re:PEACE magazine - vol. 3 by Re:Peace Magazine

3rd issue May 2016

â&#x2DC;Ž peace magazine

Contents

EXECUTIVE STAFF

3 Editorial

Mikhail Shaknazarov Editor

Simon Vandestadt Administration

Saara Seppälä Outreach

Pei San Loo Outreach

Barbara Stein Social Media

Jack Hukill Designer

Fasting for Justice

Ten Years

Can Multiculturalism Contribute to the Development of Peace?

In Memoriam

Can the Sun Enhance Empowerment?

Information about CPS

Sustainable Deelopment Goals

Film and Development

Twitter on Development

From the Field

26 Crossword www.repeacemag.com Miguel Jacques Designer

CONTRIBUTORS Handang Zang Khriezomeno Iralu Miguel Jacques Jack Hukill Barbara Stein Simon Vandestadt Mikhail Shakhnazarov Front cover photo by Mireille Jacques Back cover photo by Casey Simms

/repeacemag

Special Thanks The Centre for Peace Studies, UiT, Randolph Rhea, HSL trykkeriet, Bokstavhuset AS, all our contributors, and the city of Tromsø.

Disclaimer

Most of the contributors to this magazine are students in Masters of Peace and Conflict Transformation programme, or are otherwise affiliated with the University of Tromsø. The ideas and opinions in this magazine do not necessarily represent those of the Center for Peace Studies or the University of Tromsø

All articles, illustrations and photographs appearing in re:Peace magazine are copyright of their respective owners

Editorial

Welcome to the third volume of the Re:Peace magazine There is a link between development and peace. However, while you and I may agree that there is a scale of development, and that some states are further along this scale than others, few of us are free of doubt as to just what development is. What we see is a complex of processes that result in progress that we can observe and measure only in part. Sometimes we even agree on what we see and how we measure. Sometimes we disagree on what we are talking about. On the following pages, you will find stories and images from all over the world - glimpses of a complexity beyond measurement, but sometimes brutally real in manifestation. The pieces within range from a discussion of a 15-year-long hunger strike in India, to the empowerment of women in Jordan through education, to an exposition of the distinction between equality and equal rights in multicultural societies. I hope that the discussion of development and its obstacles contained within these pages will serve to illuminate the issue, allowing us all to see more clearly just how complex and diverse this issue is. Re:Peace

Fasting for Justice By Khriezomeno Iralu

ow does one fight back when the state is the aggressor? When voices are silenced by bullets, what means are there to stand up against injustice? This article focuses on the more than 15 year struggle of one Manipuri woman against India’s Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). The Peripheral Centre: Voices from India’s Northeast is a collection of essays edited by Preeti Gill, published in 2010. One of the essays entitled ’Restoring Order in Manipur: The Drama of Contemporary Women’s Protests’, written by Deepti Priya Mehrotra, tells the story of 43 year old Irom Sharmila and her non-violent protest, wherein she has resolved to fast until the AFSPA is repealed.

The AFSPA, enacted in 1958, is a counter insurgency act that was created in reaction to Nagas fighting for their sovereignty ever since Nagaland was occupied by India in 1947. The law was originally limited to Nagaland, Assam, and Manipur, but now encompasses all of Northeast India (Baruah, cited in Gill, 2010). Under the AFSPA the central government sanctions soldiers of the Indian army to search and arrest without warrant, any civilian residing in an area where the AFSPA is operational, based on mere suspicion. An Indian soldier can shoot to death any person simply because his or her movements appeared suspicious, and the soldier will not be brought before a court of law. According to the Chairperson of FORUM-ASIA, the legal immunity of soldiers is granted through a clause prohibiting legal proceedings without sanction from the federal government, which is virtually never granted (article, ”India must respect Irom Sharmila’s 15 years of struggle and release her immediately”, cited in Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development, 1 November 2015).

