Guru Bazaar Amritsar Documentation

DESIGN REPORT ON

DOCUMENTATION OF

GURU BAZAAR, AMRITSAR SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE COMPLETION OF DEGREE

BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE IN

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY: NAKUL ROY (2015ARA063) NIKITA SINGLA (2015ARA065) RHEA SAINI (2015ARA069) RISHABH SHARMA (2015ARA070) SAVNEET KAUR (2015ARA073)

GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was supported by Dr. Meenakshi Singhal and Ar. Renu Mehta. We would like to express special thanks of gratitude to our mentors, who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper.

I thank Meenakshi Ma’am for assistance with providing support in completing the project and Renu Ma’am for their valuable insight in providing necessary information regarding the Urban Analysis.

I would also like to express my gratitude to my teammates and various organizations which helped. I am also immensely grateful to Dr. Rawal S. Aulakh and Ar. Raman Singh for their comments on an earlier version of the report, although any errors are my own and should not tarnish the reputations of these esteemed persons.

This project helped us understand various architectural styles, construction techniques and uses of locally available materials can create a huge difference and provide sustainability.

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ABSTRACT “Our Heritage is all we know of ourselves, what we preserve of it, our only record. That record is our beacon in the darkness of time. The light that guides our steps. Conservation is the means by which we reserve it… it is a commitment not to the past but to the future.”

The monograph summarizes the result of a detailed design analysis in AMRITSAR (Jan - Mar, 2019).

The urban design study and documentation of walled city’s zones outlined on the site were further developed in a semester long studio (January-May 2014) at the GNDU campus. The goals of the project are to assess the cultural heritage of the Old city of Amritsar and to develop a socially and environmentally sustainable vision for their urban fabric. Imageable, legible, and performative dimensions of landscape experience were identified as significant for heritage conservation. The iconic character of the city is enhanced by regulating the historic and traditional character of the built environment.

The physical environment is not only the spectacle of the built elements. It expresses the religious beliefs, social, economic and political structure and visual sensibility of pervasive and unified traditions through a long span of history and a broad region of world. With a significant lack of information in various aspects of urban settlements in relation to the cultural demands on them, here the aim is to draw out the similarity and the common elements. The town of Amritsar, whose analysis depicts before us very interesting and relevant issues of social interface and the architectural character which are on their way to obsolescence, “A concerted effort to preserve our heritage is a vital link to our cultural, educational, aesthetic, inspirational and economic legacies – all of the things that quite literally make us who we are.”

The preliminary findings from the various surveys conducted have been used in supporting the statements of this paper.

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CONTENTS 1. AMRITSAR 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 HISTORY 1.2.1 POLITICAL ASPECT 1.2.2 DEVELOPMENT PATTERN 1.3 REGIONAL SETTING 1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 1.4.1 CLIMATE 1.4.2 TOPOGRAPHY 1.4.3 DEMOGRAPHICS 1.4.4 TOURIST FOOTFALL 1.5 CULTURAL ASPECT OF HERITAGE 1.5.1 TANGIBLE HERITAGE 1.5.2 INTANGIBLE HERITAGE 1.6 WALLED CITY 1.6.1 EVOLUTION 1.6.2 TYPOLOGY OF WALLED CITY 1.6.3 BAZAARS 2. GURU BAZAAR 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 HISTORY 2.1.2 STREET 2.1.3 CHARACTER 2.2 SITE 2.3 STREET SCAPE 2.4 ANALYSIS 2.4.1 BUILT OPEN 2.4.2 LAND USE 2.4.3 RESENT CONDITION 2.4.4 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 2.5 ACTIVITIES 2.5.1 TRAFFIC ARTERIES 2.5.2 SOCIALLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

