RAMKUMAR
CONTENTS....
Curriculum vitae
00
Graduate Program works Integratd Deisgn studio - Urban design studio
01
Integratd Deisgn studio - Building design studio
13
Urban analysis & Typology representation
27
International Tropical Architecture Design competition
31
Professional works Srilankan Telecom Headquarters (High rise building) - Design competition
35
Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - Admin office
41
Jaffna Cultura centre
45
Kalpa Tree & Kutir Resiences
49
Curriculum Vitae Ramkumar Thambiraj Education & Qualifications MSc 2015 Masters in Integrated Sustainable Design B.Arch (2005 – 2010) Bachelors in Architecture
@ National University of Singapore
@ School of Architecture & Planning, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Graduate with Honours)
Professional Experience Feb 2016 - current
Firm: Singapore University of Technology & Design (//idc.sutd.edu.sg/) Position: Research staff at architecture & Sustainable Design Pillar Roles and responsibilities: Working on Passive design strategies for high density tropical housing. Selecting precedents and analyze the projects using thermal comfort simulations.
May 2015 - July 2015
Firm: CPG Architects, Singapore (www.cpgcorp.cpm.sg) Position: Masters Internship in Healthcare infrastructures Roles and responsibilities: Worked on design competitions and assisting on site management and develop the conceptual designs for NCID hospital in Singapore.
Aug 2014 - Dec 2014
Firm: LUCID DREAMS (www.luciddream.co.in) Position: Senior Architect & Lead Visualizer Roles and responsibilities: Worked in partnership in our new venture doing both architectural design and visualization.
Sept 2013 - July 2014
Firm: MANCINI Architects (www.mancini-design.in) Position: Project Architect Roles and responsibilities: Worked as the Project Architect right from handling the construction, client and consultant discussion.
Apr 2011 - June 2013
Firm: CNT Architects (www.cnt.co.in) Position: Project Architect Roles and responsibilities: Started as a Junior Architect and raised as Project Architect handling the projects on my own from client discussion, managing consultants & drawings and co-ordination at site, with Junior Architects and Trainees reporting with me.
Nov 2008 - June 2013
Firm: Chennai Trade Fair Services (www.ctfs.co.in) Position: Designer (part time) Roles and responsibilities: Design of stalls, 3d Presentation and working drawings for over 60s stalls in Chennai Trade center.
July 2010 - April 2011
Design consultant: School of Architecture & Planning Position: Architect (part time) Client: Tamil Nadu Housing Board Roles and responsibilities: Design development, creation and issue of tender & approval drawings
July 2010 - April 2011
Firm: Spacescape Architects (www.spacescape.in) Position: Junior Architect Roles and responsibilities: Extensive AutoCAD drafting, 3d- modeling, conceptual and schematic design, design development and detailing, project co-ordination, and construction observation, development of office portfolio and project presentations.
June 2008 - Nov 2008
Firm: CNT Architects Position: Architect Trainee Roles and responsibilities: Drafting of all working drawings, design of toilets kitchens compound wall & detail drawings for the same.
Languages
Professional Skills
English - Fluent (TOEFL score 7.5)
2d Drafting & Detailing
Tamil - Fluent
BIM Revit Architecture
Japanese - Elementary
3d Modelling
Additional skills Hands on construction techniques: Bamboo construction - Hands on experience in bamboo furniture making in Auroville. Mud construction - Hands on experience in arch, vault and dome construction in Auroville.
Photography:
Autocad
3Ds max, Sketch up, Rhino
3d Visualization Vray, Podium, Photoshop Energy Simulation Rhino - Energy Plus, DIVA for daylight analysis, Ecotect, Archsim, Design builder Presentation & Graphics Photoshop, Indesign, Illustrator, Premiere pro, Microsoft office
Graduate academic works
Urban analysis & typology representation Shop house typology @ Joo Chiat rd Group work Team of 5 students
Design tutors: Prof. Asma Khawatmi
it’s no house - it’s shophouse! early 1900s
A number of Roads is named after him Joo Chiat Lane Joo Chiat Road Joo Chiat Walk Joo Chiat Avenue Joo Chiat Square . . .
Upper Thomson Road Geylang Road Desker Road China Town Club Street Bukit Pasoh Road
Mr philip Chew
coconut plantations kampungs dirt track
Serangoon Garden
Joo Chiat Road Cirular Road Telok Ayer Road Trading Goods Air Cargo Cargo Ship Truck Port of Singapore Changi Airport Warehouse Ulu Pandan Pasir Panjang Wholsale
Location of Shophouses in Singapore
10 km
World Map of Trading
We own this Buisness since 70 years Our Products come from all over the world !
Legend
0
100 200
Legend
500m
road network MRT shophouse bicycle lane node
Traffic activity map
Joo Chiat Road
potential bicycle lane bicycle lane pedestrian car park
MRT station bus station taxi stand
motorbike bicycle
0
100 200
500m
intense connection less intense connection weak connection
express way MRT transportation hub
Public Semi Public Private
MRT station bus station taxi stand
Connectivity map
Traffic System: One Way
Two-wheeler on the Road
Fat-Bikes made in China
Fruits from all over the World
27
SHOP HOUSE TYPOLOGY @ 1920s to 1930s communities bungalows shophouses places of worship multi-cultural
late 1950s
early 1990s
emergence of public housing
started conservation
Active Passive Dormant
JOO CHIAT ROAD
Activity Mapping 9 am - 2 pm
Nolli Plan Zones of Privacy
Road Verge in compressed Soil
I have a lot of friends here. We Go for Drinks, Coffee and Malay Food. I Feel it’s very traditional . . .
6 pm - 12 am
1:500
1:500
Monday 11am
1:2000
Informal Street Furniture
Movement & activities
Place of Worship
Movement & activities
1:500
Saturday 10pm
Daytime Activities
Nightlife
28
They are missing the Kampong Style !
