VOLUME 2, Nº 10
DATE: JUNE 2017
Reach the Sky Bulletin STEPHEN WILLIAM HAWKING AND THE BLACK HOLES
Stephen was born on 8 January 1942. He is an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge. In his work, and in collaboration with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in his doctoral thesis. His scientific works include the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set forth a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Stephen was diagnosed with ALS, a form of Motor Neuron Disease. In spite of being wheelchair bound and dependent on a computerized voice system for communication Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programs of travel and public lectures.
Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees. He was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honor in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes, is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences. Last year, British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking hinted at research he and a couple of colleagues were working on that could solve the infamous black hole information paradox, which states that information about matter that gets destroyed by a black hole, according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, is supposed to be fundamentally conserved, according to our understanding of quantum mechanics. In the 1970s, Hawking proposed that the Universe is filled with 'virtual particles' that, according to what we know about how quantum mechanics works, blink in and out of existence and annihilate each other as soon as they come in contact - except if they happen to appear on either side of a black hole's event horizon. Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 to a more academically senior post, as reader in gravitational physics. Hawking was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics in 1977. The following year he received the Albert Einstein Medal and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford.
http://www.zurnal24.si/hawking-crne-luknje-ne-obstajajoclanek-220740 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/science/stephenhawking-black-holes.html?_r=0 http://www.sciencealert.com/stephen-hawking-justpublished-new-solution-to-the-black-hole-informationparadox
Katja Strašek, Slovenia
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The Great Moon Hoax* It was the year 1833 when Sir John Herschel boarded on a ship with destination Capetown, South Africa. He wanted a better exploration of the southern sky, all the large observatories being in Europe at the time, so he loaded two telescopes on a boat and the he was gone for a few years. In August 1835, a "journalist" from the young newspaper at that moment, The Sun, had the idea to do a story about the discoveries of Sir John Herschel, who was still in Capetown. Richard Adams Locke combined the scientific style with the fantastic, the subject An old print of the moon hoax showing the Vespertilio-Homo (center) and being the fauna of the moon, the almost lush the Biped Beavers tropical landscapes and, as the series prothe Internet newspapers is now wilder than in 1833, gressed, strange intelligent creatures, seen through Herso take great care and a serene sky everyone! schel's fabulous telescope. Suddenly, the Sun came to have a huge circulations exceeding all newspapers of the time. Absolutely everyone took the bait and newspapers` roar was intensified as never before. But it was printed and it was John Herschel, right? How could it not be true? When men of science have finally come to ask Locke about references given in the article, he sent them away and instructed some men to redirect the scientists further. John Herschel has finally learned from newspapers brought by a friend in Cape Town and was terribly amused. However, in the initial wave, nobody questioned the veracity of the things presented. More on monthly mystification can be read the original book by Willy Ley, Sky Observers, which we recommend to all those who have minimal interest in astronomy. Now, tomorrow, with the so-called "Supermoon", an astronomic term taken over by the Internet, the Moon will be 14% higher. It usually takes half a degree, now is a trifle higher. To the naked eye, the Vespertilio-Homo, from an Italian edition of the moon high up in the sky, has no terms of comparison, it moon hoax will look like any other full moon. Beautiful about the Moon is the way it fools the brain when is around objects (* According to urban dictionary a hoax is something that we know, like houses and structures. This happens at to trick into believing or accepting as genuine somesunrise and sunset. So tomorrow, or any other time when thing false and often preposterous; an imposture.) the moon is full, shoot with a telephoto lens the Moon at Webography : http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/ sunrise / sunset or simply admire the spectacle. And in the_great_moon_hoax/ general, do not forget to check the source! The world of Karina Bleicziffer, Romania
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‘Heartbeat’ stars A study using NASA’s Kepler space telescope discovered a large amount of ˝heartbeat˝ stars, or binary stars that would look like an electrocardiogram if brightness were mapped out over time.
picture 1
they orbit each other, which makes them vibrate or “ring.” "You can think about the stars as bells, and once every orbital revolution, when the stars reach their closest approach, it's as if they hit each other with a hammer. One or both stars vibrate throughout their orbits, and when they get nearer to each other, it's as though they are ringing very loudly," Avi Shporer, NASA. The heartbeat starts are also interesting because scientists can calculate the mass and brightness of the stars. They can also examine the there gravity and nature in within their elliptical orbits. picture 4 As mentioned earlier Kepler has already discovered a number of heartbeat stars in the last few years. But NASA’s scientists believe that in order to categorize the heartbeat stars into different types, more studies need to be conducted that are entirely focused on the intriguing type of binary star system.
