Rawan's Preliminary Graduation Project Thesis by Rawan Hasan

Jordan University of Science & Technology City Planning & Design Department 00962-2-7201000 EXT.26746

Jordan University of Science & Technology City Planning & Design Department Second Semester 2014/2015 Graduation project 1 URP-591 2

JERASH ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK Graduation project 1 URP-591

Rawan Wasfi Hasan 4

‫‪DEDICATION‬‬

‫« شهد هللا أنه لا إله إلا هو والملائكة وأولوا العلم قائما‬ ‫بالقسط لا إله إلا هو العزيز الحكيم»‬ ‫سورة آل عمران – آية ‪108‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

Dedication

TO MY PRECIOUS TEACHER… To the Iraqi teacher who had taught me for more than two years some of the greatest courses I have taken in college, to my dear professor whom we lost at the first day of this semester.

To the most sincere, honorable, passionate teacher I’ve ever had, the most loving of science & education, the one who changed my look to the academic career. To your immortal soul, I dedicate this humble effort.

Professor, SABAH AL-RAHMANI I will never ever forget you, and all your lovely words, as well as all what you taught me, will stick in my memory, & I’ll always be proud that I’ve been one of your students!

May Allah the Greatest have mercy on your soul my precious teacher. 6

I guess I’ve always been lucky because of the great people that I have in my life! First, to be born in a great family & then by meeting great people through every stage of my life, & I believe It’s a great opportunity to show some gratitude especially to those who stood by my side through this long, hard, special college journey.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First, to the most loving family: Dad, my ideal, to you especially, there are no words to describe my gratitude, for being a perfect father who gave me all love, care, support and trust, who believed in me, who stood by my side in every decision, who’s always believed that I can be the best. To you there are no enough words or thanks. Mum, my dearest, I believe that I am so lucky just to have you, to be your youngest daughter whom you gave lots of love and confidence. Thank you for being the greatest mother ever, without you I wouldn’t reach this far.

»‫«وما توفيقي إلا باهلل عليه توكلت وإليه أنيب‬ 33 ‫ آية‬-‫سورة هود‬

And to those whom I’ve always felt lucky to be the youngest of, my sweet brothers & sisters Raed, Randa, Ruba, Zainah, Basil & Lina. Thank you for surrounding me with this aura of love, you are one of the main reasons of my happiness. Thank you for all the love, believe & support, especially you Zainah who has the most positive influence on me, the one that I must take her opinion & advice in every decision to make, & Lina my childhood companion, my lifetime friend who shared with me every interest, hobby & dream. 7

Acknowledgment

Second, to the sweet friends & companions: My best friend Aseel ,my school friend who’s the most loyal companion I’ve ever had, the one who shared with me the most beautiful years of my life & the most important events I witnessed, thank you for the great times we had & for being there for me whenever I needed you. My partners that my name was linked to theirs in the last two years in almost every studio & group work; Hadeel my best friend who shared every single step of college life with me, and Moath who’s been a brother that I can always depend on. Thank you for being the greatest group ever. I will never forget our work times, our laughs & our distinctive achievements. And to all my colleagues, the City Planning & Design students of 2011, who made me feel that the transition from electrical engineering was the best decision I made, who’ve been my second family. Thank you for all the lovely times we had. You are my good memories. I won’t feel like I’m really graduated until you all do!

Finally, to the great professors & teachers: Who have been generously sharing their knowledge and wisdom with us, who opened their minds and hearts for us and never hesitated to offer their effort or time to help us, thank you for all the times you spent teaching, informing, advising, and supporting us. Especially, Professor. Atef Nusair, Head of City Planning & Design Department, my graduation project supervisor, my dear teacher, the one who’s always been the first supporter in our college journey. Thank you for being a Father to us, for all your help, efforts, support, and love that you surrounded us with. Thank you for treating me as your own daughter, I’ll always be thankful & very proud that I had your attention & I hope to meet all your expectations. 8

Dedication

Acknowledgment 6 Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction To Industrial Parks 1.1 Definition of Industrial Park/Estate

1.2 Synonyms of Industrial Parks

1.3 Industrial Park Benefits

1.4 Industrial park development principles

1.5 Historical Background of Industrial Parks

1.6 Industrial Parks Development

Chapter 2 Industry in Jordan 2.1 Economy of Jordan

CONTENTS

2.1.1 Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s JDP rates

2.1.2 Economic Sectors Structure

2.2 Facts of Industrial sector in Jordan

2.3 Jordan's Free Trade Agreements

CONTENTS

Chapter 2

3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals

Industry in Jordan

3.2.3 Renewable Energy & Material

3.2.4 Greening Of Buildings Or

2.4 Development and Free Zones Law

Production Sites

2.5 Jordan Industrial Zones & Special

3.2.5 Environmental Management

Economic Zones

3.3 Benefits of Eco-Industrial Parks

2.5.1 Qualifying Industrial Zones

3.4 Components of EIP design

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company

3.5 Eco-industrial park Domains

2.5.3 Other Industrial & Business Park

3.6 Main Strategies For Eco-industrial Park

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

ECO-Industry

Design Standards

3.1 Introduction to Eco-Industry

4.1 Industrial Cities Land Occupation Standards

3.1.1 Eco Industrial Park definition

4.1.1 Land Occupation

3.1.2 Industrial Ecology

4.1.2 Plots

3.1.3 Industrial symbiosis and

4.1.3 Open Spaces

eco-industrial development 3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals

4.2 Building Design standards

4.2.1 Buildings Set Backs

3.2.1 Resource Efficiency

3.2.2 Cleaner production

4.2.2 Buildings Heights 4.2.3 Buildings4.2.4 Partitioning Walls

Chapter 4

5.2 Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park

Design Standards 4.2 Building Design standards

4.2.5 Floors

4.2.6 Pavements

4.2.7 Fences

4.2.8 Factory Facades

4.2.9 Gates and Entrances

4.2.10 OfďŹ ce Buildings

4.2.11 Open Spaces and Landscaping

4.2.12 Loading & Unloading Zones

4.2.13 Parking Areas

Chapter 5

5.2.1 Historical Background

122

5.2.2 Industrial symbiosis

125

5.2.3 Kalundborg Savings

128

5.2.4 Results at Kalundborg

129

5.3 Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park

130

5.3.1 Introduction

131

5.3.2 Project objectives

132

5.3.3 Localisation

133

5.3.4 Development Phases

134

5.3.5 Services provided by the high authority

135

5.4 Model Industrial Park

136

5.4.1 Introduction

137

5.4.2 Location & Accessibility

138

5.4.3 Master Plan

139

5.4.4 Model Industrial Park Amenities

140

5.5 Korangi Creek Industrial Park

Case Studies

121

141

5.5.1 Introduction

142

5.5.2 Location

143

5.1.1 Historical Background

103

5.5.3 Industrial Zones

144

5.1.2 Glance on Business

104

5.5.4 Amenities

146

5.1.3 Spatial Profile

108

5.1.4Trafford Park main Facilities

112

CONTENTS

Chapter 6

6.6.2 Second Selection of location 6.7 Introduction to the project site

Site Analysis 6.1 Jordan’s Geography & Climate

152

6.2 Introduction to Jerash City

156

6.2.1 Jerash City Location & Boundaries

156

6.2.2 Jerash City Planned And Unplanned

157

Areas

174 176

6.7.1 Location

176

6.7.2 Accessibility

180

6.8 Project site Analysis

181

6.8.1 Sun & Wind Effect

181

6.8.2 Topography Analysis

182

158

Chapter 7

6.2.4 Jerash City Geography

160

Concept

6.2.5 Jerash City Climate

161

6.2.5.1 Yearly Temperature Analysis

7.1 Introduction

190

162

6.2.5.2 Yearly Rainfall Analysis

7.2 Goals & Objectives

191

163

7.3 Theme and concept philosophy

192

164

6.3.1 Jerash City Existing Land use

7.4 Process of Concept Development

194

164

6.3.2 Land Use Development of Jerash

7.5 Proposed Program

195

165

7.6 Concept Synthesis “Site Forces”

198

169

6.4.1 Introduction

7.7 Site Main Zones Distribution

200

169

6.4.2 Population Growth

7.8 Circulation & Accessibility

201

170

6.5 Economical Studies of Jerash

7.9 Proposed Layout for blocks & circulation

202

171

6.6 Project Site Selection

7.10 Massing, Elevations & Material

204

172

6.2.3 Administrative Division of Jerash Governorate

6.3 Jerash City Land Use Analysis

6.4 Demographic Studies of Jerash

6.6.1 First Short Listing Of Nominated Sites

173

As urban planners & designers mission to develop communities & urban regions to become more livable, economically effective & environmentally sound. And since our aspirations are to develop Jordan & support its national economy, which revives the whole sectors and develop the urban life. And since Jordan enjoys a secure stable investment climate while the past few years have witnessed an

economic renaissance, especially in industrial fields through the flow of foreign investments which more than 80% of it, went to industrial sector. We decided to choose industrial sector to be our destination especially with the new development

zones law which provides all the privileges, facilities & incentives that encourage investments in the industrial sector.

INTRODUCTION

And while we choose industrial sector, the Industrial parks were the most prominent in the industrial sector

projects. 13

The developers of eco-industrial parks are applying previously tested concepts and practices in an innovative whole system. we can find the separate components of the EIP vision working effectively in industry today. In some cases (i.e., energy efficiency in new process, equipment, and plant design) their obvious contribution to competitive advantage is defining these “new” approaches as best business practices. Many of these tested ideas

are simply applied common sense: “Why pay money to produce a product you can’t sell, call it a waste, and pay someone to

dispose of it?” “Why not use the energy of the sun and wind when you locate a building and design its heating and cooling systems?” The real innovation in creating eco-industrial parks is in bringing such ideas together in a whole system. If we integrate as many of these well-tested individual strategies as possible

into our initial EIP vision, we may achieve results beyond the “reasonable” expectations of a piecemeal approach. For instance, including renewable energy sources in our site’s infrastructure can guarantee reliable and clean power for industries that experience large losses when outages occur. This becomes a valuable recruitment incentive. One such source, biogas energy, may provide a market for a food processing company’s .

With this integrative approach, each addition to the system adds to the value of the other elements in our design.

Chapter 1 15

Industrial Parks 16

1.1 Definition of Industrial Park/Estate An industrial park is defined as “a large tract of land, sub-divided and developed for the use of several firms simultaneously, distinguished by its shareable infrastructure and close proximity of firms”.

An industrial park is based on a philosophy of integration of relatively different functions into an industrial area with majority of industrial production and services with high economy turnover and high employment. An industrial park is an area reserved for industrial development which is usually located close to the transportation environment, mainly in case where more types of transportation are used. It provides services independent of type and importance of a particular industrial park, I. e. standard and non-standard services: Standard Services: are finance and law consulting, accounting, security of assets, operation and support of a transportation and technical infrastructure environment or public greenery support

“By means of industry and perseverance you will rise higher and higher.”

Robert Schumann

Non-standard services: provided mainly in parks with country-wide and international importance with higher number of subjects, include logistic services, technology transfer, procurement of research and development services.....etc. 17

1.2 Synonyms of Industrial Parks Industrial Estates (same as industrial park, the term is used in US), Industrial Districts, Export Processing Zones (EXZ), Industrial Clusters, Business Parks or OfďŹ ce Parks (light version of industrial parks, has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry), Research Parks, Bio-Technology Parks, And Eco-Industrial Parks.

business park or office park is an area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together. All of the work that goes on is commercial, not industrial or residential.

Export Processing Zones (EXZ) Type of free trade zone (FTZ), set up generally in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and co mmercial exports. In addition to providing the benefits of a FTZ,.

Research Park A community of innovation that is often linked with a major research university. These communities are based upon the concept that through interaction between a university, local business and government, positive technologybased economic development will occur.

Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) is an industrial park in which businesses cooperate with each other and with the local community in an attempt to reduce waste and pollution, efficiently share resources

Eco-Industrial Parks will be explain in chapter 3.

Ch. 1 Introduction to Industrial Parks

1.2 Synonyms of Industrial Parks

BOBINGEN INDUSTRIAL PARK

Industrial Estates (used in US), Industrial Districts, Export Processing Zones (EXZ), Industrial Clusters, Business Parks or OfďŹ ce Parks (light version of industrial parks, has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry), Research Parks, And Bio-Technology Parks.

GERMANY

Page19I 33

1.3 Industrial Park Benefits The benefits of industrial parks are enormous, Industrial parks are usually located on the edges of, or outside the main residential area of a city, and normally provided with good transportation access, located close to transport facilities. This idea of setting land aside through this type of zoning is based on several concepts:  To be able to concentrate dedicated infrastructure in a delimited area to reduce the

per-business expense of that infrastructure. Such infrastructure includes roadways, highpower electric supplies, high-end communications cables, large-volume water supplies, and high-volume gas lines.  To be able to attract new business by providing an integrated infrastructure in one location.  Eligibility of Industrial Parks for benefits.  To set aside industrial uses from urban areas to try to reduce the environmental and social

impact of the industrial uses.  To provide for localized environmental controls that are specific to the needs of an industrial area.

1.4 Industrial park development principles: Allocation of specialized infrastructure in selected areas with the aim of decreasing costs connected to building infrastructure, and, furthermore, capability of a country to attract new investors, which would eliminate social and ecological impacts caused by industrial production. Development of industrial parks must pay attention to one of the basic aims of an economy that is to allocate both industrial production and services sector in such a way, that progress of a region where a park is built improves. Ch. 1 Introduction to Industrial Parks

1.5 Historical Background of Industrial Parks

the cornerstone of industrial parks The cornerstone of industrial parks can be found in Great Britain, which is a country, where factory production spread and where first industrial zones were founded The first industrial park, Trafford Park, was established by a company named Shipcanal and Docks near Manchester in 1896. Industrial parks, whose emergence was motivated by concepts of regional policies, were being founded in crisis areas of Great Britain in the 1930s; there was 46 of them in 1960. The first, pioneering industrial areas were in cities such as Letchworth or Welwyn and we can even found their predecessors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Victorian settlement models such as Bournville, New Earswich and Port Sunlight. First advertisement of Industrial Park Idea Trafford Park will be analyzed in chapter 5..

