUpr bt;y; gy; h" ]k ]ks p@k;r T m"mr} s"Llj (T-memory cells) bnt' h". : phl' a;´m~ h{n' pr km bnt' h".- pr d/b;r; a;´m~ h{n' pr bh/t Jy;d; bnt' h".- j{ rË m'. p@v;h krt' rht' h". _ mh}n{. y; vz{E. tk : Oy;n rh' ]k hr T s"Ll pr Ak l;Y A'N`}j"n ]rs"P`r (antigen receptor) rht' h".- ]js s' A'N`}j"n us s"l k' s;q ]cpk j;t; h" _ us} p@k;r ]js p@k;r A'N`} b[2} k' s;q ]cpkt; h" : q;eEms Gl".2 m"mr} s"l k' el;v; t}n s"Llj a[r bn;t} h"- ]jNh'. T h'Lpr s"l (T-helper cells)- T ]kLlr s"l (T-killer cells), a[r T sp@"Ssr s"Llj> (T-suppressor cells) kht' h". : -- -`} h'Lpr s"Ls Av. e.`rLy?]kNs T Helper Cells & Interleukins q;eEms Gl".2 ]jtn' w} s"Ll bn;t; h"- us k' 75% vh T h"Lpr s"l bn;t; h" : tkr}bn s;r' eMy?n ]sS`m m'. Jy;d;tr T h"Lpr s"Ll k;m krt' h".- a[r y' ]lMf{k;eENj> (Lymphokines) bn;t' h". : ]js s' yh b{n m"r{ k{ uks;t' h". : s;q m'. y' ]nMn k{ w} bn;t' y; uks;t' h". _ Interleukin - 2. j{ k".sr s"Llj k{ w} sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; rYt' h".

Interleukin - 3 yh s;e`{k;eEn bn; kr b{n m"r{ k' S`"m(stem) s"Ll k{ uks;t; h" Interleukin - 4. s;e`{k;eEn y; m;S` s"Llj %;r; ]lMf{s;eE` k} uTp;dn k{ b3;t; h" Interleukin - 5. yh s;e`{k;eEn- eE]sn{]fLl Av. m;S` s"Ll k} uTp;dn k{ b3;t; h" Interleukin - 6. yh Ak ]lMf{k;en h"- j{ ]nMn s"Ls %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" _ ]lMf{s;e`=s- aNy e.`rLy?]kNs- g;m; e.`rf'r;|n (gamma interferon)- `=y?mr n'´{]ss f|K`r b}`; (tumor necrosis factor beta) Av. k}m{ k;en=j> (chemo kines).

Interleukin - 7. y' w} s;e`{k;en h". j{ b{n m"r{ k' S`Ä{ml s"Ls (stromal cells) %;r; bnt' h". : y' B cells k' p@}ksEr precursor k' ]vk;s k{ uks;t' h". tq; q;em{s;e` (thymocyte) k' ]vk;s Av. m"´{f'js k{ uks;t' h". (macrophage activation) : Interleukin – 8 s' 14 y' sw} s;e`{k;en h". j{ alg_alg tr}k{. s' eMy?]n`} b3>;t} h". : -- -s;e`{k;en=s CYTOKINES WBC’s y;]n sf'd rË k{]xk; kr}b s[ s' Jy;d; p@{`}n=s bn;t' h". ]jnm'. Ak yh w} h". : y' s"Ls k' ]vk;s k' smy m'. tq; s"Ls k' ]v]w¸ k;y{E. k' d[r;n s"Ls k} eMy?]n`} k' ]ny.μ~ k' ]ly' s.d'x d't' rht' h". : hr Ak s;e`{k;en Ak Y;s s"Ll %;r; Ak Y;s ] S`m/ls (stimulus) k' ]ly' bn;y; j;t; h" : m{n{s;e`=s (monocytes) %;r; bn;y' gy' s;e`{k;en=s k{ m{n{k;en=s (monokines) kht' h".- tq; ]lMf{s;e`=s %;r; bn;y' gy' s;e`{k;en=s k{ ]lMf{k;en=s (lymphokines) kht' h". : e.`rLy?]kNs- e.`rf'r;|n=s (interferons)- `=y?mr n'´{]ss f|K`r ( tumor necrosis factor) A]rq@{p{y']`n tq; k;l{n} ] S`m/l']`.g f|K`r _ y' sw} s;e`{k;en=s h} h". : y' s;e`{k;en=s t}n p@k;r s' k;yE krt' h". _ _ ]jn s"Ls %;r; bn;y' gy' h{. uNh}. k{ bdln; _ es' a;|`{ ´;en p@w;v (auto crine effect) kht' h". _ a;j?_b;j? k' s"Ls m'. bdl;v l;n; _ es' p"r;´;en p@w;v paracrine effect kht' h". : _ s"Ls k' ]sS`m pr p@w;v 2;ln; _ es' AN2{´;en p@w;v endocrine effect kht' h". : _ g@|n/l{s;e`_m{n{s;e` k;l{n} ]S`m/l']`.g f|K`r _ g@|n/l{s;e` tq; m{n{s;e` k{ uks;t' h". agr T helper s"Ls n bn'. t{ a;g' k; s;r; eMy?n ]sS`m h} sm;Pt h{ j;t; h" : AIDS k} b}m;r} m'. T h'Lpr s"Ls n bnn; h} AIDS a;n' k; k;r~ h" : es]ly' T h'Lpr s"Ls k; bnn; bh/t j#r} h" : agr T h'Lpr s"Ls n bn' h{ t{ T ]kLlr s"Ls y; T sPp@'sr s"Ls k; bnn; k]1n h"- y; bh/t km bn'.g' : h;.- eN`rLy?]kn 2 s' T ]kLlr y; T sPp@'sr s"Ll bn skt' h". : Av. enk{ bnn' m'. eN`rLy?]kn 4 y; 5 k; w} k/9_k/9 asr p2>t; h" : T h'Lpr s"Ls k' bg"r k{eE w} A'N`}j"n k; p@w;v w} ]lMf{s;e`=s bn;n' pr km p2>t; h" : h;.- eN`rLy?]kn n.br 4-56 %;r; w} ]lMf{s;e`=s Y?b bnt' h". y; bn;y' j;t' h". : eN`rLy?]kn 2 %;r; T h'Lpr s"Ls bh/t bn'.g' : T ]kLlr s"Ls k{ s;e`{`;|]Ksk T s"Ls (cytotoxic T cells) w} kht' h". : jr; Oy;n d'n; : s;e`{`;|]Ksk T s"Ls (Cyto-toxic T cells) y; T ]kLlr s"Ls pr Ak l;Y k' kr}b ]rs'P`rj> (receptors) rht' h".- ]jnk' k;r~ A'N`}j"n en s' ]cpk j;t' h". : ]fr yh us A'N`}j"n k' ]`x? m'. b2>'_b2>' h{l (hole) y; 9'd kr kr us k' aNdr apn; s;e`{`;|]Ksk k"m}kl wr d't; h"- y; unk{ Y?b f?l; d't; h"- j{ es i{l k' k;r~ sm;Pt h{ j;t' h". : y' s;e`{`;|]Ksk T s"Ls y; T ]kLlr s"Ls k"Nsr k' s"Ls k{- y; ]ks} b;hr} g@.q} j{ xr}r m'. lg;eE gy} h{- y; d?sr; b;hr} s"Ls k{ sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; rYt' h". : ]fr us v;ers k' YTm h{n' pr usk' k/9 ]`x? xr}r m'. apn' s"Ls k' s;q ]cpk' rht' h".- ]jss' glt} s' y' s"Ls kw}_kw} apn' s"Ls k{ w} _ b;hr k; v;ers sm4t; h/a; _ n/ks;n kr d't' h". : yh} a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er h" : s;e`{`;|]Ksk T s"Ls y; T ]kLlr s"Ls k; k;yE sm;Pt h{n' pr q;ems Gl".2 T sPp@'sr s"Ll (T suppressor cells) bn;t; h"- j{ T ]kLlr s"Ls y; T h'Lpr s"Ls k{ YTm kr d't' h".Ky{.]k jb unk; k;yE sm;Pt h{ c/k; h"- t{ vh kh}. apn' xr}r k' s"Ls k{ n/ks;n n ph/\c;y'- s{ unk{ sm;Pt kr ]dy; j;t; h" : hr} k} ]ktn} k,p; h"- ]k hm;r' xr}r m'. hr b;hr} s"Ll k} phc;n q;ems Gl".2 y; hm;r} eMy?n ]sS`m (immune system) k{ h"- nh}. t{ j}]vt rhn; ]ktn; k]1n h{t; ! agr T sPp@'sr (T suppressor) 1}k s' k;yE kr'. t{ a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er h{ nh}. skt; : LMNT m'. hm Complement System n;mk upc;r %;r; xr}r k} eMy?]n`} k{ b3>;t' h". _ yh Y;s kr uNh'. d'n; h" ]jNh'. lMb' smy k' ]ly' eNf'Kxn h{kr vh eNFlm'xn m'. bdl c/k; h{ : -

eNFlm'xn

Inflammation

jb w} kw} m;r s'- y; b"K`}]ry; s'- y; `Ä[m; (trauma) y;]n ac;nk k{eE 4`k; lg'- y; ]ks} k"]mkl- gm}E eTy;]d s' ]`x? i;yl h{n' pr unm'.. g2>b2>} a; j;t} h" ]jss' ]nMn p;\c bdl;v ]dYt' h". _ ]js' eNFlm'xn (inflammation) kht' h". : l;]lm; y;]n us jgh k; l;l h{ j;n;gm}E y;]n p'x.` k{ h} nh}. b]Lk d?sr{. k{ w} us jgh k{ 9?n' pr gm}E mhs?s h{t} h"s?jn y;]n vh jgh f?l; h/a; ]dYt; h"jk2n _ y;]n us a.g k' hlcl m'. ½k;v` a;t} h" a[r ddE _ j{ aksr t}v@ h{t; h" a[r us} k' k;r~ us a.g k; jk2n a[r Jy;d; h{t; h" y;d rh'- eNFlm'xn a[r s;o;r~ s?jn m'. k;f} fkE h" : s;o;r~ s?jn m'. aKsr l;]lm; y; jk2n nh}. rht; : l']kn eNFlm'xn m'. v' d{n{. h{t' h} h". : ab eNFlm'xn k' ]v]w¸ phl/a{. pr g[r kr'.g' _ l;]lm; _ m;r lgn' k' k;r~ us jgh pr rË k} n]lk;y'. Y/l_s} j;t} h". a[r rË k; p@v;h a]ok h{ j;t; h" : k"p}lr}j> s' FLy?2> (fluid) a]ok us jÅm} ]`x? m'. h{ j;t; h" y; a; j;t; h" : es trh s' fLy?2 k' s;q f;eEb@}n;'j"n (fibrinogen) a[r p@{`}n k' w} s;q a; j;n' s' FLy?2> jm kr g;.1 bn j;t} h" y; FLy?2 k; Kl[` (clot) bn j;t; h" : yh k"p}lr}j> %;r; a;t; h" : g@'n/l{s;eE`s v; m;'n;'s;eE`=s w} jÅm} ]`x? m'. a; j;t' h". :

• • • •

yh sb h{n' s' cm2>} m'. p;n} an;vXyk #p s' jm j;n' k' k;r~ ]`x? m'. s?jn a; j;t} h" ]js' Sv']l.g (swelling) kht' h". : Oy;n d'. hr s?jn eNFlm'xn nh}. h{t; : ud;hr~ k' ]ly' p@v;s k' b;d k/9 l{g{. m'. h;q_p"r s?j j;t' h".- l']kn vh eNFlm'xn nh}. h{t; : eNFlm'xn Ak Y;s ]kSm k' s?jn k{ kht' h". ]jsm'. s?jn k' al;v; ]nMn g/~ w} h{. _ l;]lm;- gm}E- ddE a[r jk2>n : hm;r' xr}r k} s"Ls etn} n;j/k h". ]k agr v' `?` j;y'. y; k{eE m;r lg' t{ w} eNFlm'xn h{ j;t; h" : jb j{2>{. m'. eNFlm'xn h{t; h"- t{ ddE k' k;r~ j{2> jk2> j;t' h".- Av. unk' hlcl m'. ½k;v` a;t} h" : eNFlm'xn k' k/9 aNy k;r~ n}c' ]dy' gy' h". _ • • • •

]ks} A|l'j}E k' k;r~ aTy]ok gm}E y; 1.2k k' k;r~ Y;n' k} c}j %;r; y; Xv;s %;r; y; cm2} %;r; k{eE k}`;~/ a.dr i/sn' k' k;r~ a]txy A']s]2`} y; A'Lkl} b3>n' k' k;r~ w} eNFlm'xn h{ skt; h" :

eNFlm'xn keE p@k;r k' h{ skt' h". _ Ak ]kSm m'. ps y; p}p y;]n mv;d bnt; h" : es' purulent inflammation kht' h". : kw} ]ks} g@.q} k; kv]r.g j"s' Pl?r; (pleura) y; p'r}`{]nym (peritoneum) m'. eNFlm'xn h{ j;t; h" ]jsk' k;r~ us w;g m'. s}rs Fl?e2 (serous fluid) k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h" : es' s}rs eNFlm'xn serous inflammation kht' h". : Pl?]rs} (pleurisy) n;mk l.Gj> k} b}m;r} m'. A's; h} h{t; h" : f;eb@{]ss (fibrosis) k' eNFlm'xn m'. f;e]b@n k' s?t' j"s' (fibrin threads) bn j;t' h". : esk; ud;hr~ h" _ dry pleurisy pneumonia n;mk b}m;r} : Ak a[r p@k;r k; eNFlm'xn h" ]js' catarrhal inflammation kht' h". : esm'. My?ks m"Mb@'n m'. eNFlm'xn h{ j;t; h" : esk; a;m ud;hr~ h" _ sd}E- ]jsm'. n;k a[r gl' k' My?ks m"Mb@'n m'. eNFlm'xn h{ j;n' k' k;r~ n;k bht' rht; h" : eNf'Kxn tq; eNFlm'xn k' upc;r m'. LMNT k} Y;]syt AKy?` (acute) y;]n t}v@ eNf"Kxn tq; Kr[]nk (chronic) y;]n p/r;n} eNf"Kxn d{n{. k} l6~{. m'. bh/t Jy;d; fkE nh}. h" : pr p/r;n} eNf'Kxn (infection) eNFlm'xn (inflammation) m'. bdl j;t; h" : Al{p"q} k} w;z; m'. d{n{. k{ eNf"Kxn (infection) h} sm4t' h". a[r d{n{. k; upc;r l6~ k{ d'Yt' h/y' kr}b_kr}b Ak_j"s; h} ]ky; j;t; h" : pr LMNT k' upc;r m'. d{n{. m'. jm}n a[r a;sm;n k; fkE h" : eNf"Kxn k} b}m;]ry{. k{ hm Thymus s' 1}k krt' h". jb ] k eNFlm'xn k} b}m;]ry{. k{ hm A']2Ä]nl k[r`"Ks k{ uks;kr 1}k krt' h". : eNf'Kxn m'. agr glt} s' A'2Ä}nl k{ uks; ]dy; t{ ] bm;r} Ak dm d{ g/n; b3> j;y'g} : ud;hr~ k' ]ly' s'P`}s}]my; (septicemia) n;mk b}m;r} m'. xr}r k} eMy?]n`} nh}. h{t}- s{ rË m'. k}`;~/ bh/t t}v@ #p s' f"l j;t' h". : yh eNf'Kxn k} b}m;r} h" : us b}m;r} m'. agr hmn' A]2Änl d' ]dy; t{ b}m;r} ]bg2> j;y'g} a[r us r{g} k{ k{NvLxNs (convulsions) y;]n ]f`=s a; skt' h". : v"s' h} mL`}pl Skl"r{]ss (multiple sclerosis) n;mk b}m;r} aKsr a[`{ eMy?n ]2s;2Er h{t} h" ]js m'. q;eEms h;epr h{t; h" y;]n a]ok k;m kr rh; h" : A's' p'x.` k{ hm q;ems k{ uks;n' s' usk{ aC9; nh}. lg'g; : yh tj/b'E k} b;t h" : ]fr ]`x? k' aNdr k' k'm}kLs j"s' ]k ]hS`;m;eEn (histamine)- b@"2}k;eE]nn (bradykinin)- s'r{`{]nn (serotonin)p@[S`;Gl"]N2Nj> (prostaglandins) a[r d?sr; kMpl}m".` ]sS`m (complement system) %;r;- rË k; jmn; y; Bl2> Kl[]`g ] sS`m (blood clotting system) eTy;]d h{n' s' vh;. pr f|g{s;e`{]ss (phagocytosis) h{n; x/# h{ j;t; h" ]js s' ]k m"´{f'j> (macrophages) %;r; jÅm} ]`x? k{ Y;kr sm;Pt kr ]dy; j;t; h" : es p@k;r j>Åm} ]`x? s' ]nkl} c}j'. xr}r k' k/9 aC9' s"Ls k' s;q lg; h{n' s'- m"´{f']jj> k' s"Ls o{Y; Y; j;t' h". a[r uNh'. w} w?l s' Y; j;t' h". Av. anj;n' m'. xr}r k{ n/ks;n ph/.c;t' h".. : eNFlm'xn a;n' k' t/rNt b;d h} hm;r' xr}r k' ]lMf|]`Ks (lymphatics y;]n ]lMf k} g@.]qy;\) usk{ c;r{. b;j/ s' i'r kr f"]b@n;'j"n fibrinogen k} sh;yt; s' us eNFlm'xn k} jgh k' c;r{. a{r jm j;t' h" y; A's; k]hy' k} sb r;St' bNd kr d't' h". _ t;]k b"K`}]ry; eTy;]d vh;. s' ]ks} d?sr} jgh n j;y'. a[r tkl}f a[r n b3' : yh sb us k' uUpr ]nwEr krt; h" ]k ]`x? ]ktn; i;yl h/a; h" a[r d/sr; us b"K`}]ry; eTy;]d k' b3>n' s' phl' h} A's; kr ]ly; j;t; h" : pr agr S `Ä'P`{k{k} (streptococci) b"K`}]ry; vh;. s' a;g' ]nkl j;y' t{ yh eNf'Kxn s;r' xr}r m'. f"l j;y'g; a[r A's} avSq; m'. r{g} k} m,Ty/ w} h{ skt} h" : eNFlm'xn c;h' ]`x? m'. h{- l.Gj> m'. h{ y; m;e´{Gl}y; s"Ls (microglial cells) j{ b@'n m'. h". unm'. h{ _ sb s' phl' eNFlm'xn a;n' k' t/rNt b;d _ ]mn`{. h} m'. _ ]nMn ´m s' k;yE x/# h{t; h"_ • sb s' phl' yh h{t; h" ]k rË m'. s.c;r krt' m"´{f']jj> (macrophages) us eNFlm'xn k' jgh k' a;sp;s k' mr' a[r i;yl s"Ls k{ ] ngln; x/# kr d't' h".. : • d?sr; yh ]k Ny?`Ä{]fLs (neutrofils) rË s' ]nkl kr jh;. eNFlm'xn h/a; h" vh;. ph/.c kr apn; k;yE p@;r.w kr d't' h". : yh sb eNFlm'xn h{n' pr us jgh pr j{ c}j'. t"y;r h{t} h". us k' k;r~ h{t; h" : Ny?`Ä{]fLs svE p@qm k"p}lr}j> k} aNdr} ]dv;r k' s;q ]cpk j;t' h". jh;. eNFlm'xn h/eE h" : A's; krk' v' k"p}lr}j> v; d?sr' a[r 9{`} n;2>}y{ k{ alg kr d't' h" t;]k Ny? `Ä{]fLs k} a;vk j;vk m'. b;o; nh}. a;y' t;]k vh ]`x?j> m'. j; sk'- jh;. pr k{eE tkl}f h/eE h" : • t}sr;- eNFlm'xn k' kc2>' k{ sm;Pt krn' k' ]ly' j{ j{ k"]mkl eTy;]d c;]hy' us' bn;n; x/# kr d't' h". : es p@k;r s'- k/9 h} iN`{. m'.- Ny?`Ä{]fLs _ j{ k} rË k' blv;n s"Ls h". _ v' b;hr k' a;´m~k;r}y{. k{ sm;Pt krn' m'. sfl h{ j;t' h". : eNFlm'xn h{n' k' b;d j{ kc2>; y; v'S` p@{2K`=s (waste products) t"y;r h{t' h"- v' rË %;r; b{n m"r{ m'. j;n' s' b{n m"r{ m'. j{ Jy;d; Ny?`Ä{]fLs S`{r h"..- uNh'. t/rNt rË m'. 9{2>; j;t; h" t;]k eNFlm'xn p"d; krn' v;l' k}`;~/a{. s' l2>; j; sk' : s{ rË m'. Ny?`Ä{]fLs k} ]gnt} _ j{ s;o;r~t+ Ak m;eE´{l}`r y;]n 100ml. m'. 4000 s' 5000 tk rht} h" _ vh eNFlm'xn h{n' k' k/9 h} iN`{. m'. 15,000 s' 25,000 tk ph/.c j;t} h" : es' Ny/`Ä{f}l}y; (neutrophilia) kht' h". a[r yh ]nx;n} h" ]k xr}r eNFlm'xn s' m/k;bl; mrn' k' ]ly' eNh'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. bn; rh; h" : Oy;n rh' _ Ny?`Ä{]fLs k} ]gnt} rË m'. 62% h" jb ]k m;'n;'s;eE`=s k} 5.3% h} h"- y;]n m{n{s;e`=s km p"d; h{t' h".- a[r b{n m"r{ m'. en k; S`[k w} km h{t; h"- es]ly' ]js ]`x? m'. eNFlm'xn h{t} h" vh;. enk} m;µ; km h} h{t} h" (]jtn} s"Ls ]`x? k' a.dr h".- utn} h}) a[r unk{ b3>n' m'. k/9 smy lg'g; : d?sr;- y' eMm|Cy{r (immature) s"Ls h{t' h".- mtlb aw} 9{`' h". v; pk' nh}. h". y; m"Cy{r (mature) nh}. h/A h".a[r apn' a;p k{ f/l;kr m"´{f'j h{n' k' ]ly' a[r ]fr bh/t l;eEs{s{m bn;n' m'. smy lgt; h" ]jsk' ]ly' eNh'. km s' km a;1 iN`' c;]hy' : v"s' t{ yh sc h" ]k Ak b;r m"Cy{r h{n' k' b;d y; pkn' k' b;d m{n{s;e` k; Ak s"Ll s[ b"K`}]ry; tk m;rn' k} 6mt; rYt' h".s{ eNh'. t"y;r h{n{. m'. y; eNFlm'xn k{ sm;Pt krn' m'. k/9 ]dn lg j;t' h". : a[r m"´{f'js> k' p@w;v k' k;r~ h} b;d m'. b}_]lMf{s;eE`=s (B lymphocytes) %;r; A'N`}b[2>}j bnn' x/# h{.g' : b{n m"r{ m'. g@'n/l{s;eE`=s v; m;'n;'s;eE`=s k; S`[k (stock) y;]n jm;v` rht; h"- vh t}n y; c;r ]dn k; rht; h" : a[r b{n m"r{ c;h' bh/t h} a]ok m;µ; m'. eNh'. bn; skt} h" : pr eNh'. rË m'. a;n' k' ]ly' t}n c;r ]dn lg j;t' h". : agr eNFlm'xn sm;Pt n h{ t{ b[n m"r{ mh}n{. v; vz{E tk eNh'. w;r} M;µ; m'. bnt} rh'g} : g@"n/l{s;eE` a[r m"´{f'j k' k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ k' ]ly' keE ]sS`m k;m krt' h" ]jnm'. p;\c m/Åy p@k;r s' h". _ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

