Parallels in History | History of Architecture | Academic Portfolio

PORTFOLIO 2

0

2

Semester

1 Four

H i s t o r y o f Architecture

II

Faculty - Riddhi Shah Teaching Asst. - Manasvi Samani B.Arch | IPSA 2021

Copyright© IPSA-Rajkot, 2021 Disclaimer Individual contributions are the copyright of respective authors.

Images are the copyright of respective creators unless otherwise mentioned as a source.

The work contained herein is a part of explorations by the students and hence the work must be seen in the light of the exercises given by the faculties. While preparing this portfolio, every effort is made to ensure that due credits are given to the sources. This compilation is solely for academic purposes only.

All rights reserved. No part of this document can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any means like electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise without prior written permission or authorization of Principal, IPSA - Rajkot.

The report is compiled and designed by Manasvi Samani with the guidance of Riddhi Shah.

Graphic by: Manasvi Samani

II

“The History of Architecture is the History of the Struggle for light.”

-Le Corbusier

C o n te n t Fa c ul t y Te a m.. .... .........................................6 Lis t of S t uden t s............................................7

C o urs e Pe da gogy Abo ut th e S u bje c t........................................8 O ve r v iew o f t h e S emester............................10

Mod ul e I: H indu Te mpl e A rc h i te c t ure In trod uc to r y E xe rcise.................................12 P re s e nta t io n o n Te mp le Arc hitec t ure.............18 Do c umen ta r y by Ad am Hard y on E volu tion of Temple A rc h itec t ure....................................20 Mi nor E xe rc i se I .. ............................... ........21 Major E xerc ise I .................................. .......22 VI

Mo dule II: G re e k a n d Ro ma n A rchi tecture Do c umen ta r y o n G reek O rd ers......................28 P re s enta t io n o n Ancient G reek C ivilization.....29 P resenta t io n o n Roman A rchitec t ure..............30 Mi nor E xe rc i se II........................................31

Mo dule III: Ea r ly C h r i st ia n, B y zanti ne, Romane s q ue a nd I sl a mi c A rc hitecture I nt rod u c t i o n

to

Time

P rob lem:

M id-term

A s s i g n m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 4 Ma jor E xe rc i se II.........................................3 5

S tud e nt’s Feedbac k...................................41 VII

Faculty Team

Riddhi Shah Core Faculty

Manasvi Samani Teaching Assistant

6

Students A 0119 ASTHA

A 1819 MANA

A 3519 MILAN

B 5319 BHAVI

A 0319 SHIVAM

A 1919 VISHA

B 3619 KASHYAP

B 5419 AVANI

A 0419 HIMADRI

A 2019 MAITRY

B 3719 MEET

B 5519 PRIYANSHI

A 0519 VATSAL

A 2119 MAYANK

B 3819 HEMATRI

B 5619 HEMANG

A 0619 SIDDHI

A2219 HARDI

B 3919 PARAM

B 5719 RUSHI

A 0719 SAHAJ

A 2319 YASH

B 4019 VIVEK

B 5819 NISARG

A 0818 JIGAR

A 2419 RUCHI

B 4119 DARSHAN

B 5919 PAYAL

A 0819 VIRAL

A 2519 VIRAJ

B 4219 VEDANSHEE

B 6019 SMIT

A 0919 FALGUN

A 2619 MANAN

B 4319 MAITRI

B 6119

A 1019 JAHNVI

A 2719 ANJALI

B 4419 SAVAN

B 6419 KINA

A 1119 GAURAV

A 2819 ISHA

B 4519 VAIBHAV

B 6519 RAHUL

A 1219 SOHAM

A 2919 JUHI

B 4619 HARSHIT

B 6619 DHRUVI

A 1319 AAYUSHI

A 3019 SIDHPARA

B 4819 KUSH

B 6719 VISHAL

A 1419 TULSI

A 3119 ARTH

B 4919 RUTA

B 6819 RINKAL

A 1519 RITU

A 3219 KAUSHAL

B 5019 KRUTAGNA

A 1619 DHRUVI

A 3319 NIRALI

B 5119 NIYATI

A 1719 KHUSHI

A 3419 YASH

B 5219 PALAK

AKSHESH

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C ours e Pe d a go gy About the Subject Intent: To equip students with the historical evolution of spanning and the styles in architecture across the globe.

