Integrated Design studio sem 1
Aug 2015 - Oct 2015 National University of Singapore Design tutors: Dr. Nirmal Kishnani Dr. Nalanie MITHRARATNE Dr. Sekhar Narayana Kondepudi
Introduction: The city of DKI Jakarta is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. Being the capital city of Indonesia and the economic centre for the country, the city is highly populated that makes the city constantly push its limits.
Jakarta - Global city In this circle.... 20 Megacities (cities with population over 8 million) 1.Karachi 2.Delhi 3.Mumbai 4.Bangalore 5.Chennai 6.Kolkatta 7.Dhaka 8.Bangkok 9.Chongquing 10.Shenzhen 11.Guangzhan 12.Wuhan 13.Beijing 14.Tianjin 15.Shanghai 16.Seoul 17.Osaka-Kobe 18.Tokyo 19.Manila 20.Jakarta
More than 50% of
14 are sitting on river deltas 18 have experienced flooding in the past decade
av
sity
en
ed
g era
27,348
277,129,000 people live in these megacities
p/km (2013) 2
sity
en
kd
a pe
121,312 p/km (2013) 2
= 1000 People
POPULATION
BLDG FOOTPRINT
92.3%
611.19 km (2013) 2
GREEN FOOTPRINT
9.9%
65.6 km (2013) 2
BLUE FOOTPRINT
2.5%
16.5 km2 01
Batavia, the name that was once used to call Jakarta during the Dutch period was a delta region and prone to floods due to its natural geographical conditions which was puposefully avoided by the ethnic Jawanese kingdom. On the contrary Dutch with their strength in water engineering and agreesive attitude towards it started establishing Jakarta as the major city, thus the hydrological system of the city begins.
Water memories of Jakarta PRECIPITATION
1918 west canal flood construction MANADO, SULAWESI
1973 west and east drain
2661mm/year
2125mm/year
PONTIANAK 3181mm/year
2003 east canal flood construction Batavia 1618-1650
JAKARTA 1755mm/year
1962
KUPANG, TIMOR 1441mm/year
INFILTRATION : 50 % - 70 % 0 100
water management and works
MEDAN, SUMATRA
SURFACE RUNOFF : 30 % - 50 %
MM / YEAR
Van Breen
250
1649
500 750
BOGOR
1649
JAKARTA CITY
1955
1980
1250
JAVA SEA
2500
1600
1700
1800
2014
1900
2000
INFILTRATION : 5 % - 27 %
1600 dutch colonialism
SURFACE RUNOFF : 73 % - 95 % BOGOR
1945 independence
FLOODING
EXTENSIVE GROUND WATER ABSORPTION SEA WATER INTRUSION
RAPID URBANISATION
SEA LEVEL RISE
source: jakarta waterscape_research paper
SECTION THROUGH THE ISLAND
decades + power flood flood regimes intensity history
WATER BASINS IN W JAWA
urbanization
As shown in this timline graphics Jakarta got the east and west polder system during the late 19th century by the Dutch engineers and after which the focus on hydrology shifted to economic boost in the city and urban infrstructure which made the city turn its back to the water and thus leads to many other problems related to hydrology.
NORTH
SOUTH
1962 1962 INFILTRATION : 50 % - 70 % SURFACE INFILTRATION : 50RUNOFF % - 70 %: 30 % - 50 % BOGOR
SURFACE RUNOFF : 30 % - 50 %
BOGOR
JAKARTA CITY JAKARTA CITY JAVA SEA JAVA SEA
2014 2014 INFILTRATION : 5 % - 27 % INFILTRATION : 5RUNOFF % - 27 %: 73 % - 95 % SURFACE BOGOR
Jakarta located in the northern part is one of the prime water catchment basin in the JAWA island.
BOGOR
SURFACE RUNOFF : 73 % - 95 %
FLOODING FLOODING RAPID URBANISATION RAPID URBANISATION
EXTENSIVE GROUND WATER ABSORPTION EXTENSIVE GROUND WATER ABSORPTION SEA WATER INTRUSION SEA WATER INTRUSION SEA LEVEL RISE SEA LEVEL RISE
SOUTH
NORTH
SOUTH
NORTH
Within a span of fifty years Jakarta underwent a drastic urban transformation which increased the population as well as the water demand that in turn increased the ground water absorption. This leads to sea water intrusion in the northern part and pollutes the underground water stream and also causes land subsidence, which is one of the major environmental impacts in jakarta.
02
The life of jakartan is closely associated with hydrology without their knowledge. It has almost 13 rivers and 200 lakes within 650sqkm of land area. Ciliwung and Cikang are the two major rivers that forms the spine of thhe city and is perennial. Also to the irony , that the Ciliwung river is the most polluted water body.
