Inner Mongolia Designed by Ran An
The paradise of grassland and desert
CONTENTS
1 2
1947
PAGE 4-5
The Autonomous Region was Established
12
PAGE 6-7
Twelve Prefectures
3
17.11%
PAGE 8-9
The Mongols in Inner Mongolia
4
100,000km2
PAGE 10-11
Hulunbuir Grasslands
5
1600ft
PAGE 12-13
The Tallest Stationary Dunes on Earth
6 7
3000
PAGE 14-15
3000 Years
-62째F
PAGE 16-17
The Coldest Place in China
8 9
No.1
PAGE 18-19
The World's Largest Rare Earth Metals Deposit
$33126 The Highest GDP per capita in China, 2014
PAGE 20-21
1947
INNER MONGOLIA The Autonomous Region was Established.
Inner Mongolia, officially Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region or Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People’s Republic of China, located in the north of the country, containing most of China’s border with Mongolia (the rest of the China-Mongolia border is taken up by the Xinjiang autonomous region and Gansu province) and a small section of the border with Russia. Its capital is Hohhot, and other major cities include Baotou, Chifeng.
The Autonomous Region was established in 1947, incorporating the areas of the former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing’an, along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third largest subdivision of China, spanning approximately 1,200,000 km2 (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China’s total land area. It recorded a population of 24,706,321 in the 2010 census, accounting for 1.84% of Mainland China’s total population. Inner Mongolia is the country’s 23rd most populous province-level division. The majority of the population in the region is Han Chinese, with a sizeable titular Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter of which is written in the traditional Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet, which is used in the state of Mongolia.
Page 4
Page 5
12
PREFECTURES
Xilingol Leagu
Alxa League
Baotou Bayannur
Ulanqab
Wuhai
Page 6
Ordos
Hohhot
Hulunbuir
ue
Inner Mongolia is divided into twelve prefecture-level divisions. Until the late 1990s, most of Inner Mongolia's prefectural regions were known as Leagues (Chinese: ç›&#x;), a usage retained from Mongol divisions of the Qing Dynasty. Similarly, county-level divisions are often known as Banners (Chinese: ć——). Since the 1990s, numerous Leagues have converted into prefecture-level cities, although Banners remain. The restructuring led to the conversion of primate cities in most
Hinggan League
leagues to convert to districts administratively (i.e.: Hailar and Dongsheng).
Some newly founded prefecture-level cities have chosen to Chifeng
Tongliao
retain the original name of League (i.e.: Hulunbuir, Bayannur and Ulanqab), some have adopted the Chinese name of their primate city (Chifeng, Tongliao), and one League (Yekejuu) simply renamed itself Ordos. Despite these recent administrative changes, there is no indication that the Alxa, Hinggan, and Xilingol Leagues will convert to prefecture-level cities in the near future.
Page 7
17.11
%
The Population of Mongols in Inner Mongolia
Mongols are the second largest ethnic group, comprising 17.11% of the population. When the autonomous region was established in 1947, Han Chinese comprised 83.6% of the population, while the Mongols comprised 14.8% of the population. By 2000, the percentage of Han Chinese had fallen to 79.2%. While the Hetao region along the Yellow River has always alternated between farmers from the south and nomads from the north, the most recent episode of Han Chinese migration began in the early 18th century with encouragement from the Qing Dynasty, and continued into the 20th century. Han Chinese live mostly in the Hetao region as well as various population centres in central and eastern Inner Mongolia. Over 70% of Mongols are concentrated in less than 18% of Inner Mongolia’s territory.
They include many diverse Mongolian-speaking groups; Groups such as the Buryats and the Oirats are also officially considered to be Mongols in China. Many of the traditionally nomadic Mongols have settled in permanent homes as their pastoral economy was collectivized during the Maoist Era. Other ethnic groups include the Daur, the Evenks, the Oroqen, the Hui, the Manchus, and the Koreans.
