Let's Do Mathematics 3 – Worktext B

Workt ext

3B

for learners 8 - 9 years old

Aligned to the US Common Core State Standards

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Workt ext

3B

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for learners 8 - 9 years old

Let’s Do Mathematics

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Let’s Do Mathematics is a series covering levels K-6 and is fully aligned to the United States Common Core State Standards (USCCSS). Each level consists of two books (Book A and Book B) and combines textbook-style presentation of concepts as well as workbook practice.

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Central to the USCCSS is the promotion of problem-solving skills and reasoning.

Let’s Do Mathematics achieves this by teaching and presenting concepts through a problem-solving based pedagogy and using the concrete-pictorial-abstract (CPA) approach. Learners acquire knowledge and understanding of concepts through a guided progression beginning with concrete examples and experiences which then flow into pictorial representations and finally mastery at the abstract and symbolic level.

This approach ensures that learners develop a fundamental understanding of concepts rather than answering questions by learned procedures and algorithms.

Key features of the series include:

Anchor Task

1

Numbers to 10,000

Anchor Task

Open-ended activities serve as the starting point for understanding new concepts. Learners engage in activities and discussions to form concrete experiences before the concept is formalized.

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2

Let’s Learn

Let’s Learn

Concepts are presented in a clear and colorful manner. Worked problems provide learners with guided step-by-step progression through examples. Series mascots provide guidance through helpful comments and observations when new concepts are introduced.

When we take a whole and divide it into equal parts, we get fractions. The whole orange is cut into 2 equal pieces.

Each piece is a half which we write as 1 .

into 4 equal pieces

. Each piece is a quarte r.

2

2 halves make 1 whole.

eg

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Let’s cut an apple

1 2

1 whole

half

The numbers of a

1 2

1 2

half

fraction have specia l names.

1 2

1 4

1 whole

quarter

1 4

quarter

1 2

The top number is called the numerator.

The bottom numb er is called the denom inator.

A half has a numerator of 1. ...and a denominator of 2!

1 4

1 4

1 4

1 4

1 4

quarter

1 4

quarter

4 quarters make 1 whole.

Ethan eats 3 pieces of the apple. We say he eats 3 quarte apple. We can write rs of the this as a fraction 3 .

4

1 4

1 4

1 4

I ate 3 quarters of the apple!

1 4

1 4

1 4

212

213

Let’s Practice

and her baby A mother elephant of 4,670 kg. have a combined mass of 482 kg The baby has a mass is the mother?

How much heavier

3.

Let’s Practice

drive 1,205 km A truck driver has to stops for a to deliver his load. He destination. rest 478 km from his d?

How far has he travele

1.

Learners demonstrate their understanding of concepts through a range of exercises and problems to be completed in a classroom environment.

Questions provide a varying degree of guidance and scaffolding as learners progress to mastery of the concepts.

Step 1 mother.

Find the mass of the ?

478 km trip remaining

trip traveled

–

–

1,205 km

=

– The truck driver has 2.

mother

baby

=

–

km.

traveled

kg.

of

The mother has a mass

s carnival, At the school athletic 4,675 the red team scored scored points. The blue team more many How 3,858 points. score points did the red team than the blue team?

Step 2 . difference in masses Subtract to find the ? baby

–

mother red team

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blue team

?

=

–

more points than the

The red team scored 138

(b) Home At 1.

–

kg heavier than her

The mother is

=

–

baby.

139

blue team.

Count the number of different creatu re in the garden.

Record your data on the next page.

At Home Further practice designed to be completed without the guidance of a teacher. Exercises and problems in this section follow on from those completed under Let’s Practice.

2.

Represent your data in the

bar graph below.

16

Number of Creatu res

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14

12

10 8

6

4

2

0

272

Hands On

Hands On

do an activity.

1.

Tell your friends the time you

2.

One friends shows the time

3.

time on a clocks.

The other friend shows the

4.

Switch roles.

273

using their arms.

Learners are encouraged to ‘learn by doing’ through the use of group activities and the use of mathematical manipulatives.

Solve it!

Riley spent her summe r vaction in Europe.

Complete the division equations and match the letters to find the first city she visited.

T

Solve It!

6÷2=

al

eg

6÷3=

N

Activities that require learners to apply logical reasoning and problem-solving. Problems are often posed which do not have a routine strategy for solving them. Learners are encouraged to think creatively and apply a range of problem-solving heuristics.

H

8÷2=

6÷1=

S

E

14 ÷ 2 =

2

3

15 ÷ 3 =

1

5

4

7 279

3.

Looking Back Find the area of each figure in square (b) (a)

1.

Find the perimeter of the figure.

9m

12 m

units.

11 m 11 m

8m

R

Looking Back

A

90

11 m 10 m

Consolidated practice where learners demonstrate their understanding on a range of concepts taught within a unit.

Area =

Area =

square units.

17 m

square units.

Perimeter =

(d)

(c)

4.

Find the area and perimeter of each

figure.

1 cm 1 cm

Area =

square units.

Area =

2.

Find the area of the rectangles. (b) (a) 12 cm

square units.

10 m

4 cm 5m

Area =

Area =

Perimeter =

Perimeter =

Area = Area =

191

190

iii

Contents Dividing by 6 Dividing by 7 Dividing by 8 Dividing by 9 Word Problems

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7 Measurement

Introduction to Measuring Mass Measuring Mass in Kilograms and Grams Measuring Volume Mass and Volume Word Problems

8 Time

Telling Time to the Minute Duration of Time

40 40 49 61 73

84 84 102

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9 Geometry

2 3 9 15 21 27

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6 Division (2)

128 129 138

10 Area and Perimeter

146 147 154 169 176 188

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Recognizing Quadrilaterals Drawing Quadrilaterals

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Introduction to Area Measuring Area Area of Rectangles Introduction to Perimeter Area and Perimeter

iv

Equal Parts Parts of a Whole Fractions on a Number Line Comparing Fractions Equivalent Fractions

12 Data and Graphs

200 200 218 236 244 252

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11 Fractions

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Picture Graphs With Scales Bar Graphs With Scales Reading and Interpreting Bar Graphs Generate Data for Line Plots

264 264 276 282 288

v

6

Division (2)

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Anchor Task

2

Dividing by 6 Let’s Learn

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There are 18 strawberries. The strawberries are divided into equal groups. How many strawberries are in each group? How many groups of strawberries are there?

18 ÷ 6 = 3 There are 6 groups of strawberries. There are 3 strawberries in each group.

18 ÷ 3 = 6 There are 3 groups of strawberries. There are 6 strawberries in each group.

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There are 42 blocks. The blocks are divided into equal groups.

How many blocks are in each group? How many groups of blocks are there?

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42 ÷ 6 = 7 42 ÷ 7 = 6 There are 6 groups of blocks.

There are 7 groups of blocks.

There are 7 blocks in each group. There are 6 blocks in each group.

4

Let’s Practice

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1. The balloons are grouped in 6s. Fill in the blanks.

(a) There are

groups of

balloons.

(b) Complete the division equation.

÷

=

2. Circle groups of 6 cubes and complete the division equation.

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(a)

÷6=

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(b)

÷6=

5

3. Circle groups of 6 dots and write a division equation.

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(a)

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(b)

4. Complete the division. (a) 6 ÷ 6 =

(b) 12 ÷ 6 =

(d) 24 ÷ 6 =

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(c) 18 ÷ 6 =

(f) 36 ÷ 6 =

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(e) 30 ÷ 6 =

5. Fill in the missing numbers.

R

(a) 42 ÷

(c) 60 ÷ 6 =

6

= 7 (b)

(d)

÷6=3 ÷6=4

At Home

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1. The presents are grouped in 6s. Fill in the blanks.

(a) There are

groups of

presents.

(b) Complete the division equation.

÷

=

2. Circle groups of 6 cubes and complete the division equation.

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(a)

÷6=

R

(b)

÷6=

7

3. Circle groups of 6 suns and write a division equation.

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(a)

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(b)

4. Complete the division. (a) 42 ÷ 6 = (c) 12 ÷ 6 =

(b) 30 ÷ 6 =

(d) 48 ÷ 6 =

(f) 54 ÷ 6 =

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(e) 60 ÷ 6 =

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5. Fill in the missing numbers. (a) 54 ÷

R

(c) 6 ÷ 6 =

8

= 9 (b)

(d)

÷6=4 ÷6=6

Dividing by 7 Let’s Learn

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There are 28 pieces of candy.

The candies are divided into equal groups.

How many candies are in each group?

How many groups of candies are there?

28 ÷ 4 = 7 There are 4 groups of candies.

There are 7 candies in each group.

28 ÷ 7 = 4 There are 7 groups of candies.

There are 4 candies in each group.

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There are 56 peanuts.

The peanuts are divided into equal groups.

How many peanuts are in each group?

How many groups of peanuts are there?

56 ÷ 8 = 7 There are 8 groups of peanuts.

There are 7 peanuts in each group.

10

56 ÷ 7 = 8 There are 7 groups of peanuts.

There are 8 peanuts in each group.

Let’s Practice

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1. The hats are grouped in 7s. Fill in the blanks.

(a) There are

groups of

hats.

(b) Complete the division equation.

÷

=

2. Circle groups of 7 cubes and complete the division equation.

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(a)

eg

÷7=

R

(b)

÷7=

11

3. Circle groups of 7 dots and write a division equation. (a)

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(b)

4. Complete the division. (a) 35 ÷ 7 = (c) 21 ÷ 7 =

(d) 14 ÷ 7 =

(f) 28 ÷ 7 =

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(e) 49 ÷ 7 =

(b) 42 ÷ 7 =

5. Fill in the missing numbers.

R

(a) 70 ÷

(c) 63 ÷ 7 =

12

= 10 (b)

(d)

÷7=4 ÷7=3

At Home

groups of

keys.

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(a) There are

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1. The keys are grouped in 7s. Fill in the blanks.

(b) Complete the division equation.

÷

=

2. Circle groups of 7 cubes and complete the division equation.

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(a)

÷7=

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(b)

÷7=

13

3. Circle groups of 7 snowflakes and write a division equation.

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(a)

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(b)

4. Complete the division. (a) 70 ÷ 7 = (c) 28 ÷ 7 =

(d) 7 ÷ 7 =

(f) 14 ÷ 7 =

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(e) 56 ÷ 7 =

(b) 63 ÷ 7 =

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5. Fill in the missing numbers.

(a) 49 ÷

R

(c) 21 ÷ 7 =

14

= 7 (b)

(d)

÷7=5 ÷7=4

Dividing by 8

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There are 24 starfish.

The starfish are divided into equal groups.

How many starfish are in each group?

How many groups of starfish are there?

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Let’s Learn

24 ÷ 8 = 3 There are 8 groups of starfish.

There are 3 starfish in each group.

24 ÷ 3 = 8 There are 3 groups of starfish.

There are 8 starfish in each group.

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There are 32 shells.

The shells are divided into equal groups.

How many shells are in each group?

How many groups of shells are there?

32 ÷ 4 = 8 There are 4 groups of shells.

There are 8 shells in each group.

16

32 ÷ 8 = 4 There are 8 groups of shells.

There are 4 shells in each group.

Let’s Practice

groups of

flowers.

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(a) There are

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1. The flowers are grouped in 8s. Fill in the blanks.

(b) Complete the division equation.

÷

=

2. Circle groups of 8 cubes and complete the division equation. (a)

÷8=

R

eg

(b)

al

÷8=

17

3. Circle groups of 8 dots and write a division equation.

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(a)

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(b)

4. Complete the division. (a) 56 ÷ 8 = (c) 40 ÷ 8 =

(d) 16 ÷ 8 =

(f) 24 ÷ 8 =

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(e) 72 ÷ 8 =

(b) 8 ÷ 8 =

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5. Fill in the missing numbers. (a) 48 ÷

R

(c) 64 ÷ 8 =

18

= 6 (b)

(d)

÷8=8 ÷8=2

At Home

(a) There are

groups of

bags.

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(b) Complete the division equation.

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1. The bags are grouped in 8s. Fill in the blanks.

÷

=

2. Circle groups of 8 cubes and complete the division equation.

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(a)

÷8=

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(b)

÷8=

19

3. Circle groups of 8 triangles and write a division equation.

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(a)

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(b)

4. Complete the division. (a) 64 ÷ 8 = (c) 8 ÷ 8 =

(b) 16 ÷ 8 =

(d) 48 ÷ 8 =

(f) 72 ÷ 8 =

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(e) 56 ÷ 8 =

eg

5. Fill in the missing numbers. (a) 56 ÷

R

(c) 32 ÷ 8 =

20

= 7 (b)

(d)

÷8=2 ÷8=3

Dividing by 9 Let’s Learn

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There are 27 shuttlecocks.

The shuttlecocks are divided into equal groups.

How many shuttlecocks are in each group?

How many groups of shuttlecocks are there?

R

27 ÷ 3 = 9 There are 3 groups of shuttlecocks.

There are 9 shuttlecocks in each group.

27 ÷ 9 = 3 There are 9 groups of shuttlecocks.

There are 3 shuttlecocks in each group.

21

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There are 54 marbles. The marbles are divided into equal groups.

How many marbles are in each group?

How many groups of marbles are there?

R

54 ÷ 6 = 9 There are 6 groups of marbles.

There are 9 marbles in each group.

22

54 ÷ 9 = 6 There are 9 groups of marbles.

There are 6 marbles in each group.

Let’s Practice

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1. The pencils are grouped in 9s. Fill in the blanks.

(a) There are

groups of

pencils.

(b) Complete the division equation.

÷

=

2. Circle groups of 9 cubes and complete the division equation.

al

(a)

eg

÷9=

R

(b)

÷9=

23

3. Circle groups of 9 dots and write a division equation.

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(a)

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(b)

4. Complete the division. (a) 18 ÷ 9 =

(b) 45 ÷ 9 =

(d) 9 ÷ 9 =

al

(c) 54 ÷ 9 =

(f) 90 ÷ 9 =

eg

(e) 27 ÷ 9 =

5. Fill in the missing numbers.

R

(a) 54 ÷

(c) 72 ÷ 9 =

24

= 6 (b)

(d)

÷9=4 ÷ 9 = 12

At Home

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1. The soccer balls are grouped in 9s. Fill in the blanks.

