History of Social Welfare/Social WOrk

Compiled by

S.Rengasamy Madurai Institute of Social Sciences

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Contents History of Social Welfare/ Social Work ..........................................................................................................................3 The need to understand history of social work .............................................................................................................3 Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work ..............................................................................4 Understanding History through Historical Phases .......................................................................................................5 Photos of Walter Friedlander & Simon Patten 9who used the term social work first time) ....................................9 The Settlement House ............................................................................................................................................10 Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various Welfare Traditions .......................................................11 Social Work in historical perspective ......................................................................................................................11 2. Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various welfare Traditions ....................................................11 Three Social Welfare / Social Security Tradition ........................................................................................................11 The Poor Law tradition ...............................................................................................................................................11 Poor Law Tradition ..................................................................................................................................................12 The Poor Law Tradition ...............................................................................................................................................12 Work House Conditions .....................................................................................................................................14 Work Houses ......................................................................................................................................................14 Social Insurance Tradition ......................................................................................................................................14 Welfare Tradition ...................................................................................................................................................17 The Welfare State – ................................................................................................................................................17 The Welfare State Why did it all start? .................................................................................................................17 Three Social Security Strategies .................................................................................................................................18 The Social Assistance strategy originating in the Poor law tradition ..........................................................................18 Social Insurance Strategy ............................................................................................................................................18 Social Allowance Strategy ...........................................................................................................................................18 Founders of the Welfare State-Photo Album ............................................................................................................19 History of Social Welfare in USA ..................................................................................................................................20 1 ..............................................................................................................................................................................20 3 ..............................................................................................................................................................................23 4 ..............................................................................................................................................................................24 Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers ..............................................................................................................25 Elizabeth Gurney Fry ...............................................................................................................................................25 Octavia Hill ..............................................................................................................................................................26 Arnold Toynbee ......................................................................................................................................................27 Jane Addams ...........................................................................................................................................................28 Mary Richmond.......................................................................................................................................................29 George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moore, Tolly Toynbee, Günther Wallraff, Barbara Ehrenreich ............30 Sir William Beveridge ..............................................................................................................................................32 Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) .........................................................................................................................................33 Joel Fischer ..............................................................................................................................................................35 Understanding Social Work history by understanding the history of fields of social work .....................................36 Indian History Timeline ...............................................................................................................................................37 Evolution of Social Welfare Ministry in India...............................................................................................................38 Table: Establishing an Independent Ministry of Social Welfare –Timeline .................................................................39 Subjects allocated to the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment -India ..............................................................41 Ministry of Women and Child Development -India .....................................................................................................42 Subjects allocated Ministry of Women and Child Development -India .......................................................................43

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

History of Social Welfare/ Social Work The need to understand history of social work

The need to understand history of social work The diversity of social work represents a great challenge for social work research, education and practice in the rapidly internationalizing and globalizing world. This challenge can be met successfully only with a deep philosophical and historical understanding of the characteristics of a particular country - and welfare regime – including the specific traditions of welfare systems and the position and role of social work within them.

Research into the philosophy and history of social work strengthens this understanding through analyzing the conceptual and genealogical fundamentals of the traditions of social work. This kind of research contributes to the theoretical self-conception of social work which is necessary for the development of social work as a modern professional system, a scientific discipline and a research-based activity. The development of social work as a modern social system depends on its intellectual capacity based on this kind of theoretical selfconception. .

Issues within the philosophy of science, political philosophy and the general theory of social action play an important role in the philosophy of social work. Philosophical analyses are closely connected with the history of concepts of social work, but also contribute to the history of social work as a professional social system and social work practices in individual countries. There are several specific areas in practical social philosophy dealing significantly with the theoretical self-conception of social work, for example the philosophy of family, educational philosophy, the philosophy of law, and the theory of human rights. In addition to this, issues of philosophy of science are of great importance for the development of the science of social work. http://eris.osu.eu/index.php?kategorie=35174&id=5176

IN AN ERA OF CHANGE

…to reach an understanding of what Social Welfare / Social Work is?.. the issues it should address.. how it should be carried out?… social workers travelled a long path…and it is worth knowing

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Understanding history through historical phases / Chronological history Understanding history by understanding different Welfare traditions Understanding the Social Welfare / Social Work history in UK & USA that shaped the global history Framework to understand History / evolution of Social Welfare / Social Work can be understood in several ways

Understanding history by understanding contributions of pioneers of Social Work Understanding William Beveridge Contribution that shaped global welfare policies Understanding the historical development of various fields of social work –Medical & Psychiatric Social Work, School/Correctional Social Work etc Understanding the evolution of Social Welfare in India, largest democratic & welfare state in the world

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Understanding History through Historical Phases

Phases

Understanding History through Historical Phases

History of Social Work – UK & USA Social Work during primitive stage (before 1200 AD) Social Work during 1200 -1500 A.D Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D. Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D. Social Work during 1900 onwards

Prior to 1600

Prior to 1600 1084 1300s 1313 1348

1500

Tofler‟s Agricultural Society: special values about caring for individuals evolve. Emergence of unconditional charity toward individuals in times of hardship Almshouses for the poor and handicapped are established in England.

Bubonic plague kills nearly 1/3 of European population. Labor shortages force the State to intervene. Laws passed to compel all able-bodied men to accept employment. Alms to able-bodied beggars were forbidden.

Christianity legalized by Roman Emperor, Constantine. Church sanctioned to use donated funds to aid the poor. Charitable attitudes and behaviors expected of the rich; redistribution of wealth not part of charitable principles The Statute of Laborers is issued in England, requiring people to remain on their home manors and work for whatever lords want to pay. Begging and Almsgiving is outlawed except for the aged and those unable to work. For the first time, a distinction is made between the "worthy poor" (the aged, handicapped, widows, and dependant children), and the "unworthy poor" (able-bodied but unemployed adults).

Henry VIII in England broke from the Roman church. State confiscates Church wealth, leaving it without means to carry out charity expectations. Spain introduces first State organized registration of the poor.

1600-1800

Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D. 1600 - 1800 1600s Poor Law principles introduced to New World by Plymouth colonists. Poor and unfortunate divided into two groups: "deserving" sick, disabled, widows, orphans and thrifty old; and "undeserving" offenders, unmarried mothers, vagrants, unemployed and the old without savings.

1601 The Elizabethan Poor Law is established. Built on the experiments of the earlier Henrician Poor Law (1536) and the Parish Poor Rate (1572), this legislation becomes the major codification of dealing with the poor and disadvantaged for over 200 years. It also becomes the basis for dealing with the poor relief at the colonial level, taxes people in each parish pay for their own poor, establishes apprentice programs for poor children, develops workhouses for dependant people, and deals harshly and punitively with able bodied poor people.

1650 The influence of Luther, Calvin, and others has become established and manifested as the Protestant ethic, a philosophy that becomes influential in England, parts of Europe, and American colonies. It emphasizes self-discipline, frugality, and hard work and leads many of its adherents to frown on those who are dependant or unemployed.

1662 The Law of Settlement and Removal is established in England as one of the world‟s first "residency requirements" in determining eligibility to receive help. Municipal authorities to help only poor local citizens and to expel from their jurisdictions anyone else who might become dependant for assistance. This law causes authorities to evaluate people as to the likelihood of their becoming poor. Thus, though the law is basically harsh and punitive, some efforts too look at 5 the causes of poverty are codified.

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

1697

1600-1800

1700 1782

1795

The workhouse system is developed in Bristol and soon spreads throughout England and parts of Europe. It is designed to keep down poor taxes by denying aid to anyone who refuses to enter a workhouse. These institutions are usually managed by private entrepreneurs who contract with the legal authorities to care for the residence in exchange for the residence in exchange for using their work. Residence - including very young children, the handicapped and very old people – are often given minimal care and are worked long hours as virtual slaves.

Humanitarian groups in Quebec establish centers for the relief of the poor; Nova Scotians adopt English Poor Laws.

The Gilbert Act is passed in England, enabling humanitarians, appalled by the exploitation of workhouse residence, to institute reforms in many English jurisdictions. Many workhouses are closed, assistance to the poor in their own home is established, and children under 6 are placed with families. Many private entrepreneurs are replaced by municipal employees as managers of the remaining workhouses.

Speemhamland system establishes earliest "poverty line" based on the price of bread and number of dependents in a workers family; subsidization provided when wages dipped below the poverty line.

1800 -1900

Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D. 1800-1900 1800s Reforms to Elizabethan Poor Laws. Denigrating principles of "less eligibility" and "perception of need" imbedded in society‟s attitudes toward the poor and less able bodied. Reform activists work for the abolition of illiteracy, preventable diseases, sweated labor, slums and overcrowding, unemployment and poverty.  Charity Organization Societies (COS) form in England with an emphasis on detailed investigations.

Volunteers recruited to befriend applicants, make individual assessments and correct their problems.  Thomas Malthus, British East India Company economist, documents population numbers multiplying faster than production of goods to meet their needs. Coincides with Darwin‟s theory of evolution based on natural selection. Applied to human condition by Herbert Spencer‟s declaration that poverty was part of natural selection; helping the poor would only perpetuate unfit laziness and non industriousness.  Protestant Ethic emphasizes self-discipline, frugality and hard work; encouraged disapproval of dependence on others.  Feminists in America convene to declare the goal of equal rights for women; suffrage, equal opportunities in education and jobs, and legal rights.

1819 Scottish preacher and mathematician Thomas Chalmers assumes responsibility for Glasgow‟s poor. He develops private philanthropies to help meet the economic needs of the poor and organizes a system of volunteers to meet individually and regularly with disadvantaged people to give them encouragement and training.

1833 Antoine Ozanam established in the Saint Vincent de Paul Society in Paris, using lay volunteers to provide emergency economic and spiritual assistance to the poor.

1834 The new Poor Law is established in England to reform the Elizabethan Poor Law (1601). The underlying emphasis of the new law is on self-reliance. Public assistance is not considered a right, and government is not seen as responsible for the unemployed. The principle of "less eligibility" (a recipient of aid can never receive as much as does the lowest-paid worked) is enforced.

1844 1844: The first YMCA is established in London, England.

1867 1867: The British North America Act created a political union between New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Canada East, and Canada West -- the Dominion of Canada. Responsibility for social welfare given to the provinces. Welfare was not seen as a major function of governments.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

1883

1800 -1900

1887 1889 1898

1897

Chancellor Bismarck of a newly united Germany introduces first national health insurance system.

Royal Commission on the Relations of Labor and Capital reported on conditions for workers in the Dominion of Canada.

In Chicago, Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr open Hull House, which becomes one of the most influential social settlement houses in the United States.

The first school for social workers is established. The New York School of Philanthropy (later to become the Columbia University School of Social Work) grows out of a series of summer workshops and training programs for volunteers and friendly visitors and offers a one-year educational program. Faculty member and COS administrator Mary E. Richmond publishes Friendly Visiting Among the Poor.

Herbert Ames' study of the poor in Montreal was published.

Social Work during 1900 onwards

1900 -1950

1900 - 1950 1900  Educator Simon N. Patten coins the term "social workers" and applies it to friendly visitorsand settlement house residences. He and Mary Richmond dispute whether the major role of social workers should be advocacy or delivering individualized social services.

1910-21 Jane Addams and Mary Richmond trade leadership positions in the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (NCCC). Later renamed National Conference of Social Work.