2.5.3 HIERARCHY OF STREET STRUCTURE 2.6 STREET SECTIONS 2.7 S.W.O.T. 2.8 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 3. STRUCTURES AND ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES 3.1 THAKURDWARA RAI KISHAN 3.2 CHITTA AKHARA 3.3 DARSHINI DEORI 3.4 Mr. JAIN’S RESIDENCE 3.5 Mr. BAJAJ COMMERCIAL STORE 3.6 MOHINDRU RESIDENCE 3.7 SETH’S RESIDENCE 3.8 DEEPANSHU’S RESIDENCE 4. ORNAMENTATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 JHAROKHAS 5. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 5.1 5.2

PURPOSE AND INTENT BUILDING DESIGN 5.2.1 MASSING 5.2.2 CONTINUITY 5.2.3 RHYTHM 5.2.4 ARTICULATION 5.2.5 PARAPETS 5.2.6 COLOUR

6. SOLUTIONAL GUIDELINES TO THE EXISTING PROBLEMS IN THE ACTION AREA 7. PROPOSED STREET ELEVATION

METHODOLOGY

IDENTIFICATION BASED ON HISTORICAL CONTEXT

BASED ON ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT

HISTORY - LITERATURE STUDIES - RESEARCH PAPERS

- HUMAN INTERACTION

SITE VISITS AND SURVEYS

IDENTIFYING BUILDING AND POPULATION DENSITY

DIGITIZATION OF PLANS DIGITIZATION OF STREET, THEREBY MARKING ALL THE STRUCTURE.

DOCUMENTING STREET SCAPING

HEIGHT DENSITY PLANS

1. AMRITSAR 1.1 INTRODUCTION The city of Amritsar, also known as Ramdaspur and colloquially as Ambarsar is located in the north western part of India symbolizes the spiritual heritage of the people of Punjab. This most important city of the Majha region of Punjab, on the east bank of the Beas River, is a repository of spiritual and national heritage. The twelve katras (occupational neighborhoods) in the walled city give evidence of the vibrant market economy of the region. It has grown on both sides of the grand trunk road and is divided by this road and broad gauge railway line into two parts i.e. the walled city and the later developments outside the walls. It is situated about 465 km from New Delhi in the north western parts close to the international border with Pakistan. The city is well linked with the rest of the country by air, road and rail.

1.2 HISTORY 1.2.1 POLITICAL ASPECT The city of Amritsar developed alongside the evolution of Sri Harmandir Sahib and this history can be classified as the period of the Gurus ( from founding to 1708); the period of struggle (17081764); the period of the Misls (1764-1800); Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1801-1849); the British period (1849-1947) and the modern period (1947 to present day).

The settlement of Amritsar, its evolution and its physical form has been described in greater details while integrating the historical narrative into the description of the city as Amritsar is one of the main drivers which led to the 5

realignment of the Badshahi Sadak (Grand Trunk Road) at the time when Punjab became part of the British territory in 1849. The reason for this change in alignment is on account of many factors. The relationship of the East India Company with the Sikh kingdom, the socio cultural significance of the city for the Sikhs on account of the location of Sri Harmandir Sahib, the holiest of the Sikh shrines (got to be later known as the Golden Temple) and Amritsar as a key economic centre in the region were some of factors which impacted the decision for the change of the alignment.

•the establishment of the Holy tank by Guru Ram Das •followed by the construction of Harmandir Sahib in the centre of the tank •Guru settled the basti for new artisans and craftsmen.

•the foundation of Akal Takht, exactly facing Harimandir and addition of Lohgarh GURU PERIOD Fort by Guru Hargobind •town was emerged as Chak Guru Ram Das or RamDasPur. •the rapid growth and development which the city experienced during the pace of Sikh Supremacy •invaded by several families owning separate parts of the city dividing the city into sectors called Misls.

MISL PERIOD •built their own infrastructure and brought shape and life to the city.

•Amritsar started to develop as a medevial city •M. Ranjit Singh brought the entire city under one administration.

•the city was fortified with a double brick wall and a moat.

•Twelve iconic gates were constructed which were the only means the enter or MAHARAJA exit the city.