Page 8
Mongols
in Inner Mongolia speak Mongolian dialects such as
Chakhar, Xilingol, Baarin, Khorchin and Kharchin Mongolian and, depending on definition and analysis, further dialects or closely related independent Central Mongolic languages such as Ordos, Khamnigan, Barghu Buryat and the arguably Oirat dialect Alasha. The standard pronunciation of Mongolian in China is based on the Chakhar dialect of the Plain Blue Banner, located in central Inner Mongolia, while the grammar is based on all Southern Mongolian dialects. This is different from the Mongolian state, where the standard pronunciation is based on the closely related Khalkha dialect. There are a number of independent languages spoken in Hulunbuir such as the somewhat more distant Mongolic language Dagur and the Tungusic language Evenki. Officially, even the Evenki dialect Oroqin is considered a language.
Page 9
100, 000
km2
HULUNBUIR GRASSLANDS
L
ocated in the north-east of Inner Mongolia and named after Hulun Lake and Buir Lake, Hulunbuir Grassland is one of the three famous grasslands in the world with an elevation of between 650 and 700 meters, an area of about 100,000 square kilometers and natural grassland coverage of 80%.
A vast region with beautiful scenery, lush plants, over 3,000 crisscrossed rivers and 500 lakes dotted around Hulun Buir Prairie is like a huge green picture scroll, which gives you boundless views. It is the most well
preserved grassland at present in China and has more than 120 kinds of pasture such as stipa and wheat grass, hence being known as “The Grass Kingdom”. As the most plentiful and excellent pastures in China, it also holds the name “The Purest Prairie” since there is hardly any pollution there. Produce like meat, milk, leather, wool and other animal products are favored by people from both domestic and foreign countries. It’s the place where Genghis Khan was born and is also a famous tourist resort.
1600ft THE TALLEST STATIONARY DUNES ON EARTH
The Badain Jaran Dunes are the highest sand dunes in Asia, located in the Badain Jaran Desert, Mongolia and the Gobi Desert, China. This desert is home to of the tallest stationary dunes on Earth, with some reaching a height of more than 500 meters (1,600ft), although most average at around 660ft. Its tallest dune is also measured, from base to peak, as the world’s third tallest dune and highest stationary dune in the world. Badain Jaran megadunes is one of the few places where a phenomenon known as the “singing sand dunes”, “whistling sands” or “booming dunes”. This rare occasion emits a sharp, loud noise that can be maintained for more than a minute. Although it is not widely understood it is believed that it is caused by an electrostatic charge that is generated as wind pulls the top layers of sand down a dune slope. This will produce a low pitched rumble that can reach over 105 decibels. The singing dunes will manifest itself by initiating an avalanche of sand down the leeward face of a large dune. This phenomenon however, does require very specific circumstances in order to generate the sound. They are silent throughout winter when the humidity is being retained in the sand. In summer however, the booming can be generated but only on a slope of at least 30 degrees or more, on the leeward face of a dune, and the same sand on the shallow, windward side cannot generate any noise. This phenomenon is shared by around 35 other beaches and deserts around the world.
Page 13
3000 Ejin Banner is located at the northern border of China, is the most western part of Inner Mongolia. Ejin Huyang Forest is one of the three Largest Huyang Forests in the world.
THREE THOUSAND YEARS OF LIFE Huyang has a very strong vitality. It can survive in extreme cold, drought, salinity, wind and sand. There is a saying to describe its strong vitality: “Live for a thousand years until death; Stand for another thousand years until fallen; Exist for another thousand years until rotten.” This is the spirit of life in desert; it is also the precious spirit of people who understand them.
HUYANG—THE ONLY TREE SPECIE IN DESERT Huyang (scientific name: Populus euphratica), also known as hero tree, Populus heterophylla, often grow in the desert. Huyang is the only tree species that grows in the desert. It is very valuable, like a “living fossil plant”, comparable to the ginkgo tree. Hundreds of years ago, it has been widely distributed in warm temperate regions of western China as well as Central Asia; Now, 90% of all Huyang are located in China. Only a small amount can be seen outside the country. More than 90% of Huyang in China are curled up in southern Xinjiang’s Tarim Basin. The others are distributed in the Qaidam Basin, Hexi Corridor, and some desert rivers in Alxa League, to which Ejin Banner belongs.
