Loksangharsh patrika special issue january2017 by Randhir Singh Suman

fo"k; lwph ys [ k

ys [ kd

i`" B la0

lEikndh;

02&02 &eq g Een 'kq , sc

U;k; D;k gS\

03&05 &txnh'oj prq o sZ n h

ekuork ds f[kykQ ;q)jr lSU; iz'kkld ds f[kykQ fu.kZ; vuq - &vej iz rki flag 06&28

dksVZ dh rkSghu dk ekeyk &v#a/krh jk;

29&35

tufgr ;kfpdk gj leL;k dk lek/kku &vjfoan tS u

36&37

i;kZoj.k dkuwu dk fl)kar &,-ds- j'khnh

38&43

THE CONTRACT, IF CAMOUFLAGE? -Rajesh Kumar Verma

44&46

balkQ va/kk gh ugha] cgjk vkSj xwยกxk Hkh----&oq l rq Y ykg

47&48

yks dd k"kZ if=dk "d kka d yyks ksd llaya??la k"kZ k sd lif=dk d a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkafo'ks d k f"okka'd Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2Qjojh&2016 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6 ?ik"kZf=

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lEikndh;

^ifj=k.kk; lkèkwuke~ fouk'kk;p nq"—rke~] èkeZ laLFkkiukFkkZ; lEHkokfe ;qxs&;qxAs ^ xhrk dk ;g 'yksd iqfyl bLrseky djrh gSA ysfdu dkSu lk /keZ gS mldk Lo:Ik D;k gS bldh O;k[;k iqfyl ugha djrh gSA og tks dqN djs ogh /keZ gSA ns'k esa çfro"kZ yxHkx ,d djksM+ fxj¶rkfj;k¡ gksrh gS]a ftuesa ls 60 çfr'kr vuko';d gksrh gSa fdUrq fofèk vk;ksx dh 197oÈ fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa nks"kflf) dh nj ek= 2 çfr'kr gS] ftlls lEiw.kZ U;k;ra= dh {kerk&;ksX;rk dk lgt vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ltk dh nj rc gS tc U;k; ra= vfHk;kstu dh Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA ikjnÆ'krk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj esa dksÃ esytksy ugÈ gksrk gS] bl dkj.k U;k;ky ,oa iqfyl dk LVkQ vius dk;ks± esa dHkh ikjnÆ'krk ugÈ ykuk pkgrk gSA ns'k ds 20]000 U;k;ky;ksa ds dEI;wVjhdj.k dh Ã&dksVZ çfØ;k 1990 esa çkjaHk gqÃ Fkh vkSj ;g vkt rd 20 mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds Lrj rd Hkh iw.kZ ugÈ gks ldh gSA çèkku U;k;kèkh'k rhjFk Çlg Bkdqj ds vuqlkj mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa U;k;kèkh'kksa ds 500 in fjä gSAa ;s in vkt dk;Z'khy gksus pkfg, Fks ijarq ,slk ugÈ gSA bl le; Hkkjr esa vnkyr ds vusd d{k [kkyh gSa vkSj buds fy, U;k;kèkh'k miyCèk ugÈ gSaA phQ tfLVl vkWQ bf.M;k ds vuqlkj 1950 esa tc lqçhe dksVZ vfLrRo esa vk;k Fkk rks bl 'kh"kZ vnkyr esa eq[; U;k;k/kh'k lesr vkB tt Fks vkSj 1215 ekeys yafcr FksA ml le; çfr tt 100 ekeys yafcr FksA 1960 esa ttksa dh la[;k 14 gks xbZ vkSj yafcr ekeys c<+ dj 3]247 gks x,A lky 1977 esa ttksa dh la[;k 18 vkSj ekeyksa dh la[;k 14]501 gks xbZA lky 2009 vkrs&vkrs 'kh"kZ vnkyr esa ttksa dh la[;k 31 gqÃ vkSj yafcr ekeys 77]181 gks x,A 2014 esa ekeyksa dh la[;k 81]582 Fkh ftls 60]260 fd;k x;kA bUgha lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj djrs gq, bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku vkWQ yk;lZ dk jk"Vªh; lEesyu caXykSj esa 27] 28] 29 fnlEcj 2016 dks gks jgk gSA yksd la?k"kZ if=dk bl volj ij ;g fo'ks"k vad izdkf'kr dj jgk gSA &eqgEen 'kq,cs eq[; lykgdkj yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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U;k; D;k gS\ &txnh'oj prqosZnh ns'k esa U;k;ky; gS]a lafo/kku gS] lSd a M+kas tt gSa vkSj yk[kksa odhy gS]a U;k; ds iBu&ikBu dk fo'kky <k¡pk gSA ysfdu U;k; dh lS)kafrdh ij dksbZ O;kid cgl ugha gSA lafo/kku cuk rc Hkh U;k; dks ysdj cgqr de cgl gqbAZ loky ;g gS U;k; D;k gS ¼U;k; dh fdl rjg dh lS)kafrdh dk gekjs U;k;ky; vuqlj.k djrs gS½a U;k; dh lS)kafrdh ij fopkj djrs le; igyk loky ;g mBrk gS U;k; dks dgk¡ ls ns[ksa ¼,d oxZ gS tks U;k; dks lkaLFkkfud rkSj ij ns[krk gS vkSj laLFkku ds :i esa U;k; dh Hkwfedk ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA gekjs U;k;ky; veweu blh utfj, ls dke djrs gSAa ysfdu vke turk ds elys tc Hkh U;k;ky; ds lkeus vkrs gSa ;k odhyksa us vke turk ds fgrksa dks eísutj tc Hkh eqdnes yM+s gSa rks bl rjg ds QSlys vk, gSa ftlls U;k;ky; ds lkaLFkkfud ifjçs{; ij loky mBs gSAa ;gh otg gS gekjs ns'k dh vnkyrksa esa lkaLFkkfud vkSj turk ds ifjçs{; ds chp esa Vdjko vkSj varfØZ;k,¡ pyrh jgrh gSAa Øe'k% U;k;ky;ksa dks laLFkku ds ifjçs{; ds ckgj fudyuk iM+k gSA ;gh otg gS fd tufgr esa U;k; ds loky lcls T;knk mBs gSa vkSj mudh otg ls vusd dkuwuksa esa cnyko djuk iM+k gSA U;k; dks lkaLFkkfud ifjçs{; dh ctk; turk dh Lora=rk ds ifjçs{; esa ifjHkkf"kr djus dh t:jr gSA blesa turk ds fgr vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks jkT; ds vf/kdkjksa dh cfuLir çkFkfedrk nsdj ns[kuk pkfg,A vusdckj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd jkT; ds vf/kdkj cuke turk ds vf/kdkj dk loky vkrk gS rks U;k;ky; dks ge jkT; ds i{k esa [kM+k ns[krs gS]a t:jr bl ckr dh gS turk ds i{k esa U;k;ky; [kM+s gks]a turk ;kuh O;fä dh Lora=rk vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj dks rjthg nsAa vHkh rd U;k; us jkT; ;k laLFkkuksa ds i{k esa [kM+s gksdj O;fä ds gdksa dks lhekc) djus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA tc fdlh elys ij vugksuh ;k vçR;kf'kr ?kVuk gks tk, ;k tu nokc gks rks U;k;ky; dks O;fä ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk dk [l;ky djuk iM+rk gSA elyu tc fdlh O;fä dks iqfyl rF;ksa vkSj çek.kksa ds vHkko esa idM+dj can dj nsrh gS vkSj ml O;fä dks lkyksa dSn esa xqtkjus ds ckn vnkyr crkrh gS fd og funks"Z k gS rks ,slh voLFkk esa O;fä ds vf/kdkjksa dk çdkjkUrj ls guu gks tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fä 10&12 lky tsy esa can jgdj tt ds eqg¡ ls ;g lqus dh lacfa /kr O;fä funks"Z k gS] mls fjgk fd;k tk;]rks blds ckn ml O;fä ds ikl dgus vkSj thus ds fy, dqN Hkh ugha cprkA blh rjg tc fdlh O;fä ds rykd ds eqdnes dk QSlyk 20&25 lky esa vkrk gS rks ml O;fä ds fy, rykd vkSj U;k; vFkZghu gks pqds gksrs gSAa dgus dk vFkZ ;g fd U;k;ky; tc dke djrs gSa rks os O;fä vkSj mldh leL;k dks çeq[krk ls ugha ns[krs] U;k; çfØ;k dks ns[krs gS]a muds fy, çfØ;k egRoiw.kZ gS] çfØ;k dks cnyus esa mudks yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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ijs'kkuh gksrh gS] dgus ds fy, tt vkns'k nsrs gSa fd lacfa /kr dsl dh lquokbZ Ng eghus esa lekIr djds QSlyk lquk fn;k tk,] ysfdu O;ogkj esa ;g pht cgqr de ?kfVr gksrh gS] blds fy, tt vkSj odhy reke fdLe dh lkaLFkkfud vM+puksa dk gokyk nsdj ekeys dks [khaprs jgrs gSAa dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS U;k; çfØ;k dSlh gS blls Hkh r; gksrk gS fd U;k; fdlds i{k esa [kM+k gSAgekjs ;gka cM+h ek=k esa lgh dkuwu gS]a csgrjhu tt vkSj odhy Hkh gS]a ysfdu U;k; çfØ;k bl rjg dh gS ogka le;cks/k utj ugha vkrkA U;k; esa ;fn le;cks/k u gks rks U;k; ej tkrk gSA ;g dguk xyr gS U;k; esa nsjh gks rks gks ysfdu U;k; rks gksA vly esa U;k; dk le;cks/k ls xgjk lac/a k gSA le; cks/k ls irk pyrk gS U;k; fdlds i{k esa [kM+k gS ¼U;k; laLFkku ds i{k esa [kM+k gksxk rks eaFkj xfr ls dke djsxk ysfdu ;fn U;k; O;fä ds i{k esa [kM+k gS rks og rhoz xfr ls dke djsxkA U;k; dh eaFkj xfr U;k; dks varr% xkS.k cuk nsrh gSA bl ifjçs{; ls ns[ksa rks U;k; esa le;cks/k dh /kkj.kk csgn egRoiw.kZ gSA dgus ds fy, vusd eqíksa ij cus dkuwuksa esa le;cks/k dk mYys[k jgrk gS fd brus le; esa lacfa /kr elys ij QSlyk gks tkuk pkfg,A ysfdu O;ogkj esa ;g pht ykxw ugha gksrhA U;k; egRoiw.kZ gS] lkFk gh U;k; çfØ;k vkSj U;k; le; Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA U;k;le; dh geus dHkh ijokg ugha dh vkSj bl Øe esa U;k; dks v/kejk dj fn;kA U;k; v/kejk u cus] blds fy, U;k; le; dk gj le; [k;ky j[kk tkuk pkfg,A U;k;ikfydk vk/kqfud cus] U;k; dk vk/kqfud vk/kkjksa ij dk;Z&O;kikj pys blds fy, t:jh gS ttksa vkSj odhyksa dh euks&lajpuk vk/kqfud] /keZfujis{k vkSj yksdrkaf=d gksA ;fn ttksa vkSj odhyksa dh euks&lajpuk vk/kqfud] /keZfujis{k vkSj yksdrkaf=d ugha gksxh rks U;k; ds pfj= ij Hkh bldk xgjk vlj gksxkA gekjs ;gka ,slh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS ftlls ge ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldsa fd ttksa vkSj odhyksa dh euks&lajpuk vk/kqfud] /keZfujis{k vkSj yksdrkaf=d cusA tt vkSj odhyksa esa ,d cM+k leqnk; gS ftldh euks&lajpuk vk/kqfud lkekftd lajpukvksa vkSj ewY;ksa ls esy ugha [kkrhA os iwo& Z vk/kqfud Hkkocks/k ds lkFk U;k; ds {ks= esa nkf[ky gksrs gSa vkSj thou i;ZUr vuk/kqfud cus jgrs gSAa blls U;k; dk y{; vkSj pfj= çHkkfor gksrk gSA yksdra= ds lanHkZ esa U;k; vkSj laL—fr ds vUrlZca /a k ds lokyksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A yksdrkaf=d ns'k gksus ds lkFk gh gekjk ns'k cgqlkaL—frd vkSj cgq/kkfeZd oSfo/; ls Hkjk gqvk gS] bl oSfo/; dk gekjh U;k; ç.kkyh ij Hkh çHkko gSA U;k; esa cgqyrkoknh lkaL—frd ifjçs{; ds fdl rjg ds loky gks ldrs gSa bu ij lkspk tkuk pkfg,A U;k;ç.kkyh esa 'kkfey O;fä fdl rjg dh i`"BHkwfe ls vk jgk gS] mldh {kerk dSlh gS ]bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS og fdl rjg dk vkpj.k djsxkA pwfa d Hkkjr esa laL—fr ds vusd :i vkSj Lrj gS]a blds dkj.k U;k;ç.kkyh esa lH;rk ds Hkh vusd Lrj gSAa bu Lrjksa dks fupyh vnkyr ls ysdj loksPZ p vnkyr rd ns[k ldrs gSAa bl Øe esa O;fä dh ^voLFkk*] yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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^{kerk* vkSj î`"BHkwfe* ij fopkj djus dh t:jr gSA blds vk/kkj ij r; gksxk fd og O;fä fdruk lwpuk laiUu vkSj Kku laiUu gSA O;fä ds ^foosd* vkSj ^rdZ* ds lzkrs dkSu ls gSa ¼og fdu vk/kkjksa ls pqurk gS½ ^foosd* vkSj ^rdZ* ds dkjdksa dks pqurs le; gekjs lekt esa ^vU;* ds fgrksa dks ojh;rk nsus ds ctk; ^futh* fgrksa dks ojh;rk nsus okyh ekufldrk vkSifuosf'kd dky ls pyh vk jgh gSA loky ;g gS ge ,d&nwljs ls D;k xzg.k djrs gSa futh LokFkZ dh Hkkouk xzg.k djrs gSa ;k lkekftd fgr dks xzg.k djrs gSAa lkekftd fgr ds utfj, ls ^foosd* vkSj ^rdZ* dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS rks lkaL—frd fLFkfr;k¡ fHkUu gksx a hA dqN yksx gSa tks ^foosd* vkSj ^rdZ* ds vk/kkj ij QkflLV ;k vf/kuk;doknh fopkj/kkjk ds i{k esa rdZ nsrs gS]a ysfdu mudks rdZ ugha dg ldrsA blh Øe esa ^cqjs rdZ* dh /kkj.kk dh l`f"V gqbZ gSA ^foosd* vkSj ^rdZ* dk lac/a k fo/oal vkSj mUekn ls dHkh ugha gks ldrkA ;gha ij ;g loky Hkh mBrk gS fd ^rdZ* dk laons uk ls D;k lac/a k gS ¼^rdZ* cqjk gS rks laons uk ds /kjkry ij ihfM+r djsxk] nq%[kh djsxk] d"V nsxkA ^rdZ* vPNk gS rks lgkuqHkwfr iSnk djsxk] —rK Hkko iSnk djsxkA laL—fr ds fuekZ.k esa ^rdZ* ,d csgrjhu vkStkj gSA loky ;g gS rdZ dk fdlfy, bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA½ rdZ dk fufgr LokFkksZa ds fy, bLrseky dj jgs gS]a vius dks lgh Bgjkus ds fy, bLrseky dj jgs gSa ;k va/kJ)k vkSj vuqÙkfjr fo'oklksa ds f[kykQ loky [kM+s djus ds fy, bLrseky dj jgs gSAa U;k; dk vk/kkj gS ^rdZ*A ^rdZ* dks lkekftd laLdkjksa vkSj lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa dk xaHkhjrk vkSj xgjkbZ ds lkFk v/;;u djus ds ckn ^x<+k* tkuk pkfg,A vFkok ftls pyrkÅ Hkk"kk esa dgrs gSa îjEijk* dk v/;;u djds ^rdZ* dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blls vPNs O;ogkj dk tUe gksrk gSA U;k;iw.kZ lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vPNk O;ogkj fdls dgrs gSa ;g r; djuk lcls tfVy dke gSA bl dke esa ^rdZ* cqfu;knh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA Hkkjr dh U;k; O;oLFkk esa lcls ewY;oku gS yksdra= vkSj /keZfujis{krkA ftrus Hkh ^rdZ* fodflr fd, tk,a os bu nks rRoksa ds cqfu;knh lao/S kkfud ifjçs{; ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr gksus pkfg,A ^rdZ* nsrs le; ;g [k;ky jgs fd dkSu ls lkekftd rRo vkSj laLdkj gzkl'khy gSa vkSj dkSu ls fodkl'khy gSAa gzkl'khy ^rdZ* dks dHkh cgl dk vk/kkj ugha cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A blls Û;k;* esa enn de feyrh gSA ftl rjg U;k; ds fy, ^rdZ* egRoiw.kZ gSa mlh rjg ^foosd* vkSj U;k; dh ijEijk,¡ ;k iwoZ QSlys Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSAa buds çfr ^p;u* dk utfj;k gksuk csgn t:jh gSA vnkyr esa tc ^rdZ* vkSj ^foosd* ds vk/kkj ij cgl gksrh gS rks ^laons uk,¡* Hkh çHkkfor gksrh gS]a laons uk,¡ Hkh lfØ; gks tkrh gSAa blls uSfrd fu.kZ; djus esa enn feyrh gSA blds gh xHkZ ls uSfrd fu.kZ; ;k U;k; ewY; dk tUe gksrk gSA ;g çfØ;k oknh&çfroknh ds rdZi.w kZ laokn ds fcuk laiUu ugha gksrhA ;gh og ewyk/kkj gS ftlds iSekuksa ls Û;k;* vkSj ^vU;k;* dk QSlyk djus esa lgwfy;r gksrh gSA eksckby % 0989153484 yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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e/; iwoZ ds fy, baVjus'kuy fØfeuy fVªC;wuy v‚Q dkWulkbal ¼cs:r esa fVªC;wuy l=] 19 vkSj 20 ebZ 2016 ½ e/; iwoZ ds fy, baVjus'kuy fØfeuy fVªC;wuy v‚Q dkWulkbal ds vfHk;kstd tujy --------------f'kdk;rdrkZ cuke 1lyeku fcu vCnqy vtht] lÅnh vjc jkT; ds jktk 2eksgEen fcu uk;sQ] lÅnh vjc jkT; ds j{kk ea=h -----------------vkjksfir dksje : tt uhyksQj Hkkxor ¼v/;{k½ tt eksgEen cDdkj tt fyfy;k lksykuks tt jkfcrk feykanh vfHk;kstd tujy % çksQl s j ¼M‚½ eksgEen rk; ;eu ds yksxksa ds odhy % fe- vy [kkfrc] fe- jQhd gkth] feutg okfde U;k; fe= % fe- lbZn vykesg] fel fejor gjkds] fel ugyk vCnksÅ ekuork ds f[kykQ ;q)jr lSU; iz'kkldksa ds lEca/k esa b.Vjus'kuy fØfeuy fVªC;wuy vkWQ dkWulkbal dk QSlyk vuqoknd&vej iz rki flag

1- e/; iwoZ ds fy, foosd dk U;k;kf/kdj.k dk dkj.k

;g dksVZ v‚Q conscience ml le; cqyk;k x;k Fkk tc dbZ jkT;ksa ds çeq[k] jktuSfrd usrkvksa vkSj bu ljdkjksa ds mPpre Lrj ds ukxfjd ,oa lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj muds nqfu;k Hkj esa QSys fuos'kdksa us viuk foosd [kks fn;k FkkA mUgha Øfed vijkf/k;ksa us oSf'od vkSj {ks=h; lSy xBca/kuksa] vijkf/k;ksa dk ra= LFkkfir fd;k rFkk gkfudkjd çHkkoksa ls eqfä ds fy, fxjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk] foÙkh; ç.kkfy;ksa rFkk d‚iksjZ Vs laifÙk dks lgkjk nsus ds fy, gkbMªkd s kcZu lalk/kuksa lfgr lalk/kuksa ds fu;a=.k rFkk dbZ {ks=ksa ds rsy o xSl ikbiykbuksa ij dCtk djus rFkk ywV dks vklku cukus ds ç;kl esa Øec) vkØked ;q)] ujlagkj] ;q) vijk/kksa vkSj ekuork ds f[kykQ vijk/kksa dks ykxw fd;k tk jgk gS ftlls yk[kksa yksxksa ds thou dks u"V fd;k tk jgk gSA lkFk gh lkFk iwjh nqfu;k esa rsy dh dherks]a foÙkh; rFkk eqæk esa çfrLi/kkZ dks ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA vjc nqfu;k

