BIOTRAN - Regenerative Transit Oriented Development by Rishabh Sharma

BIOTRAN A Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development, New Delhi.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS

BIOTRAN – A Regenerative Transit Transit-Oriented Oriented Development, New Delhi, India.

An Architectural Thesis Project Submitted to The faculty of Architecture In the partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Bachelors of Architecture

Supervisor Panel:

Submitted by:

Dr. Karamjit S. Chahal

Rishabh Sharma

Dr. Rawal S. Aulakh

2015ARA070

Ar. Shaheen Sobti

Department of Architecture Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank all who in one way or another contributed in the completion of this thesis. Having pursued the project in times of Covid-19 pandemic, I would first thank God for his auspice and health that I am blessed with. I am so grateful to Faculty of Architecture at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar for making it possible for me to study here and edifying me the skills required to pursue this project. My special and heartily thanks to my supervisors, Dr. Karamjit S. Chahal, Dr. Rawal S. Aulakh and Ar. Shaheen Sobti who encouraged and directed me to pursue my thesis in a better way. It has been a great fortune to have them as thesis guides. It is with their guidance and supervision that this project came into existence. I am additionally thankful to my fellow students whose challenges and productive critics have provided incipient conceptions to my work. I would also relish thanking all the people whose works I have referred to. It has been of a great help to me. I believe I owe my deepest thanks to all the members of my family who always encourage and support me in whatever I do. May the Almighty God richly bless you all.

Rishabh Sharma Department of Architecture, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar

Date: June 9, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. OVERVIEW 1.2. TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT 1.2.1. TOD Principles 1.2.2. Stages of a TOD Policy 1.3. BIOMIMICRY 1.4. REGENERATIVE ARCHITECTURE 2. PROJECT BRIEF

2.1. CONTEXT OF TOD IN INDIA 2.2. VALIDITY OF PROJECT 2.3. AIM 2.4. OBJECTIVES 2.5. SCOPE 2.6. LIMITATIONS 2.7. METHODOLOGY 3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. GUIDELINES FOR TOD COMPONENTS (Site Level) 3.1.1. Setbacks/Edges 3.1.2. Active Frontage 3.1.3. FAR and Density 3.1.4. Mix of Land-Uses 3.1.5. Parking Standards 3.1.6. Road Network 3.1.7. Green Public Spaces 3.1.8. Development Controls for metro stations 3.2. BUILDING LEVEL STANDARDS 3.2.1. Cores 3.2.2. Office Layouts 4. LITERATURE CASE STUDY – TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT, KARKARDOOMA, NEW DELHI 4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. LOCATION AND APPROACH 4.3. SITE VICINITY 4.4. SITE CONNECTIVITY

4.5. SITE PLAN 4.6. DETAIL OF BLOCK ‘C’ 4.7. INFERENCES 5. LIVE CASE STUDY 01 – BHIKAJI CAMA PLACE, NEW DELHI

5.1. INTRODUCTION 5.2. LOCATION AND APPROACH 5.3. SITE VICINITY 5.4. SITE PLANNING 5.5. BUILDING 01 – AUGUST KRANTI BHAWAN 5.6. BUILDING 02 – ENGINEER INDIA LIMITED 5.7. BUILDING 03 – BHIKAJI CAMA BHAWAN 5.8. INFERENCES 5.8.1. Site Level 5.8.2. Building Level (EIL Building) 6. LIVE CASE STUDY 02 – DR. SP MUKHERJI CIVIC CENTER, NEW DELHI

6.1. INTRODUCTION 6.2. LOCATION AND APPROACH 6.3. SITE VICINITY 6.4. SITE PLANNING 6.5. BUILDING-LEVEL PLANNING 6.6. INFERENCES 6.6.1. Site Level 6.6.2. Building Level 7. COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES

8. SITE OVERVIEW – TRILOKPURI, SANJAY LAKE, NEW DELHI

8.1. LOCATION 8.2. APPROACH 8.3. SITE VICINITY 8.4. SITE 8.5. SWOT ANALYSIS 8.6. SITE PLAN 9. AREA STATEMENT

10. DESIGN CRITERIA

11. ANNEXURE-A

LIST OF FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

Figure 1.1: Influence Zones around a transit station. Figure 1.2: Integration of TOD Figure 1.3: Stages of TOD Figure 1.4: Golden Ratio in nature (FORM BASED BIOMIMICRY) Figure 1.5: Building inspired from termite mound (FUNCTION BASED BIOMIMICRY) Figure 1.6: Timeline of approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation in the context of built environment. Figure 1.7: Trajectory of Ecological Design Figure 2.1: Urban sprawl of New Delhi Figure 1.9: Illustration of Air Pollution Figure 2.2: Influence Zone Plan, New Delhi Figure 2.3: Proposal for TOD project at Sanjay Lake Figure 2.4: Methodology adopted while pursuing architectural thesis. Figure 3.1: Master Plan Delhi 2021 Figure 3.2: Compulsory Setbacks Figure 3.3: Setback exemption Figure 3.4: Minimum RoW of main road Figure 3.5: Active Frontages Figure 3.6: Stilt parking to be on rear side Figure 3.7: Ground Coverage Figure 3.8: Density and FAR relation Figure 3.9: Land-uses for specific project Figure 3.10: Additional FAR for EWS Figure 3.11: ECS share of means of transport Figure 3.12: Parking space for different modes of travel in relation to ECS. Figure 3.13: Approximate proportion of parking spaces to be provided at/ near MRTS Stations (of the total space available) Figure 3.14: Different possible car parking layouts Figure 3.15: Parking provisions for persons with disabilities Figure 3.16: Bicycle dimensions Figure 3.17: Linear layout Figure 3.18: Herringbone layout Figure 3.19: Close packed layout Figure 3.20: Layout option Figure 3.21: Min. cross-section Figure 3.22: Cross-section of combination of road, cycle track and footpath Figure 3.23: Parking space for different modes of travel in relation to ECS. Figure 3.24: Arterial Road Section Figure 3.25: Collector Road Section Figure 3.26: Local Street Section Figure 3.27: Integration of greens Figure 3.28: Required amenities for metro stations Figure 3.29: Classification of cores

42. Figure 3.30: Asymmetrical design allows for small rooms and large flexible workspaces. 43. Figure 3.31: Traditional Open Planning (156 m) 44. Figure 3.32: Team Workspace Planning (100 m) 45. Figure 3.33: Occupancy Area 46. Figure 3.34: Structured Open Plan 47. Figure 3.35: Group spaces 48. Figure 3.36: Open Plan 49. Figure 3.37: Combined typology layout 50. Figure 3.38: Self Regulatory mixed layout 51. Figure 3.39: Flexible layout 52. Figure 4.1: Karkardooma TOD View 53. Figure 4.2: Circular Skywalks connecting destinations to metro 54. Figure 4.3: Map of Delhi showing the location of site 55. Figure 4.4: Network of earlier proposal 56. Figure 4.5: Network of current proposal 57. Figure 4.6: Site surroundings 58. Figure 4.7: Land-use around site 59. Figure 4.8: Density around site 60. Figure 4.9: The Explored Scenario 61. Figure 4.10: Integrated NMT route with sky walks & cycle tracks. 62. Figure 4.11: Site Plan 63. Figure 4.12: Mix use Development – Vertical Mixes 64. Figure 4.13: Mix use Development – Horizontal Mixes 65. Figure 4.14: Solar Access 66. Figure 4.15: Zoning of uses in relation to context - COMMERCIAL 67. Figure 4.16: Live work house typology 68. Figure 4.17: Houses receive min. 2hr. daylight 69. Figure 4.18: Zoning of uses in relation to context - RESIDENTIAL 70. Figure 4.19: Locations that might be gated at night. 71. Figure 4.20: Zoning of uses in relation to context – CIVIC 72. Figure 4.21: Key plan highlighting Block-C 73. Figure 4.22: Ground Floor Plan (Block-C) 74. Figure 4.23: First Floor Plan 75. Figure 4.24: Second Floor Plan 76. Figure 4.25: Third Floor Plan 77. Figure 4.26: View of residential Town home typology 78. Figure 4.27: Commercial zone Section XX’ 79. Figure 4.28: Segregated parking in basement 80. Figure 4.29: Section 81. Figure 4.30: First floor plan 82. Figure 4.31: 3D View 83. Figure 4.32: Ground floor plan 84. Figure 4.33: Segregation of entry points for safety 85. Figure 4.34: Ground floor plan 86. Figure 4.35: First floor plan 87. Figure 5.1: Bhikaji Cama Bhawan building

88. Figure 5.2: Location Plan of Bhikaji Cama Place 89. Figure 5.3: Site Vicinity 90. Figure 5.4: Figure Ground Plan 91. Figure 5.5: Zoning Plan 92. Figure 5.6: Site Plan 93. Figure 5.7: Site Plan showing locations of edges 94. Figure 5.8 : Edge Condition 1 95. Figure 5.9 : Edge Condition 2 96. Figure 5.10 : Edge Condition 3 97. Figure 5.11 : Edge Condition 4 98. Figure 5.12 : Edge Condition 5 99. Figure 5.13 : Edge Condition 6 100. Figure 5.14 : Edge Condition 7 101. Figure 5.15: Entry/Exit points of the site. 102. Figure 5.16: Seating spaces are taken up by Informal Sector. 103. Figure 5.17: Daily footfall according to time 104. Figure 5.18: Parking in service courts and columns are supporting pedestrian plaza on Upper Ground level 105. Figure 5.19: Conceptual section showing the difference in scales and Sciography of a service court (between Som Dutt 1 and Ansals) and a pedestrian plaza (on the UG level). 106. Figure 5.20: Peepal tree is provided in the open courtyards. 107. Figure 5.21: Java cassia, Kusum, Satpati are seen in courts; Peepal and Satpati are seen along roads 108. Figure 5.22: Being a luxurious 5-star hotel, special attention is given to the landscaping of Hyatt Regency. It is done in a planned manner 109. Figure 5.23 : South Elevation depicting variable skyline 110. Figure 5.24: Images of site’s model 111. Figure 5.25: Connection of buildings on upper floors 112. Figure 5.26: Water and Fire Services 113. Figure 5.27: Fire Hose outside a building 114. Figure 5.28: Garbage disposal near August Kranti Bhawan 115. Figure 5.29: Window ACs hang out from the façade, making buildings look chaotic. 116. Figure 5.30: Site plan with locations of public toilets 117. Figure 5.31: Image of toilets operated by O.P Jindal Group 118. Figure 5.32: Image of toilets operated by non-private body 119. Figure 5.33: Zoning Plan 120. Figure 5.34: Ground Floor Plan 121. Figure 5.35: Entrance gate on North 122. Figure 5.36: OAT on Northern Entrance 123. Figure 5.37: Entry of Block-B from C 124. Figure 5.38: Secondary OAT in Block-C 125. Figure 5.39: HUDCO Art Gallery 126. Figure 5.40: Shops on Ground Floor 127. Figure 5.41: Section showing proportions of the courtyard 128. Figure 5.42: Conceptual Section of corridor 129. Figure 5.43: First Floor Plan 130. Figure 5.44: Conceptual Section of a Staircase

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Figure 5.45: Basement Floor Plan Figure 5.46: Meter Rooms also house fire extinguishers Figure 5.47: Brise-soliel on SW Façade Figure 5.48: Ground Floor Plan Figure 5.49: Office Floors (5th to 9th) Figure 5.50: Typical Floor Plan Figure 5.51: Vertical Cores Figure 5.52: Entrance of building from Ring Road Figure 5.53: 3D Sectional View of the building showing refuge areas Figure 5.54: Massing on the North façade is different from that on the South façade Figure 5.55: Perspective Section Figure 5.56: Entry to parking Figure 5.57: Building façade Figure 5.58: Building interior Figure 5.59: Fine Dining Restaurant on First Floor Figure 5.60: Fire Hydrant pipes run exposed in OTS Figure 5.61: Typical Floor Plan Figure 5.62: Chaotic arrangement of ACs on front façade Figure 6.1: Block-E, Delhi Civic Center Figure 6.2: Map of Delhi showing the location of site Figure 6.3: Site Connectivity Figure 6.4: Pathway on site periphery Figure 6.5: Gutters posing a threat to disabled persons. Figure 6.6: Site Surroundings Figure 6.7: Key Plan showing Solar Analysis Figure 6.8: Landscaped area being used as gathering space in front of Block A Figure 6.9: Key plan showing Landscape Sections Figure 6.10: Pedestals for green also serve for the ventilation of basement Figure 6.11: Shrubs are planted at variable heights to reduce monotony. Figure 6.12: Landscape Section 1 Figure 6.13: Landscape Section 2 Figure 6.14: Landscape Section 3 Figure 6.15: Landscape in North Figure 6.16: Water feature dividing the Open Air Theatre into 2 symmetrical parts. Figure 6.17: Skylight for Basements’ lighting purposes Figure 6.18: Trees and Shrubs planted Figure 6.19: Haphazard parking in front of Block A Figure 6.20: Parking along the road in front of Block E Figure 6.21: Conceptual Layout Plan of Basements Figure 6.22: Skylight Figure 6.23: Columns are designed to combat punching shear Figure 6.24: Basement Plan showing locations of vehicular ramps and service areas. Figure 6.25: Ground Floor Plan Figure 6.26: Building Section Figure 6.27: Outside Section (B) Figure 6.28: Entrance Foyer Figure 6.29: Central Skylight

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Figure 6.30: Western façade Figure 6.31: Ground Floor Plan Figure 6.32: First Floor Plan Figure 6.33: Front Elevation (Steps) Figure 6.34: Side Elevation Figure 6.35: Swastik Arrangement of cubicles Figure 6.37: No natural light in interiors Figure 6.38: Pre-function area Figure 6.39: Auditorium Figure 6.40: Entrance Porch Figure 6.41: Conceptual Plan of Auditorium Figure 6.42: Section of the building Figure 6.43: Relation to surroundings Figure 6.44: E-Block building façade Figure 6.45: Reception of Block-E Figure 6.46: Typical Floor Plan E2 Figure 6.47: Skylight ensuring natural light in Basement Figure 6.48: Primary ramp Figure 6.49: Lift Core Figure 6.50: Plan of lift core showing levels served by respective lifts Figure 6.51: Fire Hydrant Shaft (1.5mX 1m) Figure 6.52: Primary Staircase Figure 6.53: Female and Male Toilets Figure 6.54: Male Toilet Figure 6.55: View showing ACP cladded façade Figure 6.56: Pumps installed in the basement for water-based Air Conditioning Figure 6.57: Waste Collection Room in Basement Figure 6.58: Water Tanks are installed on the rooftop. Figure 6.59: 400kV Hot Water Generator Figure 6.60: Smoke Detectors mounted to ceiling Figure 6.61: Refuge area on every 5th floor. Figure 6.62: Fire Brigades deployed on site for quick response in emergency situations Figure 6.63: Cable mounted trolleys for cleaning of façade Figure 6.64: Façade Cleaning in progress Figure 8.1: Map of Delhi showing the location of site Figure 8.2: Vehicular Movement of the area Figure 8.3: Area level analysis Figure 8.4: Zonal Development Plan (Zone E) Figure 8.5: Zone-E Land Use Plan Figure 8.6: Plan showing existing transport infrastructure Figure 8.7: Google Image of site and immediate surroundings Figure 8.8: Weather Analysis Figure 8.9: Edge 1 Figure 8.10: Edge 2 Figure 8.11: Edge 3 Figure 8.12: Edges and Traffic Nodes Figure 9.1: Shortest Pedestrian Routes

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Figure 9.2: Voids as entrances Figure 9.3: Introvert Site Planning Figure 9.4: Thick façades Figure 9.5: Skywalks connecting buildings and areas Figure 9.6: Pedestrian and Vehicular segregation Figure 9.7: Informal market Figure 9.8: Photovoltaic panels on façade Figure 9.9: Curb extensions Figure 9.10: Bioswales Figure 9.11: Iconic Urban Elements Figure 9.12: Lakefront Development Figure 9.13: Vertical Green Spaces

ABSTRACT

“The future will either be green or not at all.” Bob Brown

“I'm eternally optimistic about the future. I believe that if we are committed towards it and if we continue to educate people and get the whole world community to implement green features and aspects in not just the built environment not just in their lifestyles but in their businesses in their industries then we're heading towards a green future.” Ken Yeang

Transit-Oriented Development is a term first used by Peter Calthrope, an American planner in 1993. This relatively newer design paradigm adopts a holistic approach towards sustainability by directing people to use public transit systems, thereby decrementing the private ridership and hence congestion. It proposes integration of land use on a regional scale. It became a theoretical foundation of the movement known as New Urbanism. With rapid increase in urban population over few decades, Indian urban cities are choking. With the private vehicle ridership incrementing significantly, there is a constant threat to environment. It is time that an inclusive approach is adopted and buildings are designed keeping in mind their impact on the environment. Biomimicry involves mimicking nature’s processes in built environment to achieve a sustainable design. Both Biomimicry and TOD, if amalgamated together can engender great results in bringing forth a sustainable design.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. OVERVIEW In recent years, India has witnessed rapid urbanization with the urban population rapidly growing in size and area. According Acc to a World Bank report, urbanization in India has increased from 17.29% in 1951 to almost double in 2017 resulting in Indian cities to grow at a faster pace with respect to other urban cities of the world. This horizontal growth of urban cities has been highly unsustainable over the years and has been the cause of various root problems like urban sprawl, increased trip lengths, higher usage of Concrete Jungle, New Delhi private motorized vehicles, all of which result Source: Google Earth in pollutions of different kinds. Private vehicles in addition to that have had some ever-lasting lasting effects on the urban cities and have played an important role in such kind of development. To address these issues, Is this a future we dreamt of? metropolitan cities in the past 2 decades have ha I believe not. worked upon strengthening the public transit facilities by developing Mass Rapid Transit Systems (MRTS) such as the Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) and Metro Rails.