Irom Sharmila has been on

hunger strike for over 15 years in protest against the AFSPA. In 2013, she was declared a ’prisoner of conscience’ by Amnesty International. Her hunger strike began in November 2000, when 10 people were killed in Malom, near Imphal airport, by the paramilitary force known as the Assam Rifles. The oppression and killing of innocent civilians was her reason to embark upon ’satyagraha’ a non-violent spiritual fast against injustice. Since beginning her hunger strike, Sharmila has been repeatedly arrested on grounds of attempted suicide, a punishable crime in India. She has been held in

solitary detention and forcefed through a Rhyles tube. Being that she is protesting against an unjust and oppressive law, she has refused to sign bail bonds for her release, an act that would imply her being guilty of trying to commit suicide. On 29 February 2016, The Morung Express reported that she had been released again after an Imphal court found no proof of her attempting to commit suicide. However, according to the authorities, it is just a matter of days until she is rearrested owing to her resoluteness to fast unto death. In a society where identity and culture are deeply imbedded in patriarchial structure, where women’s voices have long been ignored or excluded in the political arena, Sharmila has raised awareness in present day politics and policies through her personal yet powerful non-violent protest. Several com-

source: operationworld.org

missions appointed by the government have recommended repeal of the AFSPA. The Justice Jeevan Reddy Commission, the Second Administrative Reforms Commission and the Prime Minister’s Working Group on Confidence Building Measures in Jammu and Kashmir are some examples. To date, the government has not accepted these recommendations (cited in same article in FORUM-ASIA). It is indeed a tragic paradox that Irom Sharmila, an Indian citizen belonging to the marginalized Northeast, has been on hunger strike for more than 15 years, and that the same Indian government that came about as a consequence of Gandhi’s vision of non-violence refuses to listen to her. They refuse to grant the Northeast regions their rights to life and security. They refuse to repeal what human rights groups have referred to as a ”draconian law” that legitimates violation of human rights, sexual abuse of women, and killing of innocent civilians.

Parallel to her protest against the AFSPA, Sharmila challenges the failing state of ’development’ in Manipur. She raises concern for the lack of industry and lack of jobs, something that is rooted in corruption among politicians. She emphasizes the urgency for basic needs, education, improved agriculture, and sustainable means for all to earn their livelihood in such a way that produces the ’right kind of development’ (Mehrotra, cited in Gill, 2010). For many in the Northeast, the cruel reality of power structures in day to day life in a conflict ridden society can have a paralyzing effect on one’s will to challenge that system of oppression. Some turn to substance abuse, some become consumed in anger and frustration, while others accept the situation of injustice in helpless defeat. Sharmila’s continuing hunger strike for over 15 years is an inspiring struggle of an ordinary individual fighting for her belief in the value of a human life and that of a people. With her calm composure and enduring perseverance, she not only gives a human face to the oppressed people of Manipur, but also a woman’s face to the persecuted population of Northeast India.

Relevant information State capital: Imphal Majority ethnic group: Meitei Manipur borders Burma in the east, Nagaland in the north, and Mizoram in the south Manipur also has the biggest number of â&#x20AC;&#x153;armed rebel groupsâ&#x20AC;? in northeast India. In 2006, there were 40 armed rebel groups, 9 active groups, 25 inactive groups, and 6 groups of unknown whereabout.

Ten Years by Handan Zhang

The place in front of the house the place with flowers and trees the place that always turns muddy when it rains the place, that little place the place, that place with all memories buried my memories from childhood buried them, when the day the day, when it replaced by cement the day, when flowers and trees were replaced by cars the day, when gardens were replaced by buildings

my old home now, surrounded by strangers, and, cold metal, and walls my old home the one with flowers and trees together with my memories buried under the metal and walls ten years we see income double and doubled ten years we saw memories lose and lost Ten years

9 The place in front of the house the place with flowers and trees the place that always turns muddy when it rains the place, that little place the place, that place with all memories buried my memories from childhood buried them, when the day the day, when it replaced by cement the day, when flowers and trees were replaced by cars the day, when gradens were replaced by buildings