1911  Great Britain passes the National Insurance Act, which organizes a health and compensation program paid for by contributions from workers, employees, and public.

1914  Canada‟s first school of social services at the University of Toronto; emphasis of first curriculum on social economics, social psychology and social ethics theories; practice emphasis on social settlements and community work, penology, medical social services, recreation, immigration, labor, and child welfare.  Canada‟s first women‟s right to vote legislation in Manitoba.

1915 Einstein‟s special law of relativity; forerunner of quantum physics and subsequent sciences of complexity in the 20th century.

In an address to the National Conference on Social Welfare, Abraham Flexner declares that social work has not yet qualified as a profession, especially because its members do not have a great deal of individual responsibility and because it still lacks a written body of knowledge and educationally communicable techniques.

1917 Mary Richmond publishes Social Diagnosis. Social workers use her book as a primary text and as an answer to Flexner.  The first organization for social workers is established. The national Social Workers Exchange exists primarily to process applicants for social work jobs.

1919 The 17 schools of social work that exist in the United States and Canada form the Association of Training Schools for Professional Social Work to develop uniform standards of training and professional education. This group is later renamed the American Association of School of Social Work (AASSW), eventually becoming the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).  Social workers employed in schools organize as the National Association of Visiting Teachers.  The Charity Organization Societies (COS) becomes oriented increasingly toward helping families. Many local societies change their names to Family Welfare Agency. The National Alliance for Organizing Charity is renamed the American Association for Organizing Family Social Work. By 1946 this Organization is known as the Family Service Association of America (FSAA), renamed Family Service America (FSA) in 1983.

1927 Canada introduces social security; subsidized old-age pension program for over 70 year old citizens, based on a strict and often humiliating means test -- Old Age Pensions Act 7

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

1928 1928

International Permanent Secretariat of Social Workers founded; Canada is a charter member; spear headed by Dr. Rene Sand, Belgian advocate of social medicine; predecessor to International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW).  The Milford Conference convenes to discuss whether social work is a disparate group of technical specialties or a unified profession with more similarities than differences among its specialties. In 1929 the report of the conference is published as Social Case Work: Generic and

Specific.

1900 -1950

1929

1930 1931 1937

1939 1940 1941 1942 1945 1946

Famous Five women from Alberta (Murphy, McClung, Parlby, Edwards, McWhinney) win approval from Privy Council in England that women are included as "persons" making them eligible for appointment to Canada‟s Senate.  Stock market crashes and Great Depression begins.

Gordon Hamilton extends Richmond‟s "man in his environment" concept to "person-insituation" within a organist context; Bertha Reynolds saw social work in a "between client and community" context.

Social worker Jane Addams becomes co recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.

The AASSW declares that beginning in 1939 the requirement for social work accreditation will be a two-year master‟s degree program. The MSW becomes a requirement to be considered a professional social worker American Association of Schools of Social Work, the accrediting body for social workers, declared MSW degree as the minimum requirement to be a professional social worker.

Mary Parker Follett‟s posthumous book Dynamic Administration is published; it becomes an influence in the field of social welfare administration.

Atlantic Charter; historical meeting between Churchill and Roosevelt, formulated as one of its agreements citizen rights to social security.

The Beveridge Report is issued in Great Britain, recommending as integrated social security system that attempts to ensure cradle-to-grave economic protection for its citizens. Many of the report‟s recommendations go into effect after World War II. World War II ends. On October 24, the United Nations is established.

Great Britain establishes its National Health Service.

1950 to the Present

Social Work during from 1935 onwards 1950 - Present 1950  Canada has 8 graduate schools of social work offering two-year professional programs – Maritime School, Laval, University of Montreal, McGill, St. Patrick‟s, Toronto, Manitoba and UBC. 1952 The CSWE is formed through a merger of the AASSW and the NASSA –the two competing organizations that had been setting standards for schools of social work. CSWE is soon granted the authority to accredit graduate (MSW) schools of social work.

1954 In social casework, the so-called "diagnostic" and "functional" schools begin to merge and lose their separate identities. The functional school had been oriented toward a highly focused, goaloriented approach to casework intervention. The diagnostic school had been influenced by Freudian theory, but adherents of this approach develop more of a psychosocial orientation in the 1950s.

1955 On October 1, the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is created through the merger of seven organizations – the AASSW, plus the American Association of Medical Social Workers (AAMSW), the American Association of Psychiatric Social Workers (AAPSW), the National Association of School Social Workers (NAASW), The American association of Group Workers (AAGW), the Association for the Study of Community Organization (ASCO), and the Social Work Research Group (SWRG).

Membership is limited to members of the seven associations and subsequently to master’s degree-level workers graduating from accredited schools of social work.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

1958

1959

1950 to the Present

1962

1966 1972

1974 1975 1977 1982 1983

1987

Working Definition of Social Work Practice, headed by Harriett Bartlett, defines person-inenvironment as social work‟s comprehensive domain of practice; published in 1970 by Bartlett in Common Base of Social Work; reaffirmed in two special issues of Social Work on conceptual frameworks in 1977 and 1981.

Social Work Education Curriculum Study, headed by Werner Boehm, claimed a broad-based orientation for social work that recognized five specialization methods: casework, group work, community organization, administration, and research.

NASW organises the Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSW), restricted to NASW members with accredited MSW degrees, two years‟ agency experience under certified social work supervision, and adherence to the NASW Code of Ethics. ACSW membership requirements are subsequently revised to include testing and professional recommendations.  CSWE recognizes community organization as a legitimate specialization for social work education.

Canada Assistance Plan introduced; a cost-sharing conditional grant from federal government on an open-ended basis: 50% of provincial expenditures for welfare and social services of all kinds.

Canadian Association of Schools of Social Work (CASSW) becomes Canada‟s accrediting body for social work education.

Council of Social Work Education, social work‟s new accrediting body in the U.S., revises former standard to include the BSW as a professional social worker.

CASW reorganized into a federated structure of 11 organizational members: 10 provincial and 1 territorial associations.

CASW develops comprehensive code of ethics, based on Canadian Bar Association guidelines; revised in 1983; accepted as a national standard in 1984; updated in 1994.

Global definition of social work approved by the 44 nation members of IFSW; Members from Canada and Spain had the special honor of preparing and presenting the final draft to the federation‟s General Meeting for approval.

NASW establishes the National Peer Review Advisory Committee and trains social workers to evaluate the work of other social workers to promote accountability and to meet quality control requirements of government and third-party funding organizations. The CSWE issues a Curriculum Policy Statement for baccalaureate as master‟s degree programs in social work education. BSW education is recognized as the first level of professional social work education.

The NASW Center for Social Policy and Practice is established to co-ordinate the exchange of information, education, and policy formulation pertaining to social work and social welfare in the United States.

Photos of Walter Friedlander & Simon Patten 9who used the term social work first time)

Walter Friedländer (1891- 1984)

1900 Educator Simon N. Patten coins the term "social workers" and applies it to friendly visitors and settlement house residents. He and Mary Richmond dispute whether the major role of social workers should be advocacy or delivering individualized social services.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

The Settlement House

The settlement House

The settlement house, an approach to social reform with roots in the late 19th century and the Progressive Movement, was a method for serving the poor in urban areas by living among them and serving them directly.

As the residents of settlement houses learned effective methods of helping, they then worked to transfer long-term responsibility for the programs to government agencies. Settlement house workers, in their work to find more effective solutions to poverty and injustice, also pioneered the profession of social work.

The term "neighborhood center" (or in British English, Neighbourhood Centre) is often used today for similar institutions, as the early tradition of "residents" settling in the neighborhood has given way to professionalized social work.

The first settlement house was Toynbee Hall in London, founded in 1883. The first American settlement house was The Neighborhood Guild (later the University Settlement), founded by Stanton Coit, begun in 1886.

The best-known settlement house is perhaps Hull House in Chicago, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams with her friend Ellen Starr. Lillian Wald and the Henry Street Settlement in New York is also well known. Other settlement houses, like Both of these houses were staffed primarily by women, and both resulted in many reforms with long-lasting effect and many programs that exist today. Other individuals known as settlement house leaders include John Lovejoy Elliott and Mary Simkhovitch.

Mary McDowell, Alice Hamilton, Florence Kelley, Francis Perkins, John Dewey and Eleanor Roosevelt are among the many women and men connected at some point in their careers with settlement houses.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various Welfare Traditions

2. Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various Welfare Traditions “Any religion that professes to be concerned with the souls of men and is not concerned with the slums that damn them, the economic conditions that cripple them, is a dry-as-dust religion”

The Poor Law tradition Three Social Welfare / Security Traditions

The Social Insurance tradition The Welfare State tradition

Social Work in historical perspective

Social Work in Historical Perspective Liberalism • Democrat • Institutional View of Social Welfare • Encourage moderate change.

• Government regulation and intervention is necessary and required.

The modern welfare state is a European invention - in the same way as the nation state, mass democracy, and industrial capitalism. It was born as an answer to problems created by capitalist industrialization; it was driven by the democratic class struggle; and it followed in the footsteps of the nation state (Flora 1986: XII)

Liberalism Vs Conservatism Is there a middle, or more rational, way?

In the 20th Century there was a move towards developing a middle, and more rational, approach to the polar opposites of liberalism & conservatism.

Conservatism • Republican • Residual View of Social Welfare • Resistance to change.

• Individuals are autonomous • Government regulation and intervention should be avoided

Historic Shift • Historically the social welfare needs of individuals were handled by less formal means.

• Everyone knew each other and problems were more visible than they are today.

• With the rise of the industrial society that changed.

• A need for a different model of delivering social welfare services was required.

The Business of Social Welfare • When the less informal means of meeting social welfare needs were inadequate the business of social welfare evolved.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Poor Law Tradition

Debate The Residual versus Institutional View of Social Welfare

• The debate between the residual and institutional views of social welfare has been in existence throughout history – it is as old as humankind.

• The debate will continue.

• There is probably no right or wrong answer to the debate – both sides have their positive aspects.

• Intelligent people, people of good intent can and do differ on their views in this area.

The Rugged Individualism Approach • Funds and services are not a right (something you are entitled to) but a gift.

• Whoever receives that gift has certain responsibilities and obligations.

• Usually associated with wanting to help “the deserving poor.”

• General belief that, in general, a persons misfortunes (with few notable exceptions) are of their own making.

• A societal stigma attached to receiving services. The Poor Law Tradition It originates from the secularization of poor relief stated in the English Poor Law Acts from 1598 and 1601 under the reign of Queen Elizabeth the 1st.

It is rooted in economic liberalism and Christian values, with respect to the principle of individual responsibility and work ethics.

It distinguishes between ''deserving poor'' (=orphans, aged, disabled) and ''undeserving poor'' (=vagrants and beggars)‫‏‬ The Poor Law Tradition represents important values in social welfare and service delivery today:  Rugged individualism and self reliance or self sufficiency: public assistance should be a last resort  Importance of the family in supporting its own members  Legal residence and duration of settlement is still an issue for immigrants and refugees. The latter are given short time limited benefits on arrival which are cut off after one year when they are on their own.

Fear of a powerful central government leads to decentralization of services and great variability in programs, and benefit rates

The Institutional View • Social welfare is an acceptable, and legitimate, function of modern industrial society in helping individuals achieve self-fulfillment.