(a) There are

groups of

soccer balls.

(b) Complete the division equation.

÷

=

2. Circle groups of 9 cubes and complete the division equation.

eg

al

(a)

÷9=

R

(b)

÷9=

25

3. Circle groups of 9 hearts and write a division equation.

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(a)

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(b)

4. Complete the division. (a) 27 ÷ 9 = (c) 36 ÷ 9 =

(d) 72 ÷ 9 =

(f) 90 ÷ 9 =

al

(e) 45 ÷ 9 =

(b) 81 ÷ 9 =

eg

5. Fill in the missing numbers.

(a) 63 ÷

R

(c) 81 ÷ 9 =

26

= 7 (b)

(d)

÷9=2 ÷9=3

Word Problems Let’s Learn

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Riley reads the same number of pages of her storybook each night. If she reads 24 pages in 6 days, how many pages does she read each night?

24 pages

al

24 ÷ 6 = 4 Riley reads 4 pages each night.

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Mrs. Smith has 45 stickers.

She shares the stickers equally among 9 pupils.

How many stickers does each pupil receive?

R

?

45 stickers

45 ÷ 9 = 5 Each pupil receives 5 stickers.

27

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Jordan buys a box of cupcakes for $24 to share with his friends.

If one cupcake costs $3, how many cupcakes are in the box?

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$3

$24

24 ÷ 3 = 8 8 cupcakes are in the box.

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Keira has 50 flowers. She puts 10 flowers into each vase.

How many vases does Keira need?

R

10 flowers

50 ÷ 10 = 5 Keira needs 5 vases.

28

? vases

Let’s Practice

÷

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1. Ethan collects 30 eggs on a farm.

He helps pack them into cartons.

Each carton holds 6 eggs.

How many cartons does he need to pack all of the eggs?

=

Ethan needs

cartons to pack all of the eggs.

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2. Mrs. Choi buys 27 buttons to put on shirts.

Each shirt has 9 buttons.

How many shirts did she make in total?

R

÷

=

Mrs. Choi made

shirts in total.

29

÷

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3. Sophie buys 5 identical picture frames for $35.

Find the cost of one picture frame.

=

One picture frame costs $

.

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4. The school cafeteria has seats for 54 people.

The seats are arranged so that there are 6 seats per table.

How many tables are there in the cafeteria? Draw a model to help find the answer.

÷

There are 30

= tables in the cafeteria.

÷

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5. Halle is saving her money to buy a ukulele.

She can save $9 per week.

If the ukulele costs $72, how many weeks must she save her money?

Draw a model to help find the answer.

=

Halle must save her money for

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Donuts are sold in boxes of 8.

Michelle buys 48 donuts.

How many boxes does she buy?

Draw a model to help find the answer.

R

eg

6.

weeks.

÷

Michelle buys

= boxes of donuts.

31

At Home

÷

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1. Class 3A goes on a field trip to the dinosaur museum.

They take mini vans which can seat 6 pupils.

There are 36 pupils in class 3A. How many vans will they need?

=

Class 3A will need

mini vans.

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2. Dominic is cleaning his room.

He packs his 54 toy cars into boxes.

If each box can hold 9 cars, how many boxes does he need?

÷

=

Dominic needs 32

boxes to pack his toy cars.

Riley is baking chocolate chip cookies.

She adds 5 chocolate chips to each cookie.

She uses a total of 40 chocolate chips.

How many cookies does she bake?

÷

Riley baked

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3.

=

cookies.

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4. Blake shares $24 equally amongst his three brothers.

How much money does each brother receive?

÷

=

Each brother receives $

.

33

Looking Back

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1. The balloons are grouped in 7s. Fill in the blanks.

(a) There are

groups of

balloons.

(b) Complete the division equation.

÷

=

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al

2. The bags are grouped in 8s. Fill in the blanks.

(a) There are

groups of

R

(b) Complete the division equation.

34

÷

=

bags.

÷6=

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3. Circle groups of 6 cubes and complete the division equation.

R

eg

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4. Circle groups of 9 cubes and complete the division equation.

÷9=

35

5. Divide by 6. Complete the equations.

(c) 42 ÷ 6 =

(g) 18 ÷ 6 =

(f) 36 ÷ 6 = (h) 6 ÷ 6 =

(j) 30 ÷ 6 =

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(i) 48 ÷ 6 =

(d) 12 ÷ 6 =

(e) 60 ÷ 6 =

(b) 54 ÷ 6 =

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(a) 24 ÷ 6 =

6. Divide by 7. Complete the equations. (a) 7 ÷ 7 = (c) 35 ÷ 7 = (e) 21 ÷ 7 = (g) 49 ÷ 7 =

(b) 42 ÷ 7 =

(d) 14 ÷ 7 =

(f) 70 ÷ 7 =

(h) 28 ÷ 7 =

(j) 56 ÷ 7 =

al

(i) 63 ÷ 7 =

7. Divide by 8. Complete the equations.

eg

(a) 8 ÷ 8 =

(c) 64 ÷ 8 =

R

(e) 40 ÷ 8 =

(g) 72 ÷ 8 = (i) 24 ÷ 8 =

36

(b) 32 ÷ 8 =

(d) 56 ÷ 8 = (f) 16 ÷ 8 = (h) 80 ÷ 8 = (j) 48 ÷ 8 =

8. Divide by 9. Complete the equations.

(a) 18 ÷ 9 =

(c) 54 ÷ 9 =

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(i) 81 ÷ 9 =

(e)

eg

(m) 2 ÷ 2 =

R

(q)

(w)

= 6

÷ 7 = 6

(n) 28 ÷ 7 =

÷ 8 = 2 (r)

÷ 3 = 9 (x)

= 3

÷ 9 = 4

(t) 90 ÷ 10 =

= 8 (v) 18 ÷

= 4

÷ 5 = 3

= 3 (p) 24 ÷

(s) 48 ÷ 8 =

(u) 64 ÷

= 10 (j) 12 ÷

÷ 6 = 6 (l)

(o) 9 ÷

(h) 81 ÷ 9 =

al

(b) 32 ÷ 4 =

= 2 (d) 24 ÷

(i) 100 ÷ (k)

÷ 10 = 7 (f)

(g) 49 ÷ 7 =

(j) 72 ÷ 9 =

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(c) 8 ÷

(h) 36 ÷ 9 =

9. Fill in the blanks. (a) 40 ÷ 10 =

(f) 90 ÷ 9 =

(g) 63 ÷ 9 =

(d) 9 ÷ 9 =

(e) 27 ÷ 9 =

(b) 45 ÷ 9 =

= 9

÷ 10 = 1 37

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10. An egg carton can hold 10 eggs.

How many such cartons are needed to pack 70 eggs?

÷

=

egg cartons are needed to pack 70 eggs.

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al

11. Ethan bought 6 tickets to the fair for $42.

Find the cost of 1 ticket.

÷

=

R

The cost of 1 ticket is $

38

.

Sophie made pizza slices to share equally among her 4 friends.

She cooked a total of 24 slices.

How many slices did each friend receive?

Draw a model to help find the answer.

÷

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12.

=

Each of Sophie’s friends received

pizza slices.

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13. Ethan buys 64 beads for an art project.

The beads are sold in packs of 8 beads.

How many such packs does Ethan buy?

÷

Ethan bought

= packs of beads.

39

7

Measurement

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Anchor Task

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Introduction to Measuring Mass

40

Let’s Learn Compare the mass of the ball and the toy truck.

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The ball is as heavy as the toy truck.

Compare the mass of the spinning top and the soft toy.

al

The soft toy is lighter than the spinning top.

R

eg

Compare the mass of the toy boat and the toy airplane.

The toy airplane is heavier than the toy boat.

41

Each

has a mass of 1 unit. Find the mass of the pen.

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The pen has a mass of 2 units.

Find the mass of the book.

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The book has a mass of 5 units.

R

eg

Find the mass of the shoe.

42

The shoe has a mass of 8 units.

Let’s Practice

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(a) (b)

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1. Use the word groups 'is heavier than', 'is lighter than' or 'is as heavy as' to fill in the blanks.

(c) (d)

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(e) (f)

R

(g) (h)

43

al

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2. Each cube has a mass of 1 unit.

(a) What is the mass of the glue stick?

units. units.

(c) What is the mass of the crayons?

units.

(d) What is the mass of the notepad?

units.

R

eg

(b) What is the mass of the scissors?

(e) Which object is the heaviest?

(f) What is the combined mass of the glue stick and the crayons?

44

units.

Solve It! 1. Find the mass of each object.

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(a)

The

has a mass of

.

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(b)

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?

The

has a mass of

?

.

45

2. Check the set of balls that will make the balance level.

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(b)

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?

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(a)

46

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At Home 1. Check the heavier object. If they have the same mass, circle both objects.

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

2. Check the lighter box. If they have the same mass, circle both boxes.

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(a) (b)

R

(c) (d)

47

3. Each cube has a mass of 1 unit.

Write the mass of each object.

units

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(b)

units

(c)

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units

(d)

48

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(a)

units

Measuring Mass in Kilograms and Grams Let’s Learn

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Dominic measures the mass of a pineapple by placing it on the scale.

Ed uc a

The pineapple weighs 1 kg.

0 4 kg 3 kg

1 kg

2 kg

al

We say: 1 kilogram.

We write: 1 kg

Can you guess the mass of each object?

R

eg

Here are some things that we measure in kilograms.

49

What is the mass of the apples?

The mass of the apples is 1 kg.

3 kg

0 4 kg 3 kg

1 kg

1 kg 2 kg

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2 kg

tio n

0 4 kg

What is the mass of the oranges?

The mass of the oranges is 3 kg.

0 4 kg

3 kg

0 4 kg 3 kg

1 kg

1 kg

2 kg

al

2 kg

R

eg

What is the mass of the potatoes?

9 kg

10 kg

8 kg

50

9 kg

10 kg

1 kg

8 kg

2 kg

7 kg

3 kg

2 kg

7 kg 6 kg

1 kg

The mass of the potatoes is 7 kg.

3 kg 5 kg

4 kg

6 kg

5 kg

4 kg

For objects lighter than 1 kg, we can measure their mass in grams.

0 500 g

300 g

100 g

Ed uc a

400 g

tio n

The cupcake weighs 80 g.

200 g

We say: 80 grams.

We write: 80 g

al

There are 1,000 g in 1 kg.

R

eg

The mass of these objects is measured in grams.

51

What is the mass of the popcorn?

The popcorn has a mass of 100 grams.

400 g

100 g

0 500 g 400 g

100 g

300 g

200 g

200 g

Ed uc a

300 g

tio n

0 500 g

The bread has a mass of 300 grams.

What is the mass of the bread?

0 500 g

400 g

0 500 g 400 g

100 g

100 g

300 g

200 g

al

300 g

200 g

The eggs have a mass of 450 grams.

R

eg

What is the mass of the eggs?

0 500 g 400 g

0 500 g

400 g

100 g

300 g 300 g

52

100 g

200 g

200 g

Let’s Practice 1. Fill in the blanks.

tio n

(a) (b)

0 4 kg

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0 4 kg 3 kg

1 kg

3 kg

2 kg

1 kg

2 kg

The washing powder

The pumpkin has a

has a mass of

mass of

kg.

kg.

al

(c) (d)

10 kg

eg

R

9 kg

1 kg

9 kg

10 kg

1 kg

8 kg

2 kg

8 kg

2 kg

7 kg

3 kg

7 kg

3 kg

6 kg

5 kg

4 kg

6 kg

5 kg

4 kg

The roast turkey has a

The bag of potting mix

mass of

has a mass of

kg.

kg.

53

(e) (f)

0 500 g 100 g

300 g

400 g

200 g

100 g

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400 g

0 500 g

300 g

The pencil case has a

Ed uc a

The bowl of noodles has

200 g

a mass of

g.

mass of

g.

(g) (h)

0 500 g

100 g

al

400 g

0 500 g

200 g

R

eg

300 g

54

400 g

300 g

100 g

200 g

The orange has a mass

The tablet computer has

of

a mass of

g.

g.

2. Some boxes are placed on scales to measure their masses.

A

400 g

3 kg 200 g

1 kg

0 500 g

400 g

al

1 kg

100 g

200 g

F 0 4 kg

3 kg

300 g

200 g

1 kg 2 kg

eg

2 kg

100 g

300 g

2 kg

E

0 4 kg 3 kg

400 g

Ed uc a

D

0 500 g

0 4 kg

100 g

tio n

0 500 g

300 g

C

B

(a) What is the mass of Box E?

R

(b) What is the mass of Box C? (c) What is the mass of Box F?

(d) Which box is the heaviest? (e) Which box is the lightest?

55

3. Check the mass that is the best estimate for each object.

8 kg

10 g

1 kg

250 g

4 kg

Ed uc a

(c) (d)

tio n

(a) (b)

50 g

100 g

2 kg

eg

al

(e) (f)

600 kg

600 g

5g

5 kg

R

(g) (h)

2 kg 56

2 g

10 g

10 kg

Hands On

0 500 g 400 g

300 g

100 g

200 g

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Use a scale to measure the mass of objects found in your classroom. Estimate the mass of each object before measuring.

Object

Estimated Mass

Actual Mass

eg

pencil

notebook

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textbook scissors eraser

pencil case 57

At Home 1. Fill in the blanks.

8 kg 7 kg

10 kg

0 4 kg

1 kg 2 kg

Ed uc a

9 kg

tio n

(a) (b)

3 kg

3 kg

6 kg

1 kg

4 kg

5 kg

2 kg

The kettle bell has a

The blender has a mass

mass of

of

kg.

kg.

eg

al

(c) (d)

0 500 g

0 500 g

R

400 g

58

300 g

400 g

100 g

300 g

200 g

100 g

200 g

The snow globe has a

The toy robot has a

mass of

mass of

g.

g.

