Origin, Characteristics and Production of Food and Beverages
Wine Basics 5. Types of Grapes The grapevine belongs to the order Vitales and comes under the Vitaceae family, the so-called vine plants. This large family includes 14 genera. Although several other genera produce edible grapes, the Gattung Vitis is relevant for viticulture. The original wild grapevine has been cultured over the centuries and new varieties cultivated in the meantime. A distinction of the many hundreds or thousands of varieties grown worldwide, is even for a botanist an elusive task, especially as grapes of the same are often named differently in different regions. We differentiate between four types of grapes:
Types of grapes American Hybrid Advantages: Grape and mildew (Vitis subspecies Vitis) Phylloxera ______________________________
Disadvantages: Poor Quality ______________________________
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limited reproduction ______________________________
resistant ______________________________
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Resume: crossbreeding tests- see Hybrids European Grape (Vitis vinifera)
Hybrids
(interspecific,- cross breeding with other types of grapes vines) (intraspecific,- crossing with the same type of grape vines)
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Good quality ______________________________
Phylloxera and mildew ______________________________
large crop ______________________________
sensitive ______________________________
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These are cross-breeds between American and European vines or crosses of the respective type of vine. This is done by artificial pollination and subsequent pre-breeding of new varieties from the seeds. Only a few varieties yield a satisfactory quality must (juice) for wine production, most grape juices are used to produce cooking wine or simply for grape juice. Common Varieties: American hybrids - Isabella, Noah, Clinton French hybrids - Léon Millot, Maréchal Foch Towards the end of the 19th Century European vines were almost completely wiped out by the phylloxera. This louse arrived from America and attacks the roots of the vine. By connecting a European scion to an American rootstock a vine that is less susceptible to phylloxera was able to be produced. The American vine forms the roots and the European scions grapevine. Almost all the vines which are now used are grafted, except the so-called self rooted or direct producer vines, which, as it were, stand on their own feet.
American rootstock
European scion
Grafted vines
Grafting punching machine
Young vine sprouts in the nursery
Quelle: Rebschule Vrhpolje, Slowenien
Manufacture, Food and Beverages
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