• Difficulties are often beyond the persons immediate control.

• Social Insurance programs such as Old Age, Survivor, and Health Insurance are examples of institutional programs – as are public assistance programs.

ELIZABETH I 1558-1603 The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was a remarkable woman, noted for her learning and wisdom. From first to last she was popular with the people and had a genius for the selection of capable advisors. Drake, Raleigh, Hawkins, the Cecils, Essex and many many more made England respected and feared. The Spanish Armada was decisively defeated in 1588 and Raleigh's first Virginian colony was founded. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots marred what was a glorious time in English history. Shakespeare was also at the height of his popularity. Elizabeth never married.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Feudalism  Three elements existed and characterize the period: lords, vassals and fiefs. Feudalism is defined by how these three elements fit together.  A lord was a noble who owned land. A vassal

was a person who was loaned land by the lord. The land was known as a fief. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism.

Decline of Feudalism By the thirteenth century Europe's economy was involved in a transformation from a mostly agrarian system to one that was increasingly money-based and mixed.

Industrialism, trade, and money were Replacing land.

Many people were displaced from the land and their communities Events of the middle ages:  Famines  Wars  Crop failures  Pestilence  Breakdown of the feudal system.  Former methods of providing for relief (church, family, etc.) were ineffective.  Widespread begging ensued.

The Early Middle Ages  All societies develop ways to meet the needs of those who are unable to do it for themselves.  Societies do this for humanitarian as well as utilitarian (Genuine interest in relieving suffering & Interest in avoiding social unrest) reasons:  As the Church became steadily more powerful In the Middle Ages it developed and provided a variety of human services.

Monasteries served as sanctuaries, refuge, and places of treatment for the mentally ill.  Belief that the wealthy or those with adequate resources had a duty to help the less fortunate.  Little interest in finding out the cause of poverty or other social problems.  People were helped simply because they needed the help.

The Elizabethan Poor Law England passed several Poor Laws between the mid-1300s and the mid-1800s.

The most significant was the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 enacted during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The fundamental provisions of this law were incorporated into the laws of the American Colonies.

Fundamental purpose was NOT to alleviate poverty but to eliminate, or at least control, widespread begging.

Who Received Relief?

Three categories of relief recipients were established.

1. Able-bodied Poor Given low-grade employment, and citizens were forbidden to offer them financial help. Anyone who refused help was placed in stocks, or in jail.

2. The Impotent Poor  People unable to work. This included the elderly, blind, deaf, mothers with young children, and those with physical or mental disability.  They were placed together in an almshouse unless they had a place to reside, and it was cheaper for them to stay there.  People living outside the almshouse were given “outdoor relief” usually “in kind” (food, clothing, and fuel).

3. Dependent Children Children with parents or grandparents unable to support them were apprenticed out to other citizens.

Boys were taught a trade and had to serve until their 24th birthday.

Girls were brought up as domestic servants and were required to remain until they were 21 or married.

How It Worked People were ineligible if parents, spouse, children, or other relatives were able to provide for them.

The parish (town or community) was assigned the responsibility of implementing the provisions using donations and tax revenue.

Residency requirements: The parish responsibility extended only to its residents (usually being born there or residing there for 3 years)

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Work House Conditions

Management of Work Houses - Pamphlet issued during that period Work Houses

What were workhouses?

Before 1834, poor people were looked after by buying food and clothing from money collected from land owners and other wealthy people.

The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, ensured that no able-bodied person could get poor relief unless they went to live in special workhouses. The idea was that the poor were helped to support themselves. They had to work for their food and accommodation.

Workhouses were where poor people who had no job or home lived. They earned their keep by doing jobs in the workhouse. Also in the workhouses were orphaned (children without parents) and abandoned children, the physically and mentally sick, the disabled, the elderly and unmarried mothers. Workhouses were often very large and were feared by the poor and old.

A workhouse provided: *a place to live * a place to work and earn money *free medical care *food *clothes *free education for children and training for a job.

The staff of a workhouse included: *a Master *a Matron *a Medical Officer *a Chaplain *a porter *a school-teacher Workhouses provided almost everything that was needed onsite: Why were workhouses feared by the poor and old?

The government, terrified of encouraging 'idlers' (lazy people), made sure that people feared the workhouse and would do anything to keep out of it.How did they do that?

What were workhouses like?

Women, children and men had different living and working areas in the workhouse, so families were split up. To make things even worse they could be punished if they even tried to speak to one another! The education the children received did not include the two most important skills of ocial Insurance Tradition all, reading and writing, which were needed to get a good job. The poor were made to wear a uniform. This meant that everyone looked the same and everyone outside knew they were poor and lived in the workhouse. Upon entering the workhouse, the poor were stripped and bathed (under supervision).The food was tasteless and was the same day after day.

The young and old as well as men and women were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs. Children could also find themselves 'hired out' (sold) to work in factories or mines.

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Social insurance Social insurance is a program that is implemented and carried out by the government with the aim of providing economic assistance to people who are unemployed, disabled, injured or part of a group of senior citizens or the elderly.

Social insurance aims to provide economic assistance by providing these people with financial assistance that is mainly obtained from the monetary contributions of employed individuals, employers and those who are paying taxes. Financial assistance may also be taken from the revenue of the government.

Social Insurance Tradition

Bismarck in Germany introduced the first rudimentary state social insurance scheme

Germany became the first nation in the world to adopt an old-age social insurance program in 1889, designed by Germany's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. The idea was first put forward, at Bismarck's behest, in 1881 by Germany's Emperor, William the First, in a ground-breaking letter to the German Parliament. William wrote: ". . .those who are disabled from work by age and invalidity have a well-grounded claim to care from the state."

Bismarck was motivated to introduce social insurance in Germany both in order to promote the wellbeing of workers in order to keep the German economy operating at maximum efficiency, and to stave-off calls for more radical socialist alternatives. Despite his impeccable right-wing credentials, Bismarck would be called a socialist for introducing these programs, as would President Roosevelt 70 years later. In his own speech to the Reichstag during the 1881 debates, Bismarck would reply: "Call it socialism or whatever you like. It is the same to me."

The German system provided contributory retirement benefits and disability benefits as well.

Participation was mandatory and contributions were taken from the employee, the employer and the government. Coupled with the workers' compensation program established in 1884 and the "sickness" insurance enacted the year before, this gave the Germans a comprehensive system of income security based on social insurance principles. (They would add unemployment insurance in 1927, making their system complete.)

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Social insurance is any government-sponsored program with the following three characteristics: * The benefits, eligibility requirements and other aspects of the program are defined by statute; * It is funded by taxes or premiums paid by (or on behalf of) participants (although additional sources of funding may be provided as well); and * The program serves a defined population, and participation is either compulsory or the program is heavily enough subsidized that most eligible individuals choose to participate.

Social insurance has also been defined as a program where risks are transferred to and pooled by an organization, often governmental, that is legally required to provide certain benefits.

Similarities to private insurance Typical similarities between social insurance programs and private insurance programs include: * Wide pooling of risks; * Specific definitions of the benefits provided; * Specific definitions of eligibility rules and the amount of coverage provided; * Specific premium, contribution or tax rates required to meet the expected costs of the system.

Social Insurance Vs Private Insurance Typical differences between private insurance programs and social insurance programs include: * Equity versus Adequacy: Private insurance programs are generally designed with greater emphasis on equity between individual purchasers of coverage, while social insurance programs generally place a greater emphasis on the social adequacy of benefits for all participants. * Voluntary versus Mandatory Participation: Participation in private insurance programs is often voluntary, and where the purchase of insurance is mandatory, individuals usually have a choice of insurers. Participation in social insurance programs is generally mandatory, and where participation is voluntary, the cost is heavily enough subsidized to ensure essentially universal participation. * Contractual versus Statutory Rights: The right to benefits in a private insurance program is contractual, based on an insurance contract. The insurer generally does not have a unilateral right to change or terminate coverage before the end of the contract period (except in such cases as non-payment of premiums). Social insurance programs are not generally based on a contract, but rather on a statute, and the right to benefits is thus statutory rather than contractual. The provisions of the program can be changed if the statute is modified. * Funding: Individually purchased private insurance generally must be fully funded. Full funding is a desirable goal for private pension plans as well, but is often not achieved. Social insurance programs are often not fully funded, and some argue that full funding is not economically desirable.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

The Welfare Tradition Welfare Tradition

It originates in the ideas of Lord Beveridge exposed in his reports: Social Insurance and Allied Services (1942) and Full Employment in a Free Society (1944).

It is rooted in humanistic convictions that there is a common responsibility of the society as a whole for the well-being of all citizens.

It is to promote social integration and progress towards an equal society with full employment by state intervention: social expenditure is seen as desirable.

The Welfare State – The Welfare State Why did it all start?

A long time ago….  The Welfare state began during the second World War.  During the war, the government appointed a committee under Sir William Beveridge – to investigate the problems of social insurance  The report said that there were five evil giants facing Britain which had to be destroyed…

The Five Evil Giants 1. Want  Many people were living in poverty through no fault of their own because they were sick, widowed or unemployed.  This was attacked by the introduction of National Insurance 1945 - 51 2. Disease  Although medical insurance had been introduced, there was no free medical treatment and many people could not afford to see a doctor when they were ill.  This was attacked by the establishment of the National Health Service. Providing free hospital treatment for everyone.

3. Ignorance  Secondary education was only available to those who could pay or who passed a scholarship at the age of 11.  Most children left school at the end of elementary education when they were 14.  This was attacked by 1944 education act which introduced secondary education and raised the school leaving age to 15.

4. Squalor  Although council housing had been introduced at the end of the nineteenth century, there was not enough and many people were still living in slums.  This was attacked by a massive council housing program and the New Towns Act. This enabled the setting up of new towns in the countryside; removed from the slums of the big cities.

5. Idleness  At the start of the war over 10% of the workforce was unemployed. This was however, there own choice.  This was attacked by the government nationalizing some industries and setting up boards to help industries in high areas of unemployment.

1. The Welfare State… today.

The Welfare State in the UK uses National Insurance and taxes to provide…  Free education for everyone up to the age of 18, and help with university education.  Free doctors and hospitals for everyone. Help with dentistry, opticians and prescriptions.  Payments for the unemployed  Social security so that everyone has a minimum income.  Pensions for old people  Child benefit for children under 19 in full time education  Housing benefits  Job centers for setting up in employment.

2. It provides training so everyone can find work.

Definition of Welfare State The Welfare State consists of a number of programs through which governments pursue the goal of social protection against economic and social risks of life & well-being

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

William Beveridge Father of Social Welfare

Born

5 March 1879Rangpur, India (now Bangladesh)

Died

16 March 1963 (aged 84) Oxford, Oxfordshire, England.

Nationality

British

Education

Charterhouse School and Balliol College, Oxford.

Occupation

Economist

Title

1st Baron Beveridge

Known for

Work towards founding Britain's welfare state.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp /hi/pds/19_07_05_beveridge.pdf

Three Social Security Strategies From these three social security traditions emerged three types of social security strategies in Europe The Social Assistance strategy originating in the Poor law tradition The redistributive goal is to reduce poverty that is to provide a socially acceptable minimum support. Vertical redistribution.