2. Draw to show the mass on the scales.

0 500 g 100 g

0 4 kg

Ed uc a

400 g

tio n

(a) 400 g (b) 1 kg

3 kg

300 g

200 g

1 kg

2 kg

R

eg

al

(c) 8 kg (d) 200 g

9 kg

10 kg

8 kg

2 kg

7 kg

3 kg

6 kg

5 kg

0 500 g

1 kg

4 kg

400 g

300 g

100 g

200 g

59

3. Check the mass that is the best estimate for each object.

1 kg

10 g

1 kg

500 g

15 kg

Ed uc a

(c) (d)

tio n

(a) (b)

7 g

250 g

25 kg

4. Circle the appropriate unit of mass to measure each object.

al

(a) A television grams kilograms (b) A sandwich grams kilograms

eg

(c) A cookie grams kilograms (d) A stapler grams kilograms

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(e) A brick grams kilograms (f) A person grams kilograms (g) A mango grams kilograms (h) A microwave grams kilograms

60

Measuring Volume

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eg

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Ed uc a

tio n

Anchor Task

61

Let’s Learn

Ed uc a

tio n

Each of the containers below have an amount of colored water.

The amount of water in each container is called the volume of water.

eg

al

Halle poured the water from Container A into Container B. She then poured the water back into Container A. Did the volume of water change?

R

Container A

62

Container B

Container A

When the water is poured into different containers, the volume remains the same!

tio n

Container A and Container B are the same size. Compare the volume of water in the containers.

Container A

Container B

Ed uc a

The volume of water in Container A is less than the volume of water in Container B. The volume of water in Container B is greater than the volume of water in Container A.

The glasses below are of the same size. Compare the volume of water in each glass. Arrange the glasses in order from the smallest volume to the greatest volume.

B

C

D

E

A

D

B

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A

C

smallest volume

E

greatest volume

63

The carton below contains 1 l of orange juice.

tio n

This is the symbol for liters. We write 1 liter as 1 l.

Ed uc a

l

eg

al

These containers contain more than 1 liter of liquid.

R

These containers contain less than 1 liter of liquid.

64

Let’s Practice 1. Some water was poured into identical beakers.

Check the beaker with the greater volume of water.

Ed uc a

(c) (d)

tio n

(a) (b)

2. Circle the beaker with the smallest volume of liquid.

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eg

(b)

al

(a)

(c)

65

3. The liquid in each container was poured into 1-liter beakers.

Find the volume of liquid from each container.

l

Ed uc a

(b)

tio n

(a)

R

eg

al

(c)

l

66

l.

4. Check to describe the volume of liquid in each container.

tio n

(a) Large bottle of sports drink

less than 1 l more than 1 l

Ed uc a

about 1 l

(b) Bath tub

less than 1 l

more than 1 l

about 1 l

(c) Small packet of ketchup

al

less than 1 l

eg

more than 1 l about 1 l

R

(d) Perfume bottle less than 1 l more than 1 l about 1 l

67

Solve It!

1l

1l

1l

1l

tio n

1. Find the volume of water in each container.

B

1l

2l

3l

3l

1l

1l

3l

1l

3l

1l

eg

al

C

1l

Ed uc a

A

1l

2l

R

D

2l

2l

1l

2. Arrange the containers from the smallest volume to the greatest volume.

smallest

68

greatest

3. Tick the bottles used to fill the containers.

5l

12 l 2l

Ed uc a

4l

9l

tio n

(a) Dominic poured 13 l of water into the blue container.

13 l

(b) Keira poured 16 l of water into the yellow container.

5l

13 l

16 l

2l

al

4l

9l

eg

(c) Ethan poured 28 l of water into the red container.

R

4l

9l

5l

2l

12 l

28 l

69

At Home 1. Some water was poured into identical glasses.

Check the glass with the smaller volume of water.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

2. Circle the glass with the greatest volume of water.

eg

al

(a)

R

(b)

70

3. The liquid in each container was poured into 1-liter beakers.

Find the volume of liquid from each container.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a)

(b)

l

R

eg

al

(c)

l

l

71

4. Check to describe the volume of liquid in each container. (a) Bottle of hand wash less than 1 l

about 1 l

tio n

more than 1 l

Ed uc a

(b) Water cooler bottle

less than 1 l

more than 1 l about 1 l

(c) Cup of tea

al

less than 1 l

eg

more than 1 l

about 1 l

R

(d) Bottle of eye drops less than 1 l more than 1 l about 1 l

72

Mass and Volume Word Problems Let’s Learn

236

mass of apple

mass of mango

1

1

Ed uc a

125

tio n

Riley buys an apple and a mango for lunch.

The apple has a mass of 125 grams and the mango has a mass of 236 grams.

What is the combined mass of the fruits?

?

2 5

+ 2 3 6 3 6

1

125 + 236 = 361 So, the combined mass of the fruits is 361 grams.

eg

5 kg

al

A brick has a mass of 5 kg.

Mr. Cordner orders 9 such bricks to fix a wall.

What is the total mass of the bricks?

?

R

5 x 9 = 45 The total mass of the bricks is 45 kg.

73

Ed uc a

tio n

The elephant has a mass of 2,750 kg.

The car has a mass of 1,349 kg.

How much heavier is the elephant than the car?

2,750 kg

?

al

2,750 – 1,349 = 1,401 The elephant is 1,401 kg heavier than the car.

eg

8 identical paper clips are joined in a chain.

The mass of the chain is 24 g.

Find the mass of 1 paper clip.

R

?

24 g

24 ÷ 8 = 3 The mass of 1 paper clip is 3 g.

74

10

– 1 3 4 9

mass of car 1,349 kg

4

2 7 5 0

mass of elephant

1

4 0 1

9l

Ed uc a

?

tio n

Ethan's bucket holds 9 liters of water.

He uses 8 buckets to help wash his father's car.

How many liters of water does he use in total?

9 x 8 = 72 Ethan uses 72 l of water in total to wash his father's car.

eg

al

An inflatable swimming pool holds 2,150 l of water.

Some children jump in the pool and spill 270 l of water.

What volume of water remains in the pool?

2,150 l 1

R

volume before spill

volume after spill ?

spilled 270 l

2

–

10

15

1 5 0

2 7 0 1

8 8 0

2,150 – 270 = 1,880 There is 1,880 l of water remaining in the pool.

75

A store has 844 l of milk.

An order of 1,260 l is delivered to the store.

Find the total volume of milk.

1,260 l

milk in store

milk delivered ?

+

1

2 6 0 8 4 4

2

Ed uc a

844 + 1,260 = 2,104 The store has a total of 2,104 l of milk.

1

tio n

844 l

1

1 0 4

eg

al

Mrs. Kim needs to buy 28 liters of paint to paint her garden fence.

She buys the paint in 4 identical tins.

What is the volume of paint in each tin?

R

?

28 l

28 ÷ 4 = 7 Each tin contains 7 l of paint.

76

Ed uc a

1. A dairy farmer gets 27 l of milk from his cows in the morning.

He pours the milk into identical containers that hold 9 l.

How many containers does he need to hold all of the milk?

÷

tio n

Let’s Practice

=

The dairy farmer needs

containers.

eg

al

2. A pickup truck has a mass of 2,087 kg.

963 kg of soil is loaded into the back of the truck.

What is the mass of the truck now?

R

pickup truck

+

soil

+

?

=

The pickup truck now has a mass of

.

77

orange juice carrot juice

–

–

Ed uc a

?

tio n

3. In 1 day, a juice shop sells 563 l of orange juice and 395 l of carrot juice.

How many more liters of orange juice does the shop sell than carrot juice?

=

The juice shop sells

l more orange juice than carrot juice.

R

eg

al

4. A bakery orders 8 bags of flour.

Each bag has a mass of 5 kg.

Find the total mass of flour ordered.

x

=

The total mass of flour ordered is 78

kg.

Ed uc a

1. Halle's fish tank can hold 24 l of water.

She cleans the tank and refills it using a 4 l container.

How many such containers of water must she pour to fill the tank?

Draw a model to help find the answer.

tio n

At Home

containers are needed to fill the fish tank.

R

eg

al

2. A chocolate factory orders ingredients to make their chocolate. They order 980 kg of sugar and 1,865 kg of cocoa.

What is the total mass of the ingredients?

Draw a model to help find the answer.

The total mass of the ingredients is

kg.

79

Ed uc a

tio n

3. Julian buys 1,550 kg of concrete and 865 kg of stones to repair the driveway to his house. How many more kilograms of concrete did he buy than stones? Draw a model to help find the answer.

Julian bought

more kilograms of concrete than stones.

R

eg

al

4. Dominic fills a tub using a 6 l bucket.

He pours 7 buckets of water into the tub.

What volume of water is in the tub?

Draw a model to help find the answer.

There are 80

l of water in the tub.

Looking Back

Ed uc a

(a) (b)

tio n

1. Check the heavier box. If they have the same mass, circle both boxes.

(c) (d)

2. Fill in the blanks.

R

eg

al

(a) (b)

9 kg

10 kg

0 500 g

1 kg

8 kg

2 kg

7 kg

3 kg

6 kg

5 kg

300 g

4 kg

The school bag has a mass of

400 g

kg.

100 g

200 g

The cake has a mass of

g.

81

3. Circle the appropriate unit of mass to measure each object. (a) A table grams kilograms (b) A cupcake grams kilograms

tio n

(c) A cherry grams kilograms (d) A bookshelf grams kilograms 4. Check the beaker with the greater volume of liquid.

Ed uc a

(a) (b)

eg

al

5. Check the beaker with the smallest volume of liquid.

R

6. The water from the watering can was poured into 1-liter beakers.

Find the volume of water that was in the can.

l 82

7. Circle to describe the volume of a kitchen sink. less than 1 l more than 1 l about 1 l 8. Circle to describe the volume of a coffee cup.

Sugar comes in a box containing 8 packs.

The total mass of the box is 32 kg.

What is the mass of 1 such pack of sugar?

Draw a model to help find the answer.

Ed uc a

9.

tio n

less than 1 l more than 1 l about 1 l

The mass of 1 pack of sugar is

.

R

eg

al

10. A swimming pool contains 3,875 l of water.

After some heavy rain, the volume of water in the pool increases to 4,183 l.

What volume of water did the rain add to the pool?

Draw a model to help find the answer.

The rain added

of water to the pool.

83

8

Time

Telling Time to the Minute

tio n

Anchor Task

It’s 23 minutes past 10.

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

It’s ten twenty-three.

84

It’s 23 minutes after 10 o’clock.

Let’s Learn

Ed uc a

tio n

1 minute

On a clock, it takes the minute hand 1 minute to move from one marking to the next. It takes 5 minutes to move from one number to the next.

al

There are 60 minutes in one hour. It takes the minute hand 1 hour to move once around the clock.

It’s 7:56.

R

eg

It’s 10:13.

85

tio n Ed uc a

R

eg

al

It is 6:12 a.m.

It is 12 minutes past 6 o’clock in the morning.

Jordan wakes up at 12 minutes past 6.

It is 3:26 p.m.

It is 26 minutes past 3 o’clock in the afternoon.

Jordan rides home at 26 minutes past 3.

86

tio n Ed uc a

R

eg

al

It is 10:47 a.m.

It is 13 minutes until 11 o’clock in the morning.

Halle plays the piano at 13 minutes to 11.

It is 8:52 p.m.

It is 8 minutes until 9 o’clock at night.

Halle watches television at 8 minutes to 9.

87

Let’s Practice

tio n

1. Match.

5:39

1:07

9:33

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

6:13

8:55

88

2. Match.

tio n

8 minutes past 10

Ed uc a

12 minutes to 7

12 minutes past 7

R

eg

al

18 minutes to 9

3 minutes past 12

89

3. Fill in the blanks.

.

It is

(b)

It is

minutes to

.

R

eg

(c)

.

.

al

It is

minutes past

Ed uc a

It is

It is It is

90

tio n

(a)

. minutes to

.

It is

(e)

It is

.

.

minutes past

.

R

eg

(f)

minutes to

al

It is

.

Ed uc a

It is

tio n

(d)

It is It is

. minutes to

.

91

4. Write ‘past’ or ‘to’.

5. 12 minutes

Ed uc a

6 minutes

tio n

(a) (b)

5.

(c) (d)

10. 23 minutes

7.

al

16 minutes

R

eg

(e) (f)

9 minutes

92

1. 17 minutes

2.

5. Draw hands on the clocks to show the time.

tio n

(a) 11 minutes past 6 (b) 15 minutes to 11

Ed uc a

(c) 13 minutes to 10 (d) 28 minutes past 1

al

(e) 22 minutes to 3 (f) 12 minutes past 9

eg

6. Fill in the blanks.

(a) 4 minutes to 8 is

.

R

(b) 24 minutes past 12 is

(c) 16 minutes to 1 is (d) 7:39 is

. .

minutes to

(e) 12:02 is

minutes past

(f) 10:47 is

minutes to

. . .

93

Hands On 1. Tell your friends the time you do an activity.

tio n

2. One friends shows the time using their arms.

3. The other friend shows the time on a clock.

Ed uc a

4. Switch roles.

R

eg

al

I play the violin at 25 minutes past 9.

94

(b) Home At

tio n

1. Match.

Ed uc a

12:22

12:11

1:07

R

eg

al

2:55

11:51

95

2. Match.

tio n

9 minutes to 4

Ed uc a

9 minutes past 4

R

eg

al

26 minutes to 11

96

2 minutes past 2

14 minutes to 12

3. Fill in the blanks.

It is

(b)

It is

minutes to

.

R

eg

(c)

.

.

al

It is

minutes past

Ed uc a

It is

.

tio n

(a)

It is It is

. minutes past

.

