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Prr i m a r y 1 P Textbook
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The 5E Model – Guided Inquiry
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The Let’s Do Science series is based on the Biological Sciences Curriculu Curriculum riculu Study (BSCS) 5E teaching and learning instructional model. The he 5E E model is centered on the idea that students understand science concepts oncepts pts best by using prior knowledge to pose questions and find answers rs through hrough guided inquiry. This hands-on approach, integrated with engineering ng g and design skills, sk s has students learn science by doing science. Teachers chers guide the llearning process and are able to assess student performance evaluating student mance ce by evalua explanations and the application of newly acquired quired d knowledge knowledg knowled and skills.
Engage
The Engage phase of the 5E model provides videss students with w the opportunity to demonstrate their prior knowledge and understanding of the topic or understand concept. Students are presented with which serves to h an n activity or question q motivate and engage students as they hey begin the llesson. Teachers identify and correct any misconceptions and d gather data dat from students which will guide informed teaching and learning. earning. ng Essential to stimulating and students is the use of mixed media d engaging gaging stude st such as colorful photos, illustrations found throughout the trations tions and diagrams d textbooks and activity books. Let’s Science also includes extensive bo boo t’s Do S digital resources such videos, interactive lessons, virtual labs, h as narrated narra nar id slideshows and more. re.
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Explore
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This phase encourages exploration of concepts and skills through gh handshan on activities and investigations. Students are encouraged to work togethe together red learning earn and apply various process skills while gaining concrete, shared ch students experiences. These experiences provide a foundation for which epts.. This studentstuden can refer to while building their knowledge of new concepts. centered phase comes before formal explanations and d definitions of tthe concept are presented by the teacher.
Explain
This phase follows the exploration phase and iss more ore teacher-directed. teacherteache Students are initially encouraged to draw on their learning experiences and earning ex e oncept ept through explanations e demonstrate their understanding of the concept and he opportunity pportunity to t demonstrate discussion. After the students have had the their understanding of the concept, the formal e teacher cher then introduces in definitions and scientific explanations. also clarifies any s. The teacher eache al erged during the th Explore phase. misconceptions that may have emerged
Elaborate
In the Elaborate phase, students nts refine ne and consolidate co c their acquired knowledge and skills. Opportunities for students to further rtunities nities are provided pro apply their knowledge and skillss to new situations in order to broaden si and deepen their understanding rst ng g of the concept. Students may conduct additional investigations, share information and ideas, or apply their ns, sh shar orm knowledge and skillss to other ther disciplines. d disc
Evaluate
This final phase se includes cludes both formal form and informal assessments. These can include concept models, journals as well as more traditional cept maps, physical phys ummative ative assessm assess forms of summative assessment such as quizzes or writing assessments. e encouraged to review and reflect on their own learning, and Studentss are on theirr newly wly acquired knowledge, kn understanding and skills.
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Let’s Do Science
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Let’s Do Science is based on the United States Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). The series consists of full-color textbooks and full-color activity books for Grades K to 6.
Need and
Let’s Do Science engages students with a highly visual al presentation of the disciplinary core ideas in the textbooks xtbooks books and places an emphasis on applying scientific knowledge nowledge ledge using NGSS practices through numerous scientific tific investigations. Let’s Do Science sees engineering ring ass an essential element of science education and tightly d as such is tight integrated into both the textbooks and activity ctivity books.
Anima living food,
Some for fo anim both
The Let’s Do Science textbooks include e the following ffeatures:
Think Deeply
Topic-related questions for group discussion aimed at deepening students’ understanding of the topic.
d In the Field
d uld would wou agine what it woul ma imagine imag an you ima Ca Can C a at What ce?? Wh ace pace sspace? o space to into ravel in ra rav o ttravel like to e like be om from e from ike like lo k lik t look E rth Ea the Earth w d the wo woul would w wa e to walk eel d itt feel uld w would How e? How space space? oo oon oon? moo the moon? on the on
In the past, astronauts have traveled as far as the moon. As science and technologies advance, we into space. Maybe are looking to venture further12 you will be the first astronaut to travel all the way to Mars!
t space is iinto av s into avel a tra tr that travels th n that on son person A person A t. Astronauts o onau on strona str astr a n astronaut. an ed a callled called and s st ear studying years y years ma m ny d many end spe spen spend help us to a auts aut nau on tron tr As Astro ning.. Astronauts aining ai ainin trai training. ou space and the bou a abou e about more learn more system. s our solar objects in our
Engineer It!
Goes beyond inquiry uiry by encouraging students udents to design, model and build olutions to to engineer solutions oblems. defined problems.
A Closer Look
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Chameleons
In the Field
Inspirational sc sciencerelated to ated professions p stir interest rest in sciencerelated careers.
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A Closer Look
Invokes enthusiasm in science by presenting interesting topics beyond the syllabus.
Chameleons are lizards that have spec ial body parts that help them to survive in the place they live.
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Amazing Fact!
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Interesting facts to bui build interest and enthusiasm. nthusiasm.
Did You Kno Know?
Animals and people drink the water they need.
ds of Animals People
Extra ra information tto build students’ knowledge dents’ know se of the cu base current topic.
People and land animals breathe in the air around them. Some animals, like fish, are able to get the air they need from water.
als and people are things. They need water and air.
e animals eat plants ood. Others eat other als. Some animals eat plants and animals.
How do you get the things you need from day to day.
Try This!
Optional ptio hands-on activities to be conducted activ in groups or at home.
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Science Words
roots stem leaves flowers fruits fur
2. Describe two ways roots help
feathers scales lungs gills respond
4. Copy and complete the e tab table. Body Covering Anim ima all 1 Hair or Fur
Review
1. Use the words in the box fruit
roots
stem
(a)
a plan nt.t.
3. True or false. (a) The roots hold the seeds for the plant. (b) Leaves use water, air and sunlight to m make food for the plant.
to label the picture. leaves
Fe Feathers
flower
(d) (d
Animal 2
AB Activity
Links students to the Let’s Do Science Activity Book at the appropriate juncture.
Scal ales es or Shel Sh l
5. Which body y part do fish f use
to breathe in water? 6. Desc scrib ribe e one way an animal can c respond to changes in its surroundi ngs.
(b)
7.
(e) They have a long, stick y tongue that(c)they shoo t out to catch food such as insec ts.
Describe how a wire fenc e is similar to the blackberry bush.
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Chameleons have curle d tails which help them to hold on to tree branches.
