Ian Bremmer at The Richmond Forum by The Richmond Forum

Ian Bremmer March 23, 2019

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A Geopolitical Survey: 2019 March 23, 2019

Opening program & National Anthem

The Analogue Republic

Opening remarks Bill Chapman Executive Director The Richmond Forum

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Mr. Bremmer

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Remarks

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Ian Bremmer

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Ian Bremmer is the founder and president of Eurasia Group, the leading global political risk research and consulting firm. A prolific thought leader, author, and lecturer, he is sought after by world leaders and corporations as an adviser on international risk management. Bremmer established Eurasia Group in 1998 with $25,000. Today, the company has offices in eight major cities and a network of experts and resources in 95 countries. Eurasia Group provides analysis and expertise on how political developments and national security dynamics move markets and shape investments across the globe. As the firm’s president and its most active public voice, Bremmer advises leading executives, money managers, diplomats, and heads of state. The creator of Wall Street’s first global political risk index, Bremmer is credited with bringing the craft of political risk to financial markets and for establishing political risk as an academic discipline. His definition of emerging markets—“those countries where politics matter at least as much as economics for market outcomes”—has become an industry standard. “G-Zero,” his term for a global power vacuum in which no country is willing and able to set the international agenda, is widely accepted by policymakers and thought leaders. Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers said, “[The] global political economy has no sharper or more prescient analyst than Ian Bremmer.” Bremmer was named a “Young Global Leader” at the World Economic Forum in 2007, and later founded the organization’s Global Agenda Council for Geopolitical Risk. In 2017, Bremmer and Eurasia Group launched GZERO Media, a digital-first media company dedicated to bringing smart analysis

and commentary to a young, educated audience hungry for substantive discussion of global issues. Its international affairs newsletter, Signal, is read in over 40 countries, and its GZERO World with Ian Bremmer video series also airs on select PBS stations. Bremmer also discusses the intersection between politics and markets in the media. He has written hundreds of articles for leading print publications, including TIME, where he is the foreign affairs columnist and editor-at-large. He appears regularly on CNBC, FOX, Bloomberg, CNN, the BBC, and other networks. He has published ten books, including the bestsellers Every Nation for Itself (2012), Superpower (2015), and his latest, Us vs. Them: The Failure of Globalism (2018). Bremmer earned a Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University and was the youngest-ever national fellow at the Hoover Institution. He teaches political risk as a global research professor at New York University. Bremmer grew up in the projects outside of Boston and remains a devoted Red Sox fan, despite now living in New York City.

i a n br em mer

Ian Bremmer

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Business leaders count on predictable electoral cycles and domestic peace when they calculate risk-reward ratios. In some countries, however, eruptions of violence or widespread labor unrest periodically disrupt commerce, and governments seem to sweep in and out with the seasons. Those events and many others fall into the category of political risk—the impact of politics on markets. Source: “How to Calculate Political Risk,” Ian Bremmer

What Is Political Risk? As described by Ian Bremmer above, political risk is “the impact of politics on markets.” For an international business or investor, political decisions or events in a foreign country could impact the ability of a firm to conduct business, or endanger physical assets or even the lives of employees in the area. That, in turn, affects the financial value of those individuals or firms and the markets in which they operate. Identifying and Navigating Political Risk Geopolitical analysts work to inform the business community and interested parties about global macro politics that could indicate future changes. In his article “How to Calculate Political Risk,” Bremmer describes political risk as being “composed of two elements: shock and stability.” Since he can’t predict “shock” events, like an earthquake in Pakistan or the Israeli Prime Minister suffering a stroke, he and other analysts focus on what they can track more easily: stability. Global Political Risk Index Ian Bremmer is credited for bringing political risk analysis to Wall Street through the Global Political Risk Index (GPRI) published by Eurasia Group. The index compares political, social, security, and economic factors to track stability in emerging markets. The GPRI helped establish Eurasia Group’s credibility among global political and business leaders and made the group, and its founder, a trailblazer in the discipline of political risk. Political Risk: An Academic Discipline Since 2013, Bremmer has taught as a global research professor at the New York University Stern School of Business to “challenge students to address the intersection between political science and the marketplace,” and engage the next generation of leaders.

iden tif y ing politic a l r isk

Identifying Political Risk

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Each January, the Eurasia Group releases a list of the factors that its analysts believe could impact global politics the most. The “Top Risks for 2019” range from unrest in developing countries to unstable international organizations to rises in populism and leaders with authoritarian tendencies. Here’s an overview of what Ian Bremmer and his team have highlighted for the coming months, and some of the geopolitical areas that he’ll discuss in more detail tonight: #1: The “Bad Seeds”

International institutions and relationships are on a negative trajectory.

