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Autumn 2015

INTEGRATED CLASS JOURNAL Volume 4(2) Autumn 2015 Contributors:

Aki Shinoda Arisa Nagaoka Ayumi Gambe Chinatsu Homma Fubuki Kawai Karen Yoshikawa Keito Hayashi Kota Akiyama Mao Takeuchi Mayuko Ito Natsue Murata Riho Matsunami Risa Kondo Sayako Kawai Shizuka Uchitake Tetsuhiro Kanematsu Yukiko Akagi Yuri Shimoyama

Sophia University Integrated Skills Class Autumn Term 2015

Editorial

Edited by Richard Pinner. Cover designs by nobody (back cover by Banksy)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial ................................................................................................................5 Essays ....................................................................................................................6 In Focus Article: The Victim of The Invisible Murder ................................................ 7 Sayako Kawai The feminism in The Bell Jar..................................................................................... 10 Mayuko Ito Sylvia Plath’s Life: Success and Mental Illness ......................................................... 12 Yuri Shimoyama Trace Article: “Daddy” and feminism ....................................................................... 15 Riho Matsuanami The Context of Death for Sylvia Plath ....................................................................... 18 Keito Hayashi In Depth Article: The relationship between Beat Generation and Music .................. 21 Risa Kondo The Beat generation, the Hippie Movement and today’s Youth ................................ 24 Karen Yoshikawa Allen Ginsberg and Free Expression .......................................................................... 27 Fubuki Kawai The Revolutionary History of America with Non-Violence Methods ....................... 30 Tetsuhiro Kanematsu “On the Road” And Two Kinds of Madness .............................................................. 33 Chinatsu Honma Gary Snyder’s Buddhism and deep ecology .............................................................. 35 Mao Takeuchi The Power Described in The Lord of the Rings ......................................................... 38 Yukiko Akagi Elves and Language in the world of Tolkien ............................................................. 41 Arisa Nagaoka Fantasy and Mythology in The Lord of The Ring ...................................................... 44 Kota Akiyama

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The roles of Samwise Gamgee in The Lord of the Rings ........................................... 47 Ayumi Gambe Why Tolkien create secondary world......................................................................... 50 Aki Shinoda The Story of Good and Evil in The Lord of the Rings ............................................... 52 Shizuka Uchitake

Reaction Pieces...................................................................................................55 Reaction paper for The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings movie ............................. 56 Aki Shinoda Reaction to Beat Documentary: The Source .............................................................. 57 Yuri Shimoyama One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest ............................................................................. 58 Riho Matsunami The Beat Generation .................................................................................................. 59 Karen Yoshikawa My reaction to The Bell Jar ....................................................................................... 60 Mayuko Ito “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe .............................................................................. 61 Yukiko Akagi Reaction paper to “The Edge” .................................................................................... 62 Keito Hayashi

Creative Writing ................................................................................................64 The Why ..................................................................................................................... 65 Keito Hayashi The Height and Ground .............................................................................................. 66 Keito Hayashi Silence at 5 p.m. ......................................................................................................... 67

Editorial

Keito Hayashi

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“N A Not all thos e

ot all those who wander are lost.

JRR Tolkien

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Autumn 2015

EDITORIAL This issue of the Integrated Class Journal is a very special one because it is the last and final issue. Next year I will not be teaching Integrated Skills, and under the new curriculum it will be rather different and so the future of the journal is uncertain.

This year’s contributions are of an excellent quality, in keeping with previous issues, and we are still making new ground with the focus of the essays and the quality of the research presented here. Sayako Kawai’s original In Focus essay detailing the suicide of Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes’ son, Nicholas Hughes, is a ground-breaking piece which examines closely the hereditary nature of mental illness and depression and critiques the way Nicholas’ death was hyped-up in the media. This issue’s Trace Article also deals with Plath, and Riho Matsuanami examined a number of academic sources to establish the link between Plath and Feminism. Very often, students remark “Plath is highly regarded by feminists” but without citations, and now they can simply refer to this fantastic and detailed Trace Article which establishes once and for all Plath’s feminist tendencies. Risa Kondo’s In Depth Article on the relationship between The Beat Generation and Music also traces the strong connection between these two closely connected subjects, and shows a good understanding of the social context of the Beat Generation and their influence from and to musical forms of expression. Karen Kondo’s essay compliments this further with a detailed examination of the Beats and The Hippie Movement. Mao Takeuchi’s essay on Gary Snyder is also an excellent and original contribution which looks at Snyder’s peaceful, ecological and Buddhist-inspired philosophy of writing. Another honourable mention is due to Keito Hayashi’s essay for its lyrical and literary writing style, which details Plath’s obsession over her most favourite literary theme: death. Aki Shinoda’s essay about Tolkien’s themes in his secondary worlds is also worth a special mention for its good coverage of some of Tolkien’s major themes. Kota Akiyama also deserves a special mention for his excellent essay on Tolkien and Mythology, which shows many of the connections of mythical influences. Shizuka Uchitake’s excellent essay finishes of the Research Essays section with an excellent piece dealing with the concept of Good and Evil and the ethical/theological discussions between Tolkien and CS Lewis.

This essay shows a very deep reading and good understanding of the the texts. I would also like to mention Keito Hayashi’s excellent three poems which he has kindly shared with us all for publication. These poems show again his deeply lyrical understanding of the English language.

Finally, I would like to thank each and every one of the contributors to this issue of the Integrated Class Journal. I hope your essays will prove useful for generations of students to come.

Sincerely,

Editorial

Richard Pinner rpinner@sophia.ac.jp

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ESSAYS

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IN FOCUS ARTICLE: THE VICTIM OF THE INVISIBLE MURDER S AYAKO K AWAI In general, it is often considered that people tend to be interested in scandal and gossip more than a truth which actually happened. People sometimes deliberately twist the fact to make the story more interesting. As the result, there is the person who will be talked a false story by others even after he or she dies. Nicholas Hughes is an example who media actually tried to find some biological connections between the death of him and that of his mother Sylvia Plath to make the fact more interesting for audiences.

Nicholas Hughes, a professor of fisheries and ocean sciences at University of Alaska Fairbanks, is one of the victims who suffer from a false rumour even after his death (Hoyle). He is famous as the son of Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath who gassed herself when he was one year old. According to his sister Frieda Hughes, he had been battled with depression for a while and committed suicide by hanging himself at his home in Alaska in 2009 (Hoyle). There are some conjectures that the cause of Dr. Hughes’ suicide is a genetic problem inherited from his mother which is not true. This paper will discuss that he did not kill himself because of suicide gene through three following reasons: high risk of suicide will increase as the person is depressed; mind-control will give enough power to die; and there is not certain proof of inherited suicide gene.

Stressful life events may cause people to attempt suicide. According to Donald McCormick, one thing sure about suicide is, “It is not always the outcome of mental disorder (120).” In addition, there is a proof which is stressful life events, “have been found to be linked

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Essays

Having depression is a big key of suicide of Dr. Hughes. It is widely known that most of depressed people brings with higher risk to commit suicide more than healthy people. Depression takes people to the wrong way to think they are invaluable and it makes people to go one’s shell.

People become not to listen to others and lost any hope to live. As the result, danger of attempting suicide will increase. It is said that approximately 90 percent people suffering from a mental disorder kill themselves (“Assessment of suicide risk in people with depression”). Not all depressed people attempt suicide and some can recover from the illness and go back to normal life by taking medicine or advices of counsellor, but again most of people who have mental disorder tend to kill oneself. As Dr. Hughes sister said he was struggling with depression for some time, he was also a patient suffering from mental disorder. Some newspaper announced his death as the death of a son of Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath and this way of reporting shows that many people take him as a son of famous writer who attempted suicide rather than the death of a professor of fisheries and ocean sciences. Thus, it is possible to say that people around Dr. Hughes except his relatives or friends may see him as a figure something suicidal. It is obvious that this social pressure will give a greatest impact on the depressed person. If he noticed that people capture him like that when he was depressed, his depression gets worse enough to think that people want to him to commit suicide in the wrong way.

Integrated – Class Journal

to completed suicide among several independent research studies (Jacobson 219).” The stress life events can be such as a death of family members or loss of a lover, and mind-control is not an exception. Mind-control is defined as, “a system of influences that significantly disrupts and individual at their very core, at the level of their identity including their value, decisions, behaviours and relationship (What Is Mind Control).” As it is described, it will effect on people seriously and drive the person to the wrong way. If people tried to do mind-control saying “You have the fate to die,” the impact of it is huge and it could be an enough substantial cause people to kill themselves.

Nicholas Hughes is also a victim of mind-control. He could not escape from Sylvia’s cult and, “legacy of being the offspring of one of the most famous and tragic literary relationship (Bates).” However his friend Joe Saxton said, Dr. Hughes was not stuck with his mother’s death but cult of Sylvia is disadvantage to him and the cult destroyed his relationship especially with women (Churcher). In addition, his sister Frieda told a news reporter that, “Nick [Dr. Hughes] was not just the baby son of Plath and Hughes and it would be wrong to think of him as some kind inevitably tragic figure (Hoyle).” People around Dr. Hughes are stuck with the death of Sylvia more than himself. Furthermore, there is one-on-one cult, which means, “an intimate relationship where one person abuses their power to manipulate the other” and, “this cultic relationship is a version of the larger groups and may be even more destructive because all the time and attention is directed towards only the person (What Is Mind-Control).” In Dr. Hughes’ case, this relationship is between him and a group of people around him. As the definition shows a large group will have much power more than a small group to effect the person till he or she die.

Something they imagine almost like a wish which a son of Sylvia would also take his own life too effect on Dr. Hughes. His suicide appears a response to his mind-control, one of stressful life events.

It is necessary to know that there is no certain inherited suicide gene before discussing whether Dr. Hughes had it or not. According to Zachary Kaminsky, an investigator from John Hopkins University School of Medicine, researchers could identify, “a unique modification to a gene linked to stress reactions that may potentially lead in the near future to a blood test evaluate a person’s risk to attempting suicide (Glatter).” They succeed to predict people who have commit suicide before at 96 percent accurately and announced that the people tend to have low number of a specific gene called SKA2. Moreover, Kaminsky concluded that researchers will be able to find people who will attempt suicide in those who have mental illness based on the test blood (Glatter).

However, although there are scientific evidences that people killed themselves has similar gene state, there is no statement that suicide gene will be inherited to offspring. It is said that depression symptoms are both familial and heritable but it is not the same as problem of suicide (Lau 261). Of course science is developed day by day, but this new theory, biologist may predict people who have a possibility of suicide, is just announced 2014 so it is a very recent finding and requires further testing. In the case of Dr. Hughes, he may have inherited depression but there is no connection between Dr. Hughes’ death and a hypothesis which is he has inherited suicide gene from Sylvia. Thus, one cannot say that inclination to suicide will pass on to next generation because there is no scientific modification.

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Dr. Hughes did not have inherited suicide gene. He was just made up as a man who has curse of family suicide by media but suicide has much more complicated structure than simply question of genetics. Reporters wanted to draw the biological comparison between the death of Dr. Nicholas and the death of Sylvia Plath to make the story more curious because people will pay much attention to gossip which is the story a son of famous female writer having suicide gene committed suicide actually rather than the story a professor committed suicide. Guessing sometimes has enough power to drive the person into a corner especially depressed person till he or she attempts suicide.

WORKS CITED

Essays

“Assessment of Suicide Risk in People with Depression.” Clinical Guide. Centre for Suicide Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford. N.d. Web. January 9, 2016.

Churcher, Sharon. “‘Nick did not have suicide gene. It’s drivel’, say friends of the tragic son of Sylvia Plath.” Mail Online. Mail Online. March 28, 2009. Web. January 9, 2016.

Glatter, Robert. “Genetic Biomarker Identified That May Predict Suicide Risk.” Forbes. Forbes.

August 9, 2014. Web. January 9, 2016.

Hoyle, Ben. “Sylvia Plath’s son, Nicholas Hughes, commits suicide.” News.com.au.

News.com.au. March 3, 2009. Web. January 9, 2016.

Jacobson, Colleen M and Madelyn Gould. “Suicide and Non-suicidal Self- Injurious Behavior Among Youth: Risk and Protective Factor.” Handbook of Depression in Adolescents.

Ed. Hoeksema, Susan Nolen and Lori M. Hilt. London and New York: Routledge, 2009. 209-225. Print.

Lau, Jennifer Y.F. and Thalia C Eley. “The Genetics of Adolescent Depression.” Handbook of Depression in Adolescents. Ed. Hoeksema, Susan Nolen and Lori M. Hilt. London and New York: Routledge, 2009. 259-273. Print.

McCormick, Donald. The Unseen Killer: A Study of Suicide, Its History, Causes and Curses.

London: Muller, 1964. 120-128. Print.

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THE FEMINISM IN THE BELL JAR M AYUKO I TO Sylvia Plath is a famous American poet and writer. Many her works are inspired by actual events in her life, and dark image of death or depression are often associated with her works. She ended her life by herself using gas oven when she was only 30 years old. This essay will focus on one of her masterpieces, The Bell Jar. This is the novel that was written by “Victoria Lucas” and was published in 1963 Britain. This is one of the masterpieces of her works, but little comments or explanations were left by Sylvia Plath herself. She passed away soon after the publishing. What was the aim of her writing? This essay will discuss why and for what Sylvia wrote this novel.

It is a very famous novel and has been translated into nearly a dozen languages by now.

The author name “Victoria Lucas” is the pen name of Sylvia Plath. Plath changed the names of places and people and published the book, so this is a semi-autobiographical novel. In publishing the book, Plath refused to publish this novel under her real name and to publish in her homeland America. Not only Sylvia Plath herself, but also her mother opposed to the publication. She opposed the publication because of the “concern for the people upon whom the characters were loosely based” (Baig, 22). The novel was published under the name of Sylvia Plath for the first time in 1967 and was not published in the United States until 1971. The Bell Jar is the story that takes place in 1950’s America. The main character, Esther Greenwood is a woman who hopes to be a great poet. However, according to the standards of the society at that time, such career of women was regarded as ambitious because poetry was a field that was dominated by men (Kadum, 133). In those days, it was difficult to have a career other than secretarial work and many of the women of those days had no other options but to wait to be married and become a mother (Kadum, 135). From that thing, readers can read this story from the “feminism” point of view. The present definition of ‘feminism’ is “Advocacy of equality of the sexes and the establishment of the political, social, and economic rights of the female sex” (Oxford English Dictionary, 'feminism').

In short, feminism is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities in society. In this novel, there are some men characters appear. They have relationships with Esther and are described as the symbol of predominance of men. All of them force their own desires, and almost of them do not esteem the right of Esther. The social trend must be one reason why Plath wrote this story. In the movie Sylvia, Plath commented on The Bell Jar as saleable work. The will to attract attention of the society could be read from this scene.

Sylvia Plath created the main character “Esther Greenwood” as an alter-ego of herself.

“Plath intended to explore her inherent dilemma of ‘evil double’ in her novel The Bell Jar using an “alter-ego” as her protagonist”(Butscher). Butscher claims that Plath tried to describe the cruel reality surrounded the women of those days by inflicting pain on her mirror image, Esther Greenwood. Obviously, there are so many similarities between the writer of this novel Sylvia Plath and the main character of this novel Esther Greenwood. Both of them were gifted, clever women, and had trouble with men in their life. In addition, they were constrained by the society and caused depression. Based on these things, we can suppose that Plath expressed her own dissatisfaction to the society of those days through the figure of Esther. Plath integrated her own personal values and her own personal life into this novel.

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It was not only Plath herself who had questions and dissatisfaction against the society of those days. The era that Sylvia Plath and Esther Greenwood lived was just before the big feminism movement in America. There were big movements in 1960’s America. In 1963, Betty Friedan exposed The Feminine Mystique and it was the start of "Second-wave feminism" that is identified as a period of feminist activity from the early 1960s through the late 1980s. Over the following decade, "Women's Liberation" became a common phrase and concept of the feminism movement.

In the book of The Feminine Mystique, Friedan explored the roots of the change in women's roles from essential workforce during World War II to homebound housewife and mother after the war.

It became the voice of discontent feeling from women who is confined to homemaking positions after their college graduations. In 1966, Friedan founded National Organization for Women which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society and have fully equal partnerships with men" (Friedan) and was elected as the first president of the organization. The series of feminism movement was big and important event in the feminism history. In fact, the series of feminism movement took place soon after Plath’s death. If she did not committed suicide so early, perhaps she was a part of the movement and hoped to live longer in this world.

In any cases, The Bell Jar has a very important role on considering the situation of women of those days.

The Bell Jar, thus pictures an American female figure struggling against the stereotypical roles assigned by a conservative society and exercising her rebellious spirit by breaking through the chains of social confinements (Baig, 21).