Trafford Park First Master plan back to 1898. Ch. 1 Introduction to Industrial Parks

1.6 Industrial Parks Development Industrial Park Generations First generation of industrial parks Were built in the 1970s, can be distinguished from other generations by: 1-assembly halls and storages

2-simplistic architecture. 3-area of administrative buildings took about only (1015) % of the total area .

Stanford Industrial Park

Stanford Industrial Park, Palo Alto, California.

First Varian Associates building. 23

1.6 Industrial Parks Development Industrial Park Generations Second generation of industrial parks Were built between 1975-1985, can be distinguished from other generations by:

1- industrial parks where offices, which were used by companies dealing with science, technologies and business 2-occupied much larger space 3-challenging and more complicated architecture

Marion Industrial Park

Paisaje Industrial Park

Maruzen industrial Ch. 1 Introduction to Industrial Parks

1.6 Industrial Parks Development Industrial Park Generations Third generation of industrial parks Were built since 1985, can be distinguished from other generations by: 1- These were typical by elastic use of the area and a wide portfolio of services 2-an increase in the number of administrative staff and more space was offered to offices

Hythe Industrial Estate

Mymesworld Industrial Park

Jetplex Industrial Park 25

1.6 Industrial Parks Development Industrial Park Generations Forth generation of industrial parks Were built since 1995 can be distinguished from other generations by: 1- Administrative buildings and wide portfolio of services 2- Companies located in the parks used high-end technologies 3- Storage houses were usually located outside the park itself 4-There was an increase in the importance of recreational areas connected to the park that were used by people working in them

Since the second half of the 1990s, industrial parks have been a part of an international network of cooperating parks

Philippines first Industrial Park mid-1990s

Ch. 1 Introduction to Industrial Parks

Chapter 2 27

Industry In Jordan

2.1 Economy of Jordan

Jordan

is a small country with limited natural

resources, is situated geographically at the crossroads of regional instability, which is continuously affecting the country’s economy. Jordan is heavily dependent on subsidized Iraqi oil and remittances from expatriate Jordanians working in the Gulf. Additionally, Jordan suffers from a lack of agricultural land and it is the world’s fourth poorest country in terms of water resources, which underlies the government’s heavy reliance on foreign assistance. Given the chronic high rates of poverty and unemployment, the government has been challenged with inflation and a large budget deficit.

" Jordan is committed to a prosperous future and measures are being strengthened to support start-ups, business expansion and market-ready skills. Business incubators, development zones and new partnerships are supporting industry, innovation and the most important source of job growth entrepreneurship and the private sector. "

Recently, Jordan has suffered from economic shocks due to the political upheaval in the Arab region. Domestic demands rose, requiring greater accountability and improvements in living conditions. The influx of refugees is affecting the livelihoods of Jordan’s host communities and access to public services and basic commodities is under pressure.’ As these conflicts continue to haunt the region, Jordan can hardly achieve its development potential.

King Abdullah II 29

Central Bank figures show that per capita GDP, at current market prices, was USD 4,500 in 2010, and the Central Bank’s foreign reserves at the end of 2010 were USD 12.2 billion.

2.1.1 Jordan’s JDP rates Jordan's GDP per capita rose by

351% in the 1970s, declined 30% in the 1980s, and rose 36% in the 1990s. Jordan is classified as an emerging market. After king Abdullah II's accession to the throne in 1999, liberal economic policies were introduced that resulted in a boom that continued through 2009. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Jordan was worth 33.68 billion US dollars in 2013. The GDP value of Jordan represents 0.05 percent of the world economy. GDP/capita of Jordan in comparison to other middle east Countries, Jordan’s GDP is below average of 4,000 US dollars!

GDP : 5,899 US dollars yearly

GDP in Jordan averaged 7.98 USD Billion from 1965 until 2013, reaching an all time high of 33.68 USD Billion in 2013 and a record low of 0.56 USD Billion in 1968. GDP in Jordan is reported by the World Bank.

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.1.2 Economic Sectors Structure Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy is mostly services (71.3% of GDP in 2010) driven by the tourism sector, followed by transport and telecommunications, then finance and real estate then manufacturing. Jordan has a developed banking sector that attracts investors due to conservative bank policies that enabled the country to weather the global financial crisis of 2009. Jordan's economy has been growing at an annual rate of 7% for a decade.

The Relative Importance of Economic Sectors to GDP at constant Basic Prices in 2010.

Gross Domestic Product by Economic Activity at current basic prices in million JD (2002-2008).

services

other sectors

71%

Sectors Contribution to Jordanian Economy .

Of Jordan GDP are related to services!

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.1.3 Economic Issues Unemployment

Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Unemployment rate was 12.5 percent in 2010.

38.6% of Jordanians over the age of fifteen work the public sector (HEIS 2008), but over one third of the workforce is employed in the armed forces and the civil service in the governorates that are sparsely populated and traditional supporters of the regime: Kerak (31.7%), Tafila (36.6%), Aqaba (35.4%) and Ajlun (38.8%

Percentage of Household head working for the public sector by governorate in 2008.

2.1.3 Economic Issues Poverty

Jordan

has sought for several years to upgrade its twelve governorates and their cities, in order develop the whole country and improve the living standards of all its residents. Successive governments have tried to increase development and economic opportunities beyond the capital, Amman, where the main businesses and most of the construction projects are concentrated. In 2008, the government identified 22 so-called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pockets of povertyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and directed efforts to improve the lives of the residents of those areas. The central government has also been working, through decentralization, to allow local governorates and municipalities and their residents to play larger roles in decision-making and in the sustainable-development process in their regions. International grants have been applied to this particular goal.

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.1.3 Economic Issues Inflation Rate According to the Department of Statistics, the main reason for the high inflation rate was the increased costs of transportation 12.7%, rent 3.8%, meat and poultry 6%, vegetables 12.9%, tobacco 12.1%, and education 6%. In Jordan, the inflation rate measures a broad rise or fall in prices that consumers pay for a standard basket of goods. This page provides - Jordan Inflation Rate actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. Content for - Jordan Inflation Rate - was last refreshed on Monday, June 1, 2015.

Public Dept Public debt: 79.1% of GDP (2013 est.) 75.5% of GDP (2012 est.) Data cover central government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury. the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt. intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

2.1.2 Economic Issues Economic Aids & Governmental Subsides One of the economic aid providers to Jordan is The United States which provides economic aid to Jordan as both a cash transfer and for USAID programs in Jordan. The Jordanian government uses cash transfers to service its foreign debt There is an additional increase of about 270 million dollars in US grants for this year, as the US government is providing a loan guarantee for the current year amounting to 1 billion dollars in Jordanian government bonds repayable within five years The new industrial estates are part of JIEC's future plan to build similar facilities in other governorates based on the development needs of each governorate.

Another aid source would be Gulf Cooperation Council ,the government signed a $30 million grant agreement with the Saudi Development Fund (SDF) to finance infrastructure projects for new industrial estates to be established in the Tafileh, Madaba, Jerash and Balqa governorates. The Jordan Industrial Estates Company (JIEC) will implement the projects, which will be jointly financed by the SDF and the company.

Source: Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.2 Facts of Industrial sector in Jordan The two most important sectors in Jordan’s development are industry and construction. Jordan’s industrial sector relies heavily on clothing, fertilizers, potash, phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement, and tourism. The CIA’s World Fact Book shows that Jordan’s industrialproduction growth-rate was 2.7 percent in 2010; it was estimated at 1 percent in 2011. The industrial sector, which includes mining, manufacturing, construction, and power, accounted for approximately 26 % of gross domestic product in 2004 (including manufacturing: 16.2% construction 4.6% and mining 3.1%).

More than 21% of the country’s labor force was reported to be employed in this sector in 2002. The main industrial products are potash, phosphates, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothes, and fertilizers.

Manufacturing Sector The manufacturing Sector has grown as well (to nearly 20% of GDP by 2005), in large part as a result of the United States–Jordan Free Trade Agreement (ratified in 2001 by the U.S. Senate). Jordan has a plethora of industrial zones and special economic zones aimed at increasing exports and making Jordan an industrial giant.

2.3 Jordan's Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)

Jordan's free trade agreement (FTA) with the US – the first in the Arab world – has already made the US one of Jordan's most significant markets. in 2010, it would have barrier-free export access in almost all sectors. Jordan also recently signed an FTA with Canada. Furthermore, Jordan’s plethora of industrial zones offering tax incentives, low utility costs and improved infrastructure links are helping incubate new developments. The relatively high skills level is also a key factor in promoting investment and stimulating the economy, particularly in value-added sectors. Despite the fact that Jordan has few natural resources it does benefit from abundant reserves of potash and phosphates, which are widely used in the production of fertilisers. Exports by these industries are expected to have a combined worth of $1bn in 2008. Other important industries include pharmaceuticals, which exported around $435m in 2006 and $260m in the first half of 2008 alone, as well as textiles, which were worth $1.19bn in 2007. Although the value of Jordan’s industrial sector is high, the kingdom faces a number of challenges. Because the country is dependent on importing raw materials, it is vulnerable to price volatility. Shortages in water and power also make consistent development difficult. Despite these challenges, Jordan’s economic openness and long-standing fertilizer and pharmaceutical industries should continue to provide a solid source of foreign currency.

King Abdullah II Opening at WEF

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.4 Development and Free Zones Law The Development Zones Law No.(2), for the year 2008 aims to introduce and provide a legal foundation that facilitates the creation of economic growth within certain zones, and ensures a business-friendly and investment attracting environment. The law strongly enables and empowers the private sector to lead in the development and management, delegates full power to the Development and Free Zones Commission creating an efficient â&#x20AC;&#x153;One Stop Shopâ&#x20AC;? that provides streamlined quality of service and governance, defines a clear land ownership policy, removes all restrictions on foreign capital and offers a comprehensive customs and tax Incentives coupled with transparent implementation practices. According to the new development zones Law, a number of investment incentives and sales tax & customs exemptions are provided to the industrial projected within special estates: Icentives

Rate

Income tax

Sales tax

Description

On income generated from activities within the development zone. On goods and services purchased into or imported for use in economic activities.

Custom duties

On all materials, instruments, machines, and appliances used for establishing, construction and equipping and furnishing all kinds of projects in the development zone (Industrial Estate)

Social services tax

On all income accrued within the zone or outside the kingdom.

Dividends tax

On all income accrued within the zone or outside Kingdom

2.5 Jordan Industrial Zones & Special Economic Zones Jordan has a plethora of industrial zones and special economic zones aimed at increasing exports and making

Jordan an industrial giant. The Mafraq SEZ is focused on industry and logistics hoping to become the regional logistics hub with air, road, and rail links to neighboring countries and eventually Europe and the Persian Gulf. The Ma'an SEZ is primaril industrial focusing on satisfying domestic demand and reducing reliance on imports. With a national rail system under construction, Jordan expects trade to grow significantly and Jordan will mostly become the trade hub of the Levant and even the Middle East region as a whole due to its geography and natural resources.

Aqaba Special Economic Zone

Industrial Zone

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.5.1 Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZs) Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) are industrial parks that house manufacturing operations in Jordan and Egypt. They are special free trade zones. Under the trade agreements with Jordan as laid down by the United States, goods produced in QIZ-notified areas can directly access US markets without tariff or quota restrictions. The first QIZ, Al-Hassan Industrial Estate in Irbid in northern Jordan, was authorized by the United States Congress in 1997. As of January 2009, there are five Qualifying Industrial Zones in Jordan. Prominent QIZs include the Al-Hussein Ibn Abdullah II Industrial Estate at Al Karak owned and operated by the Jordan Industrial Estate Corporation, the Jordan Cyber City in Irbid, Ad-Dulayl Industrial Park and El-Zai Ready-wear Manufacturing Company near Zarqa. Upcoming industrial parks include the Gateway QIZ on the northern border, Aqaba Industrial Estate at Aqaba, and the Mushatta International complex in Amman. Jordanian industry is driven by large textile companies located in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ), that employ mostly Asian workers engaged in social dumping by accepting wages below the minimum salary of JD 150 per month.

Number of Enterprises and Workers in the six Jordanian Qualifying Industrial Zones in 2010.

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company Jordan Industrial Estates Corporation (JIEC) Was established in 1980 with a vision to emerge as a competitive industrial investment tool and a driving force for the economic growth of Jordan, this vision is being realized through a combination of progressive strategies and proactive development efforts.

Jordan Industrial Estates Corporation (JIEC) is a financially and administratively autonomous corporation responsible for managing, marketing and developing industrial estates in Jordan. Striving to promote and encourage the establishment of industrial investment projects within its industrial estates, JIEC creates developed and specialized industrial estates with its state-of-the-art infrastructure and services. JIEC today is one of the most flourishing industrial estates developers in Jordan through adopting the concept of modern industrial estates and ensuring the provision of world-class infrastructure and services. The JIEC vibrates with inspiring ideas, expertise and boundless ambitions, qualifying it for an ISO certificate and His Majesty's King Abdullah II Award for Excellence.

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company The Services & Benefits of JIEC’S Industrial Estates  Developed Land plots and standard factory.  Modern infrastructure and services.  Bundle of taxes exemption and incentives.  Wastewater treatment plants.

 A wide range of services, as detailed below : Services 1. Internal road network 2. Electricity Network 3. Street lighting 4. telecommunications network 5. Water network 6. Water treatment plant 7. Sanitation network 8. Rain water disposal 9. landscaping 10. Free Internet service 11. Lab to test water samples 12.Investor One-Stop-Shop window 13. 24/7 call center 14. Interactive website

 A streamlined and simplified registration and licensing procedures through an Investor One-Stop-Shop window. JIEC provides the necessary licenses for industrial projects through the Investors Services Bureau.  A qualified administrative and technical team to follow up and facilitate the affairs of investors.