Some chameleons can change the color of their skin. This helps them to blend in with their surro undings and avoid being spotted by predators such as birds .
Review
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Topical questions at the end of each chapter for formative assessment.
Discussion
Topic-related questions and situations for class discussion to build a deeper understanding of topics.
Science Words
Lists the essential science vocabulary covered in each chapter.
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Contents
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Unit 1 – Living and Non-living Thingss Living Livings Non-living Things Review
Unit 2 – Plant and Animal Parts P Plant Parts Animal Partss ng to Change Chan Cha Responding Mimicking kin Nature tu ure ure ew Review
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2
4 14 16
18 20 32 48 50 52
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Unit 3 – Parents t and a Offspring g Plant Life Cycles Animal Life Cycles Similar and Different Parents and Their Young Review
58 60 68 72 80
Unit 4 – Earth and Space Patterns Pa s
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Stars and the he Sun un A Around the Earth M nt of the Earth E th Movement Ea a the e Moon Mo Earth and The Th e Solar lar System Sys Sy Rev ew Review
86 90 92 98 100 104
Unit ni 5 – Weather Weathe and Seasons Describin ather Describing Weather Mea ather Measuring Weather Ext Extrem her Extreme Weather S Seasons Re Review
108 110 112 118 124 138
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Science Skills
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Sc Scientists use special skills lls to learn about the world rld around them. a
Let’s look at how ow w you can ca use these skills killss so you can c be a scientist tist too.
Observe O ve
You Yo observe serve ve when you gather information info mation about abou something using using your senses. sens You can observe bserve b ve how something looks, feels, els sounds, sound soun smells or tastes.
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le du ca tio n
What senses are the children using to observe?
You can use different tools olss to observe things closely. ely. You can use a hand lens, binoculars or a telescope. escope. ope.
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Re ga le du c Compare pare
You compare mpare th things when you observe bserve ve and ttell how things are different. similar milar or dif How are the hen and chick similar? How are they different?
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Classify When you compare two or more things, you can classify them into groups based on ways they are similar.
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How have the leavess been classified into groups?
Leaves in the Garden
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Measure
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You measure when you find nd the mething. ing. size or amount of something.
You can use help you se tools ools to he measure e things. ings. You can use a ruler pare e and m to compare measure length.
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You u can an use a balance to compare an nd measure mass. and
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Make a Model You can make a model to test or see how something works.
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You can make a model by drawing a picture. del You can also make a model d by using the things around you to make a smaller version rs on of rsion w it works. k something to show how
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IInfer
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You infer when you ou ut make a guess about ased d on something based what you know now ow or what wha y ve. you observe.
W What can an you infer cau of aboutt the cause the holes in the leaf? What can you infer from observing the tra tracks in the sand?
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Re ga
You communicate when you tell or show other people what you find out.
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Communicate
You can n communicate communic mmunic cate cat by making aking ng charts, drawing or wing pictures o writing what riting about wh at you find ind out.
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Science Investigations tio
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Ask Questions
Before a science investigation, stigation, gation, ask a as at you would wou wo questions about what like to find out.
Make a Prediction diction ction
A prediction is a guess about a what you will observe before you e observation. observatio servati make the What are ssome things you woul would like to find out about in science?
Will a plant pplan laant n grow g bbetter bet be bett bette e in sunshine or darkness? dark dda aark r
What do plants nnts ts need ts nneeed to livee and and grow? grow?
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A plant will grow better in sunlight.
Plan and Carry Out an Investigation n
ati on
Make a plan with steps that others can follow. ow. List all the materials you will need.
Procedure
Materials
1. Measure the heights of the plants. 2. Put one plant near a window. Put the other plant in a dark cupboard. 3. Water and observe the plants every day for one week.
ttwo wo pplants lant la nts
rulerr spray bottle with w ith w water ater
Observe and d Record Rec rd Data Re Record the thi hings gs you things observe. You ou can an write or draw the e things you yo observe. e. You ou can us use chartss and tables.
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Analyze and A Interpret Data I ta
You analyze when en you look closely y at recorded recorde data.
You interpret terpret rpret when whe you understand u rstand nd and explain whatt the means. wh he data m
Make e a Conc Concl Conclusion and Communicate mmunica munic i
Make ke a conclusion conc communicate it and d com comm to others others.
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Follow these safety rules when carrying out investigations.
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Science Safety
Wear safety gear.
Follow your ou teacher’s acc instructions.
Keep your workspace clean.n.
BBee careful c with sharp objects.
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Wash your hands hands after afftter every activity. vity.
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1
Living and Non-living Things
In this chapter you will ...
ti
• distinguish living things from non-living things. • list the needs of living things.
What do living things need?
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• list the characteristics of living things.
ed Go Online!
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Access interactive content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com
H How can you tell if something is a living thing? so 3
Living Things
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What Are Living Things? hings? Look out of a window. ow. What e? Some of o things do you see? ee are alive. alive the things you see Something that at is alive is called ng. a living thing. Plants and nd animals are living ou are a living l things.. You thing too.
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Living things need food, water and air to live and grow. Some of the things around you are not alive. They are called non-living things. Non-living things do not need food, water or air. AB
Activity 1.1
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Needs Need ds ds of Plants Like all Lik a living things, pla plan plants need food, water an and air. Many plants take in water from the soil using roots. They take in air through their leaves. What happens if a plant does not get the things it needs?
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Plants also need sunlight. They use the energy e from sunlight to make the food they need. AB Activities 1.2 – 1.3
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Needs ds of Animals Anim d People and Animals mals and people are living ng thing things things. They need food, wa wat water and air. Some animals eat plants for ffood. Others eat other fo animals. Some animals eat an both plants and animals.
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eg al ed uc ati o
Animals and people drink the water they need.
People and land animals breathe in the air around d them. Some animals, like ke fish, are able to get the air ir they need from water. ater.r. How do you ou get g the h things you u need from day y to day?
AB
Activity vity 1.4
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Living Things hings ngs Move Mov Mo Living things hing gs move. move Animals and people e can move mov ov from place to place. lace. ce.
Go Online!
Watch a video about the different ways animals move on the NGScience website. QuickCode: A1A1
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crawl, walk or Some me animals anim run. n. Some Som live in water and move by swimming. Other m ve about ab animals, like many birds, can fly. anim AB
Activity 1.5
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Re ga le du ca
Plants cannot move from place to place, but there are things moving ving ing ng inside the plant.
Some plants can move their heir parts. The Venus flytrap closes es its ts leaves to trap insects. The mimosa plant closes oses its leaves when touched. uch uche
Think Deeply
Some plants move their leaves to face the Sun. How does this help the plant?