Social assistance is targeted on individuals meeting certain criteria of neediness.

Criticism: economists have argued that it can discourage labour supply because of the risk of poverty-traps and that it can increase costs of administration and surveillance

Social Insurance Strategy The redistributive goal is horizontal redistribution from workers to retired old, from childless to families with children, from healthy to the sick, etc. Benefit entitlement is dependent on and related to past contributions or earnings The social security goal is poverty prevention. It provides a social security the market can hardly supply.

Criticism: it leaves outside of the coverage the non regular full-time employees: self-employed, atypical forms of contracts, etc.

Social Allowance Strategy This strategy aims at universal coverage and vertical redistribution is considered as a goal. It considers a guaranteed minimum income as a right of nation-state citizenship.

Social allowances are granted according to demographic criteria such as children and age.

Criticism: very expensive, today facing financial crisis; risk of inadequate levels of benefits with persistent poverty; risk of welfare-dependent underclass

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Founders of the Welfare State-Photo Album

Founders of The Welfare State

1800 –1890

Josephine Butler 1828-1906

Joseph Chamberlain (1836 - 1914)

Octavia Hill (1838-1912)

Charles Booth 1868-1921

Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928)

Beatrice Webb (1858–1943)

Sidney Webb (1859–1947)

David Lloyd George (1863–1945)

Seebohm Rowntree (1871–1954)

Eleanor Rathbone (1872–1946)

William Beveridge (1879–1963)

Richard Henry Tawney (1880-1962)

Aneurin Bevan (1897–1960)

Richard M Titmuss (1907–1973)

R.I. Morant

Sir Edwin Chadwick

Edwin Chadwick Josephine Butler Joseph Chamberlain Octavia Hill Charles Booth Ebenezer Howard The Webbs R.I. Morant Lloyd George Seebohm Rowntree Eleanor Rathbone William Beveridge R.H. Tawney Aneurin Bevan Richard Titmuss

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work History of Social Welfare in USA 1

History of Social Welfare in USA

Poor Laws of 1601 - Elizabethan laws lay the groundwork for social policy in America.

America's foundation for social welfare comes from the laws and traditions of England. English welfare practices had been codified into law by Parliament during the reign of Elizabeth.

Main principles included local control, with administrative units made up of parishes, and select residents of the parish designated "overseers of the poor."

These overseers had responsibility for the poor of the parish, including finding work, taking care of neglected children and providing relief for "the lame, impotent, old, blind, and such other among them, being poor and not able to work." Emphasizing care for the disabled and aged made a distinction between "deserving" and "undeserving" poor.

For neglected children, whose parents were found by the overseers to be unfit to "keep and maintain" them, care took the form of being apprenticed to a local tradesman.

Local control of social welfare under the Poors of 1601 also meant local financing, with overseers given broad authority to levy taxes on parish residents The 1601 Poor Laws were the basis of English social policy until the mid-1800's. Their influence on American practice, particularly in New England, was tremendous. In fact, until recent times, New Hampshire welfare case-workers were called "overseers of the poor."

Puritan Beliefs and Charity-Religious beliefs of the Pilgrims shape attitudes

Puritan beliefs became the foundation for early America's social welfare philosophy.

These Puritans believed in an ordered, hierarchical universe with God reigning supreme. The world, as God's creation, reflected this hierarchy and the presence of a permanent underclass fit into this world view.

Believing in predestination, Puritans could look at poverty as revealing a flaw in the poor person's character; a sign that he or she was out of favor with the higher power.

While acts of charity to help the needy were an important part of religious practice, there was not an expectation that such charitable acts would raise the underclass out of poverty.

Charity was viewed as comfort to those unfortunates doomed to suffer in this world, and the charitable act a sign of the goodness of the giver.

A New Nation -Democratic spirit and new religious fervor The newly independent United States of America enjoyed great prosperity and expansion in the early nineteenth century. An invigorating democratic spirit influenced all aspects of society.

Responsibility for governing was now in the hands of the people. The nation's elite saw a

need to educate, improve, and uplift the people to best prepare them for this new challenge. The creation of societies for civic improvement was widespread and social movements like temperance and abolition got their start.

A similar spirit of optimism and hope was alive in the Church. A movement called "The Great Awakening," begun in the 1700's, had challenged the deterministic view of the Puritans. Emphasizing spiritual rebirth and salvation, this view held more hope for the underclass.

Monarchy had relied on rigid class distinctions that allowed no upward mobility. Religion had reinforced acceptance of a permanent impoverished class. With its space and abundant resources, egalitarian philosophy, and a renewed religious vigor, America enthusiastically tackled social ills.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Social Workers begun their great journey as friendly visitors In the 1850s, rapid urbanization &Industryalization, increased city social problems. Poverty & its accompanying difficulties forced society to address needed services. As a result, new charities, both public and private, responded to the challenge. As charity resources expanded, experienced workers saw the need for improved organization and management and they began to to apply order to the problems in their communities. The hardship and slow economy of the 1870s threw millions of men out of work and sparked riots and strikes. The strikes shut down most of the nation's railroad traffic and, as a result, commerce came to a halt. Elected officials, shocked and frightened by the poverty, destitution and general unrest, expanded local relief efforts hoping to moderate the depression's severity and to re-establish social order. During this time, a new movement of charitable organizations began to appear that we now associate more directly with the evolution of early social work.

The charity organizations were created to reorganize the public and private resources that had proliferated during the 1870s. In 1877, the first American charity organization society was established in Buffalo, New York. At the turn of the century, virtually every major urban area in America hosted some form of charity organization society. Leaders believed poverty could be eradicated through planned intervention or treatment rather than by direct relief (i.e. monetary assistance) alone. Many were disturbed by what they saw as an inefficient and chaotic array of urban philanthropy.

Therefore, a central record keeping system was created to track those who received assistance and prevented the indigent from receiving relief from more than one agency.

Someone, though, had to perform the crucial tasks of investigation and treatment, and that someone was the “friendly visitor�, and yielded the birth of what would be the social work profession was born. In the early 1890s, Mary Richmond, then director of the Baltimore Charity Organization, began developing training programs. In 1898, the New York Charity Organization started the first school for social workers. The original curriculum was designed as a six week set of summer classes and included formal lectures and field work.

Mary Richmond

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

2

Early Reforms - "Outdoor" relief moves "Indoor"

History of Social Welfare in USA

The social welfare practices of colonial America and the early United States were a legacy of English practice.

Appointed overseers of the poor in each community made provision for the needy: securing pensions, apprenticing wayward youth to tradesmen, and, in some cases, auctioning off care of people to the lowest bidder. The low bidder would be paid to care for an indigent person in his home, with little financial incentive to provide quality care.

This decentralized system was called "outdoor" relief because care took place in people's homes, outside an institution.

While at times abused by its disinterested overseers, outdoor relief was also criticized for delivering service in homes, instead of motivating the needy to get out and help themselves.

Reformers of the time stressed the environmental factors that shaped social ills, such as poverty and alcoholism. They built institutions to provide corrected, safe environments. Homes for the disabled, mental institutions, even prisons grew out of this movement.

Many states created institutions for the impoverished. "Indoor" relief was born, and the era of the poorhouse began.

Civil War - War redefines balance between state and federal.

The US Civil War was a conflict between state and federal power.

One consequence, though perhaps coincidental, was a change in the federal government's role in social welfare, particularly in public health.

At the War's outset, appalling numbers of troops succumbed to disease, due largely to poor sanitation. A very effective Sanitary Commission was established to disseminate proper health practices.

Though it was not a government agency, the Commission demonstrated to federal and state governments that a nationally led organization could be effective in promoting the public welfare.

It also demonstrated that some issues, like public health, were larger than local concerns and required cooperation between units of government.

The Commission also created new roles for women by putting nurses near the front.

The Gilded Age - Industrialized economy booms for some.

In 1869, the just-completed transcontinental railroad connected the West to the East.

With North and South no longer at war, the nation moved solidly in the direction of commerce. The railroad united new industries and vast fortunes were made in steel, oil, and banking.

While some tycoons, like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, would become legendary philanth -rapists ,so-called "robber-barons" viewed the world exclusively as a competitive arena where every possible advantage should be exploited.

These "Social Darwinists" extrapolated the "Survival of the Fittest" theories of Charles Darwin to mean the pursuit of individual wealth was natural and right.

Darwin's work challenged prevailing religious views about Man's origins. Just as some religious interpretation had led to acceptance of a permanent underclass, this interpretation of Darwin's work served the purpose of the wealthy Cities and Settlement Houses - Immigration, urbanization challenge cities.

Post-Civil War industrialization and immigration lead to enormous city growth, as many newcomers to America were crowded into cramped and filthy tenements.

The settlement house movement sought to relieve the pressures of urban immigrant life by providing community social services in an informal, neighborly setting.

The most famous example is Chicago's Hull House, founded by social reformer Jane Addams. Less concerned with providing the moral improvement charitable organizations sought, Hull House offered some practical services to its community, like the first childcare and kindergarten in Chicago.

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History of Social Welfare in USA

3

The Progressive - Era Government gets involved.

Around the turn of the last century, the excesses of the Gilded Age became politically unpalatable. The laissez-faire style of government that had allowed unrestricted commerce did little to protect the rights of workers or provide for the needy.

In Wisconsin, Bob LaFollette fought political corruption. In Washington, President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the trusts that had monopolized whole sectors of the economy. And around the country, farmers and laborers organized for political unity.

Journalistic endeavors in this era of muckraking shed light on dangerous work conditions and squalid housing. Famous examples include Jacob Riis's photography and writing about tenement life and Upton Sinclair's exposure of unsafe meatpacking practices.

A 1909 White House Conference on Dependent Children signaled a change in government interest in children's welfare.

Previously considered a local or private charitable concern, children's welfare received federal attention with the creation of a US Children's Bureau.

The Social Worker - The rise of the profession.

In 1921, at a Milwaukee conference, the American Association of Social Workers was established. This movement toward a more professional approach evolved throughout the early decades of the 20th century.

The complexity of modern life and the social ills associated with city growth were thought too daunting for the traditional untrained charity worker.

The social work profession devised standards and training and advocated social research and scientific methods.

While such professionalism lead to more consistent and focused care for individuals in need, much of the reformist zeal and desire for social change, so vital in the 19th century, fell by the wayside.

The Great Depression - Millions of unemployed; "alphabet soup" of agencies

After the 1929 stock market crash, and President Hoover's ineffectual response, America faced its greatest economic crisis. Millions of newly unemployed were exhausting private relief organizations.

In New York state, Governor Franklin Roosevelt viewed the unemployed as a vast social problem that could only be fixed by government. An emergency temporary relief agency delivered funds to local work projects and relief providers.

As President, Roosevelt's first major act was creation of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA, the first of an "alphabet soup" of relief agencies) to fund locally administered unemployment relief.

The principle of locally funded, locally controlled welfare dates back to America's colonial era and the Poor Laws of 1601. But the problems of the Depression proved too great for local governments or charities.

Federal funding came with guidelines, including the hiring of social workers. Many private charity social workers now entered government service.

Social Security - Wisconsin economist directs effort

After the Band-Aid work of emergency relief, Roosevelt turned to developing a more permanent safety net to keep Americans from destitution in the future.