Ancillary - Customs centers. - Innovation center at Al-Hassan industrial estate/ Irbid - Labor office - Civil defense and security center - Civil defense and security center - Free zone - Fuel station and Maintenance center - Clearance and transport goods - Emergency and surgery clinic - Liaison office for the Ministry of Industry and Trade - Liaison office for the Royal Scientific Society - Liaison office for the chambers of industry - Liaison office for the Jordanian Armed Forces

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company Jordan Industrial Estates Company Existing & Future Estates Locations Al-Hassan Industrial Estate (HIE) / QIZ / Irbid

Abdullah II Ibn Al-Hussein Industrial Estate (AIE) /Amman

Al Muwaqar Industrial Estate/ Al Muwaqar

Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II Industrial Estate

Maâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an Industrial Estate (MIE)

Aqaba International Industrial Estate

Future Estates Existing Estates

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company Abdullah II Ibn Al-Hussein Industrial Estate (AIE) /Amman - Established in 1984, (AIE) is located in Sahab City, 12 Km south-east of Amman the capital - Total area of (253) ha. - Accommodates more than (358) medium and small scale industries, employing more than 13042 workers, with a total investment volume of JD 1009.85 million. -The largest Industrial Estate in the Kingdome.

The estate Stone Planet

AMMAN 45

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company Al-Hassan Industrial Estate(HIE) / QIZ / Irbid - (HIE) is located in Irbid Governorate, 72 Km north of Amman the capital. - Established in 1991, and in 1998 was designated as the first (QIZ) in the world. - Developed in three phases with a total area of 117.8 ha. - Accommodates more than 101 industries with a total invested capital of more than JD 222.5 million creating 16440 Job opportunities. - The largest (QIZ) in the Kingdome.

Al-Hassan Industrial Estate(HIE) Company building

IRBID Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II Industrial Estate (HUIE) / QIZ /Al-Karak located in Al-Karak Governorate, 118 Kilometers south of Amman the Capital, 11 Km east Al-Karak city. - A strategic location in the south, 20 Kilometers from Amman-Aqaba highway, which connects Amman the Capital with Aqaba city, and Jordan with the Gulf States and Egypt. - Inaugurated under the Patronage of His Majesty King Abdullah II Ibn Al-Hussein in October 2000. - Total area of is 186.6 ha, of which phase one was developed with an area 57.8 ha. -

Availability of various plots of serviced land and Standard Factory Buildings (SFBs).

- There are 14 companies in operation at (HUIE), with invested capital of more than JD33.56 million employing 2532 workers

KARAK 47

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company Aqaba International Industrial Estate (AIIE) / QIZ /Aqaba - (AIIE) is the latest project established by JIEC, located in the Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ), with a total area of 275 ha. of which phase one was developed with an area of 57 ha.

- Presents a unique opportunity for the private sector to participate in the management and marketing process. - PBI Aqaba is responsible for managing, marketing and developing the Estate.

- Provides investors with significant advantages due to the following: Located in a Duty Free Zone (ASEZ). Obtained a (QIZ) status which will provide a duty free & quota free access to the U.S markets. A strategic location close to the Seaport and Aqaba Airport in Aqaba which provides investors with unique shipment facilities being.

AQABA

- There are 38 companies at AIIE which some are in operation and others are under construction, with a total invested capital exceeding JD150 million.

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company Ma’an Industrial Estate (MIE) / Ma’an: - Located in Ma’an governorate 7 km away from Ma'an city center. - Total area is 250 ha. - Located on the Highway that connects Jordan with Saudi Arabia and Iraq. - MIE is only 100 Km north of Aqaba Sea port.

Estate Cargo Facilities

MA’AN 49

2.5.2 Jordan Industrial Estates Company Al Muwaqar Industrial Estate/ Al Muwaqar: Al Muwaqar Industrial Estate is distinguished by its strategic location along the international highway that links Jordan with Iraq and the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Estate is 12 Km east of Al Muwaqar town, 24 km south east of Abdullah II Industrial Estate in Sahab and 340 Km away from Aqaba port. The overall area of Al Muwaqar Industrial Estate is 250 ha, with the first phase occupying 118.7 ha. The Estate is equipped with state-of-the-art infrastructure and services catering to all investors' needs. Aiming to strike the right balance between the needs of business and industry, the area has also been equipped with modern facilities; such as an internal road network, electricity, modern telecommunication network, sanitation and drainage, as well as a water treatment plant. A development area which enjoys a 50% income and social services taxes exemption for the period of 10 years in accordance with the Regulation of the Investment Areas and Sectors Issued pursuant to Article (4) Of the Investment Promotion Law No. (16) Of 1995.

MUAQQAR Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

KADDB INDUSTRIAL PARK

“The First Comprehensive Free Zone In The Middle East”

2.5.3 Other Industrial & Business Park

KADDB Industrial Park In October 2009, King Abdullah II inaugurated the KADDB Industrial Park (KADDB IP), which is the first comprehensive free zone in the Middle East, specialized in the defense industry and the manufacturing vehicles. KADDB IP is a public limited liability company owned completely by the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau (KADDB). THE KADDB INDUSTRIAL PARK (KIP), the first and only modern private free zone in the entire Middle East dedicated to defence, military and automotive manufacturing, is an affiliate of the KADDB Investment Group (KIG), as a prime unit of the Supplementary Cluster.

Strategically located on 3,800,000m2 of land, 608,500mÂ˛ of which is a green area to maintain the ecological balance, the KADDB Industrial Park is situated on a land bridge between Europe, Africa and Asia, in Al-Khalidya â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Al Mafraq, north east of the Jordanian capital Amman. KIP aims at creating a secure and efficient investmentattractive environment with incentives provided in the Jordanian Free Zones Law, while acting as a logistical onestop-shop for renting our plots and custom built facilities with complete infrastructure, in addition to other ancillary services.

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.5.3 Other Industrial & Business Park

KADDB Industrial Park

It was established in 2006 in accordance with the Free Zones Law to upgrade Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial base, attract investments, and encourage the development of interactive industries for manufacturing vehicles, in the context of an environment that attracts investment by offering incentives, tax exemptions, and excellent logistical services such as communications, infrastructure, and management.

The Park also enjoys the security measures needed for defense industries and all other facilities to ensure the success of the investment. It is located on 3,800 dunams (1 dunum = 1,000 square meters) of land at Khalidiyah in the Mafraq Governorate, 50 km from Amman and 24 km from Zarqa, on the cross roads linking Jordan to Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Syria, which facilitates the transportation of KADDB IP products to all countries in the region

2.5.3 Other Industrial & Business Park KADDB Industrial Park Services 1,800,000 m² of industrial Plots to rent, ranging between 2,500 up to 20,000 m² with the possibility of combining several plots. • Custom built facilities • Workshops and Hangars to rent. • 30-year renewable lease. • High Quality Infrastructure o Reliable electricity and water. o Roads network ranging from 20 to 40 m width, all paved and lit. o Sewer and sanitation networks, (WWTP). o Attractive landscaping. o Advanced Telecom & Data Network. • Warehousing spaces. • High Security and Safety Systems. • Dedicated Civil Defense Station. • One stop shop applications and procedures. • Ancillary Services that covers: Transportation, Banking, Insurance, Cleaning, property management, and Catering. In addition the park will be offering a modern business complex that provides business centers, Motel, Restaurants, and Conferences Facilities. • 608,500 m² Green Area to maintain the ecological balance Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.5.3 Other Industrial & Business Park KHBP Business Park A high quality development with more than 112,000 sqm of ready to use office space at the heart of the capital.

King Hussein Bin Talal Business Park (KHBP) combines an enviable location, excellent facilities and state of the art communications networks, all in one place. With its advanced business facilities, it creates unmatched opportunties for investors seeking to enjoy the benefits of working in a firstclass location. It is minutes away from Amman's main entertainment centers and close to the direct highway linking Queen Alia International Airport (33 km south) to the City Center. Ammanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Future business hub

Location of (KHBP)

location

Readiness for Business

Opportunity

Outstanding city location on Ammanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main corridor with quick access to all city amenities.

Office buildings, communication networks, auditorium, sports complex, social and support areas and much more.

Opportunities for a regional cluster developments in healthcare, ICT, media, education and security business.

2.5.3 Other Industrial & Business Park KHBP Business Park Buildings fall under the following categories: A. Offices. B. Support Buildings C. Sports Complex D. Above Ground Surface Parking. E. Undergoes Data Recovery Center F. Internal Courtyard. G. Empty Service Plots Other technical features of the project include:

A) Cutting-edge communications network and IT infrastructure B) The core communications and IT â&#x20AC;&#x153;systemsâ&#x20AC;? C) There are 7,700 points of connections to the site. D) All fiber optics infrastructures. E) The network in the site is a multiple 10GB for each user. F) Currently, there are five layers/levels of security. G) There are 6,000 fire sensors. H) Offices are fully equipped, open space design, with raised floors housing all connections underneath.

King Hussein Bin Talal Business Park (KHBP) There are currently thirty two buildings on site with multiple uses ranging from office space to other support facilitiy and logistics buildings. The total built-up area of all buildings combined is 112,650 m2 with a total land area of 365,000 m2 (including 80,000m2 fully serviced with infrastructure expansion).

Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

2.5.3 Other Industrial & Business Park Ad-Dulayl Industrial Park & Real Estate A privately owned public shareholding company with a paid up capital of J.D. 21 million (approximately 30 million $).The company is listed on the Amman Stock Exchange and its main activities is that of a Real Estate developer. Such activities and services include building and renting of ready made factory warehouse buildings, selling land to different investors whereby they can build factories according to their own standards as well as other manufacturing facilities and services for the manufacturing industries in the zone like a washing plant, catering services etc.. The park is privately managed, which means having the flexibility of the private sector in managing parks with less bureaucratic procedures.

Total exports of Ad Dulayl industrial park ranked 2nd among the other industrial estates in 2009 and have reached approximately 232 million dollars. It is also worthwhile to mention that the Park have created more than 15,000 job opportunities.

2.5.3 Other Industrial & Business Park Ad-Dulayl Industrial Park Services 1.Management Building Management employees ,several Governmental Departments as well as service companies have offices. 2.Civil Defense station; Ambulance & Fire Brigade & emergency services is located inside the park.

Management Buildings

3.A private company who will provide lodging. 4.Warehouses Storage warehouses are available for rental.

5.Dormitories of expatriates 6.Financing First class banks that might provide financing for building fixed assets based on one to one basis.

Private Companies

7.The management of the park can also arrange meetings with 8.Fees: A Nominal fee for the Maintenance of the Infrastructure and the communal services at the park will be paid to the management of the park.

Warehouses Ch. 2 Industry in Jordan

Chapter 3 59

Eco-Industry

3.1 Introduction to Eco-Industry The concept of ‘Eco Industrial Parks’ (EIP) has been first described at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro 1992. Eco Industrial Parks are a promising strategy to promote sustainable industrial development and to improve the industries’ environmental performance in terms of management of materials, energy and waste. The Eco Industrial Parks provide substantial benefits for participating companies, for the neighborhood and for the region. The idea of Eco Industrial evolved from biological symbiosis.

“Ecology, Urban planning, Economics, are only the means. & Happiness is the goal.” Enrique Penalosa 61

3.1.1 Eco Industrial Park definition An eco-industrial park (EIP) is an industrial park in which businesses cooperate with each other and with the local community in an attempt to reduce waste and pollution, efficiently share resources (such as information, materials, water, energy, infrastructure, and natural resources), and help achieve sustainable development, with the intention of increasing economic gains and improving environmental quality. An EIP may also be planned, designed, and built in such a way that it makes it easier for businesses to co-operate, and that results in a more financially sound, environmentally friendly project for the developer. The commonly accepted international definition earlier was based on the one initially created by an Indigo Development team in 1992 and then expanded for the US-Environmental Protection Agency in 1995. It was refined in 2001 by Ernest Lowe in an Eco Industrial Handbook published by the World Development Bank: “An eco-industrial park or estate is a community of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a common property, seeking to enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues including energy, water and materials” It uses a closed loop production cycle to tackle a broad set of environmental challenges such as soil and water pollution, desertification, species preservation, energy management, by-product synergy, resource efficiency, air quality, etc. By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective beneﬁt that is greater than the sum of the individual beneﬁts each company would have realized if it optimized its individual interests.

Ch. 2 Eco-Industry

3.1.2 Industrial Ecology Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial

economy can be modeled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into commodities which can be bought and sold to meet the needs of humanity. Industrial ecology seeks to quantify the material flows and document the industrial processes that make modern society function. Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of waste disposal. Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary field of research which combines aspects of engineering, economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.

Industrial ecology has been defined as a "systems-based, multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behavior of complex integrated human/natural systems". The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology. The name comes from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable industrial systems.

3.1.2 Industrial Ecology Industrial Ecology focuses on both industrial as well as consumer behavior. By assessing flows of energy and

material, the approach determines the flows influences on the environment. In turn, it explores ways and means of optimizing the whole production chain from flow and use of resources to their final transformation. During these analyses, influences of economic, political, regulatory and social factors are key.

The main difference between an Eco-Industrial Park and a conventional industrial area could be synthesized in a higher environmental quality layout arrangement, good services and facilities for companies and employees, added ecological and technological infrastructures and integrated site management

Eco-industrial parks are based on sciences deeply linked to sustainability; the discipline that mainly supported the implementation of the EIP concept was industrial ecology based on principles like :

1-energy efficiency (to be regarded as the efficient use of natural resources in order to meet human needs) 2- closed materials loops (in terms of balancing input and output by minimizing, through re-use, the total amount of industrial material that is landfilled or lost in intermediate processes) 3-industrial symbiosis (processes and industries are seen as interacting systems rather than isolated components in a system of material, energy and information flows)

3.1.3 Industrial symbiosis and eco-industrial development Industrial

symbiosis involve economic

activities in a collective approach for the reduction of environmental impact and costs

Eco-Industrial Development integrated land planning & management

Eco-industrial

development

considers Industrial symbiosis and sustainable resources management as an opportunity for economic promotion and land planning

Eco-Industrial Development integrated land planning & management

3.1.3 Industrial symbiosis and eco-industrial development The concept of Industrial Symbiosis is based on mainly voluntary cooperation of different industries. By conglomerating complementary enterprises and by then adapting their respective production chains, the presence of each may increase viability and profitability of the others. Therefore, symbioses consider resource scarcity and environmental protection as crucial factors in developing sustainable industries and profits. Industrial Symbiosis often becomes manifest in Ecoindustrial parks.