To establish a connection between religion and architecture and show how the concepts and beliefs have been manifested in a tangible form.

Content: 1. Architecture of the Indian sub-continent

Hindu Temple Architecture (Later Phase), Step-wells, Forts and Palaces - I, Early Islamic Architecture

2. Architecture of the Western World

Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic Architecture, Islamic Architecture

3. Canonical Texts – Mayamatam, Manasara, Shilpa Shastra, The Ten books of Architecture 4. Medieval Cities and its planning

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Methodology: Participatory and Non-Participatory sessions Individual as well as Group Exercises

Readings: 1. Indian Architecture: Buddhist and Hindu Period by Percy Brown 2. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture by James Fergusson 3. The History of Architecture in India – Christopher Tadgill 4. The Guide to the Architecture of the Indian Sub-Continent – Takeo Kamiya 5. The Hindu Temple – George Mitchell

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Overview Module I

Module II

Week

Week

1 -9

Hi nd u Te mpl e A rchitecture

10-14

G reek and Roman C

Buddh i s t , G re e k an

Purpose: Detail investigation of various styles and characteristics of Indian Temples.

Purpose: Introduction to the c Rome (Beginnings of Forma Retrospection into the journe

Tools: Mapping, Annotated Glossary, Word Search Puzzles, Presentations, Documentary screening, Readings and Analysis of Building through Graphical Representation.

Tools: Presentations, Docu Class assignment and Discu

Module III Week

15 -1 7

C iv i li sa ti o n a nd C ompa riso n between Hindu,

Ea rly C h ris tia n, By za ntine, Ro ma nes q ue &

nd Ro ma n S ty l e s of Te mples

Ea rly I s la mic Arch itecture

civilisation and architecture of Greece and al Architecture in the Western world.) and ey of learning History of Architecture.

Purpose: To look at the Evolution of Architecture in the Western world.

umentary screening, Readings, Surprise ussions.

Tools: Presentations, Documentary screening and Discussions.

Module I Introductory Excercise: Trip to India Excercise Brief: The was a Warm up exercise for the students to get engaged with the subject. The exercise was designed to make students familiarise with the various styles of Indian Temples before starting the course. It was divided in 3 parts: First solve the Word Search Puzzle, then write the definitions for each word that was searched and then locate it in the Map of India. This helped them in knowing what will be learnt in the coming weeks.

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History of Architecture-II

Document shared with the students:

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Course Conducted By:

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Hindu Temple Architecture

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

Course Coordinator- Ridhhi Shah Team- Jill Gajera, Devashree Jadeja Mentor- Prof. Punita Mehta HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

Course Conducted By: RS, JG, DJ

Mentored By- PJM

HOA II

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

Course Conducted By: RS, JG, DJ

Mentored By- PJM

Puzzles created via http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/WordSearchSetupForm.asp

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History of Architecture-II

Student’s Work 1st Part of the exercise - Architectural Styles of Indian Temples ARCHITECTURE STYLES

CHOLA : - Constructions are situated in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.

- 3rd century BCE - 1279 CE. - Temple style : Dravidian architecture.

- King Rajaraja Chola constructed the Brihadisvara Temple in 10th century A.D., designed by the famous architect Sama Varma. The Cholas were great patrons of art, during their reign, as a result, the most magnificent temples and exquisite bronze icons were created in South India - Chola temples can be categorised in two groups – Early Temples and Later Temples, early temples are influenced with Pallava architecture while later have Chalukya influence. Temples were surrounded by high boundary wall unlike Nagara. The top is in the form of stepped pyramid, popularly known as Vimana.