U.N.

NATO

#6: Innovation Winter

Limited technological innovation around the globe due to national security, privacy, and intellectual property concerns.

G20 & G7

#2: U.S.-China Relations

Trust between the countries is on rocky ground after tense economic negotiations.

#7: Coalition of the Unwilling

A rise in world leadership that challenges existing global institutions will put strain on the international order. BOLSONARO PUTIN

#3: Cyber Gloves Off

An increase in sophisticated hacks will lead to more aggressive cyber-response from nations.

#4: European Populism

European populists and Euroskeptics will continue to challenge the validity of the European Union and continental cooperation.

ERDOGAN

NETANYAHU

KIM

BIN SALMAN

SALVINI TRUMP

#8: Mexico

President López Obrador will spend money the country MEXICO doesn’t have to address problems like poverty and security while consolidating executive power.

#9: Ukraine

Vladimir Putin will continue to pursue control of Ukraine in the midst of its critical elections this year: presidential on March 31st and parliamentary in the fall.

RUSSIA

UKRAINE

#5: The U.S. at Home

Political polarization and Washington infighting put strain on U.S. citizens and institutions.

#10: Nigeria

Nigeria re-elected President Buhari by 3 million votes in February. According to Bremmer, Nigeria avoided potential political unrest, but will “at best muddle through the next four years.” NIGERIA

w h at br e m m er’s watc hin g

What Bremmer’s Watching

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10 million

people around the globe are considered stateless: citizens of no country.

consecutive years of decline in freedom around the world, according to Freedom House.

$11 billion

lost during the U.S. government shutdown in December and January, according to an initial Congressional Budget Office estimate.

Life expectancy in Japan is now 84 years, the highest in the world. That has raised questions about how the country will pay for the healthcare needs of its aging population.

40%

youth unemployment in Saudi Arabia during the “Saudization” program implemented to bring young Saudis into the country’s workforce.

25%

support for Ukrainian comedian Volodymyr Zelensky in the March presidential election, over incumbent President Petro Poroshenko’s 19 percent.

5.39 million

children died before the age of five in 2017, down from 11.75 million in 1990 due to increased availability of medical care and reduction of poverty.

78%

of U.S. workers live paycheck to paycheck, according to a 2017 study. A survey by the Federal Reserve found that nearly half of American families couldn’t cover a $400 emergency expense without borrowing or selling something to do it.

16 million

Yemeni citizens—more than half the population— lack access to drinking water and sanitation in their war-ravaged country.

130,000

U.S. government jobs will be reduced or replaced by automation over the next decade.

86%

approval rating for Mexico’s new president, the left-wing nationalist Andres Manuel López Obrador. His policy of going after fuel thieves remains his most popular initiative.

64-fold

increase in the volume of data crossing international borders over the past decade, according to a McKinsey report.

2,000

minor parties, 24 state parties, and 7 national parties will be involved in India’s elections later this year, making for the largest and most complex political infrastructure in the world.

2.3%

percent growth of the Russian economy last year, beating IMF estimates.

Source: “Hard Numbers” from recent Signal newsletters, GZERO Media and Eurasia Group

“h a r d n umber s”

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Ideas from the works of Ian Bremmer