Traffic Congestion on the roads of New Delhi

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

1.2 TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

LEGEND 300 m walking catchment 800 m walking catchment 2000 m walking catchment Figure 1.1: Influence Zones around a transit station. Source: (MPD, 2021)

What needs to change?

“We advocate the restructuring of public policy and development practices to support the following principles: neighborhoods should be diverse in use and population; communities should be designed for the pedestrian and transit as well as the car; cities and towns should be shaped by physically defining and universally accessible public spaces and community institutions; urban spaces should be framed by architecture and landscape design that celebrate local history, climate, ecology, and building practice.” (Carlton, 2007)

Addressing these issues, there has been a relatively newer design paradigm known as Transit Oriented Development or TOD. It is essentially any development, micro or macro, which is focused around a transit node, and facilitates complete ease of access to the transit facility, thereby inducing people to prefer to walk and use public transportation over personal modes of transport. (Calthrope, 1980) With mix of land-uses and optimized development around a transit corridor, TOD is the key for low-carbon and compact development. Under this scheme, the density of adjoining areas (areas under the Influence Zone) is increased and high-rises are placed along the transit corridors to accommodate a wide variety of uses. It was acknowledged in the developed countries that the close integration of land use activity and transport infrastructure (generally seen as public transport) could be one means of creating the means to achieve more sustainable travel outcomes. The concept of Transit Oriented Development originated from these efforts. Transit oriented development (TOD) encourages public transit ridership by locating residences, jobs, and activities near transit stations. (WRI India, 2014) The Primary Goals of TOD are:  Reduce/discourage private vehicle dependency and induce public transport use – through design, policy measures and enforcements.  Provide easy public transport access to the maximum number of people within walking distance – through densification and enhanced connectivity.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

1.2.1. Transit Oriented Development Principles  Pedestrian and Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) friendly environment.  Connectivity and network density  Multi-modal interchange  Inducing modal shift  Place-making and ensuring safety  High density, mixed-use, mixed income development near transit stations (WRI India, 2014) 1.2.2. Stages of a TOD Policy TOD policy occurs in four stages:   

 Figure 1.2: Integration of TOD Source: (WRI India, 2014)

REGION

CORRIDOR

STATION

SITE: It includes the design of streets, buildings and public spaces. STATION: It includes the entire station area in the Influence Zone of TOD. CORRIDOR: A transit corridor is best defined as the walkable area(s) around all the stations along a transit line. REGION: Planning at the regional scale serves to integrate regional goals, such as decreasing traffic congestion and improving public health, with regional contexts, such as consideration of population growth and the location of major employment centers. All the above-mentioned stages will have the same primary goals but requirements vary accordingly. However, the general requirements being: o Housing o Commercial Ares/ Offices o Retail Areas

SITE Figure 1.3: Stages of TOD Source: (Kalra, 2015)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

1.3. BIOMIMICRY Nature and all natural processes have had a long history of sustaining themselves. All the organisms, plants and animals have evolved and made themselves resilient to the everchanging environment, which has been the key factor of their survival over the centuries. Biomimicry is an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature’s time-tested Figure 1.4: Golden Ratio in nature (FORM BASED BIOMIMICRY) patterns and strategies. In a built Source: (Ecosalon) environment, Biomimicry sought to replicate nature’s processes to achieve a sustainable design. Biomimicry can be:  Form-based Biomimicry  Function-based Biomimicry “You could look at nature as

being like a catalogue of products, and all of those have benefited from a 3.8 billion-year research and development period.” (Pawlyn, 2019)

Biomimicry focuses on the circularity of the natural environment and urges to replace the present linear practices with a circular approach. It works on the principle that there is no waste in the environment, meaning waste for one is a resource for others. Biomimicry can help in achieving sustainability keeping the following parameters in mind:   

A radical increase in resource efficiency. Linear to closed loop. Fossil fuel economy to solar economy.

While existing technologies and techniques are crucial in the short and medium- term, Biomimicry holds the potential to form an important part of long-term solutions to climate change and therefore, contribute to a Regenerative Development.

Figure 1.5: Building inspired from termite mound (FUNCTION BASED BIOMIMICRY) Source: (Termite Fumigation, 2017)

The key distinction of architecture that is a true reflection of ecological understanding is not that a building is designed that looks as if it has emerged out of a living process, but instead is the creation of spaces that become living processes over various spatial scales.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Common mitigation strategies in the built environment context include: 

   

Figure 1.6: Timeline of approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation in the context of built environment.

Suggested strategies for climate change adaption in the built environment include: 

Source: (Zari, 2018, p. 63)



“While existing technologies will be crucial in short and medium-term, Biomimicry could form an important part of long-term solution to climate change, and therefore contribute to regenerative development.” (Zari, 2018, p. 62)

Increasing density and limiting sprawl of urban form to reduce building energy use and emissions from vehicles. Creating and maintaining urban forest and green spaces. Design for energy conservation. Generation of renewable energy. Carbon storage and sequestration.



Provision of open land and urban green space/rooftops/vegetation for storm water management and provision of cooling microclimates. Provision of wildlife corridors (to allow for the changing ranges of species and thus the preservation of urban biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides. Restricting heights and density of buildings to allow for increased ventilation. Implementation of policies or technologies to prepare for climate change impacts. For example, changing building codes to reflect increased extreme weather events and different heating and cooling needs in the future, or increasing urban vegetation or high albedo roofs. (Zari, 2018)

1.4. REGENERATIVE ARCHITECTURE

Figure 1.7: Trajectory of Ecological Design Source: (Regenesis)

Regenerative architecture embraces the environment and uses the millions of years of engineering and evolution as the foundation for a structure. Regenerative design is based on the premise that everything we build has potential for integration of the natural world as an “equal partner” in architecture.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

2. PROJECT BRIEF

Figure 2.1: Urban sprawl of New Delhi Source: (NIUA, 2015)

Figure 1.9: Illustration of Air Pollution Source: Author’s work

2.1. CONTEXT OF TOD IN DELHI Delhi has developed rapidly into an urban agglomeration encompassing smaller urban centers in its vicinity as well. The population of Delhi witnessed steep rise from 1.74 million in 1951 to 6.75 million in 2011. (Census of India, 2011) The average annual exponential growth rate of population during 2001-11 2001 has been recorded as 1.92% and overall population density has hiked from 9,340 persons per sq.km. in 2001 to 11,320 persons per sq.km.,, being the highest as compared to other parts of the country. Of this, the urban density is even higher, at 14,694 persons per sq.km. (Census of India, 2011). 2011) In terms of spatial development, the city has grown more horizontally lly than vertically due to building bye-laws laws and norms. Due to this urban sprawl, the travel distances, number of daily trips, traffic congestion, pollution, energy use, etc. are increased drastically. Inspite of New Delhi’s recent investments in public transit systems, the current lack of connectivity, lack of safety for pedestrian, cyclists and women has further compiled on to other problems like traffic congestion, etc. The problem has now reached a state where wh it is feared that it might have an irreversible damage on the city’s fabric. (HUDCO, 2016) Some areas of Delhi have even reported AQI surpassing 1000 in November, 2019. Vehicular emissions contribute to 70% of the air pollution tion in Delhi. Schemes such as OddOdd Even by Delhi Government also did not do much good to the air quality. Major arterials of the city are presently down to 10 km/hr average speed during peak hours. 70-30 70 (Public-Private) Private) modal share in favour of public transportation nsportation by 2021 is one of the main objectives of Delhi Government. (Bhatia, 2019)

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Transit Oriented Development was chosen as an effective solution and government launched a project in Kadkardooma which is currently at the tender and design stage. Proposal for a ‘Lake View Complex’ at Trilokpuri is also under consideration. Apart from this, government has also identified four metro corridors for further development of TOD in New Delhi. Figure 2.2: Influence Zone Plan, New Delhi Source: (UTTIPEC)

“We have worked on a philosophy of creating memorable destinations within the green, building on the role of Sanjay Lake as a place dedicated to engaging the public in the development of a new cultural identity on one of the waterfronts in the city through artistic expression.” (DDA_Official, 2019)

2.2. VALIDITY OF PROJECT The integration of Transit-Oriented Development Policy into the Master Plan of Delhi-2021 gave way to the proposal of the ‘Lake View Complex’ in Trilokpuri. DDA has desired to develop the 10.26 hectares of land based on TOD and the project is intended to showcase Sanjay Lake Park through mixeduse development of the lake view complex housing residential, hospitality, and publicoriented uses. The development shall comprise service apartments, corporate and commercial components, public plazas and other recreational facilities. ‘Lake View Complex’, as envisioned by DDA would enhance the footfall of visitors of the lake and make the place active round the clock. This would also ensure the overall development of Trilokpuri area.

Figure 2.3: Proposal for TOD project at Sanjay Lake Source: (Newspaper_Clippings, 2015-19)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

2.3 AIM A regenerative mixed-use design paradigm that amalgamates the principles of Biomimicry with design philosophies, thus engendering a micro-ecopolis.

2.4. OBJECTIVES  To retain and incorporate maximum natural site characteristic features in the design.  Minimizing on-site impermeable surfaces to reduce the Urban Heat Island Effect.  Integrating passive air-purifying techniques and strategies.  Integrating transit facilities with employment areas by creating safe and direct cycle and pedestrian access routes.  Redevelopment of the lakefront in order to enhance the environmental value and increment the usability of Sanjay Lake.  Integrating principles of Biomimicry in the design, ascertaining a sustainable development. 2.5. SCOPE The scope of the project incorporates:  Integrating the built form with transit system.  Development of a comprehensive landscape design for the site.  A comprehensive network for pedestrian and vehicular access inside the site premises.  Development of shopping areas and kiosks.  Designing the commercial complexes.  Designing the common public interaction spaces like plazas.  Redevelopment of the lake-front.  Designing accommodation for Economically Weaker Section as per TOD policy.  Designing outer-skin of all the structures.  Placement and designing of public amenities.  Residential apartments (1BHK, 2BHK, 3BHK). 2.6. LIMITATIONS Due to lack of proficiency and time, the project does not undertake the in-depth study of:  Calculations of the structural stability of buildings.  Energy calculation and simulations.  Detailed specifications and estimation of the project.  Service details and drawings.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

2.7. METHODOLOGY The following orders of activities have been followed during the course of completion of architectural thesis.

Figure 2.4: Methodology Source: Author’s Work

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 3.1: Master Plan Delhi 2021 Source: (Master Plan Delhi , 2021)

“Influence Zone Plan is based on the comfortable walking distance travelled by humans.”

Figure 3.2: Compulsory Setbacks Source: (WRI India, 2014)

3.1. GUIDELINES FOR TOD COMPONENTS (SITE LEVEL) Master Plan Delhi, 2021 has been amended to include the provisions of the TOD policy. At the core of the policy is the aim to promote high density development within 500 meter radius that translates into a walking environment around a metro station. Termed “influence zones”, these areas will see a growth in population with the increase in floor-area ratios (FAR), mixed use development that will produce housing units as well as increase concentration of jobs and encourage people to either walk or use public transit. The focus would be on creating interactive edges between buildings and streets with activity thereby ensuring safety, which is a high priority for the city of Delhi. By creating walkable environments, the policy aims to create an equitable space for movement of all. With one of the highest percent of land dedicated to road network amongst cities in the world, Delhi’s TOD policy will need to provide convenient world class infrastructure in order to shift people from their personal vehicles. (WRI India, 2014) 3.1.1. SETBACKS/EDGES The urban edge can be defined in terms of the visual boundary of a space. It is essentially a transition zone that facilitates exchange of information between territories. Within the TOD policy, the idea is to have permeable edges, thereby reducing the emphasis on the concept of setbacks. For projects above 10,000 sqm, 12 m is to be left on 3 sides and no setback is required to be left on the front side facing main road. (DDA, 2015)

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Figure 3.3: Setback exemption Source: (WRI India, 2014)

Figure 3.4: Minimum RoW of main road Source: (WRI India, 2014)

Points to consider:  In case the permissible coverage is not achieved with the above given setbacks, the setbacks of the preceding category may be allowed.  TOD schemes shall be located on existing roads having a minimum width of 18m RoW. In TOD schemes, any edge of plot facing an existing public RoW >18 m shall be considered as “front”.  The setbacks are subject to requirements of height and ventilation as per building byelaws. TOD schemes shall be planned as per above setback norms, while endeavouring to ensure that all dwelling units get a minimum 2-hour solar access in at least one habitable room on the shortest winter day, and have the option for natural ventilation.  ESS (Electric Sub Station) wherever required to be provided within the plot setbacks.

3.1.2. ACTIVE FRONTAGE The main building facade(s) shall face the public street(s) without setback and have an active frontage to facilitate visual surveillance of streets. ≥50% building frontage at built-to RoW line to have active frontage. There is no minimum active Figure 3.5: Active Frontages frontage requirement when RoW is ≤12 m. Source: (WRI India, 2014) Active frontages include arcades, shopfronts, entrance doorways, access points, entry / exits and transparent windows of active areas facing the main street. Commercial frontages shall have minimum 50% transparency (untinted) at Ground Figure 3.6: Stilt parking to be on rear side Floor level. Source: (WRI India, 2014)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

“TOD scheme is also beneficial for financial stakeholders as it provides relaxation on setbacks and increased FAR.”

Figure 3.7: Ground Coverage Source: (WRI India, 2014)

Figure 3.8: Density and FAR relation Source: (WRI India, 2014)

3.1.3. FAR AND DENSITY The floor area ratio (FAR) is representative of the total floor area of the building as a fraction of the total area of the plot the building is located on. It is used by government bodies in zoning regulations as an instrument to control the density of a place by imposing permissible FAR norms. Points to consider:  TOD norms of FAR and density may be availed through the preparation and approval of comprehensive integrated scheme of minimum size 1 Ha, with maximum ground coverage of 40%. In case of MRTS/ Government Agencies, the minimum plot size for development shall be 3000 sqm.  For any integrated scheme, a max. FAR of 400 and a maximum density of 2000 persons per hectare (PPH) i.e. approx. 450 du/ha is permissible. The entire amalgamated plot will be considered for calculating the FAR and density. FAR utilization shall not be less than 200. Mandatory EWS FAR of 15% over and above the maximum permissible FAR shall be applicable.  All residents residing in that scheme area shall have to be accommodated within the same scheme only, with no induced displacement of existing residential population. 3.1.4. MIX OF LAND USES In all integrated schemes, a minimum of 30% of overall FAR shall be mandatory for Residential use, a minimum 5% of FAR for commercial use and minimum 10% of FAR for community facilities. At least 50% of the total FAR shall be as per ZDP use.

