The Mercy House of Goa

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THE MERCY HOUSE OF GOA

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THE MERCY HOUSH OF GOA

Sopratc dc Dolettu do lostituto Meacrca Brtgauga

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No. 96, 19?1

Ttpcgraflr Rrl;ol *Bartorii, Gea.

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N the early years after the conquest of Goa, rvhich took place on November 25,1510, a need was felt to assist the P.rtuguese men married in India in their poverty and illness, and, in case of their death, to provide means of subsistence to their rvidows and orphans, as they died in the service of Portugal. It was probably between 1515 and 1520 that Affonso de AJbuquerque, pressecl by the above circumstance, founded an institution and named it " sodality of our Lady Mother of God, virgin Mary of Mercy " ( rrmandade de Nossa senhora Nladre de Deus, Virgem Maria de Miseric6rdia ) in the collegiate church of Holy cross of the city of Goa at ,, Rua do crucifixo " near the chapel of our Lady of Serra ; this institution rvas similar to the " Holy House of .)Iercy " that had been established in l{98 in Lisbon by Dona Leonor, rvife of Dom Joao II. Hundred Portuguese men married in India rvere the founders and primitive members of the Goan confraternity, rvho rvere known as brothers and enjoyed the sarne benefits and privileges as those of members of the " Holy House of Mercy of Lisbon ". Later on the " sodality of our Lady Mother of God, Virgin Mary of Mercy " was renamed as '; Holy House of Mercy.f God ", (santa casade Miseric6rdia de Coa) and its first statute was the same as was drawn up by Fr. contreiras and granted by the above queen to the Metcy House of Lisbon.

The mernbership of the " Miseric6rdia de Goa ,, was open for Portuguese of all classes, " from the noblest fidalgo to the humblest artisan" (t), the only qualification requir.J bring *

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( 1) Jos6 F. Ferreira NIartins, Hist|ria d.a Miseric6rd.ia Goa, Imprensa Nacional, l9l4), Vol. III, p. 32.

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4goodcharacterandbehaviour.Thisinstitutionofbeneficence had..asmottotofavouringeneralthelrelplessmankind,and rvidows' feed found' specially to protect orphans, support honest prisoners and cure lings, redeem captives, tot"ooi and defend of birthplace, caste or colour " foir'p"ti"nts, rviih no distinction of dead bodies of forsaken burial itt, i, also provided for and lvith accompanied the convicts' in procession

persons' and performed prayers, from the ;"if to the place of execuLion' every year at the funeral rites for their souls on November 2 of its income consisted church of the tU",.y House' The sources the members' and the of the impositions ievied, annual fee of of Portuguese ;;; gt";t of oue thousand partlau's ( old coin pardau's to be India ) per year, besides thai of rveekly 'eleven means' scanty the disiribuied ior the poor every Friday. often to resort to members led its on which the institution subsisted, legacies and ; but in course of tirne clo'ations p"Uii" "fr"rity persons enabled it to fulfil its bequeathed by many generous Pyrard of Laval' a mission of charity and assistance' Francis

Frenchtravel]erlvhohadbeenintheEastforabouttenyears' andlivedinGoaffoml60sto1610,describesthecharitable ,, terms : ,""if. the Miseric6rdia de Goa " i' the follorving

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adrd'ia that distributes every day to :""1 .Portuguese tvorth .rr lVlestizo half an anna ( meia tanga ) rvhich is prisoners five soas of our coin ( French ) ; and other spicy fish quite are given once a day cooked rice and and wa'ter to drink' and this is enough-for on" 'nt"i, hour' Also repeated every morning at a particu'lar body' and there i, *"tti fot t"^thing and bathing. takes bath completely naked in front of

t' (:) "u.rybody others,

Lisboa' lmprensa Nacio' A. Lopes N[endes, A Inctia Portugttesa'( nal, 1886 ) Vot. t. P' Zt' Part. l, (trad. Cunha Rivara, ( 3 ) Viagent' ile Fran'cisco Pgtrard'

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Basto, 1944 )' P' 321' Porto, Magalhaes

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_5 Quite often brothers of the Mercy House and sometimes even other persons chose to entrust it their properties in order to be delivered to their heirs in case of their death, such was the prestige and confidence that its management had earned from the people. f I