RANJIT SINGH •became the greatest centre for trade and markets by inviting Bengali, Marwari and Kashmiri Merchants.

BRITISH PERIOD

•Most of the developments were outside the walled city •Housing •designs also changed from row housing to detached bungalows with sufficient •spaces •walls and gates in the western side were demolished and moat was filled.

•spillage of walled city outside the gates •post partition tensions were there •Vehicular congestion destroyed the pedestrianised character of the walled city MODERN ERA •Age of industrialisation brought new materials and cocrete gave way to high rise buildings

Source: https://www.hridayindia.in/downloads/chp/amritsar/CHP_for_Amritsar_Volume_I.pdf 6

1.2.2 DEVELOPMENT PATTERN

1628: The Ramdaspur sarovar.

Township of around the

1802: The settlement started to grow in an organic way. The walled city came into existence and became densely populated.

1947: Amritsar expanded in all directions. New settlements came along the G.T. road and the railway lines.

2000: The city became densely populated. The planed and the organic development generated a complex growth plan.

Source: http://www.amritsarcorp.com/CDP_Amritsar(3).pdf 7

1.3

REGIONAL SETTING

The location coordinates of Amritsar district lies between 31° 29' and 32° 03' North latitudes and between 74° 29' and 75° 23' East longitudes. It is the third largest border district of the state after Ferozepur and Gurdaspur. Tarn Taran is the smallest among the four border districts. Besides being the district headquarter and an important tourist destination (due to the existence of Golden Temple, Durgiana Mandir, Jallianwala Bagh, etc.)

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 1.4.1 CLIMATE The district has a continental climate typical of North-West Indian region. It comprises of the winter season (November to March) when temperatures ranges from 16 °C (61 °F) to about 4 °C (39 °F), the hot season (April to June) when temperatures can reach 45 °C (113 °F), monsoon season (July to September) and 8

post-monsoon (September to November). The annual rainfall is about 790 millimeters (31.1 in). The lowest recorded temperature since 1970 is −2.6 °C (27 °F) recorded on 21 Jan 2005. The highest temperature recorded was 47.7 °C (117.9 °F) on 21 May 1978. The climate is generally characterized by dry weather except the brief southwest monsoon season, hot summer and bracing winter. Amritsar receives on an average 601.5 mm of rainfall with around 33 rainy days. The wind direction of Amritsar is from North-West to South-East.

1.4.2 TOPOGRAPHY Amritsar district lies amidst River Beas (to the east) separating Amritsar from Kapurthala and River Ravi (to the west). It is located in the lower part of Upper Bari Doab Canal giving it a saucer like shape. As Punjab plain is a part of Indo-Gangetic system, Amritsar also has alluvial deposits brought by Beas and Ravi rivers. The soil in Amritsar is a light reddish-yellow loam (colloquially called maira) that becomes somewhat stiffer at the Doab, finally deteriorating into sandy and slightly uneven soil (colloquially called tibba). Amritsar has a levelled plain area situated at an elevation of about 200 meters in the North East to about 175 meters in the South West. The terrain of Amritsar can be put under three categories: The Upland Plain, Bluff along the Beas and Floodplain of Sutlej.

1.4.3DEMOGRAPHICS DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTER Amritsar constitutes 91.5% of urban population of the Amritsar district.

PERCENTAGE OF AMRITSAR DISTRICT URBAN POPULATION AMRITSAR CITY 91.5% JANDIALA 2.14% RAYYA - 1.14% MAJITHA - 1.17%

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POPULATION Amritsar, the second metropolitan city of Punjab has a total population of 10,16,079 persons (including outgrowth) and ranked 33rd in the list of 35 metropolitan cities as per census 2001 and ranks 274th in the world’s list of 1000 largest urban settlements.

80 65.3

60

47.6

42.67

40

30.79 16.05

20 0 -20

16.6

0

-6

19.16

4.9

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 -14

POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATION AMRITSAR

EXISTING LANDUSE As per the Existing Land Use Plan-Amritsar M.C 2010, it has been observed that 58.54% of the total municipal corporation area is built over while the remaining 41.5% of the area is under agriculture use or is vacant at present.