It’s n It’s S
Isometric View of Shophouse Typology
MRs Low
Ho
use
Sho
Serv
ice
Park
ing
Gard
en
Lan
e
p
Bo g
in
e
dw
al
k
Fe
et
W
al
k
ne
La
ad
Ro
rk
Pa
ar
Fiv
Elevation
Street Pattern
Sketches
5
10
Typology
Joo Chiat Road
Shophouse Windows
Walkway
Five Feet Walkway
Service Lane Yard
29
SHOP HOUSE TYPOLOGY @
JOO CHIAT ROAD
How to . . . . . . Retain Traditional Values . . . Enhance Infrastructure, Public Space and Architecture . . . Modernise Traffic flows and Improve the Connectivity . . . compete with the Contemporary shopping experience . . . Enhance the economic support . . . strengthen the cohesion of the community
no House Shophouse ! MR sheng Qi
Section A Key Plan
Public Semi Public Private
Section B
Section C
Section D
25 m
Contrast between Old & New
Section E
Aerial View of East Coast Neighbourhood
5
10
Private Parking Space
25 m
Nora
The Urban Turbans
30
Graduate academic works
Integrated Design studio Urban design Group work Team of 5 students
Design tutors: Dr.Nirmal Kishnani Prof. Asma Khawatmi Visiting Prof. Herbert Dreiseitl
City analysis
Overview
Different types of vegetated areas in Jakarta
DKI JAKARTA
Public City Parks
Coordinates 6°12′S 106°49′E
Non access. Green
(~8.3%)
Existing ground surface
City Parks include public recreational parks, city forest, zoo and university campus. Non accessible green areas include golf courses, cemetaries and amusement parks. Agriculture, mangroves, wetlands and uncultivated land.
Tropical Monsoon Climate Annual Rainfall 1855 mm
excessive ground water absorption
s
n Co
24% Pe so r ur
ce
ce
nt
ag
:C ity for
on
i
ct
u tr
1990
90 m 9 1 oo B
e t t of ur ne G d i re nt o s en
earlier
1989
2004
4.0%
2013
1983
25.9%
Sp
ha
ll,
CONSUMPTION/ DEMAND 2013
ac
JA K
eD K P I
AR TA
OS
ka rta 4
T2 00
rta in Jonag_kthae_rich.htm s e s r u m 3/A Co
Green Space
1993
sou
16 1992
10
3.0%
WETLAND RIVERS
2000
13.9%
Governm
https://
www.alu
2009
9.9%
source: D.E. Herwindiati, S. M. Isa, D. http://www. iaeng.org/pu Arisandi 20 13 blication/WC E2011/WCE2 011_pp1895
ent desig na rlin.de/fil ted Gree n Space eadmin/R edaktio s
mni.tu-be
n/ABZ/PD
-1900.pdf
in Land Use Plan /sukamto _tui_60. pdf
F/TUI/60
Direct access to fresh water
SUPPLY
sq
km
2013
2.5%
< 25% of ppl
0.13% 0.11%
38.64%
16.93%
3.67% 0.02%
2014
2004
14.7%
.4
Total surface water of DK source: Beba n Berat Jaka I Jakarta rta
INDUSTRY 1.5% OTHERS 5.8%
16
SURFACE W ATER
944 million m3
43
lf .org/II_Feb_9 f Gdo esia ber.wo hin on tc a Nurcm w e: ww
total land area 664sqkm
2007
AGRICULTURE 2%
source: https://agungwah.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/jkt_landsat8_2013.jpg source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5693
Ja
2003
9.1%
RESIDENCE/ COMMERCIAL 90%
Blue Space
rts
n
io
t uc
r st n Co oom B
sea water intrusion
LAKES
es
po
Rise in sea level
After land subsidience
One of most Populous urban agglomeration in the world
1985
(golf course lakes, pond in farms)
Northern area of Jakarta
(~1.24%)
Agriculture, Mangroves
Special Capital Region Capital of Indonesia
Private
LAND SUBSIDENCE
(~0.3%)
(rivers, lakes & reservoir)
SOURCE : Badan Pusat Statistik DKI jakarta
WATER TARIFF USD
1.60$
HOTELS, HIGHRISE BUILDINGS, BANKS & FACTORIES
0.11$
POOR HOUSEHOLDS & PUBLIC HOSPITALS
Pacakaged water Refilled water Drilled well pump Subscribed water Retailed water Protected well
28.72% Unprotected well Rain River
10.91%
98.13%
0.27%
Clean drinking water sources Not Clean drinking water sources
SOURCE : http://www.auick.org/database/apc/apc021/apc02103.html SOURCE :DKI JAKARTA DALAM ANGKA 2012
SANITATION
0.86%
99.73%
Private Public
1.87%
HDI
ST AI NA BL E
Ecologic Hygiene
LIV
Political stable
Pollution
E BL EA
For the design stage the site is analysed in both macro and micro scales to evaluate the possibilities and requirement for that particular neighbourhood. Liveability in a city is determined by various factors and one of them is physical infrastructure which can be catalyst for socio, economic betterment of the city.
HAPPINESS
Healthcare
SU
For the design stage the site is analysed in both macro and micro scales to evaluate the possibilities and requirement for that particular neighbourhood. Liveability in a city is determined by various factors and one of them is physical infrastructure which can be catalyst for socio, economic betterment of the city.