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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esa dqN ;q)ksa dks Þlkaçnkf;d ;q)ß dk uke nsdj /kks[kk fn;k tk jgk gS] tcfd ihfM+r lHkh lEçnk;ksa ls gSAa ;g le; çFke o f}rh; fo'o ;q)ksa ds le; gq, uqdlku dh ;kn fnykrk gSA gekjs ikl lp dk lkeuk djus ds flok; dksbZ fodYi ugha gS] fd nqfu;k dh dkuwuh vkSj U;k; ç.kkyh vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa NksVs ns'kksa ds yksxksa dh j{kk djus esa cqjh rjg foQy jgk gSA blds dqN viokn gSa tSls fd ckaXykns'k esa [kqn ds ukxfjdks ds ujlagkj] ;q) vijk/k rFkk ekuork ds f[kykQ ;q) tSls ekeyksa esa Vªk;y pykuk rFkk vtsVZa huk esa XokVsekyk esa gq, ujlagkj ds fy, blds iwoZ jk"Vªifr ij Vªk;y pykus rFkk gky gh esa dqN yksxks]a tks vHkh Hkh ftank gS]a ij Þv‚ijs'ku dkSUMksjß ds rgr vR;kpkj] gR;k rFkk xk;c djus ds vkjksiksa esa nks"kh ik;k x;k gSA lqj{kk ifj"kn }kjk jokaMk] ;qxksLyksokfd;k rFkk vU; ds fy, xfBr fo'ks"k U;k;kf/kdj.k ds Vªk;Yl dks dqN U;k;fonksa }kjk ;g dgdj HkRlZuk dh xbZ fd lqj{kk ifj"kn esa çeq[k ukVks lnL;ksa ds Hkw jktuSfrd fgrksa dks lk/kus esa enn dj jgs gSAa tcfd varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/k U;k;ky; us ÞvkØked ;q) 'kq: djusß ds vijk/k dks vius dkuwu esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k gS gkyk¡fd flQkfj'k dh xbZ gS] ckotwn blds rF; ;g gS fd uwjseoxZ fl)kar dks lkekU; lHkk çLrko 95¼1½ esa 11 fnlEcj 1946 dks viuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj ^jus cogens* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vFkkZr ;g vfuok;Z :i ls ikyu djus okys vkn'kZ varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu gSa tks lHkh jkT;ksa ij ykxw gSa vkSj loZ= çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu ds fl)kar dks Lohdkj djrk gSA varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/k U;k;ky; us viuk vf/kdkj {ks= mu ns'kksa rd lhfer dj fn;k gS ftUgksua s blds dkuwuksa ij gLrk{kj fd, gSa blh rjg varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; ds ikl Hkh vf/kdkj {ks= dk vHkko gSA varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/k U;k;ky; vÝhdk ds ekeyksa ij eq[; :i ls /;ku dsæa hr dj jgk gS] vkSj vejhdk }kjk lapkfyr ukVks xBca/ku vkSj mlds {ks=h; lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk fd, x, xaHkhj ;q) vijk/kksa dks utjvankt djrs dbZ ns'k lEiw.kZ :i ls u"V gks x, gSa ;q) ds ifj.kke Lo:i vkcknh vkarfjd :i ls ;k varjkZ"Vªh; lhekvksa ds ikj foLFkkfir gks xbZ gSA ,sfrgkfld lPpkbZ dks nckrs gq, fd ;wjksi esa vkfFkZd vHkko] mRihM+u vkSj /kkfeZd ;q) ls cprs gq, yxHkx pkj 'krkfCn;ksa ls T;knk rd Lons'kh yksxksa ls vkckn egk}hi nwljh ckj 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds :i esa ihfM+r gq, gSAa yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(9)

1-2

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1-4

22-1

bl 'kwU; es]a ywVikV] fouk'k] tula[;k âkl] fo[kafMr rFkk lSU; ;k fdlh vU; rjhds ls iquxZfBr grk'k ns'kksa ds yksxksa ds fy, vnkyrksa ;k ^foosd dk U;k;kf/kdj.k gh ,dek= miyC/k eap gS lp dks vafdr djus ds fy,] foosd dks iquthZfor djus ds fy,A okLrfod ihfM+r gj txg gS]a ;q) NsMu+ s okys ns'kksa vkSj ihfM+r ns'kksa dks fnokfy;k dj nsrk gS] gks x, gSAa bl fopkj.k dh i`"BHkwfe ;g gS fd ,d lSU; xBca/ku vçR;{k ;k çR;{k :i ls ,d vkØked ;q) bl {ks= esa pyk jgs gSa] vjc yksxksa ds lalk/kuksa dks ywVus ds fy,] bZjkd ij vkØked geyk djus ds fy,] ftuesa ls lHkh vkØked ;q) NsMu+ ]s ¼çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls½] vkSj vU; vijk/kksa ds mÙkjnk;h gSAa gkyk¡fd bl fopkj.k esa lyeku fcu vCnqy vtht] lÅnh vjc ds jktk vkSj eksgEen fcu uk;sQ] lÅnh vjc ds j{kk ea=h vfHk;qDr gS]a ftuesa ;q) vkSj 'kkfUr LFkkfir djus dh lEiw.kZ 'kfä fufgr gSA ¼tSlk fd vfHk;kstd tujy rFkk ;eu] bZjkd] lhfj;k vkSj yscuku ds vf/koäkvksa }kjk fyf[kr esa bl U;k;kf/kdj.k esa vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;k gSA½ uwjse oxZ U;k;kf/kdj.k ds lk{;ksa ds fu;eksa dk bl fVªC;wuy esa ikyu fd;k x;k gS D;ksfa d lkFk gh lkFk ;g ;q)xzLr {ks= gS vkSj iw.kZ :i ls cjckn] vjktd] 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds >q.M ls Hkjk gqvk gS vkSj lapkj rFkk ukxfjd thou bl {ks= esa fo?kfVr gSA ;g oSlk gh gS tSls ;wjksi rFkk ,f'k;k vkSj vÝhdk ds dqN Hkkx f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds ifj.kke Lo:i Fks] tc lg;ksxh 'kfä;ksa }kjk U;wjEs cxZ rFkk VksD;ks esa ;q) vijk/k fVªC;wuy dh LFkkiuk dh x;h FkhA ntZ dh xbZ vfHk;ksx dh ç—fr nks foLr`r f'kdk;rsa vfHk;kstd tujy çksQl s j eksgEen rS; }kjk U;kf/kdj.k esa ntZ dh xbZ gSAa igyh f'kdk;r ihfM+rksa vkSj ;eu ds yksxksa dh vksj ls vkØked ;q) NsMu+ s ds lEcU/k esa ntZ djkbZ xbZ gSA nksuksa vkjksfi;ksa }kjk ujlagkj] ;q) vijk/k] ekuork ds f[kykQ vijk/k rFkk 1954 esa laL—frd lEink laj{k.k ij gq, gsx dUos'a ku rFkk vU; dUos'a ku dk ;eu esa mYya?kuA nwljh f'kdk;r yscuku] bZjkd vkSj lhfj;k ds yksxksa dh vksj ls bUgha vkjksfi;ksa ds f[kykQ ntZ djkbZ xbZ gSA tks vkbZ,lvkbZ,l@vkbZ,lvkbZ,y/nk,'k vkSj vy uqljk ÝaV vkSj buds tSls laxBuksa dh 'kSrkuh xfrfof/k;ksa ls lEcaf/kr gSA bu ns'kksa es]a lÅnh vjc jkT; ds jktk vkSj blds j{kk ea=h] blds lg;ksfx;ks]a }kjk bu vkradh yM+kdksa dks gfFk;kj] çf'k{k.k] /ku vkSj

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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foÙkiks"k.k ds fy, ,d vijk/kh lkft'k dks vatke nsus vkSj bu ns'kksa esa çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k ;q) NsMu+ s ] ekSr] fouk'k vkSj rckgh djus ds fy, lkekftd :i ls fiNM+u]s ccZj vijk/kksa ds lkFk ;g {ks= HkkM+s ds vkradh Þogkch laxBuksßa vkSj dqN ns'kksa dh fo'ks"k lsukvksa ds fu;a=.k esa gS tgk¡ ukxfjdksa ds lkFk&lkFk MîwVh ij rSukr lSfudksa ij vR;f/kd vkSj vlH; vR;kpkj gks jgs gSAa ,d vHkwriwoZ iSekus ij ekuo vkSj ;kSu xqykeh lfgr lsDl xqyke ds :i esa efgyk cPpksa dk foØ; ukxfjdksa dks ca/kd cukuk vkSj vYila[;dksa dh gR;k djuk] ukxfjd dSfn;ksa dks vkrafd;ksa }kjk dSn fd;k tkuk] vkradokfn;ks]a tks [kqn dks [kyhQk gksus dk gokyk nsrs gS]a ds }kjk vU; ccZj] u`'kal vijk/kksa ds chp] 'kkjhfjd rkSj ij vaxHkax vkSj 'koksa dks vifo= djrs gS]a vly esa HkkM+s ds ;s yM+kds lHkh egk}hiksa ls gksrs gS]a ftuesa vjc nqfu;k] ;wjksi ds lkFk ,f'k;k] vÝhdk vkSj vejhdk ds dqN Hkkx 'kkfey gS]a tks fd lcls vPNh vkSj çfrHkk'kkyh ljdkjksa }kjk çf'kf{kr gS(a bu rhuksa ns'kksa bjkd] ;eu vkSj lhfj;k esa lkaL—frd vkSj /kkfeZd fofo/krk dh ,sfrgkfld ;knksa dks feVkus ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij vifo=rk vkSj ,sfrgkfld vkSj iqjkrkfRod lkaL—frd laifÙk;ksa dh ywVikV( iwjs {ks= dks VqdM+s esa ck¡Vus nwljs vkSifuosf'kd LdkbZ&fidksV vuqc/a k dks iquxZfBr djus dk ,d ç;kl fd;k x;kA vkjksih vkSj lÅnh vjc jkT; ds loksPZ p ukxfjd vkSj lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj mlds lg;ksxh nyks]a us Lo;a ds y?kq vof/k ds fgr esa Li"V vkSj ekStnw [krjs dks utjankt djrs gq, Lons'kh vjc yksxksa ds f[kykQ ,f'k;k] vÝhdk vkSj e/; rFkk nf{k.k vejhdk ds ns'kksa ds yksxksa ds nq'euksa ds lkFk lg;ksx fd;k dksbZ ,sfrgkfld ;kn u gksrs gq,] fd muds laj{kd usrkvksa ds çR;{k iwot Z vkSj lhfer yksxksa ls pyus okys dqyhurkaf=d ukVks us mÙkj vejhdk rFkk vU; egk}hiksa ds lEiw.kZ bykds ij dCtk djus ds fy, izR;sd laf/k djkj rksM+ Mkyk Fkk tks vkSifuosf'kd }kjk ewy vejhfd;ksa vkSj vU; Lons'kh yksxksa ds lkFk dh x;ha Fkh rksM+ Mkyk FkkA ;g U;k;kf/kdj.k foosdh; fVªC;wuy gksrs gq, vk¡[k ij iêh ck¡/k dj dke ugha djrk- dqN 'kfä;ksa }kjk {ks=ksa vkSj lalk/kuksa dks gM+ius ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laf/k;ksa ds ckj&ckj mYya?ku ij U;kf;d laKku ysuk vko';d gks x;k gSA vDlj iM+kl s h ;k çfrfuf/k ljdkjksa ;k tutkfr;ksa ds lkFk xBca/ku Hkh 21oha lnh esa ,d ckj fQj ls mu uhfr;ksa dks viukus dh t:jr vk iM+h gSA

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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3-1

4¼d½

¼[k½

¼x½

¼?k½

fVªC;wuy ds le{k tks nks f'kdk;rsa ntZ djk;h x;h gSa og oLrqxr vyx gSAa çLrqfr;k¡ vkSj lcwr nks vyx&vyx Vªk;y l= esa ntZ gks jgs gSAa QyLo:i] geus nks vyx&vyx QSlys lquk;s gS]a ,d ;eu vkSj nwljk lhfj;k] bZjkd vkSj yscuku ij ftuesa dqN vuq'kalk,a nksuksa ekeyksa ij ykxw gksrh gSAa lÅnh vjc }kjk gLrk{kfjr ekuoh; dkuwu ds fo"k; ij gqbZ lHkkvksa vkSj vU; lEesyuksa ij f'kdk;rksa esa cgl bl Vªk;y esa egÙo j[kus okys vU; lEesyuksa ds chp lÅnh vjc us dqN ;q) dkuwuksa ij gq, varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyuksa vkSj dqN varjkZ"Vªh; ekuork dkuwuksa ls lEcaf/kr lEesyuksa dks vuqeksfnr fd;k gSA vHkh rd vkjksih bu lEesyuksa dk iw.kZ mYya?ku dj jgs gSAa gkyk¡fd fu"i{krk ds lkFk ;g Hkh dguk pkfg, fd lÅnh vjc gh vdsyk la;ä q jk"Vª lnL; ugha gS tks orZeku esa vkØked ;q) NsM+ jgk gSA vkjksfi;ksa ds f[kykQ vkjksi vfHk;kstd tujy }kjk ;eu ds yksxksa dh vksj ls fuEufyf[kr vkjksi nksuksa vkjksfi;ksa ij yxk;s x, gS& a U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl tks fd General Assembly ua 95¼1½ 1946 vkSj la;ä q jk"Vª ds pkVZj ds vuqPNsn 2¼4½ }kjk viuk;k x;k gS ds vuqPNsn VI (a)(i) vkSj vuqPNsn VI (a)(ii) bls vuqPNsn iii ds lkFk i<+]a s dk mYya?ku djrs gq, ;eu ij vkØked ;q) dks NsMk+ tkukA 1948 ds ujlagkj vijk/k ds jksdFkke vkSj ltk ij gq, lEeysu ds vuqPNsn ii (c)] bls vuqPNsn iii(a) ds lkFk i<+]as dh ifjf/k esa ^vFkkZr tkucw>dj ;eu ds yksxksa ds thou dks lksp le>dj iw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd :i esa HkkSfrd uqdlku igqp ¡ kukA U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl ds vuqPNsn VI (b), 1899 vkSj 1907 ds gsx lEeysu ds vfuok;Z çko/kkuks]a ?kk;y vkSj chekj lSfudksa ds bykt ij gq, ftusok lEeysu 1] 1949 esa ;q) ds le; ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kk ij gq, ftusok lEeysu IV] ftusok lEeysu 1949 ij 1977 ds vfrfjä fu;e 1 vkSj çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; ekuoh; dkuwu ds fl)karksa ds mYya?ku ds rgr ;q) vijk/k djukA U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl ds vuqNns VI¼c½] 1907 ds gsx lEeysu] ftusok lEeysu 1949] ftusok lEeysu 1949 ij 1977 ds vfrfjä fu;e 1 vkSj çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; ekuoh; dkuwu ds fl)karksa ds mYya?ku ds rgr ekuork ds f[kykQ vijk/k djukA

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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1907 ds gsx lEeysu] ftusok lEeysu 1949] ftusok lEeysu 1949 ij 1977 ds vfrfjä fu;e 1] gsx ds vfuok;Z çko/kkuks]a lSU; Vdjkoksa ds le; lkaL—frd lEink ds cpko ij gq, lEeysu] 1954 vkSj mlds 1954 vkSj 1999 ds fu;e] vkSj çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; ekuoh; dkuwu ds fl)karksa ds mYya?ku ds rgr lkaL—frd lEink dks u"V djukA vkØked ;q) NsMu+ k U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl tks fd 11 fnlEcj 1946 ds General Assembly ua 95¼1½ }kjk viuk;k x;k gS ds vuqPNsn VI (a)(i½ vkSj vuqPNsn VI (a)(ii½] tks loZ= tl dkstUs l uke ls ekU;rk çkIr gS] varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu dk ,d vuqYya?kuh; ekud gS] vkSj çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu dk :i gS- ÞrS;kjh] 'kq#okr ;k vkØked ;q) dks lapkfyr djuk ;k varjkZ"Vªh; laf/k;ks]a le>kSrksa vkSj oknksa dk mYya?ku djrs gq, ;q) ;k bu —R;ksa esa lkft'k vkSj feyhHkxr dks vijk/k crkrk gSAß U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl dk vuqPNsn iii fdlh O;fä dks dsoy blfy, vkijkf/kd nkf;Ro ds naM ls eqä ugha djrk] D;ksfa d og O;fä fdlh jkT; dk çeq[k ;k ftEesnkj ljdkjh vf/kdkjh gSA ;wjes cxZ fçafliYl lHkh jkT; çeq[kks]a ukxfjd vkSj lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, ck/;dkjh gSA U;k;kf/kdj.k ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd og bl ckr ij tksj ns fd la;ä q jk"Vª dk pkVZj ,d ,slh laf/k gS tks lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ij ck/;dkjh gSA nksuksa vkjksih tks lÅnh vjc jktrU= ds jkT; çeq[k vkSj j{kk ea=h gS]a la;ä q jk"Vª ds lnL; gS]a la;ä q jk"Vª ds pkVZj ds mYya?ku ds naM ls dksbZ eqfä ugha feysxh] tks vuqPNsn 2¼4½ }kjk funsfZ 'kr gS fd –

Þla;ä q jk"Vª ds lHkh lnL; ns'kksa dks fdlh ns'k dh {ks=h; v[kaMrk vkSj jktuSfrd Lora=rk] ;k fdlh Hkh rjhds ls la;ä q jk"Vª ds mís';ksa ds f[kykQ /kedh ;k cy ç;ksx ls cpuk gksxkAß 5-2

fVªC;wuy us lcwrksa dh tk¡p ds ckn vkSj ¼dHkhdl D;wjh] U;k; fe= ds }kjk Lohdkj½ lÅnh vjc ds mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkoZtfud vkSj vkf/kdkfjd viuk, x,] c;kukas ds vk/kkj ij] ofj"B vf/koäk vykesg us dgk] ;eu ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr vkfcn jkcks ealjw gknh us lÅnh vjc dh l'kL= cyksa dh lgk;rk dh ek¡x dh Fkh] vkjksfi;ksa dh vksj ls nh xbZ bl nyhy dks çkbek fcie ds vk/kkj ij udkjk tkrk gS D;ksfa d fjdkM~lZ ds vuqlkj rF; ;g gS fd vkfcn jkcks ealjw gknh ml le; jk"Vªifr ugha Fks tc lÅnh vjc dh xBca/ku lsukvksa }kjk

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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5-3

l'kL= gLr{ksi 'kq: gqvk FkkA vkfcn jkcks ealjw gknh vkf/kdkfjd :i ls 7 uoacj 2014 dks jk"Vªifr in ls gV x, FksA dbZ nkSj dh jktuSfrd okrkZvksa rFkk vkUnksyuksa ds ckn vkSj mlh fnu [kkfyn cgkg ds usrR` o esa ubZ ljdkj dk xBu gqvkA iwoZ jk"Vªifr vkfcn jkcks ealjw gknh ^ihl vkSj ikVZujf'ki le>kSr*s ls eqdj x, tks fd ;eu dh lHkh ikfVZ;ksa vkSj vkanksyuksa ds e/; fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj vkSipkfjd :i ls tuojh 2015 esa bLrhQk ns fn;k] 21 Qjojh 2015 dks jkt/kkuh luk dks NksMd + j vnu pys x,] 26 ekpZ 2015 dks lÅnh vjc ds fy, jokuk gks x,A ;g rF; crkrs gSa fd iwoZ jk"Vªifr vkfcn jkcks ealjw gknh us ;eu ds jk"Vªifr in ls bLrhQk ns fn;k Fkk vkSj mudks vkjksfirksa vkSj lÅnh vjc o xBca/ku lsukvksa ls enn ek¡xus dk dksbZ oS/kkfud ;k lao/S kkfud vf/kdkj ugha FkkA lcwrksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd vkjksfir vkSj lg;ksxh xBca/ku tks ;q) lapkfyr dj jgs Fks vkSj og ns'k tks fNidj [kqfQ;k vkSj lSU; lykgsa lÅnh vjc dks ;q) lapkfyr djus ds fy, ns jgs Fks os U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl ds vkØked ;q) NsMu+ s ds f[kykQ vuqPNsn VI(a)(i) vkSj vuqPNsn VI(a)(ii) vkSj la;ä q jk"Vª pkVZj ds dqN t:jh fl)karks]a fd la;ä q jk"Vª dk dksbZ lnL; ns'k la;ä q jk"Vª ds lnL; fdlh nwljs ns'k dh {ks=h; v[kaMrk vkSj jktuSfrd Lora=rk ds f[kykQ [krjk ugha iSnk djsxk u gh cy dk ç;ksx djsxk] dk mYya?ku fd;kA ;q) dks 'kq: djus dh lHkh 'kfä;k¡ lÅnh vjc dh jkt'kkgh es]a vkjksfir uacj 1 tks fd jkT; dk çeq[k gS vkSj vkjksfir uacj 2 tks fd lÅnh vjc ds j{kk ea=h gSa vkSj jktk ds ckn lsuk dks funs'Z k nsus ds mPpre vf/kdkjh gS]a esa fufgr gSAa çLrqfr;ksa ds vuqlkj lÅnh vjc ,d iw.kZ jkt'kkgh gSA U;k; fe= bl fLFkfr ls budkj ugha djrk gSA bl eqís ls vyx fd vkfcn jkcks ealjw gknh ds ikl gLr{ksi djus dh çkFkZuk djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha Fkk] ,d vlk/kkj.k O;fä ljdkjh@ dSfcusV@ jktuSfrd ifj"kn~ dk çfrfuf/k] vius gh ns'k dks cckZn djus ds fy, bl rjg ds l'kL= gLr{ksi@enn dh ekax ugha dj ldrk] tks fd bl ç—fr dk gks] tks fd çLrqfr;ksa vkSj lcwrksa ds vuqlkj ,d vkØked vkSj va/kk/kq/a k ;q) gSA ;eu dh ukxfjd vkcknh ij ce fxjkus dh dkjZokbZ lfgr vkSj nwljs ns'kksa dks ;eu ds gkbMªkd s kcZu lalk/kuksa vkSj j.kuSfrd {ks=ksa ij fu;a=.k nsus ds mís'; ls vkjksfirksa vkSj mlds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk Øwj vkSj va/kk/kq/a k gokbZ geyksa ls cpus ds fy, ;eu ds yksxksa ds ikl dksbZ cpko gfFk;kj ugha FkkA vkjksfirksa us la;ä q