`=y?mr n"´{]ss f"K`r Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) eN`ÄLy/]kn n.br 1 Interleukin # 1 (IL-1) g@'n/l{s;eE` k[l{n} S`}m/l'xn f"K`r Granulocyte Colony Stimulating factor GCSF m;'n;'s;eE` k[l{n} S`}m/l'xn f"K`r Monocyte Colony Stimulation factor M-CSF g@'n/l{s;eE`_m;'n;'s;eE` k[l{n} S`}m/l'xn f"K`r G-M CSF en m'. TNF Av. eN`rLy?]kn n.br 1 Jy;d; sfl h".- ]jn s' b;k} sb p@w;]vt h{t' h".. : es p@k;r s' ek`=1; k;m krn' pr a;´m~k;r} k{ sm;Pt ]ky; j;t; h" :

es p@k;r s' b;hr k' b"K`}]ry; eTy;]d k{ m;rn' pr y; hm;r' xr}r k' Ny/`Ä{]fl- m"´{f'j eTy;]d w} uns' l2>t'_l2>t' y; Yr;b ]`x? ]js pr a;´m~ h/a; h" ps k; #p o;r~ kr l't' h". a[r smy k' s;q aNdr h} sm;Pt h{ j;t' h". y; n sm;Pt h{n' pr b;hr ]nkl j;t} h" : eE]sn{]fLs

eosinophils

eE]sn;']fLs Ny?`Ä{]fLs k' s;mn' 9{`; v; kmj{r p2> j;t; h" a[r rË m'. es k} m;µ; y; ]mkd;r y; ]gnt} w} km h". : yh ] ks} p"r;s;eE` (parasite) k{ Y; y; ]ngl nh}. skt; pr yh unk' s;q ]cpk j;t; h" a[r uNh'. m;rn' k' ]ly' yh Y;s p@k;r k} jhr y; k"m}kLs bn;t; h" ]js s' v' p"r;s;eE`=s bh/t s} ]gnt} m'. m;r' j;t' h".. : yh rË m'. c;h' 2.3% h} h" pr jb p"r;s;eE`=s s' k{eE ] bm;r} a;t} h" t{ y' bh/t b3> j;t' h". t;]k y' un k}`;~/a{. k' bCc{. k' s;q ]cpk kr uNh'. M;;r sk'.: y' t}n ]v]w¸ p@k;r k' k"]mkl bn; kr ]ks} w} p@k;r k' p"r;s;eE` k' uUpr k} cm2>} k{ gl; kr sm;Pt kr d't' h". _ •

hydrolytic enzymes –en k' cells k' a.dr k' l;eEs{s{m ( lysosomes) n;mk w;g k}`;~/a{. k' cells k' prt k{ g;ln' k' ]ly' ] v]w¸ p@k;r k' ANj;>em=s bn;t' h". : h;eEl} ]rA]K`v a[]Ksj>n O2 _ _ j{ a;|Ks}jn k; Ak A's; i;tk #p h" ]jsk' SpxE m;µ s' h} k}`;~/ YTm h{ j;y'.g' : m'jr b']sk p@{`}n MBR – k}`;~/a{. k' bCc{. k{ YTm krn' k' ]ly' Ak Ytrn;k k"m}kl h" : yh Ak polypeptide h" y;]n yh tw} bn'g; agr us Vy]Ë Ak xr}r m'. HCl a[r p".]´y;s k' ANj;>em=s 1}k s' bn rh' h{. :

• •

]js ]`x? m'. A'lj}E h{ j;t} vh;. b's{]fLs bh/t b3> j;t' h" _ j"s' ]k b@[.k;e]`s- aSqm; y; k/9 cmE r{g{. m'. h{t; h" : d/]ny; m'. keE d'x{. m'. ]nMn d{ p@k;r k' eNf'Kxn k} b}m;]ry{. m'. w} b's{]fLs b3> j;t' h". _ schistomiasis, trichinosis. b"s{]fLs

Basophils

b"s{]fl s"Ll m;S` s"Ll k} trh k' h". : m;S` s"Ll sw} k"p}lr}j> k' 1}k b;hr ]Sqt h". : y' d{n{. h} rË m'. h'p;]rn n;mk k'm}kl bn;t' h". t;]k rË n jm' : yh} Y;n; Y;n' k' b;d usm'. s' w;r} f"` k{ u1;t' h". y; pc;t' h".. : y' d{n{. h} ]hS`;m;en (histamine)- b@"2}k;eE]nn (bradykinin) Av. s"r{`{]nn (serotonin) k{ w} bn;t' h".. : dr asl m;S` s"Ls h} eNFlm'xn k' smy en k"m}kLs k{ Jy;d; m;µ; m'. bn;kr rË m'. 9{2 d't' h".. : jb A'N`}j"Nj> k' s;q m;S` s"Ll v; b"s{]fLs ]cpk j;t' h". t{ v' AN`}j"Nj> en k{ m;r d't' h". y; rPcr (rupture) kr d't' h". y;]n enk' prt k{ t{2 d't' h". a[r en k' f`n' k' b;d enm'. s' ]nMn keE c}j>' ]nklt} h" _ ]hS`;m;eEn- b@"2}k;eE]nn- s"r{`{]nnh'p;]rn- l;eEs{s{ml Anj;eEmÂj> lysosomal enzymes eTy;]d : en k"m}kLs k' k;r~ h} Alj}E (allergy) p"d; h{t} h"- ]jsk' k;r~ Tvc; k; l;l h{n;- n;k s' y; a;\Y{. s' p;n} ]nkln;- 9}.k k; a;n;- Y/jl}- jln eTy;]d l6~ ]dYt' h". : l?k{p}n}y;

Leukopenia

l?k{p}n}y; Ak A's} ]Sq]t h" ]js m'. b{n m"r{ WBC’s y;]n sf'd rË k' s"Ls bn;n; bNd kr d't} h"- a[r xr}r b;hr k; k{eE w} a;´m~ h{n' pr k/9 nh}. kr skt; Ky{.]k usk} s/r6; VyvSq; sm;Pt h" : a;m t;"r pr xr}r m'. b"K`}]ry; hr jgh pr h{t' h". _ j"s' ]k Xv;s n]lk;- m/.h- a;.Y- s;r' p'` m'.- a;.t]2y{. m'.- p'x;b k} n]lk;y'.- vj;en; (vagina) eTy;]d : s{ sf'd rË k' s"Ll km h{n' s' y; n bnn' s' d{ h} ]dn m'. m/.h m'. y; b2>} a;.tr} m'. f{2' s' ] nkl a;y'.g' y; k{eE n k{eE p@k;r k; eNf"Kxn Xv;s VyvSq; m'. w} a; j;y'g; : A's} avSq; m'. agr es k; upc;r n ]ky; j;y' a[r sf'd rË bnn; p?r; bNd h{ j;y' t{ mn/Zy Ak sPt;h m'. sm;Pt h{ j;y'g;- Ky{.]k eNf"Kxn Ak jgh s' aNy jgh{. pr f"lt; j;y'g; : A's} avSq; ]k sf'd rË s"Ls n bn' _ yh tb h{t; h" agr ]ks} A'`m b[Mb (atom bomb) k' f`n' k' b;d usm'. s' j{ g;m; r'j> (gamma rays) ]nkl'.g} un k' p@w;v s'- y; aTy]ok X-rays s' y; un k"]mkLs y; dv;eEy{. s' ]js m'. b"Nj>}n h{ eTy;]d : mgr a;jkl k' keE dv;eEy{. s' yh avSq; a]ok a;t} h" j"s' ]k chloramphenicol j{ keE s;l{. s' A'N`}b;y{]`k k} g{l} k' #p m'. p@c]lt h" : y; Thiouracil eTy;]d bh/t s} dv;eEy;. h". ]jn s' b{n m"r{ k;m krn; bNd kr d't} h" _ vh sf'd rË h} nh}. vrn l;l rË w} bn;n' m'. asmqE h" : b{n m"r{ k} es avSq; k{ b{n m"r{ k; APl;]sy; (aplasia of the bone marrow) y; APl;]S`k A'n}]my; (aplastic anemia) kht' h". : A's; h{n' pr w} b{n m"r{ k' k/9 S`'m s"Ls (stem cells)- my'l{Bl;S` s"Ls (myeloblast cells) y; h'm;'s;eE`{Bl;S` (hemocytoblast) n;mk s"Ls j}]V;t rh j;t' h".- ]jn m'. etn} x]Ë y; 6mt; h{t} h" ]k antibiotics eTy;]d s' eNf'Kxn k{ r{kn' k; b;d agr uNh'. py;EPt smy ]dy; j;y t{ v' s;r} b{n m"r{ k} VyvSq; k{ 1}k_1;k kr skt' h"..: es ]ly' r{g} k; upc;r agr k/drt} tr}k{. s' ] ky; j;y' t{ k/9 mh}n{. m'. b{n m"r{ m'. ny} j;n a; skt} h" a[r r{g} k' Bl2 s"Ls v;ps n[rml bn skt' h". : h"r}sn Harrison k} p/Stk m'. ]lY; h" ]k k}m;'q'r"p} (chemotherapy) k' b;d k/9 r{]gy{. m'. b{n m"r{ k} A's} avSq; y;]n (aplastic anemia) a;t} h} h" : Ny?r{q'r'p} %;r; APl;]S`k A'n}]my; k' k/9 mr}j p?~E #p s' 1}k h/y' h". : l?k}]my;

LEUKEMIAS

jb rË k' sf'd s"Ls bh/t h} Jy;d; b3> j;t' h".- us' l?k}]my; kht' h". : yh Ak ]kSm k; k"Nsr h"- ]jsk' d{ m/Åy p@k;r h". _ • agr ]lMfn;'2>j (lymph nodes) y; aNy lymphogenous y;]n ]lMf k' cells Jy;d; m;µ; m'. WBC’s bn;t' h". t{ us' ] lMf{s;e]`k l?k}]my; (lymphocytic leukemia) kht' h". : • agr b{n m"r{ k' myelogenous cells %;r; WBC’s Jy;d; m;µ; m'. bn;y' j;t' h". t{ us' m;y'l{j}ns l?k}]my; (myelogenous leukemia) kht' h". : ]fr b{n m"r{ s' ]nklkr y' WBC’s s;r' xr}r m'. f"l j;t' h". : esm'. w} keE p@k;r h{ skt' h". j"s' _ Ny?`Ä{]f]lk l?k}]my; ea{]sn;']f]lk l?k}]my; b"s{]f]lk l?k}]my; m;'n;'s;eE]`k l?k}]my;

_ _

_ ]jsm'. Ny?`Ä{]fLls a]ok m;µ; m'. h{t' h". ]jsm'. ea{]sn{]fLls a]ok m;µ; m'. h{t' h". ]jsm'. b's{]fLls a]ok m;µ; m'. h{t' h". _ ]jsm'. m{n{s;e`=s a]ok m;µ; m'. h{t' h".

mtlb ]js p@k;r k' w} a]ok s"Ls h{ y; a]ok bn rh' h{. us} p@k;r k' s"Ls k; l?k}]my; khl;t; h" : l?k}]my; k} s"Ls asl} bn;y' h/A n[rml WBC’s k' s"Ls s' alg trh k' s"Ls h{t} h". : ]jtn' alg h{.g' utn; a]ok k1{r l?k}]my; h"- a[r y' s"Ls xr}r k' asl} bn;y' WBC’s s"Ls k} trh k;m nh}. krt' y; r6; nh}. krt' y; eNf"Kxn s' nh}. l2>t' y; nh}. l2> p;t' : ]js s' agr es k; upc;r n ]ky; j;y' t{ mn/Zy k/9 h} mh}n{. m'. mr j;y'g; : kw} kw} y' p/r;n} b}m;r} k; #p w} o;r~ krt' h". a[r tb y' ds b}s s;l tk b3>t' b3>t' mn/Zy k{ sm;Pt kr d't' h"..: b{n m"r{ s' bn;y' s"Ls xr}r k' aSvSq jgh{. pr p@w;v 2;lt' h". : y' p"d; h{t' h} mJj; k' a;j?b;j? k' h2=2} k{ Y;n' lgt' h".- ]jss' h]2=2y{. k' a.dr ddE h{n' lgt; h" a[r ]dn p@]t ]dn h]2=2y{. k{ etn; kmj>{r kr d't' h". ]k vh `?` w} skt} h" : c;h' b{n m"r{ s' bn' s"Ls h{ y; ]lMfn;'2>j s'- y' a;]Yr SPl}n- ]lMfn;'2=j>- ]lvr eTy;]d jgh{. pr f"l h} j;t' h". : a[r jh;. jh;. y' ek`=1' h{t' h". vh;. s' v' apn' a;p k{ a;s_p2{s k' d?sr' ]`x?j> m'. f"lt' h". a[r ]`x? k} Y/r;k y; t;kt k} vSt/A. Y;t' h/A ]`x? k{ kmj{r kr kr sm;Pt kr d't' h".. : l?k}]my; k' m/Åy l6~ h". _ A'n}]my; y; rË k} km} h{ j;n;- Pl"`=`l"`=` k; km h{ j;n; y; jgh jgh s' rË k; Sµ;v h{n; Ky{.]k Pl"`l"`=s km h".. : sf'd s"Llj k} b3>{tr} s' uNh'. utn} Y/r;k w} c;]hy' a[r mn/Zy k; Y;y; Y;n; y; us s' bn} t;kt y; ]v`;]mn=s y; A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ y' Y; j;t' h" ]js s' o}r' o}r' ]`x?j k' p@{`}n=s w} sm;Pt h{n' lgt' h".- mn/Zy xr}r s' kmj{r h{t; j;t; h" a[r yh} m[t k; k;r~ bn j;t; h" : e.`rLy?]kn n.br Ak Interleukin-1 yh Ny?`Ä{]fLs (neutrophils, lymphocytes tq; macrophages k' ]vk;s Av. k;yE k{ uks;t; h" : Oy;n rh' m"´{f'js (macrophages) %;r; IL-1 y;]n e.`rLy?]kn n.br Ak bn;y' j;t' h".- t;]k ]js trh k; vh Y;s ]lMf{s;e`=s (lymphocytes) bn;n; c;ht' h".- vh bn'- a[r es k;m m'. b3>;v; krn' k' ]ly' e.`rLy?]kn n.br Ak sh;yt; krt; h" : es k' %;r; T-h"Lpr s"Ls k{ uks;y; j;t; h" : yh CSF k} uTp;dn k{ uks;t; h" : esk' al;v; yh A'2Ä}nl- ]lvr- h2=2}- Av. Sm?q mSsl (smooth muscle) k' k/9 Y;s k;y{E. k{ uks;t; h" : (Taber’s 18th edn.p 1007). jb hm (½) Ku – 20 secs d't' h".- tb CP k' bCc{. k{ l;w ph/\c;t; h" ]jss' h} g/½j} yh kht' h". ]k vh upc;r Ny?`Ä{]fLs k' k;yE k{ uks;t; h" : Euglobulin y?Gl{b?]ln yh asl} Gl{b?]ln h" j{ Pl'n p;n} (plain water) m'. nh}. ]mlt; mgr nmk}n p;n} m'. ]ml j;t; h" : Globulin Gl{b?]ln Gl{b?]ln ]sMpl p@{`}n g@?p simple protein group k; h{t; h"- j{ s;d; p;n} m'. nh}. ]mlt; pr agr p;n} m'. sÅt A']s2 k' s[L`=s (salts) ]ml; ]dy' j;y'. t{ us m'. i/l j;t; h" : j"s' ]k s}rm Gl{b?]ln- f;e]b@n{j"n- l"K`{Gl{b?]ln eTy;]d : Lactoglobulin l|K`{Gl{b?]ln l|K`{Gl{b?]ln Ak p@{`}n h" j{ d?o m'. p;y; j;t; h" : gmE krn' pr yh jm j;t; h" a[r ml;eE k; #p o;r~ kr l't; h" j{ ]fr Pl'n p;n} m'. ]mKs nh}. h{t; : Myelofibrosis m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss b{n m"r{ k} jgh h2=2} k' a.dr f;eb@s ]`x? (fibrous tissue) k; a; j;n' k{ m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss kht' h". : es m'. A's} p]r]Sq]t a; j;t} h" ]k j{ s"Ls RBC’s k{ bn;t' h".- unm'. k/9 Yr;b} a; j;t} h" ]js s' v' n[rml RBC’s n bn;kr A'Bn[rml (abnormal) RBC’s bn;n' x/# kr d't' h".- ]js m'. RBC’s k} x'p y;]n a;k;r w} ]bg2> j;t} h"- a[r A'n}]my; y; xr}r m'. rË k} km} h{ j;t} h" : enk} SPl}n w} ANl;jE (enlarge) y;]n b2>} h{ j;t} h" : b{n m"r{ m'. f;eb@{Bl;S`=s (fibro-blasts) n;mk s"Ls h{t' h".- ]jn m'. Ak l"`}s `;ep f;eb@s ]`x? (lattice type fibrous tissue) k{ bn;t' h". : mtlb ]k es p@k;r k; ]sS`m ]k phl' A's; h{g; j"s; ]k r{`} bn;n} h" t{ a;`; g/.q kr t"y;r krn;- r{`} k'