97

4. Draw the minute and hour hands to show the time.

tio n

(a) 1 minute past 8 (b) 27 minutes to 11

Ed uc a

(c) 13 minutes to 12 (d) 28 minutes past 6

al

(e) 21 minutes to 5 (f) 4 minutes past 7

eg

5. Fill in the blanks.

(a) 16 minutes to 2 is

R

(b) 4 minutes to 11 is

. .

(c) 13 minutes past 1 is (d) 2:54 is

minutes to

(e) 8:29 is

minutes past

(f) 10:33 is 98

minutes to

. . . .

Hands On 1. Roll the dice. Move your counter the number of spaces shown on the dice.

tio n

2. Say the time using ‘past’ and ‘to’. If you say the incorrect time, go back to the start.

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

3. The first player to the finish is the winner.

99

Solve It! Check the correct clock.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) Wyatt worked in the garden for 25 minutes. He finished gardening at 5:00 p.m. What time did Wyatt start gardening?

R

eg

al

(b) Riley started playing the guitar at midday. She played the guitar for 18 minutes. What time did Riley stop playing the guitar?

100

Ed uc a

tio n

(c) Jordan started fishing at 4 o’clock. He caught his first fish 46 minutes later. What time did Jordan catch his first fish?

R

eg

al

(d) Chelsea watched a 30-minute television show. She finished watching the show at 8:15 p.m. What time did the show start?

1 01

Duration of Time Let’s Learn

Ed uc a

tio n

Mr. Jenkins puts a pizza in the oven at 7:30 p.m.

He removes the pizza at 7:48 p.m.

How long does it take Mr. Jenkins to cook a pizza?

5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18.

al

18 17 16

eg

15

10

R

5

It takes Mr. Jenkins 18 minutes to cook a pizza. +5

7:30 1 02

+5

+5

+3

7:45

7:48

tio n

Riley started running at 9:10 a.m.

She ran for 5 kilometers.

She finished at 9:47 a.m.

How long does it take Riley to run 5 kilometers?

47 – 10 = 37

+5

+5

Ed uc a

37 minutes

+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

+2

9:47

9:10

Riley took 37 minutes to run 5 kilometers.

al

How long is it from 4:30 p.m. to 5:15 p.m.?

30 minutes

eg

15 minutes

R

45 minutes

4:30

30 min

15 min

5:00

5:15

30 + 15 = 45 It is 45 minutes from 4:30 p.m. to 5:15 p.m.

103

Let’s Practice 1. Fill in the blanks.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) How many minutes are there from 6:25 a.m. to 6:48 a.m.?

minutes

al

(b) How many minutes are there from 1:20 p.m. to 1:48 p.m.?

minutes

eg

R

(c) How many minutes are there from 8:55 a.m. to 9:10 a.m.?

104

minutes

minutes

tio n

(d) How many minutes are there from 12:35 a.m. to 12:56 a.m.?

Ed uc a

(e) How many minutes are there from 11:05 p.m. to 11:23 p.m.?

minutes

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eg

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(f) How many minutes are there from 10:10 a.m. to 10:36 a.m.?

minutes

105

2. Fill in the blanks. Use the time line to count on.

Ed uc a

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(a) How many minutes are there from 1:05 p.m. to 1:48 p.m.?

minutes

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(b) How many minutes are there from 3:15 a.m. to 3:56 a.m.?

106

minutes

Ed uc a

tio n

(c) How many minutes are there from 5:25 p.m. to 5:59 p.m.?

minutes

3. How many minutes are there between the times?

Fill in the blanks. (a) 3:45 a.m. and 3:52 a.m.

al

(b) 2:45 p.m. and 12:59 p.m. (c) 1:05 a.m. and 1:43 a.m.

eg

(d) 4:20 a.m. and 4:42 a.m.

4. Fill in the blanks.

R

(a) What time is it 14 minutes after 2:30 p.m.?

(b) What time is it 41 minutes after 8:10 p.m.? (c) What time is it 19 minutes after 9:05 p.m.?

(d) What time is it 38 minutes after 11:10 p.m.?

107

5. Fill in the blanks.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) Riley leaves her home at 7:25 a.m.

She arrives at school at 7:52 a.m.

How long did it take Riley to get to school?

It took Riley

minutes to get to school.

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eg

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(b) Science class starts at 2:10 p.m. and finishes at 2:55 p.m.

How long is the science class?

The science class is 108

minutes long.

Ed uc a

tio n

(c) Ethan started jogging at 12:25 p.m.

He jogged for 34 minutes.

What time did Ethan finish jogging?

.

Ethan finished jogging at

R

eg

al

(d) Chelsea goes into her garden at 5:05 p.m.

She plays with her ducks for 52 minutes, then goes inside.

What time does Chelsea go inside?

Chelsea goes inside at

.

109

(b) Home At 1. Fill in the blanks.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) How many minutes are there from 3:05 a.m. to 3:21 a.m.?

minutes

al

(b) How many minutes are there from 2:45 p.m. to 3:18 p.m.?

minutes

R

eg

(c) How many minutes are there from 10:50 a.m. to 11:32 a.m.?

110

minutes

minutes

tio n

(d) How many minutes are there from 7:35 a.m. to 8:12 a.m.?

Ed uc a

(e) How many minutes are there from 3:30 p.m. to 3:45 p.m.?

minutes

R

eg

al

(f) How many minutes are there from 1:50 a.m. to 2:28 a.m.?

minutes

111

2. Fill in the blanks. Use the time line to count on.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) How many minutes are there from 4:15 p.m. to 4:41 p.m.?

minutes

R

eg

al

(b) How many minutes are there from 9:55 a.m. to 10:10 a.m.?

112

minutes

Ed uc a

tio n

(c) How many minutes are there from 2:05 a.m. to 2:43 a.m.?

minutes

3. How many minutes are there between the times?

Fill in the blanks. (a) 1:45 a.m. and 1:52 a.m.

(b) 12:15 p.m. and 12:59 p.m.

al

(c) 5:15 a.m. and 5:39 a.m.

eg

(d) 9:20 a.m. and 9:43 a.m.

4. Fill in the blanks.

R

(a) What time is it 29 minutes after 2:30 p.m.?

(b) What time is it 41 minutes after 2:05 p.m.? (c) What time is it 38 minutes after 11:10 p.m.? (d) What time is it 16 minutes after 12:35 p.m.?

113

5. Fill in the blanks.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) Blake takes a nap at 3:05 p.m.

He wakes up at 3:48 p.m.

How long was Blake asleep?

Blake was asleep for

minutes.

R

eg

al

(b) Sophie started making a pizza at 5:15 p.m.

She finished making the pizza at 5:51 p.m.

How long did it take Sophie to make the pizza?

Sophie took 114

minutes to make the pizza.

Ed uc a

tio n

(c) Wyatt starts hiking 8:10 a.m.

He reaches the waterfall 43 minutes later.

What time did Wyatt reach the waterfall?

Wyatt reached the waterfall at

.

R

eg

al

(d) Halle’s English exam started at 10:15 a.m.

She finished the exam in 43 minutes.

What time did Halle finish the English exam?

Halle finished the English exam at

.

115

Let’s Practice 1. Fill in the blanks.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) How many minutes are there from 9:25 p.m. to 10:15 p.m.?

min

9:25 p.m. +

min

10:00 p.m.

10:15 p.m.

=

minutes

R

eg

al

(b) How many minutes are there from 5:50 a.m. to 6:30 a.m.?

min

5:50 a.m. +

=

minutes 116

min

min

+

min

Ed uc a

1:35 p.m.

tio n

(c) How many minutes are there from 1:35 p.m. to 2:15 p.m.?

=

minutes

R

eg

al

(d) How many minutes are there from 11:45 a.m. to 12:40 p.m.?

min

min

11:45 a.m. +

=

minutes

117

2. Fill in the blanks.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) Ethan started opening his birthday presents at 11:50 a.m.

He finished opening his presents at 12:35 p.m.

How long did Ethan spend opening his presents?

Ethan spent

minutes opening his presents.

R

eg

al

(b) Sophie started cleaning her bedroom at 4:45 p.m.

Her bedroom was spotlessly clean at 5:25 p.m.

How long did it take Sophie to clean her bedroom?

It took Sophie 118

minutes to clean her bedroom.

Ed uc a

tio n

(c) Wyatt left the waterfall at 11:25 a.m.

He reached the cave 53 minutes later.

What time did Wyatt reach the cave?

Wyatt reached the cave at

.

R

eg

al

(d) Halle’s science exam started at 2:10 p.m.

She finished the exam in 58 minutes.

What time did Halle finish the science exam?

Halle finished the science exam at

.

119

Solve It! Use the map on the next page to answer the questions.

.

Ed uc a

Sophie arrived at the waterfall at

tio n

1. Sophie left the camp site at midday. She hiked via the cave to the waterfall. What time did she arrive at the waterfall?

2. Blake left the camp site at 3:10 p.m. He hiked past the pond and the waterfall to the forest. What time did Blake arrive at the forest?

al

Blake arrived at the forest at

.

R

eg

3. Keira left the camp site at 8:00 a.m. She passed the pond, rocks and forest on the way to the waterfall. What time did Keira arrive at the waterfall?

Keira arrived at the waterfall at 120

.

tio n

35 min

Ed uc a

25 min

10 min

25 min

15 min

35 min

R

eg

al

30 min

1h

121

(b) Home At 1. Fill in the blanks.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) How many minutes are there from 6:35 p.m. to 7:20 p.m.?

min

6:35 p.m. +

min

7:00 p.m.

7:20 p.m.

=

minutes

R

eg

al

(b) How many minutes are there from 11:45 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.?

11:45 a.m. +

min 12:00 p.m. =

minutes 1 22

min 12:30 p.m.

min

+

min

4:00 p.m. 4:10 p.m.

Ed uc a

3:20 p.m.

tio n

(c) How many minutes are there from 3:20 p.m. to 4:10 p.m.?

=

minutes

R

eg

al

(d) How many minutes are there from 10:45 a.m. to 11:40 a.m.?

min

min

10:45 a.m. +

=

minutes 123

2. Fill in the blanks.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) Riley arrived at her grandmother’s house at 9:40 a.m.

She left at 10:15 a.m.

How long did Riley spend at her grandmother’s house?

Riley spent

minutes at her grandmother’s house.

R

eg

al

(b) Jordan started his homework at 4:25 p.m.

He finished at 5:20 p.m.

How long did Jordan spend doing his homework?

Jordan spent 124

minutes doing his homework.

Ed uc a

tio n

(c) Halle started playing her ukulele at 10:25 a.m.

She played the ukulele for 50 minutes.

What time did Halle stop playing the ukulele?

Halle stopped playing the ukulele at

.

R

eg

al

(d) Ethan arrived at the swimming pool at 12:45 p.m.

He swam for 55 minutes, then left.

What time did Ethan leave the swimming pool?

Ethan left the swimming pool at

.

125

Looking Back 1. Fill in the blanks.

.

(b)

It is

minutes past

.

.

minutes to

al

It is

Ed uc a

It is It is

tio n

(a)

.

eg

2. Draw the clock hands to show the time.

R

(a) 27 minute past 8 (b) 12 minutes to 12

126

3. Fill in the blanks. .

(b) 18 minutes to 3 is

.

tio n

(a) 21 minutes to 7 is

4. Fill in the blanks.

minutes between 4:45 a.m. and 4:52 a.m.

(b) There are

minutes between 12:30 p.m. and 12:54 p.m.

Ed uc a

(a) There are

5. Fill in the blanks.

(a) How many minutes are there from 6:45 p.m. to 7:35 p.m.?

+

=

al

minutes.

R

eg

(b) How many minutes are there from 12:40 p.m. to 1:25 p.m.?

+

minutes.

=

127

9

Geometry

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Anchor Task

1 28

Recognizing Quadrilaterals Let’s Learn

Ed uc a

tio n

Observe the lines on each side of the ruler.

Notice that the distance between the two lines is the same at any point. Lines that are an equal distance apart and do not meet are called parallel lines.

B

A

J

E

L

G

D

C

F

H

We say: EF is parallel to GH. We write: EF GH

K

The distance between IJ and KL does not stay the same.

IJ is not parallel to KL.

R

eg

al

We say: AB is parallel to CD. We write: AB CD

I

129

Identify the pairs of parallel lines.

N

O

P

R

V

S

W

D

B

QR is parallel to ST. QR ST

AB is parallel to CD. AB CD

Ed uc a

MN is parallel to OP. MN OP

A X

U Q

C

T

tio n

M

Recall that squares, rectangles, trapezoids and parallelograms are quadrilaterals. A quadrilateral has 4 straight sides and 4 angles. square

rectangle

al

side

eg

angle

R

trapezoid

130

parallelogram side

angle

Let’s look at some different types of quadrilaterals. quadrilaterals parallelograms

• at least 1 pair of parallel sides

• 2 pairs of parallel sides

tio n

trapezoids

Ed uc a

• no parallel sides

rhombi

• opposite sides of equal length

• all sides of equal length

R

eg

al

rectangles

squares

• all angles and sides are equal

131

Let’s Practice 1. Check the pairs of lines that are parallel.

W Y B

C

D

M

L N

tio n

A

O

X

P

F

E

Q S

H

I

Ed uc a

R

Z

L

K

G

J

2. How many pairs of parallel lines does each shape have?

eg

al

(a) (b) (c)

R

(d) (e) (f)

1 32

al

Ed uc a

tio n

3. (a) Check the shapes that are quadrilaterals.

eg

(b) Explain why a square is a type of rectangle.

R

(c) Explain why a triangle is not a quadrilateral.

133

4. Choose a word from the box that best describes each shape. square rectangle rhombus parallelogram trapezoid quadrilateral

al

(c)

R

eg

(e)

1 34

tio n

(b)

Ed uc a

(a)

(d)

(f)

Hands On

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Work in pairs and identify objects around the schoolyard that have a quadrilateral shape. List them in the table below.

