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وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﻲ
اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻨﮭﺠﻲ ﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ /ﻗﺴﻢ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﻲ
ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ أ .م .د .ﻓﺎﺿﻞ ﻋﺒﺎس راﺿﻲ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي
ا .م .د .رﺣﺎب ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺰھﯿﺮي
1439ھـ
2017م II
اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ
اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع
اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ1 ........................................................................................... اﻟﺒﺎب اﻻول :ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ Ecology اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻻول :ﻣﻔﮭﻮم ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ 3 ......................Concept of Ecology اﻗﺴﺎم ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ5 ................................................................................. ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻻﺧﺮى 9 ......................................................... اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ وﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮫ11 ....................................................................... اﻟﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮي13 .............................................Biological Diversity اﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ16 ........................................................ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮي17 .......................................................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ وﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮاﺗﮭﺎ18 ........................................... اھﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻧﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺰراﻋﺔ وﺗﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان18 ....................................... ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﻧﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ 18 .................................................. Meteorology ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان20 ............................................... درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة 21 .................................................The Temperature ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﺎﺗﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﻈﮭﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ22 ........................................................................................... اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة...............................................
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ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺤﺮارة30 ............................................................................... ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان 30 ...................................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺤﺮاري 31 ...............................Heat Balance اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ 31 ..........................................................Heat Gain أ( اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة31 ................................ ب( ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻷﯾﻀﻲ 32 .............................. III
ﻏﻄﺎء ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ودور اﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻟﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ35 ................................ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺤﺮاري 37 .............................................................. Heat Loss اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ39 ........................................................... ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﯿﺾ 40 ............................................. اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ 41 ....................................................................... Humidity اھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﺴﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت 41 ...................................... اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ وﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ42 ..................................................................... ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ 42 .............................................................. اﻟﻀﻮء42 ............................................................................................ اھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻟﻠﺪواﺟﻦ 45 ...................................................................... اﻟﺘﯿﺎرات اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ 46 ............................................................................. اھﻤﯿﺔ اﻧﺴﯿﺎب وﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت 46 .................................... اﻟﻜﺮب ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت47 ................................. Stress in the Animal اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ :اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﺮاري49 .......................................................... اﻟﺘﻌﺮق 49 ......................................................................... Sweating ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮق51 .................................................. اﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة واﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﺮاري Heat- Regulating and 52 ........................................................................Control System درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ وﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت55 ..................................................... اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ واﻟﺨﺼﻮﺑﺔ55 .................................................................. اﻟﺠﻤﺎل واﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﯾﺔ 56 ................................................................ اﻟﻌﺠﻮل واﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ57 ................................................................................. اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﻌﺠﻮل واﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ58 .......................................... اﻟﮭﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﺮاري58 ............................................................ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺤﺎﯾﺪة 59 ................. Thermal Neutral Zone IV
اﻻدراك اﻟﺤﺴﻲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة59 ........................................................ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﯿﺔ 60 .........Periphral Thermoreceptors دور ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﮭﺎد وﻣﺮاﻛﺰھﺎ62 ...................................................... اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺿﯿﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﺮاري Disturbances in 63 ....................................................................Thermoregulation اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ :اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﺮاري67 ......................... اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ67 ........................................... ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ67 ..................................................................................... اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ)ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺴﻌﺮات( 69 ....................Direct Calorimetry اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ71 ...................................Indirect Calorimetry اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻐﺬاء Factors Affecting Feed 73 ........................................................................................ Intake اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻻﯾﺾ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ73 ................................................ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﯾﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ74 ..................................................... اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﺮاري واﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻐﺬاء75 ............................................. ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ76 ......................................... أ( اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة......................................................................
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ب( اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة...............................................................
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اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس :اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ وﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ78 ....................................... ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت 78 ............................................. Animal Housing اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ 79 .......................................... Site of Building اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ 79 ............................................ Direction of Building ﻣﺪاﺧﻞ و ﻣﺨﺎرج اﻟﮭﻮاء 80 ........................... Air Inlets and Outlets اﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ 81 ..................................Artificial Ventilation اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ 81 ......................................................................The Floor V
اﻟﺴﻘﻒ 82 ..........................................................................The Roof اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺤﺮاري 84 ........................................... Thermal Insulation ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻀﻼت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻈﺎﺋﺮ وﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﯿﺔ84 ................ طﺮق ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻼت اﻟﺤﻈﺎﺋﺮ85 .................................. ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻧﺸﺎء اﻻﺳﻄﺒﻼت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ85 ..................................... ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﻌﺠﻮل85 ................................................................................. ﺣﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺨﯿﻮل 86 .................................................... Horse Housing ﺣﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺤﻠﯿﺐ 87 ..................................Dairy Cattle Housing ﺣﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻻﻏﻨﺎم 88 .....................................................Sheep Housing ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ 89 ................................................ Poultry Housing اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :اﻟﺴﻠﻮك Behavior اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻻول :ﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ اﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك 91 ............................................. اﻟﺴﻠﻮك91 ............................................................................................ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك )91 ............................ .Ethology (Behavior Science ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺤﯿﻮان 91 ................................................Animal Behavior ﻓﺴﻠﺠﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك92 .................................................................................. ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك 92 ................................. Principles of Ethology اھﻤﯿﺔ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺤﯿﻮان 93 ........................................................................ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻲ 94 .................................... Diversity of Behaviour اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻻﻧﺴﺎن وﺳﻠﻮك
اﻟﺤﯿﻮان....................................................