Classification of land use: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi.

Residential Commercial Mixed Industrial Recreational Traffic & Transport Public & semi-public Government Land Utilities and services Agriculture Special Areas

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1.4.4 TOURIST FOOTFALL Amritsar is by far the most visited destination in Punjab. According to TOURIST VISITATION IN PUNJAB PHTPB statistics Amritsar District received 55% of all Domestic 25000000 Tourist Visits to Punjab in 2013 20000000 and 85.64% of all Foreign Tourist 15000000 Visits.

Of the five top attractions/destinations in Punjab, 10000000 5000000 the Golden Temple (Sri Harmandir Sahib) is the most visited 0 accounting for 28,280,000 day 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 visitors in 2013 and the Attari Border (also known as the Wagah Border) is the third most visited attraction accounting for 5,409,000 day visitors (although stakeholders in Amritsar estimate that the figure is substantially higher).

TOP 5 DISTRICTS IN PUNJAB TO RECEIVE TOURISTS 15000000 10000000 5000000 0

Source: https://www.hridayindia.in/downloads/chp/amritsar/CHP_for_Amritsar_Volume_I.pdf 11

1.5 CULTURAL ASPECT OF HERITAGE 1.5.1 TANGIBLE HERITAGE

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii. viii.

ix.

The city is dotted with sites, each bearing and adding to the layers of history of Amritsar, and in the larger context that of Punjab, India and even that of the international diaspora.

Harimandar Sahib: The shrine is a living symbol of the spiritual and historical traditions of the Sikhs. The sacred tank and the shrine have been a place of pilgrimage to the Sikh community ever since its foundation.

Traditional Markets and Katras: Guru Ramdas had actually invited 52 artisans to set up their hutments here and practice their trades through open markets one of them called Guru ka Bazaar. The whole area was divided into numerous communities by sikh confideracies called misls. Eg: Ahluwalia Misl.

Fortification and Gates of Walled City: The city was enclosed by a thick wall and twelve gates were given as entry and exit points. The wall was further surrounded by a moat for security purposes.

Rambagh Garden and Gate: Later under Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule the city was the summer capital and saw a rapid development.

Gobindgarh Fort: The historic structure built by the Bhangi Misl and later renovated by Maharaja Ranjit Singh still stands tall.

Jallianwala Bagh: This is a memorial to the almost 2000 Indians who were shot by the forces of General Dyer for holding a peaceful protest against the draconian Rowlatt Act on Baisakhi, 13 April 1919.

Durgiana Temple: This shrine was built in the early 20th century and consecrated

by Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya, a nationalist leader.

Attari Border: It is a ceremonial border where each evening, armed soldiers from each side of the border enact a particularly hostile parade while lowering their respective flags to the sounding of bugles.

Ram Tirath: This site is believed to be the site for the legendary ashram of Sage Valmiki, author of the Ramayana, where Sita lived in exile and gave birth to her twin children Luv and Kush.

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1.5.2 INTANGIBLE HERITAGE

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Intangible cultural heritage - transmitted from generation to generation and constantly recreated - provides communities a sense of identity and continuity.

Intangible Cultural Heritage takes many forms and may belong to one or more of the following domains: Oral traditions and expressions including language Performing arts Social practices, rituals and festivals Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe Traditional Craftsmanship (Singh, 2012)

1.6 WALLED CITY 1.6.1 EVOLUTION The epicenter of city’s development, Walled city is a concentrated zone of Cultural Heritage. The evolution has passed through numerous phases and has felt the brunt of expansion time and again. The area is portrays an immense diversification of our patronage through its rich architectural character, which kept evolving with time.

The Area still is the heart of the city with about 1/6th population residing there.