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The " Miseric6rdia de Goa', also played an important role in the Portuguese colonization in India during the period of feminine immigration, which lasted for near two hundred

years from 1545, when it was organized officially under the royal patronage of Dom Joeo III. This king esrablished in Lisbon in the year 1543 a recluse house named " Recluse House of honourable orphan girls of the city of Lisbon " ( Recolhimento das 6rfas honradas da cidade de Lisboa ) with

a vielv to accommodating the daughters of portuguese soldiers and sailors killed in the fight or otherwise in India; these orphan girls were designated as " king's orphan.girls,' (orfd.s d'El-Rei ) because they were under privileged patronage of the king; they r'vere either married in Portugal and then sent overseas or they married in India and also in Brazil. The burden of their care in India rvas distributed among the Mercy House of Goa, the senate of Goa, and the viceroy of India: the first one attended to their maintenance; the second assisted the former to lodge them with honest families and seek suitable bridegrooms; ancl the third gave them dowries either in money or by bestowing to their husbands the captainship of a fortress or factory or any other Government post. The Memorandum or Articles of the " Miseric6rdia de Goa " drawn in 1595 give a clear idea horv this institution performed its task in regard to orphan girls; just one article or two are transcribed hereby:

" Chapter thirty the manner hor,v to endow the orphan girls with the dowries'bestowed by our lord the king, or those this house may obtain otherwise. " The orphan girls applying for donations for their marriage. shall make petitions stating thereon the age, indigence and nalne of parents, the status they had, the.place they resided at, the name of street in case

6and horv long they they had been residents of this city they did to the are dead, the posts, ranlis and services they had and' ;;;"; to tt" State, and the children submitted by the tn"i? po.ition ; such petitions shall be on to the boa'i of the provisor and members p"tii". being unless 'Fridays, and they shall b".admitted "of mother or brotherUro"gtt,' Uy the orphan girl or h.er or by the -in-larv or relative op Io the third degree' of rvant or p"..on at rvhose piace she stays in caseto the board read out absence of relations ; after being to the visitors ,t proui.or shall distribute the petitions of this city' " girls residents concerued being the orphan letters from the and those non-residenti shall produce slating thereby vicars o[ the piaces o[ their t"tid"n"t' requirements as about their virtues and such other thei'shall produce certiabove referred to, and likervise share issued by justices ficates of their legal hereditary *vitnesses are avaiiable ;;;;;1".., tnd iL case reliabieshall be inquired by the locally known to them, they shall be attached the board and their statements "f above certificates; the visitors shall try their "f"[ to the assigned to them to best in respect of the petitions condihonesty, poverty' age and other f"q"f * ^bout and. also about the death tions of the said ;tph;; girls' he died' and the time of the father, i' "' *he'" i'nd how and the status he had' and and place rvhere he served' out at the streets which such inquiries shall be carried of through the most reliable they rvere and are residents p"r.on. that maY be available' inquiries are -made " And after all such necessary shall be taken at the board decision on the said petition considering that the by the provisor and members' purpos.e of granting them the said above orphan girls' for lather and should be helpless" donation, should not have they should not be widows ooor and of gocd reputation ; tno"ta be from eleven to thirtvsix vears' ;;';;; "gZ age no donation will be given' and being o!'er the latter

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-7 " And in case the donation for orphan girls, dowry is granted by our lord the king, the first preference shall be given to the daughters of those rvho died in rvar by shedding blood for the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, and then of those who, being in rvar and having devoted their life to the service of God, Iiing and State, even though died of ilrness, and to both of them shalr be preferred the daughters of chose rvho have rendered more services to the King, State and nation, and on equality of terms shalr be preferred those of more age,

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more poverty and better reputation, and on equality of latter conditions those of better blood shall be preflrred to others, and after the daughters of those who died in r,var, shall be considered daughters of aisitafl,as, ( 4 ) thereafter those of the city and then oursiders, there being donations at disposal, but always, with due respect for the above stated preferences. " And in case the ,,Casa de }liseric6rdia " recei_ ves any donation form other source under no particular condition, the provisor and members of the board may bestorv the said donation to the orphan girls according to their judgement first preference being to the daughters of visitad,as of the institution, and thereafter to such girls as are not benefitted 'rphan by the donation given by our lord the king ; no orphan girl should be given more than one dowry, and in case of more than one only the first one shail be executed. " And the highest sum to be given as dowry to each orphan girl in ready money shall be up to lotty thousand reis and belolv according to their condition, and it being in debentures of king's debts to the institution the amount of the doryry shall be decided at the discretion of the board ; all such dowries whatever be their source shall be errtered in a book for that purpose