picture 2 Kepler discovered some heartbeat stars in the last years; a study in 2011 discovered a star named KOI-54 that increases in brightness every 41.8 days and a study in 2012 described 17 similar star objects.The distance between the two stars in a heartbeat star system is constantly changing as they orbit each other and can get as close as a few stellar radii to each other and as far as 10 times that distance during one orbit. picture 5 Sources: picture 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star
picture 3 When the stars are closest to each other, the joint gravitational pull causes them to become an elliptical shape, which is why their light isn’t constant. The mutual gravitational pull is the same type of “tidal force” that causes ocean tides on Earth. Tidal force also causes the diameters of the stars to rapidly fluctuate as
picture 2: http://www.astronomy.com/ news/2016/10/nasas-kepler-space-telescope -discovered-heartbeat-stars picture 3: http://www.space.com/ picture 4: http://pics-about-space.com/ picture 5: http://planetxnews.com/ the main source: http://www.astronomy.com/ secondary source: http://www.natureworldnews.com/
Jure Podgoršek, Slovenia
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Team country Curiosity Article: POLAND Poland is a very interesting country in Central Europe. In it live about 38 million of people. Its area is about 321 679 km2. It's a parliamentary republic, so it got a president and a prime minister. Now is Mr Andrzey Duda the president of Poland and Mrs Beata Szydło is the prime minister of Poland. The capital city of Poland is Warsaw. In Poland the official language is Polish. Those are some the most important things that we should know. But for us younger people are more interesting other things. Like music, famous people, food, sport, festivals and tourists attractions in Poland. Music: In Poland students the same age like we listen to the same music that we do. The American one. But they have got traditional music too. They can dance on their dance called polka. Foda, Novika Kayah, Paktotonika, O.S.T.R., Popek, Lady Pink, BRAThANKI, Kult and Kamp are some famous musicians or music groups in Poland. In Poland was born a very good composer. His name was Frideric Chopin. He wrote classical music. He mostly wrote songs for piano. Famous people: In Poland was born Marie Skłodowska Curie, She was the
first women that won the Nobel Prize. She won it because she discovered polonium and radium with her husband. One of the famous people of Poland was Pope John Paul II. He was the first Slavonic Pope. In Poland was born Nicolaus Copernicus. He is a very known because he said that all planets are revolve around Sun. He made the heliocentric system. Roman Polanski is a film actor and director, who was born in Poland. He appeared in movies like Lotna, Sorcerers and Samson. He directed movies: Knife in the Water, Repulsion, Rosemary's Baby, Chinatown, Tess, Amadeus, Metamorphosis, The Ninth Gate, Oliver Twist, The Ghost and Bitter Moon. A Slovenian film director Matija Okorn works in Poland. His good known movies are Planet singles and Listy to M. In Gorlice was born Ignacy Lukasiewicz. He set up the first kerosene street lamp in Gorlice Zawodzie district. Food: Polish food is a real calories bomb. It is rich in meat, especially pork, chicken and beef. The Polish national dishes are: Pierogi (Polish dumplings), Rosół (broth/ chicken soup), Gołąbki (cabbage roll), Polskie naleśniki (Polish pancakes), Łazanki z kapustą i grzybami( a simple dish made of cabbage, pork meat, homemade pasta noodles and vegetables), Śledź w oleju z cebulą (herring in oil with onion), Bigos (Hunter’s stew), Kotlet schabowy (breaded pork cutlet) and a dessert Polish croissant cookies.
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Sports: Poland is known because of Kamil Stoch, who is a very good ski jumper. From Poland is a good football player Robert Lewandowski. He is playing for the FC Bayern München. Football or American soccer is the most popular sport in Poland.
amber. In Poland there is very known a town Gdansk, that lies on the Baltic coast.
Gdansk
Sources:
Kamil Stoch
Robert Lewandowski
Festivals: In Poland people celebrate a lot of similar festival that we do. They celebrate Easter and Christmas like we. They have got some special festivals like Juwenalia, Wianki and St. Andrew’s Day.
JUWENALIA is a student festival, when all the Polish students come together. This event is marked by colourful parades, contests, games, and parties. WIANKI is a pagan festival, when the people are honoured the midsummer solstice. The most known is Krakow’s Wianki celebrations are second to none, and they include concerts ST. ANDREW’S DAY is day that is honour St. Andrew. It happens on 29th November. It’s an evening of superstition and fortune-telling. Tourists attractions: For tourists Poland is interesting because of its past and because of Krakow and Warsaw. In Poland we can find a lot of concentration camps, because of the II. World War. The most known is Auschwitz . For tourists are interesting mines of
https://migrationology.com/best-polish-foods/ http://www.biography.com/people/groups/polish https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Poland https://www.reference.com/world-view/favoritesport-poland-d377f31f51561f8d http://www.poland.travel/en-gb/sport-fans http://wybierzpis.org.pl/beata-szydlo https://twitter.com/andrzejduda https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9F%D0%BE% D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0 http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/ChopinFrederic.htm http://www.koncertomania.pl/koncert/429439/bilety -o-s-t-r-bejf-invens-zabrze-25-09-2015.html http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/ science-celebrities/2010/09/marie-curie-(1866-% E2%80%93-1934).aspx http://tobinstitute.org/john-paul-ii/saint-reflection-stjohn-paul-ii/ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000591/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1840911/ http://www.dvo.com/newsletter/monthly/2016/april/ tabletalk1.html http://allrecipes.pl/przepisy/tagi-2451/ciaso-nanalesniki.aspx https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/491877590523412766/ http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php? 197050-Classify-the-Polish-Ski-Jumping-Team http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/travel/gdanskpoland-beautiful-blow-away-6125768 Neža Mastnak, Slovenia
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Myths and Legends: Yougoslavian space program (by Documentary film »Houston we have a problem«) Houston we have a problem is a fictional documentary about yugoslavian space program that follows the retired engineer of NASA on the way home to his daughter and in the meanwhile explains the secret multibillion-dollar deal with the USA.
In the early 1960s the Yugoslavia started to develop their own space program in secret to cuntre the USSR and the USA. Eventually USA has found the space program and forced the Tito (the head of Yugoslavia) to sell them the information and blueprints in return they got billions of USA dollars. Yugoslavia immediately spent the money to develop the state, meanwhile the USA founded that the yugoslavian space program was a mess and demanded the return of the payment, so Yugoslavia sent “Jugo” (the worst car ever) in return. This is a brief summary of a great movie. If you have a chance I strongly recommend you watch it.
Jure Podgoršek, Slovenia
Tito is the man who is smoking the cigar