Industrial symbiosis and eco-industrial development

3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals 

Resource efficiency minimizes the use of energy, materials, water and transportation. This, in turn, lowers production costs due to savings in virtually all areas of business



Cleaner production is a predominantly environmental measure, which aims at the reduction or even substitution of toxics, emissions-control or the re-use of residual material.



Renewables in both energy and material use shall eliminate all pollution through fossil fuels.



Greening of buildings or production sites installs high energy and environmental standards by relying on innovation in green architecture or engineering. Moreover, new facility and infrastructure design may also enhance the quality of life in neighboring communities significantly.



Environmental management systems such as the ISO 14000 ensure a continuous improvement through regular audits and the progressing establishment of environmental targets.

Ecological site planning can then combine each of these aspects by developing a clear understanding of air, water and ground system capacities throughout the surrounding eco-system.

3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals 3.2.1 Resource Efficiency means using the Earth's limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimizing impacts on the environment. It allows us to create more with less and to deliver greater value with less input. The resource-efficient Europe flagship initiative is part of the Europe 2020 Strategy, the EU's growth strategy for a smart, inclusive and sustainable economy. It supports the shift towards sustainable growth via a resource-efficient, low-carbon economy. The Roadmap to a resource efficient Europe is one of the main building blocks of the resource efficiency flagship initiative. The Roadmap sets out a framework for the design and implementation of future actions. It also outlines the structural and technological changes needed by 2050, including milestones to be reached by 2020. The Communication "Towards a Circular Economy" further promotes a fundamental transition in the EU, away from a linear economy where resources are not simply extracted, used and thrown away, but are put back in the loop so they can stay in use for longer. It sets out measures driving a more efficient use of resources and waste minimization.

Resource Efficiency Is about Minimizing The Use Of:  Energy  Materials  Water  Transportation

3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals 3.2.2 Cleaner production Cleaner production is a preventive, company-specific environmental protection initiative. It is intended to minimize waste and emissions and maximize product output. By analyzing the flow of materials and energy in a company, one tries to identify options to minimize waste and emissions out of industrial processes through source reduction strategies. Improvements of organization and technology help to reduce or suggest better choices in use of materials and energy, and to avoid waste, waste water generation, and gaseous emissions, and also waste heat and noise.

Improved control and optimization , Reuse of waste (internal or external) ,New, low waste processes and technologies

Examples for cleaner production options are: Documentation of consumption (as a basic analysis of material and energy flows, e. g. with a Sankey diagram) Use of indicators and controlling (to identify losses from poor planning, poor education and training, mistakes) Substitution of raw materials and auxiliary materials (especially renewable materials and energy) Increase of useful life of auxiliary materials and process liquids (by avoiding drag in, drag out, contamination). Cleaner Economy

3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals 3.2.3 Renewable Energy & Material Renewable energy energy that comes naturally replenished as sunlight, wind, geothermal heat.

is generally defined as from resources which are on a human timescale such rain, tides, waves and

Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas:  electricity generation  hot water/space heating  motor fuels  rural (off-grid) energy services  or external) ,New, low waste processes and technologies.

Renewable Energy & Material

3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals 3.2.4 Greening Of Buildings Or Production Sites installs high energy and environmental standards by relying on innovation in green architecture or engineering. Moreover, new facility and infrastructure design may also enhance the quality of life in neighboring communities significantly.

Financial benefits

Why build green ?

Comparison between Conventional house & Green house

Green building is smart building, aside from their obvious benefit to the environment, green buildings deliver financial savings, are more comfortable, healthier, return productivity rates and have higher resale values

Average Building cost 125 $ /sq.ft

Average Building cost 2% premium

Annual Energy costs 3000 $

Annual Energy costs 2250 $

3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals 3.2.4 Greening Of Buildings Or Production Sites Materials

3.2 Eco Industrial Park Goals 3.2.5 Environmental Management Systems include a wide range of different environmental management approaches in order to ensure continual improvement in sustainability. In early stages, monitoring companies facilitates the identification of hazardous environmental aspects. Further on, objectives and targets are set under consideration of legal requirements. Finally, the establishment of regular audits and other reporting systems combined with continuous follow-up targets shall ensure a constant improvement towards greener industrial production. The Design for the Environment concept originated in engineering disciplines as well as from the product life-cycle analysis. It is a simple but all-encompassing assessment of a productâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potential environmental impact â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ranging from energy and materials used for packaging, transportation, consumer use and disposal.

Environmental Management System Reduce environmental impact while improving operational performance

3.3 Benefits of Eco-Industrial Parks 1. Monetary benefits to companies:  Production costs (purchasing unwanted by-products form others at bargain prices; selling its own byproducts). 

Energy consumption (less transportation)



Waste management (on-site, or even being able to sell what would otherwise be waste)



Costs of compliance



Cost of some R&D (shared with other companies)

2. Environmental benefits:  Demand on natural resources 

Waste (in all forms: solid waste, air emissions, wastewater)



Chances of accidents in transportation (pipes instead of trucks)

3. Societal benefits:  Better economy more jobs  Cleaner air, cleaner water better health  Demand on sewer system, landfill etc  Cheap heating (in both park and residential neighborhoods) Benefits of Eco-Industry

3.4 Components of EIP design ď ą

Water Flows : Processed water from one plant may be re-used by another (water cascading), passing through a pre-treatment plant as needed.

The park infrastructure may include mains for several grades of water (depending on the needs of the companies) and provisions for collecting and using storm water run off ď ą

Park Management and Support Services : Management supports the exchange of byproducts among companies and helps them adapt to changes in the mix of companies (such as a supplier or customer moving out) through its recruitment responsibility.

It may maintain links into regional by-product exchanges and a site-wide telecommunications system. The park may also include shared support services such as a training center, cafeteria, day care center, office for purchasing common supplies, or a transportation logistics office

Components of EIP design

3.4 Components of EIP design ď ą

Natural Systems : An industrial park should fit into its natural setting in a way that minimizes environmental impacts while cutting operating costs.

Example: The Herman Miller design plant in Phoenix illustrates the use of native plant reforestation and the creation of wetlands to minimize landscape maintenance, purify storm water run-off, and provide climate protection for the building. Example: Use of local solar and/or wind energy ď ą

Energy More efficient use of energy is a major strategy for cutting costs and reducing burdens on the environment.

Example: Steam or heated water flowing from one plant to another (energy cascading), or to homes in the area ď ą

Material Flows In an eco-park, companies perceive wastes as lost opportunities that ideally are potential products to be re-used internally or marketed to someone else.

The park infrastructure may include the means for moving by-products from one plant to another, warehousing by-products for shipment to external customers, and common toxic waste processing facilities. One emerging strategy for EIP planning involves anchoring the park around resource recovery companies that are recruited to the location or started from scratch scratch. Example: Brewery, mushroom farming, pig raising and vegetable farming in Fiji

3.5 Eco-industrial park Domains Eco-industrial park analysis occurs in at least three domains, the problem with adequate analysis of this emerging area is that these domains stretch across three different disciplinary sets that rarely interact. At one level, industrial ecology describes a set of interactions within a physical realm of chemical and energy transactions and the associated technologies with those transactions. At a second level, industrial ecology exists within an economic or business framework where exchanges and relationships of a different sort occur. Last, and certainly not least, there is a connection between the network of businesses and the surrounding community, in both its social and ecological dimensions, that shapes the character of industrial ecology applications such as eco-industrial parks

Eco-industrial park Domains

3.6 Main Strategies For Eco-industrial Park Many industrial ecologists have focused upon industrial ecosystems and eco-industrial parks as a key strategy for implementing industrial ecology. Some researchers have emphasized developing networks of by-product exchange among co-located companies. This is one among many options for the greening of industrial park design

Strategies

Criteria

Resource recovery, pollution prevention and cleaner production

Elimination of wasted energy, water and materials for cost savings within and among firms

Integration into natural ecosystems

1.Define the carrying capacity of the site, and design within those limits 2. Maintain the natural areas and indigenous vegetation as much as possible

3. Retain natural drainage systems and use constructed or natural wetlands to purify industrial or storm-water run-off 4. Increase the density of development

5. Design energy-efficient sites and buildings 6. Location of companies to achieve easier servicing and industrial symbiosis

Industrial clustering

Networks of manufacturers developing cooperative relationships to optimize resources by clustering along a whole value chain

Strategies

Criteria

Deconstruction and demanufacturing

Recruiting firms involved in deconstruction, de-manufacturing, dematerialization and other â&#x20AC;&#x153;decomposerâ&#x20AC;? activities

Technological innovation and continuous environmental improvement

Continual technological and design innovations that reduce the use of hazardous inputs and outputs in production and contribute to refining waste to a sufficient quality to become an input

Job training

Optimizing labor resource efficiency by emphasizing the development of joint skills training programs for local residents

Public participation and collaboration

Adopting community-based planning tools to build relationships and inform planning efforts

3.6 Main Strategies For Eco-industrial Park This is one among many options for the greening of industrial park design

Strategies

Criteria

Sustainable “green” design

1. Increased energy efficiency through facility design or rehabilitation and renewable energy technologies 2. Cogeneration or collecting and using otherwise “wasted” heat from the electrical generation process.

3. Energy cascading, which involves using residual heat from a primary process to provide heating or cooling to a later process 4. Flexible building design for multiple uses 5. Water cascading Anchor tenant

Establishing an eco-industrial park around one or more primary “anchor” tenant(s) as a way to create a more definable set of possible interconnections

Life cycle assessment

Minimizing resource use by streamlining design and including reusable or recyclable materials through technological innovation, material substitution and finding alternatives to by-product disposal through exchange relationships with other firms.

Environmental management systems

Providing environmental area services, such as water and sewage management, hazardous waste treatment and disposal and environmental health and safety training for employees

Chapter 4 81

Design Standards

4.1 Industrial Cities Land Occupation Standards 4.1.1 Land Occupation 1-45-50% of the plot area is built on. 2-Circulations, routes, Set Back, parking areas, landscaped area, and loading & unloading are to occupy 15-30% of the plot area 3-The area of future extension is not to be more than 25% of the area. 4-Warehouses (raw materials & ﬁnal product) are not to exceed 30% of the area.

5-Office buildings and facilities are not to exceed 10% of the area. 6-Percentages might be modified according to specific factory requirements, so that the minimum level of industrial use should not be less than 45% of the area. 7-Floor Area Ratio (built area to plot area ratio) must not exceed 2

Architects Data for Industrial Building

Item

Area%

Industrial buildings

45-50 %

Circulations, routes, Set Back, parking areas, landscaped area, and loading & unloading

15-30 %

Warehouses (raw materials & ﬁnal product)

20-30 %

Ofﬁce buildings

Facilities

Future extension

25 %

4.1 Industrial Cities Land Occupation Standards 4.1.3 Open Spaces

4.1.2 Plots  Dividing Blocks : each block is of 5-10 plots

 Favorable plots ratios:

 Buffer:

2 3

 Central:  Building Occupancy ratio:  Plots Dimensions in meter

100

50 75

Plot area (m2)

Area %

Up to 5000

65 %

5000 - 10000

70 %

10000 -20000

75 %

20000 - 30000

80 %

More than 30000

85 %

 Distribution:

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.1 Buildings Set Backs Front set back (to the street) is not to be

less than 12m ,Side and back Side should not be less than 5m (or the Set Back should allow truck circulation -especially at turns- without hitting existing buildings).

No establishments are to be in the Set Back. Exceptions are the electricity room, the main switchgears of the reserve generator, the guardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room, parking areas, and gas & fuel tanks.

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.2 Buildings Heights Maximum height of production units is 20m, measured from the surrounding Streets level, to the highest point in the hall ceiling

Minimum height of production units is 6m, measured from the surrounding streets level, to the hall ceiling.

The production area, and product & raw material warehouses

20m

may be housed within multi-story buildings, but not exceeding the permitted maximum height.

In case the production hall is two-story , it must be equipped with ďŹ re escapes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; spaced 30m as maximum- and according to the civil defense requirements.

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.3 Buildings Pre-engineered steel structures

are preferred, as they provide calculated buildings, with less weight than normal steel buildings; easier to modify; and more accurate in calculating loads. The space between any two buildings is no less than 5m

Autoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Factories 1915 , NY ,USA

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.4 Partitioning Walls Factory walls

must be built from blocks of 2m height minimum from the ground. Model of Factory wall shows Components in relation to each Other

Partitioning Walls If there is a high risk related to the factory;

complete separation

between the production area and the warehouses must be accomplished; taking into consideration the ďŹ re rate of this partitioning wall.

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.5 Floors Food or drug factory ﬂoors are to be made of acid resisting materials, epoxy, or other materials provided that they are :

 impermeable

Steel Flooring Rubber Flooring

 non-absorbing  easy-to-clean  non-slipping  non-toxic

 free from pits and cracks, and vapor &

Concrete Flooring

alkaline resistant.

Floor expansion joints

are to be made according to speciﬁcations of the used ﬂoor materials Floors should be inclined to facilitate washing and draining

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.6 Pavements Pavements, no less than 60cm wide and 15 cm high from the surrounding roads levels, should be made around the production halls.

The minimum width of roads surrounding the factory is 3.5m

3.5 m

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.7 Fences Fences from all Sides ( all around the factory) must be of

sections The wall

square steel

consists of the following elements :

 Reinforced concrete beams not less than 30cm above the ground, and supported by reinforced concrete foundations spanned 5m in between  Structural steel columns (cross section 6*10 cm) spanned 5m in between, with heights not less than 2.5m.  Vertical steel sections (6*3 cm) spaced 13-15 cm, with heights not less than 2.5m.  The vertical steel sections are connected to the wall with steel ties of circular rods 25 mm in diameter  The fence is to be painted with an epoxy weather resisting paint, white, beige, grey, or black.  All fences of road facing factories are to be painted in the specific color of the zone in which the factory is located, as specified by the administration of the city, or according to the type of industrial activity Globe lamps (100 watt) are to be installed on the lighting posts. Execution is to be done according to the technical specifications of fence works, specified by MODON.