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Living Things Grow ow and Reproduce
Living things make e new ew living things just like themselves. hemselves. mselves. They reproduce ce e and grow. gro Many plants nts grow from fro seeds. Young oung g plants grow and change they get older. hange nge as the th They y look ok more and more like the e parent entt plants. pla l
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Animals reproduce too. Some nts animals look a lot like their parents imals als when they are born. Other animals look different from their parents. ents. e to look ok As they grow, they change more like their parents. Activities 1.6 – 1.7
R
e
AB
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Non-living Things What Are Non-living Things?
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Non-living things are not ot alive. alive d, water or air. They do not need food,
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What non-living ng things can you see? How do you know they are non-living on-living tthings?
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Non-living things cannot move by themselves. They cannot reproduce. They do not grow and change. AB
Activities 1.8 – 1.10
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Science Words
Review
sunlight move grow reproduce
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living thing non-living thing food water air
1. List three living things.
2. List three non-living things. hings.
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3. Use a Venn diagram to the needs of o compare com plants and animals. s.
4. True or false. f (a) Plants use the energy in sunlight to make food. P (b) Plants eat other plants for food. P
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5. Tell how the animals move. (b)
(c)
(d)
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(a)
6. How does a plant change ange as it gets g older?
7. How does an animall change as it gets older? 8. Use a Venn diagram living and m to compare c g things. ngs. g non-living
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Plant and Animal Parts
n
2
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How do the different parts of plants help them get the e? things they need to survive?
Go Online!
a
Access interactive content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com
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eg al ed uc ati on In this chapter you will ...
• list and describe the functions tions of the parts pa of a plant.
• list and describe the functions body parts. tions of animal a
• explain how plants and nd animals respond to changes. • provide examples mimic plants and pl of how people pe animals to solve real-world problems. ve rea
How do people mimic nature to help solve problems?
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tomato plant
Plant lantt Par Parts Plants nts have h different parts. Ea a ac part helps Each the plan plant to get the things ing it needs to survive. Man Many plants have roots, a stem and leaves.
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Go Online!
le du ca tio n
Label the e parts of o nt plants on o the different cience we NGScience website. ckCode: F1K6 QuickCode:
tomato fruits
tomato flower
Many plants also have flowers and fruits.
How does each plant ant part help the plant nt to get the things it needs? needs AB
Activity 2.11
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Try This!
Many plants have roots. oots ts. The roots grow down own wn into the th soil. They take in n the water wate and nutrients the plant needs. ne
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Use your fingers to trace the path water takes from the roots to the stem.
Roots
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How iss the shape shap and structure ure of rroots suited func to their function?
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Some plants have roots that branch out in all directions. Otherr plants have long, thick roots ts that hat go deep into the soil.
AB
al
Along with taking in water, roots also help to hold the plant in the soil. Activities s 2.2 – 2.3
Go Online! Observe roots growing on the NGScience website. QuickCode: E6U3 Did You Know? People eat the roots of many different plants. Carrots, beetroots and radishes are all root vegetables. Can you think of others?
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Stems Try This!
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Use your fingers to trace the path water takes from the roots, through the stem, to the leaves.
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The ste T stem is the part that holds up the plant. The water and nutrients Th taken in by the roots m move through the stem to the leaves.
The stem holds up and d spreads spre o they th can get the out the leaves so ed. sunlight they need.
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so supports suppo the fruits The stem also s. and flowers. How ow is the sshape and structure of a stem structur suited to its function?
AB
Activity 2.4
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Leaves es
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Think Deeply
The leaves eaves are the t parts that use nlight, ht, air and a an water to make sunlight, ood od d for fo the plant. food
What do you think would happen to a plant if you took off all its leaves?
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aves come c Leaves in many different sh sha shapes and sizes. Many leaves are often fflat and thin. This helps them to ttak take in more sunlight.
Think Deeply
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Some cacti cti have hav shar arp,, spiky s ik leaves. leave sharp, How ow does this help h he elp a cactus? actus?
The food made in the leaves av ves is moved to all parts of the he plant. p How is the shape pe and structure of a leaf eaf ts function? fu suited to its
AB
Activity 2.5
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Flowers Many plants have e flowers. flowers. e in in many many different di Flowers come shapes, sizess a and nd colors. color
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The flower is the part of the e plant ant that makes seeds. The seeds eds can an grow into new plants.
Insects and other small mall animals eett liquid liquid, often feed on a sweet called nectar, made ad by y the flower.
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How do the he insects insect feeding on a flower wer help the plant?
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Fruits
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Flowers Flo ower may grow into frui fruits fruits. The fruit is the part of tthe plant that grows of around the seeds. They h help to protect the seeds.
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a Animals A nim malss often e eat at fruits fruits. s. This help T hiss can can he elp to move mov ve the the th he seeds see se eed eds to to new w places.
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In itss n new ew w place, plac ce, a seed sse eed ed can ca ca grow grow iinto ntto a new new plant. plan plantt. AB
Activities ties 2.6 – 2.8 2
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Animal Parts
e
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There are many different nt kinds nimals mals alss ca can of animals on Earth. Animals at help have different parts that them get the things gss they need. need
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Animal Movement An Anim
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Unlike plants, animals cannot Unlik U make their own food. They need m tto move from place to place to find food and water. What are some ways animals move? What body parts do they use to move?
Amazing Fact!
du ca tio n
Cheetahss are the th fastest animals on o land. They can run at speeds more than eds of mo kilometers 100 kilomete per hour!
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Many animals that live on land have legs to move. Animals with legs can move by walking, running, jumping or crawling.
Make a list of animals with legs. Describe or act out leg how each animal moves. h 33
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Many animals live underwater. at uch h as fins f They have body parts, such em swim. and flippers, to help them
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What body part do all the animals on this page have? e? How do the animals move? e? Some animals, such as bats, birds and many insects, have wings. They use their wings to o fly. fly y. y. Activity 2.9 .9
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AB
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Animal Body Bod Coverings ngs
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Animals can h have different ent body coverings to help h m survive rvive in them the place they live. Animals such as pandas, andas, monkeys and rabbits bbits have bodies covered with hair ir or fur. fur
e
What are re some som other animals als with hair or fur?
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feathers
Birds are the only o animals nimals mals with a body covered d in feathers. feath athers hers. Think Deeply
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ightt Feathers are light and help many any y birds to fly. y.