p'2>' bn;n;- ]fr b'ln;- ]fr tv' pr us' s'kn;- ]js s' r{`} pk kr t"Æy;r h{g} : A's' h} s"Ls bn;n' k} p@]´y; m'. k/9 p2>;v h{t' h".- us ]sS`m k{ l"]`=`s (lattice) kht' h". <<< es} p@k;r k; ]sS`m b{n m"r{ m'. h"- ]js k' %;r; RBC’s 1}k t"Æy;r h{t' h". : ]js trh s' r{`} k; tv; agr 1}k n h{ t{ r{`} 1}k p@k;r s' bn nh}. skt}- us} trh s' agr b{n m"r{ k' A'Bn[rml ]sS`m k' k;r~ k/9 Yr;b} a; j;n' k' k;r~ f;eb@{Bl;S`=s k{ a]ok uks;y; j;t; h" ]js s' vh f;eEb@s ]`x?j> (fibrous tissue) k} a]ok m;µ; m'. bn;n' x/# kr d't' h".]js k' k;r~ RBC bn;n' v;l' s"Ls km RBC bn;n' lgt' h". ]jsk' k;r~ rË m'. RBC’s k} m;µ; km h{ j;t} h"- ]jss' A'n}]my; h{ j;t; h" : hm'. es f;eEb@s ]`x?j> (fibrous tissue) k} a]okt; k{ km krn; h"- ]js s' ]k RBC’s 1}k p@k;r s' bn' : g/½j} k} s{c h" ]k Ky; (2) Pan %;r; s{m"`{S`"]`n k{ uks;kr es f;eEb@s ]`x?j> k{ r{k; j; skt; h" < agr ‘Pan’ m'. ddE h" t{ (2) Pan d'n; l;wkr h{g; < es A'n}]my; m'. RBC’s eMm|Cy{r (immature) y; ]ms_x'pn (mis-shapen) y;]n 9{`'_b2>' y; ]bg2>' a;k;r k' h{ skt} h". : WBC’s a[r Pl"`l"`=s k} x'p (shape) y;]n a;k;r w} ]bg2> j;t} h" a[r v' y; t{ bh/t b3> j;y'.g' y; bh/t km h{ j;y'.g' : f;eEb@s ]`x?j> b{n m"r{ m'. etn' b3> j;t' h".- a[r rË bn;n'v;l' s"Ls km h{ j;t' h".- ]k sw} p@k;r k' s"Ls bnn' km h{ j;t' h". : WBC’s k' km h{n' pr xr}r ]ks} w} eNf'Kxn k; m/k;bl; nh}. kr p;t; a[r Pl"`l"`=s k' km h{n' pr xr}r m'. kh}. w} Bl}]2.g h{ rh} h{- us' r{k; nh}. j; skt; : xr}r m'. rË b[n m"r{ m'. bnt; h" : f}`l S`'j (fetal stage) y;]n gwE k' bCc' k{ ]lvr a[r SPl}n w} rË bn;t' h". : s{ agr m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss k} avSq; a; j;y t{ ]lvr a[r SPl}n ANl;jE h{ j;t' h". ]js' agnogenic myeloid metaplasia kht' h". : m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss h{n' k' b;d kw}_kw} ]nMn b}m;]ry;\ h{ skt' h". _ • l?k']my; (leukemia) y;]n Bl2 k"Nsr • p;|l}s;eq}]my; v'r; (polycythemia vera) • mL`}pl m;el{m; (Multiple myelomas) • ]lMf{m; (lymphoma) • `=y?brk/l{]ss (TB y;]n tuberculosis) • b{n m'. eNf'Kxn k; a;n; _ eTy;]d pr A's; Ky{. h{t; h"- yh aw} tk pt; nh}. lg; h" : v' l{g j{ `;|]Ksk sBS`|Nss (toxic substances) y;]n jhr}l} vSt/a{. k' a;s_p;s y;]n unk} v;t;vr~ m'. rht' h".- j"s' ]k b'nj>}n (benzene)- r']2y'xn (radiation) eTy;]d t{ un l{g{. k{ m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss h{n' k' bh/t c;Nss (chances) h". y; un l{g{. k{ m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss h{ j;t; h"- y; h{ skt; h" : yh pc;s s' s¶r s;l k' umr y; a;y/ k' l{g{. m'. p;y; j;t; h" : k/9 l{g{. m'. yh o}m'_o}m' a;t; h" a[r o}m'_o}m' b3>t; h" a[r A's; h{n' pr v' ds s;l tk ]jNd; rht' h". : aKsr yh b}m;r} x}i@ b3>t} h" a[r agr A's; h{t; h" t{ us' m"]lGnN` m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss (malignant fibrosis) y; A'Ky?` m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss `;eEp l?k']my; kht' h". : aKsr vz{E. tk m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss k' a;n' pr es k; k{eE l6~ ]dY;eE nh}. d't; : aKsr r{g} k{ A'n}]my; kmj{r a[r qk;_qk; s; rYt; h" a[r unk; vjn w} km h{ j;t; h" : SPl}n a[r ]lvr k' b3> j;n' s' A'B2{mn m'. aKsr ddE s} rht} h" : jb m;e´{Sk{p s' rË k' s"Ls k{ d'Yt' h".- t{ rË k' aNdr eMm|Cy{r (immature) a[r 9{`'_b2>' y; ]ms_x'pn (mis-shapen) s"Ls ]dY;eE d't' h".- ]fr jb b{n m"r{ (bone marrow) k} b;eEa;|Ps} (biopsy) k} j;t} h"- us smy m;l?m p2>t; h" ]k m;y'l{f;eb@{]ss h" : Oy;n rh' ]k m'2}kl s;eNs (medical science) m'. aw} tk es k; k{eE A's; el;j nh}. ]ml; h"- ]js s' es' a;g' b3>n'' s' r{k; j;y : prNt/ k/9 k"Nsr k} dv;ey{. s' SPl}n a[r ]lvr k' ANl;jEm'N` y;]n b3> j;n' s' us' LMNT upc;r s' km ]ky; j; skt; h" : A'l{p|q} m'. b{n m"r{ k{ `Ä;.SPl;N` (transplant) krn' s' es b}m;r} k{ k/9 r{k; j; skt; h"- l']kn hm'x; k;my;b} ]ml'g} yh w} nh}. h" : h;. k/9 r{]gy{. k{ A]rq@{p{y']`n d'kr rË k{ b3>;y; j;t; h" ]js m'. sPt;h m'. Ak Ak hj;r ½py' k' d{ eNj'Kxn lg;y' j;t' h". y; ny; rË ]dy; j;t; h" : bh/t km h} A's' r{g} h{t' h". ]jn k} SPl}n b3> j;t} h" t{ SPl}n k{ ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : esm'. ]nMn upc;r l;wd;yk h{ skt' h". _ src Raman treatment k' s;q Rt. Parkhoo a[r Lt. Parkhoo (½) Ku – 20 secs (½) Ku – 6 secs eTy;]d : (2) Pan d'kr es b}m;r} k{ a;g' b3>n' s' r{k; j; skt; h" < A]rq@{p{y']`n k' ]ly' (30) Medulla (6) Swt w} ]dy; j; skt; h" < usm'. w} (30) Medulla (6) Rt. Swt (6) Lt. Swt _ es p@k;r s' d'n' s' Jy;d; l;w h{g; < src - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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k/9 xBd{. k} j;nk;r} (in alphabetical order) 1,25 DCC 1,25 DCC k{l'S`Ä;|l s' bn; h/a; h" : s{ es' S`}r;|e2 h{rm{n kht' h". : yh ]lvr- p"r|;q[rm{n Av. ]k2n}j> 1}k s' k;m krn' pr- xr}r k} j#rt k' an/s;r rË m'. bnt; h" : yh k"]Lxym k; avx{z~ tq; cy;pcy k; ]ny.μ~ krt; h" : (yh 1}k s' bnn' k' ]ly' o?p m'. `hln; Av. f'`=s k; 1}k s' pcn; d{n{. j#r} h". ) yh 1}k s' n bn' t{ k"]Lxym k} km} s' m;\s_p']xy{. m'. ´".MPs a;y'.g}- a[rt{. m'. m"Nss m'. Jy;d; Bl}]2.g h{g}- ]jsk' k;r~ uNh'. v}kn's (weakness) y;]n kmj{r} mhs?s h{g} : rË m'. k"]Lxym b3>;n' k; f[rm/l; _ 1,25 DCC formula – (7) Liv (4) Para (7) Liv° (7) Mu° (8) Ch. Only (20) ↑↓ -- -Acetylcholine a|s']`l k{l}n yh Ak neurotransmitter h" : yh Vagus nerve %;r; s;r; alimentary canal k{ transverse colon tk uks;t; h"- l']kn h;`E k{ inhibit krt; h" : a|s']`l k{l}n receptors k} km} s' h} myasthenia gravis b}m;r} h{t} h"" : Medulla oblongata m'. acetyl choline n h{ t{ lungs k; k;yE bNd h{g; _ A's; h} food poisoning m'. h{t; h" : Acetyl choline s{m'`{S`"]`n (somatostatin ) k{ r{kt; h"- mgr v"s{p@"]sn k{ uks;t; h" : Acetyl choline Av. epinephrine d{n{. h} Prostaglandins k{ uks;t' h". : Acetyl choline bn;n' k; Ny?r{q'r'p} `Ä}`=m'.`  (15) Medulla. yh upc;r unk' ]ly' bh/t aC9; h" j{ kht' h". ]k unk{ r;t k{ s{t' smy s;\s ½k_½k kr clt} h" : y; ]jNh'. f/2> Pv;ej>]n.g y; aNy k;r~ s' b;r_b;r u]L`y;. h{ rh} h{ : -- -ADH Antidiuretic Hormone A'N`} 2;eE_y?r']`k h{rm{n yh h[rm{n h;yp{q|lms m'. bnt; h"- l']kn p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} m'. S`{r h{t; h" : esk' d{ f.Kxn h". _ 1. yh y?]rn y;]n p'x;b k{ r{kt; h" : es} s' esk; n;m anti-diuretic hormone h" 2. jb l{ b}p} h{t} h" tb yh rË n]lk;a{. k{ ]sk{2t; h" ]jss' b}p} v;ps b3kr n[rml h{ j;t} h" : es} s' esk; n;m vasopressin h" : Ny?r{q'r'p} m'. (2) Para d'kr hm p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} k{ vasopressin ]nk;ln' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". : ]jNh'. keE brs{. s' l{ b} p} h"- unk' ]ly' yh Ak aTyNt p@w;vx;l} upc;r h" : -- -Albumins ALb?]mn y' blood plasma proteins h".- j{ ]lvr m'. bnt' h". : y' Bl2 v[Ly?m tq; b} p} k{ m'N`'n (maintain) krt' h". : q;yr[e2 k' T3, T4 h{rm{Ns k{ Bl2 m'. l' j;n' k' ]ly' sh;yk h" : p'x;b m'. A'Lb?]mn k; Jy;d; a;n; ]k2n} b}m;]ry{. k; s?ck h" : yh k"]pLlr}j> k' a.dr a{Sm{]`k p@'xr (osmotic pressure) 1}k bn;y' rYn' k' ]ly' j#r} h" y' ]l]p2=j> tq; S`}r;|e2 h{rm{Ns k{ rË m'. vhn krn' k' ]ly' w} upy{g} h". : eNh'. bn;n' k' ]ly' UDF + HCl tq; (1) Single point liver x 6 treatments d' skt' h". : -- -Aldosterone A'L2{S`}r{n yh Ak S`}r;|e2 h" j{ k{l'S`Ä;|l s' bn; h" : yh ACTH k' a;d'x s' adrenal cortex bn;t; h" : yh xr}r m'. s{]2ym- p{`"]xym- Kl{r;2- b;ek;rb{n'` tq; b} p} k; ]ny.μ~ krt; h" : yh p'x;b a[r stools %;r; s{]2ym b;hr j;n' s' r{kt; h" : es p@k;r yh l{ b}p} h{n' nh}. d't; : Aldosterone bn;n' k; f;rm/l; (2) Adr { Aldosterone k{ potassium, angiotensin Av. ACTH ]ny.μ~ krt' h". : l']kn aldosterone pr ACTH k; ^w;v utn; nh}. h" ] jtn; ]k b;k} d{n{. k; h" : } Amino acids A'm}n{ A']s2=s y' h} ^{`}n=s bn;n' k} p@;q]mk eE.`'. h". : y' 9{`} a;.t m'. bnt} h". : y' cy;pcy a[r ]vk;s k' ]ly' j#r} h". : xr}r k' sw} Gl".2=s- ANj;>em=s a[r keE h{rm{Ns A'm}n{ A']s2=s s' h} bn} h/y} h". : hm c;h' k/9 w} Y;y'.- eE]lym k' ]vl;eE (villi) %;r; A'm}n{ A']s2=s k' #p m'. h} unk; avx{z~ s.wv h" : pr en k{ 1}k s' bnn' k' ]ly' w{jn k; p;cn Av. avx{z~ 1}k s' h{n; j#r} h"- ]jsk' ]ly' p'` a[r eN`'S`;en 1}k s' k;m krn; c;]hy' : enm'. k/l 22 mn/Zy k' ]ly' c;]hy' : enm'. 11 A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ ]lvr bn; p;t; h" _ uNh'. n;|n_As']Nxyl non-essential amino acids kht' h". : b;k} 11 k{ w{jn s' h} p@;Pt krn; p2>t; h" _ uNh'. As']Nxyl essential amino acids kht' h". : xr}r k' upy{g k' b;d j{ A'm}n{ A']s2=s bc j;t} h".- uNh'. ]lvr m'. Am{]ny; tq; y?]ry; m'. bdl; j;t; h"- ]js' ]k2n}j> %;r; p'x;b m'. [nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : enm'. Ak y; an'k 1}k s' n bn'. t{ us' metabolic disorder kht' h". : Treatment – UDF + HCl -- -Amylase Am;el's y' ^{`}n=s s' bn} h".- a[r m/Åyt+ m/\h m'. tq; p".]´y;s m'. bnt} h". : y' ANj;>em=s (enzymes) h". j{ k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ pc;t} h". : enm'. m/Åy h". `;e]ln (ptyalin) a[r p".]´y;s k; a|]ml's : `;e]ln m/\h m'. pH = 6.8 m'. k;yE krt; h" a[r pH = 4.5 m'. k;m krn; bNd kr d't; h" : p".]´y;s k; a|]ml's 2=y/a{2'nm m'. pH = 8.0 m'. k;yE krt; h" : `;e]ln k' ]ly' (9) Medulla; p".]´y;s k' ANj;>em=s k' ]ly' (8) Pan d't' h". : -- -Androgens A'N2Ä{j'Ns y' p/½z{. k' sex h{rm{Ns h". j{ A'2Ä}nl k[r`'Ks m'. bh/t km m;µ; m'. bnt' h". : a[rt{. m'. y' d{ m/Åy p@k;r s' upy{g} h" _ s'Ks a[r s.w{g k' p@]t ½]c l;n' k' ]ly' j#r} h". : xr}r k' keE ]`x?j> eNh'. AS`Ä{j"n m'. bdln' k} 6mt; rYt} h".- j{ m'n{p[j> k' b;d a[rt{. k' ]ly' l;w d;yk h" : pr enk} m;µ; b3> j;n' s' a[rt{. m'. md;ENg} k} ]nx;]ny;. ]dYn' lgt} h". j"s' anc;h' jgh m'. b;l{. k; ugn;- a;v;j w;r} h{n; eTy;]d : -- -Angiotensin A']Njy{`']Nsn yh rË m'. p;y; j;n'v;l; Ak s}rm Gl{b/]ln (serum globulin) h" j{ Ak vasopressor substance y;]n b} p} k{ b3>;n' v;l} c}j h" ] jsk' t}n ]v]w¸ #p h".. : sbs' phl' yh ]lvr m'. angiotensinogen k' #p m'. bnt; h" : b;d m'. yh ]k2n}j> k' r']nn n;mk ANj;>em %;r; angiotensin #1 m'. bdl; j;t; h" : esk; m/Åy #p h" _ angiotensin #2.

Angiotensin 1 yh angiotensin #2 k; p@}ksEr (pre-cursor) h" : esk; p@w;v etn; nh}. h"- ]k vh rË k' p@v;h m'. k{eE p]rvtEn l; sk' : jb a;r`r}j> k; p@'xr ]k2n}j> k' k;y{E. k' ]ly' py;EPt nh}. h"- tb ]k2n}j> s' r']nn n;mk ANj;>em ]nkl'g;- j{ ]lvr k' angiotensinogen k{ angiotensin #1 (AT1) m'. bdl d't; h" : AT1 ]n]Z´y #p m'. rht; h" : jb AT1 rË m'. h{kr l.Gj> m'. ph/\c'g;- tb l.Gj> s' ACE n;mk ANj;>em ]nkl'g;- j{ AT1 k{ AT2 m'. bdl d'g;- j{ l{ b} p} k{ h;eE b} p} m'. bdl d't; h" : Angiotensin 2 (AT2) jb a;r`r}j> k; p@'xr ]k2n}j> k' k;y{E. k' ]ly' py;EPt nh}. h"- tb ]k2n}j> s' r']nn n;mk ANj;>em ]nkl'g;- j{ ]lvr k' angiotensinogen k{ angiotensin #1 (AT1) m'. bdl d'g;: jb AT1 rË %;r; l.Gj> m'. ph/\c'g;- tb l.Gj> s' ACE n;mk ANj;>em ]nkl'g;- j{ AT1 k{ AT2 m'. bdl d'g; : Angiotensin #2 Ak bh/t h} x]Ëx;l} v"s{ k{NS`Ä}K`r h"- ]jsk' p@w;v s' a;r`r}j> t/rNt s.k/]ct h{ j;t} h". : s;q m'. vh A'L2{S`}r{n k' uTp;dn a[r ]nk;s k{ w} uks;t; h"- j{ p'x;b k{ km krt; h" a[r nmk a[r p;n} k{ p'x;b %;r; b;hr j;n' s' r{kt; h" : en sw} p@w;v{. s' rË k; v[Ly?m b3>'g; ]jss' l{ b} p} k{ h;eE b} p} m'. bdl; j;t; h": Angiotensin #2 formula – (7) Liv (7) Mu° (6) Lu+Sh yh upc;r unk{ d'n; h" ]jnk' xr}r s' ac;nk h} a;o' l}`r k' a;sp;s rË bh gy; h{ : -- -Antibodies A'N`}b{2}j> y' glycoprotein h".- y;]n x/gr a[r ^{`}n k' ]mR~ s' bn' h". : y' B lymphocytes %;r; bn;y' j;t' h". : eNh'. eMy?n{ Gl{b?]ln (immuno globulin) w} kht' h". : hr A'N`}b{2} Ak Y;s A'N`}j'n (antigen) y;]n ^{`}n k' ]ly' bn;y' j;t' h". a[r v' ]sfE us A'N`}j'n k' s;q j/2'.g'- 1}k us p@k;r j"s' Ak c;b} Ak h} t;l' k' aNdr j; skt}- d?sr' k' aNdr nh}. : a[r v' us Y;s ^{`}n k; s;q j/2>kr uNh'. YTm kr d't' h".- y; unk' k;yE k{ ]ny.]μt krt' h". : eMy?n{ Gl{b?]ln m/Åyt+ p;.c p@k;r k' h{t' h". ]jNh'. IgG, IgA, Igm, IgD tq; IgE kht' h". : Treatment : Complement System -- -Appendix A'p']N2Ks (esk; p?r; n;m h" vermiform appendix)

yh b2>} a;.t k' x/½a;t k' s}km n;mk w;g s' n}c' k} a[r l`kt} h/y}- Ak bh/t h} 9{`}- b.d n]lk;_#p} q"l}_j"s} h" : yh ]lMf k} ]`x? j> s' bn} h" : n}c' esk; m/\h b.d h"- uUpr yh A's'.]2.g k{ln k' n}c' k' w;g m'. Y/lt} h" : es' hm r6;Tmk f[j k; ]kl; sm4 skt' h". : esk; k;yE bh/t mhTv k; h" : yh b2}. a;.t m'. k}`;~/a{. s' l2>kr xr}r k} r6; krt} h" : agr esm'. eNFlm'xn a; j;y' t{ us' a|p'N2}s;e]`s kht' h". : Appendicitis k{ 1}k krn' k; treatment – (6) Rt.Ov. (6) Adr -- -Antigens A'N`}j"Nj> A'N`}j"Nj> k; mtlb h" p@{`}n m;kEr (protein markers), j{ hr s"Ll k' uUpr Ak l;Y k' kr}b rht' h".. : enk' m/Åy k;yE h". _ yh phc;n kr;n; ]k k{eE w} s"Ll xr}r k; apn; s"Ll h" y; f[r'n (foreign) y;]n b;hr s' a;y; h/a; s"Ll h" : vh s"Ll ]ks jgh k; h" _ ]k2>n} k; y; cm2>} k; eTy;]d : ]fr phc;n krn' k' b;d jb m;l?m p2>t; h" ]k y' b;hr k' s"Ll h".- t{ v' B_]lMf{s;eE`=s k{ apn' ]v½5 l2>n' k' ]ly' A'N`}b[2>}j> (antibodies) bn;n' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". tq; _ g@"n/l{s;eE`=s- m{n{s;eE`=s y; ]lMf{s;eE`=s k{ apn' ]v½5 l2>n' k' ]ly' uks;t' h". : hr AN`}j'n Ak Y;s AN`}b{2} s' h} l2>n' k} 6mt; rYt; h" : -- -ATP A `} p} yh sw} s"Ls k' mitochondria m'. h{t; h" : yh s"Ls k' ]v]w¸ k;y{E. k' ]ly' Anj}E y;]n uUj;E x]Ë p@d;n krt; h" _ ]jnm'. m/Åy h" _ s"Ls m'. ^{`}n=s a[r k'm}kLs k; uTp;dn- s"Ls k' a.dr electrolytes k; y;t;y;t eTy;]d: esk' aNy upy{g h". _ m;\s_p']xy{. k; s.k/cn- nVEj> %;r; ]sGnLs k; a;d;n_p@d;n- Gl".2=s s' ¹;v k; ]nk;s eTy;]d: -- -Basal ganglia b'sl g".]Gly; y' b@'n k' aNdr b}c{. b}c nVEj> k' k/9 g/C9' h". : y' sw} ]ml j/lkr Ak h} k;m krt} h". a[r vh h" _ ]v]w¸ p]r]Sq]ty{. m'. xr}r k} an"]C9k k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ krn; : b'sl g".Gl}y; k' alg_alg a.g alg_alg k;yE krt' h". _ 1. agr p;.v m'. k;\`; c/w; t{ us p;.v k{ h`;n; y; u1;n; _ yh globus pallidus k; k;m h" : agr yh 1}k nh}. h" t{ A's; nh}. h{t; : 2. Py?`'mn (putamen) k' ]bg2>n' s' h;q- c'hr; y; xr}r k' aNy jgh{. pr anc;h' 9{`'_9{`' hlcl h{t' h". ]js' k{]ry; (Chorea) k} b}m;r} kh; j;t; h" : 3. sBS`;]Nxy; ]ng@; k} g2>b2>} s' p;|r]kNsn k} b}m;r} a;t} h" : 4. p?vE an/wv k' an/s;r p]r]Sq]ty{. k; s;mn; krn; k[2'` s]kE` k; k;m h" : Basal ganglia k; `Ä}`=m'.` I (15) Medulla x 2 treatments II (4) Mesencephalon x 2 treatments III (6) Rt. Swt x 2 treatments s;r' k{ d{ b;r y; t}n b;r d{hr; skt' h". : -- -Basophil cells b"s{]fl s"Ls y' Y;s ]kSm k} granulocytic WBC’s h". j{ rË m'. i?mt} rht} h". : jb A'N`}j"Nj> k' s;q b"s{]fLs ]cpk j;t' h". t{ v' AN`}j"Nj> enk' prt k{ t{2 d't' h". a[r en k' f`n' k' b;d enm'. s' ]nMn keE c}j>' ]nklt} h" _ ]hS`;m;eEn- b@"2}k;eE]nn- s"r{`{]nnh'p;]rn- tq; l;eEs{s{m k' Anj;eEm=j> eTy;]d : en k"m}kLs k' k;r~ rË n]lk;y'. f"l j;t} h".- b} p} km h{ j;t} h"- a[r Alj}E p"d; h{t} h"- ]jsk' k;r~ Tvc; k; l;l h{n;- n;k s' y; a;\Y{. s' p;n} ]nkln;- 9}.k k; a;n;- Y/jl}- jln eTy;]d l6~ ]dYt' h". : LMNT m'. hm (½) Ku – 3 secs s' enk{ uks;t' h". <<< -- -Bile b;eEl jb 2=y/a{2'nm m'. k;em ph/\ct; h"- tb CCK h{rm{n k' s.d'x p;kr g[l Bl"2r s' b;el ]nklt; h" a[r common bile duct %;r; 2=y/a{2'nm m'. a;t; h" : ]fr usk' a.dr k' b;el salts k;em k{ emulsify krt} h".- y;]n v' f'`=s k' k~{. k' b}c m'. i/skr Ak d}v;r_j"s} bn j;t} h".- t;]k v' a;ps m'. j/2> n sk'. : agr b;el k; p@v;h 1}k s' n h{ t{ gall stones bnn' k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ bnt' h". : b;el bn;n' v usk' k;y{E. k{ uks;n' k; Treatment _ Vater + New Gal treatment -- -Bile Salts b;eEl s;|L`=s y' ]lvr m'. k{]lk A']s2 s' bnt' h". : enk; raw material k{l'S`Ä;|l h" : y' p;cn s.Sq;n m'. l;ep's k} mdd krt} h".  y' f'`=s k{ emulsify krn' y;]n p;n} k' s;q ]ml;n' k' ]ly' j#r} h". : v' f'`=s k' k~{. k' b}c m'. i/skr Ak d}v;r_j"s} bn j;t} h".- t;]k v' a;ps m'. j/2> n sk'. : eN`'S`;en k} ]vl;eE (villi) k' A'N2{q}]lym (endothelium) k} permeability k{ b3>;t} h".- ]jss' unk' a.dr s' p{z~ tTv a;s;n} s' b;hr ]nkl sk'. : Gall stones y;]n g[l Bl"2r m'. pqr} k{ gl;n' k' ]ly' w} upy{g} h". : Bile salts k' ]bn; b;el p?r} trh nh}. bn'g; : s{ ]lvr k' sh} k;m krn' k' ]ly' j#r} h".

-- -Bile pigments b;eEl ]pGm'N`=s enm'. m/Åy h" bilirubin & biliverdin. p/r;n} RBC’s 120 ]dn k' b;d YTm h{kr  v'S` p@{2K` = bilirubin & biliverdin  y' d{n{. Plasma globulin k' s;q j/2>kr  ]lvr m'. ph/\ct' h".  vh;. bile k; a.g bnt' h".

• bile  9{`} a;.t  b2>} a;.t k' b"K`}]ry;  S`k{E]b]ln{j'n (stercobilinogen) + y?r{]b]ln{j'n (urobilinogen) • S`k{E]b]ln{j'n (stercobilinogen)  ``=`} k; p}l; r.g  anus %;r; ]nk;s ) • urobilinogen  portal vein  liver  kidneys  p'x;b k; p}l; r.g -- -Blood brain barrier Bl2 b@'n b"r}yr yh b@'n k} k"]pLlr}j> k} Ak Y;s rcn; h" j{ s/r6; kvc_j"s; k;m krt; h" : yh b@'n k' aNdr ]ks} w} b2>} m{]lKy?Ls k{ i/sn' nh}. d't; : es} k;r~ a]ok;.x k,]μm dv;eE b@'n k' ]`x?j> k' a.dr i/s nh}. skt' : j{ a.dr j; skt' h".- v' h". _ A'Lk{h;|l y;]n xr;b, Gl?k{j>- xr}r k} h} bn} k"]mkLs- Av. k/9 b'h{x} k} dv;ey;.- nx}l} m;dk pd;qE eTy;]d: -- -Bone marrow b{n m|r{ h]2=2y{. k' aNdr k} mJj; k{ b{n m"r{ kht' h". : yh d{ p@k;r k; h{t; h" _ red Av. yellow.

Red bone marrow m'. sw} p@k;r k} Bl2 s"Ls bnt} h". : y' m/Åyt+ ]nMn jgh m'. p;y' j;t' h". _ Hip bones kmr a[r k?lh' k' b}c k} h2=2}- ribs psl}, sternum 9;t} k' b}c k} h2=2}- Backbones r}3> k} h2=2}y'.- skull Y{p2>} tq; h;q_p"r k' lMb} h]2=2y{. k' 9{r{. m'. ]jNh'. Ap}f"ss kht' h". (epiphyses).

Yellow bone marrow m'. f"` s"Ls tq; k{n']K`v ]`x? h{t' h". : yh lMb' h]2=2y{. k' b}c k' w;g m'. p;y; j;t; h" ]js' medullary canal y; cavity kht' h". : esm'. s.]ct f"` xr}r k' ]ly' k'm}kl Anj}E k; Ak m/Åy w.2;r h" : Bone marrow k{ uks;n' k; `Ä}`=m'.` _ (½) Ku – 6 secs, (½) Ku – 13 secs, (½) Ku – 20 secs.