Photo by Handan Zhang

Can multicultura the development The population of most

states is diverse. Whether people differ in their ethnicity, race, gender, religion or culture, affiliations may form minority groups. There are several kinds of minority populations coexisting simultaneously within states. As they actively participate in the shaping of the environment in which they all reside, a question of group relations emerges. Some majority populations are belligerent against minorities and vice versa. Even minorities tend to be hostile against one another. The main question then, is the opposite of this pessimistic description on pluralistic societies. How can multicultural societies contribute to the development of peace? A quick look at history describes the difficult relations between minorities and majorities. Social movements and the claims of rights ease modern day struggles. Social movements such as human –, civil – and indigenous rights, and gender equality,

have spread social and political rights to minorities. These claims of rights have also attributed to social and political dignity and recognition. While social movements have achieved a lot, the struggle towards universal recognition of all people as human beings seems to be a more troublesome affair. In 2015, Saudi Arabian women were able to vote in municipal elections for the first time in their country’s history. This granted women the chance to influence their local councils as voters as well as candidates. Some argue that this marked an historic change in their patriarchal system, while others argue that this was merely symbolic, making no big change in women’s rights per se. On the other hand, more optimistic turns are in favour for LGBT-rights, with 22 countries legalizing same-sex marriage in the period from 2000 – 2015. Every social movement has its own distinctive struggle against oppressive forces. The

alism contribute to of peace? By Miguel Jacques

fact that they are minorities fighting for recognition is what they all have in common and is what fuels their fighting spirits. One can argue that minorities have achieved “success” through the millennia, reflected by the different struggles for minority

rights are the herald of what political philosophy calls multiculturalism, an image of a society where different cultures and identities have equal status. However, what does equal status really mean? In addition, how can this postmodern conception of society

“some nationalist groups do not recognize minority groups as citizens, fuelling xenophobic perceptions.”

rights since the 20th century. In many countries throughout the world, minorities are represented in governments, institutions, and companies. Some states have specific constitutional rights protecting minorities indigenous-, cultural-, and/or religious rights. These group-specific

contribute to the development of peace?

recognition as human beings, shielding individuals from discrimination and marginalization. Equality requires both individual and collective actors to respect and tolerate fellow humans. In this sense, it is difficult to dodge the distinction between equality and equal rights. The former

First, equality is more than a straightforward concept, suggesting that every individual has the right and freedom to access material and social resources. In turn, equality also advocates for universal

deals with the notion that, equality is an integral part of the individual and collective consciousness of states, societies, and culture. It should go without question that the president or prime minister can come from a different ethnic, racial, sexual or cultural background than the majority of the population. This concept of society may sound controversial; still, it exists in some parts of the world. The latter notion of equality states that equality is an unrealistic concept, given the nature of the status quo. Even if full equality seems favourable, societies will only achieve conventional forms of equality, or equal rights. Even though minorities are equally represented in powerful institutions, belligerent

individuals and groups may still be racist, bigoted and discriminating against other humans. Thus, the discussion enters the field of peace and conflict. Is the nature of human beings aggressive and conflict seeking, leading to hate speech, delinquencies and violent clashes against outsiders? Or is the nature of human beings a peaceful one, seeking inclusion, respect, toleration, and cooperation with outsiders? These questions are difficult to answer and the concept of multiculturalism resides somewhere in between. Yes, one can argue that multiculturalism is a promotion of peace because it has contributed to the development of toleration between groups. The aforementioned social

“Kymlicka described the past idea of the average citizen as “an able-bodied, heterosexual white male” movements are popular examples of how the values of equality have directly affected the status quo. One of the battles of multiculturalism and social movements is to change the idea of the average citizen in Western Democracies. Kymlicka described the past idea of the average citizen as “an able-bodied, heterosexual white male”, pointing to a clandestine social hierarchy existing within Western democracies. Norway serves as a prime example of this shift in the perception of social hierarchy.