In other words, Plath described the difficulty of the society that surrounding women in 1950’s and cast doubt on what is appropriate society. Probably Plath warned the society of danger that many women are might lead to insanity like Esther if the society continued to impose cruel restrictions on women, through the writing of The Bell Jar.

WORKS CONSULTED "Betty Friedan." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2016.

Kristen, D'Elia. "Analyzing Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar through a Feminist Lens." N.p., 2013.

Web. 9 Jan. 2016.

Essays

WORKS CITED Baig, Mahrukh. "Sylvia Plath's Bell Jar as A Psychological Space." Quest Journals. N.p., n.d.

Web. 9 Jan. 2016.

Butscher, Edward. “Sylvia Plath, Method and Madness.” IPG, 2003. Web “Feminism”, Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, Web. 13 Jan. 2016T.A. Maha Friedan, Betty. "Statement of Purpose." National Organization for Women. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2016.

Kadum Kareen. "The Female Vs Society in Sylvia Plath's "The Bell Jar"" N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2016.

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SYLVIA PLATH’S LIFE: SUCCESS AND MENTAL ILLNESS Y URI S HIMOYAMA Sylvia Plath was one of the most famous American poets of the 20 th century. Plath was talented at writing poems from early childhood. For instance, her first poem was published in the Boston Herald’s children’s section when she was eight. Although she was always an outstanding student, she began suffering from deep depression during her college days. After her junior year at college, at the age of twenty, she attempted suicide for the first time by swallowing sleeping pills. Since she lost her father to illness at the age of eight, she has gone through a lot of hardships such as mental illness like bipolar depression and an attempted suicide. Her father’s death had a great influence on her life and poems. In 1963, finally she committed suicide by placing her head in the oven with gas turned on. This essay focuses on Sylvia Plath’s success and mental illness.

It may be said that her depression led to the success of her works in a sense. I will analyze Sylvia Plath’s life in more detail and argue her success by the influence of mental illness. In addition, this essay will explain the curious relation between creativity and mental illness. Many talented and creative writers like Virginia Woolf and Ernest Hemingway have been successful but tended to suffer from mental illness. They also committed suicide in the end. This is an interesting phenomenon to support this essay’s argument.

To begin, why did Plath become so famous? The reason is mainly her troubled life and tragic death. Her situation was starting to change in her college days. In 1951, Plath began studying at Smith College on a scholarship. By the time she entered Smith College she had written over 50 short stories and published in a lot of magazines. She always achieved excellent result.

Bustcher describes her college days as follows: At chapel on the night of September 28 she had the satisfaction of hearing Dean Helen Randall read off her name with twenty-three others, including Louise Guisey’s, as the top-ranking student in a class of more than six hundred girls.

However, as stated above, she had been suffered from deep depression for almost her adulthood. In addition to mental illness, she was troubled with miscarriage and her husband Ted Hughes’ affair. Plath met Ted Hughes who is the English poet while she was at Cambridge. They were married in June 1956. However, Plath and Hughes separated after six years, because he left her for another woman. After they were separated, Plath’s appetite for writing increase and she produced poems at the rate of two or a day. Meanwhile, Plath became severely depressed. While she struggled with her mental illness, she wrote her only semi-autographical novel The Bell Jar, which deals with one young woman's mental breakdown. This novel was originally published in 1963 under the name "Victoria Lucas". Her suicide came just days after the publication of The Bell Jar. Although she died at the premature age of thirty, her works that were published just before her suicide or posthumously became a certain proof of her very real talent.

Next, I will explain the curious relation between creativity and mental illness. There is the word “Sylvia Plath effect” that was coined in 2001 by psychologist James C. Kaufman, referring to Sylvia Plath on behalf of many talented and troubled poets. This word means the phenomenon that poets are more liable to mental illness than other creative writers like fiction or non-fiction writers. Kaufman mentioned the following about this phenomenon in his thesis:

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Female poets were significantly more likely to be mentally ill. In addition, female poets were significantly more likely to experience personal tragedy than were any other type of eminent woman.

In his thesis, Kaufman suggested a direct relationship between creativity and psychopathology. In fact, Plath became creative and productive when she was severely depressed after the divorce. Kaufman also mentioned that the reason why this phenomenon occurs is not necessarily simple. It is still uncertain how creative writing interact with mental illness. However, it seems that familial and environmental factors play an important role. In the first place, Plath’s poetry is often categorized as “confessional”. Modern confessional poetry focuses on private experiences with feelings about death, trauma, and depression. This definition applies to Plath’s case. Her father’s death was one of the causes for her depression. Her works were inspired by actual events in her life. Her father Otto Plath died from undiagnosed diabetes when she was eight years old. She never fully recovered from the shock of losing him, and this event led to her mental illness and her creativity later.

Finally, in this paragraph, I will argue that mental illness bring Plath’s success. Although she spent a life full of ups and downs, she succeeded as a writer while exploiting her talent to the full and making the most of her experiences. Her works became popular posthumously and formed the cult of readers, especially among teenage girls. Her only novel The Bell Jar contributed to gaining her popularity. On the back of her outstanding abilities, she was troubled with deep depression and attempted suicide when she was twenty years old. After this event, she was hospitalized and received electroshock therapy and psychotherapy in a mental hospital. She used much of this experience in The Bell Jar. This novel was based on her life and had a good reputation by many reviewers.

Even though The Bell Jar came to take a secondary place to Plath’s poetry, it was responsible for much of her reputation, especially her international reputation. Prose translates more easily than does poetry, and a readership existed for Plath’s novel that only much later came to her poems. Thematically, The Bell Jar was accessible to women readers the world over. (Wagner-Martin)

Essays

Perhaps this novel would not be written without the experience of suffering of depression.

She could ironically display her ability when she was in a tough situation.

In conclusion, although she struggled depression throughout much of her life, her depression had a great influence on the success of her works. As a result, she has been gained popularity among a lot of fans. Plath became the first poet to posthumously win the Pulitzer Prize in 1982. In addition, the story of the romance between Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes and her mental illness was filmed in 2003. In this way, even though her troubled life and tragic death were shocking to us, there is something about her works that attract people to them.

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WORK CONSULTED Looser, Devoney. “Sylvia Plath: Overview.” Feminist Writers, 1996. Biography in Context.

Web. 13 January 2016.

WORK CITED Butscher, Edward. Sylvia Plath: Method and Madness. IPG, 2003. Schaffner Press, Inc.Web.10 January 2016.

Kaufman, James C. “The Sylvia Plath effect: Mental illness in eminent creative writers.” The Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol 35(1), 2001, 37-50.Web.10 January 2016.

Wagner, Martin, Linda. Sylvia Plath: the critical heritage, 1988. Routledge & Kegan Paul.Web.13 January 2016.

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TRACE ARTICLE: “DADDY” AND FEMINISM Sylvia Plath wrote “Daddy” in 1962. In this poem, there are many words which describe about her father, Otto Plath, and her husband, Ted Hughes. Otto Plath died when Sylvia Plath was eight years old, so she seemed to pursue her father’s figure, even though she both loved and hated her father at the same time. Ted Hughes was her husband, and Sylvia thought him as a substitute for Otto Plath. Sylvia Plath felt that both men betrayed her, and according to Phillips, she “metaphorically” killed both of two in this poem. It is said that this poem represents revenge against men who have strong power like her father and her husband (Kimura Sylvia Plath 26). It seems that this poem has a message that women have not to be obedient to men with “metaphorically” killing of a father and a husband.

Sylvia Plath was born in 1932. Her father Otto Plath died of diabetes when she was little.

According to Rosenblatt, she thought herself as a girl whose father died when she thought him as God. In addition, she thought that he died without giving her some chances (Mizuta 199). Her mother, Aurelia Plath, took care of Sylvia Plath and her brother by herself and started to support her family instead of Otto Plath after his death. Aurelia Plath got married to Otto Plath when she studied German literature and gave up becoming a scholar of literature (Mizuta 199). Kimura notes that after the Second World War, especially in 1950s, it was not warmly received that women had competition with men in business, and it was thought that women should marry, be a mother, and have happy home instead of working. Women should be on the defensive and accept male domination as obedient wives. At that time, Sylvia Plath was in from her teens to her twenties (Sylvia Plath –a father’s daughter, a mother’s daughter 65). After Otto Plath’s death, Aurelia Plath regretted giving up her dream for marriage, so she wanted Sylvia Plath to be a woman who can live without depending on men (Mizuta 199). Sylvia Plath married Ted Hughes whom she thought as substitute for her father. She was a perfect American wife who was good at cooking and gave husband’s guests hospitality and a perfect mother who had the selfless love for her children (Mizuta 238). She was a classical American woman which applied to the trend of belief in the superiority of men over women. However, the way of education by Aurelia Plath and the system of patriarchy which America had at that time seemed to have some effects on Sylvia Plath.

“Daddy” was written in 1965. According to Phillips, this poem is narrated by a girl who has the Electra complex. The Electra complex is a personal tendency which girls hate their mothers and love dearly their father. However, it seems that there are no positive descriptions about the father of the girl in this poem. The father represented by “black shoe” at first stanza.

The girl said that she lived in the black shoe for thirty years like foot. This represents that she was in her father’s domination like foot which were crammed in shoes. “Thirty years” is equal to Sylvia Plath’s lifetime. Even though Otto Plath died when Sylvia Plath was young, he lived in her mind and seemed to be dominated in a part of her mind. In addition, she said that she had been afraid of her father. She represented herself as a Jew and her father as a “panzer-man”, and for her, he was a devil. The relation between the girl and her father seems to be similar to the relation between Jews and the Nazis. This also shows that the father controlled his daughter like the Nazis did. The relation between a father and his daughter, and a husband and his wife is a metaphor for the relation between the Nazis and Jews, so Sylvia Plath used the way of expression with power

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Essays

R IHO M ATSUANAMI

Integrated – Class Journal

relationship of Fascism (Mizuta 227). “Every woman adores a Fascist” means almost of all women believed that women should obey men and should not conflict with men. Fascism gave Sylvia ideas of opposites which are polarized by gender such as subjugation and oppression (Frost 47). Daddy represents the superego, paternal law and power (Frost 47). Sylvia Plath learned the social standard of difference between men and women through the figure of her father and what she learned seems to appear in Daddy. In this poem, Hughes also appears. It is said that Hughes was a substitute for her father. He was described as a vampire who drank the girl’s blood. This also signifies the relation between men and women at that time. Many people believed that the strong had absolute power and in the relationship between a husband and a wife, it was obvious that the former was stronger than the latter at that time. As I said, Sylvia Plath played a role as an ideal wife and mother. She knew how women should be in the society. She realized what the society wanted an individual to do at a community (Mizuta 200).

However, she left some messages in “Daddy”. Sylvia Plath wrote poems pursuing the aspect of her hidden feelings and showed resistance to the society, though she lived without opposition to the established system (Mizuta 203). The following is some quotations of “Daddy”.

So daddy, I’m finally through.

The black telephone’s off at the root, The voices just can’t worm thorough.

If I’ve killed one man, I’ve killed two— The vampire who said he was you And drank my blood for a year, Seven years, if you want to know, Daddy, you can lie back now There’s a stake in your fat black heart

Through the black phone, the girl hard her father’s voice and obeyed it. However, she cut off the root of the phone by herself. This means that she is free from her father. In addition, she killed the man who was a substitute for her father. Vampires are immortal, but only when their hearts are struck, they died. For women, the male domination might seem to be eternal like vampires. However, Sylvia Plath killed it somehow like striking a stake in a vampire’s heart.

Sylvia Plath wanted to say that women can be free and take roles like men in the society. Women do not have to obey men. Once we break the trend of belief in the superiority of men over women, the system of male domination will never appear like a vampire is killed by striking a stake in his heart.

In conclusion, “Daddy” has messages of feminism. Sylvia Plath seemed to live accepting the trend or the system of the society, but her poems resisted to the belief which prevailed at that time. It was not doubtable that Sylvia Plath loved her father, but she thought that it is strange that only men have a power to make women obey them and that there is a power relationship between men and women. Otto Plath was a superego and a social model for Sylvia Plath, so she wrote this poem for all fathers who dominate their families based on her real father. She tried to tell readers of this poem that women have rights to take many roles in society like men, and that women have power not to yield to men.

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WORKS CITED Frost, Laura. "“Every woman adores a Fascist”: Feminist visions of fascism from Three Guineas to Fear of Flying." Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 29.1 (2000): 37-69.

Web. 08 January. 2016.

Kimura, Keiko. “シルヴィア・プラス―父の娘、母の娘” [Sylvia Plath―a father’s daughter, a mother’s daughter]. Tokyo: Suisei publishing, 2005. Print.

Kimura, Atsuko. "シルヴィア・プラス:" Daddy" をめぐる一考察.” [Sylvia Plath: Study of “Daddy”] Hokkaido musashi women’s junior college bulletin 20 (1988): 21-31. Web. 16 January 2016.

Mizuta, Noriko.”鏡の中の錯乱 シルヴィア・プラスの詩選＋シルヴィア・プラス―受 難の女性詩人” [The confusion through a mirror Sylvia Plath’s anthology＋Sylvia Plath―a poetess who got sufferings]. Tokyo: Seichi publishing, 1981. Print.

Plath, Sylvia. “Daddy” Ariel.1965. London: Harper Perennial, 1999. Print.

Phillips, Robert s. The Dark Funnel: A Reading of Sylvia Plath. Modern Poetry Studies, 1972.

Print.

Rosenblatt, Jon. Sylvia Plath: The Poetry of Initiation. University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill, 1979. Print.

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THE CONTEXT OF DEATH FOR SYLVIA PLATH K EITO H AYASHI Sylvia Plath surrendered to her death in suicidal way in 1963 at the age of 30, in very horrendous fashion that she purposely suffocates herself with gas within oven. Obviously, there are much references about death in her poems and stories. For example, she says she shall be fulfilled only by death in the line “The Woman is perfected Her dead” (80) in the poem “The Edge”, which is included in her anthology Ariel. And there are some works entangling her personal fury with death by the person who has special relationship with her, such as “Daddy”.

So her indirect or direct reference about death is depicted in a consistent way. Sylvia employed her death in her works in order to reclaim her identity. Firstly, I would like to focus on the relationship between mental illness and her death in her work. Secondly, I would like to focus on the relationship between death and her lifetime. Thirdly, I would like to mention about the relationship between her ideologies and death.

Firstly, The mental illness that she afflicted has deep connection to suicide and therefore it became the direct impetus for consistent depiction of death. She was afflicted with the disease called manic depression, which fluctuated her state of mind and when the state falls into the depression, suicidal thoughts may arise. Furthermore, her multiple suicidal attempt from this depression is often mentioned in her works. For example, in her poem “Lady Lazarus”, her will to be liberated from incurable pain by death is reflected in the line “I have done it again. One year in every ten I manage it―”(8).This is notable line that reveals she has realised that a sense of hopelessness comes from the bout of her cureless pain and tried to commit suicide at multiple times even since her childhood, as she tells “I have nine times to die.”(8) This really attributes to her persistence on death and her necessity to death. Additionally, her mental illness is deeply connected to her sophisticated talent. Her mental illness is known to be inherited from her father Otto (Kottler 27) and this really deepened her world of death and is employed more clearly.

Therefore, her death in her creativity is inevitable because of mental illness and that is why she has been writing about death in a conscious way.

Secondly, her life events have ferociously enhanced her desperation and her appetite for death and eventually influenced her to the entire adaptation of her death in her works. Her persistence on the scars from traumatic events are explicitly illustrated in her work. Furthermore, there are two significant icon within them; the betrayal between her and important figures such as Otto Plath and Ted Hughes and her harrowing experience in the mental hospital. As for former, some poems introduces her suicidal will that is entangled with animosity to close characters. In one of her renowned poems called “Daddy”, she tells how her father “Bit my pretty red heart in two. I was ten when they buried you.”(49), which denotes that Otto’s death lies as the threshold of her fate. From this line, it can be found that this event is connected to her denial toward her life-which should not have concluded like this. And in “Daddy”, there is some reference of mislead feeling of guilt as earlier Plath pondered for the cause of Otto’s Death which she “perceived consciously as suicide”(Vaillant 232) She started to feel that she was worthless and this is the origin for her fate. So she says “Daddy, I have had to kill you.”(Plath, 48) in order to show her helpless guilty feelings and her animosity about her doom, which is connected to death.