+) visitadas 'rvere orphans supported by the " Miseric6rdia,,

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8by the clerk of the institution recording the condition that marriage should take place within two months and no extention of time will be granted ; and after

the above proceedings are recorded in the book of orphan girl shall be supplied with a dowries, ""th certified copy of her dorvry according to the record along with all clauses and conditions ; and every ,""oid of such dorvries shall be signed by the provisor and members of the board. " Chapter thirty one - the manner how the orphan girls endorved with dowries shall be wedded at the fhor"h of the Mercy House, and that they shall not be granted permission to do it at any other church' " When any orphan girl resident of this city has the provisor and members of her marriage "ng"g"d, the board shall be informed about it so that they may assign a day for rvedding at the church of the \4ercy

HoJ." with prior leave from the prelate, rvhile ^ institution from

necessary breve is not secured by the His Holiness; no orphan girl rvill be granted leave to celebrate her wedding at any church other than that of Mercy House, and the one rvho performs the rvedding either without leave or at other church, shall lose her dorvry, and this circumstance also rvill be stated in the certified copy to be issued to her; those non-residents of this city shall produce letters from their vicar certifying the performance of the rvedding at his church" go,t in case of those rvedded at this Mercy House and those producing marriage certificates, the dowries

of

rvillbehandedovertotheirrespectivehusbandson beingdulyidentified;thereafterbelowtheprevious .""oid on the booli of dorvries another statement wiltr

name be recorded shorving the date of the rvedding' the of and parents of the husband, the names of the s ( ) rvitnesses present, and the delivery of the dowry' "

( 5 ) Ferreira \{artins, op. cit' Vol'

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( 1910

), pp' 245'247'

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The " Miseric6rdia de Goa " carried out functions of large social scope through its 23 affiliated houses at different places in the East; it ran trvo hospitals named " Hospital of St. Lazarus " for lepers and " Hospital oi All Saints " ; the former was established betrveen 1530 and 1531 ( closed in i840 ), and the latter in 1547. On a later date the Viceroy Count of Linhares founded another hospital, near that of " All Saints " under the denomination of " Hospital of Our Lady of Piety ", which on 17th September, 1681 rvas also confided to the Mercy House of Goa, and subsequently the trvo establishments were run jointly under the common designation of " Hospital of All Saints and of Our Lady of Piety " ; in 1822 this hospital was transferred to the house of " Estanco Real dos Tabacos ", and thereafter successively to the Convent of St. Jo6o de Deus and to that of St. Bdrbara at Morombi. Later on all the three hospitals were merged into one and named " Hospital of the House of Mercy " or " Hospital of the Poor "; in 1849 (6) this hospital was transferred to ltibandar in a large house, on the left bank of the river Mandovi, acquired by the Mercy House from the N{ourdo Garcez Palha family, and then remodelled and adapted suitably ; and at present, that is, after the liberation of the Portuguese possessions in India, on December 19, 1961, at which time it had 100 beds rvith yearly average of 60O patients, the above hospital is owned and administered by the Government of Indian Union.

In addition to the above mentioned hospitals, which were run by the Mercy House of Goa, the city of Goa possessed another one by name " Royal Hospital ", which was maintained by the public Treasury ; it admitted patients as well as poor military men and other Government servants rvhose meagre salaries did not afford them the necessaries of life. It was Afonso de Albuquergue who, soon after the conquest of Goa, had founded this hospital by building a'long rorv of unstoreyed 1851, Pe. III, F. Gabriel ( Nova Goa, Coelbo, 19261 Vol. II. p. 193