-- -Calcium k"]Lxym yh Ak ]v`;]mn h" j{ d?o- k'l; eTy;]d m'. p;y; j;t; h" : yh d;.t v h]2=2y{. k{ mjb?t} p@d;n krt; h" : esk} km} s' m;\s_p']xy{. m'. ´".MPs a;y'.g}- a[rt{. m'. m"Nss m'. Jy;d; Bl}]2.g h{g}- ]jsk' k;r~ uNh'. v}kn's (weakness) y;]n kmj{r} mhs?s h{g} : rË m'. k"]Lxym b3>;n' k; f[rm/l; _ 1,25 DCC formula – (7) Liv (4) Para (7) Liv° (7) Mu° (8) Ch. Only (20) ↑↓ -- -Carbon dioxide k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 jb hm k;m krt' h".- us smy s"Ls k' aNdr oxygen k{ jl;kr uUj;E p@;Pt h{t} h"- a[r j{ waste product h{t; h", usm'. m/Åy h" carbon dioxide. yh xr}r s' l.Gj>, p'x;b tq; ps}n; %;r; ]nk;l; j;t; h" : agr yh Jy;d; m;µ; m'. xr}r m'. b3> j;y- t{ k;rb{]nk A']s2 j{2>{. m'. ddE h{t; h"- ]js' m/Y o[t} krk' 1}k ]ky; j; skt; h" : A's' l{g{. k{ ]ny]mt #p s' p@;~;y;m krn; c;]hy' : -- -Carbohydrates k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s y' g/2>_xKkr- m}1' fl- tq; c;vl_j"s' an;j{. m'. p;y' j;t' h".- j{ pcn' k' b;d Gl?k{j> k' #p m'. rË m'. ]mlt' h". : y' r;eb{s k' #p m'. s"Ll k' Ny?]Klys k' DNA tq; RNA k; Ak m/Åy a.x h". : y' xr}r k} m;\s_p']xy{. m'.- tq; ]lvr m'. Gl;ek{j'n k' #p m'. jm' rht' h". : xr}r k' hr s"Ll k{ k;m krn' k' ]ly' j{ Anj}E c;]hy'- vh eNh}. s' ]mlt} h" :

y' s"Ll k' uUpr} prt pr ]rs'P`r k' #p m'. w} rht' h".- ]jss' s"Ll aNy s"Ls k{ phc;n sk' : rË m'. xKkr k} m;µ; b3>n' s' 2;y;b}`}s k} b}m;r} a;t} h" : xr}r k} j#rt{. k' b;d j{ bc j;t; h"- us' ]lvr f"`=s k' #p m'. adipose tissues m'. rY l't; h" -- -Cholesterol k{l'S`Ä;|l Cholesterol Ak lipoprotein h"- y;]n f"`=s a[r ^{`}n=s s' bn; h" : yh plasma m'Mb@'n bn;n' k} p@o;n eE.` (building block) h" : k{l'S`Ä;|l b;el (bile) k; Ak i`k •constituent–h" ]js' f"`=s (fats) k' pcn' pr ]lvr bn;t; h" : 85% cholesterol _ ]lvr %;r; b;el bn;n' m'. d/b;r; YcE h{t; h" : b;k} 15% cholesterol _ adrenal cortex, ovaries / testes, Av. placenta k' steroid hormones bn;n' k' ]ly' upy{g} h{t; h" : agr xr}r m'. steroid hormones k} km} h{ t{ mn/Zy k} m[t k/9 h} ]dn{. m'. a; j;y'g} -- -Chymotrypsin k;em{ ]`Ä]Psn yh ^{`}n=s k{ pc;n' v;l; ANj;>em h"- j{ p".]´y;s %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" : yh phl' k;em{ ]`Ä]Psn{jn (chymotrypsinogen) n;mk p@}ksEr k' #p m'. p".]´y;s s' ]nklkr p".]´y;s k' 2K` %;r; 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ]mlt; h" : vh;. AN`r{k;en's n;mk ANj;>em k;em{ ] `Ä]Psn{jn k{ k;em{ ]`Ä]Psn m'. bdlt; h"- j{ 2=y/a{2'nm m'. ^{`}n=s k{ pc;t; h" : es' bn;n' k; f[rm/l; h" (8) Pan -- -Clots in blood rË m'. qKk' rË m'. qKk; bnn' k' ]ly' k/l 12 Kl[]`.g factors k} j#rt h" : enm'. m/Åy h". _ k"]Lxym- Pl"`l"`=s, f;e]b@n{j'n tq; p@{q@{]Mbn enk' al;v; ]v`;]mn K w} c;]hy'- j{ ]k k/9 clotting factors bn;n' k' ]ly' a;vXyk h" agr enm'. s' ]ks} Ak k} w} km} h{- t{ qKk' bn'.g' nh}.- t{ m"Nss m'. y; m;r lgn' pr Bl}]2.g ½k'g} nh}. : yh j;nl'v; w} h{ skt; h" : t{ Kl[` bnn; w} j#r} h" : agr rË m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l k} m;µ; Jy;d; h{- t{ a;r`r}j> k' a.dr Kl[` bnt' j;y'.g'- j{ p"r;l;e]ss y; ºdy r{g{. k; Ak m/Åy k;r~ h{t; h" : t{ yh w} Yr;b h" : LMNT k; h'p;]rn f[rm/l; p/r;n' clots k{ w} Y{lt; h"- a[r w]vZy m'. clots h{n' nh}. d't; : -- -Creatinine ´}y|;]`]nn yh m;\s_p']xy{. k; Ak v'S` p@{2K` (waste product) y;]n avx'z y; an;vXyk c}j h" j{ m;\s_p']xy{. k' k;m krn' k' d[r;n ]nklt; h" : yh s;o;r~t+ ]k2n}j> %;r; b;hr ]nk;l ]dy; j;t; h" : rË m'. ´}y;]`]nn k} s;o;r~ m;µ; 1.2 mg/dl. s' km h{n; c;]hy' : l']kn agr rË m'. esk} m;µ; b3> j;y' t{ vh s?ck h" ]k ]k2n}j> ]bg2> rh} h". : A's' l{g{. m'. p'x;b bh/t km a;n' lgt} h" a[r uNh'. f}vr a[r 1.2; mhs?s krn;- w?Y nh}. lgn; eTy;]d l6~ ]dY skt' h". : ´}y|;]`]nn km krn' k; m/Åy `Ä}`=m'.` (2) Pan x 6 treatments; tq; (1) Single point liver x 6 treatments w} l;w d't; h" : esk' al;v; ]k2n} f'Ly?r k' sw} f[rm/l; uNh'. d'n; h" : k/9 l{g{. k{ Chole formula s' l;w h{t; h"- l']kn k/9 aNy l{g{. k{ Chole formula k' b;d w} ´}y|;]`]nn b3>t} h" : -- -CPK s} p} k' ´}y|;]`]nn f;|Sf{ k;en's (creatine phospho-kinase) esk; asl} n;m h" ´}y|;]`n k;en's (creatine kinase). yh Ak ANj;>em h" j{ alg jgh{. m'. alg n;m s' j;n; j;t; h" : b@'n m'. es' CK-BB- ºdy k} mSsl m'. es' CK-MB tq; h;q_p"r k} m;\s_p']xy{. m'. es' CK-MM kht' h". : rË m'. esk} m;µ; t}n k;r~{. s' b3> skt} h" _  h;q_p"r k} mSsl m'. jb c{` lg} t{ mSk/lr ]2S`Ä{f} (MD y;]n muscular dystrophy) n;mk b}m;r} m'.Av.  ºdy r{g ]js' MCI y;]n m;y{ k;]2Eyl eNf;KExn (Myocardial infarction) kht' h".- ]jsk; m/Åy k;r~ h" ºdy k' k{r{nr} a;`Er} m'. q@{Mbs (thrombus) y;]n Kl[` k; h{n; : en t}n{. m'. MCI k} b}m;r} m'. CPK k} m;µ; k/9 i.`{. m'. ds s' pCc}s g/n; b3> skt} h"- pr d{ s' c;r ]dn{. m'. v;ps n[rml h{ j;t} h" : MD m'. esk} m;µ; 185 s' Jy;d; h{t} h" : l']kn ]lvr k} b}m;]ry{. m'. tq; l.Gj> k} pLm{nr} eNf;KExn (pulmonary infarction) n;mk b}m;r} m'. _ j{ ]k l.Gj> m'.

AMb;|]lj>m (embolism) y;]n Kl[` k' k;r~ h{t} h" _ enm'. CPK k} m;µ; nh}. b3>t} h" :

CSF s} As Af CSF y; s'r'b@{ Sp;enl Fl?e2 Ak r.gh}n A'Lkl}_y/Ë Fl?e2 h" j{ b@'n k' l"`'rl v"N`Ä}kl lateral ventricles k' k{r;e2 Pl'Kss (choroid plexus) %;r; bn;y} j;t} h" : yh rË_n]lk;a{. k' 9{`}_9{`} k"p}lr}j> %;r; b@'n k' c;r{. v'N`Ä}kl{. k' aNdr s' h{kr Sp;enl k[2E m'. cl} j;t} h" : yh Fl?e2 b@'n a[r Sp;enl k[2E k{ Ak x;|kr_j"s; r6; krt} h" Av. b@'n k' n;j/k a.g{. k' c;r{. a{r Ak sm;n p@'xr bn;y' rYt} h" : yh s'N`Äl nvEs ]sS`'m k' ]`x?j> k{ s?Yn' s' bc;t} h"- Av. uNh'. p{z~ p@d;n krt} h"- a[r b@'n k' s"Ls k' waste product y;]n f;lt? c}j{. k{ Bl2 %;r; b;hr ]nk;l d't} h" : es trh s' vh b@'n k} s"Ls a[r ]`x?j> k{ SvSq rYn' m'. mdd krt} h" : -- -Dystrophin ]2S`Ä{]fn yh Ak ^{`}n h" j{ Sk']l`l mSsl (skeletal muscle) y;]n a.g{. k' hlcl krn' v;l} mSsl tq; ºdy k} mSsl k' f;ebsE m'. p;y; j;t; h" : esk; k;yE 1}k s' nh}. pt; h"- pr DMD n;mk j'n']`k b}m;r} m'. es ^{`}n bn;n' v;l} j}n k} km} h"- A's' p;y; gy; h" :: es ^{`}n k{ bn;n' k' ]ly' jb hm M. Heparin + (10) Pan x 3 treatments d't' h". t{ km;l k' nt}j' p@;Pt h/y' h". : DMD =2/x'Ns mSk/lr ]2S`Ä{f} (Duchenne's muscular dystrophy) -- -Enzymes Anj>;em=s y' Y;s ]kSm k' ^{`}n=s h{t'' h." j{ bg"r ]ks} b;· uUj;E k'- ]ks} w} r;s;y]nk p@]´y; (chemical reaction) k} g]t k{ b3>;t' h".l']kn Y/d bdlt' nh}. : y' Jy;d;tr ]ks} w} k"m}kl k{ pc;n' y;]n t{2n' k; k;m krt' h". : v' ]js a.g s' ]nklt' h".- vh;\ s' Ak n]lk; %;r; ] ks} p;s k} jgh y; q"l} m'. ph/\c kr apn; k;yE krt' h". : enk' n;m k' aNt m'. aKsr ‘–ase’ n;mk p@Tyy h{t; h" : p;cn s.Sq;n k' keE k;yE ANj;>em=s %;r; h} h{t' h". : y' m/Åyt+ t}n ]kSm k' h{t' h". _ a|]ml's (amylase) j{ k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s k{ pc;t' h". l;ep's (lipase) j{ f'`=s k{ pc;t' h". tq; p@{`}y's (protease) j{ ^{`}n=s k{ pc;t' h". : -- -Eosinophils eE]sn{]fLs y' g@;n/l{s;e`=s k; Ak p@k;r h". _ j{ Ak ]kSm k} WBC’s h". _ j{ rË m'. 1 s' 3% tk h{t' h". : y' prj}]v k}`;~/a{. (parasites) k{ m;rn' k} 6mt; rYt' h". : b@{.k;e]`s a[r A'l'j}E m'. rË enk} m;µ; b3> j;t} h" t{ b;r_b;r 9}.k k; a;n;- =n;k s' p;n} bhn; eTy;]d l6~ h{t' h". : enk{ uks;n' k' ]ly' hm (½) Ku – 13 secs x 3 treatments d't' h". : -- -Epiglottis Ap}Gl;|]`s j>b;n k' a.t m'. n;]sk; k' ]9d@{. k' a;g' Ak pd;E_s; h" ]js' Ap}Gl;|]`s (epiglottis) kht' h". : esk; k;m h" yh d'Yn; ]k jb hm k/9 w} Y;t' h".- t{ w{jn k; k{eE w} 1{s y; trl pd;qE l.Gj> k' aNdr n j; p;y' : yh pd;E s;o;r~t+ Y/l; h} rht; h"- l']kn jb nv;l; j>b;n %;r; gl' m'. ok'l; j;t; h"- t{ 1}k us smy yh pd;E Svr_p'`} k; 3Kkn_j"s; un d{n{. ]9d@{. k' uUpr a;kr uNh'. p?r} trh bNd kr d't; h"- t;]k nv;l' k; k{eE w} w;g Xv;s n]lk; m'. n j;y' : agr Ap}Gl;|]`s 1}k s' b.d n h{- t{ 1sk; lgt; h"- ]js' hm _ (9) Medulla x 3 treatments s' 1}k kr skt' h". : Epinephrine Ap}n'f>]rn yh h{rm{n A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" : esk; raw material `;er{]sn a|m}n{ A']s2 h" : yh xr}r k{ ]ks} w} m/s}bt s' ] w2n' y; w;gn' m'. mdd krt; h" : esk' p@w;v s' l.Gj> k} b@{.]ky{Ls ]rl|Ks h{ j;t} h". : Eosinophils k} m;µ; km h{t} h": es]ly' yh b@[.k;e]`s m'. bh/t upy{g} h" : yh g[l Bl"2r k' muscle k{ ]sk{2t; h" pr eN`'S`;en k' hlcl k{ r{kt; h" : esk' p@w;v s' y?]rn km h{ j;t} h" \\\ LMNT m'. hm (6) Lt. Swt s' A'p}n"f>r}n k{ uks;t' h". : -- -Erythropoietin A']rq@{p{y']`n yh Ak h{rm{n h" j{ 85% ]k2n}j> %;r; bn;y; j;t; h"- a[r 15% ]lvr k' %;r; : jb rË m'. a;|;Ks}jn k} km} h{ tb yh h{rm{n ]k2n} s' ]nklt; h" : yh b{n m"r{ k{ RBC’s eTy;]d bn;n' k; s.d'x d't; h" : esk} km} s' RBC’s 1}k s' bn'.g} nh}. a[r p'x.` k} s;.s f?l'g}- y; qk;n mhs?s h{g} eTy;]d : A]rq@{p{y']`n bn;n' k; latest f[rm/l; _ I (15) Medulla (6) Lt. Swt A']s`;el k{l;en tq; A'p}n"f>r}n k' ]ly' II (30) Medulla (6) Right Swt (6) Lt. Swt - A'r}q@{p{y'`}n bn;n' k' ]ly' III (1) pt Liv0 (1) pt Mu° x 3 treatments - ]k2n}j> %;r; A]rq@{p{y']`n bn;n' k' ]ly' IV (1) Single point liver x 6 treatments - ]lvr %;r; A']rq@{p{y']`n bn;n' k' ]ly' yh Ak ]kSm k; s;e`{k;en (cytokine) w} h" : y;]n yh Ak Y;s ^{`}n h"- j{ WBC’s %;r; bn;y; j;t; h"- j{ s.´m~ k' smy xr}r k} r6;Tmk k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ krt; h" -- -Estrogen AS`Ä{j"n jb AN`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' FSH ]nklt; h"- tb a{vr}j> s' AS`Ä{j"n ]nklt; h" : esk' m/Åy k;yE _ • y[vn;r.w m'. a[rt{. k} height Av. p@jnn s.bNo} a.g{. k; ]vk;s • a[rt{. k} Tvc; k{ k{ml a[r m/l;y;m rYn; : • Estrogen q;yms Gl".2 k{ r{kt; h" : yh p;n}- nmk tq; Kl{r;e2 k{ b;hr j;n' s' r{kt; h" : es]ly' h} 2;y;b"`}s m'. jb hm ‘Lt.Ov.’ d't' h". t{ x/gr Av. p'x;b d{n{. pr control h{t; h" : • m;]sk c´ k' d[r;n a.2; a{vr} s' b;hr ]nkln' tk uterus k' AN2{m"`Ä}ym k{ bn;n; x/# krn; gwEd;n k' s;tv'. mh}n' k' b;d placenta w} estrogen a]ok m;µ; m'. bn;n' lgt; h" : ]jsk' k;yE h". _ o p@jnn s.bNo} a.g{. k' sw} w;g{. k; ]vk;s _ j"s' a[rt{. m'. Stn (breasts) Av. y?`Äs (uterus), tq; p/½z{. m'. p}]ns (penis) eTy;]d : o ]2l}vr} k' smy pelvis k} m;\s_p']xy{. k{ ]rl|Ks kr;n; tq; y?`'rs k' ]sk{2n' k} x]Ë b3;n; -- -Fibrinogen f;e]b@n{j'n yh Ak Pl;Sm; ^{`}n (plasma protein) h" j{ ]lvr m'. bnt; h" : yh Ak Bl2 Kl[]`.g f|K`r h" j{ m;r lgn' pr rË k{ Kl[]`.g krn' k' ]ly' j#r} h" : agr rË m'. k"]Lxym py;EPt m;µ; m'. h{ t{ yh q@{]Mbn (thrombin) n;mk ANj;>em %;r; f;e]b@n Kl[` m'. bdlkr rË k{ bhn' s' r{kt; h" : es' 1}k s' bn;n' k' ]ly' (1) Single point liver x 6 treatments d' skt' h". : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Folic acid f{]lk A']s2 yh ]v`;]mn B k{MPl'Ks k' a.tgEt a;t; h" : yh xr}r m'. A's'.]2.g k{ln k' b"K`}]ry; %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" : yh RBC’s k} m|Cy/r'xn (maturation) k' ]ly' bh/t j#r} h" : esk} km} s' m'g;l{Bl;]S`k A'n}]my;- h;`E m'. h{l- Sp;en; b;ef}2;f`' h{.1 y; f`} t;l? eTy;]d b}m;]ry{. h{ skt} h". : yh DNA k' uTp;dn k' ]ly' bh/t j#r} h" : s{ h} esk; upy{g hm Genes formula m'. krt' h". : Folic acid formula – (1)Gas Only – 6 points (1) Gas ‘ I ’ – 6 points -- --

GABA (esk; p?r; n;m h" gamma amino butyric acid). yh s'.`Äl nvEs ]sS`'m k; Ak Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r h" j{ a.g{. k' an;vXyk hlcl k{ r{kt} h": a;\Y{. k' r'`}n; k' Ny?r[Ns w} es' bn;t' h". : A'm}n{ A']s2 h{t' h/y' w}- yh ]sfE b@'n m'. p;y} j;t} h"- xr}r k' ^{`}n=s m'. yh nh}. p;y} j;t} : b@'n k' s;en|Pss k' kr}b Ak ]th;eE w;g m'. GABA k; upy{g h" : yh w;r} m;µ; m'. q|l|ms- h;yp{q|lms- tq; s'r'b@m k' occipital lobes y;]n m;q' k' p}9' w;g m'. p;y} j;t} h" : GABA k' ]ly' _ (2) Medulla x 6 y; 12 treatments yh upc;r a;\Y'.- Sp}c k} g2>b]2>y;\- tq; ataxia y;]n h;q_p"r k' hlcl m'. t;lm'l nh}. rht}- unk' ]ly' d't' h". : -- -Gamete - Male yh m|Cy{r h/a; SpmE y;]n x/´;~/ k; d?sr; n;m h" : yh `"S`}s k' `=y?b?Ls (tubules) k' a.dr bnt; h" : esk; k;yE h" ]k a[rt k' a.2' k} ]4Ll} k{ w'dkr usk' a.dr i/skr us' f`}El;ej> [y;]n ]nz'cn fertilize] krn;- t;]k p@jnn s.wv h{ : SpmE k' m;q' m'. hyaluronic acid n;mk ANj;>em h{t; h"- j{ a.2' k} ]4Ll} k' ^{`}n=s k{ pc;kr us' g;l skt; h" : pr es k;yE k' ] ly' km s' km 3000 SpmE c;]hy' : SpmE m'. 22 ´{m{s{m a[r Ak X y; Y s"Ks ´{m{s{m h{t' h". : SpmE ]nkln' k' b;d 48 s' 72 i.`' y; uss' a]ok w} j}]vt rh skt; h"- l']kn c[b}s i.`' k' a.dr h} a.2' k{ 1}k #p s' f`}El;ej> krn' k} 6mt; rYt; h" : -- -Gamete - Female a[rt{. m'.- m"Nss k' kr}b 14 ]dn b;d- FSH tq; AS`Ä{j"n k' s[jNy s' Ak a{vr} s' Ak pk; h/a; a.2; ]nklt; h" ]js' female gamete y; a{vm kht' h". : esm'. 22 ´{m{s{m a[r Ak X s"Ks ´{m{s{m h{t' h". : a{vm apn} sac y; q"l} s' ]nklkr f|l{]pyn `=y?b %;r; y?`Äs m'. ph/\ct; h" : es sfr k' ]ly' us' p;.c s' s;t ]dn lgt' h". : q"l} s' ]nkln' k' b;d a;1 i.`{. tk h} vh ]nz'cn_y{Gy rht; h" : (R&W 9th edn. p. 446) ]nkln' k' a;1 i.`{. k' a.dr agr SpmE a{vm s' ]ml j;y t{ bCc; p"d; h{ skt; h"- a[r m"Nss ½k j;y'.g' : vrn; a{vm y?`Äs k' a.dr h} YTm h{ j;t; h" a[r 14 ]dn k' a.dr m"Nss a; j;y'.g' : -- -Gastric juice p'` m'. ]nkl} h/y} sw} c}j{. k' ]mR~ k{ g"]S`Äk Jy?s kht' h". : enm'. m/Åy h". _ HCl, My?ks (mucus), p"Ps}n (pepsin), eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r intrinsic factor. enk' alg_alg k;yE h". _ • h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 y; HCl – k}`;~/ n;xk tq; p'` k' pH 3 tk l' j;n' k' ]ly' j#r} • My?ks (mucus) – p'` k{ sÅt A']s2 s' bc;n;- tq; w{jn k} sÅt 1{s c}j{. s' p'` k} r6; krn' k' ]ly' • eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r _ ]v`;]mn B12 k{ p'` tq; a;.t k} ¹;v{. s' bc;n; jb tk vh eE]lym n ph/\c' • p"Ps}n{j"n (pepsinogen) _ j{ b;d m'. p"Ps}n m'. bdlkr ^{`}n=s k{ pc;t; h" : • p;n}- ]v]w¸ p@k;r k' salts tq; minerals – y' p;cn s.Sq;n k' sh} k;m k' ]ly' j#r} h". es Jy?s k' k;r~ Y;n; p'` m'. s[]l2 (solid) y;]n sÅt #p s' bdlkr g;3>; ]l]Kv2 (liquid) y;]n trl #p m'. bdl j;t; h"- ]js' k;eEm (chyme) kht' h". : -- -Gastrin g"S`Ä}n p'` k' n}c' k' w;g k' a.dr k' ‘G cells’ g"S`Ä}n h{rm{n bn;t} h". : yh tb bn'g; jb w{jn p'` k' n}c' w;g m'. ph/\c'g; : g"S`Ä}n k; k;yE h" h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 bn;n'v;l' s"Ls k{ s.d'x ph/\c;n; ]k v' u]ct m;µ; m'. A']s2 bn;y'. : s{m"`{S`"]`n a[r ]s´']`n d{n{. h} g"S`Ä}n k{ r{kt' h". : g"S`Ä}n p'` k' b;hr p;el{]rk ]Sf.K`r k' b;hr 2=y/a{2'nm k} trf w} bnt} h" : a[r es} jgh k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' hm b;y}. j;.i k' b}c pr db;t' h". : HCl formula m'. (1) pt. Gal k; upy{g Gastrin bn;n' k' ]ly' h} ]ky; gy; h" : GH (Growth hormone) g@{q h[rm{n yh A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" esk; m/Åy a[r Akm;µ k;m h" _ xr}r k' sw} cells k' growth k{ uks;n; : yh p@{`}n k' uTp;dn k' ]ly' a;vXyk h". : bCc{. m'. growth k' ]ly' insulin, & GH (growth hormone) c;]hy' : yh muscles Av. q;yms d{n{. k' growth k{ b3;t; h" : yh testes m'. metabolic functions k' ]ly' j#r} h" : GH k; raw material h" peptide proteins. y;]n esk' bnn' k' ]ly' ^{`}n=s k; 1}k s' pcn; j#r} h" : aq;Et= ]js bCc' k{ UDF a;t; h{ t{ usk} h;eE` w} km h{ skt} h" : GH k; formula – (½) Ku – 40 secs (6) Medulla (4) Thrd ‘P’ -- -Glomerulus Gl{m'#ls yh ]k2n} k' aNdr rË k} 9{`} n]lk;a{. k; j;l h"- j{ hr n"Fr;|n k' Bowman's capsule k' a.dr h{t; h" : en n]lk;a{. m'. bh/t h} 9{`} ]9d@ h{t} h". j{ rË k} RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets k{ ]fL`r krk' unk' al;v; b;k} s;r} c}j{. k{ b;hr j;n' d't} h." : -- -Glucose Gl?k{j> es' m{n{ s|kr;e2 (mono saccharide) w} kht' h". : yh w{jn k' pcn' k' b;d eN`'S`;en k' ]vl;eE %;r; avx{z~ h{kr rË m'. ]mlt; h" : yh} x/gr k; m/Åy #p h"- j{ ]k a;|;Ks}jn k' s;q ]mlkr ATP bnt; h" ]jss' s"Ls apn} Anj}E p@;Pt krt' h". : m/Åyt+ RBC’s tq; Ny?r{Ns k{ apn' k;y{E. k' ]ly' Gl?k{j> h} upy{g kr skt' h". : rË m'. esk} m;µ; 70 s' 110 mg/dl h{t} h" : es m;µ; m'. Jy;d; ut;r _c3>;v n h{ esk} VyvSq; eNs/]ln a[r Gl?k{j> ]mlkr krt' h". : s"Ls k} j#rt{. k' b;d j{ bc j;t; h" us' ]lvr tq; m;\s_p']xy;. apn' aNdr Gl;ek{j'n k' #p m'. S`{r kr l't} h". : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Glycogen Gl;ek{j'n yh xKkr k; Ak g;3>; #p h" ]js' p{l} s"Kkr;e2 (poly-saccharide) kht' h". : w{jn k' pXc;t= rË m'. Gl?k{j> y;]n x/gr k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h"- tb us a]oktm x/gr k' k/9 a.x k{ m;\s_p']xy{. Av. ]lvr m'.

