DE KOPPEL - Facade Design for a Megastructure designed in the M4H, Rotterdam

INDEx

Mega_team7_De_Koppel Façade_design

Façade Designers Vera Koster | 4368789 Rhea Ishani | 5315883 Façade Design Teacher Arie Bergsma

Façade Design

INDEX

Page nr.

Introduction

2

I. Design Concept

1. Building Context

2. Vision

3. Futureproof

4. Discipline Integration

5. Design Evolution

6. Levels & Grids

2 2 3 3 4 5 6

II. Façade Concept

1. Typologies

2. Inside - Outside Relationship

3. Horizontal Expression

4. Orientation Concept

a. Computational Integration

b. Climate Integration

5. Transformation Concept

6. Assembly Sequence

7. Railing

8. Fire Safety

9. Maintenance Concept

7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

III. Façade Design

1. Calculations

a. Thermal Performance

b. Acoustic Performance

2. Distribution Centre

3. Fabrication Lab

4. Data Centre

5. Offices

6. Hotel & Housing

18 18 18 18 19 19 22 23 24

IV. Conclusion

26

V. Reflection

26

References

27

Appendix

27

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

introduction

Façade Design

I. Design concept - Building context

Façade Design

Introduction The brief of MEGA2021 is to design a high-rise building at the site of Merwe-Vierhavens (M4H) in Rotterdam, with a preferred height between 120150 meters and a surface area of approximately 145.000 square meters. This high-rise will encompass a distribution centre, datacentre, fabrication lab, offices, hotel and housing with fitting general services like a restaurant and swimming pool. To solve this complex assignment an interdisciplinary student team of Civil Engineering, Building Technology and Architecture has been put together. With two architects, two structural designers, two façade designers, a climate designer, a computational designer and a manager all the needed knowledge is present in team 7 to tackle this complex high-rise.

signing, Arie Bergsma has given weekly façade design consults.

The report is structured in a concept to detail way by first making the overall building concept explicit, followed by the façade concept and finally the façade design. This part of the report will conclude by assessing if the final design complies with our team vision, suggestions for improvement and a personal reflection.

The authors of this report, Rhea Ishani and Vera Koster, are responsible for the Façade Design part of the project, which the team has named ‘De Koppel’. Throughout the nine weeks of de-

Image 02: Urban Context [AR image]

Context Integration The municipality of Rotterdam already has a vision with an urban strategy ready for the next 50 years for the harbour district of M4H. De Koppel is positioned in a way that it connects to the Marconiroute, an important route in the new Makers District (image 02). At the North side of the building a regional bicycle lane can be found, so the building has the ideal position for interaction with all types of traffic: people walking by, cycling or via the existing public transport routes.

For cyclists and pedestrians, the tallest tower is clearly visible from the Marconiroute and forms the entrance to the megastructure. The materialization of the distibution centre will reflect the port character, and the datacentre will represent the dynamic aspect of the context. For a more extensive urban context integration, the Architecture part of this report can be consulted.

Image 01: De Koppel rendered view [AR image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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I. Design concept - Vision

Façade Design

Vision

I. Design concept - Futureproof

Façade Design

Shearing Layers

Based on a combination of the assignment, the urban strategy of the Rotterdam municipality and personal team goals, a vision was created. The vision of team 7 can be best described by the phrase: ‘A sustainable, integrated building through technology, by and for humans.’

Our definition of sustainability can be split up in three mayor parts: environmental, economic and social sustainability. By integration through technology we aim for the principle that innovative techniques are not only present in the fablab, but integrated throughout all phases and parts of the building. A unique challenge presents itself with this megastructure by trying to design for human scale. One of the parts that contributes to this is the integration in the urban context, the way that existing parts and new plans can merge to a pleasant urban environment. This has to be

done with respect for the existing cultural value and character of the site. The overarching part throughout the design, which also has a link to human scale, is futureproofing. This goes further than timeless design, it focusses on separating building layers and using that concept to be able transform each layer, thus creating an extremely flexible and futureproof building.

Integration of Disciplines In image 07 the integration between façade design and the other disciplines are made explicit, connected to the goals which relate to the vision with matching design solutions.

The main vision can be translated to façade concepts by diving into Brandt’s theory of shearing layers and using that to create smart concepts for orientation, transformation, assembly, safety and maintenance.

Brandt has developed a time model for several layers in a building based on Duffy’s concepts.

According to this theory a building is not a single entity, but a collection of various layers. The life cycles of these layers differ and range from a few days (stuff) to a couple of hundred years (structure), see image 04 (Boorsma et al., 2019).

Image 05: Lineair to Circular Economy [own image]

do some touch-ups on the façade (image 06).

This way, an ever excellent performing building is created with just a small investment.

Image 04: Shearing layers [own image]

Current designed buildings are often based on a linear economy system, while society is transitioning towards a circular economy (image 05). Therefore, for a true futureproof design, a new way of thinking about buildings should be adopted: stop viewing a building as a permanent thing, and start building for the ever-changing needs of society. Society is too dynamic to adapt to a building in a sustainable way, therefore the building itself should be changing along with society.

In order to implement this new way, the change should start at the design phase.