Figure 3.9: Land-uses for specific project Source: (WRI India, 2014)

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Figure 3.10: Additional FAR for EWS Source: (WRI India, 2014)

“TOD is not just about mix of land-uses, it rather is about the integration of built-form with transit facilities in vicinity.”

Points to consider:  The minimum component of 30% residential shall comprise of units not more than 93 sqm. (1000 sqft).  Within the 55% flexible use, in case Residential use is provided, DE would have the option to provide homes of any/larger size, as per the demand.  EWS FAR of 15% over and above the permissible FAR will be applicable.  Minimum requirements for 30% Residential and 5% Commercial will not be binding on transportation, Government and PSP land uses.  In case of residential land use, activities prohibited are as follows: o Retail shops of building materials [timber, timber products, marble, iron and steel, (gravel, cement and sand], firewood, coal and any fire hazardous and other bulky materials. o Repair shops / workshops of automobiles, tyre resoling and retreading, and battery charging. o Storage, go-down and warehousing. o Junk shop o Liquor shop o Printing, dyeing and varnishing.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development 3.1.5

Figure 3.11: ECS share of means of transport

PARKING STANDARDS

In TOD zones, the permissible ECS (Permissible Equivalent Car Spaces) per 100 sqm. of floor area is 1.33. However, in Intense Influence Zone, flexibility in ECS is there. Additional parking may be created within integrated schemes only as paid, shared parking facilities accessible to general public at all times.

Source: (WRI India, 2014)

Figure 3.12: Parking space for different modes of travel in relation to ECS. Source: (WRI India, 2014)

Figure 3.13: Proportion roportion of parking spaces to be provided near MRTS Stations (of the total t space available) Source: (MPD, 2021)

Car Parking Standards

“In order to reduce dependence on private means of transport, only 10% of total ECS in a TOD project is to be occupied by car parking.” Figure 3.14: Different possible car parking layouts Source: (East Suffolk)

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“The TOD policy promotes the use of bicycles as means of commuting for short trip distances. In order to ensure that, parking spaces for the same have been reserves in the ECS distribution.” Figure 3.15: Parking provisions for persons with disabilities Source: (East Suffolk)

Bicycle Parking Standards

Figure 3.16: Bicycle dimensions

Figure 3.17: Linear layout

Figure 3.18: 3.18 Herringbone layout

Source: (Bhatia, 2019)

Figure 3.19: Close packed layout

Figure 3.20: Layout option

Figure 3.21: 3.21 Min. cross-section

Source: (Bhatia, 2019)

Figure 3.22: Cross-section of combination of road, cycle track and footpath Source: (Bhatia, 2019)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

3.1.6 ROAD NETWORK  Of the area taken up for development as integrated scheme, at least 20% of land shall be used as un-gated gated constructed 250m 100m roads/ circulation areas for common use. However, FAR can be availed on the entire amalgamated land parcel.  Road Networks to be planned with a vehicular route network of Figure 3.23: Parking space ce for different approximately 250m c/c and pedestrian modes of travel in relation to ECS. Source: (WRI India, 2014) network of approximately 100m c/c. Additional thoroughfares should be provided as required.  Based on ground conditions, the street grid (i.e. c/c spacing between ROWs) requirement within the TOD scheme area may be relaxed by maximum 10%. Only pedestrian/ NMT networks can be considered in the he form of corridors which run though/ under buildings, as long as they are kept open for general public at all times.

Figure 3.24: Arterial Road Section Source: (WRI India, 2014)

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Figure 3.25: Collector Road Section Source: (WRI India, 2014)

Figure 3.26: Local Street Section Source: (WRI India, 2014)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

Figure 3.27: Integration of greens Source: (WRI India, 2014)

3.1.7 GREEN PUBLIC SPACES Urban green space, such as gardens, parks, forests, green roofs, water bodies, provides critical ecosystem services. Green space also promotes physical activity, psychological well-being, and the general public health of urban residents. 20% of the area of the amalgamated plot in TOD integrated scheme (TODIS) of 4 Ha and above, shall be designated as green Public Open Space. In addition to the above, at least 10% of plot area shall be in the form of Green/ Recreational area for the exclusive use that includes circulation and common areas. 3.1.8 DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS FOR METRO STATIONS

Figure 3.28: Required amenities for metro stations Source: (WRI India, 2014)

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3.2. BUILDING LEVEL STANDARDS 3.2.1. CORES In a central-core building, the core location is inside the perimeter of the building form, surrounded on all sides by lettable floor area.

CENTRAL CORE

PERIMETER CORE

In a perimeter core building, the service core is located on the perimeter of the building form, but does not project beyond it. Some buildings have multiple service cores. Alternatively, stepped or tapered tall building forms may mean that a single core is in a central location for some of the building height, but on the perimeter at other levels.

MIXED CORE

OFFSET CORE

Offset-core buildings are such buildings that have cores protruding out of the external façade.

Figure 3.29: Classification of cores Source: (Philip Oldfield, Bronte Doherty, 2019)

3.2.2. OFFICE LAYOUTS

Figure 3.30: Asymmetrical design for small rooms and large workspaces.

Figure 3.31: Traditional Open Planning (156 m) Source: (Government Office Space Standards, 2001)

Source: (Reddy, 2012)

OCCUPANCY AREA PER PERSON IN OFFICE BUILDINGS

Figure 3.32: Team Planning (100 m)

Workspace

SR. NO

BUILDING TYPE

OPEN PLAN

CABINS

1 2

Premium Regular

10 sqm. 8 sqm.

12 sqm. 10 sqm.

Low-end

5 sqm.

8 sqm.

Figure 3.33: Occupancy Area Source: Author’s Work

Source: (Government Standards, 2001)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

Figure 3.34: Structured Open Plan

Figure 3.35: Group spaces

Source: (Reddy, 2012)

Figure 3.36: Open Plan

Figure 3.37: Combined typology layout

Source: (Reddy, 2012)

Figure 3.38: Self Regulatory mixed layout

Figure 3.39: Flexible layout

Source: (Reddy, 2012)

Source: (Neufert)

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4. LITERATURE CASE STUDY – TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT, KARKARDOOMA, MA, NEW DELHI

Figure gure 4.1: Karkardooma TOD View Source: (DDA, 2015)

Figure 4.2: Circular Skywalks connecting destinations stinations to metro. Source: (DDA, 2015)

Figure 4.3: Map of Delhi showing the location of site.

4.1. INTRODUCTION Named after Karkardooma locality in East Delhi, Karkardooma Metro Station is an interchange station located between Blue and Pink Line of Delhi Metro. The proposed development will be the pilot project for TOD in India which consists of a variety of highhigh density, mixed-use, mixed-income building with short distance of rapid public transport network. With goals to minimize the need to commute for work or recreation, and making urban development more sustainable the work on the capital’s first Transit Oriented Development (TOD) has begun. The integrated development of the hub will bring together metro station, residences and workplaces; and recreational spaces such as museums. Designed by Dikshu C. Kukreja, managing principal of CP Kukreja Architects, the site location has 2 metro stations and is in proximity to a railway station and an interstate bus terminal. al. According to TOD Policy for Delhi, developments along a transit corridor can have higher Floor Area Ratio (FAR) to accommodate more residential, office and recreational spaces in walking or cycling distance of transit station. 4.2 LOCATION AND APPROACH Location coordinates: ordinates: 28°38’55”N 77°18’17”E Located in close proximity to Anand Vihar Terminal, the site is 60 acres in area. Surrounded by Maharishi Valmiki Marg on West, Bhartendu Harish Chandra Marg and Maharaja Surajmal Marg on North, the site is bounded by roads on all sides. The nearest landmarks include District Court, Karkardooma and Karkardooma Metro

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

Station, which are 750m and 700 m respectively. 2000 m catchment zone from MRTS has been used for development. It has been proposed to densify the network of street and exclusive NMT.

Figure 4.4: Network of earlier proposal.

Figure 4.5: Network of current proposal.

Source: (Oasis_Design, 2019)

4.3 SITE VICINITY Located at the intersection of Bhartendu Harish Chandra Margand Maharishi Valmiki Marg, the site of Karkardooma sits opposite to Karkardooma Metro Station.. The site is bounded by road on all 4 sides.

LEGEND EGEND Residential Commercial Public Industrial Recreational Unknown

LEGEND Maharaja Surajmal Marg Maharishi Valmiki Marg Harish Chandra Marg Site Metro Station Figure 4.6: Site surroundings Source: Author’s Work

“Karkardooma project acts as a model TOD project.”

Figure 4.7: Land-use around site Source: (DDA, 2015)

LEGEND EGEND 200 DU/Ha 300 DU/Ha >500 DU/Ha Figure 4.8: Density around site Source: (DDA, 2015)

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Figure 4.9: The Explored Scenario Scenario, Design option 2 was taken up and further developed. developed Source: (DDA, 2015)

4.4 SITE CONNECTIVITY LEGEND Metro Line Road Network NMT Routes Skywalk

Figure 4.10: Integrated NMT route with sky walks & cycle tracks. Source: (DDA, 2015)

“The The heart of the project would be a green area spread over 1o acres.” -Dikshu Dikshu C. Kukreja

The site enjoys good metro connectivity as the stations are interchanges for Blue and Pink line of DMRC. To enhance walkability of the site, skywalk has been introduced, which would connect pedestrian corridors on the upper level. Karkardooma area also enjoys good bus connectivity and has a bus stand in close proximity. 23

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

Figure 4.11: Site Plan Source: (DDA, 2015)

Figure 4.12: Mix use Development – Vertical Mixes Source: (Oasis_Design, 2019)

4.5 SITE PLAN The site is 242811 sq. q. m (60 acres) area divided in to various blocks which are interconnected via road and pedestrian networks. With the smallest one being block B with an area of 2110 sqm and the largest one block C with an area of 19379 sqm.

The entire site is almost empty since the project has not reached the construction stage and at present only a small area is occupied by GD Goenka group. Each block is designed differently and has many facilities along with green areas. Commercial and Residential idential zones are a part of almost every major block. While all the towers will have a maximum of 15 floors, the DDA will be building one Iconic Tower of 65-70 65 floors. This new signature destination of East Delhi will

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The total built up area of the site is approximately 569,416sqm, out of which an approximate of 50% is residential area and nearby 20% is commercial area. Total Area of land Under TOD scheme

287,504 sq.m

Land area under mix use block

153,285 sq.m (54%) 54%)

Land Area under Utilities

11,335 sq.m (4%)

have mixed use development. Apart from fro Residential, Civic and Commercial facilities, the project also includes a large 5 acre community park, sculpture, Laser Park and a circular sky walk. (Bhatia, 2019)

Land Area under 64,560 sq.m Roads & Circulations (22%) Recreational/open spaces

58,045 sq.m (20%)

Figure 4.13: Mix use Development – Horizontal Mixes Source: (Oasis_Design, 2019)

Figure 4.14: Solar Access Source: (DDA, 2015)

COMMERCIAL AREA The site contains total area of 1,69,551sq.m as commercial area which is approximately 20% of the total FAR. Out of this, an area of 80,000 sqm is for the retail areas. The commercial areas are generally placed on the upper floor levels so s that the lower levels could be the residential population. To abide by the norms and principles of TOD the commercial areas are placed on the edge to avoid setbacks. The concept of “Eyes on Street” can be followed without compromising the privacy of residential dential blocks. Almost every block has commercial areas, behind which are the residential areas having a common central green area.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

Figure 4.15: Zoning of uses in relation to context - COMMERCIAL Source: (DDA, 2015)

RESIDENTIAL AREAS The total area of 285,312 sqm is under the residential area which comes out to be 50% of the total FAR of the site area. 4800 houses are included in the project in different sets such as Luxury housing, Semi- Luxury housing, service apartments etc. which will be sold to public like any other private development Figure 4.16: Live work house typology Source: (DDA, 2015)

Figure 4.17: Houses receive min. 2hr. daylight Source: (DDA, 2015)

Along with town houses having Work-Live Work typology, Residential towers are designed which are spread all across the site. These towers are now rotated a bit in order to receive minimum of 2hrs of sunlight. Residential zones are generally behind the commercial zones or near to the secondary roads in order to ensure safety and privacy. For EWS housings, a separate zone has been made.

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Figure 4.18: Zoning of uses in relation to context - RESIDENTIAL Source: (DDA, 2015)

CIVIC AREA A number of civic facilities such as of School, Art Districts, Hospitals, Colleges etc are there. All these facilities are mostly placed along the primary road so that it is accessible for those people also who are not even residing in the complex.

Figure 4.19: Locations that might be gated at night. Source: (DDA, 2015)

Figure 4.20: Zoning of uses in relation to context – CIVIC Source: (DDA, 2015)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

4.6. DETAIL OF BLOCK C This is the largest block of the site having an area of 19,379 sqm. This is the closest to the metro station and the circular skywalk is connected to this block along with metro stations and other nearby blocks. Commercial areas are places on the edge of the block alongside the road and residential area behind ehind them. Lower floors have retail areas and upper floors have office spaces. Various pedestrian pathways from the outer flow to inner flow. Apart from retail and commercial, Figure 4.21: Key plan highlighting one residential tower is designed. Along with a Block-C residential tower, typologies such uch as “Town Source: (DDA, 2015) Home” and “Live Work” are followed. The inner zones consisting of residential area can be gated for pedestrian access for safety. The Figure 4.22: Ground Floor Plan (Block (Block-C) parking for commercial and residential zones is Source: (DDA, 2015) separated and is in the basement.

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4.6.1 COMMERCIAL ZONE FLOOR PLANS

X’

Figure 4.23: First Floor Plan Source: (DDA, 2015)

X X’

Figure 4.24: Second Floor Plan Source: (DDA, 2015)

Figure 4.26: View of residential Town home typology Source: (DDA, 2015)

LEGEND

Figure 4.25: Third Floor Plan Source: (DDA, 2015)

Office Retail Service Apartment

Civic Residential

Figure 4.27: Commercial zone Section XX’

Figure 4.28: Segregated parking in basement

Source: (DDA, 2015)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

4.6.2 RESIDENTIAL ZONE FLOOR PLANS

Figure 4.29: Section

Figure 4.30: First floor plan

Source: (DDA, 2015)

Figure 4.31: 3D View

Figure 4.32: Ground floor plan

Source: (DDA, 2015)

Town House- Type: 2 unit + core

Figure 4.33: Segregation of entry points for safety

Figure 4.34: Ground floor plan

Figure 4.35: First floor plan

Source: (DDA, 2015)

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4.7. INFERENCES SITE LEVEL Form 01

Linkages Function Structure Form

Edge Conditions

Function Structure Form

Site Plan

Function Structure Form

Site Entrances

Function Structure Form

Vehicular Circulation

Function Structure Form

Pedestrian Circulation

Function Structure

The site will have direct pedestrian and vehicular access to Karkardooma Metro Station. Pedestrian link is strengthened with the metro station to improve pedestrian access to the site. Hierarchy of linkages is maintained. Beyond the main road, there are various urban elements in order to increase and promote walkability. Edge conditions are to be made lively by introduction of eyes-on-the-street. The pathways to be made from interlocking tiles, pavers to be used in some places. The site is irregular in plan. Introvert planning of blocks can been seen. The site plan is in single level and various green spaces are integrated with the built-up mass for recreational purposes. Single level site planning having different levels for pedestrian and vehicular circulation. The site houses multiple entry/exit points. Multiple pedestrian and vehicular access points are provided along the periphery. The widths are in accordance with the functional requirement. Voids between buildings function as entrances. Vehicular roads are along the periphery of blocks. Vehicles have direct access to all the blocks. However, the inside edges of all the blocks are free from any vehicular movement. Instead of a single road, the traffic is carried by multiple roads. All the activities on the inside of blocks are connected with pedestrian access ways. Pedestrian movement is along and on the inner side of all the blocks, thereby enhancing connectivity. Direct pathways link various blocks to each other.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

Form 07

Plazas

Function Structure Form

Landscape and Outdoor Function Seating Structure

Informal Sector Integration

Form Function Structure Form

Parking

Function Structure Form

Skyline

Function Structure

Plazas integrated with green spaces are designed, functioning as courtyards. Green spaces cater for recreational purposes and ground water recharge. Introvert plazas can be seen. Private residences have been given private lawns on the Ground Floor. Landscape is in accordance with climatic conditions of the region and is done considering the orientation. Fixed outdoor seating to be provided at desirable locations. ---NO INFORMATION AS OF NOW--Stilt parking provided on the rear side of the buildings. Parking areas on the rear side in order to make spaces lively. --------One high-rise tower dominates the skyline. A mixed-use high rise tower accommodating retail, offices, apartments and amenities dominates skyline and plays a major role in achieving FAR. ---------

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LIVE CASE STUDIES

DR. SP MUKHERJI CIVIC CENTER OFFICE COMPLEX NEW DELHI.