ENVIRONMENT Safety
SOCIAL
GINI City Parks & Promenade Shopping Malls
GDP
Culture
Income
ER
AE
TY
SI
Recreate
Just and fair
Quality of life
C
Transportation
TI
Cost of living
HE
Street Festival
Car Free Day
ST
Below Flyover
ECONOMIC
V DI
New Parks
Education
INHERITABLE
4
(1
6.3 km²
with
2)
self
ula
calc
Interstitial Space
3% Park & Promenade
2013
11.9 million
Motorcycles
3.0 million
Pessanger Cars
0.6 million
Cargo Cars
0.3 million
Buses
4.1 km²
11.9
41,5 km2
Road area
18.0
a Vehicles Are
Source : Jakarta in Figures 2000-2014
7.2
27.7
47,6 km2
28,5 km2
12.0
8.3
3.5 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Total Numbers of Vehicle (million units)
Source : Jakarta in Figures 2000-2014
2006
2008
2011
Road Area Compared to Vehicle Area Source : Jakarta in Figures 2004-2014 Vehicle space assumption : car - 6,8m2 , motorcycle - 1,2m2 , Bus - 24m2h
2013
2005
2010
M
2005
1996
76.10
2013
2014
Average Speed on the Road (km/h)
Source : Departemen Perhubungan, DIrektorat Jenderal Perhubungan Darat (2005), Kebjakan Hemat BBM
ing
o g gl livin f o / com lity rcer. .me Qua w w /w
142
19
RCE
146
SOU
:/
tp : ht
ial anc
in al F
Glob
es
Cris
75.6
2011
77.97
1998 2002
119
rank
city bal
2008
Shopping Mall
48,8 km2
R
173 malls
Mobility 15.9
98
AY
s
t io
ed tren d
51 km²
89%
n Fi
Assum
2014
0.6%
97 s 19 risi C
1990
20.5 km²
source: Jakarta in Figure 1990-2014 & Google earth
Percentage of Social Space
7%
an
i As
563 km²
tion
source: Colli
11 malls
Social Space
sqm Shopping Mall
g Mall 4) Shoppin nesia - Research (201 er International Indo
0.2 km²
368 km²
Jo Er ko w 01 a i
is is Cr
01
sqm Park & Promenade
2014
l
a ci
an
Liveability
-2
sqm Interstitial Space
Up in Figur Buuriclet: Jakarta so Park & Promenade
ta
e
90
on e
19
ry
a e c
0.4
2
4 201 Area e 1990-
7)
Sp
99
ial
M
tit
C Bo ons tr 99 o uc 0) m
ers
5
(1
Int
so u wi rce : th se Jaka lf c alc rta i ula n F tio igu r n
tio n
250 km²
Social Space per Capita
(2
1990
x
e t ind
en lopm
set e dev egional data n a r esia um
H
RCE
SOU
n
do : In
72.50
1999
Anti Chinese violence SOURCE : Patterns of Collective Violence in Indonesia (1990-2003)
After analysing the four plots of one sq km area at different parts of the city which was done from stage 1 & stage 2, one site has been chosen for the stage 3 (design phase)
Site selection
Residential Density
20,800 people / sqkm
54.8 %
8.7 %
Mobility
Geographical Condition
Road Network
Satellite Map
Building Footprint
â&#x20AC;&#x153;THE URBAN KAMPUNGâ&#x20AC;?
Average elevation +1.40 m above sea level
B
C
Section A
Car Motorbike Pedestrian/ Bicycle
A
Indoor social space
Elevated ground floor Semi public open space
Sunters living grid
Covered sewer canal
Sunshade structures Annexation of public space
Section B
Fair frequented road
+ Green structure
+ Canal network
Road network
Private front garden
Private front garden
Wall Wall
Private green structures shading the street
Open sewer canal Roadside municipal green planters Low motorized traffic road
01
12.2 %
6.4 % Private greenery Restricted greenery Public greenery
Most private
Most Public
Public
Flooding > 80 cm Flooding > 50 cm Flooding < 30 cm Less intense land subsidence More intense land subsidence Waterpollution Solid waste in water bodies
: 6.4%
Section C
Residential Commercial Institutional
Negative Condition
Uncultivated Land
Kali Sunter
Taman Pendidikan
Blue Space
Green Structure
Social Space
Building Program
Kali Sunter
Building Typology
B
A
Double trouble
No social interaction High frequented transit road
Kampung on a twowheeler
C
+
+ Mobility Map
Social space
Land subsidence
Flooding
02
After the analysis of the site in different urban layers, the potentials, oppurtunities and impacts of the site through design is studied.
Site potentials neighbourhood map existing
population
green area
21,000 p/km
Projected
2
122,000 m
social space
building
87,000 m
2
STRATEGIES
548,000 m
2
2
net-zero sustainable development 31,500 p/km
2
283,500 m
407,000 m
233,500 m
2
2
2
energy & water Water Net-Zero
Energy Net-Zero
594.8%
70% of total building coverage
enhancing grid system & Mobility
243.6%
100% self-sufficiency
total rainwater & grey water harvesting/month
providing public open space
legend main road connection feeder bus loop
qualities
For the design stage the site is analysed in both macro and micro scales to evaluate the possibilities and requirement for that particular neighbourhood. Liveability in a city is determined by various factors and one of them is physical infrastructure which can be catalyst for socio, economic betterment of the city. kampong style
street life
potential
building
low density
water body
mobility
sewer system
regenerating architecture typologies
The design intervention is predominantly dealt with the water infrastructures and how to bring the life of the neighbourhood in conjunction with hydrology.
issues
grid network
From the previous study and the overall city statistics, the spatial needs required for a liveable city is assigned. The numbers for the same is also derived from global standards. So as part of the design stage the city should also cater for the future urban growth. But a city can support only certain population density to make it a self sustain in terms of energy, water and green infrastructure.
combination of decentralized and centralized blue-green infrastructure
lack of open space
03
The new master plan shows the advent of the water body flowing through the neighbourhood and enhancing the urban fabric along the path with various programs.