Gl;ek{j'n k' #p m'. S`{r ]ky; j;t; h" : ]fr j#rt k' an/s;r Gl;ek{j'n k{ Gl?k{j> m'. bdl kr s"Ls k{ uUj;E p@d;n ]ky; j;t; h" yh k;yE t}n h{rm{Ns k} ]ngr;n} m'. h{t; h" _ A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; k; A'p}n"f>r}nq;yr[e2 Gl".2 k; q;er{]Ksn (thyroxin) tq; p".]´y;s k; Gl?k;g{n h{rm{n -- -Gonadotrophins g{n;2{`Ä{]fNs y[vn;r.w k' b;d y' A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} s' FSH tq; LH n;mk d{ h{rm{Ns ]nklt' h". : y' d{n{. h;yp{q|lms k' LHRH k' s.d'x s' ]nklt' h". : enk; k;yE h" _ p@jnn k' ]ly' a;vXyk a.g{. k; ]vk;s kr;n; p/½z{. m'. `"S`}s %;r; `'S`{S`'r{n tq; SpmE bn;n' k; a;d'x d'n; Av. a[rt{. m'. AS`Ä{j"n- p@{j'S`'r{n tq; a.{vr}j> m'. a.2' bn;n' k} d'Yw;l krn; : -- -Hemoglobin (Hb) h}m{Gl{]bn yh globin n;mk ^{`}n a[r heme n;mk l{htTv k' ]mR~ s' bn; h" : g"]S`Äk Jy?s yh RBC’s k' a.dr p;y; j;t; h"- a[r RBC’s k; l;l r.g es} k' k;r~ h{t; h" : yh a;|;Ks}jn k{ l.Gj> s' l'kr xr}r k' hr s"Ll a[r ]`x? tk ph/\c;t; h" : a[r xr}r k' hr Ak s"Ll a[r ]`x? %;r; 9{2.; gy; carbon dioxide k{ l.Gj> tk l;t; h" : h}m{Gl{]bn k} km} s' s;.s k; f?ln; tq; xr}r m'. qk;n mhs?s h{t} h"- a[r q|l's}]my; n;mk (thalessemia) b}m;r} h{ skt} h" : agr Vy]Ë k' rË k'a.dr Hemoglobin "S" h{ t{ us' Sickle cell anemia kht' h". : -- -HDL (High Density lipo-protein) h;eE 2']Ns`} l;ep{ ^{`}n y' lipids tq; ^{`}n=s k' ]mR~ s' bn' h{t' h". : HDL albumin k' s;q j/2>kr rË m'. s.c;r krt' h". : enm'. 50% proteins- 37% triglycerides, a[r m;µ 13% cholesterol h{t; h" : y' xr}r k' s"Ls k' a.dr j{ w} k{l'S`Ä;|l Jy;d; h"- us' ]nk;lkr ]lvr m'. ph/\c;t' h". jh;. s' us' b;el eTy;]d m'. bdl ]dy; j;t; h" : es p@k;r v' rË m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l k} m;µ; k{ km krt' h". : xr}r m'. HDL k} m;µ; Jy;d; h{ t{ rË m'. qKk' tq; ºdy r{g h{n' s' bc;t; h" : s{ HDL k{ good cholesterol kh; j;t; h" : es]ly' hm'. w{jn m'. HDL Jy;d; Y;n; c;]hy'- a[r LDL s' d?r rh'. : -- -Heparin h'p;]rn yh xKkr k; Ak #p h" ]js' p{l} s"Kkr;e2 (poly-saccharide) kht' h". : 85% h'p;]rn l.Gj> a[r ]lvr k' mast cells m'. bnt; h" : tq; 15% xr}r k' aNy s"Ls a[r ]`x?j>- Av. basophil WBC’s eTy;]d %;r; bn;y; j;t; h" : esk; m/Åy k;yE h" _ rË k{ jmn' n d'n; : LMNT k' h'p;]rn `Ä}`=m'.` s' m"Nss m'. Kl[` a;n; b.d h{ j;t; h" : tq; p"r;l;e]ss k' r{g} k{ k;f} a;r;m ph/\ct; h" : P. Heparin formula (8) Pan (7) Liv (8) Ch. Only

-- -Hepatic vein h'p;]`k v'en yh ]lvr k} m/Åy ]xr; h"- j{ ]lvr s' ]nklkr eNf}]ryr v'n; k|v; (IVC) m'. ]ml j;t} h" yh ]lvr k' sw} s"Ls s' ax/5 y;]n deoxygenated rË k{ ºdy k} a{r l' j;t} h" : p{r`l v'en %;r; p'`- eN`'S`;en- p".]´y;s tq; SPl}n (SIPS) s' ax/5 rË ]lvr m'. ph/\ct; h" : us rË m'. a;y' h/y' b"K`}]ry;- v;ers eTy;]d k{ k{ k/fr s"Ls %;r; s;f ]ky; j;t; h" a[r vh w} ]lvr k' h'p;]`k v'en %;r; IVC m'. w'j; j;t; h" : -- -Hippocampus ]hPp{k|Mps yh s'r'b@l k[r`"Ks k; ]l]Mbk ]sS`m (limbic system) k; Ak m/Åy a.g h" : yh b;hr} d/]ny; s' a; rh' s".sr} ]sGnLs k' an/s;r upy/Ë ]ry"KxNs (reactions) y;]n p@]t]´y; krn' k; a;d'x d't; h" : es m'. nvE s"Ls k} m;µ t}n l'yjE> (layers) y;]n th h". jb ]k b@'n k' sb_ k[r`'Ks (sub cortex) k' aNy w;g{. m'. nvE s"Ls k} 9h th h{t} h". : x;yd yh} k;r~ h" ]k ]hPp{k"Mps k{ hLk}_s} ]vD/t} s.v'dn;y'. ]mln' s' w} ]f`=s a; skt} h". : ]hPp{k|Mps k} g2>b2>} k{ 1}k krn' k' ]ly' hm (12) Medulla d't' h". : lMb} y;dd;Xt k' ]ly' ]hPp{k"Mps k; 1}k h{n; a;vXyk h" : -- -Histamine ]hS`|]mn y; ]hS`|m}n jb ]ks} b}m;r} y; i;v k' k;r~ mast cells `?`t} h". tb ens' histamine ]nklt; h" : ]hS`|m}n ]nkln' s' us w;g m'. at}v ddE h{t; h" : yh vasodilator h"- y;]n rË n]lk;a{. k{ f"l;n'v;l' k'm}kl h"- s{ vh jgh l;l h{ j;t; h" : yh p'` k} tq; alimentary canal k} ¹;v{. k{ b3>;t; h" : A'lrj} m'. ]hS`|m}n k' k;r~ h} eNFlm'xn a[r Y/jl} h{t} h" : l{ b} p} tq; ]sr ddE h{ skt; h" : pr ]hS`|m}n k' p@w;v{. k{ Ap}n"f>r}n r{kt; h" : yh b@{.k} (bronchi) k} m;\s_p']xy{. k{ ]sk{2t; h" : -- -Hydrochloric acid h;e2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 HCl y; h;eE2Ä{Kl{]rk A']s2 Ak k;f} sÅt A']s2 h" j{ p'` m'. bnt} h" : yh tw} bn'g} jb t}n c}j{. k} m[j?dg} h{ _ A']s`;el k{l;en- ] hS`;m;eEn- Av. g"S`Ä}n : esk' d{ m/Åy upy{g h". : phl;- yh Ak i{r k}`;~/ n;xk h" : d?sr;- yh p'` k' pH k{ 3 y; uss' n}c' 1 tk l;t} h"- t;]k p"Ps}n p'` m'. 1}k s' ^{`}n=s k{ pc; sk' : yh 1}k s' n bn' t{ l"`Ä}n m'. w{jn k' k/9 w;g anpc; h} ]dY;eE d'.g'- ]js' hm UDF kht' h". : agr sh} vË pr w{jn n ]ky; j;y t{ A']s2 Jy;d; bnn' s' p'` m'. ulcers y;]n i;v h{ skt' h". : HCl formula I (15) Medulla II (½) Ku – 6 secs x 1 treatment III 1 pt. Gall (j;.i k' b}c m'. d'n;) IV B12 : 2:2 V Fast : Gas : GasI : Gal : Spl : Liv : Mu VI Ajay Normal (8) Pan (1) Gal (2) Liv – 3 v;l; (4) Gas ‘ I ’ – 3 v;l; a|s']`l k{l}n (acetyl choline) v'gs nvE %;r; p'` m'. ph/\c kr g"S`Ä}n n;mk h[rm{n %;r; p'` m'. HCl k} m;µ; k{ t}n g/~; b3>; skt} h" : HCl k; m/Åy k;m h" ]k p'` k} ¹;v{. k; pH km s' km 3 y; uss' n}c' 1 tk l' j;n; : us i{r A']s2 m'. k{eE b"K`}]ry; y; v;ers ]jNd; nh}. rh skt; : Av. p'` k; pH 3 s' n}c' h{ j;n' pr vh;. pr p"]Psn n;m k; ANj;>em bn'g; j{ Y;n' k' d;l eTy;]d p@{`}Nj> k{ pc;n; x/# kr''g; : -- -Hypothalamus h;yp{q|lms yh b@'n k; Ak a.g h" j{ autonomic nervous system k} keE k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ krt; h": yh A'N2{´;en g@.q} n h{t' h/y' w} A'N2{´;en ]sS`m m'. w} esk; mhTv h" _ yh A'N`}]ryr ]p`=y?`r} k' ]ly' 6 ]rl}]j>.g h[rm{Ns (releasing hormones) tq; d{ e]Nh]b]`.g h{rm{Ns (inhibiting hormones) bn;t; h" : yh a[Ks}`{]sn (oxytocin) a[r v"s{p@"]sn (vasopressin) h{rm{n bn;t; h" j{ b;d m'. kr p{S`}]ryr ]p`=y?`=r} m'. S`{r rht h"'. : yh ]nMn k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ krt; h" _ w?Y a[r s.t/]Z`- Py;s tq; xr}r m'. p;n} k; ]ny.μ~- xr}r k' t;pm;n- s.w{g Av. bCc{. k} d'Yw;l krn' k} ½]c- s{n'_j;gn' k} p@]´y; eTy;]d : esk' al;v; esm'. wy- ´{o- s.t{z eTy;]d w;vn;a{. k' k'Nd@ h{t' h". : h;yp{q|lms k{ hm (6) Medulla s' uks;t' h". : -- -Hypoxia h;ep;|Ks}y; jb Y?n m'. a[]Ksj>n k} m;µ; km h{ j;t} h"- us' hypoxia kht' h". : esk; Ak k;r~ h" high altitude mtlb ph;2>} el;k; jh;. pr hv; m'. a[]Ksj>n k} m;µ; km h{t} h" : d?sr; k;r~ h" h}m{Gl{]bn k} km} y; RBC’s k} km} : A's' h{n' pr ]k2>n}y' Ar}q@{p{eE`}n (erythropoietin) n;m k; h[rm{n bn;y'.g} j{ b{n m"r{ (bone marrow) k{ r"2 Bl2> s"Llj> (RBC’s y;]n l;l rË k{]xk; ) bn;n' k; s.d'x d'g;: Hypoxia treatment – oxygen formula, kidney clear formula.

-- -Interferons (IFNs) eN`rf'r;|Ns y' Gl;ek{ ^{`}n=s y;]n x/gr a[r ^{`}n=s k' ]mR~ s' bn' h/y' h". : jb xr}r pr v;ers hml; krt' h".- tb ]lMf{s;e`=s- f;eb@{Bl;S`=s tq; m|´{f'js IFNs bn;t' h". : { ]ks} w} v;ers k' k;r~ b}m;r} tw} h{ skt} h"- jb v;ers xr}r m'. apn} s.Åy; b3>; p;t; h" :} IFNs k' p@w;v s' v;ers k} ny} s"Ls k} uTp]¶ ½k j;t} h" : es trh v' v;ers{. s' xr}r k} r6; krt' h". : enk' aNy k;yE h". _ y' natural killers tq; phagocytes k} k;yE 6mt; k{ b3>;t' h". : y' s"Ls k' anc;h' ]vk;s tq; `=y?mr bnn' k} p@v,]¶ k{ r{kt' h". : enk} km} s' Ak p@k;r k} l?k}]my; a; skt} h" : h'p;`;e]`s B tq; C, mL`}pl SKl'r{]ss Multiple sclerosis eTy;]d b}m;]ry{. m'. w} y' l;wd;yk h". : Treatment – Complement system.

-- -Intrinsic factor e]N`Ä]Nsk f"K`r y' Ak Gl;ek{ ^{`}n (glyco-protein) y;]n x/gr a[r ^{`}n k' ]mR~ s' bn; h/a; h" : esk; k;m h" ]k ]v`;]mn B12 k{ p'` k' A']s2 Av. eN`'S`;en k' p;ck ANj;>em=s s' bc;t; h"- tq; ]v`;]mn B12 k{ s/r]6t #p s' eE]lym tk ph/\c;t; h" : esk} km} s' prn}]xys A'n}]my; (pernicious anemia) n;mk b}m;r} h{t} h" : eN`Ä}]Nsk f"K`r bn;n' k; f[rm/l; _ Gas Only, (1)Gas Only – 6 points eTy;]d : -- -Iron a;ern a;ern y;]n l{h tTv w{jn %;r; ]mlt; h" : yh eE]lym s' absorb h{kr rË %;r; b{n m"r{ m'. ph/\ct; h" : vh;. yh h}m{Gl{]bn k' #p m'. RBC’s k' a.dr ph/\ct; h" : yh h}m{Gl{]bn k; Ak m/Åy i`k h"- j{ oxygen k{ l.Gj> s' s"Ls tk l' j;n' k' ]ly' j#r} h" : j{ RBC’s 120 ]dn p/r;n} h{ c/k} h{t} h".- unk{ t{2>n' k' b;d us a;yrn k{ b{n m|r{- ]lvr Av. SPl}n k} ]`x?j> m'. f']r`}n (ferritin) k' #p m'. jm; rY; j;t; h" a[r yh} d/b;r; RBC’s bn;n' k' ]ly' upy{g} h{t; h" : yh keE ANj;>em=s m'. w} h{t; h" : j{ ANj;>em=s s"Ll k' a.dr w{jn k{ t{2>t' h".- unk' k;yE k' ]ly' (cell respiration) w} esk} j#rt h" : w{jn k} ]nMn c}j{. m'. a;yrn p;y; j;t; h" _ g/2>- p;lk- m'q}- tq; s?Y; m'v; (dry fruit), b;d;m_a´{`, m`r_b}Ns eTy;]d- tq; a.2;- m;.s (meat), ]lvr m'. w} : es k} km} s' bcn' k' ]ly' xKkr k} jgh pr g/2> Y;n} c;]hy' : xr}r m'. a;yrn k' sh} upy{g k' ]ly' m".gn}j>- k;|pr y;]n Av. K{b;L` k} w} j#rt h" : m"Nss m'. aTy]ok Bl}]2.g s' tq; b;l{. k; ]grn; y; 42>n; eTy;]d s' xr}r m'. esk} km} a; skt} h" : mhTv esk} km} s' an}]my;- s;.s k; f?ln;- kmj{r} eTy;]d l6~ ]dY skt} h". : -- -Kidneys ]k2n}j> y' d{ h{t} h". : hr Ak k' aNdr 10 l;Y n"Fr;|n h{t' h". : enk; k;yE _ 1. p'x;b %;r; xr}r k' v'S` p@{2K`=s k{ ]nk;ln; _ y?]ry;- y?]rk A']s2- ´'`}n;en- ]b]l#]bn- dv;ey;.- k/9 A']s2 eTy;]d : 2. p;n} tq; s{]2ym- p{`"]xym- k"]Lxym eTy;]d k; b"l'.s bn;y' rYn; 3. r']nn- A']rq@{p{y']`n tq; 1,25 DCC bn;n' k' ]ly' j#r} 4. r']nn A'.]jy{`"Ns}n ]sS`m %;r; a;r`r}j> k' aNdr b} p} k{ 1}k rYn; 5. rË k' pH k; b"l'.s (balance) bn;n; hmn' p;y; h" ]k d{n{. ]k2n}j> Ak_j"s} k;m nh}. krt}. : r;e` ]k2n} 80% A'Lkl} ]fL`r krt} h" Av. 20 % A']s2- jb ]k l'F` ]k2n} 80% A']s2 Av. 20% A'Lkl} ]fL`r krt} h": -- -Kupffer cells k/fr s"Ls

y' macrophage cells h". y;]n j{ aNy s"Ls k{ YTm krn'v;l} s"Ls h".- j{ ]lvr m'. p;y} j;t} h". : enk' m/Åy d{ k;yE h". _ phl;- j{ RBC’s 120 ]dn s' p/r;n} h{ gy} h{. uNh'. YTm kr d'n; : d?sr;- p{r`l v'en %;r; a;y' rË m'. k{eE b"K`}]ry;- v;ers eTy;]d agr a;y' h{.- t{ uNh'. YTm krn; Av. uNh'. ºdy tk j;n' s' r{kn; : Kupffer cells k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' (1) Single point liver x 6 treatments d' skt' h". : -- -Lactic acid l"]K`k A']s2> m;\s_p']xy{. %;r; k;m krt' smy l"]K`k A']s2> (lactic acid) n;mk k"m}kl ]nklt} h" : jb hm l.b' smy tk lg;t;r w;r} Vy;y;m krt' h{. t{ rË m'. a;|;Ks}jn km h{ j;t} h" Av. l"]K`k A']s2> k} jm;v` b3> j;t} h" : a;|;Ks}jn Av. Gl;ek{j'n k} km} k' k;r~ msLs qkn' lgt} h". : l']kn us smy ºdy k} m;\s_p']xy;. rË m'. b3>} h/y} l"]K`k A']s2 s' uUj;E p@;Pt kr k;yE krn' k} 6mt; rYt} h". : j"s' h} xr}r m'. oxygen k} m;µ; b3 j;y'g}- l"]K`k A']s2 v;ps Gl;ek{j"n m'. bdl j;y'g}- ]jss' muscles k' ]ly' v;ps x]Ë ] ml j;y'g} : s}]3y;. c3>n' pr y; Vy;y;m krn' k' b;d j{ i/`n' y; ]p.2]ly{. m'. ddE Av. qk;n a;t} h"- usk' ]ly' Lactic acid formula upy{g} h" y;]n (6) Rt.Ov. (6) Lt.Ov. (8) Pan (12) Liv (6) Adr Liver ]lvr m/Åy k;yE _ w.2;r _ p{z~ tTv- f'`=s- Gl;ek{j'n- a;yrn- m"gn}]xym]v`;]mn A, D, E, K tq; B12. adl_bdl _ p{z~ tTv{. k{ ]`x?j> k' ]ly' upy{g} bn;n; toxins tq; v'S` p@{2K`=s k{ b;el y; p'x;b %;r; ]nk;ln' y{Gy bn;n; Gl?k{j> k{ Gl;ek{j'n m'.

