Research :: Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Material Landscape Temperature Presentation

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson July 2015

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“Urban Heat Island” first identified in London during the early 1800’s First recognition that human activity was potentially heating up the environment Causes :: > Development of urban areas > Buildings, road, and other infrastructure replace open land and vegetation > Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson

According to the EPA, Urban Heat Island Impacts Include :: > Increased Energy Consumption > Elevated Emissions of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases > Compromised Human Health and Comfort > Impaired Water Quality Mitigation Strategies Include :: > Increasing tree and vegetative surfaces > Cool Pavements

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Leading the Way: The North Carolina Museum of Art A Series of “Firsts” :: 1924 - North Carolina State Art Society Formed 1947 - $1 million purchased the first art works for the people of NC The first major museum collection in the country to be formed by State legislation and funding 1983 - East Building opened at present day location on Blue Ridge Road 1988 - Museum Park master plan produced. Its 164 acres make it the largest museum art park in the country Today - The Museum Park serves as an extension of the Museum’s core mission and strives to strike a balance between “stunning landscape design and sustainable environmental standards” Museum’s Park Mission :: > A place that wants people. Living laboratory. Destination for environmental art, education and recreation > Museum significance as a vital cultural institution attracting and supporting a diverse range of visitors > Appropriate to use the site and assess the effectiveness of shade to reduce landscape material temperature > Collect reliable data to inform future development that is in harmony with human comfort and sustainability goals > While debate rages regarding whether UHI contributes to Global Warming, it is reasonable to measure temperature of surface materials and assess UHI in relation to human comfort levels

Introduction

“In many U.S. cities, pavements represent the largest percentage of a community’s land cover compared with roof and vegetated surfaces.”- EPA 2015 Annual Temperature Anomaly (˚C)

NYC Temperature Aug 2006 (increases dark to light)

NYC Vegetation Aug 2006 (increases light to dark)

0.75 0.5 0.25

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit NOAA National Climatic Data Center Japanese Meteorological Agency

0.0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature photo > NCMA Instagram

Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson

1890

1910

1930

1950

1970

1990

2010

“2014 brought the warmest temperatures in the modern instrumental record” - NOAA 2014 Urban Heat Island Effect

LAF Case Studies

•Temperature readings were taken using handheld laser thermometer on 4-7 surfaces •Two studies included shade but not over time •Some also compared ambient temperature Ellis, C. D., Kweaon, B., Alward, S., & Burke, R. L.Kresge foundation headquarters – troy, MI: Methodology for landscape performance Benefits. Landscape Architecture Foundation: Landscape Performance Series, , July 7, 2015. doi:August 2011.

Li, M., Dvorak, B., & Luo, Y.Park seventeen – dallas, TX: Methodology for landscape performance benefits. Landscape Architecture Foundation: Landscape Performance Series, , July 7, 2015. doi:August 2012.

Bellalta, M., Acker, A., & McGonagle, J.Erie street plaza – milwaukee, WI: Methodology for landscape performance benefits. Landscape Architecture Foundation: Landscape Performance Series, , July 7, 2015. doi:December 2013.

•Temperature Readings every hour surface and ambient temperature ~20 minute circuit four materials sun/shade condition each

Cho, L., Graham, M., Vergason, M., & Holmes, R.Thomas jefferson visitor center and smith education center at monticello., July 7, 2015. doi:2014.

Martin, C. A., & Co, K. R.George “Doc” cavalliere park - scottsdale, AZ: Methodology for landscape performance benefits. Landscape Architecture Foundation: Landscape Performance Series, , July 7, 2015. doi:August, 2014.

Literature

•Time Lapse Video

•Measurement Locations 1 Asphalt

ge Rd Blue Rid

Yang, B., Zhang, Y., Blackmore, P., Mendenhall, A., Culbertson, K., & Egan, S.South grand boulevard great streets initiative – st. louis, MO: Methodology for landscape performance benefits. Landscape Architecture Foundation: Landscape Performance Series, , July 7, 2015. doi:2012.

•Saturday, July 25, 2015 6:00am - 3:00pm

2 Concrete 3 Gravel

Reedy Creek Rd

4 Vegetation Raleigh iMaps, 2015

Time Lapse

Methodology

FLIR E4 Infrared Thermometer Camera A thermal camera that captures thermal variances and visible light images using a new

NOAA Hi Def Radar for iPhone Weather App measured humidity and ambient temperatures from RDU.

MSX feature. The result: an all-in-one thermal picture with numbers, labels, and other

“Soil Master” Moisture, Light and pH Meter Used to measure light levels in both sun and shaded areas.

structural features intact so you’ll instantly recognize where the heat issue is.

FLIR Intech Laser Thermometer A non-contact, instant read thermometer. A laser light feature can pin-point precise

Brinno Time-Lapse Camera

areas for measurement.

For time lapse photography of the site.

Airguide Barometer / Thermometer Used to measure ambient temperature

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson photo > NCMA Instagram

Instrumentation

NYC Vegetation Aug 2006 (increases light to dark)

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson

photo > NCMA Instagram

Research Findings

°F

in sun

138° max

125°

Reflectivity

100°

-

in shade

86° max

75° 50°

Asphalt

ambient temperature 6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick obb + eth aragan +

ana

ibson

Results

°F 125°

125° max

100°

in sun in shade

Reflectivity

-

93`° max

75° 50°

Concrete

ambient temperature 6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick obb + eth aragan +

ana

ibson

Results

°F 125°

123° max

100°

50°

in shade

91° max

75°

in sun

Natural Surface Gravel Aggregate Reflectivity

-

ambient temperature 6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick obb + eth aragan +

ana

ibson

Results

°F

Vegetation

125° 100°

99°max

75° 50°

in sun

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

-

in shade

82° max

ambient temperature

Reflectivity

1:00

2:00

3:00

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick obb + eth aragan +

ana

ibson

Results

°F 125°

56°range

43`°range

Temperature Range

by Material and Sun Condition

43°range

100° 14°range

75° 50°

In Sun

In Shade

Asphalt

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson

18°range

In Sun

In Shade

Concrete

21°range

In Sun

Gravel

In Shade

23°range

In Sun

15°range

In Shade

Vegetation

24°range

Shaded materials remain close to ambient temperature

Ambient Temperature Results

Strategies :: > Increase tree & vegetation coverage > Install green & high reflectance roofs > Reduce impervious cover > Shade paved surfaces > Use permeable materials when possible > Use materials with high solar reflectance Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson photo > visitnc.com

> Opt for “cool� material choices in pavement and roofs Urban Heat Island Mitigation

SITES v2

Limitations ::

Further Research ::

> Limited amount of time for preparation and data gathering

> Increase variety of materials

> Did not study levels of shade

> Observe and record human gathering areas and assess

> Reflectivity ratings were based on standard specifications

> Investigate amphitheater seating

> The thermal camera malfunctioned potentially impeding data collection

> Investigate alternative materials/finishes for seating

> The sky turned cloudy and prevented further data collection Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature photo > smith-miller + hawkinson architects llp

Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson

Limitations and Areas of Further Research

THANK YOU

Effectiveness of Shade to Reduce Landscape Material Temperature Rick Cobb + Beth Faragan + Juana Gibson July 2015

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