A Committee of Economic Security was established with University of Wisconsin Professor Edwin E. Witte as its director. Witte was an economist who had worked on Wisconsin's pioneering unemployment insurance program. The committee devised a widespread program of social insurance that became law in 1935, little more than a year after the committee began its work.Old age pensions and unemployment insurance were funded by payments from both employers and employees. Funding was provided to states to administer relief to the disabled, widowed, and to single-parent families in a program that would become AFDC. For the first time in US history, a certain amount of assistance was federally guaranteed to all citizens as an "entitlement."

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History of Social Welfare in USA

4

War and Postwar - Wartime factories retooled for prosperity

"The more women work, the sooner we win" read this recruiting poster from World War II. Millions of men were away in the military. To keep them supplied in the field, factories hired women for jobs that had previously been only done by men.

After so many years of widespread unemployment, the enormous needs of the national war effort brought unprecedented opportunities for women and for minorities.

Just a few years before, aid to support single mothers at home had been passed as part of the Social Security Act. Now a very different public image of women was being projected.

Although "Rosie the Riveter" was expected to return to homemaking after the war, seeds of social transformation were planted.

Wartime production gave way to postwar prosperity, as factories turned out consumer items for a growing middle class. But amid the apparent affluence and anti-Communist fever of the postwar era, there was a growing "Other America" – rural areas and inner cities that had not enjoyed an economic boom.

The Great Society -War on poverty, and war in Vietnam.

Having grown up in the remote Texas Hill Country, Lyndon B. Johnson understood the "Other America" – places like Appalachia where poverty persisted. Having seen electricity come to the Hill Country, Johnson felt government could do great things.

A die-hard New Deal Democrat who had idolized FDR, LBJ wanted to make a similar mark. Taking many initiatives started under Kennedy, Johnson created a program dubbed the "Great Society." Central to the program was a "War on Poverty."

Although Edwin Witte was able to devise Social Security in a matter of months, speed worked against the War on Poverty.

The crisis mentality of War meant many programs were poorly conceived and badly administered.

Meanwhile, another war, a real one in Vietnam, consumed more of Johnson's attention. Protests against the war and urban rioting showed that Johnson was ineffective at providing either guns or butter. His effort to fight Communism overseas divided the country. A riotous underclass destroyed the image of a prosperous, united nation. Government seemed impotent at quelling rebellion, on one extreme, and a failure at providing economic justice for the largely minority underclass, on the other extreme.

While there were some Great Society successes like Head Start and adding two-parent families to AFDC, Johnson Era programs would become the prototype of the "Big Government" approach neoconservatives would fight against for years to come.

1996 Welfare Reform Bill Ending welfare as we know it.

The 1994 Congressional elections would be dubbed the "Republican Revolution," as Newt Gingrich engineered a majority-taking election effort. Republicans united by the "Contract with America" made welfare reform a top priority.

Core to these Republicans' philosophy was a belief in "devolution" – the ceding of federal power to state or local government. Local government should be more empowered and more responsive than a federal bureaucracy could ever be.

History had expanded the federal role in social welfare through the Civil War, Progressive Era, and greatly so during the Depression.

This new approach called back upon the principles of local control codified in the Poor Laws of 1601, the original model for American social policy. As Gingrich praised the idea of orphanages, he approached the reformist zeal of early American "indoor" relief advocates.

Negotiating with a Republican Congress, President Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act in 1996.

Wisconsin had for many years been experimenting with programs to emphasize work over welfare. The bill's passage paved the way for even more bold experimentation, and for states to follow Wisconsin's lead.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Elizabeth Gurney Fry

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Elizabeth Gurney Fry (1780-1845) Elizabeth Gurney Fry (1780-1845) is most known for her successful reform of British prisons. It was a complete innovation that a woman would do this kind of work. It was also new that she established a voluntary committee of women for this work. Fry became known as „the angel of the prisons‟. Since 2002 she is honored for her work through being depicted on the British five pound note.

Betsy Gurney grew up in a well off Quaker community in Norfolk, the east of England. The Quakers had strong ideals about equality and peace.

They belong to the early opponents of slave trade and were very active in a wide range of philanthropic projects. The death of her mother when Betsy was 12 years old had a significant impact on the young girl and cast a shadow over her youth. At the age of 17 she started organising a primary school for poor children at her home. After her marriage with Joseph Fry (in 1800) she gave birth to eleven children. Even so she continued her social work, such as taking care of lonely sick neighbours.

It is 1813 when Elisabeth Fry First entered Newgate prison (in London, closed and demolished early 20th century). She was shocked by the inhuman circumstances in which women and children were imprisoned.

The reports on her conversations with the women in Newgate prison were impressive. She also invited important people to come and visit the prison to see the poor living conditions themselves. Fry opposed the solitary imprisonment, which was standard procedure at the time. She argued it was bad practice for the health and mental sanity of the prisoners. Fry became the first prison reformer to focus on the moral improvement of prisoners through personal contact, conversations, education and work. To accomplish this work, she established a voluntary committee of women.

The method used by Elizabeth Fry had three core ingredients:  Male and female prisoners had to be separated. Guards had to be same gender as the prisoners.

This became international practice since.  For the visits of female prisoners, women committees had to be established. The volunteers had to take care of education, paid work and support after their clients were discharged from prison.

This task developed into professional probation services.  Prisoners had to get opportunities for education and paid work.

Fry visited many prisons across the UK. Her actions were effective for her approach was (partially) incorporated in the British prison law of 1823. She was consulted by Queen Victoria, Parliament and became a source of inspiration for nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale. She also took her work internationally, e.g. to the Netherlands. Thanks to the work of Elizabeth Fry, treatment of prisoners became more humane.

To commemorate the contribution Fry made to social work, the school of social work of the university of Stanford is housed in a building named after her.

Read more  Young, A. F., & Ashton, E. T. (1956), British social work in the nineteenth century, http://www.steyaert.org/canonpdfs/1965,%20Young%20Ashton,%20British%20social%20work% 2019th%20century%20OCR.pdf

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Octavia Hill

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers

Octavia Hill (1838-1912) It is 1864 when teacher and artist Octavia Hill (1838-1912) starts to work in the poor neighborhoods of Late Victorian London (in what is now Marylebone burough and one of the most expensive places to live). She works with people at the bottom of the social ladder: poor, unemployed, living in cold and damp dwellings. Housing is her main focus. Hill sees a well-maintained house, however small, with light, air and space – and with neighbours who care about each other – as life necessity # 1. Money from the art critic John Ruskin enables her to buy three houses in what is now central London. Each week, she personally collects the rent and discusses issues with the tenants. Housing is the basis, but also the starting point of other activities: development of gardens, play gardens for the children, excursion. Octavia Hill starts living in the Marylebone borough of London herself, and builds an accommodation behind her house to host weekend- and evening activities for children, women and elderly persons.

As a result of careful housing management, she succeeds in having a 5% return-on-investment. Her housing projects become an attractive investment.

She expands her work, gathers more funds and support. Many women receive training enabling them to act as social workers. Octavia Hill works in a way that strengthens self respect and trust in own capabilities. These days, we would call that empowerment and resilience.

She hates philanthropy that creates dependency. In 1869, she is one of the founding members of the Charity Organization Society that aims to modernize poverty work. Its origins go back to Elberfeld, Germany.

Octavia Hill starts advocacy work for nature in and around London in 1975. She becomes one of the three founding members of the National Trust in 1894. The organization is still an important actor in the maintenance of parks, castles and nature in the UK. Octavia‟s influence is far reaching, and has links to Amsterdam, Berlin and Chicago. Her 1883 publication The homes of the London poor (http://www.victorianlondon.org/publications/homesofthelondonpoor.htm) helps spreading her ideas across the world.

Although by the end of her life, interest in her thinking declined because of her great emphasis on individual and small-scale social work, the past few decades have seen a renewed interest. Hill refused to acknowledge that significant government intervention could be needed to deal with major social problems such as poverty, housing and unemployment. In her thinking, government initiatives should never replace voluntary action. With the emergence of the welfare state, her popularity eroded. Within the current discussion about the sustainability of the welfare state, parts of Hill‟s work emerge again.

Octavia Hill is remarkable in the history of social work because she rejected alms. Those would only bring curses and keep citizens at the edge of pauperism. Hill believed in a paternalistic approach that changed the attitudes of poor people. More and better houses wouldn‟t help to get rid of slums: “The people‟s homes are bad, partly because they are badly built and arranged, they are tenfold worse because the tenants‟ habits and lives are what they are. Transplant them tomorrow to healthy and commodious homes and they would pollute and destroy them” (1875) Read more 1. Smith, Mark K. (2008), Octavia Hill: housing, space and social reform, 2. Hill, Octavia (1883), Homes of the London Poor 3. Lewis, J. E. (1991), Octavia Hill, 1838-1912, 4. Lewis, J. E. (1991), Women and social action in Victorian and Edwardian England, Links The Octavia Hill society (and birthplace) Wikipedia about Octavia Hill

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Arnold Toynbee

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers

Arnold Toynbee (1852-1881) Arnold Toynbee (1852-1881) didn‟t get to live long, but was much appreciated in his short life as a scholar. He lectured economical history in Oxford where he was very critical about the industrial revolution he saw emerging all around him. His key message was that: “The effects of the Industrial Revolution prove that free competition may produce wealth without producing well-being". The biggest poverty became concentrated in urban slums. This didn‟t allow for indifference. As a consequence, he urged his students to show some real engagement.

Using the ideas of Edward Denison (1840-1970), Toynbee argued for conditions. The confrontation with the harsh reality of social inequality would not only sharpen their University Extension, an outreaching type of learning in which students worked with the poorer parts of the population and applied their course material as a way of voluntary work. Students thus would become more aware of daily living sense for social responsibility, but also bridge class segregation. This idea was later labelled Practical Socialism (1888) by Toynbee‟s think-alike and Anglican priest Samuel Barnett. It received plenty of support in Oxford and Cambridge, from which it gained international recognition.

After Toynbee‟s death, Barnett continued work on the University Extension. Students would not only work to enhance the living conditions of the poor, they would also live among them for at least a year. The University Settlement was born. This would guarantee a stronger link between scholars and urban slums, and achieve better results. In 1884 Toynbee Hall opened in East London. Graduated students cam and lived there, while often working elsewhere, and contributed to neighbourhood development. They studies the living conditions and necessities of the working class, and organised activities to contribute to community building, (informal) education and social liberation. They worked to achieve improvements in the poor law, better pension rights and an overall enhancement of living conditions. Toynbee Hall quickly became an inspiring example of community development in both the US and Europe. In the beginning of the 20th century, one of the people to live and work at Toynbee Hall for a short period of time was William Beveridge. (http://www.historyofsocialwork.org/details.php?id=4) Extra Toynbee Hall celebrated it's 125th anniversary in 2009. On the 1st of June, there was a party for the volunteers. This was also the launch of the movie "Celebrating Volunteers at Toynbee Hall". (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwHo55IzD6Y&) Read more Additional information  Barnett-Rowland, Henrietta (1913), Canon Barnett, his life, work and friends, (http://www.archive.org/stream/canonbarnetthisl01barnuoft) Links  Wikipedia on Arnold Toynbee (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee)  Toynbee Hall now (http://www.toynbeehall.org.uk/)  Settlements and social action centers (http://www.infed.org/association/b-settl.htm)

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Jane Addams

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

Jane Addams (1860-1935) was born in Cedarville, Illinois in a well-off Quaker family. After her studies, she visited Toynbee Hall in London and inspired by it, she developed a very similar initiative in Chicago. Together with her friend Ellen Starr, she started the first settlement house in 1889 in Near West Side, a neighbourhood with plenty of European immigrants: Hull House. It quickly developed into a real action centre with plenty of room for children, education for adults, culture and focus on social progress. Addams however didn‟t only work with the poor but also engaged in political action aimed at establishingnew laws to protect the poor.