In 1975, during the immigration stop in Norway, an inclusive policy took shape for those who got entry. Full citizenship rights were given to refugees, by the power of their status as refugees. Some of them stayed and acquired resident permits, and this followed neatly to jobs in different sectors. Today, their descendants are representatives of governments, institutions and companies. Similar examples exist in other Scandinavian countries and Western Europe. I argue that these instances only reflect equal rights and not equality, because in the same states, nationalism has challenged multiculturalism on many levels. Hence, some nationalist groups do not recognize

minority groups as citizens, fuelling xenophobic perceptions. Time may still not be ripe for multiculturalism to be prevalent, although one can argue that there has been some shift in perception. A lot more needs to be achieved in order for this perception to be more accepted. Still, it is certain that the precursors of multiculturalism, the social movements from the end of the 20th century, developed and cultivated ubiquitous values like respect, equality, freedom, and tolerance. In light of this, it is certain that multiculturalism can promote peace, but it is also uncertain if it is one of the remedies for conflict.

For more information on this topic, see Contemporary Political Philosphy and Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights by Will Kymlicka.

In memoriam Percy Oware

An important cultural bridge has passed, a conscientious man with a big heart.

Percy Oware came to Tromsø from Ghana as a young man to study at the university. After completing his MA in Community Planning, he obtained an NRC-scholarship to pursue a PhD in Gender and Livelihood in Ghana. In 2005, he was employed by the Centre for Peace Studies as the coordinator of the international and interdisciplinary master’s program, Peace and Conflict Transformation (MPCT). Percy took on this task with great ingenuity and responsibility. His efforts contributed greatly to the success of the program. To this end, his multicultural competencies came to the fore. With one foot in the global north and one foot in the global south, Percy was in the best position to accommodate students – and employees – in their struggles with culturally determined problems. He had a particular warm heart for the students and kept in close contact with many of them as their individual projects progressed. If someone lost their way, he would summon them to his office and get them back on track. As a person, Percy was quiet and private but with a catchy laugh. He was very loyal to those who confided in him – and they were many. Both students and employees at the University knew that Percy’s office was always open to those who needed a talk, a laugh, some advice, or courage to deal with a difficult situation. He will be deeply missed. Percy Oware passed away at UNN hospital on February 17, 2016. Our thoughts now lie with his family. CPS, Centre for Peace Studies

Can the sun enhance empowerment? Rafae

is a woman from a Bedouin society in Jordan. She is in her thirties, married with four daughters, and only has primary education. Her daughters, too, are only allowed to go to school until the age of ten. Afterwards, they have to work to provide to the family’s income. This might be the story of many women around the globe, but Rafea’s life changed when she got the chance to go to India. At the ‘Barefoot College,’ women with a similar background from around the world learn within six months to become solar engineers. These women have mostly no formal educational background, which means that most of them only

speak their native language(s) – just to make communication even harder in class. The approach of the program is simple: Women from poor areas around the world come to India to train at the Barefoot College. The aim is to open up opportunities to the villages through solar energy, and to support the empowerment of the women who by becoming solar engineers have much better possibilities to provide for their family and to lessen the dependence on a male family member.

Back to Rafea: She and another woman, Umm Badr, from her village travel to India in company of Umm Badr’s son, since it is not allowed for the women to travel alone. At the college they meet 25 other women who also take the course. There are women from Burkina Faso, Kenya or Colombia. For the next six months they learn everything about how to use solar energy to run electrical devices, especially lights. For Rafea and Umm

17 Badr this means becoming the first solar engineers in Jordan. Therefore, with the cooperation of the Ministry for Environment, a teaching centre should be opened with them in leading positions. The case described is very personal, but the opportunities given to both women are very likely to affect other women as well. Becoming a solar engineer offers them the chance to provide for their families in

a meaningful and sustainable way. Furthermore, being perhaps even the main bread-winner in family empowers the women. Especially in the case of Rafea, whose entire village is told to be unemployed. Rafea got the chance become more independent from her husband and be more self-determined about what to do with her life. However, this empowerment also leads to conflict within the village community since it challenges the traditional gender roles. How Rafeaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future will evolve remains to be seen.