In our design process, Brandt’s theory helped us to understand how the different functions must be integrated to assemble and disassemble without disturbing the other layers of the structure. In order to keep the building and the occupants healthy, different layers should be tackled at different intervals. The perfect spot in the timeline to do this is at 15 years when the service layer has reached the end of its lifespan, and then

In order to apply this concept of separating shearing layers and changing each layer at its own lifespan, the basics need to be right. In our design, this translates to the integration of all roles in multiple aspects of the building. An overview of this integration with its acompanying design solutions can be found in image 07 and will be further explained in the next chapter.

Image 03: Vision [own image, with nounproject icons]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Image 06: Timeline [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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I. Design concept - Discipline integration

Façade Design A Future-proof Facade: The services in a building reach the end of its life span of around 15 years. Looking in the future, “het niewe werken” we mean that the demand for offices will decline while the demand for housing will grow. The Megastructure has been designed to transform all of its Offices into Housing with the addition of a secondary facade.

Integration of Disciplines Façade design connects to all other disciplines, and all in different ways. The set goals relate to the teams vision: human scale, urban integration and social, environmental & economic sustainability.

Most goals relate to multiple disciplines, but in an attempt to create a clear overview, certain goals were categorized for specific disciplines (image 07). Every design solution has been made to reach the stated goal, some have an (either positive or negative) effect on the other, but design decisions are always made for the most optimal combination.

The provision of balconies will facilitate easy maintenance thereby eliminating the need for expensive building maintenance units.

The cladding system is a simple installation using GFRC panels. In balconies, it is a combination of PV cells and GFRC. This horizontal expression accentuates the division of the floors and makes the megastructure more approachable to a human scale.

The Plinth is designed to have canopies extended from the building to behave like a large interaction space in front of the Megastructure. The free-flowing geometry provides a welcoming entrance to the Megastructure.

Design overview Before diving into the façade concepts, a brief overview of the most significant and influential design solutions and choices related to our vision and goals can be found in image 08.

To wind facade is a dynamic representation of the Blank facade of the Datacenter that is incorporated to break the monotony in a Megastructure.

To reduce the heat gain from large facades of the Fablab, the closed cavity facades were incorporated. The addition of a light shelf increases the percentage of daylight in the space and the adjacent green roof helps reduce glare craft a comfortable indoor environment.

*= this can be found in the office, housing & hotel tower ** = only in fabrication lab ***= only in housing & hotel ****= only in office tower and fabrication lab *****= in offices, housing and hotel natural air inlets can be found, the fabrication lab functions completely on a mechanical system

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

The compact footprint of the megastructure and the use of traditional wooden frames, with a combination of translucent insulation, have reduced the carbon footprint of the overall facade Image 07: Integration of Disciplines [own image]

Image 08: Design Overview related to Vision [own image]

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I. Design concept - Design evolution

Façade Design

Façade Design

Design Evolution Since human scale and urban context is an important part of our vision, it also plays a big role in our design evolution. For practical reasons the distribution center, fabrication lab and datacenter are viewed as rigid boxes. The largest volume with the need for a ground level connection became the starting point of the design: the distribution center. For the purpose of human scale and accessibility a passage was created, and each volume got a tower. The datacenter functions as a connection bridge between the two towers. The design decision to create an organic looking building comes from the human scale vision: round, soft shapes will break up the megastructure into a more approachable and architecturally pleasing object. After first phase solar and wind analysis the position and shape of the roof towers are optimized for solar energy generation and minimizing wind flow.

02 Fabrication Lab A second volume is added with a passage in between for human scale.

01 Distribution Center Volume development started with the distribution center, shaped like the other buildings in the area, with a straight facade towards the waterside.

04 Bridge The towers form a couple that is held together by a connecting volume.

05 Organic Feeling The building is reshaped, except the distribution center, into an organic volume.

03 Towers From those two volumes, two towers are extracted with views past each other.

06 Roof Orientation The southern tower is lowered and the roofs are inclined for optimal solar gain.

07 Smooth Corners And finally, the corners are smoothed for optimizing wind flow.

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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I. Design concept - Levels & Grids

Façade Design

Grids

Levels

The two towers of De Koppel each have a structural stability system of a core and outrigger system.

To give the building maximum flexibility in floorplans, a loadbearing column and beamstructure is in place (image 10). None of the façades are loadbearing, except for the data and distribution centre, since this inherently a closed façade and does not need to have the open-closed flexibility a non-loadbearing façade provides. The grid of the office tower is 7.2m by 7.2m, and the grid of the housing & hotel tower is 6m by 6m (image 09 and 11). The common denominator in those grids is 1.2 meters, which has become the façade panel size. For typical floorplans the Architecture part of this report can be consulted.

De Koppel consists of a wide base with a thick plinth. The plinth has a pleasing height of 12 meters, the floors on top of the plinth are recessed, or a distinction expression. This breaks down the building and makes it more approachable. At 43m height a public green space is situated. The smallest tower is the Office tower with a maximum height of 107.5 meters. The housing and hotel tower is the largest tower with a maximum height of 150 meters (image 09).

Façade Design

Image 10: Structural Design [SD image]

7.2x7.2 m

6x6 m 150 m

107.5 m

12 m 43 m

12 m 0m Image 11: Structural Floorplan [SD image]

Image 09: Levels & Grids [AR image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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II. Façade concept - typologies

Façade Design

Façade Concept The main design principles of the façade are explained in this part of the report. To reach the goals of image 07, façade concepts are developed. In this report, the façade concepts of oriëntation, transformation, climate, computational, assembly, safety and maintenance are elaborated.