Stability

The J Curve A “J Curve” models a situation where an initial devaluation is followed by a rise in value that eventually surpasses the initial value. It is used in the fields of trade, private equity, medicine, and political science. Ian Bremmer adapted this curve to apply to the correlation between the stability and openness of nations in The J Curve: A New Way to Understand the Rise and Fall of Nations Openness (2006). The X-axis measures “openness” and the Y-axis measures “stability.” A country can be more stable because it is closed (the left side of the graph) or open (the right), and can fluctuate between levels of openness and stability along the curve, depending on its current political situation. The Challenges of a G-Zero World [This] is not about the decline of the West, because America and Europe have overcome adversity before and are well-equipped over the long run to do it again. Nor is it about the rise of China and other emerging market players, because the governments of these countries now stand on the verge of tremendous tests at home. Not all of them will continue to rise, and it will take much longer than anyone expects for those that emerge to prove their staying power. This is a world in transition, one that is especially vulnerable to crises that appear suddenly and from unexpected directions. Over the next decade and perhaps longer, a world without leaders will undermine our ability to keep the peace, expand opportunity, reverse the impact of climate change, and feed growing populations. Its effects will be felt in every region of the world—and even in cyberspace. Source: Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World (2012) The Failure of Globalism Reinvention of the social contract is going to be politically impossible in many countries for many years to come. The sense of crisis isn’t yet strong enough, because many globalists continue to profit from the system as it is, and walls of various kinds will protect them, temporarily, from real danger. Things have to become much worse, particularly for the winners, before they can become better for everyone else. This is the ultimate failure of globalism. Source: Us vs. Them: The Failure of Globalism (2018)

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Overview Ian Bremmer founded Eurasia Group in 1998 to “combine leading political expertise with timely and actionable insight for clients.” As consultants, Bremmer and his fellow analysts dissect global trends and tailor advice for clients in the public and private Eurasia Group: sectors. In a 20-year retrospective video about the firm, one By the Numbers analyst described its approach to political analysis as “not 8 offices about what it should be, but what it is and what it will be.” New York City, headquarters Eurasia Group began, as its name suggests, by focusing Washington, D.C. on emerging, former Soviet states in eastern Europe and San Francisco London western Asia. Over the past 20 years, the firm has grown into Brasilia a network of political experts and researchers in countries and São Paulo Tokyo economic sectors around the world (see right). Singapore The firm has also created strategy groups and 95 countries partnerships with investment firms to incorporate political risk analysis into more sectors and businesses. In 2016, Eurasia 4 continents Group worked with New York University to create the first executive education program in political risk, with Bremmer as a Global Research Professor.

GZERO Media Eurasia Group launched GZERO Media in 2017 to share their political expertise with a broader, more global audience and inform people—particularly younger people—about the important political news of the day. (Read more on the next page.) egX In 2018, Eurasia Group expanded its political advising into a new platform, egx, which it calls a “marketplace with a complete political risk solution.” The focus of egx is on data-driven analysis and tools to help its users make sense of the vast array of information gathered and presented by Eurasia Group analysts. Through this new platform, Eurasia Group works with big data and artificial intelligence firms; investment partners; business executives; and students, researchers, and experts alike to share critical information about global trends.

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GZERO World with Ian Bremmer is a weekly show aired online and on PBS in which Bremmer explains the key global stories of the moment, sits down for an in-depth conversation with the newsmakers and thought leaders shaping the world, and answers audience questions about the week’s news. The latest episodes include topics like the handling of Brexit, the political crisis in Venezuela, and President Trump’s relationship with former military leaders in cabinet-level positions. Signal is GZERO’s e-newsletter that dives into the day’s news through easily-digestible stories, infographics, “hard numbers,” and highlights of the developing stories that GZERO will continue to watch in the weeks to come. A recent edition of Signal puts Venezuela’s current economic crisis into historical perspective (right). Source: “How Bad Is Venezuela’s Collapse?”, Signal newsletter.

GZERO creates 60-second explainer videos on a daily basis: U.S. politics with Ben White of Politico on Monday; world news with Ian Bremmer on Tuesday; money with Sallie Krawcheck, CEO of Ellevest, on Wednesday; work with Adam Grant, an organizational psychologist, on Thursday; and tech with Nicholas Thompson, Editor-in-Chief of Wired, on Friday. Lastly, each episode of GZERO World with Ian Bremmer ends with a political satire show, PUPPET REGIME, with puppet versions of the world leaders making headlines: Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, Kim Jong-un, Angela Merkel, and more.

gzero medi a

Founded in 2017, GZERO Media is a subsidiary of Eurasia Group dedicated to “providing the public with intelligent and engaging coverage of global affairs.” Its programming is geared towards a digital-generation audience, using smartly-crafted videos and infographics to cut through the noise of today’s 24/7 news cycle and create broader and deeper understanding of the world.