- There are three great Chola Temples of the 11th and 12th century, the Brihadisvara temples of Thanjavur, the Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram, and the Airavatesvara temple at Darasuram

Plan of brihadeshwara temple

Section of brihdeshawara temple

Fig 1. Kush Kalavadia

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PALLAVA: -Pallava dynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, - ruling a portion of southern India.

-The earliest monument of Mahendravarman was - Mandagapattu rock cut temple which was a single -rock cut temple built without any wood, brick or -metal. It is located near Villupuram in Tamil Nadu.

-This temple has the icons of large Dwarapalas which -later became a characteristic of almost all south Indian temples.

VASTU –SASTRA: Vastu shastra (vāstu śāstra - literally "science of architecture") is a traditional Indian system of architecture originating in India. Texts from the Indian subcontinent describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry.

YAJMAN: -An employe of priests at sacrifice,person institutes its perfomance, and pays the expence of it.

-A patron, A host.

History of Architecture-II

TAKSHAKA -Takshaka was a great Nagaraja who was mentioned in the Indian epic, Mahabharatha. He was known for his great powers, knowledge and wisdom. He gained a lot of popularity among other NAGAS. He is the friend of the Lord Indra.

SHORE TEMPLE

Fig 2. Payal Parmar

NAGARA: -Architecture style North Indian Temple Style - In North India it is common for an entire temple to be built on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. ... While the earliest temples had just one tower, or shikhara, later temples had severall.The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower. There are many subdivisions of nagara temples depending on the shape of the shikhara -In Nagara style, the Shikhara remains the most prominent element of the temple and the gateway is usually modest or even absent. In this style, temples have elaborated boundary. In this style, boundary has less emphasised. In this style.

PALLAVA: -Pallava dynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, - ruling a portion of southern India.

-The earliest monument of Mahendravarman was - Mandagapattu rock cut temple which was a single -rock cut temple built without any wood, brick or -metal. It is located near Villupuram in Tamil Nadu.

-This temple has the icons of large Dwarapalas which -later became a characteristic of almost all south Indian temples.

PANDYA: -Pandya architecture includes both rock-cut and structural temples.

The early rock-cut temples have monolithic vimanas. The structural ones are small stone temples and have all the features of bigger temples i.e. vimana, mandapa and sikhara.

Shore temlpe

STHAPATI: -The sthapati, “master-builder”, who possesses the highest “theoretical” knowledge , is the head of the guild.

-He is capable of overseeing and directing all construction, passessing an “intuitive foresight so as to be able to calculate and decide everything quickly”. He is, thus, the guru, teacher.

TAKSHAKA -Takshaka was a great Nagaraja who was mentioned in the Indian epic, Mahabharatha. He was known for his great powers, knowledge and wisdom. He gained a lot of popularity among other NAGAS. He is the friend of the Lord Indra.

Meenakshi Amman TempleMadurai Kandariya Mahadev Temple

Sūtragrāhin : the architectural student

Vastu Purusha: Vastu Purusha is the god for construction of structures and buildings. ... The Devtas suddenly caught the person and threw him below with his face down, and whichever part of the body of the person was held by different Devtas, the Devtas became presiding deities of that part of the body.

"You will be known as `VASTUPURUSHA'. You will tease the people who construct buildings and temples, dig wells and tanks on the side towards which you see and in the direction towards which you hold your feet, to your heart's content.

You may trouble and even devour those people who construct the aforesaid buildings and temples etc. in the direction where you lay your head and back and those who lay foundation stone without worshipping you or without satisfying you with `Homa' and the like.

Then the Vaastu Purusha was quite satisfied. Since then the worship of Vaastu-Purusha has been in vogue and it has become compulsory for those who want to construct any kind of building. " VASTU –SASTRA: Vastu shastra (vāstu śāstra literally "science of architecture") is a traditional Indian system of architecture originating in India.