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As for latter, in The Bell Jar, her autobiography novel, by depicting her consistent and inescapable depression, she implies that this becomes the impetus for craving for her eventual death. (Raza, n.p.) . And she reflects her experience on this story such as horrendous, treacherous treatment, her incurable psychosis and social common beliefs (Byondon and Malln 465 ). Those explains how forlorn she had been living her life and her desperation about her doomed lives, whose quality is same as living hell. She was eager to find her unified identity and prove she had actually lived her own life within the filter from who she is―that lies within death. So from this section, it can be found that death is ambivalent and attractive from her own doomed identities and she employed this denial to her life in order to analyse herself from objective way and liberated from her progressive fearful background that possess in the root of her life.

Thirdly, The conflict between her creed and communal social beliefs has generated desperation to live her own life and this leads her to depicts the world of death in her works to prove her value. Sylvia has been widely recognized as the earlier feminist, and Hogeland mentions she was “the archetypal victim of patriarchy” (Hogeland 15) and society tended not “to make more space in the world for gifted women” (Hogeland 15). From those sentences, It can be found that women’s developing their creativity and utilize their talent was intolerant and society shot a stem look at her extraordinary, exquisite writing because her lifestyle was against the role model of good wife, which devotes to spouse. And this become the reason that her pace of publishing something new was diminished and one impetus for sprout her rage from the bottom of her heart to wish her dead and ensure she was living her own life. And in the poem “Death&Co.”, included in the anthology Ariel, the conflict between social conceptions and her will is depicted as the aversion and desperate rage toward the male-oriented society, which diminishes her creativity and restrained her possibilities. And it is the direct impetus for her ambition to death. For example, the line that is mentioned below is the ostensible stanza to criticize the social system that was not kind to her;

The line “Two, of course there are two.” just demonstrates that we are divided into two genders and it can be found this poem is about the gender and antithesis to obligation of one-sided concept to women. “The one who never looks up, whose eyes are lidded. And balled, like Blake’s,” is crucial expression that expresses her oppressed fury and discrepancy that she cannot believe her spouse Ted Hughes, turning into aversion to her surroundings and her own life, which she was attempting to die. “The one” indicate women and explains they are circumscribed by design because they were supposed to be good wives submissive to husband. And “like Blake’s” denotes she was deprived of establishing her gifted art because of obligation of snuggling up with their husbands and her freedom level is as same as she was owned by men. And “Who exhibits” is the important sentence she had made an effort to act like good wife, but she couldn’t. This is her fashion to employ death as the aversion to intolerant society. So Sylvia denotes the society was disaster for her and exclaims that is why she died for.

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Essays

Two, of course there are two.

It seems perfectly natural now― The one who never looks up, whose eyes are lidded.

And balled, like Blake’s, Who exhibits (30)

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For those reasons, Sylvia depicts death as the most important aspect of her works to liberate herself from who she is and help her retrace and prove she had actually existed in this world. Sylvia attempted to approach to death by defying her life and commit suicide in her art as well as actual horrendous suicide by gas with the head being in the oven.

WORK CITED Byondon, Malln Greenwood Encyclopaedia of Women's Autobiography: K-Z. Westport: Publishing Group, 2005. 465. Google Books. Web. 5 Jan 2016.

Hogeland, Lisa M. Feminism and Its Fictions: The Consciousness―raising Novel and the

Women's Liberation Movement Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.15. Google Books. Web. 2 Jan 2016.

Kottler, Jeffley A. Divine Madness: Ten Stories of Creative Struggle San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. Google Books. Web. 3 Jan 2016.

Plath,Sylvia. Ariel. London: Faber & Faber,1965. Edition used. paperback ver. London: Faber & Faber, 2015. Print. 8,30,48,49,80.

Raihan, Raza. The Poetic Art of Sylvia Plath: A Critical Study of Themes and Techniques . New Delhi: Pinnacle Technology, 2012. n.d. Google Books. Web. 31 Dec, 2015.

Valliant, George E. The Wisdom of the Ego. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.232.

Google Books. Web. 26 Dec, 2015.

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IN DEPTH ARTICLE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEAT GENERATION AND MUSIC R ISA K ONDO Beat Generation is a group of American writers who had flourished in 1940’s and 1950’s.

They rebelled social establishment and denied existing value. They had a big influence on the youth culture in those days. The relationship between Beat Generation and music is especially deep. Many musician were influenced. Moreover, not only Beat Generation had influence on music scene, but also they were inspired by music particularly Jazz. This essay will focus on the influence which Jazz had on Beat Generation, and Bob Dylan and The Beatles who were inspired

by Beat Generation.

First, I will discuss the relationship between Beat Generation and music in particular Jazz.

Many members of Beat Generation were fan of Jazz music. In fact, Allen Gins berg and Jack Kerouac left the reference about music. Allen Ginsberg emphasized the connection between poet and music. He said in On The Poetry of Allen Ginsberg, “Who denies the music of the spheres denies poetry, denies man, and spits on Blake, Shelley, Christ and Buddha,(Ginsberg, 83)” From this references, we can interpret that he respected and emphasis on music. He regards music as sacred alike god. Then, Jack Kerouac showed the significance of Jazz. According to Luyten “Jazz virtually became a guideline for literature, as Kerouac wrote: ‘ (…) sketching language is undisturbed flow from the mind of personal secret idea-words, blowing (as per jazz musician) on subject of image’ (1959). ” (Luyten,8) From these words, Jazz music is essential and necessary for his literature. In other words, Jazz music had great impact on his literature. In addition, Malcolm states Kerouac’s poetics, articulated in “Essential of Spontaneous Prose” have literary antecedents –he admired writers as different as William Carlos Williams, Thomas Wolfe, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, and Willian A. Burroughs- his literary experimentation

From this, we can also interpret that Kerouac was inspired by Jazz, and his literary includes the essence of improvisation of Jazz. Therefore, Jazz is a significant for Beat Generation’s literature. In Addition, Beat Generation’s literature was also necessary for spreading Jazz music. In 1950’s, Jazz was often played with reading aloud Beat Generation’s poems, so attracted by many people in particular the youth. Then, Jazz music was a significance of rebellion.

According to Thomas, “For the poets of the 1950s “Beat Generation” and the militant Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and ‘70s, Jazz is perceived as a more significant social critique of an oppressive social structure.”(Lorenzo, 291). In fact, In On The Road, Jazz music is described as one of the symbol of rebellion against existing society alike alcohol, sex, and drug. In the book, Jazz music is Dean Moriarty, who is attracted by Sal Paradise visit Jazz club often. Moreover, Hippie was a group of the youth who denied conventional idea, appealing in clothes and long hair style, and they loved Jazz music. This Hippie movement has an origin in Beat Generation. Thus, the relationship between Beat Generation and music in particular Jazz was deep. Jazz is essential for Beat Generation’s literature. Beat Generation also played significant role to establish present position of Jazz music. They were influenced each other.

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was also molded on his understanding of jazz improvisation. (Douglas 85)

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Second, I will discuss the Rock artists who were inspired by Beat Generation. Many rock artists had relationship with Beat Generation for example Bob Dylan, The Beatles, The Doors, King Crimson. Many of their songs or even band names appear to be a tribute to the Beat Generation. In this part, I will focus on the relationship between Bob Dylan and Beat Generation.

Bob Dylan is American rock musician and one of the most inspired person by Beat Generation.

Beat Generation influenced him on his works and life, in particular, by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. First, I will discuss Jack Kerouac’s influence on Bob Dylan. He followed Jack Kerouac’s trip, which is called on the road. He was inspired by Jack Kerouac’s writing in particular Mexico City Blues. It was a first poetry he had read that spoke his own American language. He loved Kerouac’s “breathless, dynamic, bop phrases” (Dylan, 57). He respects Kerouac. In fact, his lyric is powerful and had influence on many people. Second, I will discuss the relationship between Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan. They were very intimate as if they were father and so, and they influenced each other. Hishmeh states about their friendship that there is the first mention of Dylan in Ginsberg poem entitled “Beginning of a Poem of these States”, and in same year 1965, Dylan appeared TV talk show discuss the future collaboration with Ginsberg on both film and music project. Thus their friendship was public affair. In fact, they collaborated many times. According to Wilentz, they put William Blleak poem to music, and record together.

Moreover, Ginsberg would, for the rest of his life, see Dylan’s work (and not the Beat generation jazz experiments he linked to Patchen and Kenneth Rexroth) as aligned with his own practice of vocalizing poetry, in a vernacular, idiomatic, self-expressive form. (Wilentz)

Thus, the influence which Ginsberg had on Dylan was clearly appeared in Dylan’s works and realized by themselves. In addition, Dylan was influenced by Beat Generation in that the way of thinking about counter culture. Dylan has a positive notion to counter culture alike Beat Generation. In fact, he denies main stream in those days, regarding it as poor and fraud, in his biography. According to Fukuya, his song encouraged counter culture movement. “Dylan’s songs was one of the motive power of changing society movement in those days.” (Fukuya 2) In addition, according to his biography, he thinks that songs should have significant messages and then, lead changing country better. According to Fukuya, one of the most famous his song, Blowin in the wind has his own political message. “This song was chanted in march and political assembly as a song of praise for a whole of movement of anti- establishment. “(Fukuya 3) Namely, this song lead the atmosphere of anti- establishment in those days. Thus, he was inspired by Beat Generation, and agreed with their lifestyle, so he supported counter culture. Then, he reflected his notion to society in his song.

Finally, I will discuss the relationship between Beat generation and The Beatles. The Beatles is one of the most famous British bands in the world, and they are inspired by Beat Generation. Weidmen states The Band name ‘The Beatles’ “reflected a sly tribute to the influence of the Beat Generaion.”(386) In other words, The Beatles named after Beat Generation. In their album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Wiiliam S Burroughs appears in the CD jacket.

Moreover, the Beatles followed the counter culture alike Beat Generation. According to Begaja, “While previous albums hinted at the Beatles’ evolving social consciousness, their 1967 masterpiece, Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, captured in its concept, style, lyric, and creativity the vision and vibrancy of the emerging counterculture.”(Begaja, 2) Thus, The

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Beatles showed that they were challenged to mainstream culture, and followed counter culture in their works. Begaja states “For fifteen weeks, Sergeant Pepper topped the charts in America, opening minds and inspiring mainstream kids to “turn on” to LSD and hippie culture in a way no other agent of the counterculture was capable of.”(Begaja, 2) Therefore the Hippie movement spread thanks to The Beatles. In addition, their looks also showed counter culture. Until the Beatles emerged, typical men’s hair style was had cut short, being adjusted by a comb, but they had men’s long hair style. They are the pioneer of this hair style. The Hippies also had this hair style, and they were influenced by the Beatles not a little. Thus, The Beatles was representation of counter culture, and from this point of view, The Beatles were inspired by Beat Generation.

In conclusion, the relationship between Beat Generation and music is deep though Beat Generation is a group of author. They had impact on music, and also was influenced by music.

Many member of Beat Generation was inspired by Jazz, and spread Jazz music. Moreover, many major artists were influenced by Beat Generation. Bob Dylan and The Beatles are one of the most famous artist in the world, and they have lead music scene all over the world. Therefore, Beat Generation is essential for contemporary music scene. Without Beat Generation, the music which we can enjoy would be different. Beat Generation made music various and enhance.

WORK CITED

Essays

Thomas, Lorenzo. "Communicating by Horns": Jazz and Redemption in the Poetry of the Beats and the Black Arts Movement. Indiana: Indiana State University, 1992. Print Malcolm, Douglas. "Jazz America": Jazz and African American Culture in Jack Kerouac's "On the Road". Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. Print.

Hishmeh, Richard. Marketing Genius: The Friendship of Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan.

California: The Journal of American culture, 2006.Print.

Wilentz, Sean, Bob Dylan, the Beat Generation, and Allen Ginsberg’s America, New York: The New Yorker, 13 August 2010 Fukuya, Toshinobu.『ボブ・ディランと対抗文化』Yamaguchi: Yamaguchi University.

2010. Print.

Begaja, Kathryn. The Summer of Love: Hippie Culture and The Beatles in 1967. New Jersey, 2014. Google scholar. Web. 6 January 2016.

Dylan, Bob. Chronicles, United States: Simon& Schuster, 2005.Print Luyten, Maarten. The Beat Generation’s influence on Rock and Roll, Belgium: Ghent University, 2012. Print.

Ginsberg, Allen, Lewis Hyde. On the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg, United States, University of Michigan Press, 1985. Print.

Weidman, Rich. The Beat Generation FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Angelheaded Hipsters, Minnesota: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2015. Print.

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THE BEAT GENERATION, THE HIPPIE MOVEMENT AND TODAY’S YOUTH K AREN Y OSHIKAWA The Beat Generation is a group that consists of authors who resisted existing society system in America in the 1950s and 60s. Their works contained a lot of dirty and obscene words so that some of the members, William S Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg were taken to court after their works publication. However, the Beat Generation had a great important meaning in American history. There is a close relationship between the Beat Generation and the hippie movement what is called counter culture. In this paper, I will research about the Beat generation and the hippie movement, and then compare them to today’s youth focusing on drug and traveling.

In the end, I will state my own opinion.

In 1950s, when Beat generation appeared, America grew up the most economic power thanks to World War Two. People became rich and the capitalism was born. In order to get better job, the academic back ground became more important than so far. The Beat Generation and the hippies were apart from materialism and the idea of standardization.

Their ideal concept is not ‘civilization’ but ‘back to nature’. They made a fresh start not only mentally but also materially (Suwa 8-9)

In 1950, Young people called ‘Beatnik’ were affected by Beat Generation and their works.

Their bohemian life style was featured by many media. (Shakouchi 2014).

Beat Generation showed Anti-Adaptation principle, and it made their follower called ‘Beatnik ’ from 1950 to 1960, then they influenced the Hippies.(Shakouchi 2011)

They opposed the Vietnam War, so that they wanted love and peace. Furthermore, they longed for freedom and value of human. They valued primitive emotion and wanted to get back their egos. (Suwa 9) First, drug was one of the most prosperous the Beat Generation and the hippies practices.

The Beat Generation’s works necessarily bring it. Moreover, it was the expression of love and freedom for the hippies. According to date of drug, between 1960s and 70s, people who tried to use marijuana were jumped several hundred people to 8 million people including 12 years old children. (Time-life books editorial department, 84) They believed that they got back value of human and freedom thanks to experiencing with psychedelic drug. They could get drug easily because doctors prescribed it as a painkiller.

Timothy Francis Leary who was American psychologist stated that using LSD which is one of the most dangerous one is like doing Yoga in the West.

Usually people used drug for escaping society. In the case of the Beat Generation, however, their purpose of using drug is awaking. (Suwa 73)

They extend their journey to South America to get drug. William S Burroughs who is an author of the Naked Lunch which is written about drug experienced the most dangerous ‘Yage’

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in Amazon. He told it to Allen Ginsberg and he visited Peru to get ‘Yage’. In the movie On the Road that is written by Jack Kerouac, two main characters, Sal Paradise and Dean Moriarty go to Mexico and get Marijuana. In the movie, they constantly use drugs and look like releasing their stressed and enough addictions. In the present day in the world, drug is offense and established penalty. These days, ordinary young people will not get any drug unless they want to go prison.

Instead of drug, cigarettes are familiar with people. Cigarettes also contain addiction nature.

However, today in the world, anti-smoking campaign is recommendation. People who smoke cigarettes are decreasing year by year in almost all countries. In 1960s, American people who smoke cigarettes exceeded 40 percent, however in 2012, the counterparts ware less than 20 percent. In the case of Japan, in 1960 smoking rate was over 50 percent, then in 2012, it was only 20.7 percent.

Smoking and harm to others is not approved in America, which recommend instructive action for society. (Eguchi)

This concept is quite different from counter culture. However, today’s youth do not do any opposition movement. Therefore, today’s youth do not rely on drug and cigarettes to escape from reality and release stress. However, they have another way to do that. That is traveling.

Traveling turned into recreation after modern times. There is extra ordinary world free from daily task. (Ishihara) After 2000s many young people who dropped out the mainstream society demand to be bag packer in order to escape from reality. The image of back packer shows the attitude they express individuality not be obsessed with framework of existing society. (Ishihara, 2011) Modern back packers were derived from the Hippie movement. (Ono, 2007)

Essays

In the case of Beat generation, On the Road is a story about back packers wander around America and find their identities. In the movie, one of main character Dean Moriarty had strong identity. There are some descriptions that although people were misled by him, people like him and envy his freedom personality.

If you find difference between your identities and others on the way of traveling, you could make your own identity. (Ono, 2007) Other members of Beat generation also travelled and touch with foreign culture. For example, Gary Snyder went to Japan for Zen. These days, university students go abroad for study or travel not only domestic but also overseas in their long vacation. In the case of me, it is special that seeing landscape which is never seen so far, touching culture which is never known. So that it is possible to find a reason for living, and then love to live. In my opinion, it is interesting that both drug and traveling have same feature that is escaping from reality and releasing stresses. People tend to be sick and tired of the same old routine every day. People hope to enjoy their life without any stresses. In order to make their lives better, any times young people want to stay away from these things which can be obstacle.