Quadrilateral

R

eg

Object

135

At Home 1. Complete the key and color the shapes. rectangles

rhombi

trapezoids

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

squares

136

2. Circle the word that best describes the shape. (a)

tio n

square rectangle

(b)

Ed uc a

rectangle rhombus

(c)

parallelogram square

R

eg

(d)

al

rhombus square

137

Drawing Quadrilaterals Let’s Learn

tio n

Keira uses dot paper to draw some quadrilaterals.

She chooses 4 dots. Then she uses a pencil and ruler to draw lines and connect the dots.

Ed uc a

Can you name the pink shape?

eg

al

Michelle draws some quadrilaterals on a piece of grid paper.

She chooses 4 points where the grid lines cross. Then she uses a pencil to connect the points.

R

What color is the rectangle?

1 38

Let’s Practice

Ed uc a

tio n

1. Draw 3 squares on the dot paper.

R

eg

al

2. Draw 3 rectangles on the grid paper.

139

Ed uc a

tio n

3. Draw 3 parallelograms on the dot paper.

R

eg

al

4. Draw 2 quadrilaterals on the grid paper that are not squares, rectangles or parallelograms. Explain how they are different.

140

Hands On Work in pairs.

1. Draw a quadrilateral on the dot paper below.

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

2. Have your partner name the shape and make it on a geoboard. Switch turns.

1 41

At Home

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

1. On the dot paper, draw a square, a rectangle and a rhombus.

Label each shape.

142

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

2. On the grid paper, draw a parallelogram, a square and a trapezoid. Label each shape.

143

Looking Back

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

1. Check the shapes that are quadrilaterals.

144

2. Check 1 or more names for each shape. quadrilateral

square

rectangle

trapezoid

tio n

(a)

parallelogram

quadrilateral

square

Ed uc a

(b)

rhombus

trapezoid

rhombus

parallelogram

quadrilateral

square

rectangle

trapezoid

rhombus

parallelogram

eg

al

(c)

rectangle

R

3. (a) Draw a trapezoid. (b) Draw a parallelogram.

145

10

Area and Perimeter

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Anchor Task

146

Introduction to Area Let’s Learn

Ed uc a

Count the squares used to make each figure!

tio n

Michelle uses square tiles to make some figures. She counts the number of tiles used to make each shape.

6 square tiles

3 square tiles

5 square tiles

al

The amount of surface covered by a shape is called area.

We say: The green figure has an area of 6 square tiles.

The yellow figure has an area of 3 square tiles.

The red figure has an area of 5 square tiles.

eg

Riley uses some yellow and blue tiles to make a figure.

Each blue tile has half the area of a yellow square tile

R

Can you find the area of her figure?

2 blue tiles can combine to make 1 square tile.

Riley’s figure has an area of 4 square tiles.

147

1 unit

The square grids below are made of squares that have a side length of 1 unit.

1 unit

tio n

Halle draws and shades a figure on a sheet of square grid paper.

What is the area of the shaded figure?

Ed uc a

To find the area of the shaded figure, count the number of square units it fills up.

A

Area A = 20 square units.

R

eg

al

Keira draws and shades a figure on a sheet of square grid paper.

What is the area of the shaded figure?

To find the area of the shaded figure, add the number of square units and half square units.

B

Area B = 8 square units + 4 half square units. = 10 square units.

1 48

Let’s Practice

square units.

Area =

square units.

al

Area =

Ed uc a

tio n

1. Find the area of each figure.

Area =

eg

square units. square units.

R

Area =

Area =

square units.

149

2. The figures are inside a grid made up of square tiles.

B

E

Ed uc a

A

tio n

C

D

al

F

(a) Find the area of each figure. square units. Area B =

square units.

Area C =

square units. Area D =

square units.

Area E =

square units. Area F =

square units.

R

eg

Area A =

(b) Which figure has the greatest area?

(c) Which figure has the smallest area?

150

Solve It!

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

The blue figure has an area of 16 square units.

Color 3 more figures that have a different shape but the same area.

Make sure the figures do not overlap or share any squares.

1 51

At Home 1. Find the area of each figure. (b)

tio n

(a)

Area = (c)

square units.

(d)

eg

R 152

Area =

Area =

square units.

Area =

square units.

square units.

al

Area =

(e)

square units.

Ed uc a

Area =

(f)

square units.

2. Complete the following.

N

tio n

M

O

Ed uc a

P

Q

eg

al

R

(a) Circle 2 figures that have the same area. square units.

(c) Figure N has an area of

square units.

R

(b) Figure R has an area of

(d) Figure

has the smallest area.

(e) Figure

has the greatest area.

1 53

Measuring Area Let’s Learn

1 cm

cm2

Ed uc a

1 cm

tio n

A square centimeter is an area equal to a square with a side length of 1 cm.

The symbol for square centimeters is cm2­.

We can use square centimeters as a unit of measurement for area.

The square has a side length of 3 cm.

Let’s find the area of the square.

1 cm

eg

al

3 cm

The 3 cm square can be divided into nine 1 cm squares.

1 cm

R

The area of the square is 9 square centimeters.

We say: 9 square centimeters.

We write: 9 cm2­.

154

The pink rectangle has a height of 2 cm and width of 5 cm.

5 cm

1 cm 1 cm

It has an area of 10 cm2.

tio n

2 cm

1 cm

1 cm

eg

al

Ed uc a

The squares in the grid below have a side length of 1 cm.

R

Each figure in the grid has an area of 12 cm2.

155

A square meter is an area equal to a square with a side length of 1 m.

The symbol for square meters is m2­.

100 cm 1m

m2

tio n

100 cm

1m

4m

Ed uc a

The yellow rectangle has height of 3 m and width of 4 m.

1m

1m

3m

The area of the rectangle is 12 square meters.

We say: 12 square meters.

We write: 12 m2­.

R

eg

al

The squares in the grid below have a side length of 1 m.

Both figures in the grid have an area of 14 m2.

156

1m 1m

This square has a side length of 1 inch.

It has an area of 1 square inch.

The symbol for square inches is in2­.

1 in

tio n

1 in

in2

3 in

Ed uc a

The blue rectangle has a height of 2 in and width of 3 in.

1 in

1 in

2 in

The area of the rectangle is 6 square inches.

We say: 6 square inches.

We write: 6 in2­.

1 in 1 in

R

eg

al

The squares in the grid below have a side length of 1 in.

Both figures in the grid have an area of 8 in2.

157

12 in

1 ft

tio n

A square foot is an area equal to a square with a side length of 1 ft.

The symbol for square feet is ft2­.

12 in 1 ft

ft2

4 ft

Ed uc a

The green rectangle has height of 5 ft and width of 4 ft.

1 ft

1 ft

5 ft

eg

al

The area of the rectangle is 20 square feet.

We say: 20 square feet.

We write: 20 ft2­.

R

The squares in the grid below have a side length of 1 ft.

Both figures in the grid have an area of 13 ft 2.

158

1 ft 1 ft

Let’s Practice 1. Find the area of each figure.

1 cm

(a)

Area =

tio n

1 cm

Ed uc a

Area =

Area =

1m 1m

eg

al

(b)

Area =

Area =

Area =

Area =

R

Area =

159

1 in

(c)

Area =

tio n

1 in

Ed uc a

Area =

Area =

al

(d)

Area =

R

eg

Area =

160

Area =

Area =

Area =

1 ft 1 ft

2. Find the area of each rectangle. Make sure you write the correct area units. (a)

1 cm

The square is made up of

1-cm squares.

tio n

1 cm

Area = (b)

The rectangle is made up

Ed uc a

1m

1 m of

1-m squares.

Area =

(c) 1 m 1m

The rectangle is made up 1-m squares.

al

of

eg

Area =

R

(d)

1 cm 1 cm

The rectangle is made up of

1-cm squares.

Area = 161

3. Find the area of each figure. (a)

The figure is made up

1m

1 m of

1-m squares.

(b)

tio n

Area =

1 cm

Ed uc a

1 cm

The figure is made up of

1-cm squares.

Area =

(c)

eg

al

1 cm

R

(d)

The figure is made up

1 cm

of

1-cm squares.

Area =

1m 1 m The figure is made up

of Area = 1 62

1-m squares.

(e)

The figure is made up of 1 cm

1-cm squares.

Area =

tio n

1 cm

(f) 1m

Ed uc a

The figure is made up 1m

of

1-m squares.

Area =

(g)

1m

eg

al

1m

R

(h)

The figure is made up of

1-m squares.

Area =

1 cm 1 cm

The figure is made up of

1-cm squares.

Area = 163

Hands On

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Work in pairs.

Take square centimeter tiles and build squares.

Start with a square of side length 1 cm.

Add tiles to make a new square of side length 2 cm.

Find the area of each square you make and fill in the table.

Number of 1 cm squares

Area in cm2

1 cm

1

1

eg

Square Side Length

R

2 cm

3 cm 4 cm 5 cm

164

At Home 1 . Find the area of each figure. Make sure you write the correct area units.

1m

tio n

(a)

1m

Area = (b)

1 cm

Ed uc a

(c)

1 cm

1 cm

1 cm

Area = (d)

Area =

1m

(e)

1m

1m

eg

al

1m

Area =

Area =

R

(f)

(g)

1 in 1 in

1 cm 1 cm

Area =

Area = 165

(h)

(i)

1 ft

1 ft 1 ft

1 ft

tio n

Area =

Area =

(j)

1 in

Ed uc a

1 in

Area =

(k)

(l)

1 cm

1m

1 cm

al

1m

Area =

eg

Area =

(n)

1m 1m

R

(m)

1 cm 1 cm

Area = Area = 166

2. Find the area of each figure.

1 in

(a)

Area =

tio n

1 in

Ed uc a

Area =

Area =

al

(b)

Area =

1 ft 1 ft

Area =

Area =

Area =

R

eg

Area =

1 67

Ed uc a

tio n

3. The grid is made of squares that have a side length of 1 cm.

(a) What is the area of the pink figure?

(b) What color is the figure that has an area of 13 cm2?

al

(c) What shape is the figure with the largest area?

eg

(d) What is the area of the green square?

R

(e) 2 figures have the same area. What is the area?

168

Area of Rectangles Let’s Learn

tio n

Figure A is a rectangle. Find its area in square centimeters.

To find the area of a rectangle, we multiply the length by the breadth.

3 cm

Figure A

Ed uc a

6 cm Area Figure A = length x breadth = 6 cm x 3 cm = 18 cm2

The area of Figure A is 18 cm2.

Find the area of each rectangle in square centimeters.

al

(a) (b)

eg

Figure B

4 cm

Figure C

6 cm

R

5 cm

Area Figure B = length x breadth = 5 cm x 4 cm = 20 cm2

5 cm Area Figure C = length x breadth = 5 cm x 6 cm = 30 cm2

169

Let’s Practice 1. Find the area of each rectangle. (a) (b) 3 cm

6 cm

2 cm

Area = Area = 3m (c) (d)

tio n

1 cm

Ed uc a

5 cm

4 cm

6m

Area =

al

Area =

R

eg

6 cm (e) (f)

Area = 170

9m

9m

10 cm

Area =

8 in (g) (h)

10 ft

2 in 8 ft

Area = 3 cm (i) (j)

tio n

Area =

Ed uc a

7 in

5 in

7 cm

al

Area =

Area =

6 in

4 ft 6 in

R

eg

10 ft (k) (l)

Area =

Area = 171

2. Find the area of each rectangle.

1 cm 1 cm

Q

tio n

S

Ed uc a

P

T

R

(a) What is the area of figure Q?

al

(b) Which figure has an area of 15 cm2?

(c) Which figure has the largest area? What is its area?

eg

has an area of

.

(d) Which 2 figures have the same area?

R

and

have the same area.

(e) What is the area of figures Q and T combined?

172

+

=

Solve It!

tio n

The figures are made by combining 2 or more rectangles.

Find the area of each figure.

Divide the figure (a) into rectangles! Find the area of each rectangle and combine.

4 cm

Ed uc a

4 cm

Working

3 cm

8 cm

Area = (b)

al

7m

eg

3m

2m

Working

R

5m

7m

2m 8m

Area = 173

At Home 1. Find the area of each rectangle.

1m

4 cm

tio n

4m (a) (b)

3 cm

Area =

(c)

Ed uc a

Area = 20 m

6m

Area =

4m (d) (e)

R

eg

al

10 cm

7m

Area = Area =

174

10 cm

A

Y

4 cm

tio n

2. In what month is Wyatt’s birthday?

Find the area of each rectangle.

Then match the letters to the areas below to find out.

2m

3m

Ed uc a

4 cm

N

J

10 cm

12 cm

4m

U

1 cm

3 cm 2 cm

3m

R

eg

R

al

6 cm

12 cm2

16 cm2

60 cm2

6 cm2

16 cm2

12 m2

6 m2

175

Introduction to Perimeter

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Anchor Task

176

Let’s Learn

The total distance around a figure is called the perimeter.

tio n

Dominic draws two figures on a sheet of 1-cm square grid paper.

He adds the lengths of each side of the figures.

Ed uc a

1 cm

1 cm

B

al

A

eg

The distance of a continuous line around a figure is the perimeter.

R

Perimeter A = 7 cm + 5 cm + 7 cm + 5 cm = 24 cm Perimeter B = 5 cm + 2 cm + 3 cm + 4 cm + 2 cm + 6 cm = 22 cm

177

Find the perimeter of the triangle.

12 m

16 m

Ed uc a

Perimeter = 20 m + 16 m + 12 m = 48 m

tio n

To find the perimeter of the triangle, add the lengths of the sides.

20 m

Find the perimeter of the rectangle.

The perimeter of the rectangle is its length + breadth + length + breadth.

11 m

40 m

al

Perimeter = 40 m + 11 m + 40 m + 11 m = 102 m

eg

Find the perimeter of the square.

R

8 cm

Perimeter = 8 cm + 8 cm + 8 cm + 8 cm = 4 x 8 cm = 32 cm 178

The perimeter of the square is equal to 4 times its length.

Find the perimeter of each figure.