94
ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك96 ........................................................................ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺤﯿﻮان98 ............................................................................ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ 98 ........................................... Social Behaviour اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ 99 .................................................Sexual Behavior ﺳﻠﻮك ﻣﻨﺢ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ 100 .................................. Care giving Behavior VI
اﻟﺘﺪﺟﯿﻦ 101 ............................................................... Domestication اﻻﺑﻘﺎر 104 .............................................................................. Bovine اﻟﻀﺄن واﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ 105 .................................................Sheep and Goats اﻟﻜﻼب 106 ..................................................................................Dogs اﻟﻄﯿﻮر 106 ................................................................................. Birds اﻟﺤﺸﺮات 108 .......................................................................... Insects راﺣﺔ ورﻓﺎھﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت109 .............................. Welfare of Animals اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :اﻟﻤﺎﺷﯿﺔ110 ........................................................................ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﯿﺔ110 .................................................................. ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت111 ............................................................... اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ112 ................................................................................. اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ113 .................................................. اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ114 ................................................................................ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر115 .............................................................................................. ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺸﺒﻖ115 .................................................................................. اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ اﻻﻧﺜﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﺟﻨﺴﯿﺎ
Sexually Active Female
)117 ......................................................................... Groups (SAGs طﺮق اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻖ 117 .................................................................... ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻖ118 .................................................................................... اﻟﺬﻛﻮر 118 ................................................................................ Males ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻘﻔﺰ او اﻟﺼﻌﻮد ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ119 ....................................................... اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﺬﻛﻮر120 ................................................................ اﻟﺜﯿﺮان وﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻮي 120 .............................................................. اﻟﺜﯿﺮان وﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ120 ..................................... اﻟﺘﻠﻘﯿﺢ او اﻟﺘﺰاوج121 .............................................................................. VII
اﻟﻮﻻدة122 .............................................................................................. اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﻻدة122 ............................................................................. اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﻻدة132 .......................................................................... اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﺮة واﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮد124 .................................................................. اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ127 ................................................................................ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﯿﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻟﻮد واﻻم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻋﻰ 127 ............................................... اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ127 .......................................................................... اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺠﻮل129 ........................................................... اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻟﺸﺎذة او اﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺠﻮل129 .............................................. اﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻟﺸﺎذة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺠﻮل131 .................................................... ﺳﻠﻮك اﻻﺑﺘﻼع :اﻻﺟﺘﺮار ،ﺷﺮب اﻟﻤﺎء ،اﻟﻮﻗﻮف )ﺑﺪون اﺟﺘﺮار او اﻛﻞ( 135 .. ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻨﻮم 137 ..................................................................................... اﻟﻘﯿﺎدة واﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ 138 ................................................................. ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ140 .............................................................................. ﺗﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻌﺠﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﺑﻘﺎر ﻣﺮﺿﻌﺎت141 .................................................. ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﻌﺠﻮل 141 ................................................................................ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺠﻮل اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ142 ..................................................... اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺬﺑﺢ143 .............................................................................. اﻻﻧﺘﺎج 143 ....................................................................... Production ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺎن اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة145 ...................................................................... اﻟﺤﻠﺐ 145 ............................................................................................. ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ اﻻﺑﺎﻛﯿﺮ 146 ................................................................................ ادارة اﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺤﻠﯿﺐ147 ............................................................................. اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻮس148 ...............................................................Water Buffalo اﻻﻏﻨﺎم 150 ............................................................................... Sheep VIII
اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻟﻸﻏﻨﺎم153 ............................... اﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ154 ....................................................................................Goat ﻋﻼﻣﺎت دورة اﻟﺸﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻏﻨﺎم واﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ...........................................