BHIKAJI CAMA PLACE CENTRAL BUSINEES DISTRICT NEW DELHI.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

5 CASE STUDY 01 – BHIKAJI CAMA

PLACE, NEW DELHI. 5.1 INTRODUCTION Bhikaji Cama Place is central business district on the Ring Road. oad. With a boundary shared with an old village, master plan consists of more than a dozen buildings with different plot sizes, mixed land use, different ownership of the plots, FAR was fixed for every land use in the master plan and accordingly the plot sizes. BCP is one of the biggest district centres developed by Delhi Development Authority (DDA) along with private developers in late 1970s. DDA initiated the project as one of the outcome of Master ter Plan Delhi 1962 in the year 1965. It is the commercial and geographic hub of the city containing medium-rise medium SCOs, banks, 5 star hotel and informal sector. The business centre includes commercial and government offices, small and medium-sized medium retailers, hotels and other allied activities. The complex has high to medium-rise medium building blocks developed around large plazas and courts. Figure 5.1: Bhikaji Cama Bhawan building Designed by architect Kuldip Singh, the site covers an enormous hotspot area of 35 acres. 5.2 LOCATION AND APPROACH Location Coordinates: 28034’05”N 77011’16”E Located in close proximity to Sarojini Nagar and Hauz Khas, the site is right adjacent to Bhikaji Cama Place Metro Station. BCP P sits at the intersection of Mahatma Gandhi Marg an Africa Avenue Road right opposite to Netaji Nagar. Ring Road provides access to the Five-Star Star Hotel: Hyatt Regency and Africa Avenue Road provides access to August Kranti Bhawan. Ring Road is relieved from traffic with the coming up a flyover right Figure 5.2: Location Plan of Bhikaji Cama Place opposite to Metro Station Gate No 3. 34

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

LEGEND Bhikaji Cama Place Mohammadpur Village Safdarjung Enclave Netaji Nagar Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park GAIL BKP Metro Station Africa Avenue Road Ring Road Figure 5.3: Site Vicinity Source: (Google Images)

Site (BKP) Figure 5.4: Figure Ground Plan Source: (Narang)

5.3 SITE VICINITY Located in RK Puram, the site is bounded on 4 sides with the vicinity of the following: NORTH: To the North, there is Netaji Nagar, a residential area; next to which is Sarojini Nagar. WEST: The site is bounded by Safdarjung Enclave on the West. This area is a mixture of residential and commercial dwellings. SOUTH: To the South, there is a compact development of Mohammadpur. EAST: Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park sits right besides the Five-Star Star hotel on the Eastern periphery. Catchment areas of the business district include: • Sarojini Nagar • Sarojini Nagar • Safdarjung Enclave • RK Puram • Krishna Nagar • Hauz Khas 5.4 SITE PLANNING The site is a 466,971 sqm built-up built area situated at a prime location in New Delhi. The Ground Coverage of built-up up mass is 31.28%, achieving FAR of 2.91. Total on-site on parking is for 14,010 cars, reaching ECS of 3. Clear segregation of pedestrian and vehicular vehic circulation is visible; but the service cores are predominantly occupied by parking. Zoning

HOTEL 15

OFFICES

GOVT. BUILDINGS Figure 5.5: Zoning Plan Source: Author’s Work

AUGUST KRANTI

Bhikaji Cama comprises of commercial business towers like Ansal Tower, Somdutt Chambers, Mohta building, Mahindra Tower etc. Many prominent government and PSU offices such as GAIL, EIL, Passport Office, PNB, a 5 star Hyatt hotel among many other medium and small sized retailers. The complex has high to mid-rise rise building blocks

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

developed around large plazas and courts. Basic zoning in the complex is commercial, business and administrative. The office areas clearly dominate shopping areas; hotel and the informal mal sector have been assigned separate zones which give them a different identity.

15.

 Figure 5.6: Site Plan

LEGEND 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Hyatt Regency Hotel Engineer India Building Mahindra Towers Ansal Chambers 1 Mohta Chambers Somdutt Chamber 1 Ansal Chambers 2 Telephone Exchange Somdutt Chambers 2 PNB Building Sanrakshan Bhawan Bhikaji Cama Bhawan Jindal House GAIL Building IndusInd Building NBCC Towers HUDCO Bhawan Petrol Pump

1 2

4 5 6 7

Figure 5.7: Site Plan showing locations of edges

Bounded by the Ring road and the Africa Avenue the commercial part of the site has the highest degree of visibility. Thus important office buildings like EIL, Cama ama Bhawan are constructed alongside. This not only has given rise to “landmarks” thereby increasing the image ability of the centre but also focuses public attention to the commercial zone. The luxury hotel, Hyatt Regency also occupies a prime land and forms a landmark. Urban design vision of this design is to achieve harmony in the aesthetics of built environment and public spaces to be climatically suitable to become public places, segregation of pedestrian and vehicles. vehicles Cars are undoubtedly considered a necessity and treated like one but importance rtance is given to pedestrians. Height eight of buildings is regulated by fixing the FAR in relation to the plot size. August Kranti Bhawan mediates mediate the scale and activity between the rest of the complex and Mohammadpur Village. Edge Conditions Edge conditions are the boundary zones where most of what intrigues us happens. happens In case of Bhikaji Cama Place, the site shows variable edge conditions at different locations. These edge conditions have changed with time; therefore, what is seen now may or may not be same as it was planned. In many stretches, it has also been observed that edge conditions vary within a few meters. Hierarchy of Roads: Ring Road (64m), Vivekanand Marg (45m), Africa Road (35m), Distributory Road (15m).

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

The Bhikaji Gama Place metro station is a newer addition to the site and Gate No. 3 hinders movement and vision. This way, the station has become a visual barrier. The station has also resulted in creation of various level differences which are not universally Figure 5.8 accessible.

Source: Author’s Work

Edge Condition 1

The pedestrian plaza is also accessible from a ramp on the other side of the road. However, real site conditions demonstrate that the ramp is out of reach in order to prevent vehicles from coming inside the pedestrian strian plaza. Figure 5.9 Source: Author’s Work

The addition of a flyover on the Ring Road has reduced the congestion on the main road. 3 3-tier road system is clearly visible from the section. Various informal activities take place on the Figure 5.10 pedestrian pathways. Source: Author’s Work With a high-rise rise office building on the left and Jindal house on the right, the secondary road houses space for parking on either side, leaving little widths for pedestrian. Due to less width of the road, the traffic has to wait when any parked car has to come to the road. Many drivers and other servants sit o on the pedestrian pathways during working hours, leaving little or no Figure 5.11 space to walk. Source: Author’s Work

Edge Condition 2

Edge Condition 3

Edge Condition 4

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

With GAIL building on the left and Hyatt Regency on the right, the secondary road has surface parking along GAIL Building. The edge along Hyatt Regency is dead on account of the boundary wall; leaving a little width for pathway to walk upon. Due to the same, many persons prefer to walk on the road instead of the pathway. Figure 5.12 Source: Author’s Work

With NBCC building rising 5 levels on the left and Hyatt Executive Suites’ building on the right, the surface parking on the secondary road is shifted to the other side; along Hyatt Building. The edges on both sides are quite harsh on account of the boundary walls. Widths of pedestrian walkway on the NBCC building side is more as compared to that on the other side.

Figure 5.13 Source: Author’s Work

With a structure rising 9 levels on the left and triple storey HUDCO building on the right, there is a wide green belt on the latter’s side. However, 2-wheelers are being parked in the green belt due to lack of along-the-road parking spaces. The road on one side is taken up for car parking. There is a vacant plot for parking but people do not prefer to park inside. They rather prefer Figure 5.14 parking on the road itself.

Source: Author’s Work

Edge Condition 5

Edge Condition 6

Edge Condition 7

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Pedestrian Plazas 3 1

2 4

Figure 5.15: Entry/Exit points of the site.

Figure 5.16: Seating spaces are taken up by Informal Sector.

The whole layout of the site is in 2 levels: Ground Level and Upper Ground Level. The lower level is taken up by service courts that are primarily used for parking and on the upper level is the main pedestrian plaza that hosts all the informal and recreational activities. The level difference between both plazas is 3.15 m. Upon entering the main plaza from Metro Station’s side, a person is welcomed with a seating under the canopy of a huge tree. A visual axis guided by 2 planes of adjacent buildings is formed that welcomes and guides a person into the site. There are a series of pedestrian plazas. Surrounded by buildings on both the side, Plaza 1 is the main pedestrian plaza of the site. This houses maximum informal sector and is lively; even in after-hours. hours. During lunch time, there is a lot of footfall in this plaza on account of various eating joints present. This is the primary reason of footfall touching third th highest during 1 pm.

Plaza 1 is connected to Plaza 2 via PNB building. The First Floor of this building (Upper Ground Floor of site) acts as an axis to move to and fro both the plazas. There is no direct access to onee plaza from the other after working hours as PNB building is locked Figure 5.17: Daily footfall according to time during night. Where Plaza 1 is lively most of the time, Plaza 2 is non-active active. Due to its large proportions, sense of enclosure is lost in this plaza, thereby making it less secure. Service Courts 3 and 4 are being used for parking purposes and have some landscaped area. These courts are connected with each other from Ground Floor (Lower Lower Ground Floor of the site). Below Plaza 1 and 2 are also parking lots. The site was developed in an era Figure 5.18: Parking in service courts and of cars starting to dominate the lifestyle; columns are supporting pedestrian plaza on therefore, adequate parking can be seen. Upper Ground level 39

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development Figure 5.19: Conceptual section showing the difference in scales and Sciography of a service court (between Som Dutt 1 and Ansal) and a pedestrian plaza (on the UG level).

Landscaping In the complex, buildings are placed along open courtyards, which are not maintained well. Shady trees are planted along the parking. Small water bodies with sculptures in centers are there in a few service courts. courts Due to lack of seating in the courts, parapet along the court is used for sitting. Figure 5.20: Peepal tree is provided in the open courtyards. This tree is generally found in isolation.

Figure 5.21: Java cassia, Kusum, Satpati are seen in courts; Peepal and Satpati are seen along roads

Figure 5.22: Being a luxurious 5-star star hotel, special attention is given to the landscaping of Hyatt Regency. It is done in a planned manner.

There is an unplanned landscape scheme of the site. As the entire structure is dominated with office buildings, no recreational eational spaces, outdoor seating spaces have been provided. Row of shady trees line the internal roads of CBD. There is a lack of seating places in the central courtyard. Cemented seating is provided around the trees which serve as the only outdoor seating space. The central courtyards provided are not given any attention except the ones in “The Ansal chambers 2” and HUDCO Bhawan. The open spaces due to being mishandled are become garbage dumps for eating joints. joints The Complex has no feature to attract the public blic after office hours. The landscaping of Hyatt Regency is properly planned and well executed. There are water wat bodies along the drive way and various types of trees are planted which add to the grandeur of the hotel building. Concept of Green Wall is also adopted in the residential block of the hotel. It is also observed that good landscape scheme is followed lowed around prestigious office buildings. The private owners have got their own landscape scheme implemented. However, public areas have a negative aspect.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Govt. Buildings

August Kranti Bhawan

Figure 5.23: Southern Elevation depicting variable skyline

Spatial Analysis The height of building blocks varies. The variety in mass volumes gives the visitor a rich, interesting experience as the spaces open out into each other; according to the usage of the respective block. Architectural controls regulate facades of all the buildings. There is dynamism and clarity in the layout. The sunken courts used for parking further add to the dynamism of the place. The buildings on the Southern side of the site (August Kranti Bhawan) are low-rise low in order to relate to the surroundings; as there is lowlow rise Mohammadpur village on the rear. Figure 5.24: Images of site’s model

A newer addition to the site has been made. Hyatt Regency is in ownership of a separate building with IndusInd bank on ground floor and luxury apartments on upper levels. This is now the highest building of the site. •

Figure 5.25: Connection of buildings on upper floors

During off-hours, SCO’s act as dangerous pockets due to which other areas (especially ( Punjab National Bank)) are crime ridden as they have no link to the main road where security is provided. The buildings are connected to each other either on ground or on upper floors. Either 3 floors are connected on thee ground or the 3 top-most most floors are connected. This gives a sense of scale to the visitor. Small government buildings are also connected in similar manner. This unification can be noticed elsewhere too.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

Services and Site Amenities Water Supply Water Tank is provided along the Distributory Road at the site of HUDCO Bazaar.

LEGEND Fire Stations Water Supply Figure 5.26: Water and Fire Services

Figure 5.27: Fire Hose outside a building

Fire Station Fire station is situated at the back of the hotel and the fire safety hose reelss can be seen in each building. Water Sprinkler System Sprinkler system is a must for basement parking and other risk areas where large quantities of combustible materials are stored. Each sprinkler should cover 6.96 sqm area. Sprinklers may connect to main water tank and pump. The capacity of water tank shall be calculated on the basis of sprinklers. On the site, some buildings have adequate sprinkler system, some don’t. Garbage Disposal There is no garbage disposal facility. Due to this, there are piles of garbage at various negative spaces. Water Tank Water tanks are provided along the Distributory Road close to the site of August Kranti Bhawan.

Figure 5.28: Garbage disposal near August Kranti Bhawan

Figure 5.29: Window and split ACs hang out from the façade, making the buildings look chaotic.

Air Conditioning In some buildings like E.I.L, Jindal, Sanrakshan Bhawan, E.I. House, air conditioning is done through centrally AC system and the rest of the buildings use window ACs. Signage and Urban Graphics There are no standard boards for advertising avenues thus having an impact on the urban graphics of the area due to varied sizes of the same.. According to norms, length of the board b should be twice its breadth. A petrol pump is also there on one edge of the site.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Figure 5.30: Site plan with locations of public toilets

LEGEND Non-private body operated toilets O.P Jindal Group operated toilets

Public Toilets There are two public toilets on the site. One is maintained and run by O.P Jindal group and the other is by some non-private body. The former one is in good condition and seems to be a newer addition to the site while the latter is locked and is not functional and seems to be constructed during construction of site. Toilets run by O.P Jindal group have both female and male toilets; with separate area for urinals. These toilets also function during evening. There is also provision for disabled persons, which is not the case for non-private body operated toilets on the other side.