City wide analysis WATER FOOTPRINT
SOCIO - HYDROLOGY The rivers of Jakarta originate from mountains on the southern part of the island (refer previous section). Since most of these hills are volcanic the silt particles in the rivers is very high and it slows down the flow of the river. Also most of the slums in Jakarta is situated along the river banks and pollute the rives by dumping the waste. 85% of the water bodies in Jakarta is polluted and the source of drinking is either from underground bore wells or from the Citarum river 50kms away from centre of Jakarta (refer the map). Dur to the over absorption of ground water to meet the needs and the extensive built infrastructure the lands of northern part of Jakarta is sinking every year and many parts are currently under the sea level. Jakarta being a delta region, the land elevation is also lower than the southern part of the city.
JAVA SEA
Muara Karang WTP
Taman Kota WTP
Flooded parts in 2013
TANGGERANG
DC R4
Pejompongan WTp
Slum area footprint
Pulogadung WTP
Buaran WTP
Tar u
m
can
al
DC R5 Cilandak WTP
BEKASI
CA CIPINANG-SUNTER RIVER
Sarpong WTP
We st
CA KRAKUT RIVER
CA ANGKE RIVER
40% of Urban area vulnerable to flood
scale 1:150000 Cikarung river
DEPOK Ciliwung river
Cisadane river
Sunter river
Bekasi river
CA CILIWUNG RIVER
Cibeet river
Citarum river
Jathiluhur dam
LAND SUBSIDENCE
LAND ELEVATION & CONFINED ACQUIFER
Water Treatment Plant Weir Canal lakes-water bodies-private
-4.1 m
lakes-public
scale 1:150000
-2.1 m
-1.4 m -0.7 m
BOGOR
<0m 5 - 10m max rate of subsidence 26cm/yr due to ground water extraction
15 - 20m
-0.25 m
25 - 30m 35 - 40m
max rate of subsidence 26cm/yr due to pressure from extensive development
>40m scale 1:150000
confined acquifer system
scale 1:150000
03
The system of water network is analysed on to the neighbourhood scale explaining on natural and man made hydrological infrastructures. The flow of the water is explained in tems of a Sankey diagram to understand the quatitiy of it.
Flux of hydrology scale 1:10000
river
ciliwung river 20m-23m wide
Smaller Streams 8-10m wide
canals 4m-5m wide
Banjir canal/polder 20m wide
streams canals flood canal\ polder
SOURCES
CONSUMPTION
DISTRIBUTION
WASTE WATER
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
JAVA SEA
Flow of water system - Sankey diagram 04
From the analysis of the study of the city in three different scales, it is understood that hydrolgy of Jakarta is the most pressing issue that has to be dealt with appropriate built infrastructure.
Site selection time lapse
Java Sea
The site is chosen along the ciliwing river in the central part of Jakarta. The city had lost 90% of the river flood plains due to the unprecedental growth of urban infrastructure. The natural flow of the river creates these knots which is abducted by a single developer and changes the natural contour of the site and thereby creating flooding in the nearby areas. Also these developments employs deep well bore wells and disturbs the underground water stream.
Jakarta Bay North West Central
South East
2003
2007
2009
2013
AREA : PANCORAN DISTRICT : SOUTH LOCATION : ALONG CILIWUNG RIVER
context
site layers
b NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
RIVER
SITE
a
RIVER
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
+25M +20M +15M
a
Figure ground map
+08M
Asphalt map
Contour map
Asphalt/road
+25m
+15m
+20m
Ciliwung river
The site neighbourhood is predominantly residential with low rise structures and the Nolli plan shows the lack of public spaces in and around that area.
b
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
RIVER
SITE
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
+08M
RIVER
SITE
RIVER
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
+25M +20M +15M
+25M +20M +15M
site section b-b
Nolli map
+08M
site section a-a 05
2003
Site conditions FLOOD HISTORY 2003
2003
2007
2013
2007 2007
2013 2013
The blatant real estate growth in Jakarta captures a large piece of land 2014 which has to be an ecologically protected zone is built with high rise buildings at the stake of the neaby context.
2014 2014
WATER DEPTH
PROJECT BRIEF PLOT AREA : 3 ha PLOT RATIO : 4.5 NO. OF USERS : 9000
0-0.5 m WATER DEPTH 0.5-1m
SPACE PER CAPITA : 15 SQM BLDG HT : 160m
0-0.5 m 1-2 m 0.5-1m 2-3 m 1-2 m 2-3 m The site acted as a catchment basin
Heavy flood in this year
Worst flood in this year still dint affect this site so much due to the increased countour.
This year had very less flood comparitvely which still had the nearby area flooded.