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February 23, 2019

Dr. Sanjay Gupta Battle Scars: Medicine in Times of War and Disaster

In February, neurosurgeon and medical correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta addressed the connections between his two fields—medicine and media—and having to strike a balance between hope, optimism, and realism in times of crisis.

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Dr. Gupta shared stories from his years of reporting from some of the world’s crisis points—Haiti, Guinea, Iraq, and Japan—and answered audience questions on a wide range of medical topics.

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Staff Bill Chapman Executive Director / Producer bill@richmondforum.org Debbie Mangolas Director of Subscriber Services debbie@richmondforum.org Dee A. Raubenstine Director of Development & Sponsor Events dee@richmondforum.org Thomas Breeden Communications Associate thomas@richmondforum.org The Richmond Forum 110 South 15th Street, Suite B Richmond, Virginia 23219 (804) 330-3993 www.richmondforum.org

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Integrity, teamwork, client satisfaction and passion Our life experiences and unique backgrounds provide the perspective to start a dialogue that can make a difference. WestRock is proud to sponsor the 2018-2019 season of The Richmond Forum and we look forward to joining you for an evening of conversation.

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2 018 –2 019 pat r o n s

2018–2019 Patrons Lead Patron Altria Group Davenport & Company LLC Dominion Energy Genworth Financial Wells Fargo Host Patron Capital One Bank Hourigan Owens & Minor Troutman Sanders LLP YouDecide Producer Patron Boitnott Visual Communications Bon Secours Virginia Health System C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Foundation Covington Travel IBM Longwood University PartnerMD PwC SingleStone TowneBank Richmond TCV Trust & Wealth Management Union Bank & Trust Universal Corporation VCU Health VCU School of Business Foundation Virginia Cancer Institute Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia State University & VSU Foundation Williams Mullen Special Producer Patron Virginia Film Office HD Simulcast Room Patron Virginia Lottery Educational Patron Dr. & Mrs. W. Baxter Perkinson, Jr. Trinity Episcopal School Wells Fargo Foundation Media Patron Community Idea Stations WCVE-WHTJ-WCVW-88.9FM Music Patron Moore Cadillac Company Transportation Patron WINN Transportation

Sponsor Avenue 8 Advisors Buckingham Greenery, Inc. Cary Street Partners Mr. & Mrs. Langdon T. Christian IV Comcast Spotlight Cream Studio Deloitte The Fahrenheit Group Heritage Wealth Advisors HHHunt Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP Kaufman & Canoles, P.C. LeafSpring School Main Street Law Office Marks & Harrison McGuireWoods LLP MCV Foundation Montgomery Compliance Law PLLC Padilla PNC Bank Randolph-Macon College UDig University of Richmond WestRock Willis Towers Watson Workshop Digital Contributor 2nd Order Solutions Actuarial Benefits & Design ACG, Sandy Wiggins CEBCO, Inc. Cornerstone Realty Advisors EY goHappy Hoover & Strong, Inc. In Your Ear J.P. Morgan Chase Christine & David Klein Mary & Ted Linhart Markel Corporation Tissa & Bart Nasta Judy & Dave Pahren Mr. & Mrs. Thomas F. Samuel, Jr. SMART Resources Tredway Spratley & Janine Collins Westham Partners Friend Ralph & Judy Anderson B&B Printing Bob & Kate Beckler Mr. & Mrs. Roger L. Boevé The Brink’s Company Marge Connelly & Julie Christopher Drs. Trisha Krause & Sanjay Bhagchandani