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(14)

5-4&

jkT; vejhdk o fczVus vkfn dh daifu;ksa ds cus lkewfgd fcuk'k ds gfFk;kjksa dk ç;ksx fd;kA çysf[kr rF; vkSj lcwr ;g [kqyklk djrs gSa fd vkjksfirksa ds vkns'kkuqlkj lÅnh vjc dh l'kL= lsukvksa us ;eu ij geyk fd;k] tcfd okrkZ la;ä q jk"Vª ds rRok/kku esa gks jgh FkhA teky fcu vksej] ;eu ds fy, la;ä q jk"Vª ds iwoZ e/;LFk] us 15 ebZ 2015 dks ,d lk{kkRdkj esa crk;k fd

Þ;eu ds nlksa ny foæksfg;ksa ds lkFk lÙkk ds caVokjs ds ,d le>kSrs dh dxkj ij Fks] tc 26 ekpZ 2015 dks lÅnh vjc us ;eu ij igyk ce fxjk;k Fkk-ß 6& 6-1

6-2

6-3

ujlagkj ujlagkj ds vijk/k ds jksdFkke vkSj ltk lEeysu 1948 ds vuqPNsn II(c) ds vuqlkj ÞvFkkZr tkucw>dj yksxksa ds thou dks lksp le>dj iw.kZ ;k Hkkx esa HkkSfrd uk'k fd;k x;kß mijksä lEeysu dk vuqPNsn III ujlagkj] ujlagkj djus ds "kMîa= vkSj ujlagkj esa feyhHkxr dks vijk/k crkrk gSA ;eu esa ukxfjdksa ij] iq#"kks]a efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ij gqbZ ceckjh vkSj iwjs ukxfjd <k¡ps dks /oLr djus dh tehuh Lrj dh ohfM;ks fVªC;wuy esa vkf/kdkfjd :i ls ntZ gqbZ gSA C;kSjk nsrs gq,] tSls fd ?kVuk LFky ij lk{kkRdkj] ekjs x, O;fä;ksa dh la[;k vkSj igpku fo'ks"k ceckjh vfHk;ku ftudh [kcjsa varjkZ"Vªh; ehfM;k lesr ehfM;k esa vkbZAa buesa ls fdlh Hkh ceckjh dh fjiksVZ vkSj ohfM;ks dk [kaMu vkjksfirksa dh vksj ls fdlh vkf/kdkfjd çoäk us ugha fd;kA ohfM;ksl dh iqf"V Nk=ksa vkSj i=dkjksa }kjk ekSf[kd lcwr ds rkSj ij 'kiFk ysrs gq, fVªC;wuy ds le{k nh xbZ gSA ;g dgrs gSa fd muds vkSj muds laxBuksa ds fy, fo/oal dk v‚fM;ks vkSj ohfM;ks fjd‚MZ djuk egRoiw.kZ FkkA vkjksfirksa ds vkns'k ij ;eu esa iw.kZ :i ls gokbZ] lM+d vkSj leqæh lapkj ckf/kr fd;k x;k FkkA Vsyhfotu pSuYl ij ceckjh dh xbZ vkSj jsfM;ks vkSj vU; lapkj ek/;eksa dks ckf/kr dj fn;k x;kA muds ikl ;eu ds yksxksa ds lkFk gks jgs vR;kpkj vkSj ujlagkj dk [kqyklk ckgjh nqfu;k esa djus ds fy, dksbZ vkSj ek/;e ugha cpk FkkA ;eu ij gqbZ ceckjh ds pkj xokg ;kák vy 'kghnh] vCny ekfyd vy eqrkofdy] vyh vy ek#uh] líke vy [kknkeh] ;eu ds ukxfjd] us ukxfjd vkcknh ij va/kk/kq/a k ceckjh ds ckjs esa lcwr fn,

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(15)

6-4

6-5

gSAa gmrh vkSj xSj gmrh lHkh ij] gkyk¡fd gmrh {ks=ksa dks igys fu'kkuk cuk;k gSAa ?kj] edku] cktkj] vLirky vkSj esfMdy Dyhfud] Ldwy lesr LiksVl ~Z d‚yst] d‚yst] fo'ofo|ky;] ty lap;] Ms;jh] QkeZ vkSj v‚Dlhtu flfyaMj] [kkuk] nok o cksrycan ikuh cukus okyh lesr fuekZ.k bdkb;ksa ij ceckjh dh xbZA [kk| ls Hkjs gq, xksnkeksa ij ceckjh dh xbZ] lkFk gh lkFk ekuoh; dkfQyksa vkSj bZ/ku vkiwfrZ lfgr t:jh vkiwfrZ;ksa ij Hkh ceckjh dh xbZA dbZ {ks=ksa esa ikuh vkSj fctyh dh vkiwfrZ ds <k¡ps ij ceckjh dh xbZA bu xokgksa us iqf"V dh fd ;eu dk iw.kZ :i ls lM+dks]a leqæ vkSj gok ls lEidZ rksM+ fn;k x;k vkSj lHkh vkiwfrZ ekxksZa tSls fd lHkh lM+dks]a canjxkgksa vkSj gokbZ vìksa ij lÅnh vjc dh ok;q lsuk vkSj ty lsuk }kjk ukSlfS ud ukdscna h vkSj gkSfn;kg canjxkg esa fuekZ.k lkexzh rFkk Øsuksa lesr vU; lHkh canjxkgksa ij ceckjh dh xbZA bl lcwr dh iqf"V la;ä q jk"Vª esa ;eu ds fy, fo'ks"k nwr vksmYM fp,d vgen lesr la;ä q jk"Vª ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds c;ku djrs gS]a vkSj psrkouh nsrs gSa fd ;eu Hkq[kejh ds dxkj ij gS vkSj 80 izfr'kr ;euh ;kuh 2-1 fefy;u ls T;knk ;efu;ksa dks csrgk'kk vkSj rRdky ekuoh; lgk;rk dh t:jr gS] 13 fefy;u yksx [kkus dh deh ls ihfM+r gSa rFkk tyk'k;ksa vkSj cksrycan ikuh dh QSfDVª;ksa ij ceckjh dh otg ls 9-4 fefy;u yksx ikuh dh deh ls tw> jgs gSAa ;wfulsQ ds çoäk ds vuqlkj ikuh dh deh ^chekfj;ksa dk ços'k }kj gS* vkSj 8 cPps çfrfnu ekjs tk jgs gSa ;k viax gks jgs gS]a ceckjh dh otg ls 10 fefy;u cPpksa dks rRdky ekuoh; lgk;rk dh t:jr gSA vLirkyksa vkSj Dyhfudksa ij ceckjh ds QyLo:i 15-2 fefy;u yksxksa dh igqp ¡ cqfu;knh LokLF; lsokvksa rd ugha gS] pkgs og ukxfjd gksa ;k lSfud gksa vkSj 1-8 fefy;u cPpksa esa xaHkhj dqiks"k.k ik;k x;k gS tcfd 5-2 fefy;u cPpksa esa laØked jksxksa dk [krjk gSA fVªC;wuy ds le{k tks ekSf[kd lk{; is'k fd;s x, gSa vkSj la;ä q jk"Vª ,tsfa l;ksa vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa us ;eu ds tehuh gkykrksa ij tks is'k dh gS] langs ds ijs gS fd vkjksfi;ksa vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa us xBca/ku dj ;eu esa ;q) lapkfyr fd;kA ceckjh] gokbZ] lM+d o ukSlfS ud ukdscna h Li"V rkSj ij ;q) dh ,d vkijkf/kd j.kuhfr FkhA ftlls Hkq[kejh o vdky iSnk djus dh] thou dks cpk, j[kus vkSj thou ds vf/kdkj dh U;wure vkSj t:jh vko';drkvksa ls yksxksa dks oafpr fd;k x;kA

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(16)

6-6

7& 7-1

7-2

7-3

7-4

varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/kd dkuwu ds fl)karksa ftlds rgr usrk ¼jktuSfrd o lSU;½ {ks= esa lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds vkpj.k o vkns'kksa ds fy, dkuwuh :i ls ftEesnkj gSa tks fd U;wjes cxZ o VksD;ks Vªk;Yl ds ewY;ksa ls LFkkfir gSA çfrdwy çHkko Mkys fcuk U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl dk vuqPNsn III dgrk gS fd 'kkafr ds f[kykQ vijk/kksa ds ekeys esa jkT; ds çeq[kksa vkSj mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa dks dksbZ jkgr çnku ugha dh tk ldrhA ;q) vijk/k fVªC;wuy vafdr lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrk gS fd vkjksfirksa }kjk ;eu ds yksxksa ds f[kykQ fn, x, vkijkf/kd vkØked ;q) ¼lHkh ;q) dh dk;Zokb;ks½a ds çR;{k vkns'kks]a lÅnh vjc }kjk usrR` o fd, tk jgs xBca/ku }kjk pkgs og Fky ij] leqæ ls ;k gok ls] ftlus ekjk] ?kk;y fd;k ;k ukxfjd turk dks pksV igqp ¡ kbZ ;k pkgs ;euh turk dh l'kL= VqdfM+;ksa dks ?kk;y fd;k] tks vius ns'k dh j{kk dj jgh Fkha] tks varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu vkSj la;ä q jk"Vª ds pkVZj ds rgr mudk vkRej{kk dk vf/kdkj gS] vkSj laifÙk rFkk ;eu vkSj bldh turk ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks u"V djrk gS] U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl ds vuqPNsn VI(b) dk mYya?ku djrs gq, ,d ;q) vijk/k gSA ;g fVªC;wuy bl ckr dks nksgjkrh gS fd lÅnh vjc dk jktuSfrd ra= iw.kZ :i ls ,d jkt'kkgh gSA vkjksfir uEcj 1] lÅnh vjc jkT; dk jktk vkSj jkT; çeq[k ftlus çR;{k :i ls ;q) lapkfyr djus dk vkns'k fn;k] vkjksfir uacj 2] tks j{kk ea=h gS] vkSj bl vkns'k ds cnys mlus ukxfjd o lSU; mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa tks vfHk;ku 'kq: djus ds ftEesnkj Fks] dks vkns'k fn,A ,d lnh ls T;knk igys] tehu ij ;q) ds fu;eksa o dkuwuksa ij 1907 esa gq, gsx lEeysu ¼gsx IV½ Li"V djrk gS fd ÞmPp laidZ ny Li"V :i ls vçR;kf'kr ekeyksa dk bjknk ugha gS] lSU; dekaMjksa }kjk foosdk/khu fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, NksM+ fn;kA ekeys tks muds }kjk viuk, x, fu;eksa esa 'kkfey ugha gS]a vfuoklh vkSj ;q) jkT; lqj{kk vkSj ns'k ds dkuwuh fl)karksa ds v/khu jgsx a ]s ifj.kke ds :i esa lHkh yksxksa ds chp LFkkfir dkuwuksa ds ç;ksx vkSj turk dk 'kklu gksukAÞ tehu ij ;q) ds fu;eksa o dkuwuksa ij 1907 esa gq, gsx lEeysu dk vuqPNsn 22 vknsf'kr djrk gS fd Þ;q) jkT; dks nq'eu dks ?kk;y djus ds lk/ku viukus dk vf/kdkj vlhfer ugha gSÞ] blh lEeysu dk vuqPNsn 23 ;q) jkT; dks fu"ks/k djrk gS ÞxSj t:jh ihM+k igqp ¡ kus ds fy, gfFk;kj] çkstDs Vkby ;k vU; phtksa dk bfPNr bLrseky ugha

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(17)

dj ldrk gSßA blh lEeysu ds vuqPNsn 25 ds vuqlkj Þ geyk ;k ceckjh ¼fdlh Hkh :i es½a fdlh vjf{kr] cpkojfgr xk¡o ;k edkuksa ij fuf"k) gSAß varjkZ"Vªh; ekuoh; dkuwu ds dqN varjkZ"Vªh; ekuoh; ¼dSfa czt çsl½ fu;eksa dh lwph ftuesa ls dqN ;eu esa gq, ;q) ij ykxw gS]a dh çfrfyfi çLrqr dh tk jgh gS %& fu;e 1: tax ds nksuksa i{k gj le; ukxfjdksa vkSj yM+kdksa ds chp QdZ djsAa geyk flQZ yM+kdksa ds f[kykQ gksxkA geyk ukxfjdksa ds f[kykQ ugha gksxkA fu;e 2: fgalk dh /kefd;k¡] dk;Z ftudk eq[; dk;Z turk ds e/; vkrad QSykuk gks] fuf"k) gSAa fu;e 7: tax ds i{k ¼gj le;½ ukxfjd o lSU; mís';ksa esa QdZ djsAa fu;e 11: va/kk/kq/a k geys fu"ks) gSAa fu;e 12: va/kk/kq/a k geys fuEu ifjHkkf"kr gSa %& ¼d½ tks fdlh lSU; mís'; dh rjQ u bafxr djrs gksAa ¼[k½ yM+kbZ dk dksbZ rjhdk ;k ek/;e tks fdlh fof'k"V lSU; mís'; dh rjQ u gks] ;k ¼x½ yM+kbZ dk dksbZ rjhdk ;k ek/;e ftldk çHkko varjkZ"Vªh; ekuork fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djrk gksA 7-5 Øfed ;q) lapkfyr djuk] ;g jktuSfrd usrkvksa vkSj bldk lg;ksx djus okys foÙkh; fgrksa ds vijk/khdj.k vkSj ccZjrk dk çfrfcEc gS] ftls ,d lnh igys lH; varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; us fuf"k) vkSj ;q) vijk/k ekuk Fkk vius lykgdkj dh jk; esa ^/kedh dh oS/krk ;k ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dk ç;ksx* ¼vkbZlhts fjiksVl ~Z 1996½] bl dkuwu dks varjkZ"Vªh; ekuork dkuwu dh laKk nh Fkh] lkoZHkkSfed :i ls varjkZ"Vªh; çFkkxr dkuwu ds :i esa ekU;rk çkIr] gsx lEeysu 1899 vkSj 1907] U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl] 1949 ds pkj ftusok lEeysu] 1977 ds ftusok lEeysu ds vfrjä fu;e 1 rFkk vU; lEesyuksa dks ckj&ckj lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj ftUgksua s lÅnh vjc ds lSU; cyksa ds lkFk lSU; vfHk;kuksa ds lapkyu ds fy, fNidj lSU; vkSj [kqfQ;k lykgdkjksa dh fLFkfr fu/kkZfjr dh] ds }kjk mYya?ku fd;k x;kA 7-6 ;gk¡ ij Hkkjh lcwr] dM+h esgur ls bdB~Bk fd;s x, ohfM;ks vkSj v‚fM;ks fjd‚fMax Z ] ftudh iqf"V xokgksa us dh gS] ;eu esa gq, O;kid ;q) vijk/kksa ds gSAa O;fä;ksa vkSj ;eu ds ekuokf/kdkj laxBuksa us viuh tku dh ijokg u djrs gq, vius thou dks [krjs esa Mky dj ceckjh] txgksa dh tkudkjh] gfFk;kjksa ds çdkj] ds lcwrksa dks fjd‚MZ yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(18)

7-7

7-8

fd;k] ftudh iqf"V la;ä q jk"Vª dh ,tsfa l;ksa ds fjiksVl ~Z vkSj c;kuks]a deZpkfj;ksa vkSj vU; ekuoh; laxBuksa }kjk dh xbZ gSA ;g Lohd`r fLFkfr gS fd lÅnh vjc] la;ä q jkT; vejhdk ¼tks mu ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSa tks lkewfgd gfFk;kjksa dh lIykbZ lÅnh vjc jkT; dks dj jgs Fks½ vkSj ;eu us 2008 esa lkewfgd gfFk;kjksa ds mRiknu] mi;ksx] gLrkarj.k vkSj Hk.Mkj.k dks fuf"k) djus okys lEeysu dks eatjw h ugha nh FkhA ogha nwljh rjQ bl lEeysu ds ,d lSdM+k ns'k ikVhZ cus Fks vkSj vU; 19 ns'kksa us bl ij gLrk{kj fd, FksA ;g rF; fd lÅnh vjc bl lEeysu dh ikVhZ ugha Fkk mls lÅnh ok;q lsuk vkSj Fky lsuk }kjk fd, x, ;q) vijk/kks]a ukxfjdksa ij lkewfgd gfFk;kjksa }kjk vU/kk/kq/a k ceckjh] ls ekQh ugha nsrk gSA ?kj] edku] vLirky] Ldwy]d‚yst] fo'ofo|ky;] QSfDVª;k¡] QkeZ] efLtn lesr iwjs ;eu esa ukxfjd <kaps ij ceckjh dh xbZA 1907 dk gsx lEeysu] pkSFkk ftusok lEeysu 1949] vkSj ftusok lEeysu 1949 ds fy, 1977 ds vfrfjä fu;e 1] ukxfjd turk ij ceckjh vkSj ukxfjdks]a ukxfjd <kpksa ij va/kk/kq/a k lkewfgd gfFk;kjksa ds bLrseky dks fuf"k) djrs gaAS lkewfgd gfFk;kjksa dk ;eu esa mi;ksx ;q) vijk/k gS vkSj vrjkZ"Vªh; ekuork dkuwuksa ds çFkkxr dkuwuksa ds vuqlkj iw.kZ :i ls vLohdk;Z gS] tks lHkh ns'kksa ij ykxw gksrs gS]a vkns'k djrs gSa fd Þ;q) ds nksuksa i{kksa }kjk yM+kbZ ds rjhds vlhfer ugha gSa fd nksuksa i{k gj le; ukxfjd vkSj yM+kdksa vkSj ukxfjd o lSU; mís';ksa esa QdZ djsAa ß DyLVj eqfulal [kklrkSj ij bl rjg rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g nxus vkSj mlds ckn lSdM+kas NksVs ceksa ;k ceysVl ~ esa cny tkrs gSa tks dkQh cM+s bykds] yxHkx nks QqVc‚y ds eSnku ds cjkcj] esa fNrjk tkrs gSAa tks fd ikl ds fdlh lSU; fu'kkus ds ckgj rd izHkko Mkyrs gSa vkSj tks ceysVl ~ ftank jgrs gS]a fdlh ds laidZ esa vkus ij foLQksV gks tkrk gS] xSj yM+kdksa vkSj ukxfjdksa dks ekjus ;k viax dj nsus ds fdlh lSU; fu'kkus ij bl rjg dk flQZ ,d ce NksMu+ s ds ckn lSdM+kas ceysVl ~ ukxfjd {ks=ksa eSnkuksa vkSj [ksrksa esa fNrjk tkrs gSAa blhfy, bUgsa lkewfgd gfFk;kj dgk tkrk gSA ;g gfFk;kj ¼Li"V :i ls ^{ks= gfFk;kj*½] fdlh fof'k"V lSU; fu'kkus rd] QyLo:i bl rjg ds gfFk;kjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj vkiwfrZ] vkSj mlesa lgHkkfxrk ;q) vijk/k gS( blds vykok ;eu esa blds O;kid mi;ksx ls lÅnh ok;q lsuk vkSj Fky lsuk vkSj mlds xBca/ku lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk cPps ;eu esa fo'ks"k :i

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(19)