In order to design a healthy and good functioning building, different façades should be designed for different functions. Image 12 gives an overview of the different façade typologies used in De Koppel. In Appendix I the material research can be found. The façade systems used in the megastructure are: traditional timber frame (towers), closed cavity façade (FabLab), glazing wall with cladding system (plinth)

and a solid wall with cladding (distribution centre). The main reason to go for a traditional timber frame for the primary façade of the towers is related to our environmental and economic sustainability goals: with the correct maintenance timber is an extremely durable material with a low carbon footprint. The traditional type of built together with the cantilivering floorslabs remove the need for large scaffolding constructions, making it a financial sustainable choice. Although the building has an organic appearance, the façades are mainly made out of standardized building elements (image 13). This contributes both to our financial and environmental sustainability vision. In the following pages the façade concepts will be explained in detail.

= standardized = unique

Image 13: Building Elements [own image]

Image 12: Façade Typologies [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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II. Façade concept - Inside/OUtside relationship

Façade Design

Connection to Nature To strengthen the concept of human scale throughout our design, a connection to nature will be provided at different levels of the building. Fluent connections between indoor and outdoor spaces start at plinth level: pavilion-like structures flow along the façade, opening and closing the space behind it naturally (for reference, see architecture report). Then at bridge level, a green space is situated. This provides a connection between the towers and creates the opportunity for people to interact with the building at a higher level. The cantilivering balconies and truncated roofs allows for the user to feel a connection to nature at even the highest levels, creating a fluent connect to nature from top to bottom. The passage underneath the bridge provides a playfull connection to the waterfront, but also encourge the people walking by to interact with the building.

D

A = Plinth B = Passage C = Green Bridge D = Truncated roofs

C

B A

Image 14: Inside-Outside Relationship [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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II. Façade Concept - horizontal expression

Façade Design

Human Scale For the appearance of the building, a horizontal expression was chosen, except for the distinct function of the datacentre and distribution centre. This horizontal expression works as a trick to make the building appear less vertical eventhough the towers are 150 meters in height. One of the design solutions to doing this is recessing the façade so horizontal lines of the floorslabs are a focus point. Besides that, the railing has a light coloured GRFC cladding varying in height from 30 to 60 centimeters.

1600 mm

600 mm

300 mm

There are four different GRFC panels, one rectangular of 1200mm by 300mm, one rectangular of 1200mm by 600mm and two curved panels of 1200mm by 300mm flowing to 600mm or the other way around. Therefore the panels can be produced in large amount of numbers, making the production process easier and cheaper. The architects played around with different compositions, the final result for the full façade is visible in the elevations in the façade design part of this report. A more zoomed in part of the railing, what other functions it carriers and how it is assembled can be found in the façade concept - railing chapter.

1200 mm

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Image 16: Railing - front view [own image]

Image 15: De Koppel render - Human Scale [AR image]

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II. Façade Design - orientation concept Orientation Concept In order to design a building that is sustainable in every aspect, making the most out of the orientation of the building is one of those aspects that can contribute to a sustainable building. Each façade of De Koppel is adjusted and optimized for its orientation, creating opportunities to make the most out of daylight entrance, energy generation, heat gain and its connection to nature. Although this concept is applied throughout the whole building, the office tower is highlighted to explain the concept.

A. Balcony Depth Cantilivering balconies can be found flowing along all sides of the building. This is a design solution to prevent heat gain in summer and make use of it during winter, while taking daylight access into account. On the south, southeast and southwest side, balconies are cantilevering up to 200 centimeters. This width was optimized through computational analysis, which will be explained in the next chapter.

On the north side, there is a cantilever of 70 centimeters. This ledge provides easy maintenance for the façade, removing the need for large and expensive maintenance installations on top of the building.

1A

1B

2A

1 2

1C

W N

Image 15: Abstract Floorplan [own image]

2B

2C

S E

B. Energy Generation & Daylight Access On the south, southeast and southwest façade a semi-transparent PV railing provides a large part of the energy generation for the building.

These opaque PV-cells between a glass sheet were chosen to optimize the daylight entrance into the offices. On the north side there are no PV panels, but just a glazed railing made out of laminated safety glass, optimizing the daylight entrance while still providing falling safety.

Façade Design

C. Connection to Nature Our vision of designing for human scale knows a lot of variety in design solutions. One of the aspects is the connection to nature. As long as the tower is in use as an office tower, the outside spaces will be used as green spaces. Access to these green spaces is only given for maintenance purposes. These non-accessible green spaces will contribute to the biodiversity in the city and provide a connection to nature for the employees. On the south, southeast and southwest side windresisting and sun loving plants can be found, like grasses, lavender and buxus. On the north side, smaller greenery like sedum plants and mosses will flourish.

Legenda = Primary Façade = PV Railing = Glass Railing Image 16: South East Façade [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Image 17: North East Façade [own image]

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II. Façade Design - Computational Integration

Façade Design

Balcony Depth Optimization One of the unique design parts of De Koppel is its cantilivering balconies. This part relates to all disciplines and was therefore chosen for computational optimization, to integrate our design even more.