Page 14
Years
“Live for a thousand years until death; Stand for another thousand years until fallen; Exist for another thousand years until rotten.�
Page 15
-62 F 째
Page 16
The Coldest Place In China Ituri River, Inner Mongolia The lowest recorded temperature here was -62° Fahrenheit! The township is located in the city of Yakeshi in Hulunbuir at around 2,400 feet above sea level. It has an average temperature of about -24° Fahrenheit, and mornings are even colder with a thick fog hanging over the area. The city’s economy is based on forestry industry, wood products, traditional Chinese medicines, gold, coal, iron, copper, wheat, rapeseed farming, sheep raising and dairy industries. Beginning of the year 2008 the automobile industry established their car testing business in Yakeshi. As part of the Electronic stability control (ESC)-development for new cars, special prototype cars are tested under winter conditions on frozen lakes and special snowtracks. The first kind of such test facilities have been set up in the city by the German automobile supplier Robert Bosch GmbH whose development center for the Chinese car market is located in the town of Suzhou in the Eastern China. The city is connected by rail to Harbin and Hailar, and the nearest airport is in Hailar. The original name for the city, Xuguit Qi, came from the Mongolian word for the area. Its name was changed to Yakeshi in 1983 when it was designated a county-level city
Page 17
No.1: The World’s Largest Rare Earth Metals Deposit Bayon Obo or Baiyun'ebo, is a mining town in the west of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Baotou City, more than 120 kilometres (75 mi) to the south. The mines north of the town are the largest deposits of rare earth metals yet found and, as of year 2005, responsible for 45% of global rare earth metal production. In the satellite image at right, vegetation appears red, grassland is light brown, rocks are black, and water surfaces are green. Two circular open-pit mines are visible, as well as a number of tailings ponds and tailings piles. China produced about 81,000 tons of rare earth metals in 2001; the number jumped to 120,000 by 2006. According to the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 9,600 to 12,000 cubic meters (340,000 to 420,000 cubic feet) of waste gas—containing dust concentrate, hydrofluoric acid, sulfur dioxide, and sulfuric acid—are released with every ton of rare metals that are mined. Approximately 75 cubic meters of acidic wastewater, plus a ton of radioactive waste residue are produced.
Page 18
壹
Page 19
$33126 The Highest GDP Per Capita in China, 2014 Ordos becomes the city with the highest GDP per capita ($33126) in China, 2014. It is located in the southwest of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, adjacent to Shanxi Province, Shanxi Province and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and has area of 86,752 km² and population of two million. Ordos enjoys typical temperate continental climate with four distinct seasons and abundant sunshine. The average annual temperature is 5.3-8.7°C, while the precipitation is 320 mm. The city is replete with various natural resources. It has approximately 35 different mineral resources, including coal, oil, natural gas, trona, Glauber’s salt (sodium sulfate), salt, and sulfur. Proven coal reserves amount to 149.6 billion tons, accounting for one sixth of China’s total, while proven natural gas reserves total 878.8 billion steres, accounting for one third of the country’s total. Additionally, Ordos has its own unique local products, namely, cashmere, which is considered the “diamond of fibers” all over the world.
Page 20
The resource of coal in Ordos.
Page 21
INDEX A
Alxa League, 6
Autonomous Region, 4
B
Baarin, 9 Badain Jaran Dunes,13 Baotou, 6, 20 Bayannur, 6 Bayon Obo,18
C
Chakhar, 9 Chifeng, 7 Coal, 20
D
Daur, 8x Desert, 14 Dialects, 9 Divisions, 6
E
Ejin Banner, 14 Evenki, 9 Evenks, 8
G
Gansu, 4 GDP Per Capita, 20 Gerbi Desert, 13
H
Hailar, 16 Hetao Region, 8 Hinggan Lague, 7 Hohhot, 6 Hulunbuir Grassland,10 Huyang, 14
I
Inner Mongolia, 4,7 Ituri River, 17
M
Manchus, 8 Mongols, 4, 8 Mongolian, 9
N
Natural gas, 20 Nei Mongol, 4
O
Oil, 21 Ordos, 20 Oroqen, 8
P
Population, 8 Prefectures, 6-7
Q
Qing Dynasty, 7, 8 Quarter, 20
U
Ulanqab, 6
Underearth, 18
R
W
S
X
Rare Earth Metals, 18 Rehe, 4
Stationary Dune, 13 Steres, 21
T
The grass kingdom, 8 Tongliao, 7
West, 18 Wheat, 17 Wuhai, 6
Xinjiang, 4, 14 Xilingol, 6, 9
Y
Yakeshi, 17 Yoke, 4, 20