Master plan
kali sunter
kali sunter
main road main road
neighbourhood neighbourhood center center
main road
main road
composting composting and recycling and recycling
kali sunter
kali sunter
school
school
school
school
school adaptive space
eco hub
gend legend
adaptive space
urban farmland
living
school
school
urban farmland
li corrid ving corrid or or
legend legend existing institution existing institution
existing commercial existing commercial
existing institution existing institution
proposedproposed commercial comm
existing residential existing residential
densified building densified building
pv panel pv panel
proposedproposed integratedintegrated project projectmicro plaza micro plaza urban farming urban farming
neighbourhood neighbourhood map map
population population existing
existing residential existing residential
eco hub
school
existing
alities
scale 1:2500
scale 1:2500
scale 1:2500
EXISTING NETWORK PROPOSED MASTER PLAN akarta Jakarta Koja Koja - Urban - Urban living living in ainKampung a Kampung Style Style
21,000 p/km 21,00004 p/km 2
2
g
1
Layering the Urban Grid
kali sunter
Blue infrastructure
eco hub / natural water treatment plant
Water treatment
The site section across the neighbourhood shows the key tansformations made in the region. The major design intervention is explained through a series of maps.
blue green bypass
Green structure
micro plaza
Urban farming
05
urban farming
living corridor
play ground
temporary market
densified area
Feeder electrical bus loop Charging station
06
Urban infrastructures water system
The green infrastructure works as the eco puncture in the street level, plaza level , and also on the larger scale in the urban farming, community level.
dewat* units decentralized waste water treatment
natural water treatment plant green structure
social space
blue green bypass
elevated walkway
Blue green bypass
micro plaza eco hub pv panel
pv for public facility
70 % building coverage
boardwalk
natural water filtration
bioswale
densification
future densification
existing building
artwork
living corridor
proposed densification
urban farmland
floating deck
micro plaza
swim area
living corridor
playground
07
The visualization of the micro plaza showing the flux of hydrology
Micro Plaza
road
sewer system
micro plaza
sedimentation chamber
baffled upstream reactors
sub surface fow filters
planted gravel filter
overflow to water body
runoff water to green blue bypass
adaptive space
community farming
new water body
playground
walkway
urban farming
bridge
adaptive space
bin for organic waste composting area 08
Architecture - System of growth
The urban density is dealt with the incremental growth of the architectural typologies without losing the integrity of the existing social fabric of the context
1 - EXISTING STRUCTURE House 2 House 1
The existing architectural typology is predominently low rise (2 storeys) wall to wall construction
Plot 2 Plot 1
5 - CIRCULATION
Common staircase for two houses to connect lvl 2
6 - SOCIAL LINKAGE Social street is extended to the upper level corridor and connects the housing units
internal staircase Lvl 4
external staircase
Lvl 3
Lvl 2
Lvl 1 Plot 1
Plot 2
Common space of minimum 25sqm for every 40m
09
The plug in structures can be used for various functions and can be adapted in many different ways and needs of the users.
2 - NEW DENSIFICATION
4 - OWNERSHIP
3 - SETBACK Plot line
The lower two floors are retained with the same owner and the upper two floors are given for the new owner
If the existing structure is not compatible for densification the land cleared up and the structural frame is erected
New structural framework 1m
3m
Rear setback of 1m for alley way
Road width 3m to 8m
lvl 3 lvl 2
4m
Front setback 3m
lvl 1 Plot line
Road
Road width above 8m
Alley way for pedestrian access for every 40m Provides light & ventilation
7 - KAMPUNG CATALYST
8 - INCORPORATING GREEN BLUE BYPASS
Canopy structure to provide shade and collect the rain water and also to generate energy for the public services like street lights, charging stations, etc.
Adapting greeneries on the roads in pedestrian - only roads
9 - PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS 70% of the building roof gets covered in PV which can support 14 people considering 100sqm for a family of four PV panels on the plug in structure provides energy for the common & public services
WATER
10
Architecture - Building typology 1 perspective of site 1 of neighbourhood centre
bird eye view
existing
section 1
proposed
site 1 : building typology along main road
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of site 1
typical section
S1
E1
S2 E2
keyplan
proposed existing
section 2
& ort sp tion w a ne cre k re bloc
11
S3
street
street
Building typology 2
canal
site 2 : building typology along greenery / water front the pocket plaza pocket plaza integrated with multifunctional structures
revitalised canal with new waterfront
alley way
street
alley way
proposed
lvl 4 lvl 3 lvl 2 lvl 1
street
Scale 1:300
street
section 3
street
in site 2
street
street street
revitalised canal with new waterfront
lvl 3 lvl 2 lvl 1
street
proposed
PV panels
street
street
Scale 1:300
lvl 4
lvl 3
lvl 2
lvl 1
connecting bridge elevated social link
PV panels
alley way
Scale 1:300
street
existing
elevation 2
elevated social link
lvl 4
at site 2
connecting bridge
pocket plaza integrated with multifunctional structures
alley way
alley way
street
alley way
street
Scale 1:300
the connecting bridge
existing
canal
12
Graduate academic works
Integrated Design studio Building and system design Individual work
Design tutors: Dr. Nirmal Kishnani Dr. Nalanie MITHRARATNE Dr. Sekhar Narayana Kondepudi
Introduction: The city of DKI Jakarta is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. Being the capital city of Indonesia and the economic centre for the country, the city is highly populated that makes the city constantly push its limits.