The wall elements

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.8 Factory Facades Paying attention to different facades design, particularly in factories over locking more than one road The optimum area of the outer openings (windows) is 15-25% of the wall area. In the production hall; windows are not to be less than 1m wide and 1m high Light colored materials should be used in façade ﬁnishing, as they suit hot climate environments

Finishing materials

of the facades are to be modern building materials that meet beauty requirements in the industrial city, such as stainless steel, aluminum, glass, concrete, or coated blocks. No air conditioning units are allowed to appear in the outer facades.

Architectural approaches, visually comfortable urban followed

which provide a setting, are to be

Consider, in designing façade openings, that they do not let in pests, insects, birds, and environmental pollutants such as smoke and dust

designing façade openings

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.9 Gates and Entrances Entrances

are to be located on the side streets (20-30m)

only. No entrances are allowed on streets wider than 30m.

Factory gates

must not open to the main roads (40m

wide or more) unless there are no side roads leading to the factory to open a gate on, according to the industrial city requirements

Each factory must have an employeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; entrance gate, and other gates for materials and products

All outer & inner gates are of the sliding type, or roll-up doors. 1-9-8 The outer gates must be as high as the wall (2.5m), while the inner ones are not to be lower than the outer ones.

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.9 Gates and Entrances Each factory should have at least than 6m wide each. This is for plots wider than 30m.

two gates, not less

In case the plot is not wider than 30m, it should have a minimum of 2 gates: one main (not less than 5m wide), and a secondary one (no less than 3m wide)

Factories should have special entrances for the disabled Outer gates should be designed in harmony with the fence, be simple and innovative in design, with state-of-the art, control and monitoring devices.

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.10 Ofﬁce Buildings The location of the ofﬁce building is to be in the front side facing the main road

The ofﬁce

building

must be separated (by fire rated wall ) from the production zone. It is not allowed to use the office building as accommodation for workers The office building consists of:  staff rooms in different departments  manager’s zone  meeting rooms  secretarial rooms.

In addition there are the necessary services; water closets, buffet, warehouse, archive rooms, and other staff services.

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.10 Office Buildings The office buildings must have distinguished finishing, appropriate for the nature of the industrial city. The interior divisions of the office buildings are to be dimensionally appropriate for the function of the space. Gypsum board partitions are preferred for use between spaces

The minimum width of the administrative building gate is 2m The main corridors of ofﬁce buildings are at least 2m wide, while secondary corridors are at least of 1.5m wide

The ofﬁce building facades

are to be of distinguished architectural style Stainless steel, glass, aluminum, or other satisfactory materials may be used to give the building a special façade

Natural lighting and ventilation must be provided within the ofﬁce buildings.

There must be entrances for the disabled in the ofﬁce building The ofﬁce building should be separated from the facilities building, in large factories.

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.11 Open Spaces and Landscaping The front court is used for landscaping.

A minimum of 5% of the plot area is used for open spaces Plot

Factory

Front court

Open spaces

should be landscaped planted with evergreens and green areas.

and

They must have pedestrian walkways, uncovered parking areas, taking into consideration matching their locations with entrances, circulation, and fences

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.12 Loading & Unloading Zones The loading & unloading zones are to be determined on

the layout

The loading area is to have appropriate dimensions Vehicles and trucks must maneuver easily, provided that sufďŹ cient space is left for turning of big trucks, according to the type of factory products.

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.13 Parking Areas The factory must provide sufﬁcient parking areas for cars, trucks, and buses within the factory so that they ﬁt the number of employees, visitors, and raw materials & product circulation, table 3, according to the rates below:  A parking space for every 160-200m2 of the warehouses area.  A parking space for every 120-160m2 of the production halls area.

Each car parking space must be not less than 2.6×5.5m.

Rate

Usage within Factory

One car/160-200 m2

Warehouse area

One car/120-160 m2

Production halls area

One car/40 m2

Office buildings area

5.5 m

2.6 m

4.2 Building Design standards 4.2.13 Parking Areas Between car rows there must be at least a 6m route, for perpendicular parking, a 5.5m for a 45Â° parking, and a 3.5m for route-parallel parking There must be entrances for the disabled in the ofďŹ ce building The ofďŹ ce building should be separated from the facilities building, in large factories.

100

Chapter 5 101

Case Studies 102

TRAFFORD INDUSTRIAL PARK

the world's first industrial park, dates back to the 1896 which is still evolving today.

103

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park Trafford Park is an area of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, in Greater Manchester, England. Located opposite Salford Quays, on the southern side of the Manchester Ship Canal, it is 3.4 miles (5.5 km) west-southwest of Manchester city center, and 1.3 miles (2.1 km) north of Stretford. Until the late 19th century it was the ancestral home of the Trafford family, who sold it to financier Ernest Terah Hooley in 1896. Occupying an area of 4.7 square miles (12 km2), it was the first planned industrial estate in the world, and remains the largest in Europe.

An aerial view over Trafford Park south

of the Manchester Ship Canal.

ENGLAND 104

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.1 Historical Background Trafford Park

was built on land purchased from one of the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oldest and most noble families, the De Traffords ,In the mid-19th century. Trafford Park is the first purpose built industrial park in the world and with over 9 million sq.m of business space, remains one of the largest and most successful business parks in Europe. Globally recognized as a center of excellence, Trafford Park is home to over 1,330 businesses employing over 35,000 people. The creation of Trafford Park was dependent upon the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal 1894 . It was this canal which made it suitable for import of raw materials and export of mercantile goods directly to the River Mersey and on to the world beyond. .

The port of Manchester still ranked as fourth most

important in the UK, thanks to the Manchester Ship Canal and its direct access to the sea. It ran directly through the Trafford Park Industrial Estate, where other new industries had emerged.

105

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.1 Historical Background Among the first industries established was the Manchester Patent Fuel Company, in 1898

The first American company to arrive was Westinghouse Electric, which formed its British subsidiary â&#x20AC;&#x201C; British Westinghouse Electric Company â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in 1899

Westinghouse Electric

By the outbreak of the Second World War, Trafford Park had so grown as to acquire the status of a borough in its own right. At its peak (around 1945), the Park employed over 75,000 workers. Trafford Park has continued to grow throughout the years, and has offset many of the worst effects of depression on employment in Manchester

Trafford Hotel

106

Trafford Park first master Plan back to 1898 107

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.1 Historical Background Trafford Park Beginnings with a complex of some factories

Trafford Park Beginnings

108

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.2 Glance on Business

“Trafford Park Core Labor Market”

Trafford, Salford and to a lesser degree, Manchester these districts can be described as: “Trafford Park Core Labor Market” which accounts for over 60% of the workforce

Trafford Park Labors back to 1990s

Trafford

Trafford Park Location according Manchester city

109

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.2 Glance on Business There is a large proportion of non UK owned businesses on Trafford Park (24.4%) . There are lots of established business in the Park; 55% have been based there for over 10 years .

Aside from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Other Servicesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, the sectors that garnered the highest proportion of responses were distribution and retail (27.1%), manufacturing (16.9%) and transport and communications (11.9%). This underpins Trafford Park's role as largely still being that of a traditional industrial estate

Adidas Headquarter In Trafford Park

Industry

Manufacturing

16.7%

Construction

7.9%

Distribution and retail

27.1%

Hotels and restaurants

2.5%

Transport and communications

11.9%

Banking, finance and insurance

1.7%

Public administration, education and health

.8%

Other services

31.4%

Trafford Park sectoral industries percentages.

110

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.2 Glance on Business

Glance on Business revenues

111

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.2 Glance on Business Trafford Industrial Park  Part of regional center and urban core of fastest growing sub-region in the UK .  Performs well in distribution, manufacturing, wholesale and retail compared to UK averages.  Proximity to city center and airport

Trafford Park Arial view

112

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.3 Spatial Profile Trafford

is one of the ten metropolitan districts of Greater Manchester within the north-west of England

Trafford has a population of around 210,000 people (8.5% of the

Greater Manchester population) and has a diverse mix of communities. It is one of the smaller Boroughs within the conurbation, covering an area of some 10,600 hectares (26,200 acres or 41 square miles)

A net 15,000 more people come into Trafford to work every day, than those who travel out to work in other areas and Trafford Park provides the bulk of these jobs

The Trafford Park Euro-terminal rail freight terminal, which has the capacity to deal with 100,000 containers a year, was opened in 1993.

113

114

115

116

5.1 Trafford Industrial Park 5.1.3 Spatial Profile

Strafford Park Road types

117

5.1.4 Trafford Park main Facilities

Trafford Park Center

118

5.1.4 Trafford Park main Facilities

119

5.1.4 Trafford Park main Facilities Factories

Factories

Cargo Containers

120

KALUNDBORG ECO INDUSTRIAL PARK

“The World's First Industrial Symbiosis, Dates Back To The 1960s Which Is Still Evolving Today.”

121

Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park is an industrial symbiosis network located in Kalundborg, Denmark, in which companies in the region collaborate to use each other's by-products and otherwise share resources. The Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park is the first full realization of industrial symbiosis. The collaboration and its environmental implications arose unintentionally through private initiatives, as opposed to government planning, making it a model for private planning of eco-industrial parks. The relationships among the firms comprising the Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park form an industrial symbiosis. Generally speaking, the actors involved in the symbiosis at Kalundborg exchange : ď ś material wastes, energy, Water, and information. The Kalundborg network involves a number of actors, including a power station, two big energy firms, a plaster board company, and a soil remediation company. Other actors include farmers, recycling facilities, and fish factories that use some of the material flows. Kalundborg Municipality plays an active role. Additionally, other actors, such as Novoren, a recycling and urban land field firm, are formally part of the network but do not contribute tangibly in the exchange.

DENMARK 122

5.2 Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park 5.2.1 Historical Background The Kalundborg Industrial Park was not originally planned for industrial symbiosis. Its current state of “waste heat and materials” sharing developed over a period of 20 years.

Early sharing at Kalundborg tended to involve the sale of waste products without significant pretreatment. Each further link in the system was negotiated as an independent business deal, and was established only if it was expected to be economically beneficial.

Kalundborg park over view

The park began in 1959 with the start up of the Asnæs Power Station. The first episode of sharing between two entities was in 1972 when Gyproc, a plaster-board manufacturing plant, established a pipleine to supply gas from Tidewater Oil Company. In 1981 the Kalundborg municipality completed a district heating distribution network within the city of Kalundborg, which utilized waste heat from the power plant

Kalundborg power station

123

5.2 Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park 5.2.1 Historical Background

Historical Poster

Since 1959, facilities

the in Kalundborg have been expanding, and have been sharing a variety of materials and waste products, some for the purpose of industrial symbiosis and some out of necessity, for example, freshwater scarcity in the area has led to water reuse schemes.

In particular, 700,000 cubic meters per year of cooling water is piped from Statoil to Asnaes per year

124

5.2 Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park 5.2.2 Industrial symbiosis Industrial symbiosis is the sharing of services, utility, and by-product resources among industries in order to add value, reduce costs and improve the environment general, industrial symbiosis occurs locally or regionally across participating companies. Increasing the distance among firms lessens the breadth of exchange opportunities because it is not cost-effective to transport water and steam beyond regional boundaries, whereas byproducts can often travel much farther In

The term 'symbiosis' builds on the notion of mutualism in biological communities where at least two otherwise unrelated species exchange materials, energy, or information in a mutually beneficial manner

Industrial Symbiosis loop in Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park

125

5.2 Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park 5.2.2 Industrial symbiosis Industrial symbiosis was divided into 5 types by Marian Chertow (Associate Professor of Industrial Management at Yale )

Environmental

1. Through Waste Exchanges: Waste exchanges formalize TRADING OPPORTUNITIES by creating hard-copy or online lists of materials that one organization would like to dispose of and another organization might need. The scale of trades can be local, regional, national, or global 2. Within a Facility, Firm, or Organization: Some kinds of materials exchange can occur primarily inside the boundaries of one organization rather than with a collection of outside parties. Large organizations often behave as if they are separate entities and may approximate a multi-firm approach to industrial symbiosis.

3. Among Firms Colocated in a Defined Eco-industrial Park: In this approach, businesses and other organizations that are contiguously located can exchange energy, water, and materials and can go further to share information and services such as permitting, transportation, and marketing 4. Among Local Firms That Are Not Colocated: Partners in this type of exchange need not be sited adjacent to one another but rather are located within a small geographic

area, as in Kalundborg, where the primary partners are within roughly a 2-mile radius of each other. Type 4 exchanges draw together existing businesses that can take advantage of already generated material, water, and energy streams and also provide the opportunity to fill in new businesses based on common service requirements and input/output matching

5. Among Firms Organized Virtually across a Broader Region: exchanges depend on virtual linkages rather than colocation. Although still place-based enterprises, type 5 exchanges encompass a regional economic community in which the potential for the identification of byproduct exchanges is greatly increased by the larger number of firms that can participate.

126

Industrial symbiosis of the park 127

Industrial symbiosis of the park 128

5.2 Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park 5.2.3 Kalundborg Savings Wastewater The collaboration of Novozymes A/S,

AsnĂŚs Power Station and Kalundborg Municipality, in the area of wastewater treatment, reduces the environmental impact on Jammerl and Bugt considerably.

Other Waste On a yearly basis, Noveren I/S

receives: 13,000 tons of newspaper / cardboard which after a quality check are sold to cardboard and paper consuming industries in Denmark, Sweden and Germany producing new paper, new cardboard, egg boxes and trays for e.g. the health sector. 7,000 tons of rubble and concrete that are used for different surfaces after crushing and sorting. 15,000 tons of garden / park refuse delivered as soil amelioration in the area. 4,000 tons of bio waste from households and company canteens. The bio waste is used in the compost and biogas production. 4,000 tons of iron and metal, which is resold after cleaning for recycling. 1,800 tons of glass and bottles that are sold to producers of new glass.