(6) Or in

de Saldanha, Hist6rio

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10_ houses near the chapel of st. catherine in crder to lodge his sick soldiers ; by the year r5z4 ir rvas administered by the Nlercy House of Goa, . bur in 1591 it rvas entrusted to Jesuits rvho soon changed hands again rvith the former. In 1593, as

the old houses did not provide suf ficient room for the increasing number of patients, and were getting rvrecked, the portuguese Government ordered a new building to be erected on the salne site under Jesuit's direction, rvho then took charge of its administration in 1597 which lasted for over a cenrury and iralf ; ar this tirne the hospital enjoyed such a universal reputation that the foreign travellers, rvho visited Goa in the XVI and xvII centuries, qualify it as the best o[ the rvorid. In fact it rvas a vast and majestic structure o[ trvo storeys that at times housed â‚Źven 3000 patients. By ltoyai Lerrer of February 20, 16gg it was confided to the " order oi St. Jod.o de l)eus", but after some time it was returned to Jesuits, anc aiter their expulsion from Portugal and her overseas colonies by Larv of September 5, 1759, and confiscation of their state in lndia by ordinance of February 25, 1761, the above hospital was broughr under Governments' management by Ordinance of November 2g, L76O issued by Count of Ega, Viceroy of India, and in the same year was transferred to st. Rock's college and named as " Military Hospital ". ln 1765, asthe city of Goa was growing insalubrious, the hospital rvas transferred to the palace of viceroys at Panelim, the rvestern suburb of rhe city, aJso knorvn as st. Peter, rvhere the residence of governors had been changed from the city of Goa in 1695; already on December i, 1759 the viceroy had transferred his residence from panelim to the Muslim castle of Panjim, a hamlet that iater on rvas raised to the caregory of ciry the ordinance of March 22,rB+3, and denominated as " Nova Goa ". The Military Hospital was ransferred from Panelim to Panjim on April 15, lg41 by Governor Lopes da Lima, in the houses owned by Dom Joaquim Cristovam de Noronha, father of Count of Mahem, in virtue of being a heir of the two brothers Diogo da costa de Ataide e Teive, and Jos6 da Costa de Ataide e Teive, knorvn as Maquinezes, lvho were navy officers, and died without

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succession ; the above houses were expropriated by the state at the price of 14 thousand xerafins ( lgth century coin of portuguese India ). General Count of Antas, governor of India, by

his Provincial Ordinance of November 6, 1842, established a medical school attached to the military hospital of Nova Goa, which thereafter rvas also kno*'n as " Hospital E,scolar " or " Hospital central ". The origirral houses have been successively remodelled and expanded. Presentll' the Government o[ India has added further pren:ises and introduced more medical departments; a'd the school has been upgraded to Medical College.

In the old city of Goa there r,vas also another hospital by nalne " Hospital dos Pobres ", founded in 1551 by Fr. paulo camerte, attached to the st. Paui's college ; it rvas tran s ferred

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to the College of Margio and then to that of Rachol.

Besides the establishments for care of the sick above referred to, the Mercy House of Goa carried out the administration of tn'o rec]use houses, namely the t'Recluse House of Our Lady of Serra " (Recolhimenro da Nossa Senhora da Serra ), and the " Recluse House of Saint Mary Magdalene ,' ( Recolhinrento de Santa N{aria }Iagdalena), the former meant for lodging and supporting Portuguese orphan girls till they were disposed of in marriage, and the latter for secluding fallen women. The Recluse House of Serra was founded i; i598 by Dom Fr. Aleixo de Menezes, Archbishop primate of Goa, and its administration was entrusted to the Mercy House of Goa; in 1605 a spacious house rvas built at the expense of the Archbishop ; in 1836 it was transferred ro the convent o[ st. Augustin; again in 1841 it was changed to the carrnelite convent at chirnbel, and finallf in 1924 it rvas transferred to Panjim where it exists today reduced to negligible proportions; but for all the time the Mercy House discharged its functions to the full satisfaction of all concerned. The Recluse House of St. Magdalene was founded in 1610 by the said Archbishop, Dom Fr. Alei:to de Menezes, and entrusted to the Mercy House for being administered ; the provisor and brothers of the latter

12put forth their best efforts for the welfare of the recluses both temporal and spiritual ; this recluse house was successively changed to the Convent of St. Augustin and to the Carmelite Convent at Chimbel, and finally its recluses were transferred to the Recluse House of Serra at Panjim. Besides the above two recluse houses, Archbishop Menezes also founded in 1606 the " Monastery of Saint Monica " for Portuguese rluns, which was governed by its own n'lanagement, and which in 1873 rvas ceded by a Royal Ordinance to the archdiocese of Goa.