7-9

7-10

7-11

7-12

ls detksj gSAa bu ^bomblets* ds [krjs ls vutku fdlkuksa vkSj [ksrh ds tkuoj ekjs tk jgs gS]a tks fd ohfM;ks fjd‚MZ ls Li"V gSA flracj 2015 es]a ,d ?kks"k.kk es]a 2008 lEesyu ij jksd yxkus ds DyLVj yM+kbZ ds lkeku ij igyh leh{kk lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus okys 60 jkT;ksa us ;eu esa DyLVj gfFk;kjksa ds mi;ksx dh fuank dhA áweu jkbV~l o‚p gkyk¡fd bldh uhao vkSj ukVks ns'kksa ds O;fä;ksa }kjk foÙk iksf"kr gS] 2015 esa viuh fjiksVZ es]a ;eu dh gTtkg çkUr esa lkr LFkkuks]a vkSj gjn vkSj fgju dh funs'kky;ksa esa DyLVj ceksa ds mi;ksx dh iqf"V dh] gfFk;kjksa ds fu'kku dk laxgz gS] QksVks vkSj xokgksa dh xokgh us fVªC;wuy esa crk;k x;k gS fd lÅnh vjc ds fy, çLrqr Kkiu dk vkt rd tokc ugha fn;k x;k gSA ekSf[kd lk{;] ohfM;ksl tks fVªC;wuy ds le{k ntZ gqbZ gSa çekf.kr vkSj iqf"V djrk gS fd DyLVj E;qfulal Hkkjh ek=k esa lkn ds ç'kklfud o ;eu ds vU; bykdksa esa bLrseky fd, x, gSAa ;g LFkkfir gS fd lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk vejhdk esa fufeZr lhch;w&105 lsl a j ¶;wtM gfFk;kjksa dk bLrseky fd;k( lhch;w 87 DyLVj] Cyw&97 uked nwljs xksyk ck:n ;qä ce ga(S eksVkZj vkSj j‚dsV gfFk;kj 39ZB uked xksyk ck:n ;qä gSa vkSj vU; gfFk;kj ç.kkfy;ksa ds chp felkbyksa esa 10&32 fdyksehVj rd ekj djus esa l{ke la;ä q jkT; vejhdk fufeZr M&26 xksyk ck:n gS] ;eu ds ukxfjd bykdksa esa va/kk/kq/a k bLrseky o pjkbZ vkSj —f"k {ks=ksa esa QSy x;k gS] [kk| vlqj{kk dks c<+k jgk gSA ohfM;ks es]a bu gfFk;kjksa }kjk ukxfjdksa vkSj cPpksa dks ejrs ;k viax gksrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vkjksfir ds vkns'kksa ij lÅnh ok;qlus k vkSj vehjkr ds fefyVªh ,;jØk¶V vkSj xBca/ku ds vU; lnL;ksa us Hkkjh ceckjh djrs gq, ;eu esa 'kgjksa vkSj xk¡oksa dh turk esa vkrad QSykus dk dke fd;kA ;eu ds ikl gokbZ geyksa ls cpko dk dksbZ rjhdk ugha FkkA lÅnh ty lsuk us canjxkgks]a çfr"Bkuksa vkSj ukxfjd <k¡pksa vkSj eNqokjksa ds rVh; {ks= lesr ;eu ds ty {ks= ls ceckjh dhA lÅnh vjc dh lsuk us vkjksfirksa ds vkns'k ij lkn] luk o rst ij v¡/kk/kqU/k ceckjh dhA esfMflal lSl a ÝafV;lZ laLFkk dk vLirky ceckjh esa iwjh rjg ls cckZn gks x;kA dqN vLirky vkSj Dyhfudksa dks tkucw>dj fu'kkuk cuk;k x;k ftlls fd ?kk;y] chekj ukxfjdksa vkSj lSfudksa dks fpfdRlk lqfo/kk,¡ u fey ldsa tks fd 1907 ds gsx lEeysu] 1949 ds igys o pkSFks ftusok lEeysu] ftusok lEeysu ds 1977 ds vfrfrä fu;e 1

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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vkSj çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; ekuork dkuwu dk mYya?ku gSA lÅnh vjc o mlds xBca/ku lsukvksa }kjk tkfcn ij vdsys ,d gh gokbZ geys esa 70 ukxfjd ?kk;y gq, rFkk ,d lkS yksx ekjs x,A luk ,vjiksVZ ml oä fu'kkuk cuk;k x;k tc ;g le>k tk jgk Fkk fd ogk¡ ij ekuoh; enn igqp ¡ us okyh gSA cckZn gq, ukxfjd <k¡pksa dh ,d lwph fVªC;wuy ds le{k çLrqr dh xbZ gS] bl lwph ds vuqlkj vU; ukxfjd <k¡pksa ds vykok lSdM+kas gtkj edku o ?kj] lSdM+kas vLirky vkSj fDyfud] gtkj ls T;knk Ldwy ftuesa 40 LiksVl ~Z d‚yst Hkh 'kkfey gS]a 240 cktkj] 530 jksM] 10 canjxkg] 14 gokbZvìs] 140 fo|qr dsæa ] 41 fo'ofo|ky; vkSj 60 efLtnsa cckZn dj nh xbZa ftudk lk{; çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa ds yM+kdw foekuksa us vkØe.k fd;k ;gk¡ rd fd luk esa foKku ,oa çks|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky; ds vLirky vkSj iqfyl vdkneh vkSj jkT; lqj{kk dsæa ij Hkh geys fd, ftlesa dbZ yksx ekjs x, o ?kk;y gq,A la;ä q jk"Vª ds egklfpo cku dh&ewu us lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk lnk ds fgnku esu vLirky ij geys dh dM+h fuank dh gSA ;g vLirky ;wfulsQ vkSj lhekvksa ls ijs dke djus okys laxBu ds M‚DVlZ }kjk lgk;rk çkIr FkkA ;eu esa la;ä q jk"Vª ds ekuoh; ekeyksa ds leUo;d tksgkul ou Ms Dy‚l us ÞvLirkyksa o ukxfjd <kapksa ds f[kykQ geyksa dks canß djus dh ek¡x dh gSA ;wfulsQ us ;eu esa ceckjh vfHk;kuksa esa gks jgh cPpksa dh mPp la[;k esa e`R;q ij fVIi.kh dh gSA ;g lÅnh vkSj vehjkr dh ok;q lsuk o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk ?kjks]a edkuks]a Ldwyks]a [ksrks]a vLirkyksa vkSj Dyhfudksa ij dh xbZ ceckjh dk çR;{k ifj.kke gSA tehuh Lrj ls ;eu esa la;ä q jk"Vª dh ekuoh; ,tsfa l;ksa o mlds çfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk tks la[;k tkjh o cPps o lSU; la?k"kksZa ls lEcaf/kr la;ä q jk"Vª dh desVh esa tks çLrqfr;k¡ nh xbZ gS]a mlds vuqlkj 785 cPps ;eu ds bl ;q) esa ekjs x, gS]a 1018 ls T;knk ;euh cPps ?kk;y gq, gS]a blds vykok 10]000 ls vf/kd ;euh cPps fuokj.kh; jksxksa ls lh/ks ;q) ds dkj.k ej pqds gSAa la;ä q jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn us bl O;kid fouk'k ds ckotwn lÅnh vjc jkT; dks gfFk;kj cspus ij dksbZ çfrca/k ugha ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA vjcksa ds 'kL= Bsdksa ij lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk gLrk{kj fd;k tkuk tkjh gSA la;ä q jkT; vejhdk vkSj fczVus dh daifu;ksa us ;q)

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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88-1

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'kq: gksus ds i'pkr gfFk;kjksa vkSj IysVQkeksZa dh vkiwfrZ dh gS] vkSj Ýkal mnkjrk ls drj ds fy, gfFk;kjksa dh vkiwfrZ dj jgk gSA ekuork ds f[kykQ vijk/k fVªC;wuy ds le{k çLrqr çR;{knf'kZ;ksa ds vuqlkj tks gkykr vkjksfi;ksa o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa ds vkns'kkuqlkj vLirkyksa vkSj Dyhfudksa ij geyk djds iSnk fd;s x, gS]a ukxfjdksa o lSfudksa ds fy, ;eu esa dksbZ fpfdRlk lqfo/kk miyC/k ugha gS] vkSj ;gk¡ thou j{kd nokvksa rd fdlh dh igqp ¡ ugha gSA bl ckr dh iqf"V la;ä q jk"Vª ,tsfa l;ksa lesr ekuoh; laxBuksa ds vkf/kdkfjd c;kuksa ls gksrh gSA Nk=ksa us bl ckr ds lcwr fn, gSa fd lHkh 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dks ceckjh vfHk;kuksa esa fu'kkuk cuk;k x;k gSA Ldwyks]a d‚ystksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds O;kid fouk'k dk lh/kk ifj.kke gS] vkSj yxHkx ik¡p yk[k ls vf/kd yksxksa ds foLFkkiu ds dkj.k cPpks]a d‚yst vkSj fo'ofo|ky; ds Nk=ksa ds ikl f'k{kk dks can djus ds vykok dksbZ fodYi ugha cpk gSA ;g fVªC;wuy igys gh la;ä q jk"Vª ds ekuoh; dfeZ;ksa vkSj lgk;rk laxBuksa ds lkoZtfud o vkf/kdkfjd c;kuksa dk mYys[k dj pqdk gS fd gok] jksM vkSj leqæh ukdscna h ds dkj.k ukxfjd turk ds ,d cM+s Hkkx dh Hkw[k ls e`R;q gqbZ gS vkSj [kk| HkaMkj.k xksnkeksa o [kk| vkSj vko';d bZ/a ku dh vkiwfrZ lfgr vU; lgk;rk ij ceckjh dks ;q) dh ,d j.kuhfr ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA vkjksfi;ksa ds ceckjh ds vkns'kksa us tehu] gok o leqæh lapkj vkSj ifjogu ds ek/;eksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gS lkFk gh lkFk vkthfodk ds lHkh lzkrs ksa dks HkhA bu ceckjh vfHk;kuksa us Vsyhfotu vkSj jsfM;ks lesr lHkh ikuh vkiwfrZ] fctyh vkSj vU; lapkj ek/;eksa ds ukxfjd vk/kkjHkwr <k¡pksa dks tkucw> dj ekuork ds f[kykQ Øfed vijk/kksa ds rgr u"V dj fn;k gSA çR;{knf'kZ;ksa us dgk fd ;eu ds iwjs ukxfjd cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks fu'kkuk cuk;k x;k vkSj u"V fd;k tk jgk gS] blfy, ugha fd ukxfjd fdlh Hkh gkSrh lsuk ;k ;euh lsuk ds lnL; gS]a cfYd blfy, fd ;eu gkbMªkd s kcZu HkaMkj vkSj lkefjd {ks=ksa ls vehj gS] ftls vkjksih o mlds lg;ksxh ;q) ds }kjk tcju lÙkk ifjorZu djds gfFk;kuk pkgrs gSAa luk] vnsu] lkn] rst] vejku] gnjkeksmV] gkSfn;kg] gtkg vkSj bCc esa ceckjh djds ,d gtkj ls vf/kd Ldwyksa vkSj d‚ystksa dks cckZn dj fn;k x;k] lkFk gh lkFk fo'ofo|ky; ds iqLrdky;ks]a midj.kksa o ç;ksx'kkykvksa dks Hkh u"V dj fn;k x;kA

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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iqjkrkfRod txgksa lesr py o vpy ^lkaL—frd lEink* ij ceckjh lkaL—frd lEink tSlk dh lSU; ;q) esa lkaL—frd lEink ds cpko ij gq, lEeysu ds vuqPNsn 1 vkSj mlds fu;e 1954 vkSj 1999 esa ifjHkkf"kr gS] ij ceckjh] fouk'k vkSj fo/oal U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl] 1907 ds gsx lEeysu vkSj 1977 ds vfrfjä fu;eksa ds mYya?ku ds rgr ;q) vijk/k gS]a vkSj fdlh Hkh rjg ds lSU; vfHk;ku ds fy, bldh vko';drk dks mfpr ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS] tSlk fd ;g fVªC;wuy ekurh gS fd ;g ;eu ij ,d vkijkf/kd vkØked ;q) gSA fVªC;wuy lkaL—frd lEink ij gq, geys ij vyx bYtke pyk jgk gSA gky gh ds bl ;q) dk uewuk vQxkfuLrku esa ^ckfe;ku cq)* ij gq, geyksa ls feyrk tqyrk gS ftls fdjk, ds yM+kdksa us eqtkfgíhu Þvy dk,nkß dk eq[kkSVk yxk dj] cckZn dj fn;kA lÅnh vjc us 1954 esa lSU; la?k"kksZa esa lkaL—frd lEink ds cpko lEeysu] ftusok lEeysu 1949] vkSj ftusok lEeysu 1949 ds çksVksd‚y 1 vkSj 2 dks eatjw fd;k Fkk vkSj ;eu dh ljdkj us Hkh bldk vuqeksnu fd;k FkkA fcuk bldk [k;ky fd;s fd ;eu o lÅnh vjc dh ljdkjksa us bldks etwj fd;k gS ;k ugha] fVªC;wuy ds fy, ;g nksgjkuk vko';d gS fd yksxksa dh lkaL—frd lEink o bldh ywV o fouk'k ls cpko vko';d gS] ;g çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuksa dk vfHkUu vax gS tks lHkh jk"Vªkas ij ykxw gksrk gS] pkgs bu lEesyuksa dks og eatjw djsa ;k ughaA iqjkus le; ls gh lSU; la?k"kksZa vkSj ;q)ksa ds nkSjku lkaL—frd lEink dks uqdlku igqp ¡ kus dh ?kVukvksa dh fuank lH; ns'kksa }kjk dh x;h gS ¼C-D- Visscher] *International Protection of Works of Art and Historic Monuments* Martin Nijhoff Publications] Anna Filipe Vrdoljak ^Human Rights and the Illicit Trade in Objects*½A 1899 vkSj 1907 esa

gq, gsx lEesyuksa dks ftUgsa gsx jsxy q l s l a dgk tkrk gS lkFk esa 1935 dk okf'kaxVu iSDV ftls ^jks,jhp iSDV* Hkh dgk tkrk gS] yksxksa dh lkaL—frd lEink ds fouk'k o ywV dk fu"ks/k djrs gSAa varjkZ"Vªh; lSU; vnkyr 14 uoacj 1945 & 1 vDVwcj 1946 ¼42 [kaMksa 1947&1949½ ds le{k çeq[k ;q) vijkf/k;ksa ds U;wjes cxZ fVªC;wuy ds fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj ;g mijksä lEeysu o iSDV varjkZ"Vªh; çFkkxr dkuwuksa ds rgr lHkh ns'kksa ij ykxw gksrs gSAa /kedh ;k ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ds mi;ksx dh oS/krk ij varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; ds lykgdkj dh jk;] vkbZlhts fjiksVZ 1996] vkSj lykgdkj dCts okys fQyhLrhuh {ks= esa nhokj ds yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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9-4

fuekZ.k dh dkuwuh ifj.kke ij vkbZlhts dh jk;] vkbZlhts 2004 fjiksVAZas blds vykok 1907 ds gsx dUos'a ku ds vuqPNsn 27 ds rgr fu"ks/k tks t:jh crk;k gS fd ^?ksjkcanh vkSj ceckjh esa lHkh laHko vko';d dne /keZ dks lefiZr bekjrks]a foKku ;k /kekZFkZ mís';ksa vkSj] ,sfrgkfld Lekjdks]a vLirkyksa vkSj vU; LFkkuksa tgk¡ ij chekj o ?kk;yksa dks j[kk tkrk gS] dh j{kk dh tk, tc rd os lSU; mís'; ds fy, bLrseky u fd;s tk jgs gksAa * gsx fu;eksa dk vuqPNsn 56 çfrca/k yxkrk gS ^^bl rjg ds laLFkkuks]a ,sfrgkfld Lekjdks]a dyk vkSj foKku ds dkeksa dh tCrh vkSj fouk'k ;k tkucw>dj {kfr dk** jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lSU; la?k"kksZa ls lEcaf/kr ftusok lEeysu ds vfrfjä çksVksd‚y 1 vkSj 2 esa py vkSj vpy lkaL—frd laifÙk ij geys ds f[kykQ vf/kd fu"ks/k vkSj l[rh gSA foosd dh ;g fVªC;wuy igys n'kd vkSj vk/ks 21oha lnh ds ^varghu ;q)* dh ç—fr ij U;kf;d laKku ysrk gS ftlus tks vU; ns'kksa lesr bjkd vkSj lhfj;k esa jk"Vªh; fojklr vkSj fo'o /kjksgj LFkyksa dk iwofZ pfUrr fouk'k ns[kk x;k gS ,d lqlx a r vkSj iwoZ fu;ksftr vkijkf/kd j.kuhfr ds rgr bu ns'kksa ds yksxksa ds lk>k fojklr] lH;rk vkSj jk"Vªh; laL—fr ds lkewfgd vkSj ,sfrgkfld ;knsa feVkus ds fy, fofo/krk vkSj /kkfeZd vkSj lkaçnkf;d fo'okl vkSj –<+ fo'okl ds cgqyrkokn dh uktqd ,sfrgkfld ;knsa çLrqr djus ds fy, iwjs lekt vkSj jk"Vª dks vfLFkj djus ds fy, vkSj mldks fuewy Z cukus ds fy, vrhr vkSj fo'o lH;rk ds fy, vius ;ksxnku ds lkFk lkaLd`frd] iqjkrkfRod] dykRed vkSj oSKkfud uhao vkSj fujarjrk dh ;knksa dks feVkus ds fy, mldh laL—fr dk mUewyu] iwoZ lksfo;r la?k ds ,d dfo] ;soxsuh ;sorq'ksudks us laons u'khyrk ls eglwl fd;k gS fd] ^euq"; dsoy jksVh ij gh ugha thrk gS tc rd ogk¡ dksbZ jksVh u gks] rc Hkkstu vkn'kZ cu ldrk gSA* yxkrkj ;g j.kuhfr ftldk fo'o xokg cu jgk gS] fcuk fdlh 'kd ds ;g lkfcr djrk gS fd ,tsM a k jk"Vªh; lH;rk vkSj ,sfrgkfld ;knksa dks cckZn djus dk gS] tks lekt ds fouk'k ls igys gS]a vxj ;g equkQs ds jkLrs esa vk,xk] {ks=ksa ds ywV o tCrh ds fy, lÙkk ifjorZu] mlds fo?kVu] lÙkk vius gkFk esa ysu]s vkSj jk"Vªkas dk iqu% vkSifuos'khdj.k ds fy, ,d ubZ dgkuh gS vkSj bldk mís'; jk"Vª dk mlds ,sfrgkfld o lkaL—frd bfrgkl ls lEcU/k [kRe dj nsukA lkaL—frd lEink] py o vpy lEifRr

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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9-5

9-6

ij O;ofLFkr geyk djus dk ;g okLrfod mís'; gS] bu {ks=ksa ds yksxksa ds fy, egÙo j[kus okys lkaL—frd /kjksgjks]a lkaL—frd lEink] py ;k vpy tSls fd Lekjdksa vkSj iqjkrkfRod txgks]a dyk ds dk;Z] ikaMfq yfi;k¡] fdrkcsa vkSj vU; dykRed phts]a ,sfrgkfld ;k iqjkrkfRod phts]a lkFk gh lkFk foKku iqLrdky; ;k vU; fdrkcksa ds laxgz o vfHkys[kkxkjks]a laxgz ky; tgk¡ dyk ;k vU; phtsa lajf{kr dh tkrh gS]a vkSj og txgsa ftUgsa ;wuLs dks }kjk fo'o /kjksgjksa dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gS] ij geyk bl rF; ds ckotwn fd;k x;k fd ;g txgsa lSU; mís'; ds fy, bu ns'kksa esa ugha bLrseky dh tk jgh FkhaA pkgs og ;eu] bjkd ;k lhfj;k gks] bu ns'kksa us lHkh t:jh dne mBk;s Fks] bu lkaL—frd fojklr dks cpkus o latksus ds fy,] tks fd iwjs fo'o ds yksxksa dh /kjksgj gS]a t:jh dne mBk;s FksA bl ckr ds dksbZ lcwr ugha gSa fd ;eu ;k bjkd] lhfj;k ;k yscuku esa yM+kdksa ds vius ns'k ds cpko] tks fd vkRe j{kk dk mudk dkuwuh vf/kdkj gS] esa bu iqjkrkfRod txgks]a ;k dyk ds dk;Z ;k Lekjdks vkSj /kkfeZd txgksa dk bLrseky fd;k Fkk] ogha nwljh rjQ vkjksfir ;eu esa vkØked ;q) lapkfyr dj jgs Fks vkSj lÅnh vjc o xBca/ku esa mlds lg;ksxh lsuk,¡ vkjksfirksa ds vkns'k ij iqjkus ,sfrgkfld 'kgj luk ij geyk fd;k] tks ;wuLs dks }kjk fo'o /kjksgj ?kksf"kr Fkh( ;g 'kgj 2500 ls T;knk lkyksa ls leqæ ry ls 2200 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ij 106 efLtnks]a 14 gekeksa vkSj 11oha lnh ds 6500 edkuksa ds lkFk clk FkkA çfl) ,sfrgkfld efLtn] vy efLtn vy uokch dks Hkh yf{kr fd;k x;kA bfjuk cksdksok] ;wuLs dks dh Mk;jsDVj tujy us bu geyksa ds ckn ,d c;ku esa dgk fd] og thou ds uqdlku o 'kkar m|ku ds lkFk 'kkunkj lajpukvksa ds fouk'k ls gSjku gSa ftuesa Þ;euh yksxksa dh vkRek clrh FkhA ;g bfrgkl ds Kku dk ,d gtkj o"kZ iqjkuk çrhd gS] tks lHkh ekuoksa ls lEc) gSAß ejhc ck¡/k vkSj 12500 dyk—fr;ksa ds lkFk /kkekj laxgz ky; vkSj ;eu ds çkphu fuokfl;ksa (Sabean) ds f'kykys[k tks 'skck (Sheba) jkT; ¼800 chlh&300 ,Mh½ ds f'kyh ds Fks ftuesa fp=] /kwi nku okys vkSj okLrqf'kYi Fks] ij lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk ce fxjk;k x;k vkSj vy vonh ,sfrgkfld Hkou tks v‚Vkseu ;qx ls rkYyqd j[krk Fkk] ftlesa fuokl LFkku] ,sfrgkfld Lekjd vkSj laxgz ky; vkSj vU; iqjkrkfRod phtsa 'kkfey Fkha vkSj /kkfeZd LFkkuksa dks Hkh fu'kkuk