Addams assembled a group of very committed young women. They became the female face of the democratisation movement in the Progressive Era. From 1900 onwards the United States saw a wave of interest in women‟s emancipation, new social laws and attention for social and racial tensions. The Hull House group professionalised the contribution of women in social work. With their neighbourhood work, they contributed to a more structural political focus.

They started from a profound analysis of real situations and by doing so contributed to later social science research. In the Hull house maps and papers they reported on the effects of concentration of different ethnicities and their living conditions, about labour circumstances in the sweatshops, about child labour. This was work done by e.g. Julia Lathrop and Florence Kelley. This approach to „mapping‟ contributed to the start of the famous Chicago school in urban sociology with key figures like George Herbert Mead and John Dewey. For the academic researchers, Addams and her colleagues were just data collectors, while for themselves their research was a tool and starting point for social action.

With the strong combination of professional interventions and structured reseach, Addams succeeded in establishing a specific basis for American social work which raised international interest. From the very beginning, Hull house received numerous visitors from abroad.

Many initiatives were launched from Hull house. Julia Lathrop later became the first director of the Children‟s Federal Bureau (1912). She succeeded in raising concerns about child labour and child deaths.

The power of the settlement work translated to a broad social engagement of Jane Addams in which she combined here work for Hull House with an at least equally passionate contribution to the peace movement during the First World War. That earned her the nickname Saint Jane. Four years before her death, she received the Nobel Prize for the peace (1931). ]

Extra Jane Addams is still actively being remembered in the US. The social work department of the University of Illinois at Chicago is named after her: Jane Addams College of Social Work. (http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/college/) Read more  Allen, J. D. (2008), Jane Addams (1860-1935): social worker and peace builder, Additional information  Addams, Jane (1910), Twenty Years at Hull-House, 

(http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7EHYPER/ADDAMS/title.html)

Hull House museum in Chicago (http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/) The urban experience in Chicago: Hull House and its neighborhoods (http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/urbanexp/)

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Mary Richmond

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers

Mary Ellen Richmond (1861-1928) With her book Social Diagnosis from 1917, Mary Ellen Richmond (18611928) constructed the foundations for the scientific methodology development of professional work. She searched for the causes of poverty and social exclusion in the interaction between an individual and his or her environment. Mary Richmond can be described as the mother of social casework.

Richmond spent her youth in Baltimore on the American east coast. Aged 4, she became an orphan. She was an intelligent young lady and was raised by her feminist grandmother. After having worked for eight years in a bookshop, she dedicated the rest of her live from 1889 onwards to modernizing and professionalizing of care for the poor.

She started her career with the Charity Organization Society (COS) in Baltimore, a US branch of the organization Octavia Hill established in the UK. Richmond‟s capacities didn‟t remain unnoticed and soon she was offered leading position in COS in Baltimore and Philadelphia. From 1909 until her death, she was director of the charity department of the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, an influential fund supporting social science research.

In modern social work, about everybody agrees there is a need for diagnosis and research to happen before care provision. It was Richmond who systematically developed the content and methodology of diagnosis in the period around 1910. Her first principle was that care had to focus on the person within her or his situation. Building on extensive research, she developed what she labeled as „social diagnosis‟. Her famous circle diagram visualized the correspondence of client and environment.

Richmond identified six sources of power that are available to clients and their social workers: sources within the household, in the person of the client, in the neighborhood and wider social network, in civil agencies, in private and public agencies. This is a precursor of the system theory that was so popular in 1970‟s social work.

Through her approach to research, Richmond gave social work clients a voice for the first time. In this way, she opened a new and fruitful area of social research which is up to now a cornerstone of social work. With her broad instructions on how to gather information, interview methodologies, establishing contact and conducting conversations, Richmond gave social casework a strong professional status. In her second big publication What is social casework? (1922) Mary Richmond introduced the methodology of „learning from cases‟. She provided extensive comments to six elaborately described practice situations. New was her plea to also cover psychological elements. First came however an open and honest communication with clients, without encumbering formalities. Strengthening the resilience of clients is a natural component of this approach. Richmond‟s plea to involve clients in the solving of their problems still provides inspiration, even a century later.

The work of Mary Richmond was highly influential in the US, UK and internationally. There are few countries where current social work has not been influenced by her work and thinking.

Additional information  Richmond, Mary Ellen (1899), Friendly Visiting among the Poor. A Handbook for Charity Workers  Richmond, Mary Ellen (1908), The good neighbor in the modern city  Richmond, Mary Ellen (1913), A study of nine hundred and eighty-five widows known to certain charity organization societies in 1910  Richmond, Mary Ellen (1917), Social diagnosis Richmond, Mary Ellen (1922), What is social case work? An introductory description

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George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moore, Tolly Toynbee, Günther Wallraff, Barbara Ehrenreich

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moore,Tolly Toynbee, Günther Wallraff, Barbara Ehrenreich There was a time when Eric Blair wasn‟t yet know as George Orwell, the author of 1984 and Animal Farm. It was a time in which he was so poor that he needed to move to Paris where the cost of living at the time was much lower. He wrote up his experiences combined with those upon his return to London and thus provided a great description of what poverty really looked like. He provided a view on the (in)humanity behind statistics with more vividness than any quantitative research could ever achieve.

To give one example, Orwell describes how he and his Russian friend Boris are short of food and spent their last money on some bread and garlic. The combination is part of their survival skills: "the point of rubbing garlic on bread is that the taste lingers and gives one the illusion of having fed recently." Others wrote similar accounts of poverty and injustice. Well known examples include John Howard Griffin, a white man who decided to dye himself black to experience society like „a black‟. During some months in 1959, he lived like a black citizen in the segregated deep south of the US. The diaries he kept were published the year after as Black like me and showed the many (ugly) faces of day-to-day racism. Griffin became a respected civil rights activist but also received death threats and was at one time severely beaten by members of the Ku Klux Klan. Similar to Griffin‟s work is Pat Moore‟s Disguised, a true story from 1985. A student of gerontology, Moore wanted to get a better understanding of what it meant to be a senior citizen and started being one by applying a gray wig and e.g. blurring her sight by applying baby oil to her eyes. Travelling through the US and Canada in this disguised way, she organized her own excursions into the world of the elderly. Although somewhere in the intro to her book she is described as not being a social worker, she most definitely is.

Her project became a great example of how bad design of products (incl. buildings, transport,...) excludes people with impairments. She also clearly illustrated how working on social progress can go hand in hand with business interests.

Griffin and Moore worked in North America and are not very known in Europe.

The same approach has however gained widespread fame in Europe through the work of the German journalist Günther Wallraff. Around the same time as Pat Moore‟s work, Wallraff disguised as a Turkish immigrant worker. He worked for several companies, including German‟s steal industry giant Thyssen and the fast food champion McDonald‟s. His book Ganz Unten was translated in many languages and made a great impact as it illustrated both the exploitation of immigrant workers in the labour market as well as day to day racism from German people.

All of the above are prime examples of the use of immersive research and role play techniques to highlight situations of social injustice. This is not something from the past, but still being done in our time. Examples include the UK journalist Tolly Toynbee who worked as a low-skilled employee and published her experiences in Hard work, the US writer Barbara Ehrenreich who did the

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same and published Nickled and dimed, and the French journalist Florence Aubenas who lived for six months as a low-skilled single woman in a poor area of the French city Caen. All three of these recent examples of immersive research illustrate life at the bottom of society is not easy.

If three well educated woman with plenty of life experiences did not manage to remain out of poverty when acting as a low-skilled person, how could somebody really in that situation do it? Their research shows that society still has not succeeded in building „ladders out of poverty‟.

Additional information  Orwell, G. (1933), Down and out in Paris and London  Griffin, J. H. (1960), Black Like Me  Moore, P., Conn, C. P., & Conn, P. (1985), Disguised: A True Story  Wallraff, G. (1985), Ganz unten, translated as 'Lowest of the low'  Toynbee, P. (2003), Hard work, life in low-pay Britain  Ehrenreich, B. (2002), Nickel and dimed, undercover in low-wage USA  Aubenas, F. (2010), Le Quai de Ouistreham

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Sir William Beveridge

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers

Sir William Henry Beveridge Most social work in Western countries is currently provided within the context of the welfare state, whose origins can be traced back to the work of sir William Henry Beveridge at the time of the second World War. Beveridge was born in 1879 in India, at that time part of the British Empire. He studied law in Oxford and quickly became fascinated by early forms of social security, rapidly turning into an authority on pensions and unemployment benefits. At the beginning of the twentieth century, his thinking already had an impact on the development of national insurance and policy on poverty in the UK. Soon after the First World War, he was knighted. His work was greatly influenced by the Fabian society, who clearly also liked his work for they gave him the post of director of the London School of Economics (LSE). Early on during the Second World War, the Minister of Health commissioned a report on the state of social insurances in the UK and invited Beveridge to be chair. In 1942, they published their report Social Insurance and Allied Services, which quickly simply became know as „the Beveridge report‟. It was followed in 1944 by a report entitled Full Employment in a Free Society. Both reports were to have far reaching consequences, way beyond the government‟s initial intentions.

Beveridge‟s work labeled the main challenges for social policy as „the five giants‟: avoid squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease. Social insurance was but one element to address these challenges. Equally important were education, health care, and housing and employment services. Each of these is currently a sector where social workers are active. Beveridge argued for a central role of the state in guaranteeing the necessary resources for the welfare state, as well as being the main provider of services. Every citizen would contribute to this universal system of solidarity according to his/her capabilities, and would be able to make use of it according to his/her needs. Key to all this was full employment.

In 1945, the Labour party won the elections and defeated Churchill. They quickly announced the intention to build a welfare state as described by Beveridge. This resulted in, among other things, the start of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. The relevance of Beveridge was however not limited to the United Kingdom. Many leading politicians from across the world spent time in London during the Second World War, and were well aware of the ideas proposed in the Beveridge report. Once peace established, the ideas were exported e.g. by Arie van Rhijn to the Netherlands and Louis Major to Belgium.

As such, it can be said that Beverigde was the architect of the global building plans for the welfare state.

There may have been one building plan, but it was not one welfare state that developed. Implementation of the ideas in the Beveridge report was influenced by local politics, and as a consequence welfare states across the world differed from each other and from the original plans. Well known classifications of welfare states to describe this diversity have been made by Richard Titmuss (1974) and later by Gøsta Esping-Andersens (1990).