Penguins have feathers, but they cannot fly. How do feathers help a penguin?
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Re ga le du ca tio n fish scales
Fish, h, lizards zards and an a snakes have bodies covered with scales. A sea odies ies cove cover tle has a hard shell. turtle
Scales and shells help to protect Sc Sca an a the animals.
snake sc snak scales
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AB
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Frogs, toads and salamanders live part of their lives in water and part on land. They often have smooth, moist skin. Activity 2.10
smooth, moist skin
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ga le du ca Getting ng g Air
Animals mals need a air. Many animals on n land and breathe breath breat in air using lungs. such as seals and Animals nimals ssu whales llive in water. They must come ome to the surface often to breathe in air. b
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Go Online!
ca tio n
Mudskippers pers spe spend part of their day in er and part par on water land. d. Find out ou how they get the air they need on the NGScien NGScience website. QuickCode: Z4U8 QuickC
Fish do not have lungs. They have special body parts called gills that allow them to breathe underwater.
gills g illls
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al ed uc a Getting g Food
Animals als have bod body parts to help p them get the t food they need ed d to survive. surviv has wings and sharp An eagle h claws tto help it catch fish and other her animals. a A hummingbird uses it long, thin beak to reach food deep inside flowers.
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A chameleon has a long sticky tongue. It shoots out its tongue to catch insects.
How do these animals’ mals’ em body parts help them to get food? AB
Activities 2.11 2 – 2.12 2
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at
A Closer Look
Chameleons ons Chameleons ns are e lizards that hat have special sp arts that he body parts help them to survive urvive in the place they live.
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They have a long, sticky tongue that they shoot out to catch food such as insects.
Chameleons have curled tails which help them to hold on to tree branches. Some chameleons can an change chan the color of their skin. Thiss helps them to blend in with their surroundings and avoid being g spotted spotte by predators such birds. h as bird
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al ed uc at Protection ction on
Some e animals nimals have h special body dy parts that tha help protect them animals. hem m from other o
Engineer It! Design and build a kangaroo pouch to keep a joey safe.
A pangolin pango has a body covered covere in hard scales. When Wh in danger, a pangolin Whe rolls roll into a tight ball. How do the spikes on an anteater help it to stay safe?
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Look closely at the pictures on this page. Can you see the he animals in each picture? Some animals have body dy ch their eir coverings that match surroundings. This can an help them hide from other her er animals. anim
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Responding to Change Animal Responses Animals use their eyes, ears, arss, noses and skin to gather er information about their heir surroundings. When an animall de detects etect a change, it responds sp pond ds to the change to help p it survive. su If an animal feels animal fe eel it is too hot in the Sun, it can to the shade. can move m
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If an n animal aniim senses danger, it can move ov ve tto o a safer place.
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In what other ways do animals respond to changes around them?
uc ati on
mimosa a lea leaves
Go Online!
Plant Responses
Plants also respond to changes ges around them.
Visit the NGScience website to observe how p plants respond to changes around them. chan QuickCode: Y9E4 Qu
The mimosa plant has leaves aves that er plants plant plan close when touched. Other erss that open ope have leaves or flowers or close at differentt times mes of the t day or night.
A sunflower plant ant moves move its leaves he movement moveme of to follow the the Sun in the he sky.
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Mimicking ng Nature Natur Scientis often Scientists en observe observ plants and animals an mals ls to get ideas i for solving g problems. roblems They can copy plantt and a animal anima body parts and shap apess. s shapes.
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shape The Th e sha ap and body parts of a ape bird d ca an help people to design can an bu and build an airplane.
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In what ways is a bicycle helmet similar to the shell of a turtle?
ca tio n
Scientists observed how seeds stick to the fur of animals. They hey ok used this idea to invent hook and loop fasteners that hold things together. Activity 2.13
Design and build a useful tool based on what you know about plant parts.
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AB
Engineer It!
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Science Words
Review
feathers scales lungs gills respond
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roots stem leaves flowers fruits fur
1. Use the words in the box to label lab the picture. fruit
roots
stem
leaves (d) (d
Re g
(a)
(b)
(c) (c
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(e)
flower
Re ga le du ca tio n
2. Describe two ways roots help a plant. 3. True or false. nt. (a) The roots hold the seeds for the plant. (b) Leaves use water, air and sunlight ht to make food for the plant.
4. Copy and complete the table. Body Covering
Animal 1
Animal 2
Hair or Fur Feathers
Scales or Shell
p o fish use to breathe in water? 5. Which body part do e way an a animal can respond to 6. Describe one n its surroundings. surro changes in 7.
e how a wire fence is similar to the Describe ckberry bush. bus blackberry
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In the Field
Scientists often study living ng things to find ways to solve solve e. problems for people. A biomedical engineer gineer er uses use e learns le s from from what he or she living things to o cre create eatte new things to help elp people pe peo eople le who wh injured. njured d. Biomedical Bi Biom are sick orr injured. engineers ers use use science scie scien nc and technology ology gy to to create cre reat artificial limbs to replace bs and and even even parts p things ings in iinside nside our ou bodies.
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du c Biomedical B iomed engineers continue to learn ea from living things. They ap app apply what they learn to test a improve their designs. and
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du ca tio n
3
Parents and Offspring
In this chapter you will ...
• explain ways in which offspring can be similar or different from their parents. ng engage in • describe ways in which parents and offspring behaviors that help the offspring to survive.
Ho are young plants and animals How animal similar How are they different? to their parents? p d Go Online! Access interactive content relating to this topic on the website. NGScience website te. ngscience.com
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ti ca
What are some ways animals a care or their th young? for
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ca tio n Plant Life fe Cycles
All of the stages tages of a living thing’s make up ng’ss life ma its life cycle. cycle cle..
A bean from an plant grows g When a bean seeds. ds. Whe seed eed gets the things it needs, it starts to grow into o a small plant called A seedling a seedling. se has roots and leaves. h ha
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bean seeds dss
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The seedling grows into an adult plant.
ca tio n
bean flowers and fruits
An adult bean plant will develop flowers and fruits. The flowers and fruits produce the seeds from m n grow. ow which new plants can
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AB Activities 3.1 – 3.2
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bean seedling
H How does the bean plant grow and change as it gets older? an 59
Animal Life Cycles Mammal Life Cycle A female adult elephant gives birth to a ks like baby elephant. The baby elephant looks d a tail. its mother. It has four legs, a trunk and
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The baby elephant gets bigger and taller as it grows. It looks more and more like its mother. As an adult elephant, it will produce produ new young of its own.