Sites like these acts as a river flood plain holding the excess flow of water in the river also slows down the flow of the river with the dense mangroove cover and wetlands that gets flooded due to the sudden sprouting of high rise towers occupying a large chunk of land. Once when a new development is started occupying the major piece of land, the natural contour is altered and is raised much higher than the surrounding thereby avoiding the flooding in their site. But this action creates flooding in the neighbouring sites which are mostly low rise structure in this part of the city. It thus affects a large amount of population during floods where the water level rise upto 2-3m high.
06
The architecture of the building is made with modular structures and is stacked providing the required amount of void and green spaces which makes the overall structure porous.
Architecture
01
02
public movement
03
bio diversity movement
The proposal, also caters to:
Impact: What are the metrics of the ‘commons’ (for this, credit is given to anyone that demonstrates collaboration with tool makers)
2.5 m 12m
SOIL SERVICES
3.5 m
3.5 m
3.5 m
12m
3.5 m
2.5 m
SOIL
4m
Connectivity: How onsite systems with three wider urban systems (for this, s/he must work closely with your engineer/landscape architect designing a tool)
1m
Integration: How the integration of ‘commons’ is managed without compromising the functionality of the office building or residential development
Prefab modules with 430sqm
Modules with taller trees
Replicability: What it would mean to the city if all buildings were to designed in this way
0101
0202creating a green deck in
0303
the middle
public movement public movement biobio diversity diversity movement movement
Board walk Farming
2.5 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
3.5 m
3.5 m
12m
03
creating solids and voids on the strucuture
12m
1m
Bio swales
SOIL SOIL
3.5 m
3.5 m 3.5 m
3.5 m
12m
12m
1m
Mangroove green belt
SOIL SOIL
Pedestrian bridge
SERVICES SERVICES
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FLOOR PLAN AXANOMETRY
SITE PLAN
The movement of public and private zones is clearly distinguished by the orientation of the building. The site is accessible from all sides without any hindrance to the office users. Circulation efficiency 60
: 40 Built up area per floor 3300sqm Green space per floor 1300sqm
Flood gate
The architecture of the building is made with modular structures and is stacked providing the required amount of void and green spaces which makes the overall structure porous.
12
The project is to design an office building of 9000 occupants and attain self sufficiency in terms of a. Green cover - contributing to biodiversity and/or food production, b. Blue cover - water bodies or waterways contributing to hydrology, c. Public space - gathering spaces, pathways for pedestrians and cyclists, contributing to connectivity of public space.
Hydrological system Jakarta despite being the economic power loom of Indonesia has got a lot of environmental impacts which is closely tied to the hydrological system of the city. Lack of good resource for potable leads to ground water absorption which leads to drying up the ground water stream, leading to the intrusion of sea water and polluting the ground water. Lack of good built infrastructure leads people to live nea the river bankks illegaly, which leads to dumping of waste in rivers and water bodies that which clogs the rivers and creates health issues and gets flooded during heavy rainfall. These are few of the many possible links to hydrological impacts in Jakarta. So through this proposal i am trying to tackle the hydrological pressures in the city by first tapping on flood mitigation, recharging ground water, thereby reducing the impact on the grid as shown in the Sankey diagram above.
DRY SEASON
MILD FLOOD
HEAVY FLOOD
40% 100%
100%
60% 60 % OF WATER FLOWS THROUGH PHYTO REMEDIATION
0%
25% 100%
75%
75 % OF WATER RELEASED INTO THE SITE
WATER CATCHMENT AREA - 26000SQM
60-80%
100%
100 % OF WATER RELEASED INTO THE SITE
WATER CATCHMENT AREA - 48700SQM WORST FLOOD IN 2013
07
The hydrological startegy used for this design mitigates the flood, recharges the ground water stream, also provides the required amount of water for the office building and makes it self sufficient in potable and no potable water usage thus cutting down the dependency on the grid.
CALCULATIONS
neighbourhood
LIFT CORE
The water after natural cleansing using bio swales and phyto remediation undergoes a preliminary water treatment plant and gets stored in the storage tank and used for the building requirement.
LIFT CORE
The water that is accumulated during the flood infiltrates the surface and recharges the ground water stream. This increases the ground water quality of the site and the nearby region.
event plaza
entry plaza
mangroove / green belt
river
wetland/ biotopes
mangroove / green belt
storage tank water treatment plant
neighbourhood
WATER USAGE
50lpd
POTABLE WATER DEMAND
14 lpd
NON POTABLE WATER DEMAND
36 lpd
TOTAL WATER DEMAND
450000lpd
GREY WATER REUSE
190209 lpd
excess water during ďŹ&#x201A;ood goes to the river bypass Scale 1:1000
water percolation recharging the ground water stream
river bypass
1
25
50m
water self sufficiency
100%
TANK
FLOOD MITIGATION Multiplicty of similar strategies along the river could potentially reduce the fllood in Ciliwung river and also recharges the ground water.