3 cm

1 cm

2 cm

2 cm + 3 cm + 1 cm + 3 cm + 4 cm = 13 cm The figure has a perimeter of 13 cm.

tio n

3 cm 4 cm

6m

6m

Ed uc a

4m

4 m + 6 m + 6 m + 4 m + 6 m + 6 m = 32 m The figure has a perimeter of 32 m.

6m

6m

4m

Find the perimeter of each figure formed with an elastic band on the geoboard.

1 cm

al

B

C

eg

A

1 cm

R

Perimeter A = 2 cm + 3 cm + 2 cm + 3 cm

= 10 cm Perimeter B = 4 x 2 cm = 8 cm

Perimeter C = 1 cm + 1 cm + 1 cm + 1 cm + 2 cm + 1 cm + 4cm + 3 cm

= 14 cm 179

Let’s Practice 1. Find the perimeter of each figure. Show your working. (a) 3 cm

5 cm

(b)

Ed uc a

Perimeter =

tio n

Working

Working

5 cm

4 cm

3 cm

(c)

al

Perimeter =

10 m

eg

10 m

R

10 m

10 m 10 m

Perimeter = 180

Working

(d)

Working

tio n

12 cm

12 cm

Perimeter =

Ed uc a

(e)

Working

35 cm

50 cm

Perimeter = 3m

al

(f)

2m

3m

eg

R

Working

4m

3m

3m

Perimeter =

181

A

tio n

2. The figures below are inside 1-cm square grid paper.

R

eg

al

C

Ed uc a

B

182

G

E

F H

D

(a) Find the perimeter of each figure.

Working

Perimeter A =

tio n

Perimeter B =

Ed uc a

Perimeter C = Perimeter D = Perimeter E = Perimeter F =

al

Perimeter G =

eg

Perimeter H =

(b) Which figure has the greatest perimeter?

R

(c) Which figure has the smallest perimeter? (d) Which 2 figures have the same perimeter?

Figures

and

have the same perimeter.

(e) Which figure has the greatest number of sides?

183

Solve It!

tio n

Ethan has a piece of wire that is 16 cm long.

He wants to bend the wire to make a rectangle.

Draw 4 different rectangles he can make that use the full length of the wire in the grid below.

1 cm

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

1 cm

184

At Home 1. Find the perimeter of each figure. Show your working. (a)

Working

tio n

5 cm

5 cm

(b)

Ed uc a

Perimeter =

7 cm

7 cm

7 cm

Working

7 cm

7 cm

7 cm

Perimeter =

al

12 m

7m

R

eg

(c)

5m

Working

4m 5m

Perimeter =

185

2. Find the perimeter of each figure on the geoboard.

1 cm

tio n

1 cm

Perimeter =

Perimeter =

Ed uc a

Perimeter =

R

eg

al

Perimeter =

Perimeter =

186

Perimeter =

3. Draw 2 different rectangles with a perimeter of 14 cm.

1 cm

Ed uc a

tio n

1 cm

4. Draw a figure with 6 sides that has a perimeter of 28 cm.

1 cm

R

eg

al

1 cm

1 87

Area and Perimeter Let’s Learn 1 cm 1 cm

tio n

Find the area and perimeter of the rectangle.

Ed uc a

Area = 5 cm x 3 cm

= 15 cm2

Perimeter = 5 cm + 3 cm + 5 cm + 3cm

= 16 cm

Compare the areas and perimeters of the figures in the geoboard.

A

R

eg

al

Area = 8 cm2 Perimeter = 12 cm

B

Figures A and B have the same area but different perimeters!

1 88

1 cm 1 cm

Area = 8 cm2 Perimeter = 16 cm

C

Area = 5 cm2 Perimeter = 12 cm

Figures A and C have the same perimeter but different areas!

Let’s Practice 1. Find the perimeter and area of each figure.

1 cm

tio n

1 cm

Ed uc a

Area =

Perimeter =

Area =

Perimeter =

Area =

R

eg

al

Perimeter =

Area = Perimeter =

189

2. Compare the areas and perimeters of the figures in the geoboard.

1 cm

tio n

1 cm

B

Ed uc a

A

C

eg

al

D

(a) Find 2 figures that have the same area.

R

Figures

and

both have an area of

cm2.

(b) Find 2 figures that have the same perimeter.

Figures

190

and

both have a perimeter of

cm.

3. Fill in the blanks.

1 cm 1 cm

Figure M

Ed uc a

tio n

Figure L

Figure O

Figure P

R

eg

al

Figure N

(a) Each figure has a perimeter of

(b) Figures

and

cm.

have the same area of

cm2.

191

Solve It!

guesthouse

tio n

Michelle spent her vacation at her grandfather’s ranch.

The map shows some of the features of the ranch.

flower bed

Ed uc a

games room

R

eg

al

herb garden

192

main house

swimming pool

Use your notebook to answer the questions below.

1m

tio n

1m

vegetable garden

Ed uc a

tool shed

(a) Find the area of the swimming pool.

al

(b) Find the perimeter of the guesthouse.

(c) What is the combined area of the guesthouse and

eg

games room?

(d) What is the area of the main house?

R

(e) Michelle’s grandfather wants to build a fence around the vegetable garden, the flower bed and the herb garden to keep the animals out.

How many meters of fencing will he need?

193

At Home 1. Find the perimeter and area of each figure.

1 cm

Area =

Ed uc a

Area =

tio n

1 cm

Perimeter =

R

eg

al

Perimeter =

194

Area =

Area =

Perimeter =

Perimeter =

2. Compare the areas and perimeters of the figures in the geoboard.

1 cm

tio n

1 cm

A

Ed uc a

B

C

eg

al

D

(a) Find 2 figures that have the same area.

R

Figures

and

both have an area of

cm2.

(b) Find 2 figures that have the same perimeter.

Figures

and

both have a perimeter of

cm.

195

Looking Back 1. Find the area of each figure in square units.

square units.

Area =

square units.

Area =

square units.

Area =

square units.

Ed uc a

Area =

tio n

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

square units.

eg

al

Area =

R

(d) (e)

Area = 196

square units.

2. Find the area of each rectangle.

12 cm (a) (b) 10 m

tio n

4 cm 5m

Area =

(c)

Ed uc a

Area =

20 in

6 in

Area =

3 cm (d) (e)

eg

al

8 ft

8 ft

R

9 cm

Area = Area = 197

3. Find the perimeter of each figure. (a)

12 cm

Ed uc a

Perimeter =

tio n

8 cm

(b)

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

Perimeter =

5 cm

5 cm

(c)

al

5 cm

9m

11 m

eg

12 m

11 m

R

8m

11 m

10 m 17 m

Perimeter = 1 98

4. Find the area and perimeter of each figure.

1 cm

Area =

Ed uc a

tio n

1 cm

Perimeter =

R

eg

al

Perimeter =

Area =

Area =

Area =

Perimeter =

Perimeter =

199

11

Fractions

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

Anchor Task

tio n

Equal Parts

2 00

Let’s Learn

Ed uc a

tio n

Sophie takes a piece of paper and divides it into 4 parts.

Each part is the same size.

The piece of paper is divided into equal parts.

4 equal parts

al

These pieces of paper have also been divided into equal parts.

How many equal parts does each shape have?

4 equal parts

3 equal parts

8 equal parts

R

eg

These pieces of paper have been divided into parts of unequal sizes.

2 01

Sophie and Halle make a sandwich.

To share the sandwich, they cut it into two equal parts.

How much of the sandwich does each child get?

Ed uc a

tio n

We get half each!

Each child gets one of two equal parts.

We can express this as a fraction.

Each child gets 1 , or one-half of the sandwich.

2

al

A unit fraction is one equal part of the whole. The top number of a unit fraction is always 1. The bottom number of a unit fraction shows the number of equal parts.

R

eg

Blake folds a piece of paper into four equal parts.

What unit fraction represents one equal part?

1 4

1 4

1 4

1 4

One-fourth is the same as one-quarter.

One part out of four is 1 , or one-fourth.

4

202

Let’s look at some unit fractions.

1 2

tio n

one-half

1 3 1 4 one-quarter

1 5 one-fifth

1 6

Ed uc a

one-third

eg

1 7

al

one-sixth

one-seventh

R

1 8

one-eighth s a whole is divided into more and more parts, the unit fraction A represents a smaller and smaller part of the whole.

203

Let’s Practice 1. Check the shapes that are divided into equal parts. Cross the shapes that are not divided into equal parts.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

eg

al

(e) (f)

R

(g) (h)

204

2. Draw lines to divide the shapes into equal parts.

four equal parts

Ed uc a

two equal parts

tio n

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

al

five equal parts

three equal parts

R

eg

(e) (f)

six equal parts

eight equal parts 205

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

3. Circle the unit fractions.

206

4. Color and write the unit fraction.

Ed uc a

(c) (d)

tio n

(a) (b)

(e) (f)

R

eg

al

(g) (h)

207

5. Write the unit fraction.

Ed uc a

(c) (d)

tio n

(a) (b)

eg

al

(e) (f)

R

(g) (h)

208

Hands On

2. Flick the paper clip to spin it.

3. Race your friends to name the unit fractions.

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

4. The first person to correctly name the fractions is the winner and makes the next spin.

tio n

1. Place a paper clip on the center of the circle and hold it in place with a pencil as shown.

209

Solve It!

(b)

(c)

R

eg

al

(d)

210

tio n

(a)

Ed uc a

Divide each square into quarters.

Use a different way each time.

The first one has been done for you.

At Home 1. Divide the shapes into equal parts.

Ed uc a

tio n

(a) 2 equal parts. (b) 4 equal parts.

eg

al

(c) 2 equal parts. (d) 4 equal parts.

R

(e) 6 equal parts. (f) 4 equal parts.

211

2. Match the unit fractions.

1 2

tio n

1 3

Ed uc a

1 4 1 5 1 6

R

eg

al

3. Check the shapes that show 1 .

212

2

4. Check the shapes that show 1 .

Ed uc a

tio n

3

5. Check the shapes that show 1 .

R

eg

al

4

213

6. Check the shapes that show 1 .

Ed uc a

tio n

5

7. Check the shapes that show 1 .

R

eg

al

6

214

8. Check the shapes that show 1 .

Ed uc a

tio n

7

9. Check the shapes that show 1 .

R

eg

al

8

215

10. Fill in the blanks. (a)

The shape has

equal parts.

(b)

equal parts.

Ed uc a

The shape has

The unit fraction of the shape is

(c)

The shape has

al

eg

R (e)

The shape has

.

equal parts.

The unit fraction of the shape is 216

.

equal parts.

The unit fraction of the shape is

The shape has

.

equal parts.

The unit fraction of the shape is

(d)

.

tio n

The unit fraction of the shape is

.

Solve It!

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Michelle is having chicken and vegetables for dinner.

She divides her dinner plate into five equal parts.

She puts all of the peas in one equal part.

What fraction of Michelle's dinner plate has peas?

Draw a picture to show your understanding.

of Michelle's dinner plate has peas.

217

Parts of a Whole

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Anchor Task

218

219

al

eg

R

tio n

Ed uc a

Let’s Learn When we take a whole and divide it into equal parts, we get fractions. The whole orange is cut into 2 equal pieces.

2

tio n

Each piece is a half, which we write as 1 .

2 halves make 1 whole.

1 2

1 2

Ed uc a

1 whole

1 2

half

1 2

half

The numbers of a fraction have special names.

al

1 2

R

eg

A half has a numerator of 1.

220

The top number is called the numerator.

The bottom number is called the denominator. ... and a denominator of 2!

1 4

1 whole

1 4

quarter

tio n

Let’s cut an apple into 4 equal pieces. Each piece is a quarter.

1 4

quarter

quarter

1 4

quarter

Ed uc a

4 quarters make 1 whole.

1 4

1 4

1 4

1 4

Ethan eats 3 pieces of the apple. We say he eats 3 quarters of the apple. We can write this as a fraction 3 .

1 4

R

eg

1 4

al

4

1 4

I ate 3 quarters of the apple!

1 4

1 4

1 4

221

Ed uc a

tio n

A pizza is cut into 4 equal slices. Jordan eats one slice.

Let’s write the slice he ate as a fraction.

We write the fraction of pizza he ate as 1 .

4

A farmer divides his field into 5 equal parts.

He plants corn in two of the parts and wheat in the remaining parts.

1 5

1 5

1 5

eg

al

1 5

2 5

R

Let's write the quantity of each crop as a fraction.

2 of the field is corn and 3 of the field is wheat.

5 5 2 and 3 make 1 whole.

5 5

222

3 5

1 5

What fraction of the shapes are colored?

What fraction is not colored?

Each part represents 1 .

tio n

3 parts are colored.

4

So 3 of the shape is colored.

4

1 part is not colored.

So 1 of the shape is not colored.

Ed uc a

4

Each part represents 1 .

2 parts are colored.

6

So 2 of the shape is colored.

6

4 parts are not colored.

So 4 of the shape is not colored.

R

eg

al

6

Each part represents 1 .

4 parts are colored.

5

So 4 of the shape is colored.

5

1 part is not colored.

So 1 of the shape is not colored.

5

223

Let’s Practice 1. Write the numerator of each fraction.

1

4

(b)

3

5

(c)

(d)

4

7

(e)

1

8

(f)

(g)

1

5

3

4

(i)

2

6

tio n

(a)

2

3 5

7

Ed uc a (h)

2. Write the denominator of each fraction.

3

4

(d)

4

5

(b)

1

2

(c)

1

3

(e)

3

6

(f)

2

4

4

7

(i)

5

8

al

(a)

2

3

eg

R

(g)

224

(h)

3. Match the fraction to its name in words. four fifths

2 7

one third

1 3

four sevenths

3 5

al

3 4

Ed uc a

4 5

tio n

4 7

three fifths

one half

two sevenths

five eighths

5 8

three quarters

R

eg

1 2

225

(b)

(c)

(d)

Ed uc a

(a)

(f)

eg

al

(e)

R

(g)

226

tio n

4. What fraction of each pizza remains?

(h)

5. Complete for each shape.

is colored.

is not colored.

is colored.

tio n

(a)

is colored.

is not colored.

is colored.

is not colored.

is colored.

is not colored.