Therefore, indirect influence of the Beat Generation and the hippie movement is still living in today.

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WORK CITED : Eguchi, Mariko . "アメリカにおける喫煙反対派のディスコース分析." 時事英語学研究 1999.38 (1999): 1-12.

Ishihara,Toyokazu. "現代社会における若者の現実逃避的行動についての一考察." 立命館 人間科学研究 23 (2011): 59-74.

Ono,Tetsuya. "商品化される 「冒険」." 社会学評論 58.3 (2007): 268285.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsr/58/3/58_3_268/_pdf Shakouchi, Yuri. "Ernie Bushmiller の Nancy におけるボヘミアニズムと子どもの記号と 逸脱." (2014).

Shakouchi, Yuri. "Mark Ricketts の Nowheresville における反順応主義とヒップ・コンシ ューマリズム." 多元文化 11 (2011): 185-195.

Suwa,Yu『ビートジェネレーション』Tokyo: Kinokuniya, 1994, print.

Time-life books editorial department , Takahashi,Tadashi 『アメリカの世紀８ヒッピー、ブラック、プロテスト』Tokyo: Seibu time, 1985

WORK CONSULTED : Roszak, Theodore, Inami Yoshikatsu『対抗文化の思想～若者は何を創りだすか～』 Tokyo: Diamond inc,1972, print.

Time-life books editorial department , Takahashi,Tadashi 『アメリカの世紀８ヒッピー、ブ ラック、プロテスト』Tokyo: Seibu time, 1985 社会実情データ図録 「主要国のたばこ喫煙人口比率の推移」 http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/2212.html web, 15 January 2016 Class handout

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ALLEN GINSBERG AND FREE EXPRESSION Allen Ginsberg was one of the member of Beat Generation and was one of the most famous American poets. He is known for his work, Howl (1956). Although it was published in 1956, Howl was prosecuted for its obscenity. At that time, Sodomy Law, which bans sexual and violent expression, had been executed. Through the long trial for Ginsberg’s work, Howl, it was translated in other languages and has been read by many over the world. He used many obscene words in his poems no matter what the society says. Howl was not his only a work which obscene words were used. Kaddish (1961), also, a well-known poem includes obscenity. His essay, Demonstration or Spectacle as Example, As Communication or How to Make a March/Spectacle (1965) includes S-words. Allen Ginsberg did not mean using obscene words makes good works but he tells us through his poems that being without any restriction makes strong insist, touching poems, and makes an influential works. This spirit made the style of Allen Ginsberg’s writing, even though they have might been criticized. It can be said that his all experiences in his life became the most influential factors until he has that spirit and get his free expressing style.

Allen Ginsberg’s life at school gave an influence on his free expression. Allen Ginsberg was a student of Columbia University. There he met Lucien Carr and he introduced Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs to Ginsberg, who are going to be members of Beat Generation. Lucien Carr was eager to be free in his way to express himself. Allen Ginsberg seemed to be sympathized with Carr. In the film, Kill Your Darlings (2013) which is based on Allen Ginsberg’s true university life. Ginsberg’s feeling for Lucien Carr was well represented. Ginsberg and Carr made an anti-old literary faction called New Vision. Jack Kerouac named it form William Yeats’s The Great Wheel. Yeats tells about the wheel that we continue to live and die until somebody breaks the wheel. The story reflects their purpose to break the old styles and make new free-expressed style. In Kill Your Darlings, Allen Ginsberg says “The New Vision declares the death of morality.”

There would be other opinions, however, in the film, Allen Ginsberg talks about his life which he did all he could to his mother. Hi mother, Naomi Ginsberg, had mental illness. He well took care of her and after she died he published a poem, Kaddish, which is about the life with his mother.

Since organizing New Vision, this is the time to live for himself. Then he was drowned in drugs and writing free styled poems. Drugs make people feel free like they are released from something restrained them. Being a drug user, Ginsberg could think of nothing but his feeling for writing poems. This may be the reason why many Beat Generation members used drugs and were addicted to alcohol. Even though his university professor makes fun of New Vision and supports the old styles, Ginsberg was eager to a creative expression in his writings to change the style which had been taken over historically, which means Ginsberg did not use a meter. Just keep writing what he thought was his poems. His meeting with Lucien Carr, Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs and his will to cause a revolution on literature made his way of writings.

Ginsberg used obscenity as his clear expression toward the society’s thoughts toward a sexual orientation. As it was shown in Kill Your Darlings, he has fallen in love with Lucien Carr, which shows Ginsberg’s homosexuality. Ginsberg has had relationships with many men. During 1950s, because of the end of the Second World War, the population in the United States had increased, and by the expand of the number of nuclear family, people’s ideal toward how family should be consisted.

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F UBUKI K AWAI

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Anyone wanting to deviate from the standard, be it the single, emancipated woman or the homosexual, was regarded with suspicion. “Under such violent pressure from many sides toward a homogenized, pasteurized sex behavior, the undomesticated person, whether straight or gay, had to wear a mask of propriety. One aspect of the mask was the way self-aware homosexuals kept their sexuality hidden, closeted.” (Miller and Nowak 170) The fear and persecution of homosexuals went as far as to be paralleled to that of hidden communists in what came to be called the “Lavender Scare.”) (Durme, 17)

As this quotation shows how the American society was at that time, Ginsberg seemed to try to reject the social ideal by writing poem which he got since originating New Vision. Even the society did not accept LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) and considered his writing style as obscene and brought into court, Ginsberg did not give up changing his style. By including expression of sexuality and homosexuality, he could also express his individuality to the society. His works seem to show how Ginsberg felt and lived in the world where homosexuality was rejected and it insists even minority like Ginsberg whom people in majority do not notice always is in a same circumstance.

Allen Ginsberg were also anti-war. He supported Hippie movement. Hippie was a group consisted by mostly young who rejected tradition, social system and general ideas. Ginsberg protested against Vietnam War. He did not also trust the society.

As Allen Ginsberg once commented, “Well, all though history, you have a bohemianism which has gone through many artistic phases and taken many forms. There’s always been a continuity on the margin of people working working by themselves secretly on sex, dope, art, strange ideas, or anarchism. They thought politics was shit, which every working man does also.

They didn’t believe in the authority of the state. They were groups of friends who hung around in interconnecting bohemian circles.” (qdt. in Miller 56) As this quote shows, Ginsberg seemed to have antiestablishment mind. People who are in majority do not think about those in minority but they always there and live there actually even though they do not notice what the minority is doing. “In the mid-1960s he was closely associated with the counterculture and antiwar movements. He created and advocated “flower power,” a strategy in which antiwar demonstrators would promote positive values like peace and love to dramatize their opposition to the death and destruction caused by the Vietnam War. The use of flowers, bells, smiles, and mantras (sacred chants) became common among demonstrators for some time.” (Conger “How Flower Power Worked”) He wrote an essay called “Demonstration or Spectacle as Example, As Communication or How to Make a March/Spectacle” (1965), which insists that flower symbolizes peace and it makes people imagine the spectacle of full of happiness and no wars. As politics was not only his theme but also nature was what he wanted to keep precious. Through joining Hippie movement and through taking an action for it with his writing, he contributed to the world’s peace.

What happened in Ginsberg’s life was reflected on his poems. At university, he met his friends who changed his life and he got his own style of writing and his writing themes. And even before he went to university, he had his sexual difference in the majority of the people. However he did not escape from it. By representing what kind of person he is or what is important in people’s life, in his poems, that also became his theme to tell toward the society. He did not support the politics but supported antiestablishment group, Hippie movement. It was also another way for him to express to the society. His will for peace shows that everyone has human right and individuality. Those thing to take them form people, like war, ideals which the society decided,

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and politics which control them should not exist. To tell his theme, politics, nature, and his thoughts, Ginsberg did not use any restriction in his writings because regulation makes people stop their candid opinion which has enough power to give a strong impact. Ginsberg were addicted drugs and alcohol, however, those gave him many creative ideas. It might be ironic that he hurt himself with drugs and alcohol to make a lot of wonderful works. To write the poem into people’s heart, you need to be honest to yourself. All through his experience, Ginsberg got his style, written by free expression, and that made revolution in the literature.

WORK CITED

Essays

"Allen Ginsberg." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 09 Jan. 2016.

Conger, Christen. "How Flower Power Worked." How Stuff Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.

Durme, Devora Van. Classical Myth in Allen Ginsberg’s Howl (n.d.): n. pag. May 2014. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.

“Kill Your Darlings”. John Krokidas. Killers Film. 2013 Miller, Timothy S. The Hippies and American Values. Tennessee: Tennessee Press, 2011. Web.

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THE REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF AMERICA WITH NON-VIOLENCE METHODS T ETSUHIRO K ANEMATSU American History has been repainted by repetition of reformation: new thinking has been resisting and changing conventional systems. As one of the example of the revolutions, movement of the beat generation can be raised. The writers joining in the movement resisted the conventional thinking which happened in post-war American society through their works or way of lives. As the same person who also fought against conventional and bad custom, discrimination of the blacks, Martin Luther King, Jr can be raised. How did the writers in the beat movement and Mr. King fight against their enemies and what effects did their ways of resisting have?

The activists, Mr. King and the beat generation writers acted mainly in the late 20 century and in the time there were conventional custom or thinking prevailed among American in those days. After World War Two, America was blessed with the victory of the war and the economy developed in better directions than before the war. During the Great Depression, the rate of unemployment workers was serious problem, but the rate became better and not only male workers, but also female workers were also able to go out to seek their works. Also, America prepared favorable situation for hard workers to concentrate on their hard works and engage in the expansion of the American economy. In case of shortage of house when men came home after the war, a man called William Levitt bought vast areas outside of the cities including New York or Philadelphia and built prefabricated houses there. When it comes to saving eating time, McDonald played the role. The company turned their kitchen into a production line and produced a lot of foods to meet the need of workers who tried to return to workplace and work hard. (Zhong 206) However, as economy in America expanded and developed, the services or relieves which should be given to workers were gradually becoming lacking and the busy situation deprived workers from their heart of human beings and turned them into machine only to work hard surrounded by other machines. When we look the situation of the economic development at a broad view, it seems to be better inclination of America, but at the micro view, the economic situation which disregards the human right of workers cannot be said to be good inclination.

In addition to the bad situation for workers, politic strategy after the World War Two promoted the lack of dignity as human beings. The strategy was called McCarthyism. It aimed for changing the American idea of society and politics radically. The ideology was penetrated into several fields including education, culture or politics. It excluded left wing forces or the trade of left wing and constrain the free discussion. For example, people who studied the noncontroversial topics only got grants or copyrights for his reports from nation. (Zhong 206) Under the constraint situation, people could not resist the situation by individual with their own voices, in short people lose their right to express freely. It because they thought they would be arrested or put violence actions by government if they resisted or complained against the situation. The situation can indirectly and automatically put nonresistant feeling on people’s mind. It can be said to be autocratic situation.

On the reverse of the constraint situation, there was controversial issue tackled for a long time. It is the discrimination of the blacks. They also suffered from American and the whites’ conventional custom or thinking. They spend constraint lives under unfair law, Jim Crow laws.

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Under the law which was enacted in 1877, the blacks’ freedom of lives were restricted. They and the whites cannot work in the same room. A lot of companies did not hire black workers. In addition, when the blacks enter a building, the entrance was different from the whites’ one. (“A Brief History of Jim Crow”) They also were put violence actions by KKK, which has firm belief that the white is superior to the black. In spite of the fact that there were actions which tried to resolve the difficult issue, for example Abraham Lincoln enacted the Emancipation Proclamation, the issue was not radically resolved.

Such conventional or old-fashioned custom was difficult to erase radically because it was natural for people to obey the custom in those days and if they did not obey the custom, they knew that they were excluded or put violence actions on by society. However, in the situation like autocratic system, writers of the movement called the beat generation and Martin Luther King, Jr appeared as counter-culture.

One of the beat generation writers is Jack Kerouac. He is one of pioneers of the beat generation as counter-culture group, but when it comes to his biography, the belief of not obeying conventional custom remained since he was a student in the Columbia University, not since he joined a group which was afterwards called the beat generation. When he was young, he was not only very intelligent, but also athletic especially on football, so he gained scholarship for a football player to Columbia University. However, he did not get along with his coach and at last he dropped out of the university. (Asher) In addition, after the drop out, he entered the Merchant Marines, but he found the discipline of the Marine was too much for him, so he insisted mental illness and he was intentionally discharged by the Marine. (Dittman 25) After he acted as a member of the beat generation, he resisted against conventional custom in American society, not against his own enemies through his works. He became very famous for publishing “On the Road” in 1957. The work is about road trip on the few west-east highways, which originated from his real road trip with Neal Cassady. The work made readers enjoy the male friendship, both homosexual and heterosexual. Describing the male friendship homosexually is abnormal in constraint and controlled America in those days, so it can be said to be a kind of resistance. Also, he intended to describe the scenes of using drug, sex, speaking dirty and crude language. (WagnerMarin 21) In spite of the fact that the disobedient scenes were only described in a book, not through direct action, they had strong influence on American in those days under constraint and controlled American society.

As the beat generation group, not as individual, many of the members escaped the restriction of established culture through traveling abroad. In those days, there was tendency to go west where people can experience and gain the extreme culture. However, the members traveled abroad to India, China, Japan or Africa, not to West including England, Italy and France because they could read about the situation in the west countries in great amount of American literature. (Wagner-Martin 20) The action was also very trivial with silent and easy resistance strategy, but American was fascinated by the action.

In addition to the writers, Martin Luther King, Jr also fought against enormous and tough enemy, the discrimination of the blacks. His strategy was to appeal to people’s conscience through speeches and demonstrations. However, he continued to insist that people must not rely on violence actions to get freedom even if they are put violence actions on. His strategy and belief was novelty but not direct actions with fierce and violence actions as the writers in the beat generation resisted against the conventional system through literature or their own lives. It took a

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few years for his dream to be come true, which gained the blacks’ citizenship, but he succeed in achieving his purpose through the strategy.

When it comes to the reformation, it naturally comes to mind for people to fight against government or other countries with weapons to meet their ambition. Compared with the image, the strategies of the beat writers and Martin Luther King, Jr were silent and non-violence, so seem to have little influence on people. However, through literature or speech, people can feel sympathy or sense of solidarity with the author or speaker and then they can find that other people also have same feeling with them. The process is change of individual and lonely feeling into sense of solidarity. At first, actions of the beat generation or Mr. King may be small, but such sense of solidarity made by people reading their works or hearing his speech can change the actions into large-scale ones. In such a meaning, literature, speech or demonstration can be bridge for people’s dream.

WORK CITED “A Brief History of Jim Crow.” USA: Constitutional Rights Foundation, Web. n.d.

Asher, Levi. “Jack Kerouac.” n.p, Web. 23 July, 1994 Dittman J, Michael. “Jack Kerouac On the Road.” “Masterpieces of Beat Literature.” London: Greenwood Press, Print. 2007 Wagner-Martin, Linda. “The Farthest Edge: The Beats and the Confessional School.” “A History of American Literature 1950 To The Present.” n.p, Print. 29 May, 2013 Zhong, Yonghong. “On the Beat Generation.” USA: International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Web. September 2013

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“ON THE ROAD” AND TWO KINDS OF MADNESS C HINATSU H ONMA The film “On the Road” is based on a novel “On the Road” written by Jack Kerouac a member of Beat generation in 1957. It is considered as defining novel of the Beat Generation, because the story is based on real experience of Jack Kerouac and his friends who are also members of Beat including Neal Cassady and Allen Ginsberg. In my opinion, considering some kinds of madness lead to deep our understanding of this film and the so-called Beat generation.

Therefore, in this paper, focusing on the background of the society at the time, I would like to analyse two types of madness around Sal who is the main character of this film. One is the mad society system at the age, and the other is the mad way that people around Sal and writers of the Beat generation counter such society. This is a story mainly about Sal Paradise who is a young writer in New York and trying to take off. Someday, he meets with Dean Moriarty who is the opposite of him and leads a free and unrestrained life. Attracted by Dean’s such lifestyle indulging in sex, alcohol and drugs, Sal also determines never to get locked into a constricted life, and to escape from where he was and to lead the life of a wanderer on the road with them. This story does not have any logical development. There is just a vivid description of the lives of men and women who do not fit in the society. Jack Kerouac wrote the novel based on his real experience with other members of Beat generation in 1940s and 1950s.

Essays

One of the madness that I would like to write about firstly is the American society that is the background of the Beat. The Beat generation is one of prominent examples of counterculture and it influenced American culture in the post-World War Ⅱera. Their main ideas are denying the social system and existing values and releases the humanity. The years after world war saw a large-scale reappraisal of traditional structure of the society.