Texts from the Indian subcontinent describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry.

VESARA: Vesara is one of a number of terms for a distinct stylistic tradition of Indian Hindu temple architecture primarily used in the Deccan, parts of North India and Central India, between the Vindhyas and the river Krishna - The Vesara style (if defined as beginning only with the Western Chalukyas in the late 10th-century) contains elements of both Dravida and Nagara styles. In particular the shape of the superstructure over the sanctum is usually pyramidal in profile, and shorter than the northern shikhara towe Chenna-Keshava temple

YAJMAN: -An employe of priests at sacrifice,person institutes its perfomance, and pays the expence of it.

-A patron, A host.

VARDHAKI: -vardhaki, knows the Veda, and being the “increaser”, knows to assess the assembly of the superstructure, measuredly cut the building blacks and assemble them.

YANTRA: -A geometrical diagram or any object bused as an aid to meditation in tantric worship.

-Yantra literally means loom, instrument or machine. In actual practice, a yantra is a symbol which represents aspects of the divine, such as the Mother Goddess or Durga. It is made of interlocking geometric figures, circles, triangles and floral shapes that form a patter - Generally, we have 56 Yantras and they have miracle benefits.

Fig 3. Jahnvi Garaniya

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History of Architecture-II

2nd Part of the exercise - Architectural Elements of Indian Temples ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT

HOA II

Course Conducted By:

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Fig 4. Payal Parmar

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

JAGATI- In Hindu temple architecture, the jagati is the raised surface of the platform or terrace upon which some Buddhist or Hindu temples are built.

Adisthana - the decorative raised platform on which a temple is built Ambalam- It is a stone disc like structure at top of the temple. It is usually found in North Indian Temples and is believed to represent the deity of the temple.

Antarala - an antechamber to the inner sanctum or garbhagriha of a temple.

Ardhamandapa - a temple portico serving as an entrance porch.

GUDHA MANDAPA- The temple consists of a sanctuary with a closed adjoining hall (gudha mandapa) and an open pillared mandapa, all aligned to the east and built on a stepped plan. In the gudha mandapa the tall and elaborate pillars are arranged to form an octagon.

JANGHA- Jangha / Pada are the walls of the temple which join the entablature to the socle and plinth KALASHA-Hindu temples typically have Kalasam at the top of temple towers. These Kalasams in the form of inverted pot, with pointed head facing the sky, is one of the prominent symbol of temples.

LATINA- Latina or Rekha Prasad is the most common type of northern Indian shikhara (tower or spire on top of a shrine), whose form is a single slightly curved tower with four sides of equal length, thus square in plan.

Bhogamandapa - a hall in Orissan temples which is used for consecrated food preparation and distribution.

MANDOVARA-Above the basement (pitha) rise the walls to the garbhagruha in the temple. The side of the walls is straight in its ground plan and plain in its elevation, though it is occasionally relieved by niches in its middle. The outer side of the wall, technically known as mandovara is usually decorated with various sculptures in the form of panels and figures.

Garbhagriha - meaning 'womb-chamber,' the small windowless room that is the main shrine of the temple, usually containing a representation or symbol of the principal deity.

MULLAPRASAD- Central Main Shrine is called "Mula-prasada," its interior is Garbagriha" (sanctum).

Gopuram - a monumental gate tower of Dravida temples.

Jagamohana - the mandapa or entrance hall of an Orissan temple.

Mandapa - a columned hallway which leads to the garbhagriha or inner sanctum

PITHA-The pithas are places where believers can interact and communicate with the manifest deity, and taken together they represent the Goddess's body on earth, as well as a symbol of the unity of all the various temples.

PRASADA- Mahaprasada in hinduism, similar to the langar in sikhism, is the consecrated food offered to the deity in the temple which is then shared and eaten by the masses without discrimination.

TORANA-Indian gateway, usually of stone, marking the entrance to a Buddhist shrine or stupa or to a Hindu temple.