A'm}n{ A']s2=s tq; Am{]ny; k{ y?]ry; m'. uTp;dn b;el s;L`=s (bile salts), b;el ]pGm'N`=s(b;el _ f'`=s pc;n' k' ]ly' j#r} ) h'p;]rn- Gl;ek{j'n A'm}n{ A']s2=s s' Gl?k{j> 1,25 DCC Av. A'.]jy{`"Ns}n #2 bn;n' k' ]ly' j#r} s;f_sf;eE (b;hr ]nk;l d'n;) ]b]l#]bn k{ Bl2 s' ]nk;ln; Jy;d; h{rm{Ns j{ bn' h{. jhr}l} c}j'.- dv;ey;.- xr;b eTy;]d rË sMbNo} k;yE gwE k' bCc' k' ]ly' phl't}n mh}n' tk rË bn;n; p/r;n} RBC’s k{ YTm krn;Av. uns' ]nkl' a;ern k{ S`{r krn; _ ny} RBC’s bn;n' k' ]ly' Kl{]`.g f|K`sE bn;n; _ f;e]b@n{jn- p@{q@{]Mbn Pl;Sm; ^{`}n=s tq; _ ALb?]mn- Gl{]b?]ln (Pl;Sm; ^{`}n=s ]`x?j> bn;n' k' ]ly' j#r} h". ) xr}r k; `"Mpr'cr m'N`'n (maintain) krn; -- -LDL Al 2} Al y;]n l{ 2']Ns`} l;ep{ ^{`}n HDL k} trh y' w} lipids tq; ^{`}n=s k' ]mR~ s' bn' h{t' h". : pr fkE yh h" ]k enm'. 25% proteins- 20% triglycerides, 55% cholesterol h{t; h" : 2']Ns`} y;]n inTv : ^{`}n=s k} m;µ; HDL k} t/ln; m'. km h{n' k' k;r~ enk; inTv km h{t; h"- s{ h} enk; n;m LDL h" : LDL rË m'. albumin k' s;q j/2>kr rht' h". : s;o;r~t+ y' k{l'S`Ä;|l k{ vhn krk' us' un s"Ls tk ph/\c;t' h".- jh;. usk} j#rt h" : l']kn i}_t'l tq; tl} h/y} c}j'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. Y;n' s' rË m'. k{l'S`Ä;|l k} m;µ; b3> j;t} h"- tb LDL k' k;r~ k{l'S`Ä;|l a;r`r}j> k' aNdr k' Sm?q mSsl f;ebsE k' a;s_p;s jmn' lgt; h"- ]jss' a;r`r}j> m'. qKk' bnn' lgt' h". j{ ºdy r{g{. k; m/Åy k;r~ h" : s{ LDL k{ bad cholesterol kh; j;t; h" : es]ly' hm'. w{jn m'. LDL Jy;d; Y;n; nh}. c;]hy' : -- -Lipase l;ep'j> y' ^{`}n=s s' bn} h".- a[r m/Åyt+ p".]´y;s m'. bnt} h". : y' ANj;>em (enzyme) h"- j{ p".]´y;s s' ]nklkr 2=y/a{2'nm m'. pH = 8.0 m'. f'`=s k{ pc;t} h". : pr usk{ k;yE krn' k' ]ly' g[l Bl"2r s' b;el k; a;n; j#r} h" : p".]´y;s k' l;ep's k' al;v; p'` m'. gastric lipase tq; m/\h m'. lingual lipase w} h{t' h".- pr v' km mhTvp?~E h". : p".]´y;s k' digestive ANj;>em=s k' ]ly' (8) Pan d't' h". : -- -Lymphocytes (T & B) `} Av. b} ]lMf{s;e`=s y' WBC’s k' 30% ]hSs; h".- j{ red bone marrow m'. bnt} h". : y' ]lMf k' ]`x?j> (lymphoid tissue) m'. p;y} j;t} h". _ j"s' ]lMf n{2=j>- SPl}n- GIT y;]n a¸ n]lk; k' My?ks m'Mb@'n k' a.dr} w;g (submucosal area) eTy;]d : enk; m/Åy k;yE h" xr}r k{ eMy?]n`} p@d;n krn; : y' k"Nsr s"Ls k{ w} YTm kr skt} h". q;ems Gl".2 m'. T-lymphocytes bnt} h".- j{ b;hr} k}`;~/ s' Y/d l2>t} h". : B-lymphocytes A'N`}b{2}j> bn;kr xr}r k} r6; krt} h". : T & B lymphocytes – y' `;]NsLs, p|r{]`2 Gl".2- Av. Ap']N2Ks m'. w} p;y} j;t} h". : enk{ uks;n' k; f[rm/l; _ Viral treatment formula (VTF), (½) Ku – 6 secs, (½) Ku – 13 secs, (½) Ku – 20 secs eTy;]d -- -Lymph nodes ]lMf n{2=j> y' ]lMf n]lk;a{. k' aNdr jgh_jgh pr p;y' j;t' h". : y' Jy;d; s.Åy; m'. Stn{. m'.- kC9 y; bgl{. m'. tq; groins y;]n p'` a[r j;.i k' b}c k' w;g m'. p;y' j;t' h". : en k' aNdr ]lMf{s;e`=s tq; m|´{f'js (macrophages) p@c/r m;µ; m'. rht' h". j{ b;hr} k}`;~/a{. tq; A'Bn[rml s"Ls k{ YTm krn' k} 6mt; rYt' h". : ]lMf enk' a.dr s' Ak h} ]dx; m'. p@v;h kr skt; h" : enk; a;k;r b3> j;n' k; mtlb xr}r b;hr} k}`;~/a{. k} s.´m~ s' jbrdSt m/k;bl; kr rh; h" : m;. k' p'` m'. 9`' mh}n' k' b;d ]lvr k' al;v; ]lMf n{2=j> w} RBC’s bn;t' h". : LMNT m'. hm VTF k' Pv;e.` tq; (½) Ku – 20 secs / (½) Ku – 13 secs / (½) Ku – 6 secs eTy;]d s' lymph nodes Av. ] lMf{s;e`=s Ak k;yE k{ uks;t' h". ]js' dv;eE bg"r h} xr}r k} eMy?]n`} b3> j;t} h" : -- -Magnesium yh Ak ]mnrl y;]n Y]nj o;t/ h" j{ ]lvr m'. S`{r rht; h" : an'k ANj;>em=s a[r h{rm{Ns 1}k s' k;m krn' k' ]ly' esk} j#rt h" : ATP k' ]s.q']ss (synthesis) y;]n uTp;dn m'. a[r s"Ll m'. ATP s' Anj}E ]rl}j> krv;n' k' ]ly' w} j#r} h" : esk' aw;v m'. k"]Lxym xr}r m'. c3>'g; nh}. : yh} k;r~ h" ]k 1,25 DCC f[rm/l; k' phl' m"Gn}]xym k{ ]lvr s' rË m'. l;n' k' ]ly' hm (3) Gal (7) Liv d't' h". : -- --Mast cells y' loose connective ]`x? m'.- l.Gj> m'. tq; ]lvr Av. SPl}n m'. w} p;y} j;t} h". : jb c{` lgt} h"- y; ]`x?j> 2|m'j h{t' h".- y; jb k{eE A'l'jEn (allergen) s' s;mn; h{- tb y' h'p;]rn- ]hS`|m}n eTy;]d k'm}kLs rË k' a.dr 9{2>t} h". t;]k us jgh m'. rË k; bh;v Jy;d; h{ : pr en k'm}kLs k' k;r~ k/9 l{g{. m'. A'l'j}E (allergy) h{t} h"- ]jsm' a;\Y{. y; n;k s' p;n} a;n;- b;r_b;r 9{.kn; eTy;]d l6~ ]dY skt} h". : Mast cells uks;n' k; `Ä}`=m'.` - (½) Ku – 6 secs. ess' p"r;l;e]ss tq; ]v]w¸ p@k;r k' eNf;KE` (infarct) k' mr}j{. k{ bh/t l;w h/a; h" : -- --Minerals y' Y]nj o;t/ h{t' h". : enm'. m/Åy h" _ s{]2ym- p{`"]xym- k"]Lxym- f;|Sf{rsa;ern y;]n l{htTv- k;|pr y;]n t;.b;- m"gn}]xym- m".gn}s- ]j>Nk- tq; a;y{]2n : y' s"Ls k' m/Åy a.x h{t' h".- j{ Jy;d;tr h]2=2y{.- m;\s_p']xy{. tq; d;.t{. m'. p;y' j;t' h". : y' h{rm{Ns Av. ANj;>em=s k' k;y{E. k' ]ly' aTyNt a;vXyk h". : y' nVEj> Av. m;\s_p']xy{. k} excitability k' ]ly' j#r} h". : hr Ak ]mnrl k; Ak Ny?ntm a[r uCctm m;µ; h{t} h"- ]jsk' i`n' y; b3>n' s' b}m;]ry;\ a; j;t} h". : s{]2ym- p{`"]xym eTy;]d m/Åyt+ b} p} k' ]ny.μ~ m'. k;m a;t' h". : -- --Mitral valve m;e`Äl v;Lv yh left atrium a[r left ventricle k' b}c k; v;Lv h" : es' bicuspid valve w} kht' h".: yh ºdy k; sbs' mjb?t a[r sbs' m/Åy v;Lv h"- Ky{.]k jb yh sh} trh s' k;m kr'g;- tw} aorta %;r; s;r' xr}r k' a.dr rË ph/\c'g; : es v;Lv k' t}n m/Åy p@{Bl'm h{ skt' h".–

• mitral stenosis k; mtlb h" v;Lv k; lc}l;pn km h{ j;n;- j{ aKsr ½m|]`k f}vr k' b;d h{t; h" : • mitral valve prolapse _ p@{l|Ps k; mtlb apn' jgh s' h` j;n; : v;Lv kmj{r h{n' k' k;r~ v"N`Ä}kl k' s.k/cn k' smy m;e`Äl v;Lv k; k/9 w;g bh/t Jy;d; a.dr cl; j;t; h"- ]jss' rË k; k/9 a.x v;ps left A]`Äym m'. cl; j;t; h" : • es' mitral regurgitation (m;e`Äl r}_g]jE`'xn ) kht' h". : esk' k;r~ ºdy s' km m;µ; m'. rË ]nklt; h" ]jss' w;r} Vy;y;m krt' smy s;.s k; f?ln;- ps}n; 9?`n; eTy;]d l6~ ]dY skt' h". : kw}_kw} yh angina y; ºdy r{g k; #p w} l' skt; h" : -- --Monocytes m{n{s;e`=s m;'n;'s;eE`=s Ak ]kSm k} WBC’s h". : y' b{n m"r{ y;]n rË mJj; m'. bnt} h". : enk} a;y/ 10 s' 20 iN`' h"- pr jb ]`x? m'. lg j;t} h". t{ en k} a;y/ mh}n{. y; vz{.E tk lMb} h{ j;t} h" : eNfLm'xn a;n' pr y' s"Ll j#rt k' an/s;r apn' a;p k{ ]`x? s' alg kr l't} h".- a;´m~k;r} k}`;~/a{. k{ m;rt} h".- Av. Y/d mr w} j;t} h". : b{n m"r{ m'. en k; t}n c;r ]dn k; w.2;r h} rht; h" : a;vXykt; p2>n' pr y' a]ok m;µ; m'. p"d; h{ skt} h".: m;'n;'s;eE`=s rË k' p@v;h m'. t{ ]ks} b"K`}]ry; y; v;eErs s' nh}. l2> skt'- pr jb v' ]`x? m'. ph/.c j;t} h". t{ apn' a;p k{ f/l;n; x/# kr d't} h". _ yh;. tk ]k p;.c g/n; y; aSs} m;eE´{m}`r tk en k; s;eEj> h{ j;t; h" : a[r unk' a.dr w;r} m;µ; m'. l;es{j>{Ms (lysozomes) wr j;t' h".- ]jsk' k;r~ v' etn} blv;n h{ j;t} h". ]k ]ks} w} ]bm;r} k} k}`;~/ k{ m;r skt} h". : k/9 m;'n;'s;eE`=s a; ´m~k;]ry{. k' s;q ]cpk j;t} h". a[r uNh'. Y; j;t} h". : A's} m{n{s;e`=s k{ m"´{f'j (macrophage) kh; j;t; h" : -- --Mucus My?ks hr Ak a.g k' a.dr} prt m'. Ak ptl} ]4Ll} h" ]js' Mucosa y; mucous membrane kht' h". : GIT y;]n a¸ n]lk; m'. m/\h s' l'kr g/d; %;r (anus) tk w} A's} h} ]4Ll} h{t} h" : es mucous membrane s' Ak g;3>; d@v ]nklt; rht; h"- ]js' My?ks kht' h". : esk; m/Åy f.Kxn h" a¸ n]lk; k{ ]ckn;h` p@d;n krk' uNh'. izE~ s' bc;n;- t;]k Y;n; a;s;n} s' a;g' b3>' : p'` m'. My?ks k} prt 1 s' 3 mm k} h" j{ ]k p'` k} a.dr} w;g k{ sÅt A']s2 s' bc;t} h" : {My?ks Gl;ek{ ^{`}n=s k; Ak ]mR~ h"- ]jsm'. p{l} s"kr;eE2 Jy;d; h"- tq; ^{`}n=s km h". } Guyton 10th ed. p.740). xr}r k' hr Ak organ k' My?ks m'Mb@'n k{ uks;n' k; upc;r h" _ (1) point Mucus x 6 treatments. agr GIT m'. kh}. w} eNFlm'xn h{ t{ My?ks Jy;d; m;µ; m'. h{ t{ a;v k' #p m'. ]nkl'g;: -- --Myelin Sheath m;y']ln x}q x}q y;]n My;n y; s/r6;Tmk kvc : keE l.b} nVEj> k} A'KsNs (axons) k' uUpr Ak prt c3>} h/y} h{t} h"- ]js' m;y']ln x}q kht' h". : yh Schwann cells (Xv;n s"Ls) n;mk Y;s s"Ls k} bn} h/y} h" : en s"Ls k} keE layers y; th h{t} h".- j{ A'Ksn k{ Ak kvc_j"s; 3k l't} h". : enk; s"Ll m'Mb@'n f;|Sf{]l]p2 tq; ^{`}n k; bn; h/a; h" : d{ m'Mb@'n k' b}c m'. f'`=s k} jm;v` h{t} h"- ] js' m;y']ln (myelin) kht' h". : es x}q (sheath) s' d{ l;w h". _  nVEj> k' b}c k' w;g k} s/r6; d'n; t;]k m'. nvE k; s.d'x d?sr' m'. n cl; j;y (electrical insulator)  nvE e.pLss k} g]t k{ b3>;n' y;]n uNh'. Jy;d; t'j} s' cln' m'. mdd krn; : -- --Neuro-transmitters Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r y' v' substance y; c}j h". j{ Ny?r[Ns %;r; bn;y' j;t' h". : y' nvE s"Ll s' ]nklkr AKsNs %;r; ]sn|Ps m'. ph/\ct' h".- jh;. v' vesicles n;mk 9{`} q"]ly{. m'. wr' rht' h". : AKsNs (axons) uks;y' j;n' pr y' el"K`Ä}kl e.pLss l'kr j;t' h". : y' aNy target cell tk ph/\ckr y; t{ usk' k;yE k{ b3>;t' y; r{kt' h". : ud;_ n[r_Ap}n'fr}n- acetylcholine- 2{p|m}n- GABA eTy;]d enk; p@o;n k;yE h" m;\s_p']xy{. k; s.k/cn- tq; g@.]qy{. s' ¹;v k; ]nk;s : Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r k' k;yE h{n' k' t/rNt b;d h} unk{ ANj;>em=s %;r; YTm kr ]dy; j;t; h" y; v;ps l' ]ly; j;t; h" : -- --Neutrophils Ny?`Ä{]fLs y' xr}r k} r6;Tmk f[j m'. m/Åy h". : y' Ak p@k;r k' WBC’s h"., j{ ]ks} w} p@k;r k' b"K`}]ry;- v;eErs y; aNy ]ks} w} A'N`}j'n k{- ]jss' xr}r k{ n/ks;n h{ _ uNh'. phagocytosis s' y;]n ]nglkr sm;Pt sm;Pt krn' k} 6mt; rYt' h".. : en k' s"Ll k' a.dr l;eEs{s{m=j> (lysosomes) n;mk a.g h". j{ b;hr} k}`;~/a{. k{ m;rn' k' ]ly' kr}b c;l}s p@k;r k' ANj;>em tk bn; skt' h". : y' ]nMn]l]Å;t keE Anj;eEmj> %;r; ]ks} w} trh s' k}`;~/a{. k{ sm;Pt kr d't' h".- ]jnm'. m/Åy h". _ Complement system, superoxide (O2--), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Hydroxyl ions (-OH-), myelo-peroxidase, Hypochlorite eTy;]d y' bh/t h} wy;nk ANj;>em=s h". ]jn k} Ak q{2>} s} m;µ; w} b"K`}]ry; k{ sm;Pt krn' k' ]ly' k;f} h" : h;.- k/9 b"K`}]ry; A's' h". ]jn k' uUpr en k; p@w;v nh}. p2>t;- uL`' v' Ny/`Ä{]fLs k{ h} sm;Pt kr d't' h". ]jn k' k;r~ k/9 p/r;n} ]bm;]ry;\ h{ j;t} h". : -- --Niacin n|y;]sn n|y;]sn Ak ]v`;]mn h"- j{ ]k ]`P`{f|n (tryptophan) n;mk A'm}n{ A']s2 s' bnt} h" : esk} km} s' p'l|g@; (pellagra) n;mk b}m;r} a;t} h" : n|y;]sn k} km} k' k;r~ x/# x/# m'. mSsLj> m'. kmj>{r} mhs?s h{g} a[r Gl".2=s k' k;m krn' k} 6mt; km h{ j;y'g}- ]js s' v' j{ h{rm{Ns y; ANj;>em=s bn;t} h". v' km bn'.g' y; nh}. bn'.g' : es s' xr}r k' keE ]`x?j> sm;Pt h{ j;y'.g y; mr j;y'.g' : agr brs{. tk es ]v`;]mn k} km} rh} t{ y;d=d;Xt k} km} y; aNy d}m;g sMbNo} b}m;]ry;\ a; j;y'.g} : cm2}> f` s} j;y'g}- a[r cm2>} pr k;l;pn y; ]pGm"N`'xn_s} h{ j;y'g} a[r s?yE k} r{xn} s' cm2>} Yr;b h{ j;t} h" : Treatment – UDF + Black treatment formula.

-- --Non-veg food n;|n v'j f/2 y;]n m;.s;h;r} w{jn l{g kht' h". ]k n[nv'j Y;n; c;]hy' Ky{.]k us m'. ^{`}n a]ok h{t' h". : agr Y;n; nh}. pc rh; h{ t{ k{eE ]ktn; w} ^{`}n Y; l'- vh xr}r m'. nh}. lg'g;- xr}r k{ uss' k{eE l;w nh}. h{g; : y;]n A's' Vy]Ë k{ n[n v'j Y;n; b'k;r h" : d?sr} b;t h" ]k m;.s;h;r} w{jn k{ pc;n' k' b;d us' b2>} a;.t %;r; anus tk ok'ln' k' ]ly' xr}r k{ Jy;d; Anj}E lgt} h"- Ky{.]k us Y;n' m'. f;ebr nh}. h{t; : a[r us d[r;n j{ v'S` p@{2K` ]nklt' h". v' xr}r k' ]ly' `[]Ksk toxic h{t' h". : a[r agr Vy]Ë k} p;cn x]Ë sh} h{ t{ keE s]Bjy{. m'. n[n v'j k' br;br ^{`}n ]ml j;t' h".- ]jNh'. pc;n' k' ]ly' xr}r k{ km m'hnt krn; p2>t; h" : : es]ly' sw} p@k;r s' d'Y; j;y t{ m;.s;h;r} Y;n' k} j#rt nh}. h" : -- -- Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) n[r_Ap}n'fr}n n[r_Ap}n'fr}n Ak h{rm{n tq; Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r h"- j{ d{ jgh m'. bnt} h" : esk; m?l tTv (raw material) `;er{]sn A'm}n{ A']s2 h" : jb xr}r k{ k{eE m/s}bt k; s;mn; krn; p2'>- tb yh h{rm{n A'2Ä}nl m"2?l; %;r; rË m'. 9{2>} j;t} h" : yh Ak v's{ k[NS`Ä}K`r h"- y;]n esk' p@w;v s' rË_n]lk;y'. s.k/]ct h{t} h".- ]js k' k;r~ systolic and diastolic BP d{n{. b3'.g} : esk' al;v; yh ]s.p"q]`k nrvs ]sS`'m k; Ak m/Åy Ny?r{_`Ä"Nsm}`r h" j{ b@'n k' Ny?r[Ns %;r; bn;y} j;t} h" : esk; m/Åy p@w;v h" _ GIT y;]n a¸_n]lk; k} m{]`]l`} y;]n g]t k{ r{kn; n[r_Ap}n'fr}n k{ uks;n' k' ]ly' (6) Rt. Swt : -- --Normal saline n[rml s|l;en yh nmk a[r distilled water k' ]mR~ k{ kht' h"., ]jsm'. nmk k} m;µ; 0.85 - 0.9% h{t; h" : agr dSt y; u]L`y;. s' xr}r m'. dehydration h{ j;y- y;]n Jy;d; p;n} ]nkl j;y t{ IV tube (intra-venous tube) %;r; es' rË m'. c3>; ]dy; j;t; h" : es' c3>;n' s' rË k} v[Ly?m n[rml h{ j;y'g} tq; RBC’s y; aNy s"Ls k{ k{eE n/ks;n nh}. ph/\c'g; : nmk k} es} m;µ; m'. a{Sm{]`k p@'xr (osmotic pressure) m'N`'n h{g;- ]jss' s"Ls k' aNdr c}j{. k; y;t;y;t- tq; m;\s_p']xy{. k} k;y{E. k; ]ny.μ~ 1}k p@k;r s' h{g; : es' isotonic solution kht' h". a[r nmk k} yh m;µ; bh/t h} critical h"- y;]n esm'. q{2; w} km_Jy;d; nh}. h{n} c;]hy' : agr nmk k} m;µ; ess' km h{- us' hypotonic solution kht' h". : ud; _ s;d; distilled water. agr es' rË m'. c3>; d'. t{ RBC’s eTy;]d f?ln' lg'.g} a[r k/9 h} d'r k' b;d etn} b2>} h{ j;y'.g} ]k v' f?` j;y'.g} : RBC’s k' es p@k;r k' f?`kr `?`n' k{ h}m{l;e]ss (hemolysis) kht' h". : agr nmk k} m;µ; k/9 Jy;d; h{ (ud; _ 2%), us' hypertonic solution kht' h". : agr es' c3>; ]dy; j;y t{ RBC’s tq; aNy s"Ls ] sk/2> j;y'.g} a[r YTm h{ j;y'.g} : t{ ess' w} xr}r k{ w;r} n/ks;n h{g; : -- --Nose n;k n;k k' d{ alg_alg f.Kxn h". _ g.o y; b;s k; Ahs;s kr;n;- Av. b;hr} hv; k{ upy/Ë #p m'. f'f2{. tk ph/\cn' m'. mdd krn; : Xvsn k' ]ly' ]nMn k;yE n;k m'. h{t' h". _ v;y/ k{ 9;nn;- us' grm krn; Av. usm'. nm} l;n; : n;k k' aNdr k' b;l o?l k' b2} k~{. k{ r{k l't} h". : n;k m'. My?ks bnt} h"- j{ keE k}`;~/a{. k{- tq; o?l_]m`=`} k} 9{`} k~{. k{ f.s;kr ]fL`r kr d't} h" : n;k k' a.dr nerve endings h".- j{ hm'. g.o y; b;s k; Ahs;s kr;t} h". : y' Ak n.br k} ´']nyl nvE %;r; apn; s.d'x b@'n tk l' j;t} h". : -- --Osmotic pressure a{Sm{]`k p@'xr agr hm d{ trl pd;qE l'. ]jnm'. alg m;µ; m'. c}j'. i/l} h/y} h{t} h". _ a[r un k' b}c m'. Ak ]4Ll} h{ t{ us ]4Ll} k' d{n{ b;j? m'. j{ p@'xr ]nm;E~ h{g; us' a{Sm{]`k p@'xr kht' h". : rË m'. w} alg_alg Sq;n{. pr ]v]w¸ c}j alg m;µ; m'. i/l} h/y} h{t} h".-a[r es} p@'xr k' k;r~ h} s"Ls k' a.dr c}j{. k} y;t;y;t _ bg"r ]ks} Anj}E k' _ apn' a;p clt} rht} h" -- -Osteoblasts a{S`}y{Bl;S`=s