Runaway capitalism was destructive to the human spirit and opposite to social equality. The stereotype of the society was gradually shaped and diffused. Mass consumption society was build and the society became setting a greater value on the academic career of an individual than on his real ability. Above all else, what tormented them most was the intense controlled society. In the movie, there is one scene that represents the madness of the society. When Sal, Dean and Marylou were captured on the road by the police officer for speeding, the policeman penalized them like a devil. Though he is from a government organization and he must be a good one, he was described as a devil. Their journey on the road represents the way they live and their real free lives from the society. However, it always tries to disturb it. It must be not only me but also almost all the people who watched the scene who felt displeasure at the system of the society at that time in US. Of course, not only us, students and young people at the time were beginning to question such mad society, and the Beat generation was a product of the question. Also, one can see the mad society described by Allen Ginsberg in his poems.

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I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, who poverty and tatters and hollowed-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flats floating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, (Ginsberg, Howl)

Another madness that I would like to write next is how the Beat generation countered such society. It was well known that there are many crazy facts of writers from the Beat generation.

For example, William S. Burroughs is known well for his episodes including that he killed his second wife. In the movie, it is described that unsettled young people behaves and acts freely as they please, escaping from the social usages, sometimes in filthy way. However, was it ended just only as a romantic journey, or do they behave just like crazy, lackadaisical and immoral ? The answer is no. Tracing original essential qualities of human beings, they tried to express the passion and desire inherently possessed by human freely and dynamically, and then, to do so, they realized that they needed to deviate from the social restriction. Here is the description about the Beat.

The mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who ever yawn or say a commonplace things, but burn, burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candle exploding like spiders across the stars and in the middle you see the blue center light pop and everybody goes “Awww!”

(Kerouac, On the Road)

In the novel, Sal Paradise says, “The only people make me interested is mad one.”

(Kerouac, ) They stimulate each other in mad way, and then, burn themselves out. It was their life. In the last scene, the contrast between Sal and Dean stands out. Sal becomes a normal people, on the other hand, Dean looks more tired than any other scene in the entire movie. The problem is not whether Dean is failure or hero, but whether he burned himself out or not. He decided his life and completes his decadent life as mad one. That is it.

As I wrote above, these two types of madness were conflicting in the movie “On the Road”. I strongly belief that it is them that had an effect on young people and made up this modern culture and society, no matter how the way was controversial, sensational and dangerous.

WORKS CITED Ginsberg, Allen. Howl. Ed. Barry Miles. New York: Harper and Row, 1986. Print.

Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. New York: Viking Press, 1957. Print.

On the Road. Dir. Walter Salles. IFC Film, 2012. DVD. Sterritt, David. Mad to be Saved: The Beats, the '50s, and Film. Southern Illinois University Press. 1998, Print

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GARY SNYDER’S BUDDHISM AND DEEP ECOLOGY M AO T AKEUCHI Gary Snyder is born San Francisco, California in 1930. He is not just an American poet, but he acts as environmentalist, practitioner of Buddhism, and deep ecology philosopher. The aim of this paper is to show the influences of Buddhism on Gary Snyder’s works and his attitude toward nature. His style differed from Beat writers for his profound love for and involvement in nature. His work is characterized by his practice of Zen Buddhism. He insists the importance to protect nature. In the first part, I will discuss the influences of Buddhism on the Beat Generation.

In the second part, I will explain the connection between Gary Snyder and Buddhism. In the last section, I will clarify his commitment with nature is supported by Buddhist spirituality.

Firstly I will write about cultural context of US in the 1950s and 1960s to explain the relation between Buddhism and Beat Generation. The time is after people experienced the Second World War. The world revolved around the American economy, which needed not individual freedom of thought and expression. A car, movie, radio and other popular entertainment made rapid progress. These things became a symbol of the era of economic growth. The world seemed to realize affluent society, but there were in fact governmental pressure to control the nation. It is nothing but imposition of American dream. In this period, many Beat writers opposed authority and questioned social common value in the US. They sought human liberty by addicting drugs, alcohol, rock music, sex and wandering. Some of those were attracted by Buddhism and incorporated Eastern idea for inspiration like Snyder, who was leading figure to practice Zen Buddhism. Snyder was also one of the people who denied the American social system. He tried to throw light on Western cultural context and get opportunities to reconsider about it. He states in Turtle Island as following.

I don’t like Western culture because I think it has much in it that is inherently wrong and that is at the root of the environmental crisis that is not recent; it is very ancient; it has been building up for a millennium. There are many things in Western culture that are admirable. But a culture that alienates itself from the very ground of its own being-from the wilderness outside (that is to say, wild nature, the wild, self-contained, self-informing ecosystems) and from that other wildness, the wilderness within-is doomed to a very destructive behaviour, ultimately perhaps self-destructive behaviour. (106)

Secondly I will state the relation between Buddhism and Snyder. He was attracted with nature since he was young. His interests were hiking, camping and specifically mountaineering.

After he graduated from Reed College, he spent a year learning anthropological linguistics at

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Essays

While the scientific progress leaded a comfortable life, the progress caused the destruction of nature. It seemed that the flourishing materialism and the deteriorating morality combined in his interest in Buddhism. In Buddhism, human beings are regarded as the part of the world. Buddhism basically differs from Christianity. The idea of empty is important to think Buddhism. The empty itself does not mean nothing, but it signify the uncertainty of life. Under this idea, human beings are impermanent like nature. Therefore when people understand the unity between themselves and other beings, they identify with it.

Integrated – Class Journal

India University. Snyder next entered the University of California, where he worked on his Japanese and Chinese, taking course at Berkeley’s Asian Program. He was attracted with Buddhism, which led him to go to Japan. As the reason he interested in Buddhism, it seemed that Zen practices inspired Snyder’s interest, which is nature. Julian Gitzen mentioned in Critical Quarterly that he “was attracted to Buddhism because its teachings conformed to and re-enforced his native personality, interests and beliefs.” (356) His work blends observation of nature through his practice of Zen. He left for San Francisco and went to Japan in 1956 after participating in poetry reading at the Six Gallery in San Francisco on 1955. While Allen Ginsberg performed Howl, Snyder also read his poem “The Berry Feast”. The year 1955 was vital for him. He stayed in Japan over ten years from 1956 to 1968. He took part in Zen practices at Shokoku Temple and Daitoku Temple both in Kyoto. While he studied in Japan, he wrote letters and essays about Japan and its culture to his friends. No doubt he had great influence on some Beat writers. For example, Jack Kerouac wrote The Dharma Bums based on Jack’s experience. Snyder was fictionalized as the main character in Jack’s work. This story wrote from an encounter with Snyder to good-bye, when Snyder left for San Francisco and went to Japan. Both of them were interested in Eastern idea and Buddhist Zen. So they frequently discussed a Buddhist topic in this work. For instance, the main character, Ray Smith, tries to tell his family that “Everything is empty but awake! Things are empty in time and space and mind.” (121) The Dharma Bums describes the idea of emptiness in Buddhism. Buddhism affected Snyder and other Beat writers were deeply influenced by him.

The last part provides a closer focus on his biological view based on the above. Gary Snyder began to develop the interest in nature at an early age, which marked his poetic style. He wrote a lot of poetry and prose related to nature. For example, his first two poetry collections, Riprap (1959) and Myths & Text (1960) describe his travel and life in the natural world. His great interest in Zen Buddhism contributed to his involvement with environmental problems. When he sees nature, Snyder explains as following.

An ecosystem is a kind of mandala in which there are multiple relations that are all powerful and instructive. Each figure in the mandala – a little mouse or bird (or little god or demon figure) – has an important position and a role to play. Although an ecosystem can be described as hierarchical in terms of energy flow, from the standpoint of the whole all of its members are equal (“Ecology, Place & the Awakening of Compassion”)

As we can see from this, we could find that his ideas are based on Zen Buddhism. He regards humanity as the part of nature and all things in the universe have equal value. In other word, human beings are part of community of the non-human which includes microscopic organism, plants and animals. There are no superior-inferior relations between them. His biological view was consistent with Buddhist idea. Buddhist idea led him to protect nature. Thus, he mixed these two elements in his writing. His first book of poetry, Riprap, “Milton by Firelight”, is against the decline of the nature environment.

In ten thousand years the Sierras Will be dry and dead, home of the scorpion Ice-scratched slabs and bent trees.

No paradise, no fall Only the weathering land.

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This poet is concerned about the damage which scientific progress caused. His ecological view led him to reconsider the modern civilization and raised doubt the technology. Although all things in the universe have equal value under Buddhism idea, human beings have exploited natural world. Human beings who got the civilization were contrary to natural environment.

Snyder insists that human beings should have love and respect for nature and they should live together, keeping diversity. This thought come from Buddhism. He said in Turtle Island, for which we was rewarded the Pulitzer Prize, that “The treasure of life is the richness of stored information in the diverse genes of all living beings. If the human race, following on same set of catastrophes, were to survive at the expense of many plant and animal species, it would be no victory. Diversity provides life with the capacity for a multitude of adaptations and responses to long-range challenges on the planet.” (103) He stresses the importance of protection of the diversity through his work.

In conclusion, Buddhist idea had a great influence on his works and thought. Buddhist spirituality links his interest in nature world. His commitment to practice Zen contributed to his involvement with environmental problems. He calls for preservation of nature from the damage of civilization. His works shows the new way of interacting with nature which protects nature.

WORK CITED

Essays

Ecological Buddhism. Ecology, Place & the Awakening of Compassion. Web. 2 January 2016. <http://www.ecobuddhism.org/solutions/wde/snyder/> Gitzen, Julian. “Gary Snyder and the Poetry of Compassion,” Critical Quarterly 15.4 (1973): 356. Print.

Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. Penguin UK, 2000.

Snyder, Gary, Turtle Island. New York: New Directions Publishing. 1974. Print.

---.“Milton by Firelight”. Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems. Counterpoint Press, 2010. Print.

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THE POWER DESCRIBED IN THE LORD OF THE RINGS Y UKIKO A KAGI In any society, there are differences in social standings. People who have high birth are accompanied by people who have low birth. Between the high and low people, there are many invisible obstacles. The low people can not go beyond the obstacles easily. What makes many these obstacles? In the real society, the main cause of gap is money. People gain money by various means. People often have quarrels over money, betray their friends and once in a while kill others for money. In the other words, people who have money have power to pull the strings behind the surface of society. Money has relationships between social standings, power, the value of a person and many kinds of desire (Haraoka 199).

In the Middle-Earth, created by J.R.R. Tolkien, what lets people have power? By the means investigating the main characters in the Lord of the Rings, people can appreciate who is the real hero in the story. The hero is a person, especially a man, people admire because of a particular quality or skill that they have. What the heroes have special aspects? What makes them stand out among other characters?

All heroes are born in circumstances that are out of the ordinary and their early years are disrupted. They lack the peace, warmth and security of a normal family background.

(Harvey 81)

In the Lord of the Rings, heroes who have broad connection in the Middle-Earth are with much power.

Firstly, Gandalf shows that broad connection in the Middle-Earth is the power to move people and people’s mind. Gandalf has many important roles in the Tolkien’s works. For example, Gandalf displays his power in the battle of Hornburg. This battle is between Rohan and Isengard. Isengard is the castle of Saruman. After Gandalf escaped from Isengard, he went to the king of Rohan to tell that Saruman has hostility to Rohan. After that, in the Fords of Isen, Saruman raises an army to take the right of way from Rhirrim who are inhabitant of Rohan and they ride horses. In this battle, Rohirrim lose to Isengard and Rohirrim escape. Then, Battle of Hornburg happens. Firstly, Isengard have much power using fire but in the last Gandalf and Rhirrim who are led by Gandalf appear and defeat Isengard. This battle scene is very dynamic in the books and also in the movie. The scene is one of the interesting scenes. This scene shows that Gandalf has big popularity. Rhirrim has lost been defeated to Saruman’s army so they lost their confidence. They experience lose and grief through the battle in the Fords of Isen. Usually, if people lose a battle once, they do not want to fight for a while. However, Gandalf could lead people to the next battle, the battle of Hornburg. Also, his personality and symbolic meaning is described by using “white” (Kawahara 339). Kawahara says that white is the color, which describes the brightness of the sun and brilliancy of Gandalf’s appearance. “White” symbolizes a bright future and greatness of Gandalf as a leader. It shows that Gandalf has enough arrogance to attract people so he has reliance and broad connection in the Middle-Earth.

Secondly, Saruman also has many fellow members so he is a kind of hero. Saruman is one of the five whites who oppose with Sauron but gradually Saruman comes to want the ring and

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the power. He betrays his fellows and goes over to enemy, Sauron. Finally, Saruman fails to gain the power to control the Middle-Earth so he is a tragic hero. His voice has great power to make people obey him. In the second edition of the Lord of the Rings “The two towers”, Tolkien wrote the features of his voice.

Suddenly another voice spoke, low and melodious, its very sound an enchantment. …

For many the sound of the voice alone was enough to hold them enthralled; … But none were unmoved; none rejected its pleas and its commands without an effort of mind and will, so long as its master had control of it (Tolkien).

Anyone who heard his voice obey him and his words are reasonable and persuasive. Even when his magical power is weak, his voice still has power so he uses the special voice to get the ring.

Lastly, Frodo Baggins is the real hero in the story. He goes on a journey as Ring-bearer.

He takes nine members to fulfil the mission that he should destroy the ring. Frodo has good relationships with members on journey. Above all, he has the greatest relationship with Sam. Sam is the best companion to Frodo. Sam’s father is a gardener of Baggins family. Also Sam is loyal to Frodo so Sam supports Frodo to the very end. Several scenes in the movie show Sam’s determination and loyalty to Frodo.

It is like in the great stories, Mr. Frodo. … Even darkness must pass. A new day will come. … Folk in those stories…had lots of chances of turning back, only did not. They kept going…because they were holding on to something. …That there is some good Mr. Frodo. And it is worth fighting for. (The Two Towers)

Come on, Mr. Frodo. I can not carry it [the ring] for you, but I can carry you. (The Return of the King)

Frodo and Sam are close partners. In contrary to the fact, Sam calls Frodo by the courtesy title, “Mr. Frodo”. Sam’s way of calling Frodo shows that Sam respects Frodo even when they face dangers. Until the ring has been destroyed, Sam keeps encouraging Frodo and does not give up the mission. Frodo has many good fellows and one special partner, Sam, so he achieves the grave mission.

Considering the circumstances mentioned above, Gandalf, Saruman and Frodo are heroes in the Lord of the Rings. They have various relationships with their many fellows. Their personalities attract and fascinate people. They exploit the arrogance, the appearance, the great voice and the special partnership well. They take advantage of the power of their relationships fully to realize their aims.

Haraoka, Kazuma. “お金に対する態度と価値志向” [“Attitude and Value-Orientation toward Money”]. Diss. Nagoya University, 1990. Print.

Harvey, David. The Song of Middle-earth. North Yorkshire: Thetford Press, 1985. Print.

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Essays

WORKS CITED

Integrated – Class Journal

Kawahara, Yuka. “『王の帰還』における結末と色彩表現” [“The Relation between the Ending and the Color Descriptions in The Return of king”]. Diss. Nihon University, 2010. Print.

Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel. Lord of the Rings: One Volume. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.

Web. 17 January 2016.

---. Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. Dir. Peter Jackson. Perf. Elijah Wood, Sir Ian McKellen, and Liv Tyler. New Line Cinema, 2002. Film.

---. Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Dir. Peter Jackson. Perf. Elijah Wood, Sir Ian McKellen, and Viggo Mortensen. New Line Cinema, 2003. Film.

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ELVES AND LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD OF TOLKIEN A RISA N AGAOKA

Fig.1. Source: “Sundering of the Elves- J. R. R. Tolkien.”

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Essays

There are some languages in The Lord of the Rings which J. R. R. Tolkien creates, like Black Speech, Sindarin and Quenya, and Dwarvish. This paper will focus on Elves and Elvish languages, Sindarin and Quenya. First is about the relation between Tolkien and the language, next will introduce about Elves, and at last, it refers to Elvish language and Elvish poem.

J. R. R. Tolkien was interested in language. This was because his mother taught him Latin when he was so young, so he could read books written in Latin by the time of four years old. He had served as the Rawlinson Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in Pembroke College, Oxford and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature in Merton College, Oxford. He made himself acquainted with many other early Germanic languages when he was working on Oxford Dictionary. This also shows that Tolkien had an amazing ability in the languages and exited to learn the different kinds of language. The Welsh, the strange forms of the Gothic words, the ‘surface glitter’ of Greek and the Finnish of the Kalevala made him excite and like the languages.