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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10-

¼d½ ¼[k½ ¼x½

¼?k½

cuk;k x;kA vkjksfirksa vkSj lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa dh lsukvksa dks bu txgksa dh lVhd o foLr`r tkudkjh Fkh vkSj og bl ckr dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs Fks fd ;g txgsa lSU; bykds ugha gSAa laLd`fr o lH;rk ij gq, vjc nqfu;k esa lSU; o vkfFkZd opZLo o HkkbZpkjs dks u"V djus okyk ;g ;q) ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa o Lekjdksa dh j{kk ds fojks/kh] vjc yksxksa ds dyk o i| lkfgR; vkSj foKku ds f[kykQ jgus okyh ogkch fopkj/kkjk }kjk funsfZ 'kr Fkk] tc rd fd mUgsa varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa bu pqjkbZ gqbZ dyk—fr;ksa dh dher u feys] tSlk fd bZjkd o lhfj;k esa gks pqdk gS] vkbZ,lvkbZ,l vkSj tekr vy uqljk lesr vU; laxBu tks pqjkbZ gqbZ vewY; dyk—fr;ksa dks bLrkacy q ] rqdhZ vkSj {ks= dh vU; txgksa dh cktkjksa o varjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa csprs gSAa QSlys fVªC;wuy us ;eu ds yksxksa ds fy, vfHk;kstd tujy vkSj odhy }kjk çLrqr lHkh vkjksiksa ds lac/a k esa lHkh lcwrksa vkSj vkjksfi;ksa ds fy, vkSj vkjksfi;ksa dh vksj ls fVªC;wuy }kjk fu;qä Amicus Curiae dh çLrqfr;k¡] ¼gkyk¡fd lwfpr fd;k x;k Fkk½] tks çR;{k :i ls ;k ,d vf/koäk ds ek/;e ls fVªC;wuy ds le{k çLrqr ugha gq,] ij fopkj fd;k gS] tks lHkh lan's kksa ls ijs lar"q V gS fd vkjksfir ua0&1] lqYrku fcu vCnqy vtht] lÅnh vjc ds jktk vkSj vkjksih ua0&2 eksgEen fcu uk;sQ] j{kk ea=h nks"kh gSAa U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl ds vuqPNsn VI (a½¼i½ vkSj la;ä q jk"Vª ds pkVZj ds vuqPNsn 2¼4½] dk mYya?ku djrs gq, ;eu ij vkØked ;q) NsMu+ s dsA 1948 esa ujlagkj vijk/k ds jksdFkke vkSj ltk ij gq, lEeysu ds vuqPNsn ii ¼c½] bls vuqPNsn iii(a½ ds lkFk i<+Aas U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl ds vuqPNsn VI ¼b½] 1907 ds gsx lEeysu] ;q) {ks= esa ?kk;y vkSj chekj lSfudksa ds bykt ij gq, ftusok lEeysu 1] 1949 esa ;q) ds le; ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kk ij gq, ftusok lEeysu IV] ftusok lEeysu 1949 ij 1977 ds vfrfjä fu;e 1 vkSj çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; ekuoh; dkuwu ds fl)karksa dk mYya?ku djrs gq, ;eu ds iwjs ukxfjd <k¡pksa vkSj ukxfjd turk ij fd, x, ;q) vijk/kksa ds fy,A U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl ds vuqNns VI¼c½] 1899 o 1907 ds gsx lEeysu] ;q) ds le; ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kk ls lEcfU/kr pkSFks ftusok lEeysu 1949] ftusok lEeysu 1949 ij 1977 ds vfrfjä fu;e&1 vkSj

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(26)

¼³½

1111-1

11-2

çFkkxr varjkZ"Vªh; ekuoh; dkuwu ds fl)karksa ds mYya?ku ds rgr ekuork ds f[kykQ vijk/kksa ds fy,A U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl ds vuqPNsn VI ¼b½] lSU; la?k"kksZa ds nkSjku lkaL—frd lEink ds cpko ij gq, gsx lEeysu 1954 vkSj blh lEeysu ds 1954 ds fu;e 1 vkSj 1999 ds fu;e 2] 1907 ds gsx lEeysu] ftusok lEeysu 1949 ij 1977 ds vfrfjä fu;e 1 vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekuork dkuwuksa ds çFkkxr fl)karksa ds mYya?ku ds rgr ;eu ds yksxksa dh lkaL—frd lEink] py ;k vpy] ij tkucw>dj o igys ls lkspdj geyk djus ds fy,A flQkfj'ksa tSlk dh fVªC;wuy dks xokgksa }kjk crk;k x;k gS fd lÅnh vjc ds yksxksa ls lykg ugha yh x;h Fkh vkSj os jkT; ds vkfFkZd lzkrs ksa dh cckZnh o bl ;q) esa ;eu ds fouk'k dk leFkZu ugha djrs gSAa pwf¡ d lÅnh vjc jkT; ds çeq[k vkSj j{kk ea=h o vU; çeq[k lSU; o jktuSfrd usrkvksa us la;ä q jk"Vª ds pkVZj] U;wjes cxZ fçafliYl] varjkZ"Vªh; ekuork dkuwu dk mYya?ku fd;k gS] ;g fVªC;wuy lÅnh vjc dks la;ä q jk"Vª] mlds lHkh fudk;ks]a iSuy vkSj lfefr;ksa ls fu"dklu dh vuq'kalk djrh gSA tc rd fd lÅnh vjc viuh çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k lsukvksa dks ;eu ls] vkSj vius vfu;fer vkSj HkkM+s ds yM+kdksa dks lhfj;k] bZjkd vkSj yscuku ls fudky ugha ysrh gSA bl fu"dklu dh flQkfj'k djrs gq, fVªC;wuy la;ä q jk"Vª dh ekuokf/kdkj desVh ls yhfc;k ds fu"dklu ds le; tujy vlsca yh ds rjhds o felky dks ;kn djrk gSA tcfd mlus la;ä q jk"Vª ds pkVZj dk mYya?ku ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj u gh dksbZ ujlagkj] vkØked vijk/k] ;q) vijk/k ;k ekuork ds f[kykQ vijk/k fd;k Fkk vkSj og dsoy vkrafd;ksa vkSj vkØked ;q) lapkfyr djus okys gtkjksa ukVks ceckjh vfHk;kuksa ls vkRe j{kk dj jgk FkkA la;ä q jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn] egklHkk vkSj vU; ,tsfa l;ksa vkSj la;ä q jk"Vª ds laxBuksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd lÅnh vjc ;eu esa DyLVj gfFk;kjksa dk mi;ksx can dj ns] vkSj ;eu ds lHkh {ks=ksa tgk¡ Hkh bu gfFk;kjksa dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gfFk;kj fujh{kdksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa }kjk lÅnh vjc vkSj daifu;ksa vkSj bu gfFk;kjksa dh vkiwfrZ djus okyh ljdkjksa ds [kpsZ ij lkQ fd;k tk,A

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(27)

11-3

11-4

11-5

lqj{kk ifj"kn~ }kjk vyx&vyx o HksnHkkoiw.kZ ekud viukus ds dkj.k varjkZ"Vªh; lacU/k esa ^dkuwu ds jkt dk iru gqvk gSA yxHkx Ms<+ n'kd ds çfrca/kksa dh otg ls dqorS }kjk bZjkd ij vLFkkbZ dCtk] lsuk gVkus ds ckotwn bZjku ij çfrcU/k tcfd ijek.kq rduhd gkfly djuk mldk oSKkfud o laçHkq vf/kdkj gS] Øhfe;k dks tuer laxgz }kjk ,dh—r djus ds fy,] varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/kd U;k;ky; ds ;wxksLykfo;k ds fy, fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj] :l ij çfrcU/k yxk, x,A gkyk¡fd ;eu ij vkØe.k ds ekeys es]a lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ;k vU; fdlh ljdkj ;k fudk; }kjk dksbZ çfrcU/k ugha yxk;k x;k gSA fVªC;wuy vuq'kalk djrk gS fd la;ä q jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn~] la;ä q jk"Vª egklHkk vkSj la;ä q jk"Vª ds lnL; ns'k uSfrd :i ls ck/; gSa lÅnh vjc vkSj mlds usrkvksa vkSj mlds ukxfjd o lSU; mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj mlds lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj lSU; lkeku o [kqfQ;k tkudkjh nsus okyksa ij çfrcU/k yxkus ds fy,] ;eu esa ccZj vkØked ;q) NsMu+ s ds fy,] ;eu esa ;q) dh rRdky lekfIr ds fy,] DyLVj gfFk;kjksa o vU; gkfudkjd gfFk;kjksa dks lkQ djus ds fy,] vkSj vkrafd;ksa vkSj fo'ks"k cyksa ds foÙkiks"k.k o gfFk;kjcanh dks bZjkd] lhfj;k o yscuku esa vfu;fer tax dks [kRe djus ds fy,- tSls gh ;q) dk;Z vkSj HkkM+s ds yM+kds vkSj fo'ks"k cyksa dks gVk fy;k tk, çfrca/kksa dks rqjra okil ys ysuk pkfg,A çFke o f}rh; fo'o ;q)ksa ds ckn {kfriwfrZ ds dkuwuh le>kSr]s btjkby ds ;gwnh ukxfjdksa lfgr] f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds ckn jkT; ds :i esa LFkkfir] loZuk'k ls iwjh rjg ls vlcaf/kr lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds funs'Z kksa ij bZjkd }kjk dfFkr rkSj ij çFke [kkM+h ;q) ls çHkkfor ns'kksa dks rsy jktLo ls nh x;h {kfriwfrZ ls felky ysrs gq, fVªC;wuy lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk ;eu] bZjkd] lhfj;k vkSj yscuku dks ,d lnh ls vf/kd iqjkuh jkT; çFkk ds vuqlkj {kfriwfrZ ds Hkqxrku dh vuq'kalk djrh gSA bu ;q)ksa ls ykHkkfUor gfFk;kj] midj.k o yM+kdksa ds vkiwfrZdrkZvksa lfgr lHkh fuxe@daiuh Hkh nsunkj gSAa lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds çLrko esa lwphc) O;fä;ksa ds ukeksa ftudks gfFk;kj ugha vkiwfrZ djuk gS] us ;eu dks cpko jfgr dj fn;k] bl rjg dk dksbZ Hkh çfrcU/k lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa ij ugha yxk;k x;kA ;g çLrko yhfc;k ds Åij ^uks ¶ykbZ tksu* ds çHkko ds leku gS] tks vkxs pydj ceckjh vkØe.kksa ls yhfc;k ds fouk'k dk dkj.k cukA ;g fVªC;wuy flQkfj'k djrh gS fd lqj{kk ifj"kn vkSj egklHkk]

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(28)

11-6

11-7

rqjra ;q) dh lekfIr vkSj ;eu] bjkd] lhfj;k vkSj yscuku ij vkØe.k] ikjaifjd cyksa ;k vkradokfn;ksa }kjk vkSj lÅnh vjc o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa ls lSU; le>kSrksa vkSj gfFk;kjksa dh fcØh dk rqjra fuyacu gks tc rd fd iwjs {ks= esa 'kkafr ugha cu tkrhA dkuwu fuekZrkvksa vkSj U;k;fon }kjk ,d egRoiw.kZ Vªk;y Hkqyk fn;k x;k gS] U;wjes cxZ dk Vªk;y dsfedy daiuh vkbZ th QkcsuZ ] ukth ikVhZ ds Qkbusl a j vkSj lnL;] ds funs'kd vkSj çeq[k vf/kdkfj;ksa dk gS] vkØked ;q) dh ;kstuk cukus] ;q) vijk/kks]a xqyke Je ds bLrseky vkSj ekuork ds f[kykQ vijk/kksa ds "kMîa= ds vkjksiksa ij pyk FkkA fVªC;wuy us flQkfj'k dh gS fd la;ä q jk"Vª] mlds vaxksa vkSj ,tsfa l;ksa vkSj lnL; ns'kksa ds fy, vfuok;Z gS] cktkj vkSj lalk/kuks]a gkbMªkd s kcZu ikbiykbuksa ds fy, lkefjd {ks=ksa lfgr] ds fy, ;q) lapkfyr djus dh lkft'kksa esa 'kkfey fuxeks@ a daifu;ksa dks dkyh lwph esa Mkyuk vkSj muij çfrcU/k yxkuk] vkSj muds f[kykQ tks ;q) vijk/k o vkØked ;q) lapkfyr djus okys ns'kksa dks gfFk;kjksa vkSj vk;q/kksa dk fuekZ.k o fcØh djrs gSAa bl mís'; ds fy, LFkk;h lfefr cukus ls ekuork dks ykHk gksxkA gkyk¡fd ;g gj ns'k dh daiuh vf/kfu;e esa ,d fof'k"V çko/kku] ;q) vijk/kks]a ekuork ds f[kykQ ;q)ksa vkSj vkijkf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa esa lgHkkxh fuxeksa o cSd a ksa ds 'kh?kz fo?kVu o can djus ds fcuk vius vki esa vi;kZIr gSA bu vijk/kksa ds ihfM+r vxj muds ns'k us varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/k U;k;ky; ¼vkbZlhlh½ ds dkuwu ij gLrk{kj fd, vkSj vijk/k vkbZlhlh ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa vkrk gS] vkbZlhlh ds vfHk;kstd ds ikl vkjksfir ij eqdnek pykus ds fy, LorU= gS]a çek.kksa ds lkFk fVªC;wuy ds le{kA blh rjg vxj varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; dk vf/kdkj {ks= vkKk nsrk gS rks varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; ds dkuwu çHkkfor ns'kksa }kjk ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fVªC;wuy daifu;ksa vkSj fuxeksa ds funs'kdks]a lhbZvks] vkSj lacfa /kr ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ks]a dfeZ;ks]a vkSj ,tsVa ksa ds f[kykQ ;q) vijk/kksa vkSj ekuork ds f[kykQ vijk/kksa ds fy, f'kdk;rksa dks nkf[ky djus ds fy, l{ke djus ds fy, vkbZlhlh ds dkuwu esa la'kks/ku dh flQkfj'k dh gS vkØkedrk ds ;q) NsMu+ s ds fy, lkft'k lfgrA gkyk¡fd tc rd fd lHkh ns'kksa dks vkbZlhlh ds dkuwu dks eatjw h ugh nsrh gS] blds çHkko vkSj vf/kdkj {ks= HksnHkkoiw.kZ gksuk tkjh jgsxkA

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(29)

11-8

11-9

12-

13-

;eu] bZjkd] lhfj;k o yscuku ds yksxksa dks mu ns'k ds ukxfjdksa tks ns'k vkØked ;q) dks lapkfyr dj jgs gSa vkSj tks 'kkafr o fodkl ds leFkZd gS]a dh lfØ; lgk;rk dh t:jr gS] lp dks csudkc djus ds fy,] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd <k¡pksa dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, tks bl {ks= esa lHkh dks U;k; nsus dh xkjaVh ns] fQfyLrhu ds yksxksa lfgr ihfM+rksa dh vkokt dks lqus tkus dh vuqefr ds fy,] vkSj mudh lHkh {kfriwfrZ ds fy,A ;g lfØ; :i ls yksxksa dh varjkRek vkSj jktuSfrd vkanksyuksa esa gypy djus ds fy,] foÙkh; vkSj lSU; opZLo vkSj vkØked ;q) ds çfr mnklhurk ds fy, lÅnh vjc vkSj mlds çR;{k o vçR;{k lg;ksxh nyksa ds lkFk lg;ksx dks jksdus ds fy,] tc rd fd os lÙkk ifjorZu ds fy, lkft'k] vkSj ikjaifjd ;k vfu;fer cyksa ds ek/;e ls ;q) lapkfyr djds lalk/kuksa ij dCtk djuk can ugha dj nsrAs ;q) dks jksdus ds fy, nqfu;k ds fy, u dsoy] vkS|ksfxd] rduhdh vkSj oSKkfud miyfC/k;k¡ fjd‚MZ djuk vko';d gS] cfYd ;q)] jktuSfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k }kjk nh xbZ ihM+kvksa dks Hkh fjd‚MZ djuk vko';d gS] mu yksxksa dks jksdus ds fy, ftudk ,sfrgkfld ;knksa dks Hkwyus ls ykHk gksrk gS] vkSj e`R;q vkSj fouk'k ds pØ dks nqgjkrs gSAa ;q) laxgz ky;ks]a o`Ùkfp= vkSj fyf[kr ,sfrgkfld vk[;ku] ;gk¡ rd fd Ldwyksa ds fy, t:jh gS]a dqN dh vkfFkZd vkSj lSU; opZLo ds vk/kkj ij jktuSfrd O;oLFkk ds leFkZu dks jksdus ds fy,] ;k ,d ns'k ;k ;gk¡ rd fd ns'kksa ds ,d NksVs lewg ds fy, vkSj mu larks]a nk'kZfudks]a usrkvks]a jktuSfrd vkanksyuksa vkSj 'kkafr] U;k;] laL—fr vkSj fodkl dks lefiZr] dbZ dks ,dtqV djus okyh] ç.kkfy;ksa dh ;knksa dks latksus ds fy,A fVªC;wuy bu dk;Zokfg;ksa esa vfHk;kstd tujy] cpko odhyksa vkSj Amicus Curiae dh lgk;rk dks fjd‚MZ djrk gS] vkSj lkFk esa Jelk/; vkSj lVhd O;k[;k dks tks bu dkjZokb;ksa ds 'kh?kz iwjk djus ;ksX; cukrk gSA bl QSlys dks lEcaf/kr laLFkkvksa o laxBuks]a la;ä q jk"Vª ds egklfpo] vjc yhx ds egklfpo vkSj vksvkbZlh ds lfpoky; dks muds fjd‚MZ ds fy, vkSj dkjZokbZ djus ds fy,] Hkstus ds fy, lfpoky; dks funsfZ 'kr fd;k x;k gSA tt uhyksQj Hkkxor ¼v/;{k½@tt eksgEen cDdkj tt fyfy;k lksykuks@tt jkfcrk feykanh