Approximately 52 Structure of historical importance have been recorded, numerous others still remain hidden in the dense labyrinth of its streets. Along with being the culturally and religiously important precinct, it acts as the principle centre of economic growth and business development. Thus, a mixed land use is observed.

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The picture depicts the greens and places of religious importance through Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Period.

Amritsar 1849

The picture depicts the current scenario of the Walled City after partition.

Amritsar 1990’s

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Faith – Architecture We humans have a tendency to believe in something , a higher power. Our faith has been a part of us for longer than we know. It is a part of us before our births. It’s an identity attached to us. And this faith is reflected in everything that surrounds us.

This faith is seen in ou Architecture too. It has given us means to attach our simple requirements of shelter to our identity, our indivisuality. Since centuries, faith and religion has been an inseparable aspect of architecture. And in this holy city of Amritsar, it was our duty to trace back time and find pieces of this lost faith in the built form. Here, are some examples which have helped us get a fair idea what relates to this so called Holy city and the past.

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1.6.2 TYPOLOGY OF WALLED CITY

The picture depicts the current residential plots of the Walled city of Amritsar.

The Master Plan of Amritsar recognizes that open space in the city is currently abysmally low at 0.88% (in a planned city it is required to be at 15 to 20%). As earlier mentioned, 56.3% of high-density area lies within walled city Amritsar, which analyzed in context to the fact that the walled city constitutes only 2.5 % of the total area but houses 15% population brings to the fore the severe paucity of open/ green spaces in the walled city. The main avenues lining along the spines of the city are crowded with bazaars and commercial outlets, both retail and wholesale. Another important feature of these commercial areas is that most of these bazaars have residential use on the upper floors and commercial on the ground floors. Due to this there is a life in these areas most of the time which also helps in checking the anti-social elements.

But the change of land use is badly affecting these areas. Most of the respondents have replied that the problem of traffic and noise pollution as a result of increasing traffic especially by two wheelers has worsened. Other vehicles cannot enter.

The picture depicts the current commercial plots of the Walled city of Amritsar.

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The Bazaars in the Walled City are mostly old settlements originated due to the significance of Guru’s Residence and the Holy Sarovar. Merchants established trade and commerce through these routes. The ones of significance were: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

Hall Bazaar Chil Mandi Shastri Market Bazaar Lakar Mandi Mai Sewa Bazaar Guru Bazaar Shatinan Bazaar Dal Mandi Chude wala Bazaar Bartan Bazaar Etc.

Bazaar Under our scope is Guru Bazaar.

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1.6.3 BAZAARS

• • •

A bazaar is a permanent merchandizing area, marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold. Originating from ancient Islamic civilization, the bazaar is the precursor for the modern day supermarket, fleamarket, and shopping mall, and has had a great influence on the economic development and centralization in modern cities around the world.

The bazaar first appeared along the important trade routes. The constant flow of foreign and exotic goods, along with travelers, gave rise to systems of haggling and trade within the cities themselves. Special areas of cities were eventually designated as areas of trade, and the first bazaars were established.

Economy acted as the main factor of urban growth. And the bazaars were the main centres of economy. They became a centre of economic, social, political, cultural and civic activities of people. Specialization of occupation and the requirement of primary societies brought about transactions, which gave way to a special place established for the bazaars. The economy and religion grew side by side in a symbiotic relationship. (Khan) The Bazaars were mainly of three types: Periodic: They were the commercial gatherings to exchange goods and were not fixed to one place.

Urban: Popular urban space which could accommodate commercial activities as well as social and cultural activities of people.

Local: Shops allocated to specific areas. There were fewer shops of mixed use and generic typology.

These variants were developed in different scenarios under the situations on hand.

There were three aspects of these bazaars: Socio- Cultural: The bazaar workers were the rich high members of the society.

These bazaars acted as the warrens of streets. These used to develop along the main spines of the city which could be leading up to some important site or maybe a connection between any two major entrances. During major festivities the processions and decorations were limited to these spaces. The public and Government buildings always used to locate in the vicinity of these structures. They can be compared to Agora and Forum in case of their European counterparts.