Steven F. Glessner, MD & Virginia Schuster Paige & Philip Goodpasture Mr. & Mrs. William H. Goodwin, Jr. Thomas A. Grant Mr. & Mrs. Robert A. Mann The Martin Agency Mutual Assurance Society of VA Mary Ellen Pauli & Timothy Smith William Reinhart Lisa & Leon Roday Mary Beth & Jim Shannon Will & Lisa Sims Mr. & Mrs. James E. Ukrop VAMAC, Inc. Vanessa & James Wigand Supporter Agili PC Mrs. Dottie Amore & Ms. Andrea Amore-Clark Frazier & Brad Armstrong Sherrie & Gary Armstrong Ginger Bacon & Sallie Gillam Betty & Tommy Baer Betsy Bampton Melody Barnes & Marland Buckner Scott Blackwell Dr. K.C. Blaisdell & Sherry Stauffer Scott & Winn Bleicher Karen & Joseph Brower James Buzzard Linda & Dale Cannady Jeff Chapman & Katrina Dozier Kevin & Sheila Clasbey Kim B. Claytor Candace & Robert Cody Judy Collins & Joe Teefey Angela & Ted Cox Harold & Susan Cruse Cliff Culley Tanya & Brad Cummings Kimberly W. Daniel Stuart & Beth Daniel Carol & Frank DePew Mr. & Mrs. James E. Dillard III Kevin & Rachel Druff Ken Dye & Sam Seeley Nita & Jack Enoch Patricia Fields Whitney & Chris Forstner Steve & Susan Gaidos Mr. & Mrs. Robert B. Giles Marsha & Bill Ginther Maya & Stuart Glaser Nancy & Bruce Gottwald Mark & Linda Greer

Blair & Bill Martin Candace & Patrick Martin Dale & Clayton Mays Jerry McKinney Mike & Benita Miller Liz and Tony Mollica Kathy & Bill Monday Lindy Nevi, Asimina Fergusson, & Sharon Miller Mr. & Mrs. Christopher Nichols Amy & David Nisenson Nyfeler Associates, LLC Jeff & Paula Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Flaherty Laurie Petronis & Jeff German W. Paul Pitts Mr. & Mrs. William Pridgen Susan Prizzia Andi & Brian Redmond Tim & Daphne Reid Karen & Paul Reilly Robert Rhodes

Linda Rigsby Penn & Laurie Rogers Lori & John Ross Rick Schofield Janie & Maurice Schwarz Joseph Schwerer & Deborah Atkinson Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E. Schockley Leila & Kirk Spitzer Leslie Stack & Frank Rizzo Mr. & Mrs. Charles E. Stallings Geoffrey & Carolyn Stiff Dr. Kenneth E. Stoner Claiborne Terry Bobby & Marilyn Thalhimer Melodie Thigpen & Paulette Moncol Linda Warren Doug & Carol Wayne Siri & Kyle Wiggins Mr. & Mrs. Richard T. Wilson III

Thank you for your generous support of The Richmond Forum!

2 018 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2 019 pat r o n s

Dr. Ed Griggs Mr. & Mrs. A. William Hamill Dr. & Mrs. Thomas P. Harrison Michael Hayes Phillip & Ellen Marie Hess Jon & Trish Hill Jay Holloway Kathleen Holman Robert & Susan Horne Bobbie Hunt Lana McG Ingram & Dr. Tom Digges Linda & Kerry Keenan Bruce & Terri Kelley Jay & Janet Kraft Jeffrey Lacker & Lisa Halberstadt Nancy Langston Drs. Bernice & Wiley Latham LeafSpring School Raymond & Pamela Lepper John & Rhoda Mahoney Paul Manno

hanks to the generous support of Dr. & Mrs. Baxter W. Perkinson, Jr.,

students and faculty from Trinity Episcopal School have the opportunity to attend The Richmond Forum in a special program designed to connect the classroom, the community and current events. Trinity and The Forum are grateful to the Perkinsons for their continued support.

Coeducational • College Preparatory Grades 8-12 • Average Class Size: 14 Richmond’s First International Baccalaureate World School 3850 Pittaway Drive | Richmond, Virginia 23235 | (804) 272-5864 | www.trinityes.org |

@Trinity_RVA |

TrinityEpiscopalSchoolRVA

Trinity Episcopal School advocates service to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s community as an important aspect of individual character development and the creation of a strong community. These Trinity students, selected from the Schoolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Honor Roll, serve as pages for The Richmond Forum this season. Through their service, the students facilitate an exchange of ideas that broadens our understanding of the trends and issues shaping our lives and our community. Jillian Allen Caroline Benedetti Anna Black Lucy Bolin Sophie Bruns Alexandra Clark Lauren Coffey Mary Conklin Felicity Davies Marina Eichenberger Joseph Gaidos Abigail Gaidos Mathilde Gammino Rose Goodpasture