Each discipline had their own, different constraints and goals, but we all had the common vision to achieve a qualitative, functional and healthy space.

For the analysis, a part of the residential tower was chosen. The goal is to optimize the indoor comfort while reducing the need for mechanical interventions. In terms of structural design it is important to keep the cantilivers as small as possible, otherwise it will enlarge the columns and beams significantly, and that eventually causes a negative impact on our design in terms of sustainability. The maximum cantiliver is therefore set to 2 meters. In terms of architecture, it is important

to have a usable outdoor space, so therefore the minimum cantiliver of the balcony is 1 meter. For façade design and management it is important to have a cantiliver all around, for an easy builing process and maintenance access. Therefore the minimum cantiliver is always 0.7 meter. For climate and façade design, a balance needs to be found between daylight access and (the prevention of) heat gain by using the cantilivering balconies as a permanent sunshading system. This is something that changes throughout the seasons and is unique to every orientation. The illuminance analysis to find the optimal balcony depth is therefore done for three days in three different seasons, during three different time stamps in the day. The illuminance values of each time were compared and maximized for the winter period, while minimized for the summer. For the full analysis and results, please consult the computational report.

Image 19: South West Orientation Balcony Depth [COD image]

Image 18: Ladybug Analysis South West Orientation [COD image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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II. Façade Design - Climate Integration

Façade Design

Façade Design

Climate Concept Façade design and Climate design are closely connected to each other and heavily influenced by one another. A short overview of the design solutions related to both disciplines will be stated below (image 20), but for a more in depth explanation the climate design part of the report should be consulted.

not enough, mechanical ventilation will be used to compensate or take over completely. The lighting strategy in the building is based on a circadian rhythm, which matches our vision for human scale.

Installations inside ceiling islands Installations in ceiling islands Perforated ceiling

The envisioned indoor comfort is partially achieved by applying passive sunshading through cantilivers, like explained in the previous pages. Another aspect is the light shelves, which can only be found at the Fabrication Lab. This is done to bring more natural light into the deeper parts of the space. De Koppel makes use of multiple ventilation strategies, but all in favour of natural ventilation. Northern tower, openable windows and grills allow for local natural ventilation and in the Southern tower the atrium is used to create a natural chimney effect. The FabLab also makes use of atria for ventilation. When natural ventilation is

Openable window (30%) with grill

PV

Translucent insulation Uniform floor system

Image 21: Abstract floor concept with climate system [CLD image]

Integrated floorslabs The two towers are designed for a maximum possible internal clear height, by integrating floor slabs in the beams and using ceiling islands instead of fully lowered false ceilings. This allows for a more spacial feeling and an optimized daylight entrance.

The floors are made of hollow core slabs with an insulation layer on top and a light colored finish with tubes used for additional heating and cooling (image 21). This flooring system for heating and cooling enlarges the flexibility of the floorplan and provides the possibility of function transformation.

Lighting follows circadian rhythm

Summer

Clear internal hight maximized

Winter

Light shelves

Ventilation system Fresh air enters the building through grills and openable windows that make up 30% of the façade. Mechanical ventilation is done with ceiling islands, where fresh air enters the room via a perforated plate on the facade-side of each room.

Air is extracted on the other side. The perforated plates function as acoustic damping as well to ensure the right reverberation time of 0.5 to 0.9 seconds. A calculation can be found in the appendix of the climate report part.

Openable windows Technical space

HP

Hx

Hx

Heat exchanger

HP

Heat pump

HP

Image 20: Climate Diagram [CLD image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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II. Façade Concept - Transformation

Façade Design

Transformation Concept

Assembly Sequence

De Koppel is designed for easy and financially feasible transformation. In order to create this flexibility, the primary façade of offices and housing is very similar. By doing this, only small additions are necessary to transform to another function. The difference between the office and the housing in the first phase of the building besides the layout of the floorplan, is that the outdoor space for offices functions as a qualitative connection to nature, while the apartments already have functioning balconies with wind protection (balcony glazing). These balconies also function as small winter gardens. Of course the climate systems have to be adjusted accordingly as well when transforming, but when done at the end of the lifespan for the service layer, no unnecessary resources and money will be wasted.

For a more in depth built up of the façade and transformation, see page FD 14 Assembly Sequence.

Façade Design

= zoomed in part for assembly sequence

In the images on the righthandside, an example of the transformation concept from office to housing is explained, since it is more likely in current society that the office tower will transform to a housing tower than the other way around.

01 Structure

02 Primary Façade

- Prefab & prestressed concrete floorslabs with integrated thermal break between floor & balconies - All around cantilivers with a width of 70-200cm - Column grid 7.2x7.2m - Concrete core 12x7.2m

- Façade recessed 70-200cm - Façade rythm 1.2m - Open/closed 70/30% - Traditional timber construction

03 Railing

04 Transformation

- PV-panels 90-120cm height SE-S-SW-W oriëntation - Cladding/PV ratio 25/75% - Cladding 30-60cm height for playfull horizontal expression - Falling safety 1.2m - Outdoor space functions as non-accessible quality green space

- Large maintenance check for primary façade - Window gets replaced with a door for balcony access - Add balcony glazing for wind comfort