Figure 5.31: Image of toilets operated by O.P Jindal Group

The non-private body operated toilets have been locked and the approach pathways are being used for two-wheeler parking. The services such as water tank are present there but are non-functional. The main reason for the locked public toilets is the inadequacy of maintenance. As these are located in proximity to the main road, these should have been functional as they cater to many shops nearby. Offices have their own washrooms indoors but accessing a public washroom is a difficult task for shopkeepers and visitors. However, there are washrooms in Petrol Pump which can be accessed by public. Figure 5.32: Image of toilets operated by nonprivate body

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

5.5 BUILDING 01 – AUGUST KRANTI BHAWAN August Kranti Bhawan is an exclusive and modern user complex. The building is separated over three identical wings named as Abdul Gafar Khan, Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad. One side of complex com facing Bhikaji Cama place contains large shops and offices in three storey stepped buildings. Having three floors and a basement, the Figure 5.33: Zoning Plan building is a low-rise rise office building as it LEGEND brings the scale of the site down in order to fit into surrounding context. xt. The front elevation A-Wing Wing (Abdul Kalam wing) has the concept of offsetting, which is the B-Wing (Bhagat Singh Wing) basic architectural character of the complex. C-Wing Wing (Chandra Shekhar Azad The central courtyard is very well landscaped, Wing) unlike the rest of the open spaces in the site.

Figure 5.34: Ground Floor Plan LEGEND Admin Area (Restricted Entry) Open Air Theatre Shops Services (Toilets & Ver. Circ) Horizontal Circulation

Figure 5.35: Entrance gate on North

Site Plan

Source: (HUDCO)

The site is approached by 3 gates on either side of the complex mplex except on the Mohammadpur village side. The entrances are marked with pergola-like like gates. With main entrance on the North being 4.2 m wide, the site welcomes visitors with a large Open Air Theatre that is beautifully landscaped and there are a series of green spaces in the site. With all the open spaces oriented towards North, the Sciography of buildings ensures shaded open areas during afternoon hours.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Figure 5.36: OAT on Northern Entrance

A comprehensive landscape scheme is followed throughout the site, making it the most welcoming building of the site. There is a secondary OAT on the Western side that also serves as a recreational area for employees. All the blocks are designed on different levels and at the entrance of each from the other one is a portal. The site also has a series of courtyards which are on human scale and sense of enclosure is completely felt. 23m 11m

Figure 5.41: Section showing proportions of courtyard

Figure 5.37: Entry of Block-B B from C

Figure 5.38: Secondary OAT in Block Block-C

Figure 5.39: HUDCO Art Gallery

Figure 5.40: Shops on Ground Floor

Ground Floor Constructed on a level of +1.5 meters, the Ground Floor primarily accommodates large number of shops (majority of them being closed) and offices of HUDCO and railways. Front to depth epth ratios of shops are 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2. On the Eastern side is the administrative area and on the North Eastern side are shops of various crafts and handlooms. At the back of the secondary courtyard is HUDCO Art Gallery. It is an open plan space and can be used for multiple purposes. The building block is in linear form having shops and offices arranged along singlysingly loaded corridors. The plan is supported by a rectangular grid of 12 m; with column being octagonal, having size of 1m X 1m. All the blocks are structurally segregated with Expansion Joints between them. FFL to FFL height of the floor is 3.3 m and up to gypsum down ceiling in offices is 2.8 m. Slab typology is coffer slab. Staircases protrude out of the façade and distance between 2 staircases is 30 m. The width of staircases being 1.2 m, kota stone tone has been used for both tread and riser.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

The planning of the building has been done keeping in mind the orientation in order to provide comfortable interiors as well as exteriors. As seen in the adjacent section, an interesting type ype of massing can be seen on the inner façade facing courtyard. This has been done in order to have shaded corridors during afternoon as projections can be seen .on the side facing south. As the same typology is used for corridors facing other directions too; oo; therefore being a passive design on one hand, this also creates a dramatic effect in terms of scale of the building. Figure 5.42: Conceptual Section of corridor Source: Author’s Work

Figure 5.43: First Floor Plan Source: (HUDCO)

First Floor The First Floor of the building houses offices of HUDCO and railways. Being a linear plan, the corridors on the either side of the plan are connected; which in turn visually defines an area. Most of the areas are naturally lit during the day. However, the corridor on the Eastern side does not receive any natural light. FFL to FFL height of this floor is also 3.3 m. There is a pantry on this floor but no provision for service lift has been provided. The adjacent conceptual section is visible in case of staircase. Here, in order to have passive cooling, vent has been left at the top so as to make way for warm air to escape; thereby resulting in the natural circulation of Figure 5.44: Conceptual Section of Staircase air. This creates a stack effect. Source: Author’s Work 46

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LEGEND Horizontal Circulation Two-Wheeler Parking Car Parking Vertical Circulation Service Areas However, the basement is shut in present context. All the staircases and ramps leading to the basement are locked and no outsider is provided with the access of the same.

Figure 5.45: Basement Floor Plan

Basement Floor

Source: (HUDCO)

The Basement Floor is used for parking and various services of building. The level of basement is –1.5m below the road level. Covering 18,819 sq m area, 170 cars and 126 two-wheelers can be parked in the basement. Various service in basement are generator set of 160KVA, A.C plant room, 3 Electric sub stations, pump rooms and store rooms. The ventilation of basement is done by exhaust fans installed on all the four sides’ outer wall. Services

Figure 5.46: Meter Rooms also house fire extinguishers

Toilets of size 20 sqm each are provided for male and female, the ceiling height of which is 3 m. Male toilet houses 3 water closets and 9 urinals. Fire Hydrant Shafts of size 1 m X 0.6 m run vertically at regular distances. Meter Rooms present on each floor shift their position according to the placement of corridors. The cables thereafter run in ceiling mounted raceways. Façade

Figure 5.47: Brise-soliel on SW Façade

Sandstone in multiple colors has been used on the façade. The southern façade is treated with brise-soliel in order to reduce heat gain inside the offices.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

5.6 BUILDING 02 – ENGINEER INDIA LIMITED

Figure 5.48: Ground Floor Plan Source: (Rewal, 1983)

Figure 5.49: Office Floors (5th to 9th) Source: (Rewal, 1983)

Figure 5.50: Typical Floor Plan Source: (Rewal, 1983)

LEGEND

Designed by master architect, Raj Rewal, the EIL building is the tallest structure of whole Bhikaji Cama Place complex. Engineer India Limited building houses administrative, design, financial and public relation offices of a public sector organization dealing dea in design consultancy for industry and technology in India. The design concept is based on four cores on the corners containing lifts, staircase and services, resulting in a large hall in the middle for flexible office planning. These cores act as major structure element and along with four central shear walls support and average office floor of 54m X 24.6m. The form of the building is derived with the aim of saving energy. The service cores are designed in such a manner that they also cut down harsh hars glare from the south-west, west, The stepping of floors within the cores and extending different floors to the east and west ends of the building, creates a zone of surface under shadow, thus reducing temperatures. The structural cores along with the extended floors form a giant sun breaker. Toilets & Services

Toilets & Services Shear Walls

Gents Toilet Ladies Toilet Electrical Room Goods Lift

Lifts & Staircase

Figure 5.51: Vertical Cores Source: (Rewal, 1983)

Coffer slab form is used for the building. Shear walls and structural cores are cladded with 25mm thick beige sanstone. The partitions within the hall are flexible and vary according to functional requirement of the space. Figure 5.52: Entrance of building from Ring Road

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

On most of the floors, care is taken to merge shear walls with the building interiors; and not to have them as visual barriers on the floor. There are balconies on each floor acting as Refuge Areas. There are offices on the Northern and Southern side of the th floor plan and the central area is an open plan cubicles.

Figure 5.53: 3D Sectional View of the building showing refuge areas Source: (Rewal, 1983)

The Lower Ground Floor is used for parking purposes and a series of steps take visitors to the Upper Ground Floor that houses reception and double height atrium. The atrium is spacious and is used as waiting area for the visitors. High security can be seen in the building and only persons with permission can access ss upper floors. Massing of the building is done in such a way that the building takes in maximum of North Sun but Sun is blocked on the South with the creation of steps. This ensures comfortable indoor environment without the need of air conditioning.

Figure 5.54: Massing on the North façade is different from that on the South façade Source: (Rewal, 1983)

Figure 5.56: Entry to parking

Open Court

Figure 5.55: Perspective Section Source: (Rewal, 1983)

Figure 5.57: Building façade

Figure 5.58: Building interior

From the atrium, an open court is accessible that is on the Upper Ground level of the site. This court is private to the building and has no other access from the site. Some interiors of the building are dull as they do not receive adequate natural ural light and artificial lighting is not also adequate in some places. Floor to ceiling height: 3.15 m Shear Wall thickness: 375 mm Blinds are used on North and South façades.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

5.7 BUILDING 03 – BHIKAJI CAMA BHAWAN The Bhikaji Cama Bhawan building faces Ring Road and occupies a prime location in the site. Complex massing has been done on the façade. Rising 11 levels, entry of the building is from Second level. Building footprint is large on the Ground Floor but is decreases from Second Floor onwards. Due to this, a wide open court Figure 5.59: Fine Dining Restaurant on is formed on the Second level. The Th entrance to First Floor this building is from a series of steps and no provision for disabled person was visible. The interiors of the building apart from bring dark lie in a dilaplated state. The lifts work from Second Floor onwards and there is a staircase inside the building, which is bounded by office spaces on the three sides and an OTS O Figure 5.60: Fire Hydrant pipes run (6 m X 6 m) on the fourth one. Apart from this, exposed in OTS there is a secondary fire escape staircase. Each floor has an Electricity Panel Room. However, Offices electricity cables run along the shaft adjacent to lifts. There is no separate shaft for Fire OTS Hydrant but the pipes run exposed along the OTS, which is covered on top with a fiber sheet. The OTS does not come down to First Elec. Floor and Ground Floor, making the interiors Lift Lift Lift Room on these two floors are relatively darker. This is also because of the broader floor plan on these two levels. Figure 5.61: Typical Floor Plan The building houses a fine dining restaurant Source: Author’s Work and few shops on Second Floor; the upper floors are completely for private offices. The air conditioning of indvidual offices is managed by private owners only; there is no provision for central conditioning. onditioning. This results in chaos of ACs on the facades of the building. The floor to ceiling height on upper floors is 2.5m and gypsum down ceiling has been done in office areas. In all the common areas, coffer slab construction is visible. The façade and interiors of the building have been cladded with red and beige sandstone to match with the architectural character of the Figure 5.62: Chaotic arrangement of ACs whole complex. on front façade 50

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

5.8 INFERENCES 5.8.1 SITE LEVEL Form 01

Linkages

Function Structure

Form

Edge Conditions

Function

Structure Form

Site Plan

Function

Structure

Form 04

Site Entrances Function Structure

Vehicular Circulation and parking

Form

The site has direct link to Bhikaji Cama Place Metro Station and sits on the Ring Road. Pedestrian link is strengthened with the metro station to improve pedestrian access to the site. Except for metro station, other linkages are not prominently noticeable. Beyond the main road, there are multiple layers of pathway and/or service roads surrounding the site on all 4 sides, which are of variable widths. The pathways cater for pedestrian movement with tactile tiles only on pathways adjacent to metro station for universal accessibility. These pathways also serve as spaces for informal food kiosks and cigarette shops. Edge conditions largely vary around the site at different locations according to functional requirements. Multiple layers included in the edges serve different functions. The site is trapezoidal in plan and rigidity of the site compliments the rigidity of building layout. The site plan is in 2 levels according to the function it serves. Lower level is used as parking and upper level is used as a pedestrian plaza that hosts almost all the informal activities. The planning of the site plan is in 2 levels namely Lower Ground and Upper Ground, the former one being supported with columns and beams. Multiple entry/exit points are there for the site. Some of these are marked with building connections on upper floors. Stepped pedestrian access points are there, taking a person directly on to the Upper Ground Floor pedestrian plaza. Widths of entrances are in accordance with their functional requirements. Pedestrian entrances are narrow. However, service and vehicular entrances are wide. Voids between buildings act as entrances for site. Vehicular circulation is along the site periphery and on Lower Ground level of the site (that acts as service courts for parking purposes). Parking bays are demarcated with curbstones. 51

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

Function Structure Form 06

Pedestrian Circulation

Function Structure

Form 07

Plazas

Function Structure

Landscape and Outdoor Seating

Form Function Structure

Informal Sector Integration

Form Function Structure Form

Skyline

Function Structure

Vehicles have direct access to all the buildings via service courts. Access of pedestrian court from parking is via staircases at various locations. Distributary Road hosts vehicular circulation around the site. The pedestrian movement is on the inner and peripheral side. Inner courtyards are rectangular in plan. All the buildings are connected with pedestrian plazas on Upper Ground Level. Pedestrian movement on inner side is along various courtyards that cater for informal sector. Pedestrian circulation is hosted by plazas on Upper Ground Level. This level is free from Vehicular Movement. There are multiple plazas on the site. Some are enclosed on all sides by various buildings. However, some are open on few sides. The former ones are safer than the latter. The plazas function as spaces for informal sector to sell commodities and for recreational facilities. The plazas being orthogonal are on Upper Ground level and are supported by beams and columns. Outdoor seating is fixed and in-built. Aesthetically pleasing landscape variety is used wherever required. Landscape is in accordance with climatic conditions of the region and is done considering the orientation. The seating is fixed and made out of sandstone. Integration of informal sector makes the place lively. The main area for this sector is the central courtyard. Arrangement is along pre-existing seating. Informal sector is adjacent to hotspots of the site. Either temp. structures are made or hawkers simply sit and sell commodities. Irregular skyline is observed due to varying heights of various buildings. Newly constructed Hyatt building dominates the skyline with premium apartments. All other buildings are relatively shorter in height. ---------

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

5.8.2 BUILDING LEVEL (Engineer India Limited Building) Form 01

Building Plan

Function Structure

Form 02

Plinth

Function Structure Form

Entrance

Function Structure

Form 04

Structure System

Function Structure Form Function

Circulation Structure

Lift and Lift Lobby

Form Function

The form of the building block is rectangular. The building plan caters for flexible office spaces. The maxima and minima of the building footprint are in accordance with the structural grid and penetration of natural light. The entrance of the building is from Upper Ground level. Thus, plinth is around 1.5m high. The rise caters for the protection of indoors from site drainage and connection of Upper Ground and Lower Ground level. Plinth protection is extended, making it a kindof balcony where flowers are potted. The entrance is recessed and offers a welcoming feel. The entrance is at a higher level in order to establish a connection between Upper Ground and Lower Ground level. The entrance is at the center of the façade, thereby increasing stability of the mass. Shear walls make a major part of the structural system. 4 major shear walls support floor area of 54m X 24.6m. The arrangement of shear walls is according to office spaces on the upper levels. On each edge of the cuboid, there is either vertical core or toilet core, walls of which are shear walls, hence enhancing stability. The circulation typology is in the form of loop. Circulation on each floor is through flexible office arrangements and there are no fixed corridors. Only aisles are there, which cater for circulation. Structural grid is integrated at each floors and it does not hinder any horizontal or vertical circulation. The lift lobby being rectangular in plan is surrounded by 3 lifts and a staircase. The lift lobby also has a plane that opens up to outdoors. There are 2 lift lobbies on the diagonally opposite sides. All the lifts serve all the floors

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

and they are separated by a distance of no more than 25m. Structure Form 07

Staircase

Function Structure Form

Office Areas

Function Structure Form

Buffer Areas

Function Structure Form

Toilets

Function Structure

Form 11

Basements

Function Structure Form

Services

Function Structure

Sides of all the lifts cores are Shear Walls. Staircases open up inside the lift lobby. Doglegged staircase is seen. To cater for norms and functional guidelines, 2 meters wide primary staircases are seen. Folded plate typology staircases are there. Each one has tread of 250mm and 150mm riser. Except for toilets and vertical circulation, the whole floor plate is dedicated for office use. Mostly, open plan office areas are there. Private cabins are only provided to high ranked officials. The division of office spaces is in accordance with structural system. Buffer areas can be seen on all the upper floors. Balconies on either side act as buffer areas. Buffer areas would help in gathering and evacuation during emergency. Some balconies are contained inside the structure system, some are cantilevered. Multiple rectangular-plan toilets are provided. Separate toilets for male and female are provided on every floor. For structural stability and easy maintenance, toilets are designed as vertical cores of the building. Lower Ground Floor is used as a private basement of the building. It is rectangular in plan. Basements are primarily being used for parking. Linear parking arrangement is seen. The structural system does not hinder any horizontal circulation of cars. Service cores are along the vertical circulation cores and are rectangular in plan. Fire Hydrant Shaft and Electrical Shaft are provided near lift lobby and plumbing shaft is common to toilet walls. Shear walls surround all the shafts.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

6 CASE STUDY 02 – DR. SP MUKHERJI CIVIC CENTER, NEW DELHI.

Figure 6.1: Block-E, E, Delhi Civic Center

6.1 INTRODUCTION Named after Dr. SP Mukherji, Mukherji Delhi Civic Center is a purely office building owned by Municipal Corporation of Delhi and leased to Income Tax Department, New Delhi. In present time, it houses offices of both the departments along with offices of politicians and an auditorium. All this is housed in five major buildings, out of which four are 6-storey 6 high and one is 29 stories high. Designed by M/S Shiriesh Malpani & Associates, the site was undertaken by shifting unauthorized structures of CPWD quarters, squatters, uatters, shops and various government buildings. The buildings are named alphabetically and the tallest structure is functionally divided into 2 blocks namely E1 and E2. The blockblock wise division of buildings is as follows: Block A: Politicians’ offices and canteen. Block B: Offices of Income Tax and Bank. Block C: Auditorium and Offices of high officials of Income Tax Department. Block D: Offices of Income Tax Department Block E1: Offices of Municipal Corporation, Block E2: Offices of Income Tax Department and Library.