Nicholas Goradia Claire Gorey Owen Gorey Cabell Haneberg Shraddha Harikumar Riley Hogge Paloma Hoover Chloe Jepson Anna Kelley Brendan Kelley John Kenzakowski Lauren Kinslow John Larus Catherine Lee DeSouza

Gareth Lockwood Grace MacDougall Daniel Majikes Elisabeth Miller Lily Moghanaki Catherine Monaco Allison Moore Jessica Moore Meredith Orne McCall Phillips Lindsay Reedy Jay Sabharwal Madeline Schleicher Bryn Shannon

Lucie Speck Christian Sprinkle Clay Swinger Caitlyn Teal Jane Watt Morgan Williams Sofia Wolfe Emily Woomer

Elizabeth Kelley, Advisor Maria Bartz, Advisor Sarah McDermott, Advisor

s t u de n t page s

Trinity Episcopal School Student Pages

pa s t spe a k er s

Thirty-Three Seasons of The Richmond Forum 1987 January Ted Koppel February Hodding Carter and Larry Speakes with Paul Duke March General Brent Scowcroft with Diane Sawyer April Charles Kuralt 1988 January Oprah Winfrey February Jeane Kirkpatrick and Vladimir Pozner with Marvin Kalb March George Will April Art Buchwald 1989 January Sam Donaldson February Henry Kissinger with John Chancellor March William Buckley and Charles Rangel April Dr. Carl Sagan 1990 January Paul Duke, Howard Fineman and Charles McDowell February Frank Carlucci, George McGovern, William Proxmire and William Rusher with Bettina Gregory March Mike Wallace April Alistair Cooke 1 990–1991 October Chancellor Helmut Schmidt January Admiral William Crowe, General Alexander Haig and Robert McFarlane with Edwin Newman February H. Ross Perot March Art Buchwald and Andy Rooney April Captain James Lovell and Dr. Frank Drake with James Burke 1 991–1992 October Barbara Walters January PM Margaret Thatcher February General H. Norman Schwarzkopf with Larry King March Dr. Marc Micozzi and Dr. Victor McKusick with Patricia Cornwell April Mark Russell 1 992–1993 October Terry Anderson January Hiroki Kato and T. Boone Pickens February Dr. Joyce Brothers March Dr. Bill Cosby April President Mikhail Gorbachev with Cokie Roberts 1993–1994 November Senator Warren Rudman, Lamar Alexander and Dr. Marvin Cetron with Chris Wallace January Frank Capiello and Michael Holland with Louis Rukeyser February President George H. W. Bush March Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross April Bob Newhart 1994–1995 November General Colin Powell January Walter Cronkite February Dave Barry March Tom Clancy April Jack Kemp and George Mitchell

1995–1996 November PM Brian Mulroney and Ambassador Carla Hills January Neil Armstrong, Eugene Cernan and Dick Rutan with David Hartman February Calvin Trillin March Charles Kuralt April David Gergen, Pierre Salinger, Sheila Tate and Bob Woodward with Ed Bradley 1996–1997 November Carl Reiner with Dick Cavett January Paul Volcker with Ray Brady February Doris Kearns Goodwin and David McCullough March Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber with Sir David Frost April Marcia Clark, Philip K. Howard, Dr. Rodney Smolla and Kym Worthy with Prof. Arthur Miller 1997–1998 November Bill Moyers January Wynton Marsalis February PM Shimon Peres March Mary Tyler Moore April Peter Lynch 1998–1999 November PM John Major January Robert Bennett and Dr. William Bennett with Tim Russert February Harry S. Dent, Jr. and Lou Dobbs March Lily Tomlin April Dr. Robert Ballard and Jean-Michel Cousteau 1999–2000 November Julie Andrews January Todd Brewster and Peter Jennings February John Krubski and Michael Connors with Ray Brady March Archbishop Desmond Tutu April James Carville and Newt Gingrich with Tim Russert 2 000–2001 November Senator John Glenn January Tom Brokaw February PM Benjamin Netanyahu March Frank McCourt April Dr. William Kelso 2 001–2002 November Hal Holbrook January Rabbi Marc Gellman and Msgr. Thomas Hartman February Dick Clark March Doris Kearns Goodwin and David McCullough April Madeleine Albright and James Baker with Gwen Ifill 2 002–2003 November Ken Burns January Rudolph Giuliani February PM Benazir Bhutto and Queen Noor with Gwen Ifill March Louis Freeh April Senator Fred Thompson 2 003–2004 November Cal Ripken, Jr. January Robert Shiller and Jeremy Siegel February Candice Bergen March President Mary Robinson April Thomas L. Friedman