Sludge The recycling of sludge stemming from the treatment plant brings about a reduction in production time at A/S Bio-teknisk Jordrens Soilrem, synonymous with expenditure cuts and improved economy.

129

5.2 Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park 5.2.4 Results at Kalundborg Economic Total investment  about US$60 million  Annual revenues of about US$12 million Average payback time of 5 years  Accumulated revenues as of 1993: over US$120 million

Environmental savings  19 thousand tons of oil  30 thousand tons of coal  600 thousand m3 of water (out 3 million)

Reduced emissions  130 thousand tons of CO2 (out of 4 million tons)  3700 tons of SO2 (out of 29000 tons)

Reuse of waste products  135 tons of fly ash 2800 tons of sulfur  80000 tons of gypsum  800 thousand tons of nitrogen in sludge

130

DAKAR INTEGRATED SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE

“Senegal integrated economic zone” 131

5.3 Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone 5.3.1 Introduction The Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone (DISEZ) is a space designed to host economic activities and provide investors with the appropriate infrastructures and services required to operate in the best conditions. The investors established within the zone will benefit from an incentive-driven tax framework defined by law and procedures facilitating their operation.

The project goes beyond the Free Industrial Zone concept; it will include an industrial park, serviced plans to later incorporate commercial, residential and touristic areas. The High Authority responsible for the administration of the Zone will, through the One-Stop-Shop, provide businesses with: ď ś collective (telecommunications, electricity, water, waste management, etc.) ď ś administrative (certification, permits and licenses, authorizations, banks and financial services) ď ś logistics (transportation, storage) services in compliance with the best international standards. Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone situated at 45km from Dakar, Senegal

SENEGAL 132

5.3 Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone 5.3.2 Project objectives The Integrated Special Economic Zone was set up to create conditions for the growth and development of a competitiveness center and expected to have a profound ripple effect on the national economy. The purpose of this Special Integrated Economic Zone project, set up close to the future Blaise Diagne International Airport, is to position Senegal as a business hub for west Africa

Cargo village facilities designed for logistics operators intervening in the activities of the Airport will be implemented in the Zone.

133

5.3 Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone 5.3.3 Localisation

Site

Area

Site 1

718 hectares

Site 2

14 200 hectares

Phase 1

50 hectares

 Zone situated at 45 km from Dakar (Capital)  Access facility through the new Toll Highway  Next to the Blaise Diagne International Airport

134

5.3 Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone 5.3.4 Development Phases The first development phase of The Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone (DISEZ) Project consists of servicing 600 hectares of land. This land will duly be populated with offices, warehouses, light industrial units and administrative buildings, integrated to the development of the New International Airport in Diass. This initial development will take place in 4 phases of 150 hectares each, with an estimated FDI of 200 million USD allocated per phase.

The first development phase of The Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone

135

5.3 Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone 5.3.5 Services provided by the high authority  Access to technical production factors : • water • electricity • sanitation • telecommunication  Registration of Dakar integrated special economic zone (DISEZ) businesses: • registration in the trade and personal property credit record • Identification numbers for business and associations • Individual & legal entity code • pensions code • Social Security Funds  Certification for eligible activities : • Commercial • Services • Logistics • Industrial • Real estate

 Administrative and land-related formalities • Prepare declaration of establishment certificates • pensions scheme & social security funds registration • Exemption order in favor of foreign businesses for the constitution Senegalese business • request for environmental assessments • Certificate employment contracts validation • Visas/ residence permits application • Building permits • Allocation of the plot and/ or functional warehouse

 Tax and customs concessions attached to the DISEZ certification • Agreement period of validity : 50 years • Exoneration of customs duties on equipment and raw materials • tax and duty free entry • Exoneration of the payment of income tax • Right to employ both Senegalese and foreign staff for foreign businesses • Possibility to conclude fixed-term contracts for (5) years • Free foreign currency transactions in DISEZ without deadlines/ restriction.

136

MODEL INDUSTRIAL PARK

“Ameristar, India”

137

5.4 Model Industrial Park 5.4.1 Introduction Model Industrial Park is the first-of-its-kind industrial park in the holy city of Amritsar, India . Spread over an area of 147 acres, Model Industrial Park is truly a boon for the enterprising people of Punjab and a great opportunity for small and medium-scale industries looking to scale-up their operations. Alpha G:Corp, with its impeccable track record in residential and commercial properties across India through it's group company Penguin Buildtech, along with Veer Group present the state-of-the-art Model Industrial Park. MIP is slated to be the most well-planned Industrial Park in the region for RED, ORANGE and GREEN category industries. Basic Statistics: Area: 199.8 km2 Elevation: 83 - 295 m Population: 36 984 Density: 1011 - 1396/km2 Urban: 36 900 Metro: 84

Plots size: 250 Sq.yds. to 5000 Sq.yds.

INDIA 138

5.4 Model Industrial Park 5.4.2 Location & Accessibility Situated on Main Mehta Road, Opposite Existing Focal Point. MIPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location is very close to the Municipal Corporation Limits. Proximity to highway No. 22 is an added advantage. This makes it an ideal location for any industry. MIP will become a benchmark for all industrial parks in India

Accessibility: Golden Temple: 8Kms Railway Station: 9Kms Airport: 18Kms Ludhiana: 142Kms Chandigarh: 238Kms New Delhi: 465 Kms An Arial photo with accessibility

139

5.4 Model Industrial Park 5.4.3 Master Plan

Model Industrial Park maser Plan

Planned facilities of International standards MIP will have a convention center to hold conferences and seminars and an exhibition hall where business events will be held. This place is expected to become a buzzing hub of business and industry. A research lab equipped with latest testing equipment will benefit all members and factory owners. The community center will have large areas for sports, banquets, a restaurant and guest rooms.

140

5.4 Model Industrial Park 5.4.4 Model Industrial Park Amenities

Model Industrial Park Amenities

Currently undergoing development in the first phase of approximately 100 acres, is set to redefine the way the city will live, with a futuristic approach to town planning blended with an active tradition of community living.

141

5.4 Model Industrial Park 5.4.4 Model Industrial Park Amenities

Model Industrial Park Amenities

1. Red, Orange and Green category industries 2. Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) 3. Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) 4. Power Sub Station and Distribution System 5. Magnificent Entrance Plaza 6. Provision for Electronic Weigh Bridge 7. Underground facilities for water & communication 8. Provision for Fire Station 9. Street and Security Lighting 10. Wide tree lined roads 11. Parking for heavy vehicles 12. Provision For Public Health & Medical facilities 13. Blinkers and traffic lights at road crossings 14. Storm water management and rain water harvesting 15. Ample green space & landscaped gardens 16. Well-designed street signage for way finding 17. Proper parking and public facilities 18. Shopping Arcade to be located at the main entrance 19. adjoining State Highway 20. Community Centre with indoor games and other facilities 21. Industrial Canteen & Recreation center 22. Fuel Station in the vicinity

142

KORANGI CREEK INDUSTRIAL PARK

“Ameristar, India”

143

5.5 Korangi Creek Industrial Park 5.5.1 Introduction Established in mid 60s and made operational in 1970. It is spread over an area of 8500 acres. According to a rough estimate more than 4500 industrial, commercial, and service concerns operate here providing employment to roughly two-three lac workers. Industries of Large, Medium and Small scale contribute revenue of Rs. 270 million on daily basis. The project offers entrepreneurs with guaranteed uninterrupted power supply through 48 MW captive power plant and all essential utilities like water, gas and telecommunication at the customer's doorstep. The hallmark of this industrial zone is perimeter wall with controlled entry and exit to the complex spreading at Korangi Creek offering a safe and secure environment to the industrialists. The project was undertaken by the National Industrial Parks Development and Management Company (NIP), which is an autonomous entity by the Federal Ministry of Industries and Production on the concept of public- private partnership as a subsidiary of Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation PIDC.

PAKISTAN 144

5.5 Korangi Creek Industrial Park 5.5.2 Location

An Arial photo shows location

It is one of the largest industrial areas of pakistan. It houses approximately 3000 facilities for various industries, including textile, steel, pharmaceutical, automobile, chemical, engineering and flour mills. Located in Sector 38, Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Pakistan's first international standard industrial park designed by Jurong Singapore

145

5.5 Korangi Creek Industrial Park 5.5.3 Industrial Zones There are 372 textiles mills operative here contributing in shape of 7% of the total textiles exports from Pakistan. A huge 78% of the crude oil used all over Pakistan is refined in the two refiners of KIA. Similarly, there are 42 fully operational flour mills located in KIA. Kia is also emerging as the new financial hub of Karachi by having 20 fully operational branches of all major and minor banks including numerous offices of different insurance companies.

The pace at which new industries are being set-up in Kia is unmatched by any other industrial estate of Sindh Industrial Zones with major Amenities

146

5.5 Korangi Creek Industrial Park 5.5.3 Industrial Zones The Park has zones namely low density and high density zones.

Industrial Park maser Plan

The low density zones cater for industrial sectors including garments, consumer food, pharmaceutical, valeadded garments/textiles, printing/packaging and light engineering. The high density zone is reserved for high-rise flattened factories, multistory commercial complex including banks, multinationals, corporate offices, besides a dedicated gems and jewelry workshops & sales center and Information Technology center

147

5.5 Korangi Creek Industrial Park 5.5.4 Amenities Amenities including;  effluent treatment  internal transportation  green areas, community space  vocational training  commercial centers for support services to the industry are also included in the project design to provide a complete infrastructure solution to industrialists. To ensure transparency and discourage speculative interest, the company has designed a comprehensive sales policy with the objective of primarily attracting genuine industrial entrepreneurs.

The features of this project coupled with provision of one -stop -service aim to create a hassle free environment for both the local and foreign industrial entrepreneurs. Replying to a question, he said it is envisioned that this milestone project will create significant job opportunities ranging from 25,000 to 30,000 for skilled and semiskilled workers thus contributing to the GDP growth of the country.

148

Chapter 6 149

Site Analysis 150

Jordan 12 cities , Amman Capital Area of : 89,342 sq.km Population of : 6,721,882 (2014) Density of : 74.5/ km2 Urban : 78% , Rural : 22%

151

Jerash city Area of : 410 sq.km Population of : 191.700 (2012) Density of : 467.8 / km2 Urban : 62.6% Rural : 37.4 %

152

6.1 Jordan’s Geography & Climate Jordan

lies on the continent of Asia between latitudes 29° and 34° N, and longitudes 35° and 40° E (a small area lies west of 35°). It consists of an arid plateau in the east, irrigated by oasis and seasonal water streams, with highland area in the west of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry. The Jordan Rift Valley of the Jordan River separates Jordan from Israel and the Palestinian Territories. The highest point in the country is Jabal Umm al Dami, at 1,854 m (6,083 ft) above sea level, while the lowest is the Dead Sea −420 m (−1,378 ft). Jordan is part of a region considered to be "the cradle of civilization", the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent. Major cities include the capital Amman and Salt in the west, Irbid, Jerash and Zarqa, in the northwest and Madaba, Karak and Aqaba in the southwest. Major towns in the eastern part of the country are the oasis town of Azraq and Ruwaished.

153

6.1 Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Geography & climate

Jordan

consists of three natural regions: the Jordan Valley (Ghor al-Urdunn or al-Ghor); the highlands bordering the eastern edge of the Jordan Valley; and the plateau of the Syro-Arabian desert, which slopes gently to the south and east

Much of Jordan is barren desert. The north-western part of the country is part of the so-called Fertile Crescent. The other fertile area consists of the highlands forming the eastern edge of the Jordan Valley.

154

‫« جرش‪ ،‬هذا اسم مدينة عظيمة كانت‪ ،‬وهي الآن‬ ‫من شاهدها‪ ،‬وذكر لي ّأنها خرابة وبها آبار‬ ‫خرابا‪َ .‬ح ّد َثني َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫عادي‬ ‫تدل على عظمة‪ .‬فقال‪« :‬في وسطها نهر جار‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫عدة ُرحى عامر ًة إلى هذه الغاية‪ .‬وهي في شرقي‬ ‫يدير ّ‬ ‫السواد من أرض البلقاء وحوران‪ ،‬ومن‬ ‫جبل‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وقرى‪.‬‬ ‫عمل دمشق وهي في جبل يشتمل على ضياع ُ‬ ‫ويقال للجميع جبل جرش«‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ياقوت الحموي‪ .‬معجم البلدان‬

‫‪155‬‬

156

6.2 Introduction to Jerash City

Jerash Governorate Map

6.2.1 Jerash City Location & Boundaries

JERASH BOUNDARIES WITH MUNICIPAL BOUNDARIES

157

6.2.2 Jerash City Planned And Unplanned Areas The city of Jerash is the main urban center in the homonymous Governorate, located in the northern region of Jordan. 89 % of Jerash city lands are unplanned which means no infrastructures, roads & services in those areas. Only 11% of the city are planned which means availability of all services .

89%

11%

Planned area Unplanned area Area Km^2

Planned Area

46.786676

Unplanned Area

363.213324

Total Area

410

158

6.2.3 Administrative Division of Jerash Governorate Jerash

or Gerasa is one of the major cities in the northern region Jordan. Jerash city, in Jerash SubDistrict within the Qasabat Jerash District, is the main city in the Governorate that is covers 410 km2. It is located about 48km north of the capital Amman, and it is the second largest tourist destination in Jordan.

Jerash

has the second highest density in Jordan after Irbid Governorate and was ranked as the 14th largest municipality in Jordan. Jordanian citizens made up 87.1% of the population of Jerash Governorate.

Jerash

It was inhabited since the Neolithic period until now, its main urban development was during the Roman period , suggested that the city was established as a military camp, strategic post and for commercial reasons afterwards developed as urban communities. Jerash considered one of the largest and most well-preserved sites of Roman architecture in the world outside Italy. To this day, its colonnaded streets, baths, theaters, plazas and arches remain in exceptional condition. Jerash became a destination for many successive waves of foreign migrants, And now with its population of 195,900 (2013 pop.)