VAHANA-It is a raised platform for sitting and praying and is common in North Indian temples.

Ratha - a projection on the exterior wall of a Nagara temple; there are typically seven on each side. Also the name for the chariot of the sun god Surya which sun temples represent via spoked wheels on the outer walls.

Fig 5. Kush Kalavadia

YANTRA- A geometric diagram, or any object bused as an aid to meditation in tantric worship.

Fig 6. Jahnvi Garaniya

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HOA II

Course Conducted By:

Semester IV, IPSA Rajkot

Semester Four

History of Architecture-II

Mentored By- PJM

RS, JG, DJ

Fig 7. Jahnvi Garaniya

BADRINATH KEDARNATH

MATHURA RANAKPUR ABUU

VARANASI

NATHDWARA

MODHERA PATAN GIRNAR

UJJAIN

PALITANA

ELLORA

SANCHI

SUPEDI KONARK SUN TEMPLE BHUBHANESWAR PURI AIHOLE BADAMI HAMPI PATTADKAL

TIRRUVANNAMALAI SRIRANGAM

KANCHIPURAM

MADURAI

TANJAVUR RAMESHWARAM

Fig 8. Kush Kalavadia

Fig 9. Himadri Chhatbar

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Presentation: Hindu Temple Architecture Presentation Brief: The presentation focus was to do a detailed investigation on Temple Architecture of India. Evolution of the Temple Architecture, Architectural styles, Architectural elements and various examples of Indian Temples were discussed in detail via presentation.

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Few Presentation slides that were discussed with the students:

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Documentary: Evolution of Indian Temples by Adam Hardy Documentary Brief: The documentary discusses the diverse tradition in Indian temples and the patterns of the ways it got developed, how sequentially each form was derived and got its style, what are the principles that Temple Architecture follows and what are the architectural elements seen in these styles.

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Minor Exercise I: Notes Taking Exercise Brief: Write your own understandings while watching the documentary and submit the notes after the session.

Fig 10. Avani Mavani

Fig 11. Dhruvi Kotadia

Scanned by CamScanner

Fig 12. Himadri Chhatbar 21

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Major Exercise I: Architecture of Indian Temples Exercise Brief: The intend of the exercise was to make students learn a method of analysing a building and start recognising various styles through its elements, scale and proportion. An Individual had to select a Temple from the given list and analyse them with the parameters stated in the list. The representation method was left open for them to explore and create their style for making sheets. The parameters given were: 1. Orientation 2. Organizational principles for spatial narratives (Principles of Design and Type of form) 3. Degree of Enclosure (Open/semi-open/closed) 4. Movement and circulation spaces 5. Scale and Proportions (application of Vastupurushamandala to plan, dimensionality - relation of part to whole) 6. Identification of Spatial and Building Elements (Show though exploded section/plan) 7. Construction Material and Details 8. Light and Shade 9. Iconography (Basics) 22

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Student’s work

Fig 13. Himadri Chhatbar

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Fig 14. Viral Patel

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Fig 15. Isha Sapariya

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Fig 16. Harshiit Jadav 26

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Fig 17. Priyanshi Mehta 27

Module II Documentary: Greek Orders Documentary Brief: The documentary discussed about the Greek orders, types of orders, how it was evolved, what were its characteristics, where and how it is used. It helped in making the students understand the overall scenario when these orders were evolved and how it was practiced in the building. Also, it talks about what are its scale and proportions, the slenderness ratio of the column and how these orders varies from each other.

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Presentation: Ancient Greek Civilization Presentation Brief: The presentation discusses how the greek civilization and its architecture had evolved. What are the various phases and what does it phase defines? It talked about various Greek buildings which were the epitome of the Greek Architecture and gave brief details about how the building is. It also discussed about the Greek orders briefly and what are the elements in the particular kind of order.