6.2 LOCATION AND APPROACH Location Coordinates: 28°38’28”N 77°13’39”E Located in close proximity to New Delhi Railway Station, the site is 12.75 acres in area. Surrounded by Minto Road on West and Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg on North, the site is surrounded on 3 sides by roads. The nearest landmarks include New Delhi Airport Metro Metr Station and Connaught place, which are 750m and 1.8km respectively. Figuree 6.2: Map of Delhi showing location of site

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

The pedestrian link from New Delhi Airport Metro Station is quite poor. Consequently, there are no separate bicycle tracks around the site. Pathways of variable widths (1m ( to 2.25m wide) circumference the site. These pathways are made disabled-friendly friendly with wit the addition of tactile tiles. However, at many places the tiles are broken.

Bus Stops Figure 6.3: Site Connectivity Figure 6. 6.4a: Pathway on site periphery.

Figure 6. 6.4b: Due to lack of seating, rickshaw rickshaw-pullers usually sit on the footpaths. EDGE CONDITIONS

“Major ajor source of traffic around the site is the New Delhi Railway Station (NDLS) that handles up to 300 trains per day..”

Ram Leela Maidan Site

Slums

Minto Road Jawahar Lal Nehru Road Figure 6.6: Site Surroundings Source: Author’s Work

Figure 6.5: Gutters posing a threat to disabled persons.

6.3 SITE VICINITY Located at the intersection of Minto Road and Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, the civic center sits opposite to Delhi Stock Exchange building. The site is bounded on 4 sides with the vicinity of the following: EAST: The Eastern fringe is bounded by Waqf Board Land. G. B. Pant hospital, Zakir Hussain College and LNJP Narain hospital are other major sensitive receptors in a range of 500 to 700 m from the site. WEST: Vivekananda road (Minto road) is towards the west of the site. New Delhi Railway ay Station (750 m), Police station (l00 m) and MCD Dispensary (200 m) are other sensitive receptors in western direction. NORTH: Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg runs along the northern boundary of the site. Ram Leela Ground and wholesale markets of Old Delhi are further North at a distance of about 3 km from the site. SOUTH: In southern direction ion are squatters, CPWD hostel and Press enclave.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

6.4 SITE PLANNING The site is 46,700 sqm (11.54 acres) area at the heart of the capital city of Delhi. 40% of area is built-up up leaving the rest 60% for landscaping, on-road road parking, pedestrian pathways and vehicular roads inside the site.

Figure 6.7: Key Plan showing g Solar Analysis Source: (Anjali Singh)

LEGEND Politician’s Block MCD Offices Income Tax Offices Auditorium cum Offices Ramp In Ramp Out

Buildings are oriented towards South, East, and West. North is left vacant for landscaped plaza. Due to this, landscaped plaza remains shady during the afternoon hours, making outdoors comfortable to sit. Seven gates feed the vehicular and pedestrian in and out of the site. Each gate being around 13.2 m wide is flushed with the boundary wall and is guarded by security checks. For each entry/exit, there is a wide gate and 2 narrow ones. With all the pedestrian pedestri and vehicular movement segregated, the site is a pedestrian friendly site.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

LANDSCAPE AREA IN WEST Landscaped area is around Block A in order to cater for a gathering space for general public. An artificial mount is also created that along with being an n informal seating area also blocks the vision from outside. Figure 6.8: Landscaped area being used as gathering space in front of Block A

2 1

Figure 6.12 Source: Author’s Work

Landscape Section 1

Figure 6.9: Key plan showing Landscape Sections

A 1’X1’ gutter channel runs along the road. There are seating platforms besides the trees. A sense of enclosure is felt at this particular location.

Figure 6.10: Pedestals for green also serve for the ventilation of basement

Figure 6.13 Source: Author’s Work

Landscape Section 2

The raised platforms for trees also serve the purpose of seating areas. The pedestrian lane right next to the building is also being used for 2-wheeler wheeler parking. The road on the other side of the section is the internal road.

Figure 6.14 Source: Author’s Work

Figure 6.11: Shrubs are planted at variable heights to reduce monotony.

Landscape Section 3

An artificial mount is created that serves as a space for protests for public outside minister’s block.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

LANDSCAPE AREA IN NORTH The landscaped area on Northern side hosts an enormous Open Air Theatre which is used for various culture events. A water channel runs from next of skylight to the OAT stage, giving a sense of floating to the stage. The channel also imparts a soft touch to the area. OAT also features a backstage. The seating of OAT is made out of Red Sandstone. Juxtapositioning of seating spaces and green spaces can be seen. The inside of the water channel is done with mosaic tile. Stepping stones lead a person to the main stage.

Figure 6.15: Landscape in North

SKYLIGHT On the Northern side is a 7m high and 7m wide glass structure that acts as a skylight. The skylight also functions as a Node of the site. The level of Gate 1 is lower as compared to that of the skylight. This area is in different levels. A visual and functional axis is formed from Gate 1 that terminates at the skylight.

 Figure 6.16: Water feature dividing the Open Air Theatre into 2 symmetrical parts.

        

Figure 6.17: Skylight for Basements’ lighting purposes



GENERAL SITE-LEVEL ANALYSIS All along the pathways, there are louvered vents for basement ventilation. STP and WTP are located on South-West side. At different locations around the site are Escape Staircases for Basements. There is no separate Service Road. Skylight is the central point of the site. Site houses in-built furniture at different levels. Distances of various blocks from Block E are different. Pathways are made out of 300mm X 300mm tiles and Cement Concrete in others. There is no toilet and drinking water facility on the site. The entire internal roads would cater for Fire Tender Movements. All the plazas are on human scale.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

TREES AND SHRUBS A variety of shrubs and trees are used in the landscaping of the site. These include:  Laurus nobilis – It is planted on the periphery (upto 2m height in order to block the vision of outsiders).  Alstonia scholaris – It is used in the complex.  Bismarckia nobilis – It is planted for aesthetical purposes.  Juglans regia – It is planted as a sidewalk tree.

Figure 6.18: Trees and Shrubs planted

Figure 6.19: Haphazard parking in front of Block A

Figure 6.20: Parking along the road in front of Block E

PARKING Except for the minister’s block (Block A) parking in close proximity to Gate 3, there is no major surface parking on the site. Rest of the parking for office staff and visitors is either on stilts or in the basements. There is a total provision for 2500 vehicles to be parked inside the complex. The total covered area being 116,000 sqm, E.C.S comes out to be 2 cars per 100 sqm area. Due to maximum persons coming with drivers, the latter usually sits in the car for most of the time and therefore the cars can be parked in a haphazard manner; without causing delay to any person. There is also a space for few cars to be parked in close proximity to all the blocks but it is only for higher officials of that particular block.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

6.5 BUILDING-LEVEL LEVEL PLANNING

LEGEND Parking Aisle Skylight

Figure 6.21: Conceptual Layout Plan of Basements

Figure 6.22: Skylight

STILTS AND BASEMENTS Basements of all the blocks are combined and this makes the basement to be in a circular plan. One main two-way way circular ramp feeds basements and cars go down a 7.5m wide ramp (each aisle being 3.5 m wide) with approx. 1:12 slope. In addition, there are 5 secondary ramps (7.5m wide each) and these are dedicated to particular blocks. All the aisles are 7m wide. Wherever there are Fire Escape Staircases, care has been taken to keep the parking area in front of it vacant in order to have smooth evacuation. A central skylight ensures diffused light in the basement throughout the day, hence ensuring safety in the basements as well. However, the ventilation of basement is through ducting system placed 8’ high on every basement.  FFL to Ceiling Height: 4m.  FFL to Beam bottom Height: 3.8m  Water channels run below the roof and water sprinklers are at 2 m distance.  Basements house service areas too. There are 5 Water Chillers, 5 big Water Pumps and 8 Transformers.  All the vents of the basements open on to the site.  Height of service area: 8m  Basement 1 houses Waste Disposal Room.  Basement 3 houses staff changing lockers. `

Figure 6.23: Columns are designed to combat punching shear

LEGEND Vehicular Ramps Cores Service Areas Figure ure 6.24: Basement Plan showing locations of vehicular ramps, cores and service areas. Source: (Anjali Singh)

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

A-BLOCK BUILDING 

  

Figure 6.25: Ground Floor Plan

LEGEND Canteen Staircases Toilets

  

A B

Figure 6.26: Building Section



 Figure 6.27: Outside Section (B)

 

A-Block is a 6-storey storey structure that houses offices of ministers and is located on the Northern side of the site. It is a North West – South East oriented building and is stepped on the Western façade. The form of the building is an amalgamation amalgama of a rigid and an irregular form. The plan is in shape of an arc with a central skylight that brings in natural sunlight, thereby ensuring interior spaces to be naturally lit throughout the day. The rear entrance of the building (from the side of Skylight) is 5m wide and recessed. The building has a recessed entrance. There is a feeling of huge entrance on the outside. However, foyer of the building does not offer grandeur feel on account of the low height of metal down ceiling. On the rear side of Ground Floor, there is a banquet hall kind-of of space where lunch on special occasions is served to the ministers. However,, there is no dedicated area for the preparation of food. It is done outdoors. Large amount of seating is given outside the building as there are a lot of people around the building most of the time. To cater to a large amount of persons visiting the building ilding on daily basis, the corridors are wide and house benches for seating. On the Ground Floor is the only food canteen of the complex and it gets really busy during lunch hours. Conference Rooms are circular in shape and are housed on every floor. Terraces formed on the upper floors on the Western façade are rarely used. Figure 6.29: Central Skylight (1)

Figure 6.28: Entrance Foyer

Figure 6.30: Western façade

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

B-BLOCK BUILDING 

  Figure 6.31: Ground Floor Plan



Figure 6.32: First Floor Plan



LEGEND



Vertical Circulation Toilets

  

Figure 6.33: Front Elevation (Steps)



  Figure 6.34: Side Elevation Source: (Anjali Singh)

Figure 6.35: Swastik Swastika Arrangement of cubicles

B-Block Block building is similar to the typology of A-Block Block building but is relatively smaller in area as compared to the latter. Entrance to this building is from South-West South side and the same façade is stepped. The entrance to this building is from Upper Ground Floor via steps and a ramp for universal accessibility. The entrance of this building is flushed and houses a bank and a government service center on the Ground Floor. The foyer of the building is enormous and offers a grandeur feel and this building has a huge waiting lobby on the Ground Floor. The vertical core is housed on the central-rear central portion of the building; adjacent to toilets. The 2 extreme ends are marked by 2 fire escape staircases. B-Block Block building is connected to E1-Block E1 on the 5th level with a sky bridge. Distance between E1-Block Block and B-Block: B 15m. On the upper floor, core is placed plac on the North side and workspaces are oriented towards South-West West side. This is done because the high-rise E-Block Block is to the north of this building Some cabins and cubicles on upper floors do not have direct access to natural light. They have to rely upon artificial light throughout the working hours. Swastika-type type arrangement of cubicles can be seen. Fire Escape Staircases protrude outside the façade of the building. Figure 6.36: Connection to E1 block

Figure 6.37: No natural light in interiors

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

C-BLOCK BUILDING 



 Figure 6.38: Pre-function area



 

This is the only building to have separate entrances for visitors and officials. This has been done due to security purposes. Entrance for Income Tax officials is from Southern side and that of visitors is from Northern side. Ground Floor houses an enormous foyer cum waiting area but this cannot be accessed by general public. Similar to that in Block-B, B, the core of this block is also located on the central-rear central side. This block is crowned with an auditorium on top, the entrance to which is from Fourth Floor. The pre-function function area is in arc-shaped arc plan and is 8m wide. Connected to it is a small pantry for officials. The seating of auditorium is also in 2 levels and so are the exits. Pre-function function area is naturally lit with a skylight on top. Back stage Auditorium

Figure 6.39: Auditorium

Pre-function Rooms Rooms

LEGEND EGEND Double ht foyer Staircases Backstage

Figure 6.41: Conceptual Plan of Auditorium

Figure 6.40: Entrance Porch

Figure 6.42: Section of the building

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

D-BLOCK BUILDING     LEGEND Block-D Squatters



This is an isolated block and has the entry from Eastern side. The entrance of this block faces squatters. The building typology of this block is similar to that of Block B and Block C. Distance between block D and E2: 14.10 m. (With this, it can be concluded that all the blocks are not places along a single arc, they are rather staggered. Two fire escape staircases protrude out of the building.

Figure 6.43: Relation to surroundings

E-BLOCK BUILDING  



  

Figure 6.44: E-Block Block building façade

  

Figure 6.45: Reception of Block Block-E

 

Rising up 28 storeys, this is the only high-rise high block in the complex. This block is further divided into 2 sub-blocks: sub E1 and E2; between which is an expansion joint. Both the blocks are separated by fire rated doors on each level and the access between both is either from Ground ound Floor or from 27th floor. In both the blocks, Refuge area is after every 5th level. Ground Floor houses reception and the remaining is Stilt Parking. As far as form is concerned, both E1 and E2 are mirror images of each other. The convex curve faces South. Upper floors have identical planning. Staircases can easily be distinguished from outside as they bulge out of the façade. Floor Plans All the floor plans are somewhat identical. Linear circulation pattern is observed. Zoning: Entry > Gathering Area > Waiting Area > Cubicles (Small and Medium Offices). Variation can be seen in the sizes of offices. Vitrified tiles are used for flooring.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development LEGEND Lift Cores Staircases Toilets

Figure 6.46: Typical Floor Plan E2

   

Figure 6.47: Skylight ensuring natural light in Basement



  Figure 6.48: Primary ramp

   

Figure 6.49: Lift Core



  

Figure 6.50: Plan of lift core showing levels served by respective lifts

  

FFL to ceiling height in most floors is 2.5m. Wherever wall paneling is done, it is majorly stone cladding. There is 1 AHU per floor and is located in close proximity to the core. Water Sprinklers are placed at 2m c/c distance from each other. Basements 2-way ramps are there, widths of which are 4m for each aisle and slope being approx. 1:12. Rectangular columns are used and column size is 1mX1m. Distance between adjacent cores is less than 25 meters. 6.24m wide aisles cater to 2-way traffic flow. FFL to ceiling height is 4m and that till beam bottom is 3.48 m. Flooring of basement is done with Cement Concrete. Ventilation shaft runs all around the basement at 1.5 meter height. Water Sprinklers are placed at 2m c/c distance from each other. Cores Lift corridor is 4m wide and houses 8 passenger lifts; size of each lift being 2m X 2m. Out of 8 lifts, 1 stops at even floors, 1 at odd floors, 3 go unto 27th floor and 3 go up to 15th. Speed of the lift going till 27th floor is 3.5 m/s and that of one going till 15th floor is 2.5 m/s. There are no service lifts in the building. Fire Hydrant Shaft size: 1.5m X 1m. Electrical Shaft (0.8sqm) is covered with louvers.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020 Figure 6.51: Fire Hydrant Shaft (1.5mX 1m)

  



Figure 6.52: Primary Staircase



Figure 6.53: Female and Male Toilets

 



There is no additional shaft for other cables. The cables run in ceiling-mounted raceways to individual workstations. The capacity of each lift is 1360kg. Staircase The tread and riser of the folded-plate staircase are the conventional ones being 250mm and 150mm respectively. Width of primary staircase is 2m and that of secondary one is 1.2m; with railing height being 1.2m. Kota stone and Granite has been used in staircases. There is no anti-skid strip on treads. Artificial lights are used to keep the area lit. However, there are small ventilators on each floor. Fire rated doors are used to keep the vertical circulation shaft isolated in case of emergency. Toilets Although small in size (2.4m X 4.8m) but there are separate male and female toilets on each floor of every block. In the male toilet, there is only 1 WC and 2 urinals per toilet. One ventilation and plumbing shaft is there for services and the ventilation of toilets is purely mechanical. Granite has been used for the flooring.