Jakarta - Global city In this circle.... 20 Megacities (cities with population over 8 million) 1.Karachi 2.Delhi 3.Mumbai 4.Bangalore 5.Chennai 6.Kolkatta 7.Dhaka 8.Bangkok 9.Chongquing 10.Shenzhen 11.Guangzhan 12.Wuhan 13.Beijing 14.Tianjin 15.Shanghai 16.Seoul 17.Osaka-Kobe 18.Tokyo 19.Manila 20.Jakarta
More than 50% of
14 are sitting on river deltas
sity
en
ed
g era
sity
en
kd
a pe
av
18 have experienced flooding in the past decade
27,348
277,129,000 people live in these megacities
2
p/km (2013)
121,312 2
p/km (2013)
= 1000 People
POPULATION
BLDG FOOTPRINT
92.3% 2
611.19 km (2013)
GREEN FOOTPRINT
9.9% 2
65.6 km (2013)
BLUE FOOTPRINT
2.5%
16.5 km2 13
Batavia, the name that was once used to call Jakarta during the Dutch period was a delta region and prone to floods due to its natural geographical conditions which was puposefully avoided by the ethnic Jawanese kingdom. On the contrary Dutch with their strength in water engineering and agreesive attitude towards it started establishing Jakarta as the major city, thus the hydrological system of the city begins.
Water memories of Jakarta PRECIPITATION
1918 west canal flood construction 2661mm/year
2125mm/year
PONTIANAK 3181mm/year
2003 east canal flood construction Batavia 1618-1650
JAKARTA 1755mm/year
1962
KUPANG, TIMOR 1441mm/year
INFILTRATION : 50 % - 70 %
water management and works
1973 west and east drain
MANADO, SULAWESI MEDAN, SUMATRA
SURFACE RUNOFF : 30 % - 50 %
MM / YEAR
Van Breen
0 100 250
1649
500 750
BOGOR
1649
JAKARTA CITY
1955
1980
1250
JAVA SEA
2500
1600
1700
1800
2014
1900
2000
INFILTRATION : 5 % - 27 %
1600 dutch colonialism
SURFACE RUNOFF : 73 % - 95 % BOGOR
1945 independence
FLOODING
EXTENSIVE GROUND WATER ABSORPTION SEA WATER INTRUSION
RAPID URBANISATION
SEA LEVEL RISE
source: jakarta waterscape_research paper
SECTION THROUGH THE ISLAND
decades + power flood flood regimes intensity history
WATER BASINS IN W JAWA
urbanization
As shown in this timline graphics Jakarta got the east and west polder system during the late 19th century by the Dutch engineers and after which the focus on hydrology shifted to economic boost in the city and urban infrstructure which made the city turn its back to the water and thus leads to many other problems related to hydrology.
NORTH
SOUTH
1962 1962 INFILTRATION : 50 % - 70 % SURFACE INFILTRATION : 50RUNOFF % - 70 %: 30 % - 50 % BOGOR
SURFACE RUNOFF : 30 % - 50 %
BOGOR
JAKARTA CITY JAKARTA CITY JAVA SEA JAVA SEA
2014 2014 INFILTRATION : 5 % - 27 % INFILTRATION : 5RUNOFF % - 27 %: 73 % - 95 % SURFACE BOGOR
Jakarta located in the northern part is one of the prime water catchment basin in the JAWA island.
BOGOR
SURFACE RUNOFF : 73 % - 95 %
FLOODING FLOODING RAPID URBANISATION RAPID URBANISATION
EXTENSIVE GROUND WATER ABSORPTION EXTENSIVE GROUND WATER ABSORPTION SEA WATER INTRUSION SEA WATER INTRUSION SEA LEVEL RISE SEA LEVEL RISE
SOUTH
NORTH
SOUTH
NORTH
Within a span of fifty years Jakarta underwent a drastic urban transformation which increased the population as well as the water demand that in turn increased the ground water absorption. This leads to sea water intrusion in the northern part and pollutes the underground water stream and also causes land subsidence, which is one of the major environmental impacts in jakarta.
14
The life of jakartan is closely associated with hydrology. The city has 13 rivers and more than 200 lakes within 650sqkm of land area. Ciliwung and Cikang are the two major rivers that forms the spine of the city and is perennial. Also to the irony, that the Ciliwung river is the most polluted water body in Indonesia.
City wide analysis WATER FOOTPRINT
SOCIO - HYDROLOGY The rivers of Jakarta originate from mountains on the southern part of the island (refer previous section). Since most of these hills are volcanic the silt particles in the rivers is very high and it slows down the flow of the river. Also most of the slums in Jakarta is situated along the river banks and pollute the rives by dumping the waste. 85% of the water bodies in Jakarta is polluted and the source of drinking is either from underground bore wells or from the Citarum river 50kms away from centre of Jakarta (refer the map). Dur to the over absorption of ground water to meet the needs and the extensive built infrastructure the lands of northern part of Jakarta is sinking every year and many parts are currently under the sea level. Jakarta being a delta region, the land elevation is also lower than the southern part of the city.
JAVA SEA
Muara Karang WTP
Taman Kota WTP
Flooded parts in 2013
TANGGERANG
DC R4
Pejompongan WTp
Slum area footprint
Pulogadung WTP
Buaran WTP
Tar u
m
can
al
DC R5 Cilandak WTP
BEKASI
CA CIPINANG-SUNTER RIVER
Sarpong WTP
We st
CA KRAKUT RIVER
CA ANGKE RIVER
40% of Urban area vulnerable to flood
scale 1:150000 Cikarung river
DEPOK Ciliwung river
Cisadane river
Sunter river
Bekasi river
CA CILIWUNG RIVER
Cibeet river
Citarum river
Jathiluhur dam
LAND SUBSIDENCE
LAND ELEVATION & CONFINED ACQUIFER
Water Treatment Plant Weir Canal
-4.1 m
lakes-water bodies-private
lakes-public
scale 1:150000
-2.1 m
-1.4 m -0.7 m
BOGOR
<0m 5 - 10m max rate of subsidence 26cm/yr due to ground water extraction
15 - 20m
-0.25 m
25 - 30m 35 - 40m
max rate of subsidence 26cm/yr due to pressure from extensive development
>40m scale 1:150000
confined acquifer system
scale 1:150000
15
The system of water network is analysed on to the neighbourhood scale explaining on natural and man made hydrological infrastructures. The flow of the water is explained in tems of a Sankey diagram to understand the quatitiy of it.