155
دورة اﻟﺸﺒﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻏﻨﺎم واﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ 155 ....................................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻄﯿﻮر 157 ...................................... اﻟﻄﯿﻮر 157 ............................................................................... Birds ﺗﻜﯿﻔﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﯿﻮر157 ...................................................................... ﺣﻮاس اﻟﻄﯿﻮر158 .................................................................................. اوﻻ :ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺘﻐﺬي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر158 ............................................................ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻄﯿﻮر159 ........................................................... ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ :ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر161 ............................................................ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ :ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﮭﺠﺮة ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر164 .......................................................... راﺑﻌﺎ :ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﮭﻨﺪﻣﺔ و اﻟﺤﻤَﺎم اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر167 ................................ ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ :ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻨﻮم ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر170 .......................................................... ﺳﺎدﺳﺎ :ﺳﻠﻮك اﻻﻓﺘﺮاس171 ..................................Predation Behavior ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ :ﺳﻠﻮك ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺮﯾﺶ او اﻟﻘﻠﺶ 175 ................ Moulting Behavior اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺶ176 ....................................................... ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ :ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺮﻗﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺾ178 ........................................................... ﺳﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻻﻓﺮاخ179 .............................................................................. اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج181 ................................ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ :ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ184 .............................................. اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻐﯿﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ184 ............................................................ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮك185 .................................................................. اﻟﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ اﻟﺴﯿﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮك186 ............................................................... ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻲ 188 ........................................................................ IX
اﺳﺎس اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ191 .................................................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ :اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﻮك193 ....................................................... اﺧﺘﺒﺎر آﺛﺎر اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك193 ............................................................ اوﻻ :ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ194 ............................................................................... ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ :آﺛﺎر اﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎب197 ............................................................................ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ :اﻻﺛﺎر اﻟﻔﺴﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻮراﺛﺔ198 .......................................................... اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ وﺳﻠﻮك اﻻﻧﺴﺎن 200 ..................................................................... اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ202 .......................................................................................... اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر 203 .......................................................................................... اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ203 ............................................................................... اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻻﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ205 ..............................................................................
X
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻻﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ
ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(1اﻗﺴﺎم ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ) :أ -ب( ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر ) ،ت -ث( ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه
اﻟﻨﻘﯿﺔ) ،ج -ح( ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎت) ،خ -د( ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻻراﺿﻲ او اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺴﺔ8 .............. اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) : (2اﻟﻄﯿﻒ اﻻﺣﯿﺎﺋﻲ 10 .......................Biological Spectrum اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(3اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ Ecosystemوﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮫ13 ................................ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(4اﻟﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮي15 ............................Biological Diversity اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(5ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﻧﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ 20 ...................................Meteorology اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(6اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ 24 .................................Ecological Rules اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )) :(7أ( اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ ) ،Thyroid Glandب( اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻜﻈﺮﯾﺔ 35 ...........................................................................Adrenal Gland اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(8اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻌﺮﻗﯿﺔ 49 ...........................................Sweat Gland اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(9طﺮق اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻓﻲ) :أ( اﻟﻨﮭﺠﺎن و اﻟﻠﮭﺜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﺐ، )ب( ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻮس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء50 ............................................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(10ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺠﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ57 ........................ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(11اﻻدراك اﻟﺤﺴﻲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة61 ..................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(12ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻘﺬاﻓﻲ 68 ..............Bomb Calorimeter اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(13اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ71 ..........................Direct Calorimetry اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(14اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ72 ................Indirect Calorimetry اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(15ﻣﺪاﺧﻞ و ﻣﺨﺎرج اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت80 ....................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(16ارﺿﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت The Floor of Animal 82 .......................................................................................Housing اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(17اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﻘﻮف ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت Types of Animal 83 ...........................................................................Housing Roofs اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(18ﺣﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺨﯿﻮل 87 ..................................Horse Housing XI