The program offered by the Barefoot College is a good example both for sustainable empowerment of women and south-south cooperation in development aid. It is development in the sense that sustainable energy is introduced which does not only reduce the costs of resources but also reduces harmful substances in the air in the living areas. Empowerment is nourished through education and knowledge, but also new income options for women. Ideally, an equal partnership is established between men and women and leads the women to a more self-determined life.

By Barbara Stein

CENTRE for PEACE STUDIES MASTER’S DEGREE PROGRAMME IN PEACE AND CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION (MPCT)         

Arctic settings International environment Interdisciplinary approach Intensive teaching during the first year Data collection during the summer months Self-selected thesis topics Teacher-led thesis seminars Exciting and informative guest lectures Conflict transformation role-plays

APPLICATION DEADLINES Self-financed international students: 1 December 2016 Nordic students: 15 April 2017 MORE INFO uit.no/peace

Past guests of CPS

source: takingrootfilm.com

Wangari Maathai is well known as an environmental and political activist, but she began her career as a biologist. Her academic background stretched across the globe from the only Kenyan girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; high school to universities in Kansas, Munich, and Nairobi. She became the first East African woman to receive a PhD and the first female lecturer at the University of Nairobi. Her heavy involvement in the East African scientific community led here to advocate for government policies that ensured the protection of forest resources in Kenya. What started as a few simple demonstrations against environmentally harmful government projects eventually became a global movement geared toward the responsible use of natural resources. In pushing for governmental protection of certain areas, Maathai ran afoul of the Kenyan government and was put under house arrest several times. Unperturbed by the political roadblocks laid in her path, she continued to push for conservation and responsible natural resource use. Her commitment to environmental development garnered worldwide attention, and she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004.

source: moralheroes.org

Before pioneering microcredit and microfinance programmes in Bangladesh, Muhammad Yunus began his career as a lecturer in economics. After completing both a BA and an MA in economics from Dhaka University, he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to study at Vanderbilt University in the United States. While working toward a PhD in developmental economics, he served as an assistant professor. He then moved back to Bangladesh and became the head of the economics department of Chittagong University. After the 1974 famine in Bangladesh, Yunus became interested in methods of poverty reduction. He eventually struck upon the idea of microcredit, or small loans given to the countries poorest people at reasonable interest rates. He asserted that small loans could enable poor people to start businesses or improve their extant businesses. This initial idea has become a large force among the poor of Bangladesh, and has spawned the Grameen Bank specialising in microloans. His efforts in poverty reduction and the success of the Grameen Bank were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.

Sustainable Development Goals â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development came into effect on the 1st January 2016. Over the next 15 years these new Goals will provide the framework for all countries to mobilize efforts to end poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change. The Goals were developed through extensive consultation with representatives from 70 countries. Aligned with the Goals are 169 separate targets. Translating the 17 SDGs into national strategies and action plans will be a major challenge. The SDGs are more comprehensive than the Millennium Develop-

ment Goals (MDGs) that preceded them. They call for universal action and aim to end all forms of poverty through strategies for economic growth, while also protecting the planet. They encompass a range of social and environmental needs including: education, health, gender equality, clean water, sanitation, clean energy, biodiversity, peace, and justice. Goal 16 deals explicitly with the promotion of just, peaceful and inclusive societies. There is an implicit recognition that the poorest countries are the most conflict prone and that the recent decline in number of civil

– 17 Goals to Transform Our World wars may be connected to the way many poor countries have reduced levels of poverty. The SDG have a strong emphasis on forming partnerships between government, the private sector and civil society. Developing countries require long-term, direct investments in sustainable energy, infrastructure, transport, and communications technologies. There is an equally strong emphasis on promoting the rule of law; reducing corruption and bribery; and developing effective, accountable and transparent institutions. Removing corruption, bribery, theft, and tax evasion in developing countries would recover some

US $1.26 trillion per year; money that could be used to lift those who are living on less than $1.25 a day above $1.25 for at least six years. Eliminating exploitation, abuse, trafficking, violence against children, illicit finance, and arms are some of the more specific targets. Frequently taken for granted in countries like Norway, but not elsewhere, is the need to also create i) inclusive and representative decisionmaking and ii) legal identities - including birth registration.