In April 1658, during the office of the provisor Dom Jo6o Manuel, the Mercy House of Goa, in order to meet the expenses of the recluse houses and hospitals, took on lease from one Manuel Pimenta some paddy fields in the village of Curtorim, taluka of Salcete. Earlier during Provisor Almeida's tenure of office it had purchased from the village owners of Merc6s, taluka of Ilhas, two cocoanut tree groves and one paddy field, situated in the village of " Morombi o pegueno ", in the said taluka, at the cost of the monetary legacy bequeathed by Fr. Pereira Morato under the condition of acquiring landed properties and their income being utilized for the rnaintenance of orphan girls of the Recluse House of Serra. Likewise the institution received substantial donations not only from the Portuguese and their descendants, but also from the natives among whom there were at least ten such benefactors, out of whom two brahmins, residents of Rachol, taluka of Salcete, named Agostinho Diniz and Salvador Antio, donared in 1634 and L647 the amounts of Rupees 21,264 and Rupees37,4l2 respectively, with no other condition than to give a daily perpet. ual mass for the soul of the former, and trvo weekly masses and Rupees fifty for the annual feast at the convent of Our Lady of Pilar, as per wish of-the latter.

In 1817, when evacuation of the inmates of the recluse houses was necessitated by an epidemic of cholera that killed three recluses, Mr. Jod,o Vicente Rencoza, a member of the Mercy House, offered his vast manorial house with a chapel and a large compound wall in the island of Naro6 ; this island,

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-13 which was then inhabited by rvell-ro-do poriuguese gentry who had left the capital on account of its insalubrity, and built there aristocratic houses and mansions, later on became just a hamlet of fisherfolk.

As such the Mercy House of Goa, because of its large work of charity and beneficence, ahvays earned simpathy and cooperation of many eminent personalities ; its managing board comprised persons of good character and repute ; arnong its provisors can be found as many as 14 viceroys, 28 governors, i 1 archbishops and 2 inquisitors, besides many marshals, captain generais, admirals, official generals, secretaries of India, chief officials of treasury, justices, councillors, and other distinguished and illustrious men. ( z ) The original statute of the Holy House of Mercy of Goa, which was the same as that of the Mercy House bf tiruon,. was substituted later on by that of February 23,1633, which lays down that the applicant for rnembership of the institution should be limfio cle sangue setn r&ga de mouro ou juclea, ndo sdmente nA sua pessoa, nas tambitn na sua mulher, se for casail.o, that is, he should be of " clean blood rvith no immixture of Moorish or Jervish race not only in his orvn person but also in that of his rvife, i[ married. " obviously the above clause did not exclude Indians from being brothers of the pious establishment' and, as a matter of fact, in l72o a native priest named Ant6nio de Albuquerque, from the vilrage of socorro, taluka of Bardez, was admitted as a member of the " Holy House,, for high services rendered in its hospital. But, though successive attempts were made in 1839 and 1892 by its brothers, who by and large were either Europeans or their descendants, in order to confine the membership rvithin white ancestry, it rvas the statute of 1633 that legally governed the Mercy House of Goa for long three centuries till its abolition in 1963.

In 1705 the seat of the Mercy Ftrouse was transferred to a new built house at the same " Crucifix Street. " In lg41 it was (7) 3

Ferreira Martins, op. cit. Vol I. p. 381.

14to Panjim rvhere it occupied successively different the-XX century itbuilt its orvn houses, and in tte ""'ty years of ,,Bocag" iqo"r.. " By Royal Letter of .September house at 14'1875 it was ii,ttzZ and Minitt"'i"l Ordinance of June

changed

granted".,"*"lo.i-u""on"e..io,'forexploitinglotteries,r,vhich of its income' so that in course of time became the main source of Portuguese India lately in 1947, rvhen the Government removedfromitth""bou"exclusivismoflotteries,theyearned (8) the total assets of the yearly six to seven lakhs of rupees; o) to about g+.5 t"ttt. of rupees' ( By Ordinstitution institution "*ooni"d inance no. 1200 of August 7'Lg47 a Government