Spatial and Architectural characteristics: They developed in a linear form as a passageway with shops and stores on each side. These were dependent on the climate, culture and economic power of the city. These developed in two manners: Organic and Planned. In organic manner the development spread according to the economic needs of the society. The planned development was done in a rationally planned and set down in new terrains and were intended to form the major street of 18

the city. These were centres of great economic growth. While the Agora and Forum were center space oriented while Bazaars follow a very linear patterns.

Position in Urban Fabric: These were generally located near a structure of significance and at the center of the city. These generally developed in organic patterns and spilled on to the adjoining streets. Due to high income generation factor these used to give way to residential sectors on the top floors. The Bazaar formed the Urban Axis of any city.

Types of Development Patterns in various Islamic Cities

Development Pattern on double sides leading to the imp. structure

Development Pattern in linearity on a single side of significant structure.

Development Pattern in full linearity leading to a significant structure.

Development Pattern in L- shape on a single side of significant structure

Source: (TAHERI, 1980) 19

CASE STUDY: Bazaars of Middle East The Bazaars of Middle East were one of the oldest bazaars developed in the World. These generally developed because of the trade routes passing through the areas which encouraged development along these paths. Out of so many striking features of Islamic settlements is their great emphasis on private spaces, on the interior as opposed to the exterior. In any traditional Islamic city, the most striking physical feature is the Friday Mosque Masjid-i-Jami, that shines as the strongest focal point, almost at the center of the city. Close by is the other strong element, the central Bazaar or Souq where each trader had its own quarter located along the only two major thoroughfares of the city.

Plan of Bazaar developed Structure: Craftsmen from same occupation and traders in an Iranian City of the same kinds of goods clustered at the same place.

Each occupation had a whole individual street dedicated to the same. The development of these Souqs or Bazaars used to develop near the centers of religious importance, because of a requirement of supplies for the sanctuary.

Then the development spread out in relation to each other, e.g.: booksellers, bookbinders; carpenters, locksmiths, utensil maker, etc. The street was also generally named after the occupation of that area e.g.: Kitab-Feroushi, the lane of booksellers.

These markets used to be noisy and bustling during the day time and especially during processions and festival. The most active part of the Bazaar could be seen close to the Friday Mosque, the place where craftsmen, farmers, herdsmen and other out of town traders brought their goods. Another interesting feature is that the shops were limited to the ground floors and the upper floors either served as warehouses or residential floors for the traders who came from outside.

Besides the central market, each residential quarter had its own local market, which served the daily needs of neighborhoods.

Source: (TAHERI, 1980)

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GURU BAZAAR, AMRITSAR Guru Bazaar, the street comprising of around a hundred goldsmiths and jewelers of the city is a sight to catch one of the richest streets can easily be mistaken as a chaotic and dirty corners of the old town. Currently the bazaar and sits at the heart of the city and yet is in a very dilapidated and chaotic situation. The street which once was the most happening centers of the city is choking to death by the problems of the urban city, overburdened with migratory population, traffic, floating garbage dumps and the wild stray dogs. The sound of the situation puts us in an extremely foul mood. That is why we decided to investigate one of the oldest bazaars of the city to shed light as to how it reached its present state and through what transformations it had to go through.

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2. GURU BAZAAR On account of the encouragement given by Gur Ram Das a large number of traders and businessmen settled in the bazaar and the city grew which had been trying to settle down in the new founded city.

2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 HISTORY Guru Ram das had invited 52 artisans including carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, utensil makers etc. to settle down in the vicinity. The 52 kittae and were the people from 52 different trades. About 100 families set up their hutments here and practiced their trades through open markets. This acquired the name Guru ka bazaar This confirms an initial vision of linking the sacred shrine to the dynamics of commerce and productivity which would ensure its sustainability. The market dynamics of the city grew in strength over time, and skilled artisans and craftsmen were encouraged to settle here and participate in the development of the city. A complete infrastructure was laid which acted as the pre-requisite for any settlement such as wells, drainage system, etc.

