Resumo da Revista "robótica" 88

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23456789 01

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Um exemplo de aplicação prática desta lei é a utilização de contactos de latão ou cobre, para interligação do termopar ao cabo de extensão no cabeçote.

Tabela 1. Composição química dos termopares. Termo Elemento

Composição Química (%) Cr

Pt

Rh

Rp (Platina/Ródio)

87

13

Sp (Platina/Ródio)

90

10

Rn,Sn (Platina)

100

Jp (Ferro)

Fe

Mn

Si

Ni

Cu

Al

99.5

*

*

*

*

*

45

55

Jn,Tn (Constantan) Tp (Cobre)

T2

A

Kp(Cromel)

100 10

90

Kn(Alumel) T1

EAB(T1-T2) T2

B

2

1

95

2

*Enxofre e Fósforo; (1) Marca Hosklins Manufacturing Co.

EAB(T1-T2) T2

B A

T2

C

T1 T2

C

Tipo E

70 60

Tipo K

50 40 30

T2

Tipo J Tipo R

20

EAB(T1-T2) B

90 80

10 0 -10 -250 -20 0

T2

Figura 4. Lei dos metais intermediários.

Tipo T

S

Tipo B 250

500

750 1000 1250 1500 1750 Temperatura /º C

Figura 6. Curvas de f.e.m. / temperatura de diversos tipos de termopares.

Lei das temperaturas sucessivas A f.e.m. gerada por um TC com as suas junções às temperaturas T1 e T3 respetivamente, é igual à soma algébrica da f.e.m. deste TC, com as junções às temperaturas T1 e T2 e da f.e.m. do mesmo TC com as junções às temperaturas T2 e T3 (Figura 5).

numa sala de controlo com ar-condicionado (20º C). Nestas condições, a f.e.m. ET,20 do termopar virá mais baixa do que a f.em. ET, 0 se a junção de referência estivesse a 0º C: ET, 0 = ET, 20 + E20,0

538º C

A

38º C

24º C

E1 B A E2 B

A E3 B

Figura 5. lei das temperaturas intermediárias.

Exemplo: T1 = 24º C ; T2 = 38º C ; T3 = 538º C (T3 > T2 > T1) E1,3 (538 – 24) = E2,3 (538 – 38) + E1,2 (38 – 24) Um exemplo prático da aplicação desta lei é quando se pretende utilizar uma temperatura de referência diferente de zero graus Celsius. A título de exemplo suponha-se que se utiliza um termopar para medir a temperatura da fornalha da caldeira em que a junção de medida estará no interior da fornalha, normalmente protegida por uma bainha, e a junção de referência encontra-se normalmente

Tipos e caraterísticas dos Termopares A seleção dos metais utilizados no fabrico de termopares obedece a diversos critérios nomeadamente: que tenham elevada resistência à corrosão, oxidação e redução; que desenvolvam uma f.e.m. alta, sejam estáveis, de baixo custo e baixa resistência eléctrica; que a relação temperatura/f.e.m seja o mais linear possível. – O termopar tipo T, de cobre-constantan, tem uma elevada resistência à corrosão por humidade atmosférica ou condensação e pode utilizar-se em atmosferas oxidantes ou redutoras. Usado normalmente na medição de temperatura de -200 ~ 260º C; – O termopar tipo J, de ferro-constantan, é adequado para atmosferas com baixo teor de oxigénio. A oxidação do fio de ferro aumenta rapidamente acima dos 550º C, sendo necessário um maior diâmetro do fio

até uma temperatura limite de 750º C; – O termopar tipo K, de cromel-alumel, recomenda-se em atmosferas oxidantes e a temperaturas de trabalho entre 500 ~ 1000º C. Não deve ser usado em atmosferas redutoras nem sulfurosas a menos que esteja protegido com um tubo de proteção; – Os termopares tipo R e S, de Pt/RhPt, utilizam-se em atmosferas oxidantes e a temperaturas de trabalho até 1500º C. Se a atmosfera não é oxidante, o termopar deve ser protegido com um tubo cerâmico estanque. A Tabela 1 mostra a composição dos termoelementos que constituem os termopares tipo J, T, K, R e S. Na Figura 6 indicam-se as tensões de saída destes termopares. Repare-se na não linearidade da resposta, um pouco mais acentuada nos termopares usados em temperaturas elevadas, ou quando se usa um campo de medida muito amplo. As Tabelas 2.7 e 2.8 mostram os valores da f.e.m. em função da temperatura de acordo com as normas DIN/BS/IEC, com a junta de referência à temperatura de 0º C. (Nota: Estas tabelas podem ser visualizadas no website, www.robotica.pt).

SECÇÃO INSTRUMENTAÇÃO

T1

T2

29

T3

robótica

C

Tensão /mV

T3

A

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