SITE 3
TANK
TANK
FLOOD GATE
RIVER BYPASS
SITE 1
CILIWUNG RIVER RIVER BY PASS PRELIMINARY GREY WATER TREATMENT
STORAGE TANK
PRELIMINARY WATER TREATMENT
FLOOD GATE
SITE 2
MULTIPLICITY IN FUTURE 08
Integration of Social space
The terraced open green space that acts as a flood plain also acts as the public space with avenue of trees and amenities.
SOCIAL SPACE & CONNECTION public space 80%
event space - plaza amenities - organic vegetable shop, cafeteria, library
open green space
street connecting the open space
The public space within the site is connected to the neighbouring view from connecting bridge sites across the river. The bridge connnects the nearby streets and open green spaces which lead to the site and then to the open plaza in the center. The farming zone acts as a social space where the local community can hire a piece of land and do the farming. The yield can be sold in the organic vegetable shop situated within the site. Almost 80% of the total plot area is given back to the commmons.
view from plaza
09
The design promotes a green lung space in the heart of the city through the terraced green roofs in architecture. The extensive amount of green on the building promotes the enhancement of bio diversity of different species to co exist.
Bio-diversity & Urban farming total green space provided 80%
GREEN
MANGROOVE GREEN BELT
MANGROOVE GREEN BELT
Green lung space in the city skyline
GREEN PLOT RATIO
1.80
GREEN REPLACEMENT
200%
GREEN SURFACE AREA ON GROUND
80%
PERCOLATIVE GREEN ON GROUND
60%
BIO SWALES CATTAIL
BIRD FLIGHT DISTANCE LOCAL SPECIES
MAURA ANGKE MANGROOVE
SQUIRREL
COMMON MYNA
MILKY STORK
SITE
SCOOTY HEADED BULL BULL
FOOD
DEPOK
food self sufficiency 60%
LETTUCE
LADY’S FINGER
TOMATO
CHILLI
DEMAND - 1 MEAL PER DAY BOGOR
COMMUNITY FARMING EMPLOYMENT TO THE LOCALS
VEG DEMAND
410 Kg pd
FARM AREA
11000 sqm
IRRIGATION
RIVER WATER
FOOD PRODUCED
1.2KG PERsqm/ MONTH 10
The building is analysed in terms of energy performance and the impacts of the positioning of the blocks. This can optimise the use of shading devices only on the required faces of the blocks and thus promotes value engineering.
Energy ENERGY ANALYSIS WORK FLOW
The prefabricated blocks has various combination of modules with annnex and dadjacent blocks and also the shadows from the floors above. Therefore for the analysis, the floor plan at the mid of the building is taken along with the adjacent blocks and annex blocks to that particular floor. Three floors above is taken as the shading element. This process of analysis starting from larger to smaller parts helps in standardisation of the energy simulation.
2. Selecting the appropriate zones for the energy performance study
MODULE COMBINATIONS
SUNLIGHT HOUR ANALYSIS 1. Overall buiding scale
4. Selecting one zone for daylight analysis
3. Selecting the critical zones for further study
The sunlight hour analysis is done for the hottest day in Jakarta for the month of May as mentioned in the weather file datas. Most of the surfaces in the east and west gets more sunlight hours to a maximum of 7 hours in the east and upto 10 hours in the west for a day.
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These simulations can help in determining the right materials at appropriate places and thus plays a part in value engineering.
Outdoor surface temperature
MEAN RADIANT TEMEPERATURE
zone 4 zone 14 zone 1
zone 4
View from South East
View from South West
To begin the with the analysis the outdoor surface temperature has been simulated to understand the average surface area getting heated. This also depends on the shading from the blocks above.
zone 14
So on an average the surface outdoor temperature is around 30 to 33deg celcius. Also it is very obvious that the surfaces facing the west gets an average temperature of 40 degree celcius. The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is defined as the uniform temperature of an imaginary enclosure in which the radiant heat transfer from the human body is equal to the radiant heat transfer in the actual non-uniform enclosure. The mean radiant temperature across the year shows that the month of May has the highest radiation particularly in zone 4 which goes high upto 28.56deg celcius. Also it is evident from the graph that the energy consumption pattern is not the same across the year for all the zones. For example comparing the radiant temperature for zone 1, zone 4 and zone 16 does not follow the same curve across the year. This may be be due to the shading surfaces from the roof above, the sun angle and other factors. Inference: From these simulaition analysis the blocks which gets heated up more can have a different wall material, shading surface and even orientation. This brings down the overall energy requirement of the building.
zone 1
The mean radiant temperature is compared for the three specific blocks which has different attributes and the temperature shows a prominent change in it. zone location
Module stack
Blocks with no annex block (top/bottom) Blocks with annex block on top Blocks with annex block on top & bottom Blocks with annex block in bottom
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