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(19ﺣﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺤﻠﯿﺐ 88 ...............Dairy Cattle Housing اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(20ﺣﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻻﻏﻨﺎم 89 ..................................Sheep Housing اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(21ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ 90 ..............................Poultry Housing اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(22ﻧﻈﻢ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺤﯿﻮان) ،أ -ب( ﺳﻠﻮك طﻠﺐ وﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ. )ت( اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ) .ث( ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺸﺎﺟﺮة) .ج( ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺮﻓﻘﺔ) .ح( ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻈﻞ97 ..................................................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(23اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ) .Social Behaviorأ-ب(:ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺼﯿﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺬﺋﺎب) .ت -ث( :طﺮق اﻟﻨﺠﺎة ﻣﻦ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاس ﻓﻲ ﺛﯿﺮان اﻟﻤﺴﻚ98 .............................................................................................. اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(24اﻻﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺪﺟﯿﻦ 101 ............Domestication اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )) :(25أ( اﻟﺜﻮر اﻟﺒﺮي ) ،Bos primigenusب( اﻟﻤﺎﺷﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﯾﺔ )104 ..............................................................................(Zebu Cattle اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(26أ -اﻟﻀﺄن .ب -اﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ105 .................................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(27اﻟﻜﻼب106 ......................................................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(28اﻧﻮاع اﻟﻄﯿﻮر107 ................................................................ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(29أ -دودة اﻟﻘﺰ واﻟﺤﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻨﺘﺠﮫ .ب -ﻧﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺴﻞ108 .............. اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(30ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺒﻘﺮة ﻋﻨﺪ وﺻﻮﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻖ) :أ( اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﺎ) ،ب( ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﻮف ﻟﻠﺜﻮر117 .................................................. اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )) :(31أ-ت( اﻟﻮﺿﻌﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺮأس اﻟﺜﯿﺮان ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ119 ....... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ):(32ﺳﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻟﺒﻘﺮة ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﻮﻋﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة) ،أ( طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﻮس. )ب( ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﻮﻻدة اﻟﻮﺷﯿﻜﺔ 123 ....................Impending Parturition اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(33اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﻻدة124 ...................................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(34ﻟﺤﺲ اﻟﺒﻘﺮة ﻣﻮﻟﻮدھﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة125 ...................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(35ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮد اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺒﻘﺮة اﻻم) ،أ( اﻟﻀﺮع اﻟﺒﻨﺪوﻟﻲ) .ب( رﺿﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﺮة وھﻮ ﻣﻼﺻﻖ ﻟﮭﺎ126 ......................................... XII
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(36اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ) ،أ-ب( ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺴﻄﻞ ) .Bucketب( اﻟﺤﻠﻤﺎت 128 .....................................................Nipples اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(37اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻟﺸﺎذة) ،أ( ﻟﻌﻖ اﻟﻌﺠﻞ ﺟﺴﺪه) .ب-ث( ﻛﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ Hair Ballsاو اﻟﺤﺼﻮات 130 ...............................Beazoars اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(38اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻟﺸﺎذة ،ﻟﻌﻖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﺮة Navel sucking وﻋﺾ ﻛﯿﺲ اﻟﺼﻔﻦ Bite Scrotumﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺠﻮل اﻟﺬﻛﻮر131 ...................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(39ﺳﻠﻮك اﻻﺑﺘﻼع :اﻻﺟﺘﺮار136 ................................................ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(40ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻨﻮم137 ................................................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) : (41ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ واﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﮭﺮﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر138 ......................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ):(42اﻟﻌﻠﻒ اﻟﺨﺸﻦ )اﺧﻀﺮ او ﺟﺎف( 144 ...................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(43اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻮس ...................................................Buffalos
149
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(44اﻻﻏﻨﺎم ،أ -اﻟﻌﻮاﺳﻲ .ب -اﻟﻌﺮاﺑﻲ .ت -اﻟﻜﺮادي .ث- اﻟﻨﺠﺪي151 ............................................................................................. اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(45اﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ :Goatأ -اﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ اﻻﺳﻮد .ب -اﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻲ154 ............................................................................................. اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(46اﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻨﺎﻗﯿﺮ وارﺟﻞ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر161 ........................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ):(47اﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﺎزﻟﺔ ﻛﺈﺣﺪى ﺳﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر163 ............ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(48اﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﮭﺠﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر167 ............................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(49اﻟﺤﻤﺎم اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ169 ..................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(50اﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻨﻮم ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر171 ................................................. اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(51اﻻﻓﺘﺮاس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﯿﻮر )اﻟﺪﺟﺎج( 172 ....................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(52ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻗﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﺎر واﻻدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ174 ........................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(53ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻘﻠﺶ او ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺮﯾﺶ175 ........................................... اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(54اﻟﺮﻗﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺾ179 .........................................................
XIII
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ
ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺠﺪول ) :(1ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﮭﻼك ) 1ﻏﻢ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد
اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ68 ................................................................................ اﻟﺠﺪول ) :(2ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻔﺴﻠﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ69 .................... اﻟﺠﺪول ) :(3ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ112 ....................... اﻟﺠﺪول ) :(4اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ114 .............................. اﻟﺠﺪول ) :(5ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻋﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ و اﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ،اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج ،اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮي و ﺳﻦ اﻟﯿﺄس114 ............................................................................................... اﻟﺠﺪول ) :(6اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﯿﺎت اﻻﺑﻘﺎر ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر148 ................................................................................... اﻟﺠﺪول ) :(7ﺗﺒﺎﯾﻦ طﻮل دورة وﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺸﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻧﻮاع ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ156 . اﻟﺠﺪول ) :(8اﻟﻌﻤﺮ واﻟﻮزن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﻠﻮغ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻧﻮاع ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ156 ..........................................................................................
XIV
XV