Additional information  Beveridge, W. (1942), Social insurances and allied services the first 20 pages of 'the Beverigde report' (http://www.canonsociaalwerk.eu/1942_ENG_Beveridge/1942,%20Beveridge,%20social% 20insurance%20and%20allied%20services.pdf)  Beveridge, J. (1954), Beveridge and his plan 32  Timmins, N. (1996), The five giants, a biography of the welfare state

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers

Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)

More than anyone else, Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) influenced our thinking about cities and city life during the second half of the twentieth century. A lack of any formal education in city planning or related subjects didn‟t put a brake on her influence. At a very early age, she moved to Greenwich Village, a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York, where she had to take several different jobs to survive amidst the economic crisis. Times of unemployment were filled with long walks through the city. During that time, her eloquent writing and sharp analytic eye became to be noted. She married an architect and started writing for Architectural Forum. In this way, she developed a keen interest in cities and city life.

Jacobs published here best-known book in 1961: The death and life of great American cities. It was a protest against the megalomaniac plans of Robert Moses, the city architect of New York. He wanted to build huge traffic gateways through the inner city to give maximal freedom to car transport.

Jacobs was furious about these drawing board plans, and argued a city is not created on maps but grows like a living organism. Cities are like bodies, and streets are the arteries. Through her publications and protest actions, Jacobs together with many others succeeded in stopping the building of the Lower Manhattan Expressway. She had been wrestling with Moses, and won.

In 1968, Jane Jacobs moved to Toronto as a protest against the war in Vietnam and to avoid military service for her sons. She‟d stay in Toronto until her death in 2006. The situation Jacobs found in Toronto wasn‟t that different to New York. Plans existed to build the huge Spadina Expressway all the way through the center of town. Jacobs became one of the most visible activists against these plans, and again she and her companions succeeded in stopping the further planning and building of this expressway.

In many cities across the Western world, the notion of make room for car mobility has gradually been replaced by the notion that other transport is equally relevant and car-free zones are a benefit for the city.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work A few key elements in Jacobs‟ vision on the city are still present in our present day thinking. She argued that a mix of functions on the local level was a key element for general attractiveness of a neighbourhood. If functions would become geographically separated, we get neighborhoods that are only partially used, e.g. places where people only come to sleep, places where people only shop, places that are only used during office hours. Jacobs had a strong preference to intertwine these functions in the same locality, thus making for continuous activity.

Related to this Jacobs introduced the notion of eyes on the street. Plenty of people that make use of the city at different hours would create a light form of social control that would enhance public safety.

Robert Putnam would later use and expand this notion in his work on social capital.

Another still very popular idea from Jane Jacobs is her saying that „old ideas can sometimes use new buildings, but new ideas must use old buildings‟. City development is not about destroying old buildings and constructing new ones, but about giving old buildings a new purpose. Numerous examples exist, such as Tate Modern in London, housed in an old power station.

To commemorate Jane Jacobs, several cities have installed Jane‟s walks: city tours focuses on the current live in neighborhoods, guided by citizens themselves. These give a view on the living city, not on the historical „dead‟ city. They are also called urban safaris.

Read more  Hospers, G.-J. (2006), Jane Jacobs: her life and work, (http://www.dimeeu.org/files/active/0/Jane%20Jacobs.pdf) Additional information  Jacobs, J. (1961), The death and life of great American cities  Sparberg Alexiou, A. (2006), Jane Jacobs, urban visionary  Flint, A. (2009), Wrestling with Moses, how Jane Jacobs took on New York's master builder and transformed the American city.  Goldsmith, S., & Elizabeth, L. (Eds.). (2010), What We See, Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs,

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Joel Fischer

Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers

Joel Fischer It is early 1973 when the at the time little known Joel Fischer publishes a paper in Social Work, the journal of the US‟ National Association of Social Workers. After the professionalization of social work through the work of Mary Richmond and the establishment of higher education for social work, Fischer asks the question whether there is any indication on the effectiveness of social casework. Are the goals one expects to reach also reached?

To the surprise of many, research at the time indicated that social casework was not very effective and that about 50% of the clients were worse off after treatment than before. Fischer consequently argues social work should not be satisfied with good intentions, but look critically into the effects of its actions “The issue of effectiveness of practice always must be of paramount concern to the profession and cannot be brushed aside.”

Joel Fischer‟s article caused a debate in the subsequent issues of Social Work and other scholarly social work journals. It is probably one of the most reprinted and most cited single publication in the entire social work literature. The article and the ensuing debate can be seen as the start of professional doubt. No doubt in a cynical way, but as a healthy level of scrutinizing one‟s work and monitor the effects of social interventions as a foundation for continuous improvements.

Fischer did not linger in questioning the effectiveness of social work, but in the decades after 1973 published several manuals on how to liaise science and social work. His Evaluating practice (together with Martin Bloom and John Orme) received its sixth edition in 2009. It focuses on the use of single-system designs to evaluate social work practice.

Fischer had an infectious enthusiasm and optimism about science and social work growing close. He wrote e.g. in 1993: “By the year 2000, empirically based practice – the new social work – may be the norm, or well on the way to becoming so.” You could argue that scientific based social work is still not the norm, but the discussion about why and how is certainly dominating a great number of discussions within the profession.

Professional doubt as the driving force behind innovation has gained much attention since 1973. Social work followed in the footsteps of medicine and invests in evidence based practice. Whole libraries have been written on this subject by now and organizations such as Social Care Institute of Excellence (SCIE) or the Campbell Collaboration (C2) make it a core part of their reason of existence to contribute to the scientific grounding of social work.

Additional information  Fischer, J. (1973), Is casework effective? a review, (http://lyceumbooks.com/pdf/Toward_EvidenceBased_Prologue.pdf)  Bloom, M., Fischer, J., & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating Practice Guidelines for the Accountable Professional,  Fischer, J. (2009), Toward evidence-based practice: variations on a theme, (http://lyceumbooks.com/iTowardEvidence-BasedPrac.htm)

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Understanding Social Work history by understanding the history of fields of social work

Practice of Social Work with Individuals, Families and Groups

Correctional / Forensic Social Work

Social Work with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People

Social Work with Organizations, Communities and Larger Systems

Gender and Social Work Practice

Psychiatric Social Work

Addictions and Social Work Practice

Social Work Practice in HealthCare Settings

Social Work with Disabled

Social Work and Familiy Welfare

Gerontological Social Work

Poverty: Opportunities for Social Work

Rural Social Work / Community Development

School Social Work

Social Work in Industries/ Labour Welfare

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Indian History Timeline This will help the students to compare Indian welfare efforts with UK & USA from 1600 AD (CE)

Indian History Timeline

 1600 East India Company is formed in England.

Gets exclusive trading rights with India.

• Chera Empire • 300 BCE–200 CE • Chola Empire • 250 BCE–1070 CE  1605 Akbar dies, and is succeeded by his son • Satavahana • 230 BCE–220 CE Jehangir.

• Kushan Empire • 60–240 CE  1628 Jehangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside • Gupta Empire • 280–550 • Pala Empire • 750–1174 his palace that anyone can ring the bell and get a • Chalukya Dynasty • 543–753 personal hearing with the emperor. Jehangir dies, • Rashtrakuta • 753–982 and is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan.

• Western Chalukya Empire • 973–1189 Hoysala Empire 1040–1346  1630 Birth of Shivaji.

Kakatiya Empire 1083–1323  1644 Shivaji takes oath of Independence at Islamic Sultanates 1206–1596 Raireshwar.

• Delhi Sultanate • 1206–1526  1658 Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, Jama • Deccan Sultanates • 1490–1596 Ahom Kingdom 1228–1826 Masjid, and Red Fort. Imperial treasuries drained by Vijayanagara Empire 1336–1646 architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Mughal Empire 1526–1858 Jahan dies, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb.

Maratha Empire 1674–1818 Sikh Confederacy 1716–1799  1659 Shivaji personally kills Adilshahi commander Sikh Empire 1799–1849 Afzal Khan in a thrilling fashion.

British East India Company 1757–1858  1674 Forces led by Shivaji defeat Aurangzeb's British Raj 1858–1947 Modern States 1947–present troops, and establishes Maratha Empire.  1680 Shivaji dies of fever at Raigad.  1681 Aurangzeb invades the Deccan  1707 Aurangzeb dies, and is succeeded by son Bahadur Shah I.  1717 Pamheiba decrees Vaishnavism as the state religion of Manipur  1719 Bajirao I is appointed the Peshwa by Maratha Emperor Shahu.  1735 Annexation of Rajputana by Peshwa Bajirao  1737 Bajirao I conquers Delhi, Mughal Emperor is spared and kept as titular head.  1740 Bajirao I annexes Bengal and Orissa.  1740 Bajirao I dies, with the distinction of winning every battle he fought. He is succeeded by Balaji Bajirao  1757 The British East India Company's private army under Robert Clive annexes Bengal for the company in the Battle of Plassey. Edmund Burke has Robert Clive arrested for the act.  1760 Marathas comprehensively defeat the Nizam; Maratha Empire reaches its zenith.  1761 The Marathas are defeated in the Third battle of Panipat bringing an end to their expansion.  1766 -1769 First Anglo-Mysore War  1772 Young Madhavrao Peshwa dies of tuberculosis.  1773 Narayanrao Peshwa is murdered by his uncle Raghunathrao's wife in front of Raghunathrao.

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 1774 Chief Justice of the Maratha Empire, Ram Shastri passes death sentence against the ruling Peshwa Raghunathrao for murdering his nephew.  1777 -1782 First Anglo-Maratha War begins and ends with the restoration of status quo as per Treaty of Salbai.  1779 Maratha sardar Mahadji Shinde routs the British army at the Battle of Wadgaon.  1780 -1784 Second Anglo-Mysore War begins. ends with the Treaty of Mangalore.  1789 -1792 Third Anglo-Mysore War begins.  1790 The Marathas under Holkar and General de Boigne comprehensively defeat the Rajputs of Jaipur and their Mughal allies at the Battle of Patan, where 3000+ Rajput cavalry is killed and the entire Mughal unit vanquished. The defeat crushes Rajput hope of independence from external influence  1798 – 1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins. ends with the death of Tipu Sultan and the restoration of the Wodeyar dynasty.  1803 1805 Second Anglo-Maratha War  1817 - 1818 Third Anglo-Maratha War begins and ends with the defeat of Bajirao II and the end of the Maratha Empire leaving the British with control of almost the whole of India Evolution of Social Welfare Ministry in India

Evolution of Social Welfare Ministry in India For social welfare three important dates occur in the evolution of the Ministry of Social Welfare in India. These are 14 June 1964 when the Department of Social Security was created; 24 January 1966 when the Department of Social Security was redesignated as Department of Social Welfare; and 24 August 1979 when the Department of Social Welfare was elevated to the status of an independent Ministry.

A memorandum was submitted on 12 May 1956 by the Indian Conference of Social Work (now Indian Council of Social Welfare) to the then Prime Minister, urging the creation of a Central Ministry of Social Welfare.