Figure 6.54: Male Toilet

Façade 

  Figure 6.55: View showing ACP cladded façade



The façade of all the building is cladded with stone till 2nd floor and ACP thereafter; the rest of it is glazed. Windows are 1m recessed into the façade. Bulging out staircases can be noticed from outside. E-Block is connected with other blocks via sky bridges.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

Services



Figure 6.56: Pumps installed in the basement for water-based Air Conditioning



Figure 6.57: Waste Collection Room in Basement



Figure 6.58: Water Tanks are installed on the rooftop.

HVAC System The building is fitted with a central air conditioning system using water cooled centrifugal chillers to provide summer / monsoon cooling and winter heating. The salient feature of the HVAC system design include optimization of power demand by installation of Energy Recovery Wheel (ERW) in the fresh air system, to reduce the refrigeration load by 80% which in turn will also reduce the air conditioning plant load by 12 -15%. The design also envisaged mechanical ventilation for the car parking area, toilets, pantry, plant room and other similar areas. Mechanical ventilation for basement involves 10 air changes per hour in case of fire; same would be increased to 30 air changes per hour. Water Supply and Sewage System City water supply from Delhi Jal Board is the major source of water to the complex. Two separate connections are provided, one for MCD and other for the remaining complex. Tube wells are developed as an alternate water sources and for other uses like air conditioning etc. Water from tube well feed the raw water tank and depending upon the analysis report, minimum of pressure filter, softener and chlorination are proposed for treatment of water. Two systems for water distribution, which include gravity system and hydro pneumatic system, are considered for the project. Gravity system with terrace water tank is utilized for 28-storiedtower block, whereas for the 6storey block, hydro pneumatic systems are employed.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020



Figure 6.59: 400kV Hot Water Generator

   

“All the electrical conduits run along a shaft in proximity to vertical core. The horizontal transfer of cables is through floor and ceiling mounted raceways.”

Figure 6.60: Smoke Detectors mounted to ceiling



Figure 6.61: Refuge area on every 5th floor.



Solar Water Heating System Solar water heating system consisting of two solar panels of size 2 m X 1m and hot water storage insulation tank. The capacity of the solar water system is 316 liters per day per panel. Electricity The building is centrally air conditioned. The workstations have computers and other facilities. The power for the project is made available from BSES Yamuna Power Limited. Two incoming feeder of 33 KV are sought from the power authority. Based on the anticipated demand, 2 number substations are provided, one for institutional usage (building occupied by MCD) and other for the commercial usage (building to be let out by MCD). The 33 KV switchgear, itchgear, transformer and 415 volt switchgear is located on the on the ground floor and DG sets in the basement. To eliminate the effects of voltage variation, the transformers are installed and have on load tap chargers with automatic remote control.

Fire Fighting System As per National Building Code, C the complex falls under high occupancy category of Group E. Fire fighting system for the complex comprises of two components i) Fire detection system ii) Fire fighting system Automatic fire detection system is there in the Civic Centre, with different types of heat and smoke detectors for different areas of the building. Automatic fire detection system for the building consists of following components: components Multi criteria photo electric cum heat detector are installed below the false ceiling in all areas other than kitchen and pantries.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

 

  Figure 6.62: Fire Brigades are deployed on the sitee for quick response in emergency situations

 

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Figure 6.63: Cable mounted trolleys for cleaning of façade

Photoelectric smoke detectors are installed above the false ceiling in all ll areas. Photoelectric heat sensitive detectors are provided in the DG set area, HVAC plant room pump room and electric room. Fixed temperature heat detectors are installed in the kitchen and pantries. Manual call boxes in corridors and at entry point in each floor. The maximum travel distance to a manual call box is limited to 15 m and these are located 30m apart. The fire detection system is integrated with the air conditioning system. Water from D18 feed the underground city supply tank on both sides of the complex and is pumped to 28-storied storied block and 6-storied 6 block through hydro pneumatic system. The wastewaterr is collected and treated on site. A sewage treatment plant is installed for treating the effluent generated from the Civic Centre and treated water is reused on site. Façade Cleaning For cleaning the façade, cable mounted trolleys are used. On the roof, there are movable supports that help in overall cleaning of the façade. The trolley measures 0.6m X 1.8m and is made out of Aluminium. On a single trolley, maximum 2 workers can stand and nd do the job simultaneously. Multiple trolleys of this kind are available on site and the façade is cleaned on regular basis.

“The façade being glass requires regular cleaning and the job is performed with the help of cable cablemounted trolleys.”

Figure 6.64: Façade Cleaning in progress

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

6.6 INFERENCES 6.6.1 SITE LEVEL Form 01

Linkages

Function Structure Form

Edge Conditions

Function Structure

Form

Site Plan

Function

Structure

Form 04

Site Entrances

Function Structure

Form 05

Vehicular Circulation

Function Structure

The site has linear linkage from the New Delhi Railway Station and also from Connaught Place. The road connecting site to railway station is vehicular; with little attention towards pedestrian movement. The linkage of site to surroundings is vehicular. Beyond the main road, there is a single layer of pathway surrounding the site on 3 sides, which is of variable widths. The pathways cater for pedestrian movement with tactile tiles for universal accessibility. These pathways also serve as seating areas for rickshaw pullers and auto drivers. Layers cannot be seen in edges. These were abrupt. The site is rectangular in plan and rigidity of the site is in contrast to building plans, which are curvilinear. The site plan is in 2 levels according to the function it serves. Lower level is used as stilt parking and upper level is for building functions and outdoor spaces. The planning of the building footprints on the site is in accordance with structural grid of each block. The entrance gates are flushed with boundary wall. Gates are 13.3m wide in order to let in emergency vehicles during any mishap. There are separate smaller gates for pedestrian entry/exit. The entrances directly face surrounding distributory roads. Vehicular circulation is along the building periphery on the outside. Curvilinear roads connect each block to entrance gates. Having vehicular roads on the building periphery, the Northern side of the site is only for pedestrian movement. All roads act as Fire Tender Movement. Vehicular roads are on all sides except on North.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

Form 06

Pedestrian Circulation

Function Structure

Form 07

Plazas

Function Structure

Form

Landscape and Outdoor Seating

Function

Structure

Informal Sector Integration

Form Function Structure Form

Parking

Function Structure Form

Skyline

Function Structure

The pedestrian pathways are radial in shape and run along the periphery of all the buildings on either side. The width of the pathways is in accordance with the footfall in that particular area. Separate pathways cater for pedestrian circulation. These pathways run along all the vehicular roads. The sectoral main plaza being on the Northern side is shaded during afternoon by Block E. This provides for comfortable seating environment. The landscaped plaza caters to all the cultural events. The OAT is an important recreational spot. The OAT is in stepped form, with height gradually decreasing from UG level to road level. Outdoor seating is fixed and in-built. The variable heights offer seating at various levels. Aesthetically pleasing landscape variety is used wherever required. Most of the outdoor seating also serves the purpose of basement ventilation by having vents on the vertical planes. Landscape is in accordance with climatic conditions of the region. The seating is fixed and made out of granite and sandstone. ---------NIL---------On-site linear parking typology only in front of Block-A. In some areas, that is also in a haphazard manner. The road widths take in consideration along-theroad parking on both sides. Parking is structured on stilts and in two levels of basement. The skyline is dominated by Block E rising 28 storey. Rest all the buildings rise up to 6 storey. Block E is the major office building and occupies offices of Municipal Corporation Delhi. Steps are formed on façade facing harsh sun directions. ---------

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

6.6.2 BUILDING LEVEL (Block-E) Form 01

Building Plan

Function Structure Form

Plinth

Function Structure Form

Entrance

Function Structure Form

Structure System

Function Structure

Form 05

Circulation

Function Structure

Form 6

Lift and Lift Lobby Function Structure

The form of the building block is curvilinear. The building plan caters for rigid and flexible office spaces. The maxima and minima of the building footprint are in accordance with the structural grid. The plinth of the building is 1500mm high from Road Level. The rise caters for the protection of indoors from site drainage and connection of Upper Ground and Lower Ground level. The first few stories are cladded with granite on the façade; upper ones being cladded with ACP. The entrance is recessed and offers a welcoming feel. The entrance is at a higher level in order to establish a connection between Upper Ground and Lower Ground level. The entrance is in-between a single structural grid. Rectangular columns of size 1m X 1m are arranged along the curves of the building plan. The arrangement of columns is according to parking dimensions in basements and corridor widths on upper floors. To cater for punching shear, the columns’ width increases near the slab. The circulation typology is linear. Curvilinear corridors run along building footprint at each level Central corridors are seen and they have office spaces on the either side. Structural grid is integrated at each floors and it does not hinder any horizontal or vertical circulation. The lift lobby being rectangular in plan is surrounded by 8 lifts on 2 sides and opens on to exterior façade on one side. Some lifts serve up to 15 stories, rest serve till 26. There are a couple of lifts that serve even and odd floors respectively. The sides of all the lifts cores are Shear Walls.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

Form 07

Staircase

Function Structure

Form 08

Office Areas

Function Structure

Form 09

Buffer Areas

Function Structure Form

Toilets

Function Structure

Form 11

Basement

Function Structure

Form 12

Services

Function Structure

Staircases protrude out of the façade. Dog-legged staircase is seen. To cater for norms and functional guidelines, 2 meters wide primary staircases are seen. Folded plate typology staircases are there. Each one has tread of 250mm and 150mm riser. There is no anti-skid strip seen on the tread. Office areas are along the either side of corridors. These spaces are arranged along the periphery of floor plan. There are different kinds of office spaces based on the requirement. These include rigid and flexible office areas. The division of office spaces is in accordance with structural system. Buffer areas can be seen on the façade. On the floor plan, these are kind of enclosed balconies with building on 2 of its sides. Buffer Areas are after every 5 floors and these would help in evacuation during emergency. Structural system runs as-it-is through all the buffer areas. Multiple rectangular-plan toilets of size 2.5m X 3m are provided. Separate toilets for male and female are provided. Male toilet comprises of 2 urinals and 1 WC. For structural stability and easy maintenance, toilets are designed inside vertical cores of the building. Toilet shafts are 1m X 1.5m in size. Circular-plan basements are provided. Basements of every block are combined. Basements are primarily being used for parking. Aisles of width 6m cater two-way traffic. The structural system does not hinder any horizontal circulation of cars. Columns of 1m X 1m are used and clear height is 3.5 m. Service cores are along the vertical circulation cores and are rectangular in plan. Fire Hydrant Shaft and Electrical Shaft are provided near lift lobby and plumbing shaft is common to toilet walls. Shear walls surround all the shafts.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

8. SITE OVERVIEW

Figure 8.1: Map of Delhi showing the location of site Source: (Google)

8.1. LOCATION Location Coordinates: 28°36’51”N 77°18’33”E Located in the capital city of India, the site is a 10.26 hectare of land surrounded by an artificial lake (Sanjay Lake) on one side. Owned by Delhi Development Authority (DDA), the vacant site is proposed to be constructed on the principles of TransitTransit Oriented ented Development. The pink line of Delhi Metro runs North-South South to bifurcate the site in two distinct parts with Trilokpuri Metro Station on the southern part of the site. Sanjay Lake makes this development a destination and the surrounding high and medium mediu density housing pockets make it a high density gateway of the neighborhood.

8.2. APPROACH The site is approached by Chand Cinema Road Arterial road) on South, connecting to “The TOD project is envisioned (Sub-Arterial NH-24. Kalyan Puri road along the Eastern as “Lake View Complex” edge of site connects it to Mayur Vihar.

LEGEND NH-24 Chand Cinema Road Local Roads

Figure 8.2: .2: Vehicular Movement of the area Source: Author’s Work

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

ROAD NAME

HIERARCHY

PLACES BEING CONNECTED

KINDS OF VEHICLES BEING USED

CHAND CINEMA ROAD

City Level

KALYAN PURI ROAD

Local

SITE ROAD

Local

BACKSIDE ROAD

Local

East Delhi to North Trucks, Buses, & South Delhi Cars, E ERickshaws, Rickshaws Chand Cinema Road Cars, E Eto NH-24 Rickshaws, Rickshaws Chand Cinema Road Cars, Rickshaws, to Kalyan Puri Road E-Rickshaws E Kalyan Puri Road to E-Rickshaws, E Mayur Nagar 2 Rickshaws

Table 8.1: Classification of Vehicular Movement Source: Author’s Work

Figure 8.3: Area level analysis

8.3. SITE VICINITY The site is bounded by Kotla Village on SouthSouth West; Mayur Vihar Phase 2 on North; Kalyan Puri on East and Trilokpuri on South.

Source: Author’s Work

KOTLA VILLAGE

URBAN FABRIC Urban Village

MAYUR VIHAR PH PH-2

KALYANPURI

TRILOKPURI

Authorized Planned Housing

Unauthorized Colony

Regularized Colony

SITE PICTURES ON 21.12.19

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

Sanjay Lake

View of Sanjay Lake Clicked on 21.12.19

Landscape area along Sanjay Lake Clicked on 21.12.19

Biodiversity in Sanjay Lake Clicked on 21.12.19

Recreational facilities in Adventure Park Clicked on 21.12.19

Kids Play Zone in Adventure Park Clicked on 21.12.19

Sanjay Lake is an artificial lake developed by Delhi Development Authority (DDA). (DDA) The lake is spread over an area of approximately 17 hectares (42 acres) in the middle of a 69 hectares (170 acres) forest area, also known as Sanjay Lake Park. Sanjay Lake was developed in the 1970s by DDA and opened in 1982. The lake attracts some migratory birds and has many indigenous trees. A well-laidout fitness track is very popular with walkingwalking enthusiasts. The lake bound by Sanjay Lake Park, is surrounded by the residential colonies of Kalyanpuri and Trilokpuri on the eastern side and Mayur ayur Vihar on the Western side. Sanjay Jheel is a huge rainwater fed lake. At times, the water supply was augmented by the back flowing Yamuna. During floods, it also received water through Hindon River channel. Different types of birds can be seen see here till February end every year. According to Local birders, the lake hosts 90 varieties of birds. Shovellers, Pintails, common pochard, tufted pochard, common teal, spot-bill, spot yellow headed wagtail and pied wagtail are some of the birds that commonly visit the lake. The migratory birds mostly come to the eastern part of the lake, as the water is deeper and the area is free from human disturbances. (Sanjay Lake, 2019) There is also an adventure park for recreation purposes. The park has been set up by Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation (DTTDC) in association with Delhi Development Authority (DDA) under PPP mode. The Adventure Park is claimed to havee been developed on a Wild West theme making extensive use of natural materials such as wood and jute rope and consisting of hut like structures. (Sanjay Lake, 2019)

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

Land-Use

Figure 8.5: Zone-E Land Use Plan Source: (DDA, Zonal Development Plan, 2010)

Figure 8.4: .4: Zonal Development Plan (Zone E) Source: (DDA, Zonal Development Plan, 2010)

“The connection of pink line of Delhi Metro is in its last leg of development. Mayur Vihar Metro Station would soon be connected to Trilokpuri Metro Station. This would bring about a positive change in the area.”