a{S`}y{Bl;S`=s h2=2} k} ny} ]`x? bn;n' v;l} s"Ls k{ kht' h". : y' k{l;j'n tq; b{n ]`x? bn;n' k' ]ly' a;vXyk c}j{. (matrix materials) k{ bn;t} h". : y' h]2=2y{. k} uUpr} prt pr p;y} j;t} h". : pr y' apn} h} ¹;v{. m'. f\s j;t} h". a[r m|Cy{r h{n' k' b;d osteocytes khl;t} h". a[r ]fr v' matrix materials nh}. bn; p;t}. : Osteoblasts Av. osteocytes m'. yh 6mt; nh}. h" ]k v' ]vw;jn krk' apn' a;p k{ g/~ kr sk'. : LMNT m'. (1) Thrd ‘P’ s' a{S`}y{Bl;S`=s k{ uks;t' h". : -- --Osteoclasts a{S`}y{Kl;S`=s y' bh/t b2>} s"Ls h{t} h".- j{ b3>t} h/y} h]2=2y{. (growing bones) k' b{n m"r{ m'. bnt} h". : y' h]2=2y{. k} uUpr} sth m'. keE Y;s g2=3{. m'. p;y} j;t} h". : y' h]2=2y{. k' p/n]nEm;~ m'. tq; ³"Kcr k' smy j{ h]2=2y;\ 2|m'j h{ j;t} h".- unk' avx{z~ tq; anc;h' y; p/r;n} b{n ]`x? k{ gl;n' m'. mdd krt} h". : h]2=2y{. k} s;m;Ny g@{q- ]vk;s tq; d/½St} k' ]ly' y' a;vXyk h". : agr y' j#rt s' Jy;d; k;m kr'. t{ h]2=2y;\ Y{Yl} h{ j;y'.g} ]js' a;|S`}y{p{r{]ss kht' h". : LMNT m'. hm (1) Para s' a{S`}y{Kl;S`=s k{ uks;t' h". : -- --Osteoporosis a;|S`}y{p{r{]ss a[rt{. m'. AS`Ä{j"n tq; p@{j'S`'r{n- Av. p/½z{. m'. `'S`{S`'r{n h]2=2y{. k{ m'N`'n krt} h". : l']kn a[rt{. m'. m'n{p[j> k' b;d AS`Ä{j"n a[r p@{j'S`'r{n k} m;µ; i`n' lgt} h" : p/½z{. m'. w} 60-65 s;l k' umr m'. `'S`{S`'r{n k} m;µ; i`n' lgt} h" : p;cn s.Sq;n 1}k s' k;yE n krn' k' k;r~ mOy umr k' b;d xr}r m'. k"]Lxym k} km} a; j;t} h" : A's} an'k k;r~{. s' a{S`}y{Bl;S`=s km k;yE krt} h".- ]jss' h2=2} k; inTv km h{ j;t; h"- a[r h]2=2y;\ Y{Yl} h{n' lgt} h". : es' a;|S`}y{p{r{]ss kht' h". : A's' l{g{. k{ c{` lgn' pr h2=2} `?`n' (fracture) k; Ytr; h" : enk{ ]ks} w} vË ´".MPs a; skt} h". : A's' l{g{. k{ x/gr km Y;n} c;]hy' Ky{.]k x/gr k"]Lxym k{ km krt; h" : x/gr k' bdl' m'. g/2> Y;n; b'htr h" : Treatment h" – UDF + HCl; 1,25 DCC. -- --Oxygen a;|;Ks}jn a;|;Ks}jn hv; s' hm'. ]mlt} h" : yh m;nv k' ]ly' h} nh}.- b]Lk p@;y+ sw} j}vr;]xy{. k' ]ly' j#r} g|s h" : a;|;Ks}jn k' bg"r mn/Zy k/9 ]mn` h} ]j.d; rh skt; h" : ]2l}vr} k' t/rNt b;d agr bCc; 1}k s' r{y' t{ j"s' h} vh phl} s;.s l't; h"- tb a;|;Ks}jn Xv;s %;r; l.Gj> k' a.dr cl} j;y'g} a[r l.Gj> k} A']Lvy{]l k' b;hr k} k"p}lr}j> k' j;l %;r; rË m'. ph/\c j;y'g} : rË m'. h}m{Gl{]bn h{t; h"- j{ us a;|;Ks}jn k{ u1; l't; h" a[r vh rË %;r; hr s"Ll tk ph/\ct} h" : a;|;Ks}jn py;EPt m;µ; m'. ]mln' pr h} sw} s"Ls Gl?k{j> k{ jl;kr apn' k;y{E. k' ]ly' uUj;E x]Ë p@;Pt kr skt} h". : agr bCc; jNm k' t/r.t b;d nh}. r{y; a[r n;2? phl' h} k;` d} gy} h{- t{ a;|;Ks}jn k' aw;v m'. b@'n k' k/9 s"Ls mr j;t} h".- ]jss' m.d b/]5- CP y; aNy jNm_j;t b}m;]ry;\ h{ skt} h". : a;|;Ks}jn wrp?r ]ml' tb h} hr a.g y; a{rgn aC9} trh s' k;m kr p;y'g; : -- -PTH (parathormone) p} `} Ac (p|r;q;|rm{n) yh p|r; q;yr[e2 Gl".2 k; h{rm{n h" : esk' ]nMn f.Kxn h". _ • PTH k; Ak m;µ k;yE h" _ Bl2 m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; sh} bn;y' rYn;; 1,25 DCC k' uTp;dn krn; • yh rË m'. calcium a[r m"gn}]xym k} m;µ; k{ b3>;t; h"- tq; f{Sf'` k} m;µ; k{ km krt; h" : • eN`'S`;en k{ uks;t; h" ]k w{jn m'. k"]Lxym Av. m"gn}]xym k; avx{z~ 1}k p@k;r s' h{ : • ]k2n}j pr p@w;v 2;lt; h" ]k v' k"]Lxym k; p/nx{Ez~ kr' t;]k vh p'x;b %;r; b;hr n j;y'- tq; f>;Sf>'` k{ p'x;b %;r; b;hr j;n' d't; h" : • agr en d{n{. up;y{. k' b;vj?d rË m'. k"]Lxym k} m;µ; km rh' tw} PTH a{S`}y{Kl;S`=s k} s.Åy; k{ b3>;t; h" a[r uks;t; h" ]k v' h2=2} s' k"]Lxym ]nk;lkr rË m'. 2;l'. : • PTH rË n]lk;a{. k} aNdr} Vy;s k{ b3>;t; h"- ]jss' b} p} km h{g} : TG 627 -- -Pepsin/Pepsinogen p"Ps}n / p"Ps}n{j'n p"Ps}n Ak ANj;>em h" j{ p'` m'. ^{`}n=s k{ pc;t; h" : p'` m'. yh p']Psn{jn n;mk ]n]Z´y #p m'. rht; h"- t;]k p'` k{ h} n pc; 2;l' : jb p'` m'. HCl py;EPt m;µ; m'. ]nkl'g} tb p'` m'. gastric juice k; pH = 3 y; uss' n}c' cl; j;y'g;- tb p"Ps}n{j'n p"Ps}n m'. bdl j;y'g; a[r ^{`}n=s k{ peptides k' #p m'. pc; d'g; : agr hm Y;n; Y;t' smy b}c_b}c m'. p;n} p}t' rh'. t{ p"Ps}n nh}. bn'g; y; 1}k s' k;yE nh}. kr p;y'g; : tb w{jn k' ^{`}n=s anpc' h} rh j;y'.g' j{ b2>} b}m;]ry{. k; m/Åy k;r~ h" : -- -Pericardium p']rk;]2Eym yh t}n prt k} q"l} h" j{ ºdy k{ c;r{. a{r s' 3k; h/a; h" a[r j{ Ak kvc k} trh ºdy k} r6; krt; h" : esk' d{ m/Åy w;g h". _ Ak b;hr} m'Mb@'n j{ sÅt mjb?t Av. in' ]`x? k; bn; h"- j{ ºdy k{ apn} jgh pr s/r6;p?vEk rYt; h"- a[r j{ ºdy k{ Ak s}m; s' Jy;d; f"ln' nh}. d't; : Ak a.dr} m'Mb@'n h" j{ ]k nrm m/l;ym serous membrane k} bn} h/y} h" : esk} w} d{ prt'. h". a[r un d{n{. k' b}c m'. Ak Fl?e2 rht} h" : es Fl?e2 k{ peri-cardial fluid kht' h". : yh ]ckn;h` p@d;n krt} h" a[r ºdy k} a.dr} w;g a[r prt{. m'. izE~ h{n' s' bc;t} h" : agr pericardium m'. eNFlm'xn h{ us' peri-carditis kht' h". : esm' y; t{ Fl?e2 km h{ skt; h"- ]jsk' k;r~ prt{. k' b}c izE~ a[r ddE h{ skt; h" : y; esm'. Fl?e2 k} m;µ; etn} b3> skt} h" ]k usk' p@'xr s' ºdy k} o2kn w} ½k skt} h" : -- -Peristalsis p']rS`"]Lss Jb hm Y;n; Y;t' h".- tb a¸ n]lk; k} mSsLj> ]v]w¸ p@k;r k' hlcl s' w{jn k{ eEs{f'gs s' l'kr anus k} a{r tk apn' a;p ok'lt} rht} h". : m;\s_p']xy{. k} us s.k/cn a[r hlcl k{ p']rS`"]L`k m?Vm'N` y; p']rS`"]Lss kht' h". : yh Ak lhr j"s' clt; rht; h"- ]jsk; ] ny.μ~ a;`{n{]mk nrvs ]sS`m %;r; h{t; h" : es} p']rS`"]Lss k' k;r~ k;em 2=y/a{2'nm s' eE]lym tk ph/\ct} h" l']kn 9{`} a;.t m'. p']rS`"]Lss k} g]t eEs{f'gs k} t/ln; m'. o}m} h{t} h" : b2>} a;.t m'. yh lhr 1}k n cl' t{ kBj} h{t} h" : es lhr k{ bn;y' rYn' m'. b;el k; bh/t b2>; h;q h" : p']rS`"]Lss b3>;n' k' ]ly' upc;r h" _ Gas ‘I’, Chole; Vater + New Gall eTy;]d -- -Peritoneum p'r}`{]nym p'r}`{]nym _ yh Ak s}rs m"Mb@'n (serous membrane) h" ]jsk} 2bl ]4Ll} h" : es k; Ak w;g A'B2{mn k' d}v;r k' s;q j/2>; h"- d?sr' w;g n' A'B2{mn k} hr g@.q} y; a[rgn (organ) k{ p}1 k} d}v;r k' s;q j{2> rY; h"- t;]k y' g@.]qy;\ eor_uor n; j;y'. : p/½z{. m'. yh p?r} k} p?r} n}c' k} g@.]qy{. k{ 3>kt} h"- pr Sμ}y{. m'. A's; h" ]k y?`'rs es s' 3>k; h"- pr f"l{]pyn `=y?Bs (fallopian tubes) j{ y?`'rs k' s;q j/2>' h".- v' es p'r}`{]nym k' b;hr h". : eN`'S`;en k} rË tq; ]lMf k} n]lk;y'. esk' a.dr h} h". : esk} d{n{. ]4]Lly{. k' b}c m'. Ak s}rs Fl?e2 (serous fluid) bnt; h" : us Fl?e2 k} ]ckn;pn %;r; yh un g@.]qy{. k{ Ak d?sr' k' izE~ s' uNh'. bc;t} h" : es Fl?e2 m'. A'Lb/]mn (albumin) n;mk Pl;Sm; ^{`}n p;y; j;t; h" : ]ks} g@.q} k; eNf'Kxn y; eNFlm'xn d?sr} g@.q} m'. j;n' s' yh} r{kt} h"- t;]k eNf'Kxn n f"l' : ]jsk' k;r~ es' A'B2{mn k; p{l}sm"n (policeman) kht' h". : k/9 b}m;]ry{. m'. yh p;n} bh/t Jy;d; wr j;t; h" us' As;e`}j> (ascites) kht' h". : Raman treatment s' hm p'r}`{]nym k{ uks;t' h". : -- -Pineal gland p}]nyl Gl".2 yh m`r k; d;n; ]jtn} g@.q} h"- j{ b@'n k' q|lms tq; ]p`=y?`r} Gl".2 k' b}c m'.- mgr k/9 p}9' k} a{r ]Sqt h" : yh xr}r k' hr k;yE k{ s?Ém #p s' brs{. phl' s' ]ny.μ~ krt} h"- s{ es' xr}r k; r;j; kht' h".: esk; m/Åy h{rm{n m'l;`{]nn h" ]jsk' %;r; yh n}.d_j;gr~_c´- b/3>;p;- Av. p@jnn sMbNo} k;y{E. k{ ]ny.]μt krt} h" : esk' al;v; yh q;ems Gl".2 k' k;yE k{ w} s/o;rt} h"- a[r `"Mpr'cr k} w} d'Yw;l krt} h" : a.o'r' m'. Jy;d; m'l;`{]nn ]nklt; h"- a[r r{xn} m'. km : T&G 8/540 es]ly' h} g/½j} kht' h". ]k s{t' smy kmr' m'. p?r; aNo'r; h{n; c;]hy' : -- -Placenta Pl"s'N`; Pl"s'N`; AN2{m"`Ä}ym (y?`Äs k} a.dr} prt) k} us rcn; y; n;l k{ kht' h". j{ gwE k' t}sr' mh}n' tk p?~E #p s' bn j;t} h" : esk' k;yE h". _  yh Ak q"l}_j"s} h" ]jsm'. Fetus y;]n gwE k; bCc; keE b"K`}]ry; tq; v;ers s'- tq; m;r-4`k; eTy;]d s' s/r]6t h" : mgr p{]ly{- AIDS, rubella eTy;]d v;ers k{ yh r{k nh}. p;t}!  es} s' bCc' k' rË m'. a;|;Ks}jn a[r k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k; a;d;n p@d;n h{t; h": es]ly' es' fetal lung w} kht' h". :  yh k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s- ^{`}n=s- k"]Lxym tq; a;yrn k{ S`{r krt} h" a[r j#rt k' an/s;r gwE k' bCc' k' rË m'. en c}j{. k{ ]ml; d't} h" :  yh} Fetus k' Bl2 k' waste products k{ m;\ k' Bl2 %;r; b;hr ]nk;l f'.kt} h"

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y' c;r m/Åy h{rm{Ns bn;t} h" _ AS`Ä{j"n- p@{j'S`'r{n- HCG tq; HCSM j{ ]2l}vr} h{n' tk keE a;vXyk kdm u1;t' h". ]jss' bCc; a;s;n} s' b;hr ]nkl sk' : {j"s' a[rt k' jnn;.g- Stn eTy;]d k; ]vk;s; delivery k' smy pelvis k' muscles k{ relax kr;n;; tq; y?`'rs k} ]sk{2n' k} x]Ë k{ b3;n; eTy;]d } -- -Plasminogen / Plasmin (fibrinolysin) Pl;]Smn{j'n / Pl;]Smn Pl;]Smn Ak x]Ëx;l} ANj;>em h"- j{ rË m'. Pl;]Smn{j'n n;mk ]n]Z´y #p m'. rht; h" : esk' k;yE ]nMn h". _ yh p/r;n' Kl[` (clot) k} f;e]b@n k} j;l k{ Y{ln' v i{ln' k} 6mt; rYt; h" : ]nMn Kl[]`.g factor k' k;yE k{ r{kt; h" _ f;e]b@n{j'n- p@{q@{]Mbn- Factors V, VIII, a[r XII { jb rË m'. qKk; bnt; h"- tb us Kl[` k' a.dr Pl;]Smn{j'n rh j;t; h" : hm;r' xr}r k} keE ]`x?j> keE c}j{. k{ rË m'. 9{2>t} rht} h".- j{ Pl;]Smn{j'n k{ Pl;]Smn m'. bdl skt' h". : j"s' h} Pl;]Smn{j'n Pl;]Smn ANj;>em m'. bdl j;t; h"- vh clot k' a.dr k} f;e]b@n k} j;l k{ g;lkr us' Y{l d'g; : j{ v'S` p@{2K`=s ]nklt' h".- v' f|g{s;e`{]ss (phagocytosis) n;mk p@]´y; %;r; ]nglkr YTm kr ]dy' j;t' h". : } -- -Platelets Pl"`l"`=s y' rË m'. rht} h". : rË m'. enk} s;m;Ny m;µ; p@]t cumm m'. 1½ l;Y s' 4 l;Y tk h{t} h" : y' b{n m"r{ k' Ak p@k;r k} s"Ls k' `/k2' h". : {]jNh'. m'g; k"]ry{_s;e`=s kh; j;t; h" } y' rË m'. Kl[` bnn' k' ]ly' bh/t j#r} h". : jb m;r lgn' k' k;r~ rË k} k"p}lr}j> f` j;t} h".- t{ y' t/rNt us jgh pr ek`=1; h{kr Ak d?sr' k' s;q ]cpk j;t} h". a[r Ak t;Tk;]lk d}v;r_s; bn; d't} h".- ]jsk' uUpr f;e]b@n k} j;l a;s;n} s' bn skt} h" : es trh v' Kl[` bnn' m'. tq; rË k{ b;hr j;n' s' r{kn' m'. sh;yk h". : rË m'. Pl"`l"`=s k} km} k{ q@{Mb{s;e`{p}]ny; (thrombocytopenia) kht' h". : eNh'. ITP n;mk b}m;r} w} a; skt} h"- ]jsm'. hLk;_s; w} m;r lg j;y t{ Bl}]2.g ½kt} nh}.- j{ j;nl'v; w} h{ skt; h" : (ITP = idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) -- -Progesterone p@{j'S`'r{n es h[rm{n k; k;yE h" ]k endometrium (y;]n y?`'rs k} a.dr} prt) k{ 6mm tk b3;n; : ess' vh aTyNt h} nrm- m/l;y;m a[r rË s' wrp?r h{ j;y'g} ]jss' agr a.2; fertilise h{ j;y' t{ a.2' k{ sh} #p s' p{z~ ]ml' : p@{j'S`'r{n a;n' tk m"Nss (menses) nh}. a;t} : gwE;vSq; m'. Pl"s'N`; w} p@{j'S`'r{n bn;t; h" ]jsk' ]nMn k;yE h". _ (]nz'cn h{n' k' t/rNt b;d s' h} yh) f"l{]pyn `=y?Bs v y?`'rs k' secretions b3;t; h" t;]k fertilised a.2' k{ y?`'rs m'. ph/\cn' tk nutrients ]mlt; rh' : Endometrium k; ]vk;s krv;t; h" tq; usm'. nutrients S`{r krv;t; h" ]jss' gwE k' bCc' k{ sh} m;µ; m'. p{z~ p@;Pt h{ sk' : ]2l}vr} (Delivery) h{n' tk menses h{n' s' r{kt; h" Av. y?`Äs k{ ]sk/2n' s' r{kt; h" t;]k gwEp;t n h{ j;y : LMNT m'. hm Rt.Ov. treatment %;r; p@{j'S`'r{n k{ uks;t' h". : -- -Proteins ^{`}n=s y' k;rbn- h;eE2Ä{j'n- a;|;Ks}jn- n;e`Ä{j"n s' bn} h". : hm;r' xr}r k' hr s"Ll a[r ]`x? bn;n' k' ]ly' enk} j#rt h" : ^{`}n=s m/Åyt+ c;r g@?p=s k' f.KxNs krt' h". _  v;hk y; k?]ryr k; k;m _ ud; h}m{Gl{]bn  k'm}kLs k{ pc;n' y; t{2n' k; k;m _ ANj;>em=s  s.d'x l' j;n; _ h{rm{Ns  r6;Tmk f[j _ A'N`}b[2>}j>  agr xr}r m'. Gl?k{j> y; f'`=s k} km} h{ t{ y' uUj;E w} p@d;n kr skt' h". : ^{`}n=s m;nv w{jn k; Ak p@m/Y a.x h". : y' A'm}n{ A']s2=s s' bn} h/y} h". : hm'. k/l 22 A'm}n{ A']s2=s k} j#rt h"- ]jsm'.

11 ]lvr Y/d bn; skt; h"- pr b;k} 11 k{ As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s kht' h". Ky{.]k uNh'. w{jn s' h} p@;Pt krn; h" : d?o tq; s{y;b}n m'. sw} As'Nxl A'm}n{ A']s2=s p;y; j;t' h". s{ uNh'. complete proteins kht' h". : ]ks} w} Ak d;l m'. sw} a;vXyk A'm}n{ A']s2=s nh}. ]mlt' : s{ g/½j} kht' h". ]k d{ t}n d;l ]mKs krk' Y;n' k} a;dt bn;y'. t;]k r{j h} a;vXyk A'm}n{ A']s2=s ]mlt' rh'. : -- -Prothrombin p@{q@{]Mbn yh Ak Pl;Sm; ^{`}n h"- j{ ]lvr m'. bnt; h" : yh Ak Bl2 Kl[]`.g f|K`r h"- y;]n rË m'. qKk' bnn' k' ]ly' yh j#r} h" : m;r y; c{` k' k;r~ Pl"`'l'`=s jb `?`t} h".- t{ uns' q@[Mb{k;en's (thrombokinase) n;mk Anj>;em ]nklt; h" : us} smy p@{q@[]Mbn (prothrombin) Av. f;e]b@n{j"n(fibrinogen) n;mk d{ a[r clotting factors w} ]lvr s' ]nklkr rË %;r; p@v;]ht h{kr us jgh m'. ph/\ct' h". : Pl"`'l'`=s s' ]nkl; h/a; q@[Mb{k;en's Bl2 m'. ]Sqt k"]Lxym k} up]Sq]t m'. p@{q@[]Mbn k{ q@[]Mbn (thrombin) m'. bdlt; h" : q@[]Mbn ]lvr s' ]nkl' h/y' f;e]b@n{j"n k{ f;e]b@n (fibrin) n;mk k"m}kl m'. bdl d't; h" : yh f;e]b@n us i;yl jgh m'. Ak ptl; j;l_s; bn j;t; h" ]jsm'. `?`' h/y' RBC’s eTy;]d f\s j;t' h".- j{ qKk; y;]n Kl[` bnkr us jgh k{ jLd} wrn' m'. mdd krt' h".