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

(30)

dksVZ dh rkSghu dk ekeyk &v#a/ krh jk; tfLVl ekdZMa;s dkVtw dks lqçhe dksVZ us vnkyr dh voekuuk dk uksfVl Fkek fn;k gSA ;g dne dkVtw ds ml Qslcqd iksLV ds ckn fy;k x;k ftlesa mUgksaus ttksa dh vkykspuk dh FkhA dkVtw dks vnkyr esa dsjy esa gq, lkSE;k ds dRy ds ekeys ij viuh jk; O;ä djus ds fy, cqyk;k x;k FkkA dksVZ us bl Cy‚x ds ckjs esa dgk fd dkVtw dh fy[kh fVIif.k;k¡ QSlys ij ugha ttksa ij geyk gSAa ftl ij dkVtw us dgk êq>s ijokg ugha gSA* blds ckn dksVZ us mUgsa ckgj ys tkus dk vkns'k fn;k ftl ij dkVtw us dgk fd êsjs lkFk ;g fdl rjg dk O;ogkj fd;k tk jgk gSA eSa ;gk¡ vkidh enn djus vk;k gw¡A D;k ,d iwoZ lqçhe dksVZ tt ds lkFk bl rjg dk crkZo fd;k tkuk pkfg,\ eSa ekQh pkgrk gw¡A bl ij dksVZ dk tokc Fkk& ge Hkh ekQh pkgrs gSaA crk nsa fd lkSE;k eMZj dsl ij dkVtw dks vius fopkjksa dks foLrkj ls le>kus ds fy, dksVZ esa cqyk;k x;k FkkA njvly lqçhe dksVZ us dsjy ds pfpZr lkSE;k jsi o eMZj dsl esa nks"kh xksfoUnpkeh dh Qk¡lh dh ltk jí dj nh FkhA dksVZ us mls flQZ jsi dk nks"kh ekuk vkSj mez dSn dh ltk lqukbZ FkhA lcwrksa ds vHkko esa xksfoUnpkeh dks gR;k dk nks"kh ugha ekuk x;k FkkA bl QSlys ij tfLVl dkVtw us Qslcqd iksLV esa fy[kk Fkk êSa ekurk gw¡ fd lqçhe dksVZ us vkjksih dks gR;k dk dlwjokj u ekudj xyrh dh gS vkSj mUgsa vius QSlys ij iqfufoZpkj djuk pkfg,A* tfLVl dkVtw us viuh iksLV esa ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd dksVZ us viuk QSlyk lqukus esa flQZ lquh lqukbZ ckrksa ij gh /;ku fn;k gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd dkuwu ds eqrkfcd ,d O;fä rc Hkh nks"kh gS ^vxj mldk bjknk dRy dk u gks ysfdu mlus bl rjg dh pksVsa igq¡pkbZ gksa tks vke gkykr esa fdlh Hkh O;fä ds ekSr dh otg cu ldrh gSA* blds ckn iwoZ lqçhe dksVZ tt dks 11 uoacj dks dksVZ esa vkdj viuh iwjh ckr j[kus ds fy, cqyk;k x;k FkkA vkt gh lqçhe dksVZ esa lkSE;k dh ek¡ vkSj dsjy ljdkj }kjk ntZ dh xbZ vihy dh lquokbZ Hkh gksuh Fkh ftlesa QSlys dh leh{kk djus dk vuqjks/k fd;k x;k FkkA crk nsa fd dsjy dh lkSE;k ,d e‚y esa dke djrh Fkh vkSj tc og Vªus ls ?kj tk jgh Fkh] mlh nkSjku xksfoanpkeh us ml ij geyk fd;kA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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xksfoanpkeh us mls ckyksa ls ?klhVk vkSj dksp dh nhokj ij ckj&ckj mldk flj ekjkA mls Vªsu ls Qsd a k x;k] xksfoankpkeh Hkh mlds ihNs dwnk] mls iRFkj ls ekjk x;k vkSj fQj t[eh gkyr esa mlds lkFk cykRdkj Hkh fd;k x;kA geys ds ik¡p fnu ckn lkSE;k dh ekSr gks xbZA 15 flracj dks xksfoanpkeh dks fupyh vnkyr }kjk nh xbZ ekSr dh ltk dks lqçhe dksVZ us lcwrksa ds vHkko esa jí dj fn;kA fo'o çfl) vFkZ'kkL=h veR;Z lsu us vFkZ'kkL= dks ijaijkxr ladqfpr nk;js ds ckgj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh leL;kvksa] tSls xjhch dks vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lkFk tksM+k gSA mudh çR;sd ubZ iqLrd blfy, ppkZ dk dsUæ cu tkrh gS D;ksafd os vFkZ'kkL=h dh –f"V ls lkekftd leL;kvksa ij u, <ax ls fopkj djrs gSa vkSj ubZ laHkkouk,¡ cukrs gSAa ukscy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur veR;Z lsu dks viuh bl ubZ nsu ds fy, fo'o&Hkj esa lEekfur fd;k tk jgk gSA blls igys Hkh mUgksaus viuh iqLrdksa esa lkekftd U;k; ij fo'kn~ ppkZ dh gS vkSj blds fofHkUu i{kksa ij fopkj fd;k gSA U;k; ,d ,slk vkn'kZ gS tks vkt Hkh tulk/kkj.k dh igq¡p ds ckgj gSA ;g Hkh fopkj.kh; gS fd orZeku U;k; O;oLFkk esa thou&ewY;ksa dh j{kk vkSj o`f) dgk¡ rd gks ikrh gSA bl egÙoiw.kZ iqLrd esa fo}ku ys[kd us U;k; dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa&ifjdYiukvksa ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k gS vkSj muds er esa U;k; dks vHkh rd Bhd fn'kk ugha fey ikbZ gSA lalkj ds çfl) fopkjdksa :lks] dkaV] y‚d] g‚Cl us vius&vius le; esa bl fo"k; ij fopkj fd;k gS vkSj og rRdkyhu uhfrdkjksa ds fopkjksa ls çHkkfor jgs gSaA bl iqLrd esa U;k;] fo'ks"kdj lkekftd U;k; ds Lo:i dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dk] fofHkUu –f"Vdks.kksa ls mls ij[kus dk ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA ,d vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ iqLrd tks ubZ lksp ds lkFk U;k; dh O;oLFkk ds lHkh i{kksa ij ekSfyd fopkj çLrqr djrh gSA leh{kdksa dh n`f"V esa ;g iqLrd bl lalkj esa vU;k; ds fo#) lkFkZd vkokt mBkrh gS vkSj U;k; dh ubZ O;oLFkk dh :ijs[kk çLrqr djrh gSA vFkZ'kkL= fo'ks"kK M‚- veR;Z lsu fo'o ds ç[kj fopkjd gSaA xjhch] vdky vkSj fodkl ds vkfFkZd i{kksa ij muds v/;;u vkSj ys[ku us vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij xgjk çHkko NksM+k gSA vFkZ'kkL= ds lkFk n'kZu Hkh veR;Z lsu dk fo"k; jgk gS vkSj fiNys dqN o"kksaZ esa mudh iqLrdksa esa vFkZ'kkL= vkSj n'kZu] nksuksa dk lekos'k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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orkZeku esa veR;Z lsu vejhdk esa fLFkr gkoZMZ ;wfuoflZVh esa n'kZu vkSj bdksu‚feDl ds çksQslj gSaA os 1998 ls 2004 rd baXySM dh dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh ds fVªfuVh d‚yst esa ekLVj jgsA 1998 esa vFkZ'kkL= ds ukscy iqjLdkj ls bUgsa lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA 1rdZ vkSj oLrqfu"Brk gekjs le; ds ,d egku nk'kZfud yqfM~ox foêtsULVhu us n'kZu'kkL= ij vius igys xzUFk VªDVsVql y‚ftdks&fQykslksfQDl ¼Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus½] 1991 ds vkeq[k esa fy[kk Fkk ^^tks dqN dgus ;ksX; gS] og Li"V :i ls dgk tkuk pkfg, vkSj tks ckr dgus ;ksX; ugha gks] ml ij pqi jguk Js;Ldj gSA** muls n'kdksa igys ,MeaM cdZ us Hkh dqN dg ikus dh dfBukbZ dh ckr dh Fkh fdUrq lkFk gh mUgksaus ^pqi jgus dh vleFkZrk* }kjk ml dfBukbZ dk fuokj.k Hkh dj fn;k FkkA oSls vPNk gh gqvk fd foêsULVhu egk'k; Hkh lnSo vius bl mins'k dk vuqlj.k ugha dj ik,A i‚y ,atyeSu dks 1917 esa ,d i= esa mUgksua s ,d cgqr gh jgL;e; fVIi.kh dh Fkh] ^^eSa cM+h esgur ls dke djrk gw¡ vkSj lksprk gw¡ fd dk'k eSa csgrj vkSj dq'kkxzefr gksrkA ;s nksuksa ,d gh rks gSaA 1 D;k dq'kkxzefr ¼rstrjkZj½ O;fä gksuk vkSj csgrj ekuo gksuk ,d gh ckr gS\ eSa Hkyh çdkj tkurk gw¡ fd ,VykafVd ikj ds ikBîkUrj esa vPNk gksus ds fufgr uSfrd xq.k rFkk ^ldq'ky gksu*s esa fufgr LokLF;&lEcU/kh fVIi.kh ¼dksbZ ubZ ihM+k ugha] jäpki lkekU; vkfn½ ds chp dk vUrj dgha Mwcdj [kks x;k gSA eSa rks cgqr le; ls vius fe=ksa dh lqLi"V vf'k"Vrk dks ysdj fpUrk djuk NksM+ pqdk gw¡ tks ;g iwNs tkus ij fd ^vki dSls gSa\* rqjUr vkRe'yk/kkiw.kZ mÙkj nsrs gSa fd ^eSa cgqr vPNk gw¡A* ij foêtsULVhu vejhdh ugha Fks vkSj 1919 dk le; fo'o ij vejhdh ikBîkUrjksa dh fot;&irkdk Qgjkus ls iwoZ dk le; FkkA vr% tc mUgksaus csgrj vkSj dq'kkxzefr gksus dks ,d ekuk rks blesa fuf'p; gh dksbZ lkjxfHkZr –<+ksfä fufgr jgh gksxhA rks fQj os D;k mn~?kks"k.kk dj jgs Fks \ lEHkor% bl dFku esa ;g rF; Nqik gS fd vusd ckj vkReHkzfer O;fä gh cgqr xyr çdkj dh gjdrsa dj tkrs gSAa dq'kkxzefrghurk dHkh&dHkh l}~;ogkj esa uSfrd foQyrk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA ;g lksp ysuk fd D;k djuk dq'kkxzrklwpd gksxk Hkh vU; O;fä;ksa ds çfr csgrj O;ogkj djus esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA vk/kqfud |wrØhM+k fl)kUr us rks ;g ckr Li"V :i ls le>k nh gSA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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2vPNs O;ogkj dk ,d foosdiw.kZ dkj.k ¼mlds QyLo:i½ Lofgr lao/kZu Hkh gks ldrk gSA okLro esa ;fn fdlh lewg ds lHkh lnL; ijLij lgk;d l}~;ogkj ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djsa rks os lHkh cgqr egku fgr&ykHk ds Hkkxh gks ldrs gSAa lHkh dks cckZn dj nsus okys dk;Z djuk fdlh Hkh lewg ds lnL;ksa ds fy, dq'kkxzefr lEiUu dk;Z ugha dgyk,xkA 3fdUrq lEHko gS foêtsULVhu dk ;g vfHkçk; ugha jgk gksA dq'kkxzefr gesa vius y{;ks]a mís';ksa vkSj thouewY;ksa ds fo"k; esa vf/kd Li"V fpUru dh {kerk çnku dj ldrh gSA vHkh&vHkh mfYyf[kr tfVyrkvksa ds ckotwn ;fn Lofgr dks vUrr% ,d vkfne dksfV dk fopkj gh eku ysa rks fQj mu vf/kd ifj"—r ojh;rkvksa ,oa nkf;Roksa] tks gesa fç; gksa vkSj ftudks ikus dk ge ç;kl djsaxs] os dsoy gekjh rdZ{kerk ij fuHkZj jg tk,¡xsA ¼nwljs 'kCnksa es½a lkekftd :i ls xfjekiw.kZ O;ogkj djus ds fy, fdlh O;fä ds ikl Lofgr&lao/kZu ds vfrfjä dqN lqfopkfjr dkj.k gksus pkfg,A dq'kkxzefr Lofgr ds gh csgrj cks/k ugha cfYd ;g le>us esa Hkh lgk;d gks ldrh gS fd fdlh ,d ds dk;ksaZ ls vU; O;fä;ksa ds thou fdl çdkj çHkkfor gks ldrs gSAa rdZ'khy p;u fl)kUr us ftUgsa vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us ifj"—r fd;k vkSj vU; vusd lekt foKku ç'kk[kkvksa us cM+s mRlkgiwod Z viuk fy;k gS] gesa ,d fofp=&lh lw> nsus dk Hkjld ç;kl fd;k gS fd rdZ'khy p;u dk vFkZ dsoy Lofgr lao/kZu gS ¼oLrqr% rdZ'khy p;u fl)kUrksa us bl p;u dh ifjHkk"kk gh bl çdkj dh gS½A fdUrq ;fn viuk fgr fl) ugha gks rks fdlh ds fy, dqN Hkh djus ds fopkj dks ^rdZghu ew[kZrk* ekuus ds fopkj dk dkQh çfrjks/k Hkh gqvk gSA 4gekjk vU; O;fä;ksa ds çfr D;k nkf;Ro gS ;k gesa vkSjksa ls D;k feyk gS\ ;s xEHkhj fpUru&euu ds fo"k; gSaA 5;gh euu gesa Lofgr ds vfr ladh.kZ –f"Vcks/k ls vkxs ys tk,xk] gesa lEHkor% ;g cks/k Hkh djk,xk fd gekjs vius lqfopkfjr /;s;ksa dk rdktk gS fd ge dsoy Lofgr&lao/kZu dh bu ladh.kZ lhekvksa dks ikj dj tk,¡A fdUgha n'kkvksa esa dsoy vius y{;ksa ¼Hkys gh os Lofgr ek= ls çsfjr ugha gksa½ dh çkfIr ds ç;kl djus ls jksdus ds dkj.k Hkh mifLFkr gks ldrs gSAa bldk dkj.k os lkekftd O;ogkj ds fu;e gks ldrs gSa tks gekjs lkFk&lkFk blh fo'o esa cls vU; O;fä;ksa ds y{;ksa dh çkfIr ds ç;kl dh xqt a kb'k dh jpuk Hkh djrs gSaA dqN Vhdkdkjksa dh ckr fofp=&lh yxrh gS fd dksbZ O;fä vU;ksa ds y{; lk/ku dh xqatkb'k iSnk djus ds fy, yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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LoYk{; lk/ku ij ^,dkxzrk ls fopfyr gks ldrk gSA dqN rks bls blh ckr dk ^çek.k* eku ysrs gSa fd ftUgsa ge vius y{; dgrs Fks] og gekjs Fks gh ughaA fdUrq ;fn O;kogkfjd rdZ ds foLrkj dks i;kZIr :i ls le> ysa rks blesa dksbZ fofp=rk ugha cprhA bu ç'uksa ij ge vius v/;k; 8 vkSj 9 esa foLrkj ls ppkZ djsx a sA foêtsULVhu ds le; esa Hkh ^^rdZ'khy p;u fl)kUr** ds dqN ^iwokZHkkl* fo|eku FksA lEHkor% mudk ladsr ;gh Fkk fd dq'kkxzefr gesa vius lkekftd ljksdkjksa ,oa nkf;Roksa ds fo"k; esa vf/kd Li"V :i ls lksp ikus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA dbZ ckj dgk tkrk gS fd dqN cPps vU; cPpksa ;k thoksa ds çfr dsoy bl dkj.k Øwjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj dj tkrs gSa fd mUgsa vU;ksa ds nnZ ;k d"V dh vuqHkwfr ugha gksrh] ;g vuqHkwfr ckSf)d ifjiDork ds lkFk&lkFk gh fodflr gksrh gSA ge fuf'pr :i ls ;g rks ugha tkurs fd foêtsULVhu dk vfHkçk; D;k FkkA fdUrq bl ckr ds cgqr lk{; gSa fd os vius nkf;Roksa vkSj çfrc)rkvksa ds euu ij cgqr le; yxkrs jgs gSAa bu lcds ifj.kke lnSo cgqr foosdiw.kZ ugha jgsA tc 1938 esa fgVyj viuh fot;&;k=k fudky jgs Fks rks foêsULVhu fo;uk tkus ij mrk: gks jgs FksA muds ;gwnh gksu]s pqi u jg ikus vkSj O;ogkj esa dwVuSfrd ugha gksus ds dkj.k ;g ,d [krjukd dne gks ldrk FkkA blh dkj.k dSfEczt egkfo|ky; ds mu lg;ksfx;ksa us mUgsa cyiwoZd ogk¡ tkus ls jksdk FkkA bu lg;ksfx;ksa esa vFkZ'kkL=h fi;jksa ljkZQk dk uke çeq[krk ls fy;k tk ldrk gS] ljkZQk us gh foêtsULVhu dks muds VªSDVsVql xzu~ dh LFkkiuk ij iqu% fopkj djus dh çsj.kk Hkh nh FkhA foêtsULVhu dh fofHkUu okrkZvks& a ppkZvksa esa ;g Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd os lksprs Fks fd mudh ckSf)d {kerk dk mi;ksx fo'o dks csgrj cukus ds fufeÙk gksuk gh pkfg,A bl lUnHkZ esa mudh thouh dk js eksad }kjk fd;k x;k ukedj.k cgqr gh lVhd çrhr gksrk gS yqMfox foêtsULVhu n MîwVh v‚Q thfu;lA KkuksnhfIr fopkj ijEijk dh leh{kk ;fn lpeqp foêtsULVhu dk vfHkçk; ;gh Fkk] rks os ,d fo'ks"k n`f"V ls ;wjksih; KkuksnhfIr ijEijk ls tqM+s fn[kkbZ nsaxsA ml ijEijk us csgrj lekt ds fuekZ.k esa Li"V efLr"d }kjk fd, x, euu vkSj rdZ dks çeq[k lg;ksxh ekuk FkkA vBkjgoha lnh esa rks fo'ks"k :i ls ;wjksih; KkuksnhfIr ds ckSf)d ç;klksa esa lqO;ofLFkr rdZ ds ek/;e ls lkekftd mUu;u dk fo'ks"k egÙo jgk gSA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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fdUrq] lkjs KkuksnhfIr dky esa çpfyr fopkjrU= esa rdZ dh ç/kkurk ds fo"k; esa lkekU;hdj.k dfBu gh yxrk gSA blkb;k cfyZu us rks Li"V fd;k gS fd ml KkuksnhfIrdky esa Hkh vusd çdkj dh rdZ foijhr fopkj/kkjk,¡ çpfyr FkhaA ij fQj Hkh KkuksnhfIr iwoZorhZ fopkj/kkjkvksa dh vis{kk] ^fdlh u fdlh :i ls] rdZ ij vkxzg* ,d cM+s oSpkfjd çR;arj dk vkHkkl fnykrh gSA vktdy rks vusd jktuSfrd ifjppkZvksa esa ;g Hkh dgk tkus yxk gS fd KkuksnhfIr us rdZ ds çHkko {ks= dks dqN vf/kd gh eku fy;k FkkA ;g Hkh lR; gh gS fd ml dky us vk/kqfud fpUru ij rdZ'khyrk ij vkJ; dh bruh xgjh Nki NksMh+ gS fd KkuksnhfIr ds mijkUr fo'o esa vusd çdkj oSpkfjd T;knfr;k¡ djus dh ço`fÙk ?kj dj xbZ gSA çfrf"Br nk'kZfud tksukFku Xyksoj us blh vkis{k esa viuk lqj feykrs gq, dgk gS ^êkuo euksfoKku fo"k;d KkuksnhfIr fpUru vf/kdkf/kd ^>huk ,oa e'khuh*&lk yx jgk gS vkSj vc rks ml fpUru dh ;g vk'kk fd ^êkuorkokn ,oa oSKkfud –f"Vdks.k ds çlkj ls lkekftd çxfr gksxh** Hkh dqN ljyrk ¼Hkksysiu½ tSlh gh ckr yx jgh gSA 6KkuksnhfIr ds vU; vkykspdksa dh Hkk¡fr gh mUgksua s Hkh dgk gS fd ^^LVkfyu vkSj mlds mÙkjkf/kdkjh Hkh blh Kku ls çsfjr Fks vkSj iksy iksV Hkh] vçR;{kr% blh ls çHkkfor FkkA** fdUrq Xyksoj /keZ ;k ijEijk ds lgkjs bl leL;k dk lek/kku ugha pkgrs ¼bl lUnHkZ esa os ^KkuksnhfIr* ds gh çcy leFkZd gks tkrs gSa½ vr% mudk lkjk vkØks'k mu –<+rkiwoZd /kkfjr fo'oklksa erksa ij dsfUær jgrk gS ftUgsa rdZ ds vfrfo'oLr ç;ksx ls c<+kok feyrk gSA mudk vkxzg gS fd ^^LVkfyu dh mtìrk dk ewy Hkh ^fo'okl* esa gh FkkA** viuh jpuk ekWjy fgLVªh v‚Q n V~oaVhvFk lSapqjh esa lqfo[;kr nk'kZfud tksukFku Xyksoj ¼Jonathan Glover½ us cgqr l'kä 'kCnksa esa vkykspuk dk Loj mBk;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd ekuo euksfoKku fo"k;d KkuksnhfIr –f"Vdks.k cgqr gh >huk vkSj e'khuh yxus yxk gS rFkk ekuorkokn vkSj oSKkfud thou–f"V ds çlkj ds ek/;e ls lkekftd çxfr dh vk'kk,¡ cgqr gh vViVh yxus yxh gSaA 7mUgksaus ¼KkuksnhfIr ds vU; vkykspdksa dh Hkk¡fr gh½ vk/kqfud ;qx esa fujadq'krk dh HkRlZuk djrs gq, vkxzg fd;k gS fd ^û dsoy LVkfyu mlds mÙkjkf/kdkjh gh KkuksnhfIr /kkjk ls vfHkHkwr Fks] cfYd iksy iksV Hkh vçR;{k :i ls mlh fpUru ls çHkkfor FkkA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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8fdUrq Xyksoj bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku /kkfeZd ;k ijEijkoknh fu"Bk ds vk/kkj ij ugha djuk pkgrs ¼vkSj bl –f"V ls os ^KkuksnhfIr dks vifjgk;Z* Hkh ekurs gSaA½ blh dkj.k ls mudk lkjk vkØks'k –<+rkiwoZd /kkj.k fd, x, fo'okl ds çfr jgrk gS vkSj mudk ekuuk gS fd rdZ dk vfr'k; ç;ksx bl –<+rk esa cM+k ;ksxnku nsrk gSA mudk vkxzg gS fd LVkfyu dh mtìrk dk mn~xe lzksr ml çdkj ds fo'oklksa esa gh jgk gSA 9–<+fo'okl ,oa dêj J)kvksa dh 'kfä ds fo"k; esa Xyksoj ds ladrs dk fojks/k dj ikuk dfBu gh jgsxkA LVkfyuokn esa fopkj/kkjk dh Hkwfedk fo"k;d mudh vo/kkj.kk dks pqukSrh nsuk Hkh lgt ugha gSA ;gk¡ ge xyr fopkjksa dh udkjkRed çHkkoksRiknd {kerk dh ckr ij ç'u ugha mBk jgsA gekjk ç'u rks ;gh gS fd D;k bls lkekU; :i ls rdZ ds çHkko {ks= vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls KkuksnhfIr fpUru/kkjk dh vkykspuk eku ysuk mfpr gksxk\ 10D;k ohHkRlrkiw.kZ jktusrkvksa ds v/kdpjs fo'oklksa vkSj va/kJ)kiw.kZ O;ogkj dk nks"k KkuksnhfIr fopkj ijEijk ij e<+k tk ldrk gS\ fdrus gh KkuksnhfIr fopkjdksa us rks p;u esa rdZ dh Hkwfedk ij cy nsrs gq, va/kJ)k dk dM+k fojks/k fd;k Fkk] D;k fQj Hkh ml fpUru dks ckn ds usrkvksa dh T;knfr;ksa ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS\ ^LVkfyuokn dh mtìrk* dk fojks/k rks fu'p; gh vU; fof/k;ksa ls Hkh gks ldrk gS] dqN ,slk gh mlds ledkfyd vlUrq"Vksa us fd;k Hkh FkkA mUgksaus ml O;oLFkk dh dFkuh vkSj djuh esa Hkkjh vUrj dks rdksaZ }kjk mtkxj vkSj lnk'k;rk ds nkoksa ds foijhr ml O;oLFkk dh ccZjrk dks fo'o ds lkeus çdV fd;k FkkA ;g ccZjrk bruh fodV ,oa O;kid Fkh fd vf/kdkjh oxZ bls fNik, j[kus ds fy, lSalj vkSj ifo=hdj.k ¼rF;ksa dks rksM& + ejksM+ dj mUgsa HkO; Lo:i çnku djuk½ dh uhfr viukus dks foo'k jgrs FksA eqä cktkj esa Lora= vfHkO;fä Hkh U;k;] ekuokf/kdkj] is;ty rFkk LoPN gok dh rjg gh miHkksäk&lkexzh cu pqdh gSA ;g mUgsa gh gkfly gks ikrh gSa] tks mUgsa [kjhn ikrs gSAa os eqä vfHkO;fä dk ç;ksx Hkh ml rjg dk mRiknu cukus esa djrs gSa tks loZFkk muds vuqdwy gksrk gSA