,"rir"d " Provedoria da Assistancia Pribliwas established "na to co-ordinate all the existing ca ", the object of rvhich rvas either public or private ; rvorks of assistance and beneficence thus becoming an exclusive right the lotteries were nationalized oftheState;theAdvisoryBoardofthe..Provedoria.''included of the Mercy House of

provisor among other members also the 1' Provedoria " included an item Goa ; the annual budget of the which for the year of 1952 o[ alrowance to the \iercy House, conrpulsory allowance of was of Rs. 1t',0b;-in"ioaing the oi Oot Lady of Serra' (ro) ConseRs 702 to the Recluse House offrce bearers

the liberation of Goa in 1961 the

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"" of the Holy House of Mercy of and practicatty "tt-tf'e brothers abandoned Goa ancl Goa, being all Portuguese descendants' few who remained in India' most of for Pcrtugal; left

"nit

whomou"r"rr"t'membersoftheaboveinstitution'passeda being a sodality ( confraria resolution that the Mercy House along rvith all its or irmandade ) it should be handed over of Goa; but the properties and assets to the Patriarchate private institution that it was a Governmen, or rJi" contended ondt' State's tutelage' and in the circurnstances ;;;;iln"" no Estado da Silva Pereira' Assistdncia Piblica p.

8. ( Cidaae de Goa, TiP' Xav' Pilar' ts52 ) (8

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Jos6

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Ibidem, P' 73' Ibidem, P' 152'

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should be regarded abolished ; accordingly in 1963 a Government Order transferred all the assets of the said institution as well as its liabiiities to the above mentioned " Provedoria da Assist6ncia.

Pirblica ", a Government establishment rvhich presently administers its assets and discharges the obligations concerned. The " Provedoria da Assist6ncia Pf blica " is housed in the premises

of the Holy House of Mercy of Goa. After the

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liberation the popular Government of Goa, Daman and Diu banned the lotteries of the " Provedoria " in the name of morality, but today not only they have been restored but lotteries of all other states of India are introduced into Goa and sold rvith large fanfare.

The " Santa Casa da Miseric6rdia de Goa " outlived the four and half centuries of the Portuguese rule in India, and during this whole colonial span it rendered substancial support, material and moral, to the lvhite community.

BlsltocRepHy I i I

l.

Braganga Pereira,

A. B. de, As Capitais da In.dia portugucsa, ( O l, Dez. l93l ).

Oriente Portuguds, No.

i I

:

Correia, Dr. Alberto Carlos Germano da Silva, O ensino de Medicina e Cirurgia em Goa nos s,lculo XVII, XVIII e XIX. ( Bastor6, Rangel, l9+l ); Hist6ria da Colortizagdo Portuguesa na India ( Lisboa, Ag0ncia Geral, 1948.1958 ), 6 vol.

I

I

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ls 3.

Costa, Adolfo, Orfds d'El-Rei e as Mulheres Portuguesas vin.das & India durante o Sdculo Xl/l, ( Botetim do Instituto Vasco da Ganto, No. 47, Nova Goa, 1940 Gracias. J. A. Ismael

,

).

Su.bsi.d,ios

para a hist6ria d.a Escola Mddico-Ci4.o Anno, Nova Goa,

rirgica de Nopa-Goa, ( O Orien.te Porhr.guez.

Imprensa Nacional, 1907. No. de Dezembro ).

Martins, Jos6 F. Ferreira, Hist6ria da Miseric6rdia de Gon, ( Nova Goa, Imprensa Nacional, 3 vol., 1910, 1912, 19l4 ) ; Os Provedores da Miseric6rdia de Goa, ( Nova Goa, Imp. Nac, 1914 ).

166.

Mendes, A. Lopes, 1886, 2 vol).

A Ind,ia Portuguesa, ( Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional,

7. Pyrard, Francisco, de Laval,

Viagetn ( Porto, Liv. Civilizaglo, 1944,

2 vol,, trad. Cunha Rivara, ed. I\lagalhdes Basto ).

E. g.

Saldanhai Padre M. * O"Orrr, de, Hist6ria d.e 2 vol., 1925, 1926 \.

Goa { Nova Goe, Coelho,

silva Pereira, Jos6 da, Assist,ncia P&blica no Estado dc Goa, Tip. Xavieriana, Pilar, 1952).

I d.a

India ( ciaade

10. Teles, Ricardo Micael, Igreias, Conocntos e Ca|el,as na velho Ciddde de Goa ( O Oricntc Portugu*s. No. 1., Dez. de l93l ).

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