Barma

Mastaba

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF JERASH GOVORNORATE

159

6.2.3 Administrative Division of Jerash Governorate Jerash Sub-district Covers an area of 265 km^2 which is 65 % from the total area of Jerash governorate , with a Population density of 570.5 person / km^2 , population of Jerash sub-district is 86.2% from the total population of the governorate. n 2004 the city counted a population of around 31,500 inhabitants and in the last decade it has experienced a demographic dynamic similar to the national one, increasing of around 25%. Furthermore, the fertility rate in Jerash is one of the highest in Jordan, standing at 5.4 children per woman, compared to 3.7 in Amman. Thus, Jerash boasts a young population: around 44% are below 19 years old and as such are school, college, or university students. The average annual household income of Jerash Sub-District is JD 4.810, the same of the Governorate as a whole. Administrative division

Population number

Area km^ 2

Population Density Person/km ^2

Males

Females

Jerash Sub-district

77096

74094

86.2

265

570.5

Mastaba Subdistrict

6591

6859

7.6

274.4

Borma Sub-district

5338

5322

6.2

113

Total

195900

100

410

100

428

Administrative Division Basic Informationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

JERASH GOVERNAT ES

Jerash

Barma Mastaba Govern orate

Jerash

District

Jerash District

Sub-district Jerash Subdistrict Mastaba Sub-district

Borma Subdistrict Administrative Division Of Jerash Governorate

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6.2.4 Jerash City Geography Jerash

is a hilly region with fertile lands, the province is bordered by Irbid Governorate to the north, Ajlun Governorate to the west, Mafraq Governorate and Zarqa Governorate to the east, and Balqa Governorate from the south. The average yearly rainfall in Jerash governorate is in the range of 400â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 500 mm considered among the highest in the country.

The elevation range of the province is 300 to 1300 m above sea level with fresh water streams and the Zarqa River flowing through it, surrounderd by fertile plains, hills and mountains with a mild mediterranean climate

The mountains of Jerash Governorate inSakib constitute the end of the Houran Plateau

161

6.2.5 Jerash City Climate Jerash climate is semi-dry in summer with average temperature in the mid 30 째C (86 째F) and is relatively cool in winter averaging around 13 째C (55 째F). The western part of Jordan receives greater precipitation during the winter season from November to March and snowfall in Jerash (756 m (2,480 ft) ~ 1,280 m (4,199 ft) above sea-level) and Western Heights of 500 m (1,640 ft). The weather is humid from November to March and semi dry for the rest of the year. With hot, dry summers and cool winters during which practically all of the precipitation occurs, Jerash has a Mediterranean-style climate. In general, the farther inland from the Mediterranean lies, the greater are the seasonal contrasts in temperature and the less rainfall.

Unfavorable wind Favorable wind

162

6.2.5.1 Yearly Temperature Analysis Avg. Temp

High Temp

Low Temp 40 30

20 10 0 DEC

NOV

OCT

SEP

AUG

JUL

JUN

MAY

APR

MAR

FEB

JAN

Month Temperature Avg. Temp High Temp Low Temp Highest recorded Lowest recorded

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 8

-7

-3

-2

-7

 The average temperature in summer months from May to October (20_30) C  The average temperature in winter months from November to April (10-20) C

163

6.2.5.2 Yearly Rainfall Analysis Yearly rainfall range from 400-500 mm 30

120

100

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

Column1 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 13 14 12 6 3 1 ----1 5 9 12 Rainy Days Average Precipitation 109 93 89 28 6 1 0 0 0 15 46 88 mm --1 --------------------Days With Snow Morning Relative 79 76 73 63 59 67 77 80 78 68 68 78 Humidity Evening Relative 65 60 54 41 33 31 36 38 38 42 48 63 Humidity 16 17 16 16 16 17 17 16 16 12 12 14 Wind Speed (Km/h) 11 8 9 9 10 11 18 22 16 8 7 10 Days With Fog 5 6 9 18 21 20 21 21 21 15 9 5 Smoke/Haze

OCT

NOV

DEC

ď ś The good raining months is from November to March with an average (50110) which considered good according to Jordan raining rates .

164

6.3 Jerash City Land Use Analysis

6.3.1 Jerash City Existing Land use Land Use Percentages

Residential Agricultural land Green Parks Open spaces Cemetries Public Services Archeological Area Commercial uses Religious Roads

62% 24%

0% 3%

4% 2% 1%

Residential Uses Percentages 33%

Type A Type B 27%

15%

Type D Special housing

12%

Municipality Boundaries

Type C

Green Housing 5% Data approved by Jerash Municipality

165

6.3.2 Land Use Development of Jerash Several factors led to the identification of land use pattern within the boundaries of the city of Jerash, most notably the city's position as historical area and natural environment for the city in addition to the economic, demographic and social characteristics. The land use development of the city Has been associated with the city population and urban growth, which included the ancient uses, residential and commercial, industrial, agricultural uses, and public services. The table bellow following the evolution of land use in City of Jerash during the second half of the twentieth century: Year

1953

1978

1984

1992

1999

Land Use

Area Acre

Archeological

475

68,9

475

46,8

475

43,4

475

26,9

Residential

129

18,7

206

20,3

263

615

744

Commercial

1,6

2,4

4,1

5,4

105

5,9

Industrial

0,3

0,5

0,9

2,5

5,5

Public Services

0,6

2,2

3,6

5,4

115

6,5

Public Land

1,8

1,9

1,5

1,4

Roads

3,5

4,5

5,8

109

6,7

137

7,7

Vacant Land

5,4

220

21,6

180

16,4

196

4,2

Total Uses

689

100

1016

100

1096

100

1637

100

1771

100

Public services : educational, health and religious use and government departments within the city.

Public land : cemeteries and parks located within the city limits.

166

6.3.2 Land Use Development of Jerash The Archaeological Use : At the first place until eighties , because the very small area of other uses , then fell to second place during 覺n the nineties , this is a clear signal to urban growth and the evolution of the city's area in spite of the stability of archaeological use space , the change was in the percentage of use from total land uses.

The Residential Use : The residential use was ranked the second place during the fifties then the third place during the seventies and then submitted to the second in the eighties, and with the increase of population growth and increasing numbers of housing during the nineties there it had a noticeable impact on the general growth of the city and on residential use specially, it has been ranked for the first place of land uses.

167

6.3.2 Land Use Development of Jerash Roads :

Industrial Use :

As a result of the continued increase in the number of residents of the city Jerash, areal development of transport routes happened , and this resulted to Increase the area of the city and the spread of its various activities which called for extending roads to get to the various activities, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s place between other uses has remained in the fourth place during The period from the fifties until the eighties, and then progressed to Third place in the nineties, and this development is due to expansion In the urban growth of the city and increase of the city limits of space Jerash.

Industrial use remarkable development in the city of Jerash through 1953-1999 , the number and diversity of industries increased, the one hand during the period from the fifties to the eighties it is ranked at eighth place, and then fell to the rank sixth in the nineties in order to meet the growing needs of the population whether city residents or residents of the region.

The Commercial Use : The commercial use remained ranked at the fifth place of other uses during the period of the fifties to nineties, where it occupied the central area of the city and then expanded to the outside , the commercial use of continued growth and development but remained stable in the percentage of use from total uses in the area , multi-purpose shops has spread to meet the growing needs of the population, both residents of the city and the region.

Workshop symbols Jerash

168

6.3.2 Land Use Development of Jerash Public services : Increase in population of the city of Jerash has been accompanied by an increase in services , Which led to a marked increase in the area of public utilities, seventh place was occupied during the fifties and then fell to sixth place during the seventies and eighties, and continued the development of public facilities at a faster rate than the previous, where dropped to fourth place during the nineties, as a result of growth urban renaissance witnessed by the city in this period.

Public Land: It is noticed that the public land area has increased during the Period from the fifties until the nineties but its percentage to other uses has decreased due to an increase in urban development in the city , where it was ranked sixth in the fifties and then dropped to seventh place during the seventies and eighties and then fell to eighth place in the nineties due to the increase urban uses space in the city.

Land use ranking in the city of Jerash sine 1950s Year

1953

1978

1984

1992

1999

Archeological

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Public services

Public Land

Roads

Vacant Land

Land Use

from the table, the disparity in land use ranking from a period of time to another within the city.

169

6.4 Demographic Studies of Jerash

Demographic data of Jerash Governorate compared to Jordan (2004)

The total Number of Population of Jerash city in (2012) were : 191.700 person. The highest percentage of Jerash population is less than 25 years old. Which means the need for economical activities to support this age groups.

Jordan (2004)

Jerash (2004) 1 2 3

unspecified 65+

60-64 55-59 50-54

45-49 40-44

35-39 30-34 25-29

20-24

Total population Growth rate Male to female ratio Ratio of Jordanians to foreign nationals Persons per household Urban population Population 15 years of age or older

153, 602

5,350,000

2.06%

2.3%

51.48 to 48.52 51.5 to 48.5

87.1 to 12.9

93 to 7

5.9

5.3

51%

78.30%

52%

55.8%

15-19

The Jordan National Census of 2004 indicates that the population of Jerash governorate was 153,602, distributed as the table shows

10-14 05-09 0-04

1500

1000

500

0 Female

-500 Male

-1000

-1500

Data approved by Jordan counting department

170

6.4 Demographic Studies of Jerash

The first half of the twentieth century could be considered the nucleus of the city, where population growth rates did not rise due to the migration of population to Amman because of the availability of jobs and better services, the city's population stood at 1946 (About 2392 people) living in 400 homes.

The built-in focused in currently known the Downtown area, After that the city experienced a population growth rates exceeded those in previous periods, as shown in the Figures due to the stability of some of the Palestinian refugees and the continued influx of population from neighboring areas, and growing importance of tourism and its location on the most important main roads in Jordan via Amman- Irbid.

Population Growth

Population Growth Rate /Year

6.4.2 Population Growth

6.00%

40000

35000 30000 25000 20000 15000

5.00%

Growth Rate

Population Number

45000

4.00%

4.80%

4.40%

3.00% 2.60%

2.00%

10000

1.00%

5000

0.00%

Year

1952 1961 1979 1990 1994 2004 2013 Population Number 2614 3796 9978 14000 21278 31650 40366

4.80%

1957

1970

1987

1999

2.20%

2007

2012

Data approved by Jordan counting department

171

6.5 Economical Studies of Jerash The majority of population in Jerash city is in working age, making employment creation a key factor for revitalization efforts. The average annual household income in the Jerash Governorate and in the Jerash Sub-Distinct is estimated at US$18 per day (US$6,782/year) for an average size household of 6 people. A little under a fifth of the population (8.4%) lives in poverty (2002- 2003), a drop of 10% since 1997. As for Jerash city, 19.4% of the population (around 25,893 persons) is below the poverty line2'.

Jobs Distribution according to sectors 19%

49%

10% 6%

5% 5% 4% 2%

Unemployment rate

Economical Sectors

in Jerash Governorate is 18.9%, higher than the national one and have slightly increased in the last 3 years. This indicates a growing employment problem; there is a mounting discouragement among the potential workers who have become tired of seeking work: 74% of the economically inactive persons believe there are no jobs around. The unemployed are mostly educated holding diplomas or university degrees, and the trend over the past five years shows an increasing number of applicants for work in the government.

In Jerash almost all establishments are small, employing less than 5 persons: manufacturing establishments have the biggest dimension and trade the smallest. 62% of businesses are in the commercial trade sector, mainly small retail shops, rather unattractive in their displays and in the quality of goods. Almost all stores are located in the commercial area of the historic core, in an area characterized by traffic, chaos and disorganization.

172

6.6 Project Site Selection

”The establishment of an Industrial Park in Jerash city, was a Political Decision, By order of the Prime Ministry.” the decision of establishing an industrial Park in the city of Jerash was part of the revival of the Jordanian developmental areas which includes the city of Jerash as one of the poorest cities in Jordan, to revive the Economy & to Create job opportunities for local community. The selection of the Industrial Park Location as well as the Park Planning & design were transmitted to JORDAN INDUSTRIAL ESTATES COMPANY (JIEC) The company were given different 30 sites in Jerash to choose from, then the company start it’s studies to choose the ideal location for the Park between those 30 sites who’s been nominated by the government.

173

6.6 Project Site Selection 6.6.1 First Short Listing Of Nominated Sites For short-listing of the 30 sites, a matrix-based elimination process was adopted. Critical parameters were identified for each sites & weightages were assigned to each parameter depending upon its criticality. A scale of 1 to 5 is used for weightages. The weightage increases as number increase from 1 to 5. weightage 1 less important & 5 the most important which canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be neglected. For each parameter a rating scale is also developed fro 0 to 3, the benefit of the site increase as the rating increases, the 0 means that the parameter becomes neglected. For each parameter, weights & rating are assigned, then multiply them to get the parameter score, all parameters scores summed up to get total score for each site.

WEIGHTAGE

Parameters : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

RATING

Distance to main roads Land Holding (ownership) Land use Land Price/ acre Site Topography

SCORE

SCORES Total

Compare Sites

6. Environmental Sustainability (forests, canals, etc.) 7. Distance from Under ground water basins 8. Availability of social infrastructures 9. Flood proneness

After comprising the results The results, the matrix came up with 5 favorable locations.

174

6.6 Project Site Selection 6.6.2 Second Selection of location The Selection of the ideal location between the 5 sites, done after :

Land Suitability Analysis

Infrastructure Parameters

Land Parameters

175

6.6 Project Site Selection 6.6.2 Second Selection of location The Final Results come in the table below showing the final Score for each Location according to the matrix : Location Name

Final Score

Enaibeh village, Basin 6, Mansoob (26)

59.25/80

Enaibeh village, Basin 7, Hamedi (1)

43/80

Jearsh Village , Basin 5, khresha (47)

43/80

Um Qantara Village, Um Khashaba basin (2)

42/80

Um Qantara Village, Um Kharoba basin (15)

35/80

The Final Results then transferred to the decision maker bodies in the government for the approval over the chosen location, and after the approval, Enaibeh village, Basin 6, Mansoob (26) became officially the location of Jerash Industrial Park!