-- -Prostate gland p@{S`'` Gl".2 yh g@.q} p/½z{. m'. h} h{t} h" : yh p'x;b k' Bl"2r k' 1}k n}c' h"- a[r y?r'q@; es k{ w'dt; h/a; n}c' cl; j;t; h" : y;]n y?r'q@; k{ esn' c;r{. trf s' i'r; h/a; h" : v}yE k{ trlt; tq; usk} v[Ly?m b3>;n' m'. esk; w} y{gd;n h" : yh Ak ptl} Fl?e2 bn;t} h" Av. s}mn y;]n v}yE (semen) k; d?o_j"s; r.g es} k' k;r~ h" : esk} Fl?e2 m'. k"]Lxym tq; acid phosphatase k' al;v; keE p@k;r k} proteinases w} h{t} h". y;]n ANj;>em=s j{ ^{`}n=s k{ pc; skt} h".- j{ a{vm= k} sÅt ] 4Ll} k{ g;ln' m'. mdd krt} h". ]jss' ]k SpmE usk' a.dr i/s sk' : enm'. m/Åy h" PSA n;mk ANj;>em j{ agr Jy;d; m;µ; m'. bnn' lg' t{ yh p@{S`'` Gl".2 m'. k"Nsr h{n' k; s?ck h" : 45 s;l k} umr k' b;d p@{S`'` Gl".2 k; a;k;r b3>n' lgt; h" j{ kw}_kw} k"Nsr m'. bdl skt; h" : -- -Pulmonary artery pLm{nr} a;`Er} y' pulmonary trunk n;mk b2>} n]lk; s' ]nklt} h". : y' ºdy k' right ventricle s' l.Gj> tk ax/5 rË k{ l' j;t} h". : y' xr}r k} Ak m;µ a;r`r}j> h". j{ 2}_a;|Ks}jn'`'2 y;]n a;|Ks}jn_r]ht rË vhn krt} h". : y' d{ h{t} h". _ right pulmonary artery d;]hn} l.g tk – tq; left pulmonary artery b;y}. l.g tk l' j;t} h" : jb right ventricle s.k/]ct h{t; h"- tb pulmonary semi-lunar valve Y/lt; h"- a[r ºdy s' ax/5 rË en d{n{. a;r`r}j> %;r; l.Gj> m'. ph/\ct; h"- jh;. A']Lvy{l}j> m'. a;|;Ks}jn_k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 k; a;d;n p@d;n h{t; h" : a;|;Ks}jn y/Ë rË c;r pulmonary veins %;r; ºdy k' left ventricle m'. ph/\ct; h" : -- -RBC’s a;r b} s} y;]n l;l rË k{]xk;y'. y' rË k} p@o;n s"Ls h".- ]jnk' k;r~ rË k{ l;l r.g ]mlt; h" : enk; m/Åy k;yE h" h}m{Gl{]bn k{ vhn krn;- ]jsk' %;r; a;|;Ks}jn k{ l.Gj> s' hr ]`x? a[r s"Ll tk vhn krn; a[r ]`x?j> s' k;rbn 2;y a;|Ks;e2 l;kr l.Gj> m'. 9{2> d'n; : enk} km} s' A'n}]my; a;t} h"- ]jsm'. kmj{r} h{t} h" a[r s;.s f?ln' lgt; h" : y' l;l b{n m"r{ m'. bnt} h". : pr eNh'. m|Cy{r y;]n p]pKv h{n' k' ]ly' 5 – 6 ]dn lgt' h". ]jsk' ]ly' ]v`;]mn B12 tq; f{]lk A']s2 k} j#rt h" : y' 120 ]dn k' b;d ]lvr a[r SPl}n k' ]`x?j> %;r; YTm kr d} j;t} h". a[r un c}j{. k{ ]lvr S`{r kr k' d/b;r RBC’s bn;n' k' ]ly' upy{g kr l't; h" : RBC’s k; h}m{Gl{]bn Ak bh/t h} b]3>y; acid base buffer h" : RBC’s k' a.dr k;rb{]nk aNh;e2Ä's (carbonic anhydrase) h" ]jsk' k;r~ y' rË %;r; aTy]ok m;µ; m'. ]`x? s' k;rbn 2;y a;| Ks;e2 k{ b;ek;rb{n'` ay;|n k' #p m'. l.Gj> tk ph/\c; skt} h". : -- -Rennin (Chymosin) r']¸n yh Ak ANj;>em h" j{ j/g;l} krn' v;l} j;nvr{. k' g"]S`Äk Jy?s m'. p;y; j;t; h"- pr m;nv xr}r k' p'` m'. nh}. h" _ A's' Taber’s 18th edn.p 386 m'. ]lY; gy; h" : esk; k;m h" d?o k' k']sn{jn n;mk ^{`}n k{ k']sn m'. bdln; : k']sn `;er{]sn a|m}n{ A']s2 k; p@} ksEr (pre-cursor) h" : esk; n;m ]k2n} k' r']nn (RENIN) n;mk ANj;>em k' s;q ]mlt;_j/lt; h"- s{ a;jkl es' k;em{]sn (chymosin) kht' h". : -- -Saliva sl;ev; m/\h k' a.dr t}n j{2>} Gl".2=s h". j{ 24 i.`' m'. 2'3> ]l`r tk sl;ev; y;]n l;r bn;kr p'` m'. w'jt} h". : l;r m'. keE c}j'. h{t} h".- ] jnm'. m/Åy h" `y|]ln (ptyalin) n;mk ANj;>em- j{ p".]´y;s k{ m}1' c}j{. k} pc;n' m'. mdd krt; h" : `y|]ln k' al;v; sl;ev; m'. ] nMn c}j'. w} h{t} h". _

eMy?n{Gl{b?]ln (immunoglobulin) tq; l;es{j>;em (lysozymes) _ b;hr} k}`;~/a{. s' r6; krt' h".; k/9 Bl2 Kl[]`.g f|K`r (clotting factors) w} h{t' h". j{ rË k{ Kl[]`.g (clotting) h{n' y;]n jmn' m'. mdd krt' h". : yh} k;r~ h" ]k jb u.gl} k` j;t} h" t{ b2>' b?3>' l{g kh; krt' q' ]k c?sn' pr t/rNt rË k; p@v;h ½k j;y'g; : esk' al;v; l;r m'. s{]2ym w} h" j{ Ak k{_ANj;>em (co-enzyme) h"- j{ m}1} c}j'. pc;n' m'. `|ye]ln k} mdd krt; h" : l;r g@.]qy{. k{ uks;n' k; upc;r h" Ptyalin treatment : -- --Seminal fluid s']mnl Fl?e2 yh s}mn (semen) k' trl w;g k{ kht' h".- j{ ]k s.w{g k' a.t m'. p}]ns (penis) s' SpmE y;]n x/´;~/a{. k' s;q ]nklt; h" : yh ]nMn a.g{. k} ¹;v{. k; ]mR~ h" _ seminiferous tubules SpmE eNh}. m'. bnt' h". a[r y' SpmE a;g' b3>n' k' ]ly' Ak trl bn;t} h". seminal vesicles n;mk q"]ly;. _ y' q"]ly;. Ak A'Lkl} y/Ë g;3>; Fl?e2 bn;t} h". j{ ]k ]cp]cp; h{t; h"- ]jsm'. fructose, prostaglandins eTy;]d h{t' h". j{ SpmE k{ p{z~ d't' h". Av. unk} motility y; v'g k{ b3;t' h". : p@{S`'` Gl".2 _ s}mn (semen) k; d?o_j"s; r.g es} k' k;r~ h" : yh keE ANj;>em=s w} bn;t} h"- j{ SpmE k{ a.2' k{ w'dn' m'. mdd krt; h" : bulbo-urethral glands – [y' d{ 9{`} g@.]qy;\ h".- j{ p@{S`'` Gl".2 k' n}c' k} trf h{t} h". ] y' w} Ak A'Lkl} y/Ë ]cp]cp; trl bn;t} h". j{ ]k SpmE k{ y?r'q@; k' acidic k'm}kLs s' bc;t; h" : y' Ak ]kSm k; My?ks w} bn;t} h".- j{ p}]ns (penis) k' a.]tm n{k k{ ]ckn;pn p@d;n krt; h" t;]k SpmE k{ rSt' m'. c{` n lg'- a[r vh 2|m'j (damage) n h{: en sw} k"]mkLs k' k;r~ h} sperm a[rt k' xr}r m'. ph/\cn' k' b;d fertilisation h{n' tk s6m Av. aC9} motility k' s;q ]jNd; rh skt; h" : -- -Seminal vesicles s']mnl v']skLs p/½z{. m'. y?]rnr} Bl"2r k' p}9' _ p@{S`'` Gl".2 k' d{n{. trf _ seminal vesicles n;mk d{ q"]ly;. h{t} h". : enm'. x/´;~/ S`{r rht' h". : esk' al;v; y' q"]ly;. Ak A'Lkl} ………b;k} uUpr k; ]lYn; -- --

Stem cells / Hemocytoblasts S`'m s"Ls / h'm{ s;e`{Bl;S`=s y' b"n m"r{ a[r ]lMf k' ]`x?j> m'. p;y} j;n'v;l} s"Ls h". : eNh'. s"Ls k; b@H; kh skt' h". Ky{.]k xr}r k; hr s"Ll eNh}. s' jnm l't} h" : y' ]ks} w} p@k;r k' s"Ll k{ jnm d'n' k} 6mt; rYt} h". : ]`x? k} mrMmt a[r d/½St} m'. y' mhTvp?~E w?]mk; ]nw;t} h". : ud;hr~ k' ]ly' _  cm2} tq; GIT k' A]pq}]lym (a.dr} prt) m'. s/r]6t jgh{. pr S`'m s"Ls rht} h".- ]jnk; k;m h" ]k sth pr j{ s"Ls izE~ k' k;r~ ]nkl c/k} h".- unk} jgh pr ny} s"Ls bn;n;  b{n m"r{ k} S`'m s"Ls lg;t;r ny} RBC’s, WBC’s eTy;]d bn;t} rht} h". :  y' mSsl k' ]`x? m'. satellite cells k' n;m s' rht} h". tq; b@'n m'. w} y' k/9 m;µ; m'. p;y} j;t} h".- l']kn en d{n{. jgh{. m'. v' 2|m'j h/y' mSsl y; b@'n k' Ny?r[Ns k} d/½St} nh}. krt} : -- -Steroids S`}r;|e2=s y' f'`=s k} Ak #p h". j{ k{l'S`Ä;|l s' bn' h". : enm' m/Åy h". _ k{l'S`Ä;|l sw} s"Ll m'Mb@'n k; Ak a.g h" : es} s' b;el s;|L`=s- ]v`;]mn D, tq; aNy S`}r;|e2 hormones bnt} h". b;el s;L`=s tq; b;el f'`=s k; p;cn tq; avx{z~ k' ]ly' mdd krt' h". : ]v`;]mn A, D, E tq; K - j"s' f'`=s m'.

A']s2=s i/ln' v;l} ]v`;]mn k' avx{z~ k' ]ly' j#r} h]2=2y{. k; vk;s tq; d/½St} k' ]ly' j#r} : Vitamin D & xr}r m'. calcium k} m;µ; k; ]ny.μ~ 1,25 DCC A'2Ä}nl Gl".2 m/Åy h". k{r`}s;|l j{ eNFlm'xn- cy;pcy tq; tn;v k; s;mn; krn' m'. xr}r k} mdd krt; h" k' h{rm{Ns ; tq; A'L2{S`}r{n j{ xr}r m'. nmk a[r p;n} k; b"l'.s k; ]ny.μ~ krt; h" p@jnn k' h{rm{Ns a[rt{. m'. AS`Ä{j"n Av. p@{j'S`'r{n tq; p/½z{. m'. `'S`{S`'r{n _ y' jnn;.g{. k; ]vk;s tq; p@jnn k' ]ly' a;vXyk sw} phl/a{. k} d'Yw;l krt' h". : -

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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Succus Entericus sKks An`']rks 9{`} a;.t k' j'j/nm tq; eE]lym m'. keE trh k' ANj;>em=s a[r Fl?e2 ]nklt} h". _ en sb k' ]mR~ k{ sKks An`']rks kht' h". : y' sb ]mlkr p;cn ]´y; m'. p".]´y;s k} mdd krt' h". t;]k ^{`}n=s Av. f'`=s p?~E #p s' pc j;y'. : -- -Synapse ]sn|Ps nvE k' e.pLss (impulses) k{ Ak jgh s' d?sr' jgh tk l' j;n' m'. keE Ny?r[Ns m'. t;lm'l k} j#rt h" : l']kn Ny?r[Ns k; a;ps m'.

SpxE nh}. h{t; : ]js Sql y; jgh s' e.pLss Ak Ny?r[n s' d?sr' Ny?r[n k} a{r j;t; h"- us j.Kxn k{ ]sn|Ps kht' h". : es jgh pr 9{`} vesicles y; q"]ly{. m'. Ny?r{ `Ä;NSm}`r h{t} h". j{ e.pLss k' an/s;r ]nklkr Ak Ny?r[n s' d?sr' Ny?r[n tk s.d'x ph/\c;t} h". : -- -T Lymphocytes `} ]lMf{s;e`=s j{ WBC’s b{n m"r{ m'. bnn' k' b;d q;ems Gl".2 m'. m|Cy{r h{t} h".- uNh'. T cells y; T lymphocytes kht' h". : enk{ t"y;r krn' k; k;m q;ems Gl".2 k' thymosin h{rm{n k; h": y' AN`}j'Ns v b;hr} k}`;~/a{. s' l2t} h".- a[r es p@k;r s' xr}r k{ eMy?]n`} p@d;n krt} h". : jb T cells ]ks} b;hr} AN`}j'n s' ]mlt} h".- t{ v' j;g#k (sensitize) h{ j;t} h". : tb y' T lymphocytes c;r trh k} bn j;t} h". _ 1. T Helper cells – y' xμ/ k{ 3?.3t} h". a[r uns' ]w2>t' h/y' mr j;t} h". : mrt' smy y' Interleukin # 2 n;mk k'm}kl rË m'.

9{2>t} h". : 2. T Killer cells – enk{ Interleukin # 2 k} mdd s' xμ/ k} s.Åy; a[r x]Ë k; a;w;s h{ j;t; h" : a[r v' u]ct k'm}kl bn;kr xμ/ k{ sm;Pt kr d't} h". : enk; m/Åy k;yE h" _ A'Bn[rml s"Ls k{ YTm kr d'n; - j"s' eNf'Kxn h/y' s"Ls- k"Nsr s"Ls eTy;]d : 3. T Suppressor cells – jb T Killer cells xμ/ k{ YTm kr c/k} h{t} h".- tb q;ems Gl".2 s' T suppressor cells ]nklt} h".- j{ en Killer cells k{ YTm kr d't} h".- t;]k v' xr}r k' aNy s"Ls k{ n/ks;n n ph/\c;y' : 4. T Memory cells – T Killer cells ]js antigen pr ]vjy p@;Pt krn' m'. smqE h{t} h".- t{ usk; 7;n y' T memory cells apn' aNdr jm; kr l't} h". a[r B lymphocytes k{ bt; d't} h". : agr d/b;r; vh} A'N`}j'n k; s;mn; krn; p2>' t{ es p@;Pt 7;n s' B lymphocytes bh/t jLd} us antigen k' ]ly' Y;s antibody bn;kr us' YTm krn' m'. smqE h{ j;t} h".: -- -Thiamine q;y;m}n q;y;m}n (thiamine) k{ ]v`;]mn B1 w} kht' h". : q;y;m}n k;rb{h;e2Ä'`=s a[r keE A'm}n{ A']s2=s k{ upy{g m'. l;n' k' ]ly' bh/t j#r} h" : q;y;m}n k} km} k' k;r~ ]nMn tkl}f'. a;t} h". _ p'` Yr;b h{ j;t; h"- y; apcn h{ j;t; h" : y; sÅt kBj} h{ j;t} h" : Anorexia mtlb w?Y k; n lgn;]2p@'xn (depression), b/Y;r k; a;n;a;.t]2>y{. k; ]bg2>n;eTy;]d q;y;m}n k} km} s' p;|l}Ny?r;e]`s (polyneuritis) y;]n nvEj> m'. eNFlm'xn a; j;t} h" ]k r{g} k{ p"r;l;e]ss w} h{ skt} h" : agr p"r;l;es n w} h{ t{ mSsl kmj{r h{ j;t} h". a[r unm'. A`Ä{f} (atrophy) a; j;t} h" : { yh s"Ll k} Ny?]Klys k} thymine s' ]w¸ h" } -- -Thrombus q@{Mbs rË n]lk; k' a.dr k{eE qKk; bn j;y us' q@{Mbs kht' h". : Thrombus k' bnn' k{ thrombosis kht' h". : m;r eTy;]d k' k;r~ ]ks} n]lk; s' rË ]nkl rh; h{ tb q@{Mbs k; bnn; upy{g} h" : pr aNy smy m'. ]ks} w} n]lk; k' a.dr q@{Mbs k; bnn; Ytr;jnk h"- Ky{.]k Kl[` k' k;r~ us a.g y; g@.q} k{ rË k; ]mln; b.d h{ skt; h" : esk; m/Åy k;r~ h" A'q'r{ SKl'r{]ss j{ ]k h;yp{ q;er[e2=_ej>m k; Ak m/Åy l6~ h" : yh m/Åyt+ d{ jgh{. m'. bnt; h" – ºdy k' k{r{nr} a;r`r}j> m'. ]js' k{r{nr} q@{Mb{]ss kht' h".- a[r d?sr; Deep vein thrombosis j{ p"r y; h;q k' w}tr k} ]xr;a{. m'. h{t; h" : agr ºdy k} a;r`r} k' a.dr q@{Mbs h{ t{ vh j;nl'v; h{ skt; h" ]js' MCI y;]n myocardial infarction m;y{k;r]2yl eNf;KExn kht' h". : sbs' b2>} p@{Bl'm h" jb q@{Mbs k; Ak `/k2; apn' jgh s' `?`kr aNy ]ks} n]lk; k' a.dr j;kr b"1 j;y t{ us a.g m'. w} p@{Bl'm a; j;t} h" : -- -Tonsils `;]NsLs y' ]lMf ]`x? k} bn} h/y} p;.c g@.]qy;\ h". : enm'. t}n m/\h k' p}9' f"]rNKs m'. p;y} j;t} h".- a[r d{ j/b;n k' n}c' w} h{t} h". : y' d{n{. p@k;r k' lymphocytes (T Av. B) %;r; hv; y; w{jn %;r; a;y} k}`;~/a{. s' xr}r k} r6; krt} h". : esm'. eEf'rN` ]lMf n]lk;y'. h{t} h".- j{ `;|]NsLs g@.]qy{. s' ]lMf k{ l' j;t} h". : en g@.]qy{. m'. eNFlm'xn a;y' t{ us' Tonsillitis kht' h". : yh s?ck h" ]k xr}r m'. eMy?]n`} aC9} h" : eNh'. k;` kr ]nk;ln; nh}. c;]hy'- b]Lk xr}r k} eMy?]n`} k{ b3>;n' k' ]ly' u]ct kdm u1;n} c;]hy' : -- -Tyrosine `;er{]sn yh Ak A'm}n{ A']s2 h" j{ ^{`}n=s k' sh} p;cn a[r avx{z~ h{n' s' eE]lym m'. bnt} h": yh} raw material h" ]jss' T3, T4, dopa, 2{p|m}n, m'l;]nn,n[r_Ap}n'fr}n tq; A'p}n"f>r}n bnt' h". : esk} km} s' h;yp{ q;er[e2=_ej>m- p;|r]kNsn k} b}m;r}- ataxia eTy;]d h{ skt} h". : esk} cy;pcy k' ]ly' ]v`;]mn C tq; f{]lk A']s2 k} j#rt h" : esk{ bn;n' k' ]ly' UDF + HCl, NAN, FAN eTy;]d d' skt' h". : -- -Uric acid y?]rk A']s2 Ny?]Klys m'. DNA tq; RNA n;mk A']s2=s p;y' j;t' h". : enk} cy;pcy s' p@;Pt Ak f;lt? c}j h" y?]rk A']s2 : es' p'x ;b %;r; ] nk;l ]dy; j;t; h"- Ky{.]k esk; a;g' adl_bdl nh}. h{ skt; : esk} s;o;r~ m;µ; rË m'. 3.0 s' 7.0 tk h} h{n} c;]hy' agr yh xr}r m'. Jy;d; m;µ; m'. h{ uss' g]1y; y;]n gout k} b}m;r} kht' h". : es k' k;r~ j{2>{. m'. s?jn k' s;q t}v@ ddE h{t; h" : k/9 l{g{. m'. y?]rk A']s2 k' b3>n' s' ]k2n} S`{n w} h{ skt'' h". : -- -Vaso constrictor chemicals v|s{ k{]NS`ÄK`r k'm}kLs y' un k'm}kLs k{ kht' h". j{ arteries k} d}v;r{. k} m;\s_p']xy{. k{ s.k/]ct krv;t' h". : enk' asr s' l{ b} p} b3> kr n[rml h{ j;t} h" : enm'. m/Åy h". _ n[r_Ap}n'fr}n- A'p}n"f>r}n- angiotensin #1 Av. 2, v"s{p@"]sn, prostaglandin F- tq; AN2{q']ln (endothelin). esk' al;v; agr rË m'. k"]Lxym ay;|n=j> k} m;µ; b3> j;y tb w} rË n]lk;y'. s.k/]ct h{t} h". : ]js Vy]Ë k} b} p} n[rml s' Jy;d; h{- unk' xr}r m'. agr y' k'm}kLs b3> j;y'.- t{ unk{ permanent high BP h{ skt} h" ]js' Ny? r{q'r'p} %;r; 1}k ]ky; j; skt; h" :

b} p} b3>;n' k' f;rm/l' – (6) Lt. Swt, (6) Rt. Swt, Angiotensin #2 formula, (2) Para etc -- -Vaso dilator chemicals v|s{ 2;el'`r k'm}kLs y' arteries k} d}v;r{. k{ 2;el'` (dilate) y;]n a.dr} Vy;s k{ b3>;t' h"..- ]jss' h;eE b} p} i` kr n[rml h{ j;t} h" : ud; _ Bradykinin, histamine tq; p@{S`;Gl"]N2Ns A tq; E Av. jb rË m'. p{`"]xym y; m"gn}]xym k} m;µ; b3> j;y tb enk' p@w;v s' rË n]lk;y'. k} d}v;r 2;el'` h{ j;t' h". : ]js Vy]Ë k} b} p} n[rml s' Jy;d; h{- unk' xr}r m'. agr y' k'm}kLs k{ b3>; ]dy; j;y- t{ unk} BP km h{ j;y'g} : h;eE b} p} km krn' k' f;rm/l' – (30) Medulla, Chole, P. Heparin, Kidney clear etc.

-- -Water v;|`r y;]n p;n} xr}r k' vjn k; ⅔ w;g p;n} h" : yh sw} ]`x?j> m'.- body fluids m'.- sw} g@.]qy{. k' ¹;v{. m'.- tq; q?k- ml_m?μ_ps}n; eTy;]d sw} m'. h{t; h" : p;cn s.Sq;n k} a.]tm uTp;dn{. (end products of digestion) k{ i{ln'- unm'. r;s;y]nk p]rvtEn l;n' tq; unk{ rË k' aNdr l' j;n' k' ]ly' j#r} h" : s{]2ym- p{`"]xym- k"]Lxym eTy;]d k{ sh} m;µ; m'. ]`x?j> Av. body fluids m'. bn;y' rYt; h": a{Sm{]`k p@'xr (Osmotic pressure) %;r; p{zk tTv{. k{ s"Ls k' aNdr l' j;n' k' ]ly' tq; s"Ls k' waste products k{ b;hr ] nk;ln' k' ]ly' p;n} j#r} h" : (body fluids = blood, lymph Av. tissue fluid) agr xr}r m'. p;n} k} km} h{g} t{ phl' t{ sÅt kBj} h{g} a[r A's' h} keE brs{. tk rh' t{ A']s2>{]ss k} b}m;]ry;\ h{ skt} h". :