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ca tio n
A female adult cheetah gives birth to live young. The young look similar to their parents. The young grow and change as they get older. As they grow, they look more and more like their parents. As adult cheetahs, they will ir own. wn. produce new young of their
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adult chee cheetah
young cheetahs 61
Chicken Life Cycle
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Chickens reproduce by laying aying ng ken, called eggs. A newborn chicken, om each a hatchling, hatchess from egg. The hatchling has the same sam sa body parts as its parents.
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eggs
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adult chicken
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The hatchling grows into a chick. The chick grows into an adult chicken and will produce offspring of its own.
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Learn m more about the cycle of a chicken life cyc the NGScience on th website. web QuickCode: F8U8 Qu
hatchling atchling chling h hli
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Frog Life Cycle
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Adult frogs lay eggs in water. er. es from om an The young that hatches e, does not egg, called a tadpole, look like an adult frog. rog. og. ong tail. ItI uses A tadpole has a long gills to breathe he in n water.
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Observe the life cycle of a frog on the NGScience website. QuickCode: B6S4
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e grows rows into int a froglet. A tadpole Its tail gets smaller and it starts ow legs. Its gills g change into to grow lungs. gs. It starts to t look more like itss parents. ents.
eggs egg tadpole
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The froglet grows into an adult frog and moves from water onto land. The adult frog will go on to produce young of its own.
How w is the lilife cycle of a og different differ frog from the life cycl cycle of a cheetah?
adult frog adu
froglet
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eggs
chrysalis
caterpillar
Butterfly tterfly L Life Cycle Go Online!
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Observe the life cycle of a butterfly on the NGScience website. QuickCode: D4E5
Adult ult butte butterflies but lay eggs. The you young that hatch from the egg eggs are called caterpillars. caterpillar does not look like its A ca cate parents. It has a worm-like body pa paren a no wings. and When it is ready, a caterpillar changes into a chrysalis. Inside the chrysalis, its body changes form.
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du c Re g
adult butterfly ad
AB A
Activity 3.3
Did You Know? During its life cycle, a butterfly’s body changes completely. This complete change in body form is called c ll d metamorphosis.
When en the young you emerges e from the he chrysalis, it has h all of the adult butterfly. As an parts of an ad adult, ult, it will w go g on to have young of its own. wn 67
Similar and Different en Try This! Find a young plant growing in the same area as its parent. Create a chart to show how the young and parent are the same and how they are different.
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Similar to Parents
When plants and animals mals als have g often look loo offspring, the young rents. ents. similar to their parents.
ato plant looks loo like its A young tomato as roots and a stem. parents. It has The leavess are same shape as re the sa nts. its parents. Ass the he young plant grows, it will flowers and produce duce tomato tom to fruits ruits just like its parents.
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du ca t
Young bear cubs look a lot like their parents. They have a body covered in brown fur. They have four legs with sharp claws. How will the bear cubs change as they get older? r? AB
Activity 3.4
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Different from rom Parents P Young can also also b be e different from their parents. parents Young sunflower plants are sunflo shorter orter and have fewer leaves an n their thei parents. than As tthey grow, they look more like thei their parents.
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Young kittens have the same body parts as their parents,, but they are also different.t. Young kittens are smaller err than tha their parents. They may ay have different colors.
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How are the he young ng goslings go different from om their th mother?
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Parents and Their Young
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To live and grow, all animals need eed water and food. They also need eed shelter. Parents often help their you young to get the things they need to survive. su
Think Deeply ply
How do young nicate animals communicate ents to with their parents let them know when they are re hungry?
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An adult lion helps her cubs bs survive by teaching them m how to find water.
A female cat caress forr her g them t m milk. milk kittens by feeding AB
Activity 3.5 .5
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Caring g for T Their Young Many y young animals cannot get things they need to et the thin urvive o survive on their own. They are for by their parents. cared fo Engineer It!
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Design and build your own bird nest that can hold three eggs and keep them safe. Activity Book: p. 115
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Pare Parents may help keep their young warm or protect them from danger.
Parents may feed their young. oung. where to to They may teach them where find water and food. de sshelter helter for f Parents can provide their young. Activity 3.6
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AB
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Parents Teach ach h Their Young As young animals nim mals ls g gr grow, row they learn things gs from from their the parents. Parents ts may ts ma ay y teach teac their young how w to to find find ind food food and water. foo
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Parents Pa arre ent nts may ma teach their young how ow w to to stay sta safe.
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What things does a lion teach its young before they go into the wild alone?
Parents and Their Young Communicate Parents and their young communicate with each other. Parents may use sounds to warn their young of danger. anger. Their young may y cry cr or make sounds when they hey need food or water.
Amazing Fact! A baby whale, called a calf, uses soft whispers to communicate with its mother to avoid being heard by other animals.
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Lion Prides
n
A Closer Look
Lions often live together in a large group p called alled a pride. In the pride, the lions help each h other in different ways.
The adult lions work together to hunt nt for food, foo stay safe and raise their young. The e young oung lions learn from the adult lions and also from m each other.
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Female lions often stay in the same pride all their lives. Male lions stay with the pride pr ride for about three years, befo ore moving moving to to another ano other before pride orr starting starting a new new pride prid de off their o their own. own.
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Science Words
chick tadpole froglet
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life cycle seedling offspring hatchling Review
1. What is a life cycle? (a) Growing and changing. (b) Having young. (c) All of the stages in a living thing’s life. thi
2. Which shows the life e cycle of o a plant? (a) seed seedling adult plant seed (b) seedling seed adult plant (c) adult plant seedling seed nt 3. Describe how a seedling changes as it grows. se
4. True or false. Caterpillars rpillars look like their parents when they hatch.
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5. Use each word to label the stages in the life cycle of a frog. tadpole
frog
froglet
(a))
(b)
(c))
(d)
eggs ggs
6. In what ways is a young pumpkin plant ant similar to its parents? pare In what wayss is it different?
7. In what ways w ys is a duckling ling similar to its parents? arents? In what wh ways is it different? differe 8. List two tw ways animals care for their young.
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In the Field
If you were amazed by the fascinating changes that take place during the life cycle of a frog, you might want to be a herpetologist. p og A herpetologist p og is a scientist scie entist that specializes spe eciallizes iin n tthe he e off reptiles sstudy tudy o repttiles and and amphibians. amphibians. anss.
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Herpetologists usually y work in nature. They study animals like salamanders, frogs, snakes and lizards. They work to make sure the animals are he safe and healthy in the her forests, ponds and other places they live.