In the 1700’s the area was under a conflicted rule of Mughals and Sikhs. The Sikhs were persecuted by the Mughals with a price on every head. Later the Khalsa was divided into 65 Jathas and 12 Misls to be called Dal Khalsa. In 15 years, the markets belonging to the powerful misl chiefs became booming centres of commerce.

Ranjit Singh’s rule was a period of prosperity for the entire state. Thus the trade and commerce boomed dramatically. Craftsmen and artisans from everywhere were encouraged to bring practices to the city.

Old Amritsar’s street character

2.1.2 STREET OF GOLDSMITHS The famous Guru ka bazaar, commonly known as ‘Gold katra’, supplies gold to almost the whole of northern India. There are more than 2500 shops in the katra. A shop here could be a big showroom or a small box-like place in a corner. The most interesting feature about this katra is that the upper storeys of the buildings, which look like houses from outside, are in fact a large wholesale and production market of gold ornaments. Each building has a minimum of 40-50 shops in it, making gold ornaments. The gold wholesalers and karigars(artisans) are also spread in the next katra - the bazaar Kesarian -equally famous for steel and brass utensils. The shops displaying different varieties of utensils, shining brightly under electric lamps, run into hundreds. Close to the Darshni Deori is a huge bazaar for artificial jewelry.

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2.1.3 CHARACTER The residence of Guru, popularly known as Guru Ke Mehal, acted as the pivot for whole of the development. As per the literary sources, the people coming to newly formed city wanted to stay as near as possible to Guru’s residence. The population was very less so the city flourished as a very compact unit. The ridge line running beside (now, the street Guru bazaar) the settlement would divide the topography into two halves of slopes due to which the chances of contamination of holy water with any type of sewerage or silage of the newly developed city would reduce to nil.

The development in the Guru period was in the pattern of bead and thread.

The street width varied from 1m - 5m- 8m.

Dead ends with zig zag street patterns existed. The loop system around the Katras catered to the pedestrian and vehicular movement. The maximum and minimum distance travelled was 650m and 550m respectively. The narrow zigzag street pattern existed within the residential areas adjoining the street in focus. The city was planned on pedestrian scale. The less sunlight, more wind movement was there that resulted in efficient ventilation for hot dry climate. The streets were named after the occupations of the residing individuals.

The chowks acted as the directional indicators. The commercial area sprang along the periphery of the Katras.

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2.2

SITE The action area is situated to the NorthWest of Golden Temple (Harimandir Sahib). The site stretches from darshini deori up to chaurasthi attari and is around 750 feet, comprising of 145 multi occupational shops. The street widths varied from 10 feet to 22 feet.

Key Plan Chaurasthi Attari

Darshini Deori

Street in context with the surrounding areas of significance.

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2.3

STREET Majorly comprising of Gold Jewelers the Guru Bazaar is one of the most historic markets of the city. It has 144 shops out of which 80% are goldsmiths.

View of street from the narrowest point showing the mass to void ratio is very small.

A View of the Street looking up onto the sky.

Sense of Enclosure is at its maximum.

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Distance between every electric junctions: 4.5 meters.

No. of Junctions: 05 No. of Manholes: 24 Plinths: (Heights) Maximum: 2’10” Minimum: 0”

Junction-A

(Encroachment) Maximum: 2’6” Chaurasti Atari: 3’4” Absolutely no built in furniture was present on the street. Pedestrian movement was very difficult. No adequate parking space was provided on the street.

Blow- Up of Junction- A showing all the services.

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2.4 ANALYSIS 2.4.1 BUILT OPEN The street is very narrow with major high rise buildings. The area is densely packed with 65% of built up and 32% of open. The void to mass ratio gives us a larger sense of enclosure. The maximum heights range up to G+6. The angle of vision ranges from 65 to 84 degrees. The footprint is 32% while moving on upper floors the density increases because of projections into the street. While the ground floors were limited to the road edges the upper floors were projected onto the street enclosing it further. The small plots and large built up gave us a fine, even textured.