Flux of hydrology scale 1:10000
river
ciliwung river 20m-23m wide
Smaller Streams 8-10m wide
canals 4m-5m wide
Banjir canal/polder 20m wide
streams
canals flood canal\ polder
SOURCES
CONSUMPTION
DISTRIBUTION
WASTE WATER
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
JAVA SEA
Flow of water system - Sankey diagram 16
From the analysis of the study of the city in three different scales, it is understood that hydrolgy of Jakarta is the most pressing issue that has to be dealt with appropriate built infrastructure.
Site selection time lapse
Java Sea
The site is chosen along the ciliwing river in the central part of Jakarta. The city had lost 90% of the river flood plains due to the unprecedental growth of urban infrastructure. The natural flow of the river creates these knots which is abducted by a single developer and changes the natural contour of the site and thereby creating flooding in the nearby areas. Also these developments employs deep well bore wells and disturbs the underground water stream.
Jakarta Bay North West Central
South East
2003
2007
2009
2013
AREA : PANCORAN DISTRICT : SOUTH LOCATION : ALONG CILIWUNG RIVER
context
site layers
b NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
RIVER
SITE
a
RIVER
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
+25M +20M +15M
a
Figure ground map
+08M
Asphalt map
Contour map
Asphalt/road
+25m
+15m
+20m
Ciliwung river
The site neighbourhood is predominantly residential with low rise structures and the Nolli plan shows the lack of public spaces in and around that area.
b
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
RIVER
SITE
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
+08M
RIVER
SITE
RIVER
NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
+25M +20M +15M
+25M +20M +15M
site section b-b
Nolli map
+08M
site section a-a 17
2003
Site conditions FLOOD HISTORY 2003
2003
2007
2013
2007 2007
2013 2013
The blatant real estate growth in Jakarta captures a large piece of land 2014 which has to be an ecologically protected zone is built with high rise buildings at the stake of the neaby context.
2014 2014
WATER DEPTH
PROJECT BRIEF PLOT AREA : 3 ha PLOT RATIO : 4.5 NO. OF USERS : 9000
0-0.5 m WATER DEPTH 0.5-1m
SPACE PER CAPITA : 15 SQM BLDG HT : 160m
0-0.5 m 1-2 m 0.5-1m 2-3 m 1-2 m 2-3 m The site acted as a catchment basin
Heavy flood in this year
Worst flood in this year still dint affect this site so much due to the increased countour.
This year had very less flood comparitvely which still had the nearby area flooded.
Sites like these acts as a river flood plain holding the excess flow of water in the river also slows down the flow of the river with the dense mangroove cover and wetlands that gets flooded due to the sudden sprouting of high rise towers occupying a large chunk of land. Once when a new development is started occupying the major piece of land, the natural contour is altered and is raised much higher than the surrounding thereby avoiding the flooding in their site. But this action creates flooding in the neighbouring sites which are mostly low rise structure in this part of the city. It thus affects a large amount of population during floods where the water level rise upto 2-3m high.
18
The architecture of the building is made with modular structures and is stacked providing the required amount of void and green spaces which makes the overall structure porous.
Architecture
01
02
public movement
03
bio diversity movement
The proposal, also caters to:
Impact: What are the metrics of the ‘commons’ (for this, credit is given to anyone that demonstrates collaboration with tool makers)
2.5 m 12m
SOIL SERVICES
3.5 m
3.5 m
3.5 m
12m
3.5 m
2.5 m
SOIL
4m
Connectivity: How onsite systems with three wider urban systems (for this, s/he must work closely with your engineer/landscape architect designing a tool)
1m
Integration: How the integration of ‘commons’ is managed without compromising the functionality of the office building or residential development
Prefab modules with 430sqm
Modules with taller trees
Replicability: What it would mean to the city if all buildings were to designed in this way
0101
0202creating a green deck in
0303
the middle
public movement public movement biobio diversity diversity movement movement
Board walk Farming
2.5 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
3.5 m
3.5 m
12m
03
creating solids and voids on the strucuture
12m
1m
Bio swales
SOIL SOIL
3.5 m
3.5 m 3.5 m
3.5 m
12m
12m
1m
Mangroove green belt
SOIL SOIL
Pedestrian bridge
SERVICES SERVICES
19
FLOOR PLAN AXANOMETRY
SITE PLAN
The movement of public and private zones is clearly distinguished by the orientation of the building. The site is accessible from all sides without any hindrance to the office users. Circulation efficiency 60
: 40 Built up area per floor 3300sqm Green space per floor 1300sqm
Flood gate
The architecture of the building is made with modular structures and is stacked providing the required amount of void and green spaces which makes the overall structure porous.
20
The project is to design an office building of 9000 occupants and attain self sufficiency in terms of a. Green cover contributing to biodiversity and/or food production, b. Blue cover - water bodies or waterways contributing to hydrology, c. Public space - gathering spaces, pathways for pedestrians and cyclists, contributing to connectivity of public space.
Hydrological system Jakarta despite being the economic power loom of Indonesia has got a lot of environmental impacts which is closely tied to the hydrological system of the city. Lack of good resource for potable leads to ground water absorption which leads to drying up the ground water stream, leading to the intrusion of sea water and polluting the ground water. Lack of good built infrastructure leads people to live nea the river bankks illegaly, which leads to dumping of waste in rivers and water bodies that which clogs the rivers and creates health issues and gets flooded during heavy rainfall. These are few of the many possible links to hydrological impacts in Jakarta. So through this proposal i am trying to tackle the hydrological pressures in the city by first tapping on flood mitigation, recharging ground water, thereby reducing the impact on the grid as shown in the Sankey diagram above.