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Earth and Space Patterns er
n
4
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How do the Earth and the moon move in space?
Go Online!
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Access interactive content relating to this topic on the bsit NGScience website. ngscience.com
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• observe and describe stars.
ati on
In this chapter you will ...
• describe the movement of the Earth and explain the occurrence of night, day and seasons. • describe the movement of the moon and explain the phases of the moon.
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What causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky?
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a star
Stars and the Sun When you look at the sky on a clear night, what wh see things do you see? The bright ght lights ligh you see in he sky sk are stars. A star is a the giant iant ball bal of hot gas.
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Observe the sky on a clear night. Describe what you saw to your classmates.
Think Deeply
The stars appear small to our eyes because they are so far away.
The Su Sun we see in the ssky during the day is a star. Why da can’t you see the Sun at night?
If you could see stars up close, ose, you would see that they y come in many different sizes, es, colors and brightness. Activity 4.1
l
AB
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Our Very Own Star Think Deeply
import mp portant tant to t all The Sun is very important Earth. living things on Earth.
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You can feel the heat from the Sun. Why can’t you feel the heat from other stars?
During the day, the Sun n lights ligh gh httss up up tar. Itt is the th the sky. The Sun is a st star. arth. h. closest star to the Ea Earth.
How does es the Sun affectt living th things?
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ca tio n The heat from the Sun keeps ke eeps living things warm. The light from the Sun un n helps he elps lps people and animalss to to ssee. ee. ee e
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Plants use the he energy energ gy in sunlight to make food. ood.. What would the t Earth be e if there was w no Sun? like
AB B
Activity 4.2 Activ
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satellite
Around the he Ea Earth Amazing Fact! The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest man-made object in space. Up to six astronauts can live in the space station.
There are many any objects objec in e object space. Some objects are close h. They stay near the to the Earth. Earth because th they are pulled g by the Earth’s gravity. Gravity avity is a force that pulls jects near n objects each other.
space pace stati station
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The Earth’s gravity causes es some things in space to nd it. move in a pattern around Satellites move around the Earth. The moon moves around the Earth too.
g
moon
Go Online!
sspace telescope
Observe the movement of objects in space on the NGScience website. QuickCode: B6X3
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Movement of the Earth Rotation of the Earth h The Earth is a very large e ball that ttha und. As it spins, s spins round and round. part of the Earth iss facing the Sun and is in daylight. Part art of the th Earth ay from the Sun is also facing away and it is night. ete spin of the Earth is One complete rotation called a rotation.
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It takes the Earth 24 hours (one day) to complete a rotation. AB Activities 4.3 – 4.5
daytime
Go O Online! Ob Observe the rotation of the Earth on the NGScience website. QuickCode: X4Y4
night-time
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Sunrise and Sunset Have you ever noticed how w the Sun appears to move across crross tthe h sky during the day?
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midday
The Sun rises in the sky in the morning. It appears to move across the sky, then sets in the evening. The Sun, however, is not moving through the sky.
on
sunrise
sunset sunse
The Sun appears to move e across the sky due to the rotation of the Earth. This causes the Sun to rise e in the morning and set in the e evening. eve en Activities 4.6 – 4.7 4.
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AB
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Revolution of the Earth
Go Online!
As it moves, part of the th Earth is ard the Sun and part is leaning toward leaning away ay from the Sun.
al e
Observe the revolution of the Earth around the Sun on the NGScience website. QuickCode: Z6F9
As the Earth rotates, it also ne full fu moves around the Sun. One alled a trip around the Sun is called revolution. It takes the Earth r) to complete com 365 days (one year) ound the Sun. one revolution around
How do the seasons change as the Earth moves around the Sun?
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During a revolution, the part of the Earth closest to the Sun changes. This predictable pattern of the Earth’s movement causes seasons. In different seasons, the weather and the number of hours of sunlight are different. ur You’ll learn more about the four seasons in the next chapter. te AB
Activity 4.8
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Earth and the Moon The moon often appears very bright in the night ght sky. The moon appears bright because it reflects ts the light from the Sun. Sometimes you can even en see the th moon during the day. Like the Sun, the rotation of the Earth h makes the moon appear to move across the sky. The moon also moves in a pattern around the Earth. ttern aro It takes the moon about 28 days to complete one c revolution of the Earth.
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Think Deeply
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How many ny days re between betwee are there one full moon and the next? How Ho do you know?
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As the moon revolves around round mounts of the Earth, different amounts c the sunlit side of the moon can be seen. This makes akes the moon nge its shape. sh appear to change How are we able ab to ct the part pa of the predict oon we will see? moon
AB A
Activity 4.9 Activ
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The Solar System A planet is a large object that hat moves around, or orbits, a star. sta The Earth is a planet. It orbits around the Sun. Including Earth, there here are eight planets that orbitt the Sun. Su
Mars Venus V us
Mercury
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Earth
AB
Activity 4.10
Saturn
Go Online! Observe the ment of the movement ets in our solar s planets system em on tthe NGScience website. QuickCode: N8N7 QuickCod
tio n
All of the planets and other objects orbiting the Sun make up our solar system.
Neptune
Uranus Amazing Fact!
Jupiter
Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system and it has the most moons. So far, scientists have discovered over 80 moons!
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A Closer Look
Moons You have learned that planets are large objects that orbit the Sun. Similarly, moons are large objects that orbit planets. Here on Earth, we have one moon that orbits around us. us The Earth is the only planet et in the Solar System to have just one moon.
Mercury Venus, the closest rcury and V planets lanets to the Sun do not have any moons at all!
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For the remaining planets, p their moon on totals are: a Mars 2, upiter 79, Saturn Sa Jupiter 82, and Uranus 27 a Neptune tune 14. 103
Science Words
rotation revolution seasons moon
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star Sun gravity Earth
Review
1. What is a star? (a) A planet. (b) A type of moon. (c) A large ball of hot gas.
2. Which star can we see durin during the day? 3. True or false. plane The Sun is a planet.
4. What causes of day and night uses the occurrence o on Earth? h? (a) The revolution evolutio of the Sun. (b) The he rotation of the Earth. (c) The revolution of the Earth. rev
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5. What causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky during the day? (a) The revolution of the Sun. (b) The rotation of the Earth. (c) The revolution of the Earth. 6. True or false. he Earth. (a) The moon revolves around the (b) The Sun revolves around the moon. (c) The Sun revolves around the Earth. Earth
7. What causes the moon to o appear appea to change its shape in the night sky? y? (a) The rotation of the Earth. (b) The revolution off the moon mo around the Earth. (c) The revolution of the moon around the Sun. 8. How long does es it take ta for the Earth to complete one full rotation? tion? ar (a) one year (b) 28 days ays (c) 24 hours our 9. How long does it take for the Earth to complete d one revolution around the Sun? revo (a) one year (b) b) 28 days (c) one day
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In the Field
Can you imagine what it would be like to travel into space? What would the Earth look like from space? How would it feel to walk on the moon? A person that travels into space ace is is called an astronaut. Astronauts nauts in ng and and nd spend many years studying training. Astronauts help p us us to o learn more about space ace and and the the objects in our solar system. system. stem m.