2012–2013 November Platon January Steven Spielberg, Tony Kushner and Doris Kearns Goodwin with Tim Reid February President Bill Clinton March Captain Mark Kelly and Gabrielle Giffords April Dr. Jane Goodall

2005–2006 November Robert Redford with Pat Mitchell January Sherry Lansing February General Colin Powell (Ret.) March Tom Wolfe April Rick Wagoner

2013–2014 November Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf and Maajid Nawaz with John Donvan January Dan Buettner February President George W. Bush March PM Gordon Brown April Steve Martin and Martin Short

2 006–2007 November Burt Rutan January Malcolm Gladwell and Alvin Toffler February B.B. King March Jim Lehrer April Dr. Jared Diamond

2014–2015 November Diana Nyad January Garry Trudeau March Ben Bernanke with Paul Solman April Dr. Daniel Levitin and Rosanne Cash May General Keith Alexander and Robert Mueller with John Donvan

2 007–2008 November President Vicente Fox January Carly Fiorina February Michael Douglas March Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. April David Brooks 2 008–2009 November PM Tony Blair January Reza Aslan and Jon Meacham February Smokey Robinson with Daphne Maxwell Reid March Terry Bradshaw and Howie Long April Marion Nestle and Michael Pollan 2 009–2010 November January March April May

Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson Greg Mortenson Steve Forbes Condoleezza Rice David Plouffe

2010–2011 November January February March April

President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Laura Bush Anderson Cooper Dr. George Church David Blaine

2015–2016 November January February March April

Michael Sandel Alan Alda James Balog PM Julia Gillard Russell Wilson and Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

2016–2017 November Nate Parker January Doris Kearns Goodwin and Jon Meacham with Steve Inskeep February Krista Tippett March PM Ehud Barak and Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei with Robin Wright April Ron Howard with Linda Holmes 2017–2018 November President Barack Obama January Glenn Close February Peter Diamandis March Ambassador Samantha Power April Joe Scarborough and Newt Gingrich with Mara Liasson

2011–2012 November Dr. Robert Ballard January Robert Gates February Quincy Jones with Tim Reid March Charles Krauthammer and Robert Reich with John Donvan April Sir Ken Robinson and Rafe Esquith

2018–2019 November January February March April

Captain Scott Kelly Tina Fey with Linda Holmes Dr. Sanjay Gupta Ian Bremmer Dr. Temple Grandin

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As a courtesy to others, please do not use your devices during the program. Thank you!

pa s t spe a k er s

2004–2005 November General Tommy Franks January Michael Beschloss and Walter Isaacson February Tim Russert March Dr. Fareed Zakaria April Frank Gehry

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NEXT AT THE RICHMOND FORUM

April 27, 2019

Dr. Temple Gr andin The Way I See It: A Personal Look at Autism and Aspergerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Temple Grandin is an international lecturer on autism, a professor of animal science at Colorado State University, a bestselling author, an autistic activist, a consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior, and an engineer. The subject of an Emmy Award-winning biographical film starring Claire Danes, Temple Grandin has also been listed in the TIME 100 list of the most influential people in the world. At The Richmond Forum, Dr. Grandin will share her insider perspective into how and why people with autism think and see the world differently.

www.RichmondForum.org

We are proud to partner with Autism Society Central Virginia to also present Dr. Grandin on Friday, April 26th at the Byrd Theatre. This will give a broader audience, especially those in Richmondâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s autism community, an opportunity to hear her speak.

For 33 seasons, The Richmond Forum has been bringing the biggest names in the world to Richmond, Virginia. BVC is proud to bring them to you in High Definition video.

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Planting expectations The effects of climate change can be seen up and down the coast. But whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s harder to see is how the planetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fluctuating temperature impacts us farther inland. The plants I study on the barrier islands of Virginia can tell us what else to expect as the planet gradually gets warmer. My name is Lauren Wood, and deciphering the mysteries of plants to understand our changing planet is how I challenge the norm. VCU is where I make it real. an equal opportunity/affirmative action university