The transformation can be done in the following few steps: 1. Remove greenery at the predertermined balcony space 2. Check if primary façade is still in the correct condition, do maintenance 3. Replace one 1.2m panel (window/insulation) with a door for balcony access 4. Replace the climate systems 5. Transform the layout of the floorplan to housing 6. Add balcony glazing for wind comfort 7. Add balcony finishes like tiles

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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II. Façade concept - Assembly Sequence

Façade Design

01 Columns & Beams

02 Second Floor Beams

03 Prefab Floors with thermal break

04 Second Floor

05 Timber Frame Construction

06 Extra Transom

07 Solid Insulation Material

08 Transparent Insulation Material

09 Window Placement

10 Acoustic Floor Layer

11 Floor Heating & Finish

12 Secondary Transoms

13 Plate Material, Rainslab

14 Cladding Material

15 Brackets for Railing

16 PV Railing

17 Cladding Horizontal Expression

18 Ceiling Mounting Rails

21 Door placement

22 Balcony Glazing

23 Balcony Tiles Finish

TRANSFORMATION

19 Ceiling Finish

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20 Final Office Façade

14

II. Façade design - railing

Façade Design

Railing - Energy Generation & Falling Safety The railing designed for the towers has multiple functions. Besides providing the architectural horizontal expression, it also provides the needed falling safety at 1.2 meters. On top of that, the railing also has an energy generating function at the east, south and west side. To improve the daylight entrance in the building the choice was made for a semi-transparent PV module, which has little influence on the efficiency of the panel but a noticable influence on the daylight access. At the north side the railing is not made of PV modules, but of laminated safety glass to also maximize the daylight entrance.

Top View

Railing - Tolerances & Movements For smooth assembly of the standardized railing modules, tolerances are in place (also see III. Façade Design Details). Movements are possible along all three axis, intercepting irregularities in the prefabricated concrete slabs, but also product irregularities.

Aluminum O-profile railing

Aluminum Railing holder Aluminum U-profile Aluminum I-profile Transparent PV Modules Laminated Safety Glass

GFRC Cladding

Nuts & Bolts

Front View

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Exploded View

Steel T-brackets

Side View

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II. Façade concept - Fire safety

Façade Design

Fire Safety in de Koppel

Fire Safety in the Plinth

Mega buildings can be seen as a vertical city. But, unlike regular cities, it is quite difficult to design a good function fire safety system due to water pressure and accessibility issues. Therefore it is of utmost importance in highrise buildings to not only design for firefighting, but also to design for fire prevention.

The façade of the Distribution is a closed façademade of non-combustible wheatering steal plates, filled with fire retardant insulation material.

Fire safety can be provided in several ways, and the safest option is to combine multiple ways of fire prevention and, if a fire does break out, firefighting. A detailed plan of the fire safety concept for the whole building can be found in the Climate Design part of this report, where active fire protection and escape routes will be elaborated.

This specific part of the report will mainly focus on fire prevention in façades.

Façade Design

The closed cavity façades in the Fabrication Lab is a different story. The sunshading system inside the cavity is a potential fire spread risk, but the chosen textile is fire retardant. The façade is not unitized, so the concrete construction and insulation material function as a fire barrier.

Fire Barrier

Fire Safety in the Towers The two towers of De Koppel have two main fire prevention design components to ensure the fire safety of the façade. The first one is the choice of materials and the second one is the positioning of the façades.

In terms of materials, a fire retaradant insulation material was chosen: polyurethane. This provides a fire safety up to 180 minutes. This insulation material can be found between the floors and balconies, functioning as a thermal break but also as fire safety barrier. Furthermore, the frames are made of oak wood, designed by WEBO, which comply European standard regulations for fire safety. The cladding material is made of glass fibre reinforced concrete, which is a non combustible material.

The façades in the towers are recessed all around with a minimum of 70 centimeters and a maximum of 180 centimeters. This also contributes to the fire safety, since it is now less likely to have direct flame impingement from floor to floor. For fire spread prevention on the same level, floor to floor panels with fire retardant insulation material can be found at colomn position. Besides that, the load bearing structure of the building has also been designed in a way that it can resist fire for at least 120 minutes before collapse.

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Fire retardant Insulation material

Image 22: Fire Safety Concept [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

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II. Façade Concept - Maintenance concept

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Façade Design

Image 23: Maintenance Concept [own image]

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III. Façade design - Calculations

Façade Design

Façade Design

Timber Frame Construction

Thermal Calculations

Acoustic Calculations

De Koppel has its sustainability goals set to BENG requirements. Due to the nature of our design with cantilivering prefab floorslabs throughout, the best choice would be a traditional timber frame. Luckily, this is also a pretty sustainable choice since wood is a durable and inherently circular material. It also has the ability to store CO2, having a positive impact on the CO2 levels in the atmosphere. One of the other benefits is that these timber frames can be produced in prefab elements for an efficient building process.

For reference WEBO timber frames (NOMframes) are used for calculations to prove that the designed façade of De Koppel complies with the thermal and acoustic requirements. WEBO promisses that these NOM-frames have an Rc value between 5.5 and 8.0 m²K/W, with an airtightness (Qv-10) between 0,15 and 0,40 (image 24).