He studied not only the early English of the West Midlands but also the all dialects of AngloSaxon, Middle English and Germanic language. (Carpenter, 131-132) This connects to create the own languages for him and to write his works. Tolkien had taken twelve years to write The Lord of the Rings. When he finishes writing it, he was not far from his sixtieth birthday. Elvish language, Quenya, was inspired by Finnish and he learned Finnish to read the Kalevala, the collections of old Finnish songs and stories which parallel the real history of the Finns. Tolkien invented languages because of the artistry, beauty, and emotional response like excitement to Finnish, Welsh, and Gothic. Besides that, he created Middle-earth as a home for inventing languages. (“Beyond”) Elves were made by Eru. The first sight of them were the shine of new stars, so in their eyes, there were always the shine of stars. They are immortal. However, their body is similar to the physical matters of human, so sometimes they are given the overthrow by sword or fire in the war, and by the deep grief. Elves are the first race who can speak up and sing so that they call themselves Quendi (‘speakers’).

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This is the simple pedigree of Elves. Then, starting to explain about the complex pedigree of Elves by seeing the figure to make sure. The Valar decides to call together the Elves to Valinor rather than leaving them in the place where they are first awakened, but not all of the Elves accept the summon, and they are called Avari, The Unwilling. The others are called Eldar, People of the Stars. Elder separates in three ancestry, Vanya, Noldor and Teleri. (Day, 169) This is the basic explanation of Elves.

As became clear above, Elves have their own languages called Sindarin and Quenya. On the other hand, there are Goldogrin and Qenya, the names of languages which Tolkien devise around 1914 to 1917. Gnomish is the native language of Noldor, whereas Sindarin is the language of the Grey-elves. However Christopher Tolkien, the son of J. R. R. Tolkien, said that “Gnomish is Sindarin, in the sense that Gnomish is the actual language that ultimately, as the whole conception evolved, became that of the Grey-elves of Beleriand.” (Gilson, 95) The main character of Elf in The Lord of the Rings is Legolas and he is a member of the fellowship of the Ring. The name of Legolas means ‘Greenleaf.’ This meaning is given a different explanation in The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, which is reminiscent of the Gnomish derivation. Gilson said, “The name is dialectal, the pure Sindarin being Laegolas, and the first element laeg ‘green’ is “seldom used, usually replaced by calen” (L, 282), and has the form leg in the Woodland dialect. The second element is golas, -olas ‘collection of leaves,’ derived from las (s) ‘leaf.’ “(99) The language created by Tolkien is so complicated and it is difficult to understand the whole details of Elvish language.

Tolkien also achieved to construct the thing like poem with Elvish language. Also, poetry continue to play a prominent role as a means of artistic expression in the Elvish language. Patrick Wynne and Carl F. Hostetter said in their essay: Tolkien’s own art-languages, the Elvish languages in particular, were quick to achieve this sort of poetic success. As early as 1915-16 Quenya had been elaborated and polished to the point where Tolkien could use it to write Narqelion, a twenty-line meditation on ‘Autumn’ in rhyming verse. (114)

In addition to the content of the Elvish poems, Tolkien made a strong effort to Elvish prosody. There are three names of Elvish verse modes: ann-thennath, Minlamad thent/ estent, and Linnod. Ann-thennath is a Sindarin word and there are five poem written in Sindarin. It means ‘long-short’ or ‘longs and shorts’, and “quantitative verses or versification” in Old English Dictionary. (Wynne and Hostteter, 114) Although Sindarin poetry is primarily accentual rather than quantitative. There is an example of it: The leaves were long, the grass was green, The hemlock-umbels tall and fair, And in the glade a light was seen Of stars in shadow shimmering.

Tinùviel was dancing there To music of a pipe unseen, And light of stars was in her hair, And in her raiment glimmering. (114)

This song was chanted to hobbits by Aragorn, and this song is about charming story of Tinuviel, the foremother of Elrond. According to the essay of Mary Quella Kelly, the song is indeed one of the fairest in the entire work. The nine stanzas of eight iambic-tetrameter lines each have the complicated rhyme scheme of abacbabc. The poetic narrative, a compression of the prose story with which Aragorn explicates his song, begins with a description of the natural perfection

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of summer, the ideal setting of the elvish maid and her accompanying starlight. (185) In addition, Aragorn tell to Hobbits, “That is a song…in the mode that is called ann-thennath among the Elves, but is hard to render in our common Speech, and this is but a rough echo of it.”(Wynne and Hostetter, 114) Tolkien seemed to write that thing because he liked to use the consonant sounds, and he thought that the poem abounded in musical effect.

Minlamad thent/ estent has no translation of the name and no Elvish examples of the mode, but may thus translated as ‘first echoing’ because it is also come from Sindarin. ‘Firstechoing’ indicates the echoing or repetition of initial sounds. (120) Linnod has the translation and an example in the original language. It is used in The Tale of Aragorn and Awen when his mother predicts her death. She said to him “Onen i-Estel Edain, u-chebin estel anim.” This means “I gave Hope to the Dunedain, I have kept no hope for myself.” The meaning of Linnod is ‘seven-chant’ or ‘chant of seven.’ (131)Like this, Tolkien did not create the language only to speak, but he invented the verse to form another things with his Elvish languages. There is the feature for piece by piece, and they look like the real words which can used in present age.

Tolkien’s works have a value to study because his world is so deep and complicated to understand, though it is the fiction world which is created by a man. His capacity for creativity is unable to imagine, so there are still many fans who like him or his works and a number of people who respect him in these day. Through this paper, we can know about Elves and Elvish language that have long history which we cannot see in the surface. Also, to understand the world of Tolkien, it is absolutely inevitable to researching about language. Language is important element in the world of Tolkien.

WORKS CITED

Essays

Carpenter, Humphrey. J. R. R. Tolkien A biography. London: George Allen& Unwin, 1977.

Print.

Gilson, Christopher. “Gnomish is Sindarin, The Conceptual Evolution of an Elvish Language” in Verlyn Flieger, Hostetter CF Tolkien’s Legendarium Essays on The History of Middle-earth. London: Greenwood press, 2000. Print.

Wynne, Patrick and Hostetter, CF. “Three Elvish Verse Modes, Ann-thennath, Minlamad thent/ estent, and Linnod” in Verlyn Flieger, Hostetter CF Tolkien’s Legendarium Essays on The History of Middle-earth. London: Greenwood press, 2000. Print.

Day, David. Tolkien. The illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Mitchell Beazley, 1991. Print.

Kelley, MQ. “The Poetry of Fantasy” in Isaacs ND, Zimbardo RA Tolkien and the Critics Essays on J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. London: University of Notre Dam Press, 1968. Print.

“Beyond the Movie: The Lord of the Rings.” National Geographic. National geographic Society. 1996. Web. 17 Jan. 2016.

“Sundering of the Elves- J. R. R. Tolkien.” The One Ring: The Home of Tolkien Online. Core Canvas. 1999. Web. 17 Jan. 2016.

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FANTASY AND MYTHOLOGY IN THE LORD OF THE RING K OTA A KIYAMA This essay will talk about Fantasy’s definition and mythology in The Lord of The Ring.

J.R.R Tolkien brought this world a various fantasy works and that is high-fantasy. He created other world, Middle-Earth. Middle-Earth works was used in his typical his works such as The Hobbit, The Lord of The Ring and The Silmarillion. These works is very famous around the world.

People read these works many times and it is not only child but also adult that read this. Why do people read these books many times? “Although fantasy literature is sometimes seen as second rate, pulp, or even inferior literature (Swinfen)”, it is just stereotype. At first this essay explains what is the fantasy and the relation between The Lord of The Ring and mythology.

This paragraph talks about fantasy definition. Fantasy is very difficult to definite it. It is because usually when we are asked by someone that what is fantasy? We are going to explain that it is just juvenile literature. “Although fantasy literature is sometimes seen as second rate, pulp, or even inferior literature (Swinfen).” We also think that the fantasy is the story we think it is not happen in reality. But it is not just definition because fantasy was read by many adults. It is just stereotype. For example, The Lord of The Ring was read by adult and they love this works. All works which is not happen in reality is not just fantasy. What is the fantasy? As I said, Fantasy can definitely be called as a juvenile literature. It is just not for children. When you are very tired for the reality, people want to read fantasy to escape the interesting world you think. “So different, as a matter of fact, that we are allowed to escape for a while from the mundane existence so often experienced in the primary world (Zahorski and Boyer 58).” We call this deed as a escapism. In the oxford dictionary, it means that a form of entertainment that helps you avoid or forget unpleasant or boring things. Fantasy is very similar to the mean of escapism. Whether you think fantasy is interesting or not is based on your childhood. It is because usually people read more or less read some fantasy when they were child. That experience made adult think that it is very interesting to read the fantasy. “At any rate it can be said that many adults think that it is very interesting to read fantasy. Because they also read this kind of story when they were children.

(Wolfe 6)” From the above, their childhood is relating to weather one think fantasy is interesting or not. These two elements make people read fantasy when they become adult. Furthermore, if you read a fantasy genre, you will gain new and fresh thinking way on our living world. Second world will give us a new perspective of our world. By reading fantasy, we recognize the real world again. Primary world is our world and secondly world is created by author. We learn the other world setting. Almost all of worlds have its rule. We learn the world and become the resident.

Then he or she sees the primary world from secondary world. Fantasy recovers our heart and we will gain new perspective of view of our world. Fantasy should be read more all over the world.

There are many fantastic effects on your life.

This paragraph will talk about the relationship between mythology and The Lord of The Ring. “The Lord of The Ring” has been read by many people around the world from children to adults when it was published. The Lord of The Ring’s world is Middle-Earth. It is different from our world in that there are many monsters. It includes dragon. We have never seen in our world.

However this world is the world where our desire is fulfilled. As this essay explained in the former

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paragraph, people have desire to want to read a fantasy when they want to escape for a while to other world. Then what is needed to be read by many people a long time? To escape other world, it is needed to create the world where supernatural incident happen. “As for Bilbo Baggins even while he was making his speech, he had been fingering the golden ring in his pocket: his magic ring that he had kept secret for many years. As he stepped down he slipped it on his finger, and he was never seen by any hobbit in Hobbiton again. (Tolkien 41)” In these supernatural incidents, we can see some scene which is relating to a mythology. This work is relating to the mythology in many parts. It is important factor of fascinating many people in the world. “Mythology has been said that it is doctrine. Mythology is the model of human’s deed. Then mythology brought our lives the meanings and worth (Mircea 8).” In “The Lord of The Ring”, there are two typical point mythology is relating to. One is Dragon. Dragon attacks people who have the sense of justice.

In the mythology of western, in many cases, Dragon has the meaning of sin or vice. Dragon has been the enemy of human being. Epic has been described as the fight of dragon and hero. The typical work is The Beowulf. Tolkien was affected and inspired by The Beowulf. “Tolkien was inspired by the dragon of Beowulf like the poets he mentioned (Helms 7).” In the Beowulf, dragon was the symbol of greedy. In those days, when the Beowulf was written, it was in the age that society was not organised. Then it was the most evil thing to stop the distribution of goods. In the Beowulf, Dragon was the symbol of greedy. Second example of The Lord of The Ring and mythology is the ring which can make the human vanish by fitting it. In the mythology, the ring was written in the Republic written by Plato.

This two mythology points connect very much to The Lord of The Ring. J.R.R Tolkien insert the doctrine to his works. He created the work both fantasy and doctrine is relating to. “In The Lord of The Ring, Tolkien has symbolically expressed our situation in a strikingly profound and useful set of myths (Randel 59).” This is the reason why The Lord of The Ring is very famous all over the world from adult to children. The ring Gyges got coincidentally is very similar to the sauron’s ring. The ring make the man vanish and if someone get the ring, he will have the power of dominion. By having the relation with mythology, The Lord of The Ring can have the factor of doctrine. The Lord of The Ring is not just fantasy but the highbrow art mixing fantasy and mythology.

“The ring does not equal the Bomb, but is rather a symbol for the entire complex fact that twenties century man has (Helms 59)”. Today we are like getting the magical ring. The Lord of The Ring teaches us not to do excessive deed like have dominion over nature.

As I explain on this essay, Fantasy and mythology have many relation in The Lord of The Ring. One is the effect of fantasy. There is many fantastic effects of reading fantasy. It will recover your heart when you are depressed by something you hate. It also give you a new perspective of view of our world. The mythology has also means to read. It has been a doctrine of our world. In the Lord of The Ring, the magical ring and dragon is much related to this work. Dragon was described as an enemy. It is same as the mythology world. The ring has also same means. The ring have the power of Dominion. By these fantastic elements were integrated in The Lord of The Ring, this work gain many enthusiastic funs in the world. This work will continue to read by many people in the world.

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Essays

In the long time ago, In Lydia, a shepherd, Gyges got the magic ring coincidentally that can make the human vanish. Gyges sneak into the Royal palace and kill the king. Then he got the dominion (Plato 108).

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WORK CITED Mircea Eliade. Mythology and Reality. Tokyo. Kabushiki Gaisya Serika Shobou press. 1974.

Print.

Plato. The Republic. Trans. Junji Yamada. Tokyo. Meiji library press. 1974. Print.

Helms, Randel. Tolkien’s World. United States of America. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1974.

Print.

Sale, Roger. “The Tradition of Fantasy” Trans.Takashi Sadamatsu. Tokyo, Tamagawa University press. 1990. Print.

Swinfen, Ann. In Defence of Fantasy: A Study of The Genre in England and American Literature since 1945. London: Routledge, 1984. Print.

Tolkien J.R.R. “The Lord of The Rings” Great Britain, Harper Collins publisher. 2007. Print.

Wolfe GK. The Encounter with Fantasy. In Schlobin RC, The Aesthetic of Fantasy Literature and Art. Indiana. University of Notre Dame Press. 1982. Print.

Zahoski, KJ and Boyer RH, The Secondary worlds of High Fantasy, in Schlobin RC, The Aesthetics of Fantasy Literature and Art. Indiana. University of Notre Dame Press.

1982. Print.

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THE ROLES OF SAMWISE GAMGEE IN THE LORD OF THE RINGS A YUMI G AMBE The Lord of the Rings was written by English author J. R. R. Tolkien and published from 1954 to 1955 and made into the movies from 2001 to 2003. The story was divided to three volumes, The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. Those fantasy stories have hundreds of characters who have various kinds of unique characteristics. One of the main characters, Samwise Gamgee, who was called by the nickname ‘Sam’, has a great influence on this story. The purpose of this essay is to prove Samwise Gamgee played important roles and he is a true hero of this story. The reasons are four. Firstly, Sam’s characteristics are same as definition of hero. Secondly, Frodo Baggins, who had the ring almost all of time in this story, could not achieve his task to destroy the ring without Sam. Thirdly, Sam regarded as one of the ‘ring bearer’. Finally, the author, J.R.R. Tolkien himself mentioned that Sam is most heroic character in his writings.

At first, Sam’s characteristics are important since he was different from other characters in some respects at first glance. Sam was born in 6th April, Third Age 2980, as a hobbit of Shire on the Middle-Earth. He was ordinary gardener and portrayed as bumbling, sceptical, and loyal hobbit compared to other hobbits such as Frodo Baggins, Meriadoc Brandybuck, and Peregrin Took. (Chichester 9) According to James L. Hodge, definition of typical hero is as follows; “In a fairy tale, the hero reaches the goal of his journey, confronts the ultimate danger, wins the day by dint of his pure heart, and lives happily and wealthy ever after”. (Hodge 213) It is same to Sam’s life as regards accomplished the quest with Frodo, and confronted with serious danger, having pure loyalty. After finishing the long war of the ring, Sam got married to Rose Cotton and had 13 children. In Fourth Age 7 Sam elected as the Master of Shire. The definition almost corresponds to Sam’s experience.

