Biis Paâlé
New Public Transportation System in Ouagadougou
Francis Keré Studio | Tian Ren December 2012
personal experience in Burkina Faso:
traffic accident
Myth of the African Road
Current Road Condition
+Unclear Institutional and Regulatory Framework:
Institutions involving the planning and regulation of transpot have unclear responsibility: Conseil Executif des Transports Urbains de Ouagadougou, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Finance, Minicipality of Ouagadougou
+Traffic Congestion
motorized vehicles 62% of the trip going to city center, only 6% covered by public transport
Fast growing Urban Sprawl
With 1.47 million people, the city is still growing radiantly at a rate of 8% annually, which makes public transport less cost-effective than individual transport.
1932 1951 1961 1972 1983 1998 2003
+Unpaved Road
More than 70% of the road in Ouagadougou are unpaved
•
Unpaved Road
+Travelling on Two Wheels
Most People in Ouagadougou travelling on bicycles or Motor bikes. Bicycles are difficult to ride long distance on the un paved road.
Two wheel (motor)bikes as primary means of transportation
+GHG emission
According to 2004 study, city of Ouagadougou is responsible of 80% of total urban emission large part due to two wheel motorized vehicles using gasoline. NO2 emission is 1342 tons/year from gasoline vehicles.
+Current Public Bus Condition Huge Deficit: deficit of SOTRACO in 2006 was 938 million CFA francs -Lack of Bus: Only 50 buses, need at least 150 buses to profit while keeping the fare to be 150 CFA francs -Lack of accompanying measures: Looking for 800 million CFA francs to finance the project, only received 400 million -Lack of coverage: Covered only 30% of the road in the city of Ouagadougou -Dependence on Government Subsidy: 85% private, 15% government subsidy
+Life On the Street Due to lack of space at home, the streets and setbacks are often double functioned as extended living room for locals. The width of street setback is often as wide as the main street itself.
stationary
semi-mobile
mobile
+Energy Scarcity Total primary energy supply (2008) : 478.8 kilo tons of oil equivalent •Biomass(mainly burning wood): 84% •Petroleum Products: 10% •Hydro-electric: 6% 1/5 depend on importation
The 90% of the population still relies on wood energy. Firewood are collected daily, causing huge deforestation and other environmental problems
+Solar Energy -Not New: Currently, photovoltaic solar systems are used for refrigeration, water pumping, communication, lighting, video and television -Great Potential: solar energy potential in Burkina Faso is estimated at 5.5 kWh/m2/day for 3,000 to 3,500 hours per annum -PV panel price dropping and efficiency increase: at a cost approximately $1 per Watt
The technology is existing, the problem is how to modify them to fit into the African context?
Centralized VS De-Centralized Solar Power generation
Biis PaâlÊ Proposal
Create an alternative public transportation system with new low cost solar powered bus that can be locally manufactured, low cost electric bikes, as well as bus stations that can function as informal market and charging stations.
+Urban Level
Urban Density and District Map
Urban Development Map (1932-2003)
Government Institution
Sports Field
Market
School
Hospital
Transportation
Entertainment
All
Phasing Plan
First 2 Years Bus Fleet Reach: 100
Year 3 Bus Fleet Reach: 300
Year 4 Bus Fleet Reach: 500
Large Open Covered Space allow many people to wait for the bus allow informal trade to happen a meeting point for people
PV roof harvest solar energy to charge the E-bikes
Roof for Water Collection collect rain water and store in water tank
+Bus Station
Community Water Point Allow people to collect water before riding home Provide people waiting for bus with water
E-bike Charging Parking Stands Allow people to charge their E-bikes while taking the Public transport to work
Strategically Located Maximize impact and strengthen the neighborhood community sense of belonging
Design Concept
Bus
Local Material Palette
Steel
Welding Shop
Wood
Chairs
wheels
PV Panel
3m 2.5m
9m 10m
3m
Centralized charging or PV panels on top Places for Advertisement to generate extra revenue
Rigid and minimal steel frame structure to reduce weight
Railing Provides Safety for Passengers Back Engine and Battery System Allow the bus to run at a speed of18km/h
Big Wheel to overcome muddy and bumpy road
Simple Steering System
Long Wooden Bench Allow Flexible Configuration 50-70 people capacity
+Feasibility Calculation
Wind Drag Force(N): 2 Fdrag (N)=0.5pCdragAV p=density of air=1.225 Cdrag =drag coefficient=0.2 A = drag area V = speed in km/h Rolling Drag Force(N)=0.01 x Total Weight Work(J)=Total Force x Distance =(Drag Force+Rolling Resistance) x Distance Power(watt) = Work done per second
Wind Drag Force(N): Fdrag (N)=0.5pCdragAV 2 =0.5 x 1.225 x 0.2 x (2.5 x 1.5) x ( 18 ) Total Weight of 50 people + Weight of bus =150=Weight N =70 x 50 + 8500 =12000 kg Rolling Drag Force(N)=0.01 x 12000ďź?120N Work(J)=(150+120) x 18 = 4680 J Power(watt) needed = 4680 watt Calculate the size of PV panel: Consider 10% 2efficient PV panel 1500w/m can produce 150w/m2 To run 4680 watt, we need 4680/150=31m2 Thus the size of the PV panel needed is approximately 3m x 10m For bus to run at constant speed Without considering acceleration
+Power Comparism
Donkey Power: 250 watt
To carry the same weight at 18km per hour
Will need
19 donkeys
+Estimate Manufacturing Cost cost<100 unit PV panels
$5,000
Motor
$2,000
Battery
$3,000
Structure
$3,000
Wheel
$1,500
Seats
$1,500
Labor
$2,000
Total
$18,000
>200 unit: 80% x 18,000 = 14,400
+Cost Comparism
-If the Ticket fare is at 30 CFA franc, 1/5 of the public bus -If 800 people take one bus in one day, without counting other expenses the cost of the bus can be returned in 1 year
=
$18,000 / unit X 16
$300,000 / unit
+How to change People’s Transportation habit Limit the use of individual motorized travelling -Higher Taxation on buying motorcycle -Restriction on motorcycle licence -Higher parking fee in city center -Higher Gas Price Incentivize the use of Biis Paâlé -Discount fare for elderlies and students -Monthly ticket -Subsidy to Operation and Manufacturing companies
+Key Players
+Sources of Revenues
Development Team: Architect, Urban Planner, Engineer, Policy Maker, Businessman, Consultant
Development Team: Knowledge Transfer, Capacity building, Selling Patent
Government: Regulation and policy making
Government: Tax from Manufacturer and Operation companies
Bank: Financing Strategy Operation: maintenance and operation Manufacturer: Manufacturing the bus
Bank: Interest from lending the money Operation Company: Maintenance and Operation Manufacturer: Revenue from selling the bus