176

6.7 Introduction To the Project Site 6.7.1 Location The Site Locates in Jerash City Governorates Boundaries on the Longitude of: 32 14’22.87” N & Latitude of: 35 55’30.67” E, located to the east of Irbid-Amman street which divided the city into two parts . The Park site located: To the To the To the To the

south east of Jerash city center, 4.8 km. south east of Jerash refugee camp, 6.7 km. North of Amman, 31.5km from Amman's center. South of Irbid, 36.2 km from Irbid’s city center.

The site located on a Land of 229,101.8 sq.m (22.9 hectares/ 229 Dunoms) of Jerash Governorate Lands, the site have 45meters level difference where the highest Point of the site on 1035 m above see level & the lowest on 990m. The only road that services the site is a road surrounded the site except from the southern side, the level difference of site make it impossible to get to it from this road except from the eastern side where the level difference become more similar to the road.

JERASH Refugee Camp

JERASH

Industrial Park Location

JERASH City

JERASH

Industrial Park Location

6.7 Introduction To the Project Site 6.7.1 Location The

Site

Locates

Governorates

Jerash

Boundaries

City

the

Longitude of: 32 14’22.87” N & Latitude of: 35 55’30.67” E, located to the east of Irbid-Amman street which divided the city into two parts . The site located on a Land of 229,101.8 sq.m (22.9 hectares/ 229 Dunoms) of

Jerash Governorate Lands, the site have 45meters level difference where the highest Point of the site on 1035 m above see level & the lowest on 990m.

JERASH

Industrial Park Location

6.7 Introduction To the Project Site 6.7.2 Accessibility ď ś The site is only serviced by a road of 6 meters width, that road surrounds the whole site except from the southern side. ď ś the level difference of the site make it impossible to get to it from this road except from the eastern side where the level difference become more similar to the road. The Only Entrance

The site have to paths to reach from, each one needs 16-17 minutes to get from Jerash city center. Accessibility paths

6.8 Project Site Analysis 6.8.1 Sun & Wind Effect Climate is semi-dry in summer with and is relatively cool in winter as mentioned in Jerash city Climate before.

ď ś According to sun path & topography lines, there is should be a buffer zone from the southern side to block unwanted wind, and the example a side shows the favorable places & situation of buildings.

6.8 Project Site Analysis 6.8.2 Topography Analysis Contour Lines Topography Slice level difference 5 meters each.  Topography Highest Point 1035 above see level.  Lowest Point 990m Above see Level.

The site consider as high slope topography , slopes range from 6% to 33%! (1030 – 1035)m above see level

(1020 – 1025)m above see level (1010 – 1015)m above see level (1000 – 1005)m above see level (990 – 995)m above see level

6.8 Project Site Analysis 6.8.2 Topography Analysis Slope Percentage from Different Sides

The Average Slope

11% Slope

Slope

45 m

17% 256 m

Slope

252 The site have different Slope percentages & Angels. m

11% 40 m

357 m 355 m

6.8 Project Site Analysis 6.8.2 Topography Analysis Site Sections The section shows that it has Convex slope have high summit & then the slope decrease to become lower from the two sides.  Highest slope: 22%  Lowest slope: 8%  Average Slope: 12%

The section lays over a distance of 498!

Section A

6.8 Project Site Analysis 6.8.2 Topography Analysis Site Sections The section shows that it has Conventional slope have high summit & then the slope decrease to become lower from one side.  Highest slope: 33%  Lowest slope: 7.7%  Average Slope: 14.6%

The section lays over a distance of 535!

Section B

Chapter 7

Concept

â&#x20AC;&#x153;For every site there is an ideal use, For every use there is an ideal siteâ&#x20AC;?

John Simonds

JERASH ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK Proposed Location

Area of 229,101.8 sq.m Longitude 32 14’22.87” N Latitude 35 55’30.67” E

7.1 Introduction The developers of eco-industrial parks are applying previously tested concepts and practices in an innovative whole system. we can find the separate components of the EIP vision working effectively in industry today. In some cases (i.e., energy efficiency in new process, equipment, and plant design) their obvious contribution to competitive advantage is defining these “new” approaches as best business practices. Many of these tested ideas are simply applied common sense: “Why pay money to produce a product you can’t sell, call it a waste, and pay someone to dispose of it?” “Why not use the energy of the sun and wind when you locate a building and design its heating and cooling systems?” The real innovation in creating eco-industrial parks is in bringing such ideas together in a whole system. If we integrate as many of these well-tested individual strategies as possible into our initial EIP vision, we may achieve results beyond the “reasonable” expectations of a piecemeal approach. For instance, including renewable energy sources in our site’s infrastructure can guarantee reliable and clean power for industries that experience large losses when outages occur. This becomes a valuable recruitment incentive. One such source, biogas energy, may provide a market for a food processing company’s .

With this integrative approach, each addition to the system adds to the value of the other elements in our design. Potential investors will see that our standard feasibility studies show the project passes their conventional tests. we will not need to convince them of the environmental or social values of the project when they can see it qualifies as a real estate investment.

7.2 Goals & Objectives

Environment

Economy

Social



Environmentally sounds design decisions through analyzing site Main forces, specially sun, wind & topography.



Integration into Natural Systems, by Minimize local environmental impacts by integrating the EIP into the local landscape, hydrologic setting, and ecosystem.



Economically sounds design Through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues including energy, water and materials!



Socially sounds Through Integration of Local Community in Park Business for Jobs & Investments & Seek to benefit the local economy through training and education programs, community business development, building of employee housing.



Finally combine all factors to come up with design that works in Jordan, services Jerash.

7.3 Theme and concept philosophy

Integration of Environmental, Economic and social Performance  Through applying Site Analysis , case studies Results on the Design of Industrial Parks, specially site forces; Wind, Sun & Topography !  Through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues including energy, water and materials!

 Through Integration of Local Community in Park Business for Jobs & Investments!

7.3 Theme and concept philosophy

Integration of Environmental, Economic and social Performance

Integration into Natural Systems Minimize local environmental impacts by integrating the EIP into the local landscape, hydrologic setting, and ecosystem.

The concept philosophy main steps

Effective EIP Management In addition to standard park service, recruitment, and maintenance functions, park management .

Integration into the Host Community Seek to benefit the local economy through training and education programs, community business development, building of employee housing.

7.4 Process of Concept Development 7.1.1 Processes layout The process of developing concept

Processes and concept development Through

Goals and objectives

Theme Zones

Case studies

3 Analysis

Circulation

Accessibility

Plot Area

Orientation

Site plan

Massing

Elevation

Material

Site analysis Program

HOW

Synthesis

Concept design

7.5 Proposed Program Land Occupation Proposal Land Occupation Percentages in the Industrial City: 1-For industrial uses, 55-60% of the plot area is built on. 2-Circulations, routes, parking areas, landscaped, and loading & unloading are to occupy 15-20% of the plot area. 3- Facilities including: park, office buildings & utilities 16% 4- Accommodations 8%

Facilities 16% Industry 60%

Circulation 16 % Accommodations 8%

Item

Area%

Industrial plots & warehouses

55-60 %

Circulations, routes, parking areas, and loading & unloading

15-20 %

Park: water tank(landmark), landscaped areas, pedestrian routes, mosque, shops, workerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center, restaurants

10-14%

OfďŹ ce buildings (management office, banks, chamber of industry branch, work center, customer office)

1-2 %

Facilities( fuel station, security & civil center, health center)

1-2 %

Purification plant

2-3 %

Accommodations

5-8 %

7.5 Proposed Program Industries

Conventional Industries

Proposed Industries:  3 Main Proposed Zones : 1. Conventional Industries 2. Food related & Garment Industries 3. Electronic & chemical Industies

From Local Community

Food

 Industrial uses, 55-60% of the plot area is built on: & Garment Industries 1- conventional Industries of Jerash city up to 15 % 2- food related industries 10% 3- Garment, fashion & shoe industries 15 % 4- Electronic & home Appliances Industries 10% 5- Chemical Industries; fertilizers, pharmacy, oil & painting. 10 %.

Electronics

& Chemical Industries

 The reason behind chose these types of Industries was : First : conventional industries is more Socially sounds, as one of the project goals. Second : food, Garments, Electronics & chemical as types of light industries used in Jordan. Finally & most Importantly : the Analysis of Industrial symbiosis which justifies that the industries must work in one comprehensive system where industries share infrastructure & use each other’s waste as new outputs.

7.5 Proposed Program Facilities, Amenities & Accommodation 25% of Parks Area Land Occupation Percentages in the Industrial City facilities:

Accommodations 32%

1-For industrial uses, 55-60% of the plot area is built on. 2-Circulations, routes, parking areas, landscaped, and loading & unloading are to occupy 15-20% of the plot area. 3- Facilities including: park, office buildings & utilities 16% 4- Accommodations 8%

Park 56% Office 6% Facilities 6%

Item

Area%

Park: water tank(landmark), landscaped areas, pedestrian routes, mosque, shops, workerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center, restaurants

56%

OfďŹ ce buildings (management office, banks, chamber of industry branch, work center, customer office)

Facilities( fuel station, security & civil center, health center)

Accommodations

32%

7.6 Concept Synthesis “Site Forces” Main Factors The factors that affected the site lines, axis’s, zones & Plots were: 1- Wind Direction

The wind direction was the first factor, which made the concept main grid it specified the main axis’s & zones division, plus to main greening spaces (Site central park & pedestrian Paths). zones distribution in the whole site, analyzing the effect of wind on different type of industries, for both impact & as an energy resource.

2- Sun orientation

The sun orientation made the second grid which specified the zones final division shape, & specified the plot’s & buildings orientation.

3- Topography difference

The final factor which is the most important factor that specified the site main zones location (center, industrial zones & paths)

Site

Wind

Sun

Topography

Axis’s

7.6 Concept Synthesis “Site Forces”

Site Area

Wind Effect Site main zones

Sun Effect

Topography

Before applying Any factor

Second Grid, plot’s orientation

Center & zones according

Wind Effect Main Grid,

Main Axis's

Vehicular movement

7.7 Site Main Zones Distribution The Center of the Park The main Open space which gathered the park around it.

The parks center main Elements & Facilities: water tank(landmark), landscaped areas, pedestrian routes, mosque, shops, workerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center, restaurants.

Zone A The parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Facilities, Amenities ( fuel station, security & civil center, health center),Office Buildings(management office, banks, chamber of industry branch, work center, customer office)& Accommodation

Zone B, C, D The Industrial Zones of the Park Zone B : Conventional industries from Jerash Zone C : Food related & Garment, fashion & shoe industries. Zone D : Electronic & home Appliances Industries , Chemical Industries; fertilizers, pharmacy, oil & painting

7.8 Circulation & Accessibility Pedestrian Movement

Pedestrian Paths Clear Pedestrian Paths that gives clear access to the parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center that gathered the whole activities

Vehicular Movement

Vehicular Path As mentioned in site analysis chapter , the site has only one possible entrance, clear path for vehicle were designed so all blocks can be serviced.

The Only Entrance

7.9 Proposed Layout for blocks & circulation The Site Blocks The blocks derived from the concept synthesis where the main zones defined, the blocks serviced by vehicular road so each block has it’s own entrance.

The Center of the Park The main Open space which gathered the park around it. The parks center main Elements & Facilities: water tank(landmark), landscaped areas, pedestrian routes, mosque, shops, worker’s center, restaurants.

Purification Plant At the lowest part of the park where all drainage, factories waste.

Site Blocks

Circulation which been explained in the previous sections.

Park’s Center

The entrance & Exit of the park according to topography conditions , & Vehicular circulation.

Vehicular movement

Purification Plant

Pedestrian Movement Existing Road way

7.9 Proposed Layout for blocks & circulation The Site orientation was mainly according to Sun, Wind & Topography Conditions

The Site Blocks The blocks derived from the concept synthesis where the main zones defined, the blocks serviced by vehicular road so each block has itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own entrance the site bocks was divided into smaller plots to be Used for Industrial uses.

100

Site Blocks

Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Center 25 50 75

Proposed sizes of Plots

Purification Plant

Vehicular movement Pedestrian Movement Existing Road way

According to Sun Analysis

7.10 Massing, Elevations & Material Building’s Heights Buildings & Parcels Orientation According to Sun Path .

Building’s Orientation

Using trees

Highest buildings shouldn’t be placed n the southern sides so it prevent of lower buildings Using Cantilevers To break sun rays.

Building’s Spacing

Highest buildings shouldn’t be placed n the southern sides so it prevent of lower buildings

An adequate distance should be between buildings for ventilation & shaded for activities.

According to Sun Analysis

7.10 Massing, Elevations & Material Façade Openings Large size Openings at the northern facades. to maximize the amount of sun enters to the building

Building’s Heights

Medium size Openings at the eastern & western facades.

Avoid short buildings between high ones because of lighting & ventilation.

Material Choose Materials absorb the sun's rays (northern façade)

Materials reflects the sun's rays (Sothern façade) light colors.

Small Openings at the southern facades to minimize amount of sun enters .

According to Wind Analysis

7.10 Massing, Elevations & Material Massing Used

Buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Orientation

Buildings & Parcels Orientation According To wind.

Using trees To break wind.

Large size Openings at the northern west facades. to maximize the amount of favorable wind & Ventilation to the building, & small ones in the Sothern east. Use massing to break the wind.

Buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ventilation

According to Wind Analysis

7.10 Massing, Elevations & Material Buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Orientation

Buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Spacing Inner court yard to ventilate the spaces between buildings

FaĂ§ade Openings Buildings with bad smells like restaurants & chemical factories should be located to the southern east side of the site to minimize the bad smells

Large size Openings at the northern west facades. to maximize the amount of favorable wind & Ventilation to the building, & small ones in the Sothern east.

THANK YOU!

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