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In the past, astronauts have traveled as far as the t moon. As science and technologies advance, nce,, we are looking to venture further into space. e. Maybe ay ybe you will be the first astronaut to travel all all the th he e way way to Mars!
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n
5
Weather and Seasons How can we describe the weather from day to day?
Go Online!
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Access interactive content relating to this topic on the NGScience website. ngscience.com
In this chapter er you will ...
• describe the weather eather from fr day to day.
ys in which whic scientists measure weather. • list the ways • list the types of extreme weather. extre
• list and descr describe the four seasons.
• relate relat the amount of daylight to the time of year.
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How do does the weather change from season to season? fro How does the amount of daylight change throughout the year? 109
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Describing Weather her Go outside. What words ord can you use to describe escribe the weather today?
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Observe how weather changes from day to day on the NGScience website. QuickCode: Y7T2
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Weather is what at the he air and an the sky are like outside. utside. de. We can c use different words the rds to describe desc weather.
The weather eather ther can be hot or cold. It may ay y be sunny or cloudy. Rain or snow ow can fall ffrom the sky.
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Moving air is called wind.. Sometimes the wind can strong. n be strong strong. ong o wind Other times there may be no at all. l During a storm, there may be lots of rain and strong winds. nds. There Th may also be lightning and th thunder.
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During a storm,, it may not be safe to go outside. AB
Activities ivities 5.1 – 5.2
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Measuring Weather ther Scientists use tools to measure measure e used used to to weather. Tools can be or cold cold ld the th he measure how hot or air is. Tools can also be used lsso b e us u sed to measure wind, rain rain and and snow. sn sn
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Measuring weather weather and an observing weather gw eather patterns p entists ts to to predict pr help scientists the weather. eather. How is predicting the weather useful? weat
112
Temperature Temperature is how hot or cold the air outside is. We can measure temperature using a thermometer. The higher the temperature, the warmer the weather. Activities 5.3 – 5.4
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AB
What is the temperature shown on the thermometers? Which o temperature is colder? 113
Measuring Wind Go into the yard and pick some grass or leaves. Throw them into the air and observe the direction they move. Can you tell which way the wind is blowing?
What are some ways ys scientists measure e wind?
on
Try This!
You have learned that hat wind win nd is moving air. Scientists nttists can can many ways. w measure wind in many
A wind wiind vane vane is an instrument trume used eas to m measure the direction the wind d ir blowing. is b lo
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An anemometer is a tool that measures how fast the wind is blowing.
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How is measuring wind speed useful??
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Measuring Rain and Snow Scientists also use tools to measure the amount of rain and snow that falls.
ca t
A rain gauge measures how much rain falls in millimeters or inches.
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Go Online!
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Learn more ore about abo how we e measure weather her on the NGScience Science website. QuickCode: X6L8
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Snowfall can be em measured eas rs, meters, mete in centimeters, ee inches or feet. How ow is it useful to measure rain and snow? wind, ra
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Extreme me Wea Weather
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Sometimes times m the th he weather w may be extreme. eme. me. Extreme E Exxtrem weather can be e dangerous. da angerro an ou It is important to prepare p repare ffor or and stay safe during extreme e xtreme weather. w
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What are some kinds of extreme weather in your area?
Thunderstorms A thunderstorm is an extreme weather event with strong windss and rain. Lightning can strike buildings, trees and the ground.
Hurricanes
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Sometimes a thunderstorm can form a tornado. A tornado is a tube of spinning wind that reaches the ground.
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A hurricane is a very large ge e ocean storm that starts in the and moves onto land. The st strong winds and rain fro from hurricanes urrica and tornadoes can cause an ca damage to buildings and homes. ldings an AB
Activities vities 5.5 – 5.6
Amazing Fact! When lightning strikes, the air around the lightning heats up very quickly. This causes the air to explode. Thunder is the loud sound made as the air explodes!
119
Go Online! How can you prepare for and stay safe during a wildfire? Get some tips on the NGScience website. QuickCode: N9L6
During a long period of hot and dry weather, er, plants can dry his can cause cau them to out. This catch fire easily. easily This can cause wildfires. is a large and es. A wildfire w controlled fire in nature. uncontrolled
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Did You Know?
Wildfires
A wildfire can also o be called a rural fire or a bushfire.
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ca tio
Wildfires can be caused by lightning. They can also start when fires lit by people get out of control. Think Deeply
Wildfire occur Wildfires mos most often during sum summer. Why is th this so?
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ed
Wildfires can cause plants and animals to die. They can damage farms and houses.
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Droughts and Floods A drought occurs when an n area usua gets much less rain than usual. es that that During a drought, places once contained water ter can ca an dry up. en ugh h water There may not be enough su vive. for living things to survive.
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du ca tio A flood occurs w when area n an ar gets much more ore re rain ra than a usual. A flood d can cause cau water to overflow verflow flow fro from rrivers onto land. d. Droughts floods can be ughts hts and flood harmful rmful to plants, pl plants animals and people.
Go Online! Find out about other types of extreme weather, including heatwaves and tsunamis, on the NGScience website. QuickCode: Y6Q1
123 13
Seasons
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In many places on Earth, h, the he year can be divided into four ur different fferent seasons. The four seasons easons ons are spring, summer, fall all and winter. win The weather changes hanges nges from fro season to season. ason. n.
Discuss ss the w weather in your area during each season.
spring
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summer
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The seasons are caused by the revolution of the Earth around the Sun.
As the Earth revolves, part of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and e gets more sunlight. This part of the Earth is in summer.
ay from om Part of the Earth is tilted away ght. This the Sun and gets less sunlight. te ter. part of the Earth is in winter. AB
Go Online Online!