R

eg

al

(c)

(d)

is not colored.

Ed uc a

(b)

(e)

227

(f)

(g)

is not colored.

Ed uc a

is colored.

is colored.

is not colored.

is colored.

is not colored.

is colored.

is not colored.

R

eg

al

(h)

(i)

is not colored.

tio n

is colored.

(j)

228

Hands On

2. Flick the paper clip to spin it.

3. Race your friends to name the fractions.

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

4. The first person to correctly name the fractions is the winner and makes the next spin.

tio n

1. Place a paper clip on the center of the circle and hold it in place with a pencil as shown.

229

Hands On Play this game in pairs.

I rolled a 1 then a 5.

My fraction is 51 !

2. Color the matching fraction below.

Ed uc a

3. If the fraction is not below, or already colored, it's the other player's turn.

tio n

1. Roll 1 dice as the numerator and another dice as the denominator.

R

eg

al

4. The first player to color all the fractions is the winner!

230

At Home 1. Complete. and a denominator of

.

has a numerator of

and a denominator of

.

has a numerator of

and a denominator of

.

tio n

has a numerator of

Ed uc a

1 2 2 (b) 3 1 (c) 7 3 (d) 5 6 (e) 8 3 (f) 4

(a)

has a numerator of

and a denominator of

.

has a numerator of

and a denominator of

.

has a numerator of

and a denominator of

.

2. Circle the fraction with the greatest denominator.

2 7 5

6

al

1 4

2 5 4 1 (b) 7 8

eg

(a)

3 4 2

3

R

3. Circle the fraction with the smallest numerator.

6 5

7 8 1 2 (b) 2 5 (a)

4 6 3

4

3 5 4

5

231

4. Color to show the fraction.

tio n

(a) three quarters (b) two sixths

Ed uc a

(c) one sixth (d) one half

eg

al

(e) four fifths (f) four sixths

R

(g) three eighths (h) five sixths

232

5. Divide into equal parts and color to show the fraction.

1 3 (b) 4 8

(c)

5 1 (d) 6 2

al

Ed uc a

tio n

(a)

4 1 (f) 5 8

R

eg

(e)

233

6. Write the fractions for each shape. (a)

is orange.

is red.

is green.

is yellow.

is yellow.

is blue.

is purple.

is orange.

Ed uc a

(b)

eg

al

(c)

(d)

is blue.

tio n

is green.

R

(e)

234

Solve It! Sophie, Michelle and Jordan each color a fraction of the circle with their favorite color.

tio n

Together, they color the whole circle and their fractions are different from each other.

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

Color the circle to show 1 possible way this can be done.

235

Fractions on a Number Line Anchor Task

Ed uc a

Number Line

0

1

R

eg

al

I think 21 should be in the center of 0 and 1.

236

tio n

Can you show fractions on a number line?

Let’s Learn

1 2

1 2 folded line

tio n

1. Fold a piece of paper in half.

The folded line is at the center of the paper.

Ed uc a

We can find 1 on a number line in a similar way.

2

Divide the number line between 0 and 1 into 2 equal parts.

1 2

1 2

1 2

0

is between 0 and 1 on a number line!

eg

al

1 2

1

R

2 halves make 1 whole.

How many thirds make 1 whole?

237

2. Let’s divide a number line into 3 equal parts between 0 and 1.

1 3

1 3

1 3

0

2 3

1 3 of the way to 1.

2 3 of the way to 1.

From 0, this is

3 3 of the way to 1.

3 =1 3 From 0, this is

Ed uc a

From 0, this is

1

tio n

1 3

3. The number line has been divided into 4 equal parts between 0 and 1. From 0, what is the fraction at the green arrow?

0

1

al

Each mark on the number line is separated by 1 .

eg

1 4

1 4

R

0

4

1 4

1 4

1 3 4

There are 3 one quarter sections from 0 to the green arrow.

So the green arrow is 3 .

4

238

Let’s Practice 1. Draw a point to show the fraction on the number line. (a) 1

tio n

2

0

1

(b) 1

0 (c) 1

4

0 (d) 5

al

6

Ed uc a

3

0

1

1

1

eg

(e) 3

R

4

0

1

(f) 3 6

0

1 239

2. Write the fraction shown on the number line. (a)

(b)

(c)

1

0

1

0

1

al

(d)

Ed uc a

0

1

tio n

0

eg

(e)

0

1

0

1

R

(f)

240

3. Fill in the blanks.

3 (a) is represented by point

.

4

B 2 4

0

1

1 (b) is represented by point

.

5

E

F

Ed uc a

D

4 5

0

3 (c) is represented by point 8

Q 0

R

al

eg

.

4 8

4

1

.

M

N

O

2 4

0

R

1

S

4 (d) is represented by point

5 (e) is represented by point 7

X 0

C

tio n

A

1 .

Y

Z 1 241

At Home 1. Write the fraction.

tio n

(a)

(b)

0

al

(c)

1

Ed uc a

0

eg

0

1

1

R

(d)

0 242

1

2. Draw a point to show the fraction on the number line. (a) 1

4

1

tio n

0 (b) 2

3

1

Ed uc a

0 3. Fill in the blanks.

2 (a) is represented by point

.

A

C

6

0

B

3 6

1

al

3 (b) is represented by point

.

5

R

S

eg

Q

4 5

0

R

5 (c) is represented by point

.

8

D 0

1

E

F 6 8

1 243

Comparing Fractions Let’s Learn

tio n

Ethan and Dominic each bought a pizza of the same size for lunch.

After lunch, they compared how much pizza they had left.

I have 21 of the pizza left.

Ed uc a

1 2

I have 31 of the pizza left.

1 3

eg

al

Ethan has more pizza than Dominic.

1 is greater than 1 .

2 3

We write:

1 > 1 2 3

We say:

1 is smaller than 1 .

3 2

We write:

1 < 1 3 2

R

We say:

244

1 3

1 2

0

1

1 2

and 31 have a numerator of 1.

They are unit fractions.

Let's compare some more unit fractions of the same size rectangle.

1 2 1 3

tio n

1 4 1 5

Ed uc a

As the denominator increases, the size of the fraction decreases.

We can see that 1 > 1 and 1 > 1 .

2

3

3

4

Compare other fractions you see.

1 2

1 4

1 > 1 2 4

1

al

0

1 2

eg

1 5

0

R

1 < 1 5 2

1 > 1 3 5

1 5

0

We can use a number line to compare fractions!

1

1 3

1

245

1 7

tio n

4 circles of the same size are divided into 7 equal parts.

Compare the colored fraction of each circle.

2 7

3 7

Each fraction has a denominator of 7.

4 7

Ed uc a

As the numerator increases, the fraction becomes bigger!

al

When the denominator is the same, the size of the fraction increases as the numerator increases.

We can see that 4 > 3 and 1 < 2 .

eg

7

7

7

7

Showing the fractions on a number line can help us compare!

R

1 7

0

246

2 7

3 7

4 7

1

Let’s Practice 1. Fill in the blanks.

tio n

(a)

The denominator of each fraction is

(b)

is greater than

.

Ed uc a

The denominator of each fraction is is smaller than

.

.

eg

al

.

R

(c)

The denominator of each fraction is

is greater than

.

.

247

2. Write the unit fraction.

Check the greater fraction

tio n

(a)

Ed uc a

(b)

eg

al

(c)

R

(d)

248

3. Circle the greater fraction.

1

4 2 (d) 7 2 (f) 5 (b)

3 4 5 7 5 5

tio n

5 7 2 5 4 8

Ed uc a

6

7 3 (c) 5 6 (e) 8 (a)

4. Circle the smaller fraction.

1

2 1 (c) 6 1 (e) 1

1 3 1 5 1 2

1

6 1 (d) 7 1 (f) 4 (b)

1 8 1 3 1 5

al

(a)

eg

5. Compare the fractions by writing ' < ' or ' > '.

2 6 5 (c) 5 5 (e) 8

R

(a)

3 6 4 5 3 8

2 7 1 (d) 7 2 (f) 3 (b)

4 7 2 7 1 3

249

At Home 1. Fill in the blanks.

tio n

(a)

The denominator of each fraction is

(b)

is greater than

.

Ed uc a

The denominator of each fraction is is smaller than

.

.

eg

al

.

R

(c)

The denominator of each fraction is

250

is greater than

.

.

2. Write the unit fraction.

Check the greater fraction

tio n

(a)

Ed uc a

(b)

3. Compare the fractions by writing ' < ' or ' > '.

1 8 1 3 1 8 1 5 4 8

1 3 1 (d) 4 1 (f) 7 2 (h) 7 3 (j) 3

al

1 5 1 (c) 5 1 (e) 7 3 (g) 5 6 (i) 8

R

eg

(a)

(b)

1 2 1 5 1 6 3 7 2 3

251

Equivalent Fractions

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

Anchor Task

252

Let’s Learn

tio n

Jordan, Blake and Dominic each have a paper strip of the same size.

Jordan divides his paper strip into 2 equal parts.

He colors 1 part.

1 of the paper 2 strip is colored.

Blake divides his paper strip into 4 equal parts.

He colors 2 parts.

Ed uc a

2 of the paper 4

strip is colored.

Dominic divides his paper strip into 8 equal parts.

He colors 4 parts.

4 of the paper 8

strip is colored.

R

eg

al

Let’s compare each strip of paper.

1 2 2 4 4 8

and 48 are equal.

Equal fractions are called equivalent fractions.

The fractions

1 2 2, 4

1 2 4 = = 2 4 8

253

What fraction of each shape is shaded?

1 3

and

2 6 3 9

3 9

1 3

are equivalent fractions.

=

2 6

=

3 9

Ed uc a

1 2 3, 6

tio n

=

=

What fraction of each shape is shaded?

=

=

2 3

and

6 9

6 9

2 3

are equivalent fractions.

al

2 4 3, 6

4 6

=

4 6

=

6 9

R

eg

What fraction of each shape is shaded?

3, 6 4 8

254

3 4

and

=

=

6 8 9 12

are equivalent fractions.

9 12 3 4

=

6 8

=

9 12

Let’s Practice

Ed uc a

tio n

1. What fraction of each shape is colored?

Find the equivalent fractions.

(a)

and

R

eg

al

(b)

are equivalent fractions.

and

are equivalent fractions.

255

2. Fill in the blanks to label the equivalent fractions.

1 2

=

=

1 3

=

al

(c)

Ed uc a

(b)

=

=

=

=

=

eg

3 4

R

(d)

256

tio n

(a)

3. (a) Circle the equivalent fraction of 1 .

2

2 3

2 4

2 5 4

1 2

3 6

2 8

tio n

(b) Circle the equivalent fraction of 1 .

Ed uc a

(c) Circle the equivalent fraction of 1 .

5

2 10

3 8

1 2

(d) Circle the equivalent fraction of 2 .

3

1 3

3 6

al

6 9

eg

(e) Circle the equivalent fraction of 3 .

R

1 2

3 8

4

9 12

(f) Circle the equivalent fraction of 1 .

2

4 6

4 8

4 12 257

Solve It! Use the fraction tiles to find 4 different pairs of equivalent fractions.

Color the fraction pairs and write them below.

1 3 1 5

1 4

tio n

1 5

1 4

1 2

1 5

eg

al

1 1 1 6 6 6 1 1 1 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 12 12 12 12 12

1 7

1 9

1 11

1 6

R

=

(c) (d) =

=

1 6

1 4

1 5

1 6 1 1 1 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 12 12 12 12 12

(a) (b) =

258

1 3

Ed uc a

1 5

1 4

1 3

1 2

At Home 1. Find the equivalent fractions.

B C D

(b) P Q R S

Fractions (c) W

and

al

X Y Z

and

are equivalent.

Ed uc a

Fractions

tio n

(a) A

Fractions

are equivalent.

and

are equivalent.

and

are equivalent.

R

eg

(d) L M N O

Fractions

259

2. Fill in the blanks to label the equivalent fractions.

=

=

Ed uc a

(b)

=

eg

al

(c)

=

=

=

=

=

R

(d)

260

tio n

(a)

3. Circle the equivalent fractions.

1 3

1 4

2 5

2 6

2 4

3 4

1 2

4 5

3 9

6 9

2 12

1 6

1 2

4 10

4 7

(b)

(d)

2 5

Ed uc a

(c)

tio n

(a)

4. Write an equivalent fraction. (a) (b)

1 2

=

(c) (d) 3 1 =

2 3

=

(e) (f) 3 =

1 4

=

(g) (h) 4 =

6 9

=

=

6

al

1 3

R

eg

3

4

12

4 4

261

Looking Back 1. Color and write the unit fraction.

2. Check the shapes that show 1 .

Ed uc a

4

tio n

(a) (b) (c)

R

eg

(a)

al

3. Write the fractions for each shape.

is blue.

is orange.

is yellow.

is green.

(b)

262

4. Fill in the blanks.

2 (a) is represented by point

.

A

B

C

0

1

4 (b) is represented by point

.

7

E

F

Ed uc a

D 0

tio n

5

1

5. Compare the fractions by writing ' < ' or ' > '.

1 2 4 (c) 7

1 5 6 7

1 6 1 (d) 3

1 3 2 3

(b)

al

(a)

6. Circle the equivalent fractions.

eg

(a)

2 3

2 4

4 5

4 6

1 2

5 10

6 12

5 6

R

(b)

263

12

Data and Graphs

Anchor Task

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

Creatures in Springfield Nature Park Spiders Ants Beetles Butterflies

tio n

Picture Graphs With Scales

264

Let’s Learn The children in class 3A made a picture graph of their favorite fruits.

tio n

Favorite Fruits Apple

Pear Mango 1

Ed uc a

Orange

stands for 2 children.

Let’s look at what the picture graph shows.

There are 4 4

6

stands for 2 children.

8

al

2

for apple. 1

eg

4x2=8

In class 3A, 8 children like apples.