For those who think opportunity matters in determining the outbreak of civil war, there is plenty of scope through economic development to find solutions. For those who think grievance is a more important indicator, there are specific targets that ensure inequalities are not ignored. There is no reason why we should not to expect to see a ‘peace dividend’. Now world leaders need to make good with resources and actions, and they need to be held accountable for progress towards these aspirational goals.

By Simon Vandestadt

film and development “Democrats“ The term ‘democrats’ is usually not a word one would connect to the state of Zimbabwe, but that is title of this film by Danish director Camilla Nielsen. The film documents the writing process of a new Zimbabwean constitution. In 2008, negotiations led to the creation of a commission comprised of members of President Mugabe’s party and members of the opposition. This commission relied on a fundamentally democratic approach to drafting

Genre: Documentary Director: Camilla Nielsen Producers: Henrik Veileborg, Mette Hoffmann, Nick Fraser, Sally Jo Fifer Production Company: Upright Films Country: Denmark Year: 2014 Duration: 1hr. 27 min.

the new constitution, with every citizen of the country being asked what they would like to see in this new document. Over the course of three years, the film follows two members of the commission – one from Mugabe’s party and one from the biggest opposition party. Based on impressive trust the film-makers show a unique insight into the power structures behind the scenes in Mugabe’s Zimbabwe. Showing ten-

tative signs of democracy but also the brute force of an autocratic regime, the film gives hope for the country and offers at least a beginning for a nonviolent change from an autocratic to a democratic regime. The film won the Norwegian Peace Film Award at the 2016 Tromsø Film Festival.

“Print the Legend” Ever wondered when 3D printers are going to be standard devices in our homes? This documentary follows both new and old companies in their quest to cope with the 3D revolution. In order to domesticate 3D printers and make them available for a fair price to consumers, new companies are facing hard competition in the world of business. A lot of experts have forecast that 3D printers will be a regular office device next to your computer; how-

ever, the 3D printer is also controversial as one can manufacture many items, even weapons. “Print the Legend” deals with this interesting innovation in the world of technology, and society’s reaction to the possibilities of this innovation. Learning about the evolution of 3D printers from expensive device to domesticated device is definitely worth the hour and 40 minutes.

Genre: Documentary Director: Luis Lopez and J. Clay Tweel Producers: Walter Kortschak, Mary Rohlich, and Walker Deibel Production Company: Audax Films and Exhibit A Country: USA Year: 2014 Duration: 1 hr. 40 min.

twitter on development

From the Field:

interviews with past CPS graduates Randolph Rhea Graduated: 2011 Current Position: Acting Academic Coordinator, CPS

Why are you interested in Peace research?

police or teachers and roles with local government.

Two reasons: i) the importance of understanding peace and potential pathways to peace; and ii) the potential transdisciplinary nature of peace research.

Is Peace a ‘growth area’? Is conflict a ‘growth area’? There is an element of job security, but the area has seen its share of fads and waves.

What is the most challenging part about your research?

Is Peace a utopian dream?

Seeing large scale human suffering as an everyday topic.

Probably. But that doesn’t mean it’s not worth aspiring too.

What sort of work can CPS graduates do?

What skills are required to be good at Peace?

The CPS study program contains transdisciplinary, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary aspects. People graduate from the programme with a huge variation in skills and interests. They go on to work in an enormous range of fields. Traditional NGO and Government roles are just one piece of the possibilities. Capabilities also suit influential roles in civil society such as

Critical thought, empathy, emotional intelligence.