Essays

Secondly, Frodo Baggins could not fulfil the task to destroy the ring without Sam. Although Frodo was the very character who was entrusted the ring, Sam supported and rescued Frodo all the way to Mount Doom where the final destination to do away with the ring. In The Two Towers, Frodo and Sam, who are making their way along the borders of Mordor, came across the Gollum which name was Sméagol. At that time, Sam stoutly asserted that should not be trusted contrasting Frodo showed mercy to the pitiful creature and persisted with Sméagol. (Tolkien, The Two Towers) This scene shows Sam is strong-willed and cautious than Frodo. Frodo deceived by Sméagol and did not achieve his task unless Sam provided some advice. Sam’s assistance directly connected to Frodo’s action. Also, Sam positively found the way and constantly carried their food and water. Compare to Frodo, Sam always full of hope, saving Frodo’s life from Shelob the great spider and Orcs. (Clark 46)

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Thirdly, Sam played an important role as one of the ‘ring bearer’. It may be suspected that Frodo is the protagonist because of the story mainly constructed around Frodo the ‘ring bearer’. Other characters also have heroic characteristics such as Gandalf, who saved people many time using his magical staff and Aragorn, who instructed people taking on leadership. However, the members of the fellowship of the ring were not ‘ring bearer’ except for Frodo and Sam. The main point was in particular, the quest from Shire to Mount Doom destroying one ring, so ‘ring bearer’ had great significance throughout this story. As mentioned former paragraph, Frodo could not fulfilled the task to ruin the ring without Sam, so both of Frodo and Sam should be regarded as ‘ring bearer’ in this quest. In fact, Sam took the ring when Frodo encountered Shelob the great spider and captured by Orcs, but surprisingly he did not show possessive of the ring different from some other characters who attracted by the ring. It is simply because that Sam attempted to carry out the task instead of his master Frodo. (Tolkien, The Return of the King) When Frodo exhausted and went down close to the goal, Sam said, “‘Come, Mr. Frodo!’ he cried. ‘I can't carry it for you, but I can carry you.’ ” (Tolkien, The Return of the King) Sam carried Frodo on his back and proceeded to destination. The quote shows Sam’s loyalty toward Frodo. Sam did not carry the ring for a long time, but same as Frodo, Sam felt responsibility. “Loyalty to Frodo is his first duty.”

(Clark 46) George Clark, the author of the book about Tolkien explained. Sam supported Frodo constantly having loyalty, in other words, he was a hidden hero.

Finally, J. R. R. Tolkien mentioned that Sam is the true hero. On 13 March, Tolkien received a letter from the person who real name was ‘Mr. Sam Gamgee’. Tolkien replied on 18 March 1956 as follows; “I can only say, for your comfort I hope, that the ‘Sam Gamgee’ of my story is most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic". (Tolkien, Letters 184) Tolkien treated Sam as ‘the most heroic character’, which have great influence on the story. Furthermore, Tolkien left other writings about Sam in a letter to his son Christopher Tolkien.

Sam is the most closely drawn character, the successor to Bilbo of the first book, the genuine hobbit. Frodo is not so interesting, because he has to be high-minded, and has as it were, a vocation. The book will probably end up with Sam. Frodo will naturally become ennobled and rarified by the achievement of the great Quest and will pass West with all the great figures but Sam will settle down to the Shire and gardens and inns” (Tolkien, Letters 65-66)

According to this quote, Tolkien obviously regarded Sam as the most important character than Frodo. Although Sam portrayed as a normal gardener at the beginning of this story, revealed his true nature as the story going on.

For these reasons, Sam is the highly significant character. His life experience fits characteristics of typical hero. Without Sam’s devotedly assistance, Frodo could not carry out to destroy the ring, this story did not exist. As J.R.R. Tolkien mentioned in his own writings, Samwise Gamgee is the most heroic character and true brilliant protagonist, who had great influence on the Lord of the Rings.

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Essays

WORKS CITED Carter, Lin. Tolkien: A Look behind "The Lord of the Rings" New York: Ballantine, 1969. Print.

Chichester, L. Chrustine. “Samwise Gamgee: Beauty, Truth, and Heroism in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings.” Pro Quest LLC. 2015. Web. 13 Jan. 2016 Clark, George. J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2000. Print.

Hodge L, James. "The Heroic Profile of Bilbo Baggins | Hodge | Florilegium." The Heroic Profile of Bilbo Baggins | Hodge | Florilegium. 1986. Web. 16 Jan. 2016.

Tolkien, J. R. R. The Fellowship of the Ring. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. Print.

Tolkien, J. R. R. The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of The Lord of the Rings. 2nd ed.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Print.

Tolkien, J. R. R. The Two Towers; Being the Second Part of The Lord of the Rings. 2d ed.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965. Print.

Tolkien, J. R. R., Humphrey Carpenter, and Christpher Tolkien. The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981. Print.

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WHY TOLKIEN CREATE SECONDARY WORLD A KI S HINODA The Lord of the Rings is one of the most famous works of High-fantasy literature in the world. There are many books which are written about The Lord of the Rings, and J.R.R. Tolkien was said that he wrote The Lord of the Rings because he wanted to create a mythology for England.

Tolkien decided to create The Lord of the Rings because the country having mythology, such as Greece and Norway, have a great influenced on creating national identity (Chance 1). I can accept the idea, Tolkien wrote The Lord of the Rings for creating mythology for England, easily but I think The Lord of the Rings is not just a mythology. Firstly, myth is thought that god’s story and there have a religious meaning (Purtill 1). From Oxford English Dictionary, mythology means “The symbolic or allegorical meaning of a fable” (Oxford English Dictionary). Although I do not think there are strong religious message in The Lord of the Rings. I think J.R.R. Tolkien wrote this story for three reasons. First, he wanted to use his own language, because he devoted his life to language (Hostetter). Second, he wanted to create not only just a mythological story but also a huge world that there are many historical elements in The Lord of the Rings. Third, he wanted to tell us the importance of morality and not to be greedy because greedy feeling lead a bad life. I will suggest in this essay the reason why I thought like this.

First, Tolkien had a great interest in language from his childhood. Tolkien’s mother taught Latin, French and German to Tolkien when he was a little boy. From this, Tolkien have become having interest in language. Tolkien learned many other languages, such as Welsh, Finnish and old Norse, during his school days (Hostetter). He really liked languages and this feeling let him make another world because he wanted to use his languages. He created more than ten languages, and these languages are used in The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien made Middle-earth, which is his own world for the stage of The Lord of the Rings, from sound and vocalization. In many stories, the beginning of the world is usually connected with lights, one example is Genesis. In Genesis there is a statement that “And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light (Genesis 1:3).”

Silmaril, another work of J.R.R. Tolkien, beginning with the creator capture the light from the Two Trees (Silmarils). From these two examples, the world which is made by music, is not common. Tolkien also thought that language creates humanity, and humanity create human’s mind of god worship, so language are very important things in the world (Baltasar 21). These points indicate that Tolkien is really addicted with languages.

Second, there are many mythological factors in The Lord of the Rings but also there are many historical factors. This time I focus on Aragorn, who is a king of Men’s country. Firstly Aragorn has some mythological points. Aragorn is a myth-hero. There are some points to be a myth-hero, and Aragorn covers all criterions. Many characters in mythology are made by this criterion, so there have common things among stories, but especially among them, King Arthur and Aragorn is so alike. King Arthur and Aragorn have three similar points. First, both King Arthur and Aragorn got their king position through their achievement of fight. Second, King Arthur and Aragorn have one wise wizard adviser. Third, King Arthur felt himself to be a king when he pulled out the sword, and Aragorn felt himself to be a king when he was given his grandfather’s sword. According to these three points, King Arthur and Aragorn are so similar, and this means that Aragorn has many mythological points. On the other hand, there also have historical points. Aragorn is similar to Charlemagne, who was a strong king of Britain. Aragorn

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and Charlemagne have three similar points. First, Aragorn and Charlemagne restart their ancient fallen empire. Second, both Aragorn and Charlemagne had a battle with east against east.

Moreover Aragorn united two Men’s lands, and Charlemagne united Western Europe. Third, Aragorn and Charlemagne crowned with a famous, ancient crown. From these three points, we can understand that Aragorn is similar to Charlemagne. Add to this Aragorn has important and traditional Britain’s thought of the healing powers of royalty. In the Lord of the Rings, Aragorn had a healing power, and this power is to cure disease by touch people. In Britain history, Queen Elizabeth and Charles were got a high reputation from this healing power. Therefore this healing powers of royalty is connected with Britain history. According to Charlemagne and the healing powers of royalty, Aragorn has a deep connection with historical factors (Noel 68-72).

Third, Tolkien put great emphasis on mortality in The Lord of the Rings. I focus on the island Númenor, which is a land of Men, and tell why I thought like this. Númenor was created

by God for a Men’s island, and Men lived happily. God advised Men not to go to west side of the island, because west side of island is undying land and nothing to do with Men. At first, Men followed the advice, but gradually Men were not able to satisfy with their mortality, and desired to have an eternal life. Then Men broke the promise with God, and because of this, the island was destroyed by the god (Noel 47). From this story we can understand that the island was destroyed by people’s greedy feelings. Númenor is similar to Atlantis, which was made by Plato. Númenor has similar with Atlantis not only geography and location, but also the way of decline of island (Noel 49). The important relation between these two islands is both were destroyed by arrogance.

Atlantis also destroyed by God for the people of Atlantis arrogance (Númenor).

According to these three paragraphs, I think J.R.R. Tolkien wrote The Lord of the Rings not just a mythology but also from many factors.

WORK CITED

Essays

Baltasar, Michaela. J.R.R. Tolkien A Rediscovery of Myth: the University Press of Kentucky, 2004. Print.

Chance, Jane. A “Mythology for England”?: the University Press of Kentucky, 2004.

Print.

“Genesis 1:3”: Web. 15 January. 2016 Hostetter, Carl F. “The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship”: Web. 15 January. 2016 “Mythology.” Oxford English Dictionary: Web. 9 January. 2016 Noel, Ruth S. THE MYTHOLOGY of MIDDLE-EARTH: the United States of America, 1997.

Print.

“Númenor – Tolkien Gateway”: Web. 15 January. 2016 Purtill, Richard L. J.R.R. Tolkien Myth, Morality, and Religion: Harper & Row, Publisher, San Francisco, 1817. Print.

“Silmarils – Tolkien Gateway” : Web. 15 January. 2016

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Integrated â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Class Journal

THE STORY OF GOOD AND EVIL IN THE LORD OF THE RINGS S HIZUKA U CHITAKE The Lord of the Rings was written by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1954. This book is the story of fight over the ring which has such great power that people who get the ring can become a ruler of the world. Sauron, who is the creator of the ring, tries to regain it to conquer the world. Main character, Frodo is told to take the ring to enemy country to eliminate it. So, he has a dangerous adventure with dependable companion. In the journey, they encounter a lot of troubles. To carry out their mission, they have to fight against their enemies. In this book, Tolkien treats good and evil as the subject. His idea about good and evil makes readers think how to act in their lives. In this essay, I write about how Tolkien thought and wrote about good and evil, and I will focus on the writer, C.S. Lewis, who had similar ideas about good and evil as Tolkien.

In Lord of the Rings, Tolkien describes good and evil while comparing them. Evil has the images of dark and bad smell in the book. The characters who are enemies for Frodo attack him in the dark and their territory is filled with bad smell. Furthermore, arrogance, which people treat as evil is described in the book. The most remarkable example is the ring. The ring has too great power, so many characters try to get it or keep it to become a ruler of the world. This ring is the symbol of arrogance, which every people have. Next, how Tolkien describes good in the book?

Good has the images of pleasure and light. Of course, light is the contrast with dark. There are some scenes which express good by using the image of light. For example, Golden Wood, forest of the elf is shine even night. And Tom Bombadil demonstrates the image of pleasure. This old man appears to help Frodo and often sings happy songs without meaning. In addition, he is not interested in the ring Frodo has. This is the most remarkable difference between him and other characters. He is expressed as the character that does not have arrogance. He is the symbol of good in the book.

Like this, Tolkien expresses good and evil by using contrasting images such as light and dark, pleasure and discomfort. But only contrast of the good and evil is not the subject of this book. Good and evil have the special relationship. So, I will pay attention to this relationship in this paragraph. In The Lord of the Rings, all characters are not divided into good and evil clearly.

Boromir, who starts on a journey with Frodo, demonstrates it. As I wrote before, the ring has great power, so Boromir suggests that they should use the power of the ring to fight for their enemies as follows.

I do not understand all this. Sauron is a traitor but did he not have glimpse of wisdom?

Why do you speak ever of hiding and destroying? Why should we not think that the Great Ring has come into our hands to serve us in the very hour of need? Wielding it the Free Lords of the Free may surely defeat the enemy. That is most he fears, I deem. Velour needs first strength, and then a weapon. Let the Ring be your weapon, if it has such power as you say. Take it and go forth to victory!

(Tolkien, Fellowship 350).

His idea is rejected by Elrond. He says that this ring drags a person into the way of the evil by all means. But Boromir cannot throw away the idea. At last, he tries to deprive Frodo of

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the ring to take it to his country. He is convinced that his idea is right, so he cannot notice evil inside him. He tramples on the will of others to carry out his will like Sauron. Boromir’s action is wrong, but it is for a good purpose to defeat Sauron. By describing Boromir, Tolkien indicates that all human beings may become a bad person. In addition, Tolkien thinks that Good needs evil as a premise. In the book, when Frodo hesitates to throw away the ring, Gollum tries to get the ring and falls into the volcano. This scene represents that Gollum’s evil brings good for Frodo. In the end of chapter, Frodo notices that he can throw away the ring because of Gollum. If Gollum did not try to deprive Frodo of the ring, Frodo would not throw away it. In addition, Tolkien thought that every people can have the choice for good or evil. For example, Frodo has two choices in the scene which I referred to before. Frodo can throw away the ring or keep it for him.

But he is defeated by the temptation of it. In this way, Tolkien describes the relationship between choice and the result which cause good or evil. This idea is very similar to Kant. He is a philosopher and thinker of German. According to Naruse, “Kant thought that people who have the freedom of choice can make good or evil.” (61). In other words, if people had no choice, there would be only one possibility.

As I wrote before, C.S. Lewis had similar ideas about good and evil as Tolkien, so their works have a lot of common points. Finally, I will write about how C.S. Lewis describes good and evil while focusing on The Chronicles of Narnia written by him. This book is a series of seven fantasy novels for children. Narnia is the name of the world of magic and animals which can talk with human. Main characters are transported from their world to Narnia, and have to fight to protect Narnia from their enemies. At first, I will focus on how he describes good in The Chronicles of Narnia. In the book, good has the image of pleasure like The Lord of the Rings.

There are many scenes which relate victory of the good to joy in The Chronicles of Narnia. For, example, “Then Bacchus and Silenus and the Maenads began a dance, far wilder than the dance of the trees; not merely a dance for fun and beauty (though it was that too)” (Prince Caspian 205).On the other hand, evil has the images of arrogance. Lewis treats arrogance in various scenes like Tolkien. According to Andou, “Lewis thinks arrogance as the most essential evil.”(Andou 50). People who have the arrogance can not reform himself because they continue affirming himself, so arrogance is thought as more fundamental evil than avarice, jealousy, and lust. How did he describe arrogance in his works? In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, which is the first published of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia, the witch is described as evil because of her arrogance. This witch keeps Narnia as a winter state to satisfy her arrogant greed. In addition, arrogance is described in The Magician's Nephew, which is the sixth published of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia. Andrew Ketterley, who is a magician, and Jadis, who becomes white witch appears in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, do not think about the sacrifice of others for their purpose because of their arrogance. Andrew thinks that he can do anything in order to obtain things he wants, and Jadis says “I was the Queen. They were all my people. What else were they there for but to do my will.” (The Magician’s Nephew 61). As I wrote, Lewis contrast good and evil by using different images. But, Lewis had the same idea that good and evil have the relationship as Tolkien. In The Magician's Nephew, main character, Digory Kirke visits Narnia by using wrong method made by Andrew, so he brings evil to Narnia. But, he can not save his mother without this process. In addition, he grows up through the mission which is given by Aslan. In order to grow up, he has to need the process that compensates for a crime.

What is more, in order to visit Narnia by using wrong method, Andrew’s wicked study is essential.

As Gollum’s betrayal makes Frodo throw away the ring, Andrew’s evil is a premise for Digory

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Essays

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Integrated – Class Journal

to go to Narnia and help his mother. That is to say, C.S. Lewis expressed mutual-dependence relation of good and evil in The Magician's Nephew.

As I wrote in this essay, The Lord of the Rings and The Chronicles of Narnia are the story of good and evil. Both Tolkien and Lewis pointed out evil inside human beings. But, as Frodo throw away the ring by Gollum’s evil, we make good from evil. So, we must believe in ourselves and make a choice without the regret.

WORKS CITED Tolkien JRR. “The fellowship of the ring”. The Lord of the Rings. London Harper Collins.

1999. Print.

Lewis, C. S., and Pauline Baynes. Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia. New York: Harper Collins, 1994. Print Lewis, C. S., and Pauline Baynes. The Magician's Nephew. New York: Harper Collins, 1994.

Print.

Naruse,Syunichi. “指輪物語” [ “The Lord of the Rings”] Minervashobo.2007. Print.

Andou,Satoshi “ ナルニア国物語 解読” [“The Chronicles of Narnia, Decoding”] Sairyuusha.2006. Print.