Observ how the Observe revo revolution of the Earth art around the Sun causes the changes ca in seasons on the NGScience website. QuickCode: P7T5
Activity 5.7
fall
winter
125
Spring During spring, the weather ather er is warm and there is lots ts of rain. There is also lots off sunlight.
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With lots of sunlight nlight and water, w plants begin to o grow. grow.
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Describe be the w weather in g in your you area. spring
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ca The growing plants provide prrovide food foo for many animals. With lots of food, od, animals od an als begin to have young. ng .
127
Summer Summer is the season that at comes after spring. Summer mmer is the hottest season. It is also tthe season with the most most hours of daylight.
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There are many many sunny sunny days in summer. ItIt may often. may not not rain r Describe th the weather in summer in your area.
AB
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Activity 5.8 A
ca tio n
With many sunny days, plants plants and grow bigger. Many treess and ts. other plants grow fruits.
You ung animals animals g row iinto nto a du d ults. Young grow adults.
Did You Know?
The Earth is divided into two parts – the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. When the northern hemisphere is in summer, the southern hemisphere is in winter.
129
Fall
Did You Know?
The leaves on on trees trre ees and an other plants change ange color co olor and fall to und. the ground.
Re ga le
Trees that lose their leaves during fall and grow them back in spring are called deciduous trees.
Fall is the season that comes comes after summer. During g fall, fall, all, there there daylight are fewer hours of daylight compared to summer. mmer. The temperature re gets gets cooler. coo
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ca tio n
Amazing F Fact!
Some squirr squirrels store they collect the nuts th burying them by buryi underground. They underg sometimes forget som where they buried the wh nuts. The nuts then nu grow into new trees! g
During fall, ll, animals animals b begin eg to prepare Some e ffor or cold cold weather. co wea animals begin gather and als b egin tto og a store re food. food. Some Some animals grow fur ur or ur or seek seek shelter. shel
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Do plants grow better when it is cold or when it is warm? Plan and carry out an investigation to find out.
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Try This!
Describe the weather in winter. How is it different from the other seasons? fro
Winter W Wi
a
Winte is the coldest season. It is Winter Win also a lso the season with the fewest hours of daylight. h o Many plants have lost their leaves. It may rain a lot. If the weather is cold enough, the ground may be covered in snow.
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What things do people do to stay warm in winter? Activity 5.9
e
AB
Amazing Fact! During winter, inter, some so animalss seek she shelter and enter into a deep p sleep for many weeks. They awaken the in spring when w temperature is tempera warmer and food is warme available. ava avai vailable.
ca tio n
During winter, there is not much food for animals to eat. Some animals seek shelter or move to warmer places.
Go Online! Watch the amazing transformations that take place from season to season on the NGScience website. QuickCode: D6M2
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Day Length and Seasons so
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How does the length h of daylight change from ason? season to season?
Try This! How does the length of daylight change throughout the year in your area? As a class, plan and carry out an investigation to find out.
As the seasons change ange throughout thro thr the year, so too oo does the amount of auses changes ch sunlight. Thiss causes in the length of day and night. nig mmer, the S Su In summer, Sun rises early in the e morning and a sets late in the e evening. ening.
Spring
Summer
Sunrise
Sunset
Daylight Daylig
Sunrise
Sunset
Daylight
7:15 a.m.
7:15 p.m.
12 2 hours
5:30 a.m.
8:30 p.m.
15 hours
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Amazing Fact! In the areas eas around aro the North th Pole and an South h Pole, the Sun doess not se set during They are in summer. Th daylight! constant d
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In spring and fall, the Sun rises later in the morning and sets earlier in the evening. In winter, the Sun rises very late and sets very early. Compared to other seasons, the days are the est. shortest and nights are the longest. How does the change in length of daylight affect the activities of people? ople? AB
Activity 5.10 Fall
Winter
Sunrise
Sunset
Daylight Dayli
Sunrise
Sunset
Daylight
6:45 a.m.
7:45 p.m.
13 3 hours
7:30 a.m.
6:30 p.m.
11 hours
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A Closer Look
Monsoons Not all places experience the four seasons of summer, fall, winter and spring. In some places, there are just two seasons – a dry season and a is wet season. The wet season is also called a monsoon season. ason. on.
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du ca
During a monsoon, the wind blows in the same direction and and es it rains a lot. The rain provides living things with the water tthey hey need. If it rains heavily for a long lo ong ng time, water may cover ov ver er Th hiss is is parts of the land. This called a flood.
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Science Words
drought flood seasons spring summer fall winter
Re ga le du ca tio n
weather wind storm temperature thermometer thunderstorm hurricane wildfire Review
1. List four words you can n use to t describe the weather. 2. What is temperature? pe re? d to measure weather. (a) A tool used (b) How hot or cold the t air outside is. (c) How strong rong the wind blows.
3. Which tool instrument is used to measure ool or ins temperature? perature? (a) rain gau gauge (b) anem anemometer (b (c) thermometer
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Re ga le du ca tio n
4. Which tool or instrument is used to measure wind speed? (a) rain gauge (b) anemometer (c) thermometer
5. Use the words in the box to label the he pictures. pictur flood
torm hurricane thunderstorm
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d (d)
wildfire
our seasons. seaso Write a few words to 6. List the four describe in each season. e the weather we
7. Which seas season has the least hours of daylight?
8 8. Which sseason has the most hours of daylight?
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In the Field
ca
When most people see severe weather, they stay well away. A storm chaser is a scientist that does the opposite – they follow and observe severe weat weather ther as it moves!
Storm chasers use special instruments to learn cial c ia iinstrum nst m er types typ types of of severe weather. about storms and other They observe weather her patterns patt patterns to learn how storms move and predict predic edic ctt where whe and when a storm will form.
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Storm chasers communicate the patterns and behaviors of storms they observe. This helps people to prepare for and stay safe during severe weather.
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Re ga le du ca tio n © Blue Ring Media edia Pty Ltd td ACN 161 590 496 4 2013 - 2021.
This publication possible without the tireless effort of our production team. ation would not have been pos Special thanks to: Matthew hew Cole, Daniel Cole, W Wang Hui Guan Joseph Taylor-Pritchard, Sophie Taylor-Pritchard, Tejal Thakur, eph Anderson, Halle T Taylor-Pr Varasinun Pookwanmuang, Saijit Lueangsrisuk arasinun Mathanattapat, Mathanattapat Kanungnit Kanu
Original Illustrations: Natchanuch Nakapat, graphicsRF, Blue Ring Media and Interact Images Illustrat Nat Royalty-free images: Shutterstock, Adobe Stock imag S