The Conference felt that the early establishment of a Social Welfare Ministry at the Centre was very necessary not only to integrate the administration of social welfare in the country, but also to provide the policy of social development with a driving force which can only be given through a well-formulated philosophy of social progress The Study Team on Social Welfare and Welfare of Backward Classes constituted in 1958 by the Committee on Plan Projects of the Planning Commission under the chairmanship of Smt. Renuka Ray pointed out inter-alia that various social welfare subjects are dealt with in different Ministries. The Team was of the view that the plans and policies of social welfare have not had the advantage of an integrated approach and direction. It, therefore, recommended the setting up of a Department of Social Welfare. The Study Team further suggested that the work relating to youth welfare, recreational services, education and welfare of the handicapped, social work research and training dealt with by the Ministry of Education; and the work relating to beggary and vagrancy, juvenile delinquency and probation, social and moral hygiene and rehabilitation of persons discharged from correctional and non-correctional institutions dealt with by the Ministry of Home Affairs, be transferred to the new Department of Social Welfare. The Study Team also suggested that administration of a national social welfare policy; initiating, reviewing and 38

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watching implementation of social welfare legislation by State Governments; coordination of social welfare schemes of the State Governments on a broadly uniform pattern; promotion of social research, and constitution and administration of a Central cadre of welfare administrators should be the other functions of the suggested Department of Social Welfare.

Table: Establishing an Independent Ministry of Social Welfare –Timeline

Establishing an Independent Ministry of Social Welfare –Timeline Although a separate social welfare sector has been in existence ever since the beginning of the First Five Year Plan (1951-56), a separate Department of Social Welfare came into being only after about thirteen years.

A memorandum was submitted by the Indian Conference of Social Work (now Indian Council of Social Welfare) 1956 to the then Prime Minister, urging the creation of a Central Ministry of Social Welfare

1958 1964 1966 1967

1979 198586

1998

1999 2007

The Committee on Plan Projects of the Planning Commission under the chairmanship of Smt. Renuka Ray recommended the setting up of a Department of Social Welfare.

The Department of Social Security was created The Department of Social Security was renamed as Department of Social Welfare Administrative Reforms Commission suggested to group various subjects with the Department of Labor and Employment to constitute a Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Welfare -Transfer of charitable and religious institutions from the Ministry of Law to the proposed Department and also to transfer child welfare from Social Welfare Ministry of Health, Family Planning and Regional Planning The Department of Social Welfare was elevated to the status of an independent Ministry The erstwhile Ministry of Welfare was bifurcated into the Department of Women and Child Development and the Department of Welfare. Simultaneously, the Scheduled Castes Development Division, Tribal Development Division and the Minorities and Backward Classes Welfare Division were moved from the Ministry of Home Affairs and also the Wakf Division from the Ministry of Law to form the then Ministry of Welfare.

The name of the Ministry was changed into Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.

The list of subjects which stand allocated to the Ministry of Social Welfare would show that several subjects or significant parts of these subjects administered by other Ministries could perhaps be administered by the Ministry of Social Welfare, as, for instance, social education and adult education and youth welfare activities (Ministry of Education and Culture); welfare of labor (Ministry of Labor); legal aid to the poor (Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs); and relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons (Department of Rehabilitation, Ministry of Supply and Rehabilitation) The Tribal Development Division had moved out to form a separate Ministry of Tribal Affairs.

The Minorities Division along with Wakf Unit have been moved out of the Ministry and formed as a separate Ministry

It is not known whether the creation of the Department of Social Security in 1964 was a direct outcome of the recommendations of the Renuka Ray Team or of other conferences and committees. The subjects then allotted to the newly created Department of Social Security included an assortment or items like child welfare, orphans and orphanages, education of the handicapped, social welfare, the scheduled castes, the scheduled tribes, ex-criminal tribes and other backward classes, unemployment insurance, social security measures, the Central Social Welfare Board, coordination and development of village industries including Khadi and handicraft, prohibition, Ambar Charkha, and UNICEF. Later on, certain subjects like social security, village industries and the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes were allocated to other Ministries.

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In 1967 in its report, the Study Team appointed by the Administrative Reforms Commission to examine the machinery of the Government of India and its procedures of work suggested that rehabilitation and social welfare should be combined into a single department and the department should then be grouped with the Department of Labor and Employment to constitute a Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Welfare. It further recommended that considering the tremendous influence that charitable and religious institutions can have on social welfare programs of the Government and in molding public opinion in the field, this subject should be transferred from the Ministry of Law to the proposed Department. The Study Team was of the view that child welfare should not be separated from health and family planning and should be transferred from the Department of Social Welfare to the proposed Ministry of Health, Family Planning and Regional Planning.

ALLOCATION OF SUBJECTS The subjects allocated to the Department of Social Welfare need also to be viewed in the context of the consecutive Five Year Plan policies and programs. Although a separate social welfare sector has been in existence ever since the beginning of the First Five Year Plan (1951-56), a separate Department of Social Welfare came into being only after about thirteen years.

The Department of Social Welfare was elevated to the status of an independent Ministry on 24 August 1979 and was placed under the charge of a Cabinet Minister. This opportunity was not, however, availed of to regroup or reallocate subjects related to social welfare from amongst different Ministries. The subjects allocated to the Ministry of Social Welfare cover child welfare and development, women's welfare and development, welfare of the physically handicapped, social defence, social welfare planning and research, etc. The Ministry provides general direction in social welfare policy formulation, promoting legislation and amendments to legislation, review of welfare legislation, implementation of schemes, promotion and assistance to voluntary effort and coordination.

The list of subjects which stand allocated to the Ministry of Social Welfare would show that several subjects or significant parts of these subjects administered by other Ministries could perhaps be administered by the Ministry of Social Welfare, as, for instance, social education and adult education and youth welfare activities (Ministry of Education and Culture); welfare of labor (Ministry of Labor); legal aid to the poor (Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs); and relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons (Department of Rehabilitation, Ministry of Supply and Rehabilitation).

The allocation of subjects to the Ministry of Social Welfare has thus not strictly followed any set pattern or direction. It has over the years primarily been based on the views of policy-makers and administrators as to which Ministry would be in a better position to discharge a particular function.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Subjects allocated to the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment -India

Subjects allocated to the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment 

Social Welfare: Social Welfare Planning, Project formulation, research, evaluation, statistics and training  Conventions with other countries in matters relating to social defense and references from United Nations Organization relating to prevention of crime and treatment of offenders.  Institutional and non-institutional services for the care and development of children in need including orphans and orphanages. # Education, training, rehabilitation and welfare of the physically and mentally handicapped  National Institute for the Physically Handicapped and Mentally Retarded  Rehabilitation of the persons with disabilities and rehabilitation of the mentally ill.  National Centre for the Blind including the Central Braille Press, Dehra Dun, Training Centre for the Adult Deaf, and School for the partially deaf children, Hyderabad; Model School for Mentally Retarded Children, New Delhi and other national institutes. # Social and Moral Hygiene Program # Beggary  Research, evaluation, training, exchange of information and technical guidance on all social defence matters.  All matters relating to alcoholism and substance (drug) abuse and rehabilitation of addicts/families  Promotion of efforts including voluntary efforts to ensure the well being of the older persons.  All matters relating to prohibition. # Educational and social welfare aspects of drug addiction  Charitable and religious endowments pertaining to subjects allocated to this Ministry  Promotion and development of voluntary effort on subjects allocated to this Department  National Institute of Social Defense # National Institute for the Physically Handicapped, New Delhi # National Institute for the Orthopedically Handicapped, Kolkata  National Institute of Rehabilitation, Training and Research, Cuttack  National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secunderabad  Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Mumbai  National Institute for the Visually Handicapped, Dehradun  National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation, Faridabad  Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India, Kanpur  The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992 (34 of 1992) and Rehabilitation Council constituted there under  The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 (01 of 1996) # The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy  Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999 (44 of 1999) # Chief Commissioner for Disabilities  Scheduled Castes and other Backward Classes including scholarships to students belonging to such Castes and Classes # National Commission for Scheduled Castes  Development of Scheduled Castes and other Backward Classes Note:- The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment will be the nodal Ministry for overall policy, planning and coordination of programs of development of Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes. In regard to sectoral programs and schemes of development pertaining to these communities, policy, planning, monitoring, evaluation etc as also their coordination will be the responsibility of the concerned Central Ministries, State Governments and Union Territory Administrations. Each Central Ministry and Department will be the nodal Ministry or Department concerning its sector.  Reports of the Commission to Investigate into the conditions of Backward Classes  National Commission for Safai Karamcharis and all matters pertaining thereto  Implementation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1995, and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, excluding the administration of criminal justice in regard to offences in so far as they relate to Scheduled Castes

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Ministry of Women and Child Development -India

Ministry of Women and Child Development The Department of Women and Child Development was set up in the year 1985 as a part of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to give the much needed impetus to the holistic development of women and children. With effect from 30.01.2006, the Department has been upgraded to a Ministry under the independent charge of Minister of State for Women and Child Development.

Mandate: The broad mandate of the Ministry is to have holistic development of Women and Children. As a nodal Ministry for the advancement of women and children, the Ministry formulates plans, policies and programs; enacts/ amends legislation, guides and coordinates the efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organizations working in the field of Women and Child Development. Besides, playing its nodal role, the Ministry implements certain innovative programs for women and children. These programs cover welfare and support services, training for employment and income generation, awareness generation and gender sensitization. These programs play a supplementary and complementary role to the other general developmental programs in the sectors of health, education, rural development etc. All these efforts are directed to ensure that women are empowered both economically and socially and thus become equal partners in national development along with men.

Policy Initiatives: For the holistic development of the child, the Ministry has been implementing the world's largest and most unique and outreach program of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) providing a package of services comprising supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check up and referral services, pre-school non-formal education. Ministry is also implementing Swayamsidha which is an integrated scheme for empowerment of women. There is effective coordination and monitoring of various sectoral programs. Most of the programs of the Ministry are run through non-governmental organizations.

Efforts are made to have more effective involvement of NGOs. The major policy initiatives undertaken by the Ministry in the recent past include universalization of ICDS and Kishori Shakti Yojana, launching a nutrition program for adolescent girls, establishment of the Commission for protection of Child Rights and enactment of Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act.

First Chairman, CSWB

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

Subjects allocated Ministry of Women and Child Development -India Subjects allocated Ministry of Women and Child Development Welfare of the family.

•Women and Child Welfare and Coordination of activities of other Ministries and Organization in connection with this subject.

•References from the United Nations Organizations relating to traffic in Women and Children •Care of pre-school children including pre-primary education •National Nutrition Policy, national Plan of Action for Nutrition and National Nutrition Mission.

•Charitable and religious endowments pertaining to subjects allocated to this Department •Promotion and development of voluntary effort on the subjects allocated to this Department Implementation of •Immoral Traffic in Women and Girl Act. 1956 (as amended up to 1986) .

•The Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act, 1986 (60 of 1986).

•The Dowry Prohibition Act. 1961 (28 of 1961) •The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 (3 of 1988), excluding the administration of criminal justice in regard to offences under these Acts.

•Implementation of the Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Food (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 1992 (41 of 1992).

•Coordination of activities of Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) •Planning, Research, Evaluation, Monitoring, Project Formulations, Statistics and Training relating to the welfare and development of women and children, including development of gender sensitive data base.

•United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) •Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) •National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD) •Food and Nutrition Board •Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) (i) Development and popularization of subsidiary and protective foods. (ii) Nutrition extension.

•Women‟s Empowerment and Gender Equity.

•National Commission for Women.

•Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) •The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (56 of 2000).

•Probation of Juvenile offenders.

•Issues relating to adoption, Central Adoption Resource Agency and Child Help Line (Child line.)

•The Children Act, 1960 (60 of 1960).

•The Child Marriage – Restraint Act, 1929 (19 of 1929).

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work

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