DRY SEASON
MILD FLOOD
HEAVY FLOOD
40% 100%
100%
60% 60 % OF WATER FLOWS THROUGH PHYTO REMEDIATION
0%
25% 100%
75%
75 % OF WATER RELEASED INTO THE SITE
WATER CATCHMENT AREA - 26000SQM
60-80%
100%
100 % OF WATER RELEASED INTO THE SITE
WATER CATCHMENT AREA - 48700SQM WORST FLOOD IN 2013
21
The hydrological startegy used for this design mitigates the flood, recharges the ground water stream, also provides the required amount of water for the office building and makes it self sufficient in potable and no potable water usage thus cutting down the dependency on the grid.
CALCULATIONS
neighbourhood
LIFT CORE
The water after natural cleansing using bio swales and phyto remediation undergoes a preliminary water treatment plant and gets stored in the storage tank and used for the building requirement.
LIFT CORE
The water that is accumulated during the flood infiltrates the surface and recharges the ground water stream. This increases the ground water quality of the site and the nearby region.
event plaza
entry plaza
mangroove / green belt
river
wetland/ biotopes
mangroove / green belt
storage tank water treatment plant
neighbourhood
excess water during flood goes to the river bypass
WATER USAGE
50lpd
POTABLE WATER DEMAND
14 lpd
NON POTABLE WATER DEMAND
36 lpd
TOTAL WATER DEMAND
450000lpd
GREY WATER REUSE
190209 lpd
Scale 1:1000
water percolation recharging the ground water stream
river bypass
1
25
50m
water self sufficiency
100%
TANK
FLOOD MITIGATION Multiplicty of similar strategies along the river could potentially reduce the fllood in Ciliwung river and also recharges the ground water.
SITE 3
TANK
TANK
FLOOD GATE
RIVER BYPASS
SITE 1
CILIWUNG RIVER RIVER BY PASS PRELIMINARY GREY WATER TREATMENT
STORAGE TANK
PRELIMINARY WATER TREATMENT
FLOOD GATE
SITE 2
MULTIPLICITY IN FUTURE 22
Integration of Social space
The terraced open green space that acts as a flood plain also acts as the public space with avenue of trees and amenities.
SOCIAL SPACE & CONNECTION public space 80%
event space - plaza amenities - organic vegetable shop, cafeteria, library
open green space
street connecting the open space
The public space within the site is connected to the neighbouring view from connecting bridge sites across the river. The bridge connnects the nearby streets and open green spaces which lead to the site and then to the open plaza in the center. The farming zone acts as a social space where the local community can hire a piece of land and do the farming. The yield can be sold in the organic vegetable shop situated within the site. Almost 80% of the total plot area is given back to the commmons.
view from plaza
23
The design promotes a green lung space in the heart of the city through the terraced green roofs in architecture. The extensive amount of green on the building promotes the enhancement of bio diversity of different species to co exist.
Bio-diversity & Urban farming total green space provided 80%
GREEN
MANGROOVE GREEN BELT
MANGROOVE GREEN BELT
Green lung space in the city skyline
GREEN PLOT RATIO
1.80
GREEN REPLACEMENT
200%
GREEN SURFACE AREA ON GROUND
80%
PERCOLATIVE GREEN ON GROUND
60%
BIO SWALES CATTAIL
BIRD FLIGHT DISTANCE LOCAL SPECIES
MAURA ANGKE MANGROOVE
SQUIRREL
COMMON MYNA
MILKY STORK
SITE
SCOOTY HEADED BULL BULL
FOOD
DEPOK
food self sufficiency 60%
LETTUCE
LADY’S FINGER
TOMATO
CHILLI
DEMAND - 1 MEAL PER DAY BOGOR
COMMUNITY FARMING EMPLOYMENT TO THE LOCALS
VEG DEMAND
410 Kg pd
FARM AREA
11000 sqm
IRRIGATION
RIVER WATER
FOOD PRODUCED
1.2KG PERsqm/ MONTH 24
Energy
The building is analysed in terms of energy performance and the impacts of the positioning of the blocks. This can optimise the use of shading devices only on the required faces of the blocks and thus promotes value engineering.
ENERGY ANALYSIS WORK FLOW
The prefabricated blocks has various combination of modules with annnex and dadjacent blocks and also the shadows from the floors above. Therefore for the analysis, the floor plan at the mid of the building is taken along with the adjacent blocks and annex blocks to that particular floor. Three floors above is taken as the shading element. This process of analysis starting from larger to smaller parts helps in standardisation of the energy simulation.
2. Selecting the appropriate zones for the energy performance study
MODULE COMBINATIONS
SUNLIGHT HOUR ANALYSIS 1. Overall buiding scale
4. Selecting one zone for daylight analysis
3. Selecting the critical zones for further study
The sunlight hour analysis is done for the hottest day in Jakarta for the month of May as mentioned in the weather file datas. Most of the surfaces in the east and west gets more sunlight hours to a maximum of 7 hours in the east and upto 10 hours in the west for a day.
25
These simulations can help in determining the right materials at appropriate places and thus plays a part in value engineering.