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Reaction Pieces

REACTION PIECES

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Integrated â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Class Journal

REACTION PAPER FOR THE HOBBIT AND THE LORD OF THE RINGS MOVIE A KI S HINODA I watched all the movie of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit are based on the book of J.R.R. Tolkien. Although the author is same and these two stories have a connection, The Hobbit story happened first then The Lord of the Rings, I felt different impression to each movie series.

I felt much traditional and mythical image at The Hobbit than The Lord of the Rings. First, one of the largest differences between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are there have dragon or not. When I think of fantasy story, the dragon occurred to me. I think this because I like Harry potter, and there is a dragon in Harry Potter. I also studied about Beowulf, which is said an oldest poem and the story of Beowulf is to have a battle with a dragon, so I paid an attention at the dragon.

Second, this story line is traditional king story. The Hobbit is the story that Thorin, a descendant of the fallen empire king, have an adventure to get back their land and to be a king. From the dragon and this kind of adventure story, I had a traditional impression to The Hobbit.

On the contrary, The Lord of the Rings series was novel to me. In this story, the one ring is so special, and most characters are suffered from it. At the last of the story Aragorn, a descendant of the fallen empire king, became a king. This is an important event and seems like traditional, however, this is not the main theme of this story, and this is a difference point from The Hobbit. The main theme of The Lord of the Rings is to destroy the ring. In The Lord of the Rings, the story of ring bearer is the one of the most important things.

According to these two paragraphs, I felt difference at two stories. On the other hand, I felt same message from the two stories, and that is not to be greedy. In The Hobbit, Thorin was about to be greedy and I think this point is put an emphasis in the movie. In The Lord of the Rings, many characters became to be a greedy and they are obsessed with the ring. The important thing in the two stories is that all the characters who became to be a greedy, they led an unhappy ending.

From this I thought these two movies strong message is not to be greedy. I like both stories, so I want many people to watch them.

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Autumn 2015

REACTION TO BEAT DOCUMENTARY: THE SOURCE Y URI S HIMOYAMA

Reaction Pieces

The Source: The Story of the Beats and the Beat Generation (1999) is a documentary film about the Beat Generation directed by Chunk Workman. This film includes many photos in the 1950s and early 1960s and interviews with a particular focus on Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs during their lifetime. They were the founders of the Beat Generation.

They have affected a range of popular culture as well as literature. This film also includes interviews with Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gary Snyder, Gregory Corso, and Ken Kesey. They tell us about the condition of that time. Furthermore, three famous actors play the big three (Ginsberg, Kerouac and Burroughs are the big three) in the film. Their famous works read by popular actors John Turturro, Johnny Depp, and Dennis Hopper.

It was good documentary, because the contents is very interesting and educational. At first I could not understand why the Beat Generation were popular. Their style made an unfavorable impression on me. Most of the Beats used a lot of drugs like marijuana and morphine.

Also they were addicted to alcohol and their works often focused on obscenity or violence. It is so strange and crazy that such peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s works were popular among young people. However, this first impression has gradually changed after watching this documentary. Thanks to this film I understood that they certainly build a generation and they were great founders. This film shows us the real conditions of their real way of talking and appearance at that time. I had a different impression to when I saw them in pictures and materials. In addition, it is a video that conveys the spirit of the age. Background music is good and contributed to bringing the atmosphere at that time. I like it very much. I became interested in the Beats and want to check other films about the Beat Generation.

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Integrated – Class Journal

ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST R IHO M ATSUNAMI One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1962) is one of famous works by written Kenneth Elton Kesey. He was a member of the beat generation. The beat generation is a movement which was carried by young people in later 1950s who led wandering life rejecting Western social system, sense of values, and traditional thoughts. In addition, they loved jazz music and drugs and broke down sexual taboos. This story was made into a film in 1975 and this film was one of the New Hollywood. After watching this film, I thought that the beat generation was embodied in this film.

The story is set in a mental hospital. The main character, McMurphy, whose nickname is Mac, is arrested because he committed statutory rape with an underage girl. He does not want to work hardly at a jail, so he pretends to be a man who has a mental problem and comes to the mental hospital. In the hospital, a chief nurse whose name is Ratched rules and patients do not have freedom and any rights. Mac rejects the rules which were established by Ratched and tries to change the patients to ones who can speak their mind and have rights to decide what they do.

At first, the patients want to keep obeying Ratched’s rules, but gradually they seem to want to live freely like Mac. Mac becomes to be friendly with Chief who is a Native American, and suggests escaping from the hospital together. However, on the night when he intends to escape, he holds a party at the hospital before he goes, and he sleeps over until Ratched comes there. Billy who is one of the patients commits suicide because Ratched knows that at that night he slept with a girl at the hospital and intends to tell his mother. Mac gets angry and tries to kill Ratched, so he is separated from other patients and receives lobotomy. Mac changes into a lifeless man because of lobotomy. Chief decides to run away from the hospital with Mac, however he is surprised to realize that Mac has changed since he was separated. Chief kills Mac and escapes from the hospital, and the story ends.

I think that Mac represents a young man who belongs to the beat generation and the mental hospital represents a society. Mac is arrested because committed statutory rape. In addition, he asks his friend to sleep with Billy who falls in love with the girl. This is connected with the beat generation’s aspect of love for sex. In addition, he rejects to obey Ratched and tries to change the hospital. In the hospital, nurses do not listen to patients and seem to ignore patients’ human rights. When patients do not obey the rules, they are taken to other place in the hospital and given electroshock therapy. In fact, in the far past, people who have mental problems are treated as criminals and sometimes they are killed or sent to a hospital. Moreover, hospitals sometimes use inhumane way such as electroshock therapy and lobotomy as a cure. From this I think that the hospital represents conventional thoughts of society. Mac tries to give other patients free and rights like people who do not have mental problems. He succeeds in changing patients, but finally he sacrifices himself and becomes a victim of the lobotomy. I think that it is a kind of irony. I do not know why Kesey killed Mac in the story, but I think that he tells us that sometimes we need a sacrifice when we want to change something conventional.

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It is said that writers in the beat generation were crazy, because they loved drugs and alcohol and had thought of free sex. Their works are difficult to understand and have obscene description. Before I watched this film, I had never been interested in the beat generation.

However, after I watched this film and thought about what is the message of this story by myself, I have become interested in the beat generation, because even though some works are difficult, I think that they have deep message. In my opinion, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975) represents a battle between young people who want to acquire free and their own rights and a society which is ruled by a ruler who has strong power.

THE BEAT GENERATION K AREN Y OSHIKAWA

Reaction Pieces

It is interesting to research about the Beat Generation and the Hippie movement. At first, I could not understand their crazy lifestyle, but now I may have sympathy with them because I thought their idea is similar to concern of today’s youth including me. All most all we are worry about our future and want to drop put the social system because of the pressure. So that I wrote about not only the Beat Generation and the hippie but also today’s youth.

It is so difficult for me to write essay. I want to improve my English and writing skill. It is very confuse to me citation and style of essay. Therefore, I want to more study about writing skill and style next semester.

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Integrated – Class Journal

MY REACTION TO THE BELL JAR M AYUKO I TO From reading the novel The Bell Jar, I was very impressed by two images. First is the strong image of dark depression. This is not just happy story, but has some serious and thoughtprovoking scenes. The main character lived in the society which is similar to the real 1950’s America, faced to the severity of the reality, and was depressed. The name of the main character is Esther Greenwood, and she has many similarities with the author Sylvia Plath. Both of them are gifted women, troubled with men in their life, and attempted suicide many times. At first reading, many readers probably interpret Esther as crazy person and found madness in her.

However in my opinion, it is wrong interpretation. She was in her right mind by the end of the story.

In the beginning of The Bell Jar, Esther is described as gifted, smart, and successful woman. Therefore, most of the readers will feel like “This is a success story of a woman” when they read the first part. However, the atmosphere of the story changes little by little. She left school, was send to mental hospital, and lived with many crazy people. In this scene, I was very surprised and disappointed because I felt pity for her because I thought her great efforts from her childhood to be adult were not rewarded.

My second strong image is the faint hope in the very last of the story. Through the life in the mental hospital, her condition getting better and she reached the date of leaving hospital. We can find the sign of her positive will for living from the description of the scene. In fact, this scene is the reason why I believe that Esther was in her right mind by the end of the story. In the last part, she looks very attractive woman, never crazy one. Same thing can be said in the case of the author Sylvia Plath herself.

Sylvia Plath is known to her tragic death. She attempted suicide several times before of her actual death. When Plath was 30 years old, she ended her life by herself. She had placed her head in the oven that gas turned on. We would see madness in this fact, but Plath was also in her right mind by the end of her life, I think. In fact, when she committed suicide, she did necessary things to keep her children from the danger. She left their children in the different room from her and sealed up the doors to protect them from gas or smoke. From these things, we can know that Plath had not lost her sanity in that moment. Probably she ended her life by herself not because of her madness or desperation, but gave up on the society that most of the women were shut in “bell jar”. However, she should have lived longer and left behind more masterpieces in this world, I think.

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Autumn 2015

“THE RAVEN” BY EDGAR ALLAN POE Y UKIKO A KAGI

Reaction Pieces

Edgar Allan Poe is an American novelist. Also he is a poet, editor of magazines and literary critic. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Actually, he did not know his parents well because his father left his family early and his mother died when he was only three. After his parents’ death, he lived with John and Frances Allan. Then he went to the University of Virginia and quit the university. After that he joined an army and then he worked as an editor. For example, “Annabel Lee” and “The Raven” are his famous poets. The Fall of the House of Usher and The Black Cat are also his famous novels.

I read his several poems and I like “The Raven” the best. In the poem, the raven says, "Never more." many times. The words "Never more." make me feel sad and dreary. Also, I noticed that Poe used the word “ebony” to describe the color of the raven. Usually, when we express the color of crows, we use the word "black". I think the expression makes many readers imagine the eeriness of the raven.

In the first scene, a man seems somehow sad. I don't know why he seems sad but the words “dreary”, “weak” and “weary" and the coldness in "December" creates sad atmosphere.

Furthermore, through the story, there are many expressions that I do not use when I write stories.

For example, I have never seen the word, “Tis”, which represents “It is”. In the 18 phrases in the last of each section, there is the statement ‘Quoth the Raven, “Nevermore”. ’. Also, the word “Quoth” is old English and the past tense of “say”. There are many old usages so I have some troubles to read the story. It is hard for me to read the story correctly.

The story is composed of 18 sections. Each section consists of five lines and one additional phrase. This poem is one story but there are 17 points that divide the story. I do not know why the author makes use of the method but thanks to the pauses, readers can understand and picture each scene. I feel that the passing of the time in the midnight of the story is very slow.

The man talking with the raven feels lonely and uncertain. In the chamber there is only he and outside of the chamber there is something scare. Until the 6th section, the darkness of midnight and nervous feeling of the man lasts. The mood changes in the 7th section. The raven appears.

Comparing the mien of the raven with the man, it seems that the raven is more mature. The man has many problems and his state of mind is fickle. In the last scene, the soul of the man is absorbed in the shadow of the raven.

It is the very curious story. It's hard to say that this is a fantasy. Also, it is hard to say that this is an allegory. There are many mysterious points of view so readers can imagine the sight of the poem freely.

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REACTION PAPER TO “THE EDGE” K EITO H AYASHI Sylvia Plath is the poet that is famous for her gruesome death-her strongest way to conclude her blackened life and express what is her life, in the other word, her identity. As for the latter, she does this ferociously and fiercely in her poems, which is represented by her anthology “Ariel” which has caught attention after her death.

I bought the anthology “Ariel” and I encountered with a lot of eye-opening poems such as “Daddy”, which is about her father Otto Plath and her desperation. From now on, I would like to focus on one of the poem which influenced me most beside “Daddy” and analyse what is the meaning. As for this, I would like to focus on her exquisite poem called “Edge” in two parts; her death and lifetime.

Firstly, in this poem, there is reference about her great ambition to death, which works with her lifetime. This really clears up Sylvia’s necessity for death to complete her own life and death is the purpose to achieve her identity-get the life that is really her. For example, “The woman is perfected Her dead” (80) really informs us that her purpose of death is to reshape her identity and have a farewell to her life, which is not qualifying her identity and her trauma has remained in its roots, originally unhappy. And the phrase “Body wears the smile of accomplishment” (80) reveals that she found her life from the smothering darkness. And this tells the only way to procure her identity and heal her bruised mind to be out of the bind from the execration “herself”.

Secondly, she has recollected her tremendous past in indirect way or sometimes direct way. There is some depiction that implies her lifetime, entangled with the emotional yammer claiming her death. For example, the stanza “She is used to this sort of thing. Her blacks crackle and drag.”(Plath, 80) is the ostensible phrase that can be seen. “sort of thing” (80) stands for one affinity in her tragic event in her life, which is the darkness, betrayal and insecurity about humanity and she succeeded to allude her past as a memoir by employing this techniquesintegrating all the essence of her blackened life into one and help readers find associate with one special trait in common ,which is questioning humanity. And she shows the result of her anguish in the sentence “Her blacks crackle and drag.”(Plath, 80) ,claiming her mind is demolished and ripped away and her life is kept alive even if her body is bleeding from her identity, in other words, she suffer from being who she is. So, also from this sentence, definite necessity for her death is ferociously emphasized in this poem, with the synergy to her life events. This patterns for the combination of the retrospect and the death will can be also seen in certain lines such as “Flows in the scrolls of her toga, her bare Feet seem to be saying; We have come so far, it is over.”(80) There is also indirect references to her death; she says “Each dead child coiled, white serpent, One at each little” (80) and “white serpent” (80) can be thought as the betrayal of Ted Hughes because white is texture metaphor of the immaculate, So she implies she has been experienced love and hate toward Ted Hughes, who smouldered his love to Sylvia and played round her. Other than that, there are much of references about her lifetime and it has the significant context to her death.

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For those reasons, this poem is the one which Sylvia just sticks with the explanation of heart-wrenching death and explained it in very graphic and painful ways than other poems such as “Daddy”, which mainly discusses hatred and fury toward her father Otto Plath and include less direct references about the definition of her death. This poem can be regarded as the memoir and the last word－two wheels that works only when they work together and activate the engine “her death”. She recalled her lifetime, the time she used to be living(maybe for her, she used to be dying) and simultaneously she proposes the conclusion of her life by dying－with the head vacuumed up into microwave oven, hellfire that tells the edge of her life.

WORKS CITED

Reaction Pieces

Plath, Sylvia. Ariel. London: Faber & Faber, 1965. Edition used. paperback ver. London: Faber & Faber, 2015. Print. 80.

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Integrated – Class Journal

CREATIVE WRITING

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Autumn 2015

THE WHY K EITO H AYASHI The Why in a cavity Hidden words in captivity From ancient tablet If there ain’t enough outlet To flash You hold your breath Just see the way How you float― Beneath the creativity That’s O.K. To bring back ascension Of your resolute mind And squash up into doggy back If you insist (though it can’t speak, it can tell emotion) I just followed what has been moving further I just followed what has been moving further I just followed what has been moving further

Creative Writing

It’s partially sad, but it’s just one side So we are getting this sensible rise

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Integrated â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Class Journal

THE HEIGHT AND GROUND K EITO H AYASHI Scuttle to the sun Where the retrospect is about to run So pull the nail out from my secret words Distill the flavor of apouring rain, healing natural wounds Finding the movement you will be able to be moved My head feels something hoofed, you know what I mean.

Staying where the sunset emerges Let the flamboyant light swallow you The best moment of your life Between the fence at that high And marshmallow crowds, the smothered ideal of city life (minor height will accompany, maintaining it rains) And life is sometimes slightly out of tune Crusted violin at the rubbish tip, the tide will be enthuaric to you.

COMMENT I got this idea from the landscape of Manhattan.

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Autumn 2015

SILENCE AT 5 P.M. K EITO H AYASHI Paid programming through the tubes The walls are connected within Hogsmeade narrative tunnels Only a concluding silence that is rolling our shadows up Bulb of the gaunt precuneus heaved from the crusted love If we lose literacy, that means nothing to us.

Sandals, level 5 parking lot in its perennial dream The flare of kindled life will be thrown out In the Kyoto-style revolving stage, yet unable to scream He lost his language, but he could be something to us, lights out.

In the rhythm of Jungle, combined canned meat to broadcast To do our radio, we play Guetta with kimono in deserted home “disco” outta Cisco The rhyme goes faster like post hardcore, but please don’t call it a fiasco Sykes will sing to rise from the deepest, But Kevin must have fluctuated That’s great for party night, tonight we be tha highlight What yo steelo, that is called for a real ……

COMMENT

Creative Writing

This comes from some music which combines novelty and chaos including their lyrics. I like to illustrate the fusion between Japanese culture and exotic essences. So I imagined Kabuki actors fascinating the audiences whose background is quite different.

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