There are 8

R

2

4

for mango.

6

8

10

12

14

16

8 x 2 = 16 In class 3A, 16 children like mangoes.

265

Chelsea, Sophie, Halle and Riley made a picture graph to compare the number of movies they watched in a year.

Chelsea 1

Ed uc a

tio n

Movies Watched This Year

Sophie

Halle

Riley

stands for 3 movies.

There are 3 3

6

for Sophie. 1

stands for 3 movies.

9

al

3x3=9 Sophie watched 9 movies.

for Chelsea.

eg

There are 5

6

9

12

15

R

3

How many more movies did Chelsea watch than Sophie?

5 x 3 = 15 Chelsea watched 15 movies.

15 – 9 = 6 Chelsea watched 6 more movies than Sophie.

2 66

Let’s Practice 1. The picture graph shows the number and color of Blake’s toy cars.

Toy Cars at Home

tio n

Blue Red Yellow

Ed uc a

Green stands for 2 toy cars.

1

(a) How many red cars does Blake have?

x

=

Blake has

red cars.

(b) How many yellow cars does Blake have? x

=

al

Blake has

yellow cars.

eg

(c) How many more red cars than green cars does Blake have?

–

= more red cars than green cars.

R

Blake has

(d) How many fewer blue cars than red cars does Blake have?

–

Blake has

= fewer blue cars than red cars.

2 67

2. The picture graph shows the animals Keira spotted during a field trip to the wetlands.

Birds

1

Crabs

Frogs

Lizards

Ed uc a

Fish

tio n

Wetland Animals

stands for 3 animals.

(a) Which animal did Keira spot the most?

(b) How many fish and crabs did Keira spot in all?

x

=

Keira spotted

fish and crabs in all.

al

(c) How many more fish did Keira spot than lizards?

–

eg

=

Keira spotted

more fish than lizards.

R

(d) How many animals did Keira spot that were not birds?

x

Keira spotted

26 8

= animals that were not birds.

3. The picture graph shows the money Riley saved in 5 weeks.

Money Saved Week 1

tio n

Week 2 Week 3

Week 5 1

Ed uc a

Week 4

stands for $5.

(a) In which week did Riley save $15?

(b) How much money did Riley save in Week 4? x

=

al

Riley saved $

in Week 4.

eg

(c) How much more money did Riley save in Week 3 than Week 5?

–

more in Week 3 than in Week 5.

R

Riley saved $

=

(d) How much money did Riley save in the first three weeks?

x

Riley saved $

= in the first three weeks.

269

4. Wyatt recorded the number of animals he saw at the aquarium. Use the table he made to make a picture graph to represent the data.

8

Fish

Penguins

Ed uc a

Turtles

tio n

Animals at the Aquarium

18

10

Animals at the Aquarium

Turtles

al

Fish

eg

Penguins Seals

R

1

2 70

stands for 2 animals.

Seals 2

5. A florist recorded the different types of flowers she sold on the weekend. Use the table she made to make a picture graph to represent the data.

tio n

Flowers Sold on the Weekend Roses

Daisies

Petunias

Lilies

25

50

35

45

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

Flowers Sold on the Weekend

1

Roses

Daisies

Petunias

Lilies

stands for 5 flowers.

271

Hands On Complete this activity in groups of 3-4 pupils.

Question:

Ed uc a

Answer Options: 1.

2.

3.

4.

R

eg

al

Create a tally to record your data.

27 2

tio n

Think of a question you can ask the pupils in your school.

Write the question and 4 answer options in the space below.

Ed uc a

tio n

Create a picture graph with a scale to represent your data.

R

eg

al

What can you learn from your picture graph?

273

(b) Home At 1. The picture graph shows the pets at Jimmy’s Pet Shop Pets at Jimmy’s Pet Shop

tio n

Birds Rabbits

Fish 1

Ed uc a

Kittens

stands for 3 animals.

(a) There are as many

as

(b) How many fish are at Jimmy’s Pet Shop?

x

=

fish at Jimmy’s Pet Shop.

al

There are

eg

(c) How many more fish are there than rabbits?

–

=

There are

more fish than rabbits.

R

(d) How many fewer kittens are there than birds?

–

There are

2 74

= fewer kittens than birds.

.

2. The tally shows the number of books borrowed from the school library on Friday. Complete the tally, then use the data to create a picture graph.

English

Mathematics

Other

Ed uc a

Science

tio n

Books Borrowed from the School Library on Friday

R

eg

al

Books Borrowed from the School Library on Friday

1

stands for

books.

275

Bar Graphs With Scales Let’s Learn

12 shells

Ed uc a

tio n

The bar graph shows the number of shells each friend collected at the beach.

8 shells

16 shells

14 shells

We can represent the data in a vertical bar graph with a scale.

18 16

Shells Collected

al

14

eg

12

R

Number of shells

10 8

6 4 2

0

276

Halle

Riley Michelle Friends

Keira

We can also use a horizontal bar graph with a scale.

Shells We Collected

tio n

Halle

Riley Friends

Ed uc a

Michelle

Keira

0

2

6 8 10 12 14 Number of shells

16

18

The blue bar is the longest!

R

eg

al

Longer bars represent greater values.

4

277

Let’s Practice

8 pears

Ed uc a

tio n

1. Mrs. Jones recorded the number of each type of fruit she sold at the market.

18 peaches

10 mangoes

6 apples

14 bananas

Color to represent Mrs. Jones’ sales data in a vertical bar graph.

20 18

al

14 12

10

R

eg

Number of Fruits

16

Fruit Sold at Market

8

6 4 2

0

Pears

Peaches

Mangoes Type of Fruit

278

Apples

Bananas

15 red cars

Ed uc a

tio n

2. Blake counted the number of different color cars in the school parking lot.

27 white cars

15 blue cars

18 green cars 9 yellow cars

Represent the data in the horizontal bar graph.

R

eg

al

Cars in School Parking Lot

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24 27 30 33

279

(b) Home At

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

1. Count the number of different creatures in the garden.

Record your data on the next page.

280

tio n Ed uc a

2. Represent your data in the bar graph below.

16

12

al

10 8

eg

Number of Creatures

14

6

R

4 2

0

281

Reading and Interpreting Bar Graphs Let’s Learn

Fish Caught at Sea

Ed uc a

80

Number of Fish

70 60 50 40 30 20

al

10 0

tio n

A fisherman recorded the number of fish he caught at sea during the week. He recorded his data in a bar graph.

Mon

Tue

Wed Day

Thurs

Fri

eg

The fisherman caught the fewest fish on Monday.

He caught the most fish on Friday.

R

The fisherman caught 30 fish on Monday and 45 fish on Tuesday.

30 + 45 = 75 On Monday and Tuesday the fisherman caught 75 fish in all.

The fisherman caught 45 fish on Tuesday and 55 fish on Thursday.

55 – 45 = 10 The fisherman caught 10 more fish on Thursday than on Tuesday.

2 82

tio n

The bar graph shows the number of visitors to the zoo each week over 5 weeks.

Ed uc a

Zoo Visitors Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

al

Week 5 50

100

150

200 250 300 350 Number of Visitors

400

450

500

eg

0

R

350 people visited the zoo during Week 1.

330 people visited the zoo during Week 2.

350 + 330 = 680 In the first 2 weeks, 680 people visited the zoo in all.

460 people visited the zoo during Week 4.

250 people visited the zoo during Week 5.

460 – 250 = 210 210 fewer people visited the zoo in Week 5 than in Week 4.

283

Let’s Practice 1. Mrs. Williams recorded the sales at her cafe from Monday to Friday.

Cafe Sales

tio n

70 60 50 40

Ed uc a

Amount of Money ($)

80

30 20 10 0

Tue

Mon

Wed Day

(a) The sales were the same on

Thurs

and

(b) How much did Mrs. Williams make on Tuesday? $

al

Fri

.

eg

(c) How much more did she make on Thursday than Friday?

–

=

R

Mrs. Williams made $

more on Thursday than Friday.

(d) How much did she make on Wednesday and Thursday?

+

=

Mrs. Williams made $ 2 84

on Wednesday and Thursday.

2. The graph shows the number of visitors to a circus for 5 weeks.

Circus Visitors

tio n

Week 1 Week 2

Ed uc a

Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

0

25

50

75 100 125 150 Number of Visitors

175

people visited the circus in Week 2.

(b)

people visited the circus in Week 5.

al

(a)

200

eg

(c) How many fewer people visited the circus in Week 3 than in Week 4?

R

–

=

fewer people visited the circus in Week 3 than Week 4.

(d) How many people visited the circus in the first 3 weeks?

+

+

=

people visited the circus in the first 3 weeks.

285

(b) Home At 1. The bar graph shows the amount of money Riley saved from January to May. Money Saved

tio n

400 Amount of Money ($)

350 300

Ed uc a

250 200 150 100 50 0

Jan

Feb

Mar Month

Apr

May

al

(a) In which month did Riley save the least?

(b) The most amount of money saved in 1 month was $

eg

(c) How much more did Riley save in May than in April?

–

= more in May than in April.

R

Riley saved $

(d) How much did Riley save in March, April and May?

+

Riley saved $ 286

+

= in March, April and May.

.

2. The bar graph shows the mathematics test scores of 5 friends.

Mathematics Scores

tio n

Ethan

Friends

Jordan

Wyatt Dominic

0

Ed uc a

Blake

25

50

75

100 125 Test Score

150

175

obtained the highest score of

(a)

obtained the lowest score of

. .

al

(b)

200

eg

(c) How much more did Blake score than Jordan?

–

more Jordan.

R

Blake scored

=

(d) Arrange the children in order from the highest to the lowest score obtained.

,

,

,

,

2 87

Generate Data for Line Plots Let’s Learn

Ed uc a

tio n

Wyatt used an inch ruler to measure the lengths of nails in a toolbox. He recorded the data in a tally, then a line plot.

Length of Nails Length Tally Total 1 in 1 in 4 1 1 in 2 3 in 1 4

5

3 7

al

1

1

eg

2 in

2

R

Only 1 nail was 1 inch in length.

1

1

1 4

3 1 4

What other things does the line plot show?

2 nails were 2 inches long.

3 Most of the nails were 1 4 inches long.

1 Six nails were shorter than 1 2 inches.

2 88

1 1 2

2

Let’s Practice 1. (a) Use an inch ruler to measure the width of the buttons.

Record the widths in the tally.

tio n

Width of Buttons Width Tally Total 1 in 2 1 in

1 in 2

Ed uc a

1

al

2 in

R

eg

(b) Present the data in a line plot.

289

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

2. (a) Use a ruler to measure the lengths of the strings.

Record the lengths in the tally.

290

Length of Strings Length Tally Total

Ed uc a

tio n

(b) Present the data in a line plot.

(c) Most of the strings are

inches long.

al

(d) Only 1 string was

inches long.

strings are 3 inches long.

eg

(e)

1 strings are longer than 3 2 inches.

R

(f)

291

(b) Home At

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

1. Use a ruler to measure the lengths of the pencils.

Record the lengths in the tally.

2 92

Length of Pencils Length

Tally

Total

Ed uc a

tio n

2. Present the data in a line plot.

3. Fill in the blanks.

(a) Most of the pencils are

inches long.

inches long.

1 (c) How many pencils are 1 2 inches long?

al

(b) Three pencils are

R

eg

(d) How many pencils are 4 inches long?

293

Hands On

Ed uc a

Tally of pencil lengths

tio n

1. (a) With a partner, measure the lengths of the pencils in your pencil cases to the nearest half inch. Record your data in the tally. Represent the data in a line plot.

R

eg

al

Line plot of pencil lengths

(b) Show and talk about your line plot with your classmates.

2 94

2. Complete this activity in small groups.

Ed uc a

Tally of paper lengths

tio n

(a) Your teacher will give you strips of scrap paper. Measure the pieces of paper to the nearest quarter inch. Record your data in the tally. Represent the data in a line plot.

R

eg

al

Line plot of paper lengths

(b) Show and talk about your line plot with other groups.

295

Looking Back 1. The picture graph shows the number of clothing items sold by a clothing store in 1 day.

tio n

Clothes Sold Shirts

T-shirts Singlets Vests 1

Ed uc a

Jackets

stands for 4 items.

(a) How many jackets were sold?

al

eg

(b) How many more shirts were sold than singlets?

R

(c) How many T-shirts and shirts were sold in all?

2 96

2. The graph shows the number of rainy days in Wyatt’s city over a 5-month period.

Rainy Days in Wyatt’s City

tio n

January

Months

February

April May

Ed uc a

March

0

2

4

6 8 10 12 Number of Rainy Days

14

16

rainy days in the month of April.

al

(a) There were

eg

(b) In what month were there 10 rainy days? (c) How many fewer rainy days were there in May than January?

–

=

fewer rainy days in May than January.

R

There were

(d) How many rainy days were there in the first 3 months?

+

There were

+

= rainy days in the first 3 months.

297

3. Michelle is reading a book about the history of the United States of America. She records the number of pages she reads each day during the week.

Reading My History Book

tio n

70 60 50 40

Ed uc a

Number of Pages Read

80

30 20 10 0

Tue

Mon

Wed

Thurs

Fri

Day of the Week

.

al

(a) She read the least number of pages on

(b) How many pages did Michelle read on Wednesday?

eg

(c) How many more pages did she read on Tuesday than Monday?

–

= more pages on Tuesday than Monday.

R

Michelle read

(d) How many pages did she read on Wednesday and Thursday?

+

She read 2 98

= pages on Wednesday and Thursday.

Length of Pencils Length (cm)

Tally

Total

R

eg

al

Ed uc a

tio n

4. (a) Use a ruler to measure the length of each line.

Record the lengths in the tally below.

299

Ed uc a

tio n

(b) Present the data in a line plot.

(c) The most common line length is (d) One line is

cm.

cm long.

al

(e) How many lines are 8 cm long?

eg

(f) How many lines are 5 cm long?

R

(g) How many lines are longer than 5 cm?

300