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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tufgr ;kfpdk gj leL;k dk lek/kku &vjfoan tSu mPpre U;k;ky; us ,d ekeys dh lquokbZ ds nkSjku] tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ds lanHkZ esa lgh dgk Fkk] ^vxj bldks lgh <ax ls fu;af=r u fd;k x;k vkSj blds nq#i;ksx dks ugha jksdk x;k] rks ;g vuSfrd gkFkksa }kjk çpkj] çfr'kks/k vkSj jktuSfrd LokFkZ flf) dk gfFk;kj cu ldrk gSA* tufgr dh vkM+ esa vk/kkjghu ;kfpdkvksa dh fujarj c<+rh ck<+ dk Hk;kog [krjk] vnkyrksa ds flj ij eaMjk jgk gSA fo'ks"kdj rc] tc o"kksZa ls yafcr fopkjk/khu eqdnes c<+rs tk jgs gS]a tks ,d cM+h pqukSrh Hkh gS vkSj xaHkhj psrkouh HkhA njvly 1979&80 ds vklikl fopkjk/khu dSfn;ks]a ykokfjl cPpks]a os';kvks]a cky etnwjksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ds eqíksa ij reke yksxksa us tufgr ;kfpdk,a nk;j dhaA vnkyr us Hkh ^tufgr ;kfpdkvks*a dh vfuok;Zrk dks le>kA U;k; O;oLFkk esa vke yksxksa ds c<+rs vkØks'k dks 'kkar djus ds fy,] ;g t:jh Hkh Fkk vkSj etcwjh HkhA gkyk¡fd blls lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k; ds y{; ^vk/ks&v/kwj*s gh jgsA 'kksf"krksa dh vk¡[k ds vk¡lw de ugha gq, vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij fo"kerk dh [kkbZ] yxkrkj pkSMh+ vkSj xgjh gksrh jghA loksPZ p U;k;ky; ds ekuuh; U;k;ewfrZ ,-ds- ekFkqj vkSj ekdaM Z ;s dkVtw us ,d ekeys dk QSlyk lqukrs le;] viuh ukjktxh tkfgj djrs gq, fy[kk] ^Hkkjr esa ekStnw k U;kf;d gkykr ls turk csgn {kqC/k gSA eqdneksa esa gksus okyh t:jr ls vf/kd nsjh ds dkj.k] U;k; O;oLFkk esa mldh vkLFkk rsth ls ?kV jgh gSA ge laca fa /kr vf/kdkfj;ksa ls vkxzg djrs gSa fd vxj U;k;ikfydk esa ukxfjdksa dk fo'okl cuk,&cpk, j[kuk gS] rks rqjra vko';d dk;Zokgh djsa rkfd ekeyksa dks xfr ls fuiVk;k tk ldsA* ¼2007]¼11½ lqçhe dksVZ dsl 37½ ^tufgr* esa ;kfpdkvksa dh eatjw h feyrs gh] ,d ds ckn ,d egRokdka{kh ^Lo;alos h laxBu* çcq) lektlsoh] cM+s odhy] i=dkj vkSj vU; ^Økafr&/kehZ* ;k ^LoIu&thoh* vius ;k çk;ksftr eqíksa ij vnkyr esa rdZ&dqrdZ djus yxsA dqN us rks viuh lkjh ÅtkZ vkSj çfrHkk ^tufgr ;kstukvks*a ij gh dsfa ær dj nhA bu yksxksa us jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; QaM vkSj ^eku&lEeku* Hkh dek;kA ,sls vf/kdka'k Lo;a&fl) laxBuksa vkSj uxj&uk;dksa ;k ^ujd elhgkvks*a dh fo'oluh;rk vkSj çfrc)rk] ges'kk langs ds ?ksjs esa jgsxhA loksPZ p U;k;ky; yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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;k mPp U;k;ky;ksa us budh cscfq u;kn ;kfpdkvksa ij dbZ ckj l[r fVIi.kh djrs gq, ;kfpdk,¡ [kkfjt dha vkSj Hkkjh tqekZuk Hkh yxk;k gSA le;&le; ij ,slh vusd gkL;kLin ;kfpdk,¡ nk;j gqbaZ tSls Hkkjr dk uke cnydj fganLq rku djus] vjc lkxj dk uke cnydj fla/kq lkxj djus vkSj jk"Vªxku cnyus lac/a kh ;kfpdk,aA ;gh ugha] bankSj [kaMihB ds le{k ,d ;kfpdk esa lqçhe dksVZ ds U;k;ewfrZ;ksa ds fo#) gh ,d dsl nk;j gqvk Fkk] tks Hkkjh tqekZus ds lkFk [kkfjt gqvkA tufgr ;kfpdkvksa vkSj U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds ckotwn] xjhcksa dks dksbZ cM+h jkgr ugha feyhA vnkyrksa ds i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k ij vusd vkns'k] gtkjksa QSfDVª;ksa dks can djus ds fu.kZ;] >qXxh&>ksia fM+;k¡ gVkus ds gqDe lektksi;ksxh gksus ds ctk, tufojks/kh fl) gq,A o"kZ 1999 esa fjgk;'kh bykdksa ls QSDVªh gVkus ds fu.kZ; ls jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh {ks= esa etnwj ?kj ls cs?kj gq, vkSj >qXxh&>ksifM+;k¡ mtkM+h xbZ]a ftlls 20 yk[k yksx cqjh rjg çHkkfor gq,A ,elh esgrk cuke Hkkjr la?k ekeys esa çnw"k.k de djus ds fy, 2001 esa lh,uth okys QSlys ds ckotwn] çnw"k.k igys ls vf/kd c<+ x;k vkSj jkt/ kkuh 15 fnu ^v‚M&bZou* esa my>rh&lqy>rh jghA lp ;g gS fd ^tufgr ;kfpdvksa dk lqij gkbos*] gj leL;k dk lek/kku ugha gSA U;kf;d foMacuk ;g gS fd dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu mRihM+u lac/a kh ^fo'kk[kk fn'kkfuns'Z k* ykxw djus vkSj fo/ks;d cukus esa 17 lky dk le; yxk- blls fyax lekurk vkSj L=h j{kk&lqj{kk ds loky ij] ljdkjh xaHkhjrk dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ^gokyk&dkaM* ls ysdj dkys&/ku] reke ^th* vkSj vU; tufgr eqdneksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa ds ckn Hkh] vke lekt vkSj U;k; ds chp dh nwjh] de gksus ds ctk, yxkrkj c<+rh tk jgh gSA o"kksZa ls vusd vnkyrh vkns'k] laln ;k ljdkj dh jkg ns[k jgs gSa vkSj f'k{kk] LokLF;] efgyk lqj{kk] ekuokf/kdkj ds cqfu;knh elys eqg¡ ck, [kM+s gSAa fu%lUnsg U;k; lLrk vkSj 'kh?kz lqyHk gksuk pkfg,] exj blds fy, le; jgrs iwjs dkuwu vkSj U;k;&O;oLFkk esa Hkkjh cnyko djuk iM+x s kA gkyk¡fd igys gh dkQh nsj gks pqdh gSA rFkkdfFkr tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ;k mnkjoknh&lq/kkjoknh la'kks/kuksa ¼d‚LesfVd ltZjh½ }kjk] U;k; O;oLFkk ds ttZj ewy <k¡ps dks] vius gh cks> rys ncus&<gus ls cpuk&cpkuk vlaHko yxrk gSA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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i;kZoj.k dkuwu dk fl¼kar &,-ds- j'khnh Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk i;kZoj.k dkuwu cukus esa vge Hkwfedk jgk gSA ,d vksj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; ,oa mPp U;k;ky; us lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 32 ,oa 226 ds rgr tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j djus dk fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k gSA thou ds vf/kdkj dks ewrZ #i nsus ds fy, eqdnes lqus tkus dk vf/kdkj dks yphykiu cukus dk Js; U;k;ewfrZ ohñvkjñ Ñ".kk v¸;j ,oa U;k;ewfrZ ih-,u- Hkxorh dh v/;{krk okyh [k.MihB dks tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] eqdnesa esa lqus tkus ds vf/kdkj esa yphykiu djds tufgr ;kfpdk nkf[ky djus dh uhfr dks izfrikfnr fd;k x;k rFkk i;kZoj.k U;k; ds fl)kar dks vfLrRo esa yk;k x;kA nwljh vksj 1972 esa fo'o leqnk; us la;qä jk"Vªl?a k ds igy ij LVkWd gkse dkUÝsal vk;ksftr fd;k ftlds vUrxZr fo'o leqnk; us i;kZoj.k dh xEHkhj pqukSfr;ksa dks xEHkhjrk ls fy;k rFkk ekuokf/kdkj ds j{kk gsrq i;kZoj.k laj{k.k fl)kar dks izfrikfnr fd;kA LVkWdgkse dkUÝsal esa la;qä jk"Vª la?k us thou j{kk ds fy, i;kZoj.k lac/a kh f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z le>k rFkk ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds xyr nksgu dks jksdk tk,A LokHkkfod :i ls nksckjk iz;ksx fd, tkus okys lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k] ;q) ugha 'kkafr dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr fu%'kL=hdj.k ds fl)kar dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls thus ds vf/kdkj dks lcy cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA vk;q) lkexzh ds iz;ksx gksus ds ckn dpM+s ls iSnk gksus okys thou ds [krjs dks fo'o leqnk; us cM+h lw{kerk ls fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dkuwu iwjs fo'o esa l[rh ls ykxw djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA LVkWd gkse dkWUÝsal ds QSlys ds vk/kkj ij la;qDr jk"Vª la?k i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe esa dbZ vUrZjk"Vªh; laxBu ,dtqV gksdj i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k ds fy, fØ;k'khy gq, rFkk blls izHkkfor gksdj Jhyadk dh fo/kkf;dk us LVkWd gkse dkWUÝsal ds ?kks"k.kk i= ds vk/kkj ij jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k vf/kfu;e la[;k 47@1980 ykxw fd;kA i;kZoj.k ds dk;ZØe dks vUrjZk"Vªh; Lrj ij c<+kok nsus ds fy, Rio de Janeiro Conference 1992 dk vk;kstu gqvkA ftlds vUrxZr 21oha lnh esa i;kZoj.k ,oa LFkk;h fodkl dks ysdj 21 dk;ZØe la;qDr jk"Vªl?a k ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr gq, ftlds dsUnz esa ekuokf/kdkj dk laj{k.k laoZ)u rFkk fodkl FkkA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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vkS|ksfxd fodkl ls mRiUu iznw"k.k ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k dkuwu dk fuekZ.k vko';d gks x;k rFkk fo'o leqnk; dh bl ckr ij la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds usr`Ro okyh laLFkkvksa us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd iznw"k.k fu;a=.k dkuwu cukdj vO;ofLFkr vkS|ksfxd fodkl] iqjkuh rduhd] c<+rs y|q m|ksx] dpM+k dk lalk/ku esa ?kqydj cgus ls mRiUu ty izn"w k.k] feV~Vh iznw"k.k] ok;q iznw"k.k ,oa yqIr gks jgs ou izk.kh o Xykscy okfeZax ekuo thou ds vfLrRo ds fy, [krjk cu x;k gS rFkk ;g 21oha lnh dk iwjs fo'o ds fy, pqukSrh cu x;k gSSA vkS|ksfxd fodkl ls mRiUu izn"w k.k ls fuiVus ds fy, la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh **la;qDr jkT; i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsalh** us i;kZoj.k U;k; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk lHkh tkfr] leqnk;] jax] jk"Vªh;rk ,oa vk; ds lja{k.k ds fy, lkekU; ,oa l[rh ds lkFk i;kZoj.k dkuwu ykxw djuk gh i;kZoj.k U;k; gSA o"kZ 1994 esa ou vf/kdkj ij vk/kkfjr tSfod fofo/krk ds fl)kar dks izfrikfnr fd;k x;kA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us vyx ls cnyrs tyok;q fo"k; ij vUrjZk"Vªh; Lrj ij dUosa'ku fd;k ftlesa 1994 esa tula[;k ij Cario agenda on population (1994), Social submit outcome (1995) rFkk fcftax efgyk lEesyu ¼1995½ izeq[k gSA iqu% 2002 esa tksgUlcxZ lEesyu lrr~ fodkl dks ysdj vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA ftldk eq[; vk/kkj lkekftd&vkfFkZd ,oa i;kZoj.k laca/kh fodkl rFkk Earth Summit (2002) FkkA KkrO; gks fd i;kZoj.k U;k; dh pqukSrh us lu~ 1980 esa fo'o dks vkUnksfyr dj fn;k Fkk rFkk fo'o leqnk; }kjk izn"w k.k QSykus okys rRo] O;fDr] m|ksx ds izfr dM+k #[k viukrs gq, izn"w k.k fu;a=.k ds rduhd dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykxw fd, fcuk m|ksx ds lapkyu ij jksd yxkus dk izLrko ikfjr gqvkA izn"w k.k ls mRiUu i;kZoj.k dh pqukSrh ls fuiVus ds fy, Hkkjro"kZ esa i;kZoj.k U;k; dks lkekftd U;k; ls tksM+ dj U;k;ewfrZ ohñvkjñ Ñ".kk v¸;j ,oa U;k;ewfrZ vks fpuIik jsìh dh [k.MihB us uxj fuxe jryke cuke o`)h pUn ,oa vU; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1980 ,l-lh- 1622 ds QSlys esa O;k[;k fd;k gSA jryke uxj fuxe ds 'kgj esa lkQ&lQkbZ ,oa tu lqfo/kkvksa dks lqn`<+ djus ds fy, dksbZ fuekZ.k dk;Z ugha gks jgk Fkk lkFkgh lkFk vke ukxfjdksa dh ijs'kkuh dks nwj djus ds fy, tu lqfo/kk dks eqgS;k Hkh ugha djk;k x;k FkkA fnukad 12-05-1972 dks E;wfuliy dkWmafly jryke e/;izn's k ds ,lñMhñvksñ ds U;k;ky; esa Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku dh /kkjk 133 yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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ds vkyksd esa ,d eqdnek o`)hpUn ,oa vU; us nkf[ky fd;k rFkk eqdnes dk vafre QSlyk lokZsPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;ewfrZ ohñvkjñ Ñ".kk v¸;j dh v/;{krk okyh [k.MihB us fd;k rFkk fu.kZ; esa eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr vkns'k ikfjr fd, % 1ljdkj ;k mlds ,tsUlh ds }kjk LokLF;] LoPNrk ,oa tu lqfo/kk ds vHkko esa ijs'kkuh mRiUu gksus dh fLFkfr esa /kkjk 133 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds vuqlkj vuqe.My n.Mkf/kdkjh dks iznÙk fd, x, vf/kdkj dk lapkyu djrs gq, nks"kh ljdkjh ,tsfUl;ksa ds fo#) dkuwuh dkjZokbZ dh tkuh pkfg,A 2dksbZ Hkh O;fDr mDr LokLF;] LoPNrk ,oa tu lqfo/kk ds vHkko ls izHkkfor gksus dh fLFkfr esa ihfM+r gksus ds vk/kkj ij nks"kh ljdkjh ,tsUlh ,oa mlds lapkyu djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds f[kykQ /kkjk 133 ds rgr vuqeM a y n.Mkf/kdkjh ds U;k;ky; esa eqdíek nkf[ky djus dk vf/kdkjh gSA 3;fn ljdkj ;k ljdkjh ,tsUlh vuqeaMy n.Mkf/kdkjh }kjk /kkjk 133 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds vUrxZr iznÙk 'kfDr ds vkyksd esa fn, x, vkns'k dh vogsyuk fd;k tkrk gS rks ,slh ifjLFkfr esa /kkjk 188 Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ds rgr nks"kh vf/kdkjh ,oa O;fDr;ksa ds fo#) dkuwuh dkjZokbZ djus ds ;ksX; gSA 4loksZPp U;k;ky; ds QSlys esa uxj fuxe vk;qDr ;k uxj fuxe dk;Zikyd inkf/kdkjh }kjk /kkjk 133 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh vogsyuk ,oa lQkbZ] LokLF; ,ao tulqfo/kk esa O;o/kku djus dh ifjfLFkfr esa leqfpr dkuwuh dkjZokbZ dh tkuh pkfg,A 5yksd ijs'kkuh mRiUu djus okys ;k iznwf"kr djus okys O;fDr ds }kjk cM+s QSDVjh ls folftZr lkexzh ,oa dpM+s ls xjhc vkneh ds LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk esa gksus okyh gkfu ds nks"k esa nf.Mr djuk pkfg,A 6/kkjk 133 vkbZ-ih-lh- o /kkjk 188 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds mYya?ku dh fLFkfr esa fu"ks/kkRed vkns'k ds vkyksd esa dkjZokbZ okafNr gSA 7Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku dk iz;ksx lafo/kku Hkkx&3 esa iznÙk ekSfyd vf/kdkj o ekuokf/kdkj ds lqj{kk ds fy, dkjZokbZ dh tkuh pkfg, rFkk blds fy, ljdkj dks fo'ks"k ctV dk izko/kku t:jh gSA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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/kkjk 123 e/;izn's k uxj fuxe vf/kfu;e 1961 esa ljdkjh dk;Z djus okys uxj fuxe vf/kdkjh ds }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± esa cpko ds fy, lsfoax Dykmt ugha gSA 9;|fi Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku ,oa n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds vUrxZr izkphu xzkeh.k O;oLFkk ds vkyksd esa u;s lkekftd U;k; laoS/kkfud n`f"Vdks.k dks dsUnz esa j[krs gq, tulqfo/kkvksa dk c<+kok ,oa tu vlqfo/kkvksa ij jksd t:jh gSA 10uxj fuxe ds xBu dk eq[; mís'; tu LokLF; ,oa tulqfo/kk dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ukxfjdksa ds foÙkh; fLFkfr esa fcuk Hksn&Hkko ds xfjeke; thou O;rhr djus ds fy, ykxw dh tkuh pkfg,A 11QSlys esa tu LokLF; ,oa tulqfo/kk dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykxw djus ds fy, /kkjk 133 n.M fo/kku izfØ;k rFkk /kkjk 188 Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku lafgrk dBksj ,oa n.MkRed izko/kku gSA 12lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 47 esa of.kZr uhfr fu/kkZjd rRo ds vkyksd esa ljdkj dk nkf;Ro gS fd yksd LokLF; dks csgrj cuk;s rFkk yksd fudk; dks bls l[rh ls ykxw djokus ds fy, tokcnsg gSA 13lafo/kku esa tu LokLF; ,oa tu lqfo/kk ds vkyksd esa of.kZr cU/k ,oa nkf;Ro ds vkyksd esa ljdkj dh tokcnsgh gS fd dkuwuh izko/kkuksa dks fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa fuf"Ø; ugha cuk;k tk, rFkk ljdkj ,oa ljdkjh ,tsUlh dks fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa ewd n'kZd ugha jguk pkfg,A ;fn ljdkj ;k ljdkjh ,tsUlh ;k muds vf/kdkjh fuf"Ø; gSa rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ikfydk dks laoS/kkfud ,oa dkuwuh izko/kkuksa dks l[rh ls ykxw djokuk pkfg,A lkseizdk'k js[kh cuke Hkkjr ljdkj ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1981 ,l-lh- 212 ds QSlysa esa U;k;kewfÙkZ oh-vkj-d`".k v¸;j] U;k;ewfÙkZ vksfpUuIik jsM~Mh ,oa U;k;ewfÙkZ vkj- ,l- ikBd dh [k.MihB us dkuwuh izko/kku ls mRiUu laLFkk,¡] dkWjiksjs'ku] cksMZ] dEiuh dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 12 dh O;k[;k dj ljdkj ds nk;js esa 'kkfey djrs gq, lkseizdk'k js[kh dh vihy ;kfpdk dks eatwj djrs gq, cekZ lsy dks isa'ku Hkqxrku dk vkns'k ikfjr fd;k x;kA bl QSlys ds vk/kkj ij yksd fo'okl fl)kUr (Public Trust Doctrine) dh O;k[;k vkxs eq[; U;k;k/kh'k Jh ,u- ,uflYok ,oa U;k;k/kh'k lyhe elwZQ] loksZPp U;k;ky; Jhyadk us Watte Gedera Wijebanda v. Conservator General of Forests And Others – SLR – 337 (1) 2009