Is there something you have learnt about Peace that has changed your life? One insight came through seeing into totally abstract lines of numbers and data, and realising the seriousness and direness of the situation these numbers meant for the existence of the people involved. This was a ‘deep empathy’ moment. Who personifies Peace in your view? Winnie the Pooh! Read the ‘Tao of Pooh’. Thank you.

Crossword Across 1. Oceans absorb about 30% of .... produced by humans 2. CPS founder and former Chairman of Norwegian Nobel Committee (2 Words) 5. “Our Common Future” is also known as the ..... Report 6. 2016 Nobel Peace Prize recipients, National Dialogue Quartet, work in ... 10. Earth’s biological diversity is commonly referred to as .... 11. This year 93% of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef has been affected by coral .... 12. Nearly 21 million people said to be .... in our world today 13. UN Secretary-General (2 Words) 15. Name of CPS Student Peace Magazine 16. Endangered, native to New Zealand flightless parrot 21. “.... begin in the minds of men” 22. About one-fifth of the world’s final energy consumption is from .... 23. Norwegian word for development 24. 836 million people still live in extreme ..... 25. Centre for Peace Studies, Tromsø, Norway 27. Less than 3% of the earth’s water is .... water 28. 22nd April (2 Words) 29. Since 2000, .... vaccines have averted nearly 15.6 million deaths 30. Households contribute to 21 per cent of CO2 .... Down 1. ....... , bribery, theft and tax evasion cost developing countries some US $1.26 trillion per year 2. The capital of Burkina Faso 3. Globally, one in .... people in the world today are undernourished 4. Sustainable Development Goal 16: Peace, ..... and Strong Institutions 6. An estimated one .... of all food produced is wasted 7. Number of UN Sustainable Development Goals 8. Low-carbon energy is also known as .... Energy 9. Half of humanity – 3.5 billion people – live in ..... today 14. “My life is my message” Mahatma .... 17. Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration 18. UN Sustainable Development Goals to “..... our World” 19. Norwegian Peace Film Award winner 2016 20. ..... mortality has fallen by almost 50 per cent since 1990 26. UN Climate Agreement was signed in which city on 22 April 2016

By Simon Vandestadt

Read this and earlier issues of re:PEACE magazine at www.repeacemag.com

www.repeacemag.com

Pictures in this issue: 1 Children, Zanzibar, Tanzania -- Mireille Jacques 7 Borderlands, Manipur, India -- Khriezomeno Iralu 9 Barcodes, Oslo, Norway -- Handan Zhang 10 Staircase, Lima, Peru -- Keith Allgeier 11 Respect, Barcelona, Spain -- Miguel Jacques 12 Houses, Havana, Cuba -- Mireille Jacques 13 Bike Shop, Pucon, Chile -- Simon Vandestadt 14 Pavement, St. Marc-sur-Mer, France -- Miguel Jacques 16 Take-off, San Andres, Colombia -- Barbara Stein 18 Hamna, TromsĂ¸, Norway -- Mikhael Shakhnazarov 20 Totems, Lima, Peru -- Keith Allgeier 20 Keys, Bethlehem, Palestine -- Barbara Stein 20 Boutique, Ramallah, Palestine -- Barbara Stein 20 Coffee Stand, Ramallah, Palestine -- Barbara Stein 20 Hope Outdoor Gallery, Austin, USA -- Keith Allgeier 20 Green Leaves -- Unsplash.com 22 Blue Grafitti, Lima, Peru -- Keith Allgeier 23 Untitled, Dallas, USA -- Keith Allgeier 26 Stained Glass, Lloret de Mar, Spain -- Miguel Jacques 28 School Desks, Dahra, Senegal -- Casey Simms

Learn more about the Master Degree Program in Peace and Conflict Transformation and the Center for Peace Studies at: www.peace.uit.no

War is part of everyday life for many people throughout the world, and its far-reaching effects are felt by us all. The theme of the next issue will be

re:Peace and War

Next issue in print:

Fall 2016

If you want to contribute an article, photographs, poems or anything else, submit it to repeacemagazine@gmail.com