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History of Architecture-II

Presentation: Roman Architecture Presentation Brief: The presentation talks about declination Greek and rise of Rome, what were the gaps in Greek architecture and how did Rome addresses that. It lead to Roman inventions, new engineering techniques came into the practice which developed the Roman Architecture. Few famous buildings were also discussed of the Roman architecture of that time.

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Minor Exercise II: Notes Taking Exercise Brief: A documentary on Roman Architecture was shared with the students and they were supposed to take notes of the same as an assignment for this topic.

Fig 18. Ritu Khunt 31

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Fig 19. Kush Kalavadia

Fig 20. Priyanshi Mehta 32

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History of Architecture-II

Fig 21. Viral Dholariya

Fig 22. Juhi Sheth 33

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History of Architecture-II

Major Exercise II: Time Problem Exercise Brief: The exercise was intended to make the students aware about the difference between various architectural styles and what makes this style as a whole. Sanchi Stupa and Parthenon were the two structures that were given to compare with reference to its form. And then they were asked “ What is order?” (explain with reference to Hindu Architecture and Greek Architecture). The exercise was a time problem which was to be submitted in 2 hours time.

History of Architecture II – Intermediate Assessment I 30 marks I 1 hour

02.04.2021

Draw and compare the above two structures with reference to its form.

(20 marks) What is Order in Architecture (with reference t. Hindu Temples and Greek Architecture) (10 marks) 4/2/2021

Induobhai Parekh School of Architecture

1

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Student’s Work

Fig 23. Viral Dholariya 35

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Fig 24. Bhavi Madavia

Fig 25. Harshit Jadav 36

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Fig 26. Khushi Makasana

Scanned with CamScanner

Fig 27. Kashyap Andani

Scanned with CamScanner

Scanned with CamScanner

Scanned with CamScanner

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Module III Presentation: Early Christian and Byzantine, Early Medieval, Romanesque and Islamic Architecture Presentation Brief: Overall, the presentation talked about the evolution and timeline of Architecture from Early Christian Period to Early Islamic Architecture. Discussion about the key features of each styles and how those features helped in shaping certain styles was done with the students. Alongwith it that, what roles did political, economical, geographical and socio-cultural aspects played in making of that architecture was discussed too. Basically, a Brief introduction was given for each of these styles in the presentation.

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Few Presentation slides that were discussed with the students:

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History of Architecture-II

Few Presentation slides that were discussed with the students:

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Student’s Overall Feedback for the Subject: Param Chauhan: Ma’am, I liked the documentaries, some of them like Petra Architecture were really interesting.

Maitri Doshi: Temple architecture study was very interesting. When I visited Taranga temple, it was so huge in scale that one can only perceive it after visiting it physically.

Mana Jethva: Studying different religions and connecting them to understand them was good and it was a lot more interesting by seeing their examples alongwith it.

Payal Parmar: All discussions were good and interesting but sometimes documentaries were boring.

Himadri Chhatbar: I liked watching documentaries and then discussing about it, as I could relate and understand more from it.

Vedanshee Dholariya: All the documentaries and presentations were good but the exercises which we did became boring sometimes.

Siddhi Dalicha: It was hard to interrelate temples and other religious building like churches and mosque as the sequence was not according to to religious perspective but it was according to the geographical perspective.

The documentaries were really helpful to understand certain things.

Bhavi Mandavia: If we could have discussed and compared all the religious building then it would have been more interesting.

Viral Dholariya: I could relate and understand the concept more clearly through documentaries rather than readings, liked the Roman Civilization documentary.

Rinkal Vadgama: After understanding Hinduism, we could have covered Jainism and Buddhism which was missing I feel.

Hemang Nathvani: Presentations were quite interesting but if there were more examples and photos then it would have been better to understand the styles easily.

Kaushal Tank: Taking notes of the previous sessions and works was an interesting way to go through the course again and it helped us a lot.

Hardi Pandya: Documentaries and Discussions really helped to understand more, watching documentaries, photos were more interesting than the readings because it gave more information.

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Indubhai Parekh School of Architectuire Saurashtra University, Rajkot