esa U;k;ewfÙkZ oh- vkj- d`".kk v¸;j dh v/;{krk okyh [k.MihB

yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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ds }kjk fn, x, lkse izdk'k jk[kh ds QSlys dks vk/kkj cuk;k rFkk ,-vkbZvkj- 1981 ,l-lh- 212 dks ekurs gq, QSlyk fn;k ftlds vUnj Jhyadk ds lafo/kku ds vkyksd esa lkseizdk'k js[kh ds QSlys dks vk/kkj cukrs gq, yksd fo'okl fl)kUr (Public Trust Doctrine) dh O;k[;k vuqPNsn 12¼1½ dkuwu ds le{k lekurk] vuqPNsn 27¼4½ jkT; ds uhfr fu/kkZjd rRo ds varxZr vuqPNsn 28 ekSfyd dÙkZO;] jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k vf/kfu;e la[;k 47@1980 ds vkyksd esa fd;k x;k rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; Jhyadk us ;kfpdkdÙkkZ ds vkS|ksfxd [kuu dh izkFkZuk ij jksd yxkrs gq, foyaEc iwoZ fLFkfr esa i;kZoj.k fLFkfr yk;k tk; rFkk ljdkj ,oa vU; dks Øe'k% :Œ 20]000-00 ,oa :Œ 50]000-00 Hkqxrku djus dk n.M fn;k x;kA U;k;ewfrZ ih-,u- Hkxorh dh v/;{krk okyh laoS/kkfud [k.MihB us ,l-ih- xqIrk ,oa vU; cuke Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ,oa vU; ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1982 ,l-lh- 149 esa lkekftd U;k; ,oa i;kZoj.k dks Locus standi ¼lqus tkus dk vf/kdkj½ ds vkyksd esa O;k[;k fd;kA mijksDr nksuksa ,frgkfld QSlys esa lkekftd U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk dks dsUnz esa j[krs gq, i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa izpfyr lqus tkus ds vf/kdkj laca/kh dkuwu dh O;k[;k fd;k x;kA tks ckn esa pydj Hkkjr ds dkuwu esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] ok;q iznw"k.k] ty iznw"k.k] us'kuy xzhu fVªC;wuy] us'kuy QkWjsLV iksfylh] us'kuy tw&iksfylh] ck;ksyksftdy MkboflZVh vf/kfu;e] vkfnoklh ls lacaf/kr] taxy vf/kdkj dkuwu vfLrRo esa vk;kA U;k;ewfrZ oh-vkj- Ñ".kk v¸;j us Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku ds v/;k;&10] Hkkx&2 dks i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls tksM+dj lkekftd U;k; ,oa LFkkuh; ,oa ljdkjh fudk;ksa ds Åij yksd tokcnsgh fu/kkZfjr fd;k tks orZeku ifjn`'; esa cgqr gh yksd mi;ksxh gSA lkekftd U;k; dh U;kf;d foospuk ,oa U;kf;d vo/kkj.kk dk eq[; Js; U;k;ewfrZ oh-vkj- Ñ".kk v¸;j ,oa U;k;ewfrZ ih-,u- Hkxorh dks tkrk gSA nsgjknwu iz{ks= esa i;kZoj.k ds larqyu dks izHkkfor djus okys [kuu dks ysdj xzkeh.kksa us loksZPp U;k;ky; esa eqdnek nkf[ky fd;k ftls loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk xEHkhjrk ls ysrs gq, ns'k ds vanj ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, elwjh] iBkjh {ks= ,oa fgeky;u {ks= esa [kuu ,oa foLQksV ij jksd yxk;k x;kA lafo/kku esa of.kZr uhfr fu/kkZjd rRo ds vuqPNsn 47 esa jkT; dks ukxfjdksa ds LokLF;] iks"kd rRo] thou Lrj rFkk yksd LokLF; dks yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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izHkko'kkyh <ax ls cuk, j[kus dh tokcnsgh ljdkj dh gS] ftlds rgr dksbZ Hkh inkFkZ ukxfjd ds LokLF; vkSj thou Lrj dks cqjs rjhds ls izHkkfor djrk gS rks mlds fu;a=.k dh tokcnsgh jkT; ljdkj dh gSA i;kZoj.k esa LoPN okrkoj.k dk gksuk gh thou ds vf/kdkj dk ewYk :i gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us ch-,y- o/ksjk cuke Hkkjr ljdkj ds QSlys esa loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk iqjkuh fnYyh uxj ikfydk ,oa ubZ fnYyh uxjikfydk esa iM+s dpM+s dks gVkus dh tokcnsgh ljdkj ,oa yksd fudk; ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA lfPpnkuUn ik.Ms; cuke iŒ caxky ljdkj ,vkbZ-vkj- 1987 ,l-lh- 1109 esa iz'kklfud fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 48 ,- esa ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu cuk, j[kus dk funsZ'k fn;k x;kA U;k;ewfÙkZ oh-vkj- Ñ".kk v¸;j ds }kjk fn, x, QSlys dk vuq'kj.k iM+kslh ns'k Jhyadk rFkk fo'o ds dbZ vU; ns'kksa esa fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk muds }kjk QSlys ls dbZ dkuwu] ns'k ,oa fons'kksa esa cukdj ykxw fd, x, gSa] mnkgj.k Lo:i E;wfufliy dkamfly] jryke ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr yxHkx 34 dsUnzh; dkuwu ykxw fd, x, gSaA &eks-09835536572

55 izfr'kr dSnh eqfLye] nfyr ;k vkfnoklh us'kuy Økbe fjd‚MZl ~ dh 2015 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ns'kHkj dh tsyksa esa can dSfn;ksa esa ls 55 çfr'kr vaMjVªk;y dSnh eqfLye] nfyr ;k fQj vkfnoklh gSAa NCRB ds eqrkfcd] tsy esa can nks frgkbZ dSnh vaMjVªk;y gSAa MkVk esa fn[kk;k x;k gS fd can dSfn;ksa esa ls 70 çfr'kr ,sls gSa ftUgksua s nloha Dykl Hkh ikl ugha dh gSA nfyr] eqfLye vkSj vkfnoklh dh tula[;k dqy feykdj ns'k dh 39 çfr'kr gksrh gSA ,sls esa ;g vk¡dM+s FkksMs+ gSjku djus okys gSAa 2011 esa gqbZ tux.kuk ds eqrkfcd] ns'k dh 14-2 çfr'kr vkcknh eqfLye] 16-6 çfr'kr vkcknh nfyrksa vkSj 8-6 çfr'kr vkcknh vkfnoklh ¼,lVh½ yksxksa dh gSA rhuksa leqnk;ksa ds dSfn;ksa esa vaMjVªk;y dSnh T;knk gSa vkSj nks"kh ik, x, deA rhuksa dk dqy feykdj lkjs dSfn;ksa dk 50-4 çfr'kr gksrk gSA eqfLyeksa esa nksf"k;ksa dh la[;k 158 çfr'kr gS ysfdu vaMjVªk;y vkjksfi;ksa dh la[;k 20-9 çfr'kr gSA tks fd dkQh T;knk gSA ogha ,llh esa nksf"k;ksa dh la[;k 20-9 çfr'kr gS vkSj vaMjVªk;y dh la[;k 21-6 çfr'krA ogha ,lVh esa 12-4 çfr'kr yksx nks"kh djkj gks pqds gSa tcfd vaMjVªk;y esa mudk çfr'kr 13-7 gSA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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THE CONTRACT, IF CAMOUFLAGE?

-Rajesh Kumar Verma

The aspirations of the people, as ingrained in the Preamble of the constitution of India include the justice economical. A system of governance so as to ensure a system of avocation without bonded labour practice and without exploitation is also implicit in the preamble as well as in part III & IV i.e. Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles. The Govt. of India is also the signatory of International Covenants and various Charters of the United Nations. It was in this back ground that after about 20 years from the promulgation of the Constitution of India, the parliament enacted the Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970 and after further six years enacted the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 i.e. CLRA & BLSA respectivly. It is evident from the CLRA that the same was enacted for the purposes of regulation & abolition the contract labour system but the BLSA did not intend to regulate but only to abolish the bonded labour system. The object of the BLSA is to abolish the bonded labour system and freeing and discharging every bonded labourer from any obligation to render any bonded labour. After commencement of BLSA, no person can compel any person to render any bonded labour or other form of forced labour and every obligation of a bonded labourer to repay any bonded to have been exdinguished. This part no suit or other proceeding can lie for recovery of any bonded debt or any part therefore any civil court or any other authority. It is the duty of the Government to identify, release & rehabilitate the bonded labour and it cannot repudiate its obligation. The provisions of the BLSA, by virtue of Section 3, have the overriding effect on any other law contained in any encatment or in any enactment having effect by virtue of any enactment other than this Act. an other words, the provisions of BLSA shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent contained in any enactment or in any instrument having effect by virtue of any enactment other than this Act. It is strange that after elapse of more than 44 years of enactment of the CLRA, each and every establishment of the public Sector as well as private Sector, the employees/workmen are being engaged through unregistered Agency/ contractor without having license in the main functioning of the principal employer and the Agent/ Contractor are enjoying on the hard work of the employees/ workmen by getting the commission. According to Section 2(1) of the CLRA, the 'Appropriate Government' Means-(i) In relation to an establishment in respect of which the Appropriate Government under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, is the Central Government, (ii) In relation to any other establishment, the Government of the State in Which that other establishment is situate. In the view of the above, the Central Government has jurisdiction over the establishments in respect of which the appropriate Government under industrial Disputes Act, 1947 is the Central Government and for other establishments, the state Governments concerned are appropriate Government. Section 2(i) of CLRA defined "Workman" as a person employed in or in connection with the work of any establishment to do any skilled, semi skilled or unskilled manual, supervisory, technical or clerical work for hire or reward, whether the terms of employment be express or implied, but does not include any such person(a) Who is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity, or (b) Who, being employed in a supervisory capacity draws wages exceeding five hundreds rupees per mensem or exercises, either by the nature of the duties attached to the office or by reason of the powers vested in him, functions mainly of a managerial nature' or (c) Who is an out-worker, that is to say, a person to whom any articles and materials are given out by or on behalf of the principle employer to be made up, cleaned, washed, altered, ornamented, finished, repaired, adapted or othyks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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erwise processed for sale for the purposes of the trade of business of the principle employer and the process is to be carried out either I home of the out-worker or in some other premises not being premises under the control and management of the principal employer. The provisions of the CLRA restrict the engagement of contract labour through the Contractor/agency against the perennial in nature of work. And if the labour is hired thourgh the Contractor/Agency in violation of the provisions of CLRA shall be deemed as regular employee of principal employer and would be entitled to get the same remuneration at par with the regular employee of that establishment. The contract employee only can be engdaged thorugh an Agency against piece suted work / casual nature of work whiches not perennical in nature of work and for that purpose the said agency will have to License under Section 12 of the CLRA. Hon b'le Supreme Court has condemned the employment of contract labour in various decisions viz. Sankar Mukharjee Versus Union of India 1990 (60) FLR 20 [SC] condemned the practice of public Sector Companies for engaging workmen through contract labour. Its relevant portion is as under"It is surprising that more than forty years after the indepnedence the practice of employing labour through contractors by big companies including public Sector Companies is still being accepted as a normal feature of labour employment. There is no security of service to the workmen and their wages are far below than that of the regular workmen of the company. this Court in Standard Vacuum Refining Co. of India Ltd. Versus Its workmen [1960 (1) FLR 98 (SC)] and Catering Cleaners of southern Railway versus union of India [1987(54)FLR 476] has disopproved the system of contract labour holding it to be "archaic", "primivive" and of "benefit nature". The system, which is nothing but an improved version of bonded labour, is sought to be abolished by the Act. The Act is an important piece of social legislation for the welfare of labourers and has to be liberally construed." Certion provisions of CLRA is quoted hereunnder in verbatim :Section 2 (g) provides the definition of the principal employer, which is quoted herein under Section 2 (g) - "principal employer" means, - (i) relation to any office or department of the Government or local authority, the head of that office or department or such other officer as the government or the local authority, as the case may be, may specify in this behalf, (ii) in a facory the owner of occupier of the factory and where a person has been named as the manager of the factory under the Facories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948) the person so named. (iii) in a mine, the owner or agent of the mine and where a person has been named as the manager of the mine the person so namaed, (iv) in any other establishment, any person responsible for the supervision and control of the establishment. Section 10(1) of CLRA prohibits employment of contractor labour that "Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the appropriate Government may, after consultation with the Central Board, or as the case may be, a State Board, prohibit by notification in the Official Gazette, employment of contract labour in any process, operation or other work in any establishment". Sub Section (2) further cautions that before issuing any notification under sub section (1) in relation to an establishment, the appropriate government shall have regard to the conditions of work and benefits provided for the contract labour in that establishment and other relevant factors, such as (a) whether the process, operation or ther work is incidental to or necessary for, the industry, trade,business, manufacture or occupation that is carried on in the establishment, (b) whether it is of perennial nature, that is to say, it is of sufficient duration having regard to the nature of industry, trade, business, manufacture or occupation that is carried on in that establishment, (c) whether it is done ordinarily, through regular workmen in that establishment or an establishment similer thereto, (d) whether it is sufficient to employ considerable number of wholetime workyks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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men. Its Section 12 provides Licensing of contractors with effect from such date as the approprite government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint, no contractor to whom this Act applies, shall undertake or execute any work thorugh contract labour excepet under and in accordance with a license issued in that behalf by the licensing officer; and also that a license may contain such conditions including, in particular, as to hours of work, fixation of wages and other essential amenities in respect of contract as the appropriate government may deem fit to impose in accordane with the rules. The Govt. has not sought the consultation under Section-10 of CLRA, which provides that :- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the appropriate Govt. may, after consultation with the central board, or as the case may be, a State Board, prohibit by notification in the official Gazette, employment of contract labour in any process, operation or other work in any establishment. As per provisions of its Section 2 (g)- "principal employer" means,- (i) in relation to any office or department of the Government or local authority, the head of that office or department or such other officer as the government or the local authority, as the case may be, may specify in this behalf, in a factory the owner of occupier of the factory and where a person has been named as the manager of the factory under the Factories Act, 1948 (63 or 1948) the person so named. in a mine, the owner or agent of the mine and where a person has been named as the manager of the mine the person so named. in any other establishment, any person responsible for the super vision and control of the establishment. In Air India Statutory Corporation Versus United Labour Union AIR 1997 SC 645, it has been held that if the contract labour have been engaged through any of the Agency/contractor in utter violation of the provisions of CLRA against the perennial nature of work, they shall be deemed as regular employees of the principal employer and they would be entitled to get all remuneration at par with regular employees. Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 enacted to protect the right of the employees/workmen for their future, but many principal employers or their Agent never deposit the contribution of the provident fund, deprive them from their livelihood by engaging new persons through Agency in contravention of the CLRS. such acts are violative to the provisions of Article 14, 16, 21 39A and 43 of the Constitution of India. In this regard, the verdict in International Airport Authority Employees Union and another versus International Airport Aothority of India and others (2001) 1 SCC 205 is also worth considering wherein holding that the car park of an airport is part of the airport building, the sweepers working in the parking areas in international and national airports were held as covered following earlier decision in International Airport Authority Employees Union and another Versus International Airport Authority of India (1997) 10 SCC 754 : 1998 SCC (L&S) 1575. The constitution Bench of Honb'le supreme Court, in Steel Authority of India Ltd. Vs. national Union Water Front Workers (2001) 7 SCC 1, was pleased to hold that if the contract is camouflage, the said contract employee/workmen stands regularized in the services of the principal employer. From the aforesaid anology, it is apparent that a contract employee is only engaged through a licensed contractor for the work of to be done of the some principal employer against the peace rated work or intermittent nature of work. As such, the recent trend of few State Governments or the officer of the government or of its instrumentalities of employing any employee/workmen directly against the regular, permanent and perennial nature of work is contrary to such verdict. Thus, despite certain vacillation, the judicial approach after the changes in law in this regard has not been amounting to a total departre from erstwhile view but unfortunately in the present erq of talking much about the globalization, profiteering and FDI etc. the efforts on the part of the vested interest has been either to dilute or deviate or skip from the legal and constitutional obligations which need a cautious approach and constant watch. Mobile : 09335953176 yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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esa vihy dh fd benkn dks fLrtksÝfs u;k dh chekjh gS vkSj mUgsa ugha ekywe fd mlus D;k fd;k gSA ,d ljdkjh M‚DVj us Hkh rLnhd dh fd benkn vyh fLrtksÝfs u;k ds ejht gSa vkSj os mudk fiNys vkB lky ls bykt dj jgs gSAa exj lqçhe dksVZ us bafM;u lqçhe dksVZ ds 1988 ds ,d QSlys dk gokyk nsrs gq, QSlyk lquk;k fd fLrtksÝsfu;k dksbZ LFkkbZ fnekxh chekjh ugha gS] bldk bykt gks ldrk gSA rhljk dsl xqyke dkfnj vkSj xqyke ljoj dk gS ftUgsa pkj vkSj nksf"k;ksa lesr 2005 esa ls'ku dksVZ us rhu yksxksa ds dRy ds tqeZ esa ekSr dh ltk lqukbZA 2010 esa gkbZdksVZ us pkj nksf"k;ksa dks cjh dj fn;k] ysfdu xqyke dkfnj vkSj xqyke ljoj dh ekSr dh ltk dk;e j[khA nksuksa us bl QSlys ds f[kykQ lqçhe dksVZ esa vihy dhA lqçhe dksVZ us vc ls lkr fnu igys nksuksa dks ckbTtr cjh dj fn;kA tc ;g QSlyk Hkkoyiqj tsy ds deZpkfj;ksa ds ikl igq¡pk rks mUgksua s lqçhe dksVZ dks fy[kk fd gqtjw ge rks nksuksa eqtfjeksa dks fiNys lky vDVwcj esa gh Qkalh ij yVdk pqds D;ksafd gesa fdlh us ugha crk;k fd nksuksa us lqçhe dksVZ esa vihy dj j[kh gSA vkius ns[kk fd U;k; dks vU;k; esa cnyuk fdruk vklku gSA cl U;k; ds vkxs ,d MaMk gh rks yxkuk gSA vc ml vkneh dks <w<a jgk gw¡ ftlus lcls igys dgk Fkk fd balkQ va/kk gksrk gSA ;g rhuksa QSlys ns[kdj eq>s rks yxrk gS fd balkQ va/kk gh ugha cfYd cgjk vkSj xw¡xk Hkh gks rks Hkh pysxkA yks d llaya??k"kZ k"kZ if=dk "d kka d y ksd k sdi f= ld a? k k" kfo Z ifo'ks 'fks=" kkad k f o 'Q k s" kjo k adjh& 2 0tuojh 16Q j 2017 o j h& 2 0 1 6

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