Outdoor surface temperature
MEAN RADIANT TEMEPERATURE
zone 4 zone 14 zone 1
zone 4
View from South East
View from South West
To begin the with the analysis the outdoor surface temperature has been simulated to understand the average surface area getting heated. This also depends on the shading from the blocks above.
zone 14
So on an average the surface outdoor temperature is around 30 to 33deg celcius. Also it is very obvious that the surfaces facing the west gets an average temperature of 40 degree celcius. The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is defined as the uniform temperature of an imaginary enclosure in which the radiant heat transfer from the human body is equal to the radiant heat transfer in the actual non-uniform enclosure. The mean radiant temperature across the year shows that the month of May has the highest radiation particularly in zone 4 which goes high upto 28.56deg celcius. Also it is evident from the graph that the energy consumption pattern is not the same across the year for all the zones. For example comparing the radiant temperature for zone 1, zone 4 and zone 16 does not follow the same curve across the year. This may be be due to the shading surfaces from the roof above, the sun angle and other factors. Inference: From these simulaition analysis the blocks which gets heated up more can have a different wall material, shading surface and even orientation. This brings down the overall energy requirement of the building.
zone 1
The mean radiant temperature is compared for the three specific blocks which has different attributes and the temperature shows a prominent change in it. zone location
Module stack
Blocks with no annex block (top/bottom) Blocks with annex block on top Blocks with annex block on top & bottom Blocks with annex block in bottom
26
Graduate academic works
International Tropical Architectural Design Competition
water consumption litres/capita residential office
MRT
Tram
Bus
Residential 12.5% Industry Office Commercial : 15.5% Institutional
: : : : 5%
Private greenery : 12.5% Restricted greenery : Roadside greenery : 15.5%
CONTOUR, LEVEL NOTIFICATION, NATURAL WATERBODY NAME OF MAJOR THINGS
contour interval : 5m contour difference across site:55m
Blue Space
per/ m2 residential office
Road area : 10%
Building Program
residential office commercial institutional
energy consumption
Mobility
built environment f.s.i/f.a.r. gross floor area: total population
built up area: 22% residential: office commercial institutional
Geographical Condition
MOBILITY MAP
Residential density : 25,000 people / sqkm -geographically located in the higher ground -easy access to city amenities
Road Network
energy: self sustainability ratio
Satellite Map
roof area:
Building Footprint
energy: self sustainability ratio solar potential
site locality
Green Structure
rain water collection potential litres/month
SITE
VIEWS OF BANDRA
The site is chosen at INDIA-Bombay-Bandra. There are many reaons to choose this place: poor waste management, loss of green, blue social space, growing economic indifferences, etc. An Office building which can be an URBAN ACCUPUNTURE can lead to a vast amount of changes in the city.
URBAN SYMBIOSIS
site locality
BUILT UP DENSITY MAP
INDIA - MUMBAI
SITE LOCATION
SUSTAINABLE OFFICE BUILDING |
Private blue space .5% Public blue space
: :
8.6%
Constant reduction of green in the urban scenario due to many factors is a serious alarm to adapt greenery on the buildings
Constant reduction of green in the urban scenario due to many factors is a serious alarm to adapt greenery on the buildings
The waste generated in the surrounndings is not treated by the local authorities and the huge office does not care for the neighbours
The form of the building plays a mojor role in determining the cooling load required for the building thereby has a direct impact on energy consumption
Generally the Photovoltaic panels installed on the roof of the office buildings supports only few floors even on peak periods.
The profile and the form factor of the building designed according to the sun angle radiation provides shade for the indoor spaces and also provides space for greenery and recreation spaces within the building
Office buildings in the urban context should take care of the Office buildings in the urban context should take care of the A sustainable office building should take care of the waste For a smart building the PV panels is installed not only on green in the neighburhood and also adapt grrenery within green in the neighburhood and also adapt grrenery within generated and the government in turn give subsidies to these the building but also on the neighbouring buildings to tap the energy & in turn the neighbouring context gets the grey the buildings on various cales the buildings on various cales infrastructures water treated and send back to the households
The design strategies are based on the sun path study. The facade of the building is designed with two layers of glazing with corridor and lounge space in between. The west face of the building has gor green wall feature which also provides space for urban farming. The office workspace has been extended from indoor to outdoor to increase the ease of working.
The Urban smart green office is developed in different phases. A smart office should use all waste materials in the context thereby BUILDING FROM WASTE By the end of the construction the waste produced in the region of Mumbai should have been clear and further waste generated can also be treated in this building and used for various purposes
PHASE 1
Development of the three units Waste recycling
Grey water recycling
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
DESIGN STRATEGIES
SMART OFFICE
TYPICAL OFFICE
DESIGN EVOLUTION - SYMBIOTIC ARCHITECTURE
Waste recycling
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
Prefabricated structures made out of recycled materials assembled at site
Final development of the building
Creating public spaces on top of these units
Generating the circulation core of the building
SUSTAINABLE OFFICE BUILDING |
URBAN SYMBIOSIS
INTERPRETATION OF AN URBAN SMART OFFICE
SITE SECTION Green - The office building provides
Future expansion
greens spaces like terraces and green walls to grow crops and vegetables by the neighborhood
SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS
Central circulation & services core
Energy - The energy is generated from the surrounding context by installing the PV panels on their roof space for a period of 10 years and returning the panels to the households
Green wall
Water - The grey water generated in the neighbourhood
residences is treated in the office water treatment plant using biotopes and used for the non potable water usage. The excess water is returned back to the grid.
Waste - The waste generated in the surrounding context is treated in the waste digester and the by product is used for the fertiliser for the urban farming
Bio gas Organic fertiliser
water treatment Solar energy generated grey water + rainwater
power storage
waste treatment
Excess water is back to the grid
sent
SHADOW RANGE ANALYSIS SUMMER
WINTER
AUTUMN
SPRING
TYPOLOGY REPLICABILITY & FORMING A LARGER RESILIENT NETWORK
REPLICABILITY
When many such Urban Smart offices evolves the city becomes more sustainable and energy efficient It is a ‘win-win’ situation
Professional works
Selected projects from 2010 - 2014