Some rough calculations were done to check if the choosen insulation thickness is sufficient for the needed thermal comfort and to comply with the Dutch building regulations and BENG sustainability goals. These calculations can be found in Appendix II. The insulation material chosen for the design is a polyurethane foam, which has an heat conductivity value of approximately 0.022 W/m²K. Because the used calculation tool only gives the option with a heat conductivity value of 0.021 or 0.023, the latter was chosen for the calculation, so the actual Rc-value might even be a little bit higher. Based on the calculations, the timber frame construction will have a Rc-value of 6.9 m²K/W, which is more than sufficient since the Dutch building regulations for new constructions is 4.5 m²K/W. The expected Rc-value of 6.9 m²K/W is also within the range that WEBO offers for their timber frame constructions.

The calculations for acoustic properties were based on the following material properties and assumptions were made: 1. Specific mass of glass = 2500 Kg/m3 2. density of air at 20 C = 1.21 Kg/m3 3. Speed of sound in air at 20 C = 340 m/s

Oak frame Windows The openings within the traditional timber frames are made of oak frames with a double HR++ glazing (image 25, note that this is a triple glazing while our design consist of double glazing). A low-e coating is placed at the outer face of the inner pane of glass to block heat loss during winter and optimize the heat gain. In summer the sunrays won’t enter the spaces because of the cantilivering floorslabs. The oak wood is locally sourced in Europe, even the Netherlands itself can produce certified FSC or PEFC oak wood. This provides a very short transport line, making the process more sustainable.

For reference, the WEBO BENG-windows are used. For now, the design is based on double glazed windows instead of triple glazed (NOM-windows) since the balcony glazing already are an extra buffer zone. Applying triple glazing would be too expensive for the level of improvement of the values it would cause. In terms of investment it is also beneficial since the initial investment is lower, making it more attractive for stakeholders to invest in a first phase. When transforming functions after 15 or more years, the choice could eventually be made to invest and change the windows to triple glazing. WEBO promises a U-value of 1.0 W/m²K for the HR++ windows with a total thickness of 68 mm.

Image 24: WEBO timber frame [https://www.webo.nl/producten/ hsb-elementen/]

Image 25: WEBO Oak frame window [https://www.webo.nl/producten/kozijnen/eiken-kozijnen/]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

For the U-value of the window in the two towers, and for the U-value of the closed cavity façade in the fablab, some rough hand calculations were done. These can be found in Appendix III.

The used sizes for the double glazed window is 8-10-6 with a low e-coating on the outer side of the inner pane and Argon gas in the cavity. The calculated U-value of the window in the towers is 1.6 W/m2K, which is significantly higher than the promissed 1.0 W/ m2K by WEBO, so either the calculations are too rough, or WEBO uses a different configuration than we assumed for the drawings. Either way, 1.6 W/m2K is still a quite common value for a double glazed window, but it would be best in terms of sustainability if the low U-value of the WEBO window were true and not the handcalculated value.

The used sizes for the closed cavity façade is 6-260-6-14-6. Again a low e-coating is placed at the outer side of the most inner pane, and the small cavity is filled with Argon gass. The large cavity is an air cavity. The calculated U-value is 0.44 W/m2K, proving that the closed cavity façade is a high performance façade and will contribute to the thermal comfort in the building in a sustainable way.

First, the mass spring resonnace was calculated followed by the calculation of air borne sound insulation R. The calculations were made at 1000 Hz assuming normal incidence of sound rays. The result value obatined for R for the primary facade in the case of Office is 66.31 dB (excellent value) The acoustic performance in the case of Hosuing and Hotel spaces will be higher due to the addition of Glass Lamella on the secondary facade.

The value of R obtained for the Closed cavity facade is lower than expected (14.559 dB) as research shows that Closed cavity facade have excellent performance. The value obtained is therefore considered incorrect due to a possible chance of inaccuracy in the Hand calculations.

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 18

III. Façade Design - Distribution Centre

Façade Design

III. Façade Design - Fabrication Lab

Distribution Centre

Fabrication Lab

This façade is a contrasting closed box with a rough appearance to reflect the harbours context and the existing urban context. The chosen material is weathering steel in a vertical pattern with LED strips to make it a safe lit space at night. At the top of the distribution centre, small openings can be found for drones to fly in and out for future transportation of packages. Detailed drawings can be found on the next page (FD 20).

The fabrication lab contains the largest span of the building: up to 5m heights. Due to its oriëntation and size, the façade is subject to high heat gains. To reduce this, triple glazed closed cavity façades are placed on the south and west side. In order to bring more natural light into the deeper parts of the space, light shelves are integrated.

Detailed drawings can be found on page FD 21.

Façade Design

Image 28: Fabrication Lab render [own image]

Image 26: Distribution Centre render [own image]

Image 25: Side view of De Koppel [AR image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Image 27: Side view of De Koppel [AR image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 19

III. Façade Design - Distribution Centre 156

50

Façade Design

65

damp proof membrane XPS Insulation

150

Waterproofing membrane Rainscreen profile

damp proof membrane HALFEN HCW Connection to slab

120

Aluminium profile for alignment & support

Breather membrane

300

300mm Concrete slab Aluminium profile substructure 1.75 Corten steel sandwich panel Fibreboard Insulation Polyurethane foam