The site falls in E-19 19 block of the Zonal Development Plan (ZDP) and it is evident in the Zonal Development Plan that major land use in Zone-E E is Residential and same is the case around the site. This strengthens the hope that once developed, the site would serve as a mixed land use hotspot of the area. The commercial areas of the site would be benefitted as there is no predominant commercial area in close proximity to the site.

Transport Infrastructure Bus and metro rail are the two mass public transport networks operating in the area. area Autos are re being used for last mile connectivity.

LEGEND Bus Stops Metro Stations Figure 8.6: Plan showing existing transport infrastructure Source: Author’s Work

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

8.4. SITE Surrounded by Sanjay Lake on West, the site is approached by Chand Cinema Road on the A West and Kalyan Puri Road on the East. The site houses a metro station (Trilokpuri metro Sanjay Lake Station) on the southern side facing Chand B Cinema Road. A fire station sits on the CD northern end of the site and a petrol station on the central-bottom bottom part of the site. A police post is being eing constructed next to petrol Figure 8.7: Google Image of site and immediate surroundings station. As of 2019, there are a few slums on Source: Author’s work the site and the North Western side is used for commercial cleaning of clothes. Many LEGEND temporary encroachments have been done on site and the side facing Chand Cinema Road is A: Fire Station B: Trilokpuri Metro Station being used to park trucks. An open gutter C: Petrol Pump channel runs along the Chand Cinema Road D: Petrol Pump across the site. Chand Cinema Road Kalyan Puri Road Central part of the site is used by children for DMRC Pink Line recreational purposes. Many cricket matches are being played there. Free shelter also known as ‘Raen Basera’ provided by Govt. of Delhi also sits on the Southern end of the site. Being surrounded by low and medium class neighborhoods, the issues of theft and drug prevail in the vicinity. Therefore, design has to be such that it prevents these issues through View of site from metro station design interventions. The coming up of the Clicked on 21.12.19 Police Post on the site would also al result in a regular check on the area. According to the norms of TOD, minimum setback on the front side is 0 m. However, 12 m setback has been left for the construction of Police Station facing main road. View of road below metro station  NGL of the site is varying at different Clicked on 21.12.19 locations and edges.  A covered drain also runs through the site.  There is an electric substation on the site.  The road on rear side of the site is blocked and there is no direct access to Mayur Vihar. This his is due to security reasons. View of shelter home for poor ‘Raen Basera’  Site’s social infrastructure is poor. Clicked on 21.12.19  Lakefront is in a dilaplated state. 88

B. Arch Thesis | 2020 Edge Conditions Hot and Dry Summer Winds

Cool Winter Winds 7:30 PM

5:30 AM



SANJAY LAKE

CATCHMENT AREA

Figure 8.9

EDGE 01

Source: Author’s Work 5:45 PM 7:15 AM

Figure 8.8: Weather Analysis

SITE

Source: Author’s Work

“Lal Bahadur hospital across Edge 2 is a major landmark of the area.”

Kalyanpuri

EDGE 3

EDGE 4

The area along this side is occupied by children in the evening for playing cricket. Due to proximity to Sanjay Lake, this side also becomes a good spot for adults to come for recreational purposes. This area is also the catchment area for the lake.

PED

Indira Park Figure 8.12: Edges and Traffic Nodes Source: Author’s Work

PED PARK

EDGE 02

Source: Author’s Work

With Chand Cinema road on the front, a 2 m wide drain runs along this edge. A women’s park is on the other side and both the sides have pedestrian pathways. This road is also the major route of public bus service and there are numerous bus stops on this road. Entry to metro station is also from this side.

SITE Source: Author’s Work

EDGE 2

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

EDGE 1

ROAD 9M

ROAD (16M)

KALYANPURI

EDGE 03

This edge faces Kalyanpuri on the other side. This edge contains most informal activities. Informal parking is there along the site boundary and numerous encroachments have been made. The other side (Kalyanpuri) has commercial shops along the stretch and some part of the road is taken up by pedestrian as there is no continuous pathway.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

8.5. SWOT ANALYSIS

SITE

 



 

EDGE – 01 & 02 2

  



Strengths The density of surrounding areas is high and this could be a strong determinant. Location of metro station inside the site premises strengthens the development. Weaknesses Crime-ridden area. Lack of social infrastructure. Opportunities There is no major commercial development in close proximity to site. This brings huge potential to the site. Integration of Sanjay Lake with the site would be beneficial for both former and latter. Threats Surrounding areas are low-income income group areas. Influence of drugs is clearly visible in the area. Strengths Arterial road along this side connects to NHNH 24. Maximum frontage is available. The edge is facing major transit corridor. Weaknesses This site is ideal for commercial development but a petrol pump and a police post is already constructed on-site. Opportunities Retail areas can be benefitted enefitted from the frontage and Indira Park on the opposite side can be a good recreational spot. Threats Least pedestrian friendly edge.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

EDGE - 03

   



EDGE - 04

Strengths Eyes on street. Lane activation by retail on Ground Floor. Weaknesses Garbage dump yards decrement the value. Clash between vehicular and pedestrian movement. Opportunities Retail areas can be benefitted from the frontage and Indira Park on the opposite side can be a good recreational spot.



Threats Least pedestrian friendly edge. edge



Strengths Views of Sanjay Lake.



Weaknesses Few access points make the lake unsafe.



Opportunities Retail areas can be benefitted from the frontage and Indira Park on the opposite side can be a good recreational spot. Threats Least pedestrian friendly edge.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Oriented Development

SITE PLAN

40 60

100 m

• SITE CO-ORDINATES: ORDINATES: 28° 36’ 51”N 77° 18’ 33”E • ACCESS ROADS: Chand Cinema road (Sub (Sub-Arterial Arterial road) on the South, connecting to NH-24. NH Kalyan Puri road on the East. • LANDMARKS: Sanjay Lake is a major landmark that sits West of the site.

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

9. AREA STATEMENT SITE AREA

1,02,371 Sq. Meters (20.52 Acres)

LAND TAKEN UP FOR TOD SCHEME

95,548 Sq. Meters

PERMISSIBLE GROUND COVERAGE (40%) F.A.R. TOTAL PERMISSIBLE BUILT-UP AREA Number of Floors

38,219 Sq. Meters 3.50 3,34,418 Sq. Meters 9 Floors

SR. NO.

ACTIVITIES

PERCENTAGE

AREAS (SQ. METERS)

AREAS W/O CIRCULATION AND WALLS (TOTAL – 40%)

1. 2. 3.

Commercial Residential Community Use

55% 35% 10%

ACTIVITY

PERCEN TAGE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

RETAIL/ SHOPPING/ ENTERTAINMENT Kiosks (Informal and formal sector) Small Shops Medium Shops Large Shops Anchor Stores and Super Markets

1,83,929 1,17,046 33,441 PER UNIT AREA

1,10,357 70,227 20,064

TOTAL AREA

NUMBER OF UNITS

30% (33,107 sqm) 15%

4,966

496

35% 25% 15% 10%

25 40 75 200

11,587 8,276 4,966 3,310

463 206 66 16

OFFICE

70% (77,250 sqm)

Type – 1 (Small)

30%

23,175

927

25%

19,312

386

Type – 2 (Medium) Type – 3 (Large)

25%

100

19,312

193

Type – 4 (MNC)

20%

500

15,450

RESIDENTIAL 70,227 sqm Services + Circulation 30% + Wall Area

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

Less than 25 sqm

Between 25 sqm and 40 sqm Above 40 sqm and Service Apartments

3. 1.

15% of 25 FAR 15% of 40 FAR 5% of 60 FAR

Civic Amenities and Building services Sports Center (Squash Courts, Tennis Courts, tennis courts, billiards and pool room, kids zone) Informal Market Total Area

33,441 sqm

Building Services

13,377 sqm

35,113

1,400

35,113

875

11,704

195

15000

5064 20,064 sqm

Transformer, Electrical Room and Generator, Cycle Stands and Infrastructure, Electric Sub-Station, Mechanical Services : Pump room, Water storage, Waste Water treatment, Emergency Fire Fighting, HVAC/ District Cooling System, Garbage Collection and Disposal, Public Toilets, Miscellaneous PARKING Permissible ECS of the area ECS taken TOTAL EQ. CAR SPACE

1.33 0.75 2,675

CARS Location Basement On-site

Number 1780 100

ECS Share 1780 100

2-WHEELERS Location Basement On-site

Number 2100 190

ECS Share (Number X 0.25) 525 48

CYCLES Location On-site

Number 1790

ECS Share (Number X 0.1) 179

NMT Location On-site

Number 53

ECS Share (Number X 0.75) 40

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

10. DESIGN CRITERIA FORM BASED 

In order to capture value, commercial areas will be located close to metro station whereas, housing for economically weaker sections is to be located far from the metro station and no provision for car parking will be given close to the same in order to prevent gentrification of poor.

Figure 9.1: Shortest Pedestrian Routes Source: Author’s Work

Figure 9.2: Voids as entrances Source: Author’s Work



ENTRANCE The voids formed as a result of connecting multiple parts of the same/different building(s) on upper levels could function as entrance to the site/areas of the site.



PEDESTRIAN PLAZAS Pedestrian plazas will be developed as a result of introvert site planning. These plazas shall be on a scale which human can respond to.



EDGE CONDITIONS Edge conditions of site and buildings should not be too abrupt and these should integrate various activities. Concept of thick façades is to be adopted on lower levels to integrate informal sector. Parking on ground floor of buildings should be enclosed by retail areas on the periphery in order to increase active frontage.

Figure 9.3: Introvert Site Planning Source: Author’s Work



Figure 9.4: Thick façades Source: Author’s Work

SITE PLAN

BUILDING FORM Clustered building forms shall be used in order to minimize the heat gain. This would also enhance the light and shadow effect.

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

FUNCTION BASED 

LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY Modal shift is to be achieved wherein people ditch their private motorized vehicles and adopt greener practices of walking, cycling and using non-motorized means of transit for last-mile commute. This is ensured through design interventions by having relatively smaller and direct access routes for pedestrian. Moreover, pedestrian pathways will be oriented in a way that they remain shaded during afternoon hours. Skywalks shall be incorporated in design to enhance walkability at different levels. Direct access to buildings to metro station can be made at concourse level. This would enable commuters to walk directly to their workspaces.



PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR SEGREGATION There can be grade separation in plazas in order to segregate pedestrian and vehicular movement. Bollards are to be used for the same.



CONTEXT SPECIFIC PLANNING Keeping in consideration the social character of the area, small retail shops and informal markets or bazaars can prove to be value capturing services incorporated in design proposal.



REDUCED CONSUMPTION India receives abundant solar energy throughout the year. Therefore, to cash in the same, Solar panels can be incorporated on rooftops or on vertical façades to reduce dependence on the grid.

Figure 9.5: Skywalks connecting buildings and areas Source: Author’s Work

Figure 9.6: Pedestrian and Vehicular segregation Source: Author’s Work

Figure 9.7: Informal market Source: Author’s Work

Figure 9.8: Photovoltaic panels on façade Source: Author’s Work

B. Arch Thesis | 2020

STRUCTURE BASED

Figure 9.9: Curb extensions Source: (Communities, 2018)

Figure 9.10: Bioswales Source: (Silverslider)

Figure 9.11: Iconic Urban Elements Source: Author’s Work



PEDESTRIAN SAFETY Pedestrian and cyclist safety shall be ensured with the integration of various traffic-calming calming measures like curb extensions,, provisions of underpasses for vehicular circulation etc.



STORM WATER MANAGEMENT Bioswales are to be integrated along the roads for storm water management



NATURE AS SOUL The project is envisioned as an urban forest rather than a concrete jungle; which would house structures camouflaged by natural greens



PLACE-MAKING In pedestrian plazas, urban design iconic elements/forms will be integrated which would enhance its user-experience. xperience.



LAKEFRONT DEVELOPMENT Revival of Sanjay Lake, presently in a dilaplated state is ensured with the development of lakefront in a way that it acts as a public space. Oriented on the windward side, air cleaning and fragrant plant species planted along lakefront would bring clean, fragrant air into the complex. Informal semi semi-covered workspaces will be integrated which would help bring ring employees out in a natural setting, hence increasing efficiency.

Figure 9.12: Lakefront Development Source: Author’s Work

Regenerative Transit-Oriented Development

Figure 9.13: Vertical Green Spaces Source: Author’s Work



GREEN SPACES IN VERTICALITY Households or offices located on upper floors shall not be refrained from green spaces. Provision of private and public green terraces is to be made. For residential units, green balconies can project out.



BUILDING MATERIALS The construction would involve use of sustainable building materials. Also, materials of high thermal mass are to be preferred.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bhatia, H. (2019). Tansit Oriented Development. Sec 22, Dwarka, Delhi. 2. Calthrope, P. (1980). 3. Carlton. (2007). 4. Census of India (2011). 5. CEPT. Towards an Inclusive and low-carbon Transit Oriented Development in Indian Cities. Ahmedabad. 6. DDA. (2015). New Delhi. 7. DDA. (2015). Approval of Lake View Complex at Trilokpuri. Delhi. 8. DDA. (2015). Draft TOD Manual. Delhi. 9. DDA. (2010). Zonal Development Plan. New Delhi: DDA. 10. DDA_Official. (2019, July 29). Sanjay Lake Proposal. (T. o. India, Interviewer) 11. Ecosalon. (n.d.). Pinterest. Retrieved 01 22, 2020, from https://www.pinterest.nz/pin/74098356342916977/ 12. Google. (n.d.). Google Images. Retrieved January 19, 2020, from images.google.com 13. HUDCO. (2016). Transit Corridor Development Framework and Guiding Principles. Delhi. 14. Kalra, B. (2015). Transit Oriented Development in India:. IBI Group. 15. (2021). Master Plan Delhi . New Delhi. 16. MPD. (2021). Chapter 19:Transit Oriented Development. Delhi. 17. Narang, M. (n.d.). Rhode Island School of Design. Retrieved February 8, 2020, from Urban Design - Redevelopment of Bhikaji Cama Place:

http://portfolios.risd.edu/gallery/23864259/Urban-Design-Redevelopment-ofBhikaji-Cama-Place

18. Newspaper_Clippings. (2015-19). Proposal for TOD project at Sanjay Lake. 19. NIUA. (2015). New Delhi. 20. Oasis_Design. (2019). Karkardooma. New Delhi. 21. Pawlyn, M. (2019, May 25). Retrieved January 22, 2020, from https://www.interaction-design.org/quote/show/michael-pawlyn 22. Reddy, G. L. (2012). Urban Forum, Hyderabad. Delhi: SPA. 23. Regenesis. (n.d.). 24. Rewal, R. (1983). Engineer India House. Retrieved February 8, 2020, from Raj Rewal: http://www.rajrewal.in/projects/Offices-EIL.htm 25. Sanjay Lake. (2019, September 29). Retrieved January 25, 2020, from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Lake 26. Termite Fumigation. (2017, March 10). Retrieved January 22, 2020, from termitesfumigationkokojise: http://termitesfumigationkokojise.blogspot.com/2017/03/biomimicrytermite-mounds.html 27. UTTIPEC. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2020, from http://www.uttipec.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/5320760375.pdf 28. WRI India. (2014). Delhi TOD Policy Manual. Delhi. 29. Zari, M. P. (2018). Regenerative Urban Design and Ecosystem Biomimicry.