290

HALFEN HCW Curtain Wall System

HE260A beam profile

156

50

65

damp proof membrane XPS Insulation

150

Waterproofing membrane Rainscreen profile

damp proof membrane HALFEN HCW Connection to slab

120

Aluminium profile for alignment & support

Breather membrane Aluminium profile substructure

300

300mm Concrete slab

1.75 Corten steel sandwich panel Fibreboard Insulation Polyurethane foam

290

HALFEN HCW Curtain Wall System

HE260A beam profile

1.75 mm Corten steel sandwich panel Aluminium profile substructure Waterproofing membrane Breather membrane Fibreboard Insulation Aluminium profile for alignment & support XPS Insulation Rainscreen profile

Image 29: 1:5 Detail of Distribution Centre [own image]

Image 30,31: 1:20 Detail of Distribution Centre [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 20

III. Façade Design - Fabrication lab

Façade Design

Green roof detail Green roof detail

450

Extended masonry

HCW Anchor Waterproofing membrane

150

Cladding material

109

450

Extended masonry

Breather membrane

Cladding material

109

Waterproofing membrane

Fabric Screen

150

HCW Anchor

Breather membrane

Light shelf

4770

Fabric Screen

Fabric Screen HCW Anchor Thermal break

100 240

240

100

Waterproofing membrane

Image 32,33: 1:5 Detail of FabLab [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Image 34: 1:20 Section of FabLab [own image]

FD 21

III. Façade Design - Datacentre

Façade Design

Façade Design

Data Centre To comply with our vision of the Human Scale, a playful and interactive façade is designed for the data centre, despite the fact that it is a closed façade as well. The data centre has a wind responsive façade, where smaller bow shaped panels are weaved through a stainless steel tube with a small turbine at the bottom. To reduce the thickness of the façade, the elements can rotate at a maximum of 45 degrees (image 36).

35 57

150

75

Image 36: Front View render datacentre [own image]

250

75

46

Image 38: Side view of De Koppel [AR image]

Masonry Wall Breather membrane

15 8

VECO AL S 40mm Anchor

138

60

Polyurethane Foam

106

Waterproofing membrane 20 6

Metal Cladding

120

Turbine attached to the bottom of the circular profile 150mm wide Stainless steel elements with OLED panels Wires to connect panels to electricity generator Image 35: Elements Datacentre rotation spaces [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Image 37: Panel render Datacentre [own image]

Image 39: 1:5 Detail of Datacentre [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 22

III. Façade Design - Offices

Façade Design

Façade Design

Oak wooden frame

Image 40: Rendered view of the Office Floor with green roof [own image]

DGU

PV glass railing

Translucent nanocomposite Insulation Translucent Polycarbonate Cladding

Waterproofing membrane Breather membrane Water draining profile

Image 41: Side view of De Koppel [AR image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Image 42: 1:20 Section of Office Floorr [own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 23

III. Façade Design - Housing/Hotel

Façade Design

Façade Design

Housing & Hotel The façades of the two towers are very similar.

Therefore the detailing of the primary façade is almost the same. The purpose of this is flexibility of function, and being able to transform the façade fairly easily. The horizontal expression throughout the building is provided by a white GRFC cladding material at the railing, and a recessed façade to emphasize the horizontal expression even more. The differences are the design of the outdoor spaces: in the case of hotel/housing function this is a balcony space, protected from the wind by balcony glazing and with the needed balcony finishes to create a pleasent space.

Image 43: Rendered view of Housing Floors [Own image]

Oak wooden frame

DGU

Glass lamella (Secondary facade) PV glass railing

Translucent nanocomposite Insulation Translucent Polycarbonate Cladding

Waterproofing membrane Breather membrane Water draining profile

Image 44: Side view of De Koppel [AR image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Image 45: 1:20 Section of Housing Floors [Own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 24

III. Façade Design - Housing/Hotel

Façade Design

DGU

Glass lamella (Secondary facade) PV glass railing

Translucent nanocomposite Insulation Translucent Polycarbonate Cladding

Waterproofing membrane Breather membrane Water draining profile

Image 46: 1:5 Detail of Housing Floor [Own image]

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 25

IV. Conclusion

Façade Design

Conclusion The vision of De Koppel started with the phrase: ‘A sustainable, integrated building through technology, by and for humans.’

more efficient and sustainable ways to design for transformation than the path De Koppel has chosen towards final products. As long as the core of the vision is understood and taken into account, great innovation will be just around the corner!

Throughout the report it has become clear that all aspects of the vision are integrated in multiple ways and places. By viewing the building as a dynamic object that changes over time, and recognizing but also utilizing the fact that different building layers have different life spans, an innovative and futureproof design has come about.

This design has made the first step towards the concept of futureproofing and transformation in a new way, but there is still a lot of room for improvement. Due to time limitations, quick design decisions were made about the transformation concept. There are probably many more, and

V. Reflection

Façade Design

Personal Reflection Vera

Personal Reflection Rhea

The assignment for MEGA 2021 was a complex one, where multiple and widespread functions have to come together in a highrise building, with all disciplines represented equally. Although MEGA is known for its complex assignments, this year an extra challenge was given by Covid-19: the course will be done in an online environment.

Luckily, during the course some of the corona rules were withdrawn or less strict, opening up the possibility to see each other live at the faculty. This helped a lot for the team bonding, and therefore for the groups productivity. Because we got to know each other on a personal level as well, we were better resistant to feedback from one another and more understanding towards each other.

During these ten intense weeks I had a lot of fun with the team, and I enjoyed working together with Vera towards a good façade design. Although sometimes these weeks were stressfull, it was also a lot of fun.

Our team bonded pretty quickly, and produced a strong vision on which we all agreed. This has helped us throughout our design phases, from the pin-up to the finals. In the final few weeks, the integration of our project became a bit less group-centered and more discipline focussed.

This had a slightly negative impact on our communication about design decisions, but time-wise it is understandable that it happened. A point of improvement to create an even stronger integration project would therefore be clearer communication and using different tools to communicate.

Although the integration might be a bit lacking in the final phase, our design was very strong and awarded the ‘most innovative design’! This proves to me that a strong vision in the beginning can lead to great innovation and a good detailed design.

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

What could help to reduce the amount of stress, is by making more use of the first two weeks: these first weeks were now filled only with lectures and workshops, which did not contribute that much to the design concept. Façade design in general is something that happens at a later stage than for example the architectural concept, and by ‘losing’ the first two weeks already to lectures and workshops, the design concept only started at the third week. Effectively the amount of weeks for the façade design were shortened significantly. What might have contributed to this, is the gray area between what is expected from the architects and the façade designers. In the end I felt like some decisions that should have been made, or at least contributed to by the architects were done by the façade designers, creating an even larger amount of work and stress for us.

Another thing that could help bring the façade design to the next level, is if we could have alternating consults from both façade design teachers. This will broaden our perspective on the design, and therefore the design could be even more innovative and integrated.

In the end, I am proud of the results that we have produced, and thankfull that we were awarded with the ‘most innovative design’ award!

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 26

references

Façade Design

Publications: Boorsma, N., Tsui, T., & Peck, D. (2019). Circular building products, a case study of soft barriers in design for remanufacturing. In Proceedings of the International conference of Remanufacturing.

Websites: Noun Project: Free Icons & Stock Photos for Everything. https://thenounproject.com/ WEBO HSB-elementen. (2021, 13 maart). https://www.webo.nl/producten/hsb-elementen/ WEBO Eiken-Kozijn®. (2021, 28 januari). https://www.webo.nl/producten/kozijnen/eiken-kozijnen/

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Appendix

Façade Design

I. Material research II. Thermal Performance Rc calculations III. Thermal performance u-value calculations IV. Acoustics calculations

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 27

I. Material research

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Façade Design

FD 28

I. Material research

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Façade Design

FD 29

II. thermal performance rc calculations

Façade Design

Berekening Warmteweerstand

Houtskeletbouw-elementen en voorzetwanden hout

Laag

Bron

Dikte (mm)

Materiaal

2.5

Wandafwerking 1

SBR-Referentiedetails

Binnenplaat (houten binnenspouwblad)

Wandafwerking 2

SBR-Referentiedetails

Plaatmateriaal (hout)

Folie binnenzijde

VoRa Trading BV

SuperFOIL SF19+ (dampdichte meerlaagse isolatiefolie)

Hout en regelwerk

SBR-Referentiedetails

hardhout, algemeen Percentage hout: 20%

Isolatie

SBR-Referentiedetails

Extra isolatie laag

N.v.t.

Ankers

SBR-Referentiedetails

Folie buitenzijde

VoRa Trading BV

λcalc W/m⋅K)

0.300

Rm (m2⋅K/W)

9

0.170

0.0529

45

0.000

1.5400

Samengestelde laag

3.6792

Spouw Buitenspouwblad

Eigen invoer

Hoogwaardige isolatie 0,023 (Let op afdichting naden en kieren) Spouwanker RVS Diameter: 3.6 mm

= 0.13

m2⋅K/W

= 0.13

m2⋅K/W

RT

= 7.60

m2⋅K/W

ΔUfa

= 0.00

W/m2⋅K

ΔUw = 0.05 * UT

= 0.01

W/m2⋅K

Rse

Buitenlucht

195

0.173

195

0.023

17.000

Aantal: 4 per m²

SuperFOIL SF19BB (dampopen meerlaagse isolatiefolie)

40

Sterk geventileerd

30

GFRC

9 Totale dikte constructie:

Rsi

0.0083

RC Bouwbesluit = 6.9 m2⋅K/W

0.000

1.4500

1.100

330.5

UT

= 0.13

W/m2⋅K

ΔU

= 0.01

W/m2⋅K

UC

= UT + ΔU

= 0.14

W/m2⋅K

RC

= 1/UC - Rsi - Rse

= 6.98

m2⋅K/W

RC

Bouwbesluit

=

m2⋅K/W

6.9

Disclaimer: SBRCURnet Rekentool warmteweerstand is met de grootste zorg samengesteld. SBRCURnet aanvaardt echter geen enkele aansprakelijkheid voor schade die het gevolg is van onjuistheid of onvolledigheid (in de meest ruime zin des woords) van de in dit programma uitgevoerde berekeningen en gepresenteerde rapportages.

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 30

III. thermal performance U-value calculations

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Façade Design

FD 31

III. thermal performance U-value calculations

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Façade Design

FD 32

iV. Acoustic calculations

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Façade Design

FD 33

Façade Design

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

FD 34

V. Material research

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Façade Design

FD 35

V. Material research

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Façade Design

FD 36

V. FACADE systems

De_Koppel | MEGA 2021

Façade Design

FD 37