Void Built Up Mass

32%

68%

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2.4.2 LAND USE The street has varied uses. Ground floor is purely commercial while upper floors have a mixed use typology. The basic pattern is that there are majority jewelers and three temples. Maximum percentage is of Godowns and Workstations for the karigars of these jewelers. Migrators from Bengal are residing in a few blocks on the upper stores for security purposes.

Religious Unknown 4% 3% C+U 8%

C+G 36%

C+R 20%

C+W 29%

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2.4.3 PRESENT CONDITION The basic variants are the old structures which were constructed post-independence. Eleven structures of heritage importance were observed which were displaying elements of architecture.

Category C structures lost their identity under the various phases of time. Category A structures are the fresh constructions done.

Materials like concrete and ACP is seen in Category A, while Category C structures showed brick and cement in their basic construction. The Category A structures showed Nanakshahi bricks and lime mortar.

Category C Category B Category A

A 8%

B 5%

C 87%

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2.4.4 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS There is a drastic variation in heights. The larger range of structures was in the range of G+2 and G+3. Out of the 144 Shops 32% comprises of three storied mixed use structures, while four storied structures comprises about 27% of the total. The least were the single storied structures which were either chaiwallas or in a dilapidated state. A stark contrast in the road to built up was observed in 4 six stories structures.

They were giving the space an extreme sense of enclosure.

The Volumetric density of the space was highly uneven and not regulated, specially in cases of renovated constructions.

G+1

G+4

G+2

G+5

G+3

G+6

G+4 15%

G+5 3%

G 3% G+1 20%

G+3 27% G+2 32%

2.5

ACTIVITIES 30

2.5.1 Traffic Arteries

Road condition (early morning) @7 am

Road conditions @10 am

Road Conditions @1 pm

Chaurasthi Attari

Darshini Deori

Gurudwara Darshini Deori and Chaurasthi Attari act as religious traffic nodes because traffic always takes a halt here. Chaurasthi Attari forms a cross junction which takes a lot of traffic load from the surrounding areas. This becomes a favorable spot for the vendors and chaiwallas which further shorten the effective road width by 30-40%. Un organized parking creates chaos on the street.

Throughout the street parking becomes a crucial problem, At the narrowest point as well as the widest point the effective road width is about the same because of the excessive road width going for the parking of two wheelers.

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2.5.2 Socially and Environmental Impact

Absolute Space: The Guru Bazaar acts as the ridge, hence on one side the secondary roads all lead to Golden Temple while on the other side the roads lead to Guru ke Mahal. Hence, our inference is such that these spaces act as an absolute space for this particular zone.

Social Space: The Gurudwara Chaurasthi Attari and Sunlight conditions @10 am

Darshini Deori act as Social space as every person crossing the street stops there and prays for a moment. Another social behavioral character is to stop at the chaiwalla and interact with the surrounding environment. Hence, making the chaiwallas also a social space.

Hierarchy of Street Structure

Sunlight conditions @12 pm

The streets vary according to their movement pattern and their widths. The secondary streets are very narrow and congested leading to conflict between the movements of vehicles as well the pedestrians. The streets are encroached by the shopkeepers as well as vendors. The roads are also encroached by unauthorized parking of two wheelers and rickshaws.

Gated communities with narrow lined streets and dead ends with numerous residences and godowns.

Sunlight conditions @4 pm

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2.6

STREET SECTIONS The irregularity is building typology; timelines and heights were observed and recorded through the critical sections as follows.

Life inside the structures as well as on the street can be observed. Other amenities like electric poles and drains were demarcated in here.

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

33

CONTRAST IN OLD AND NEW STRUCTURES Through this Section the timeline can be observed. The changing social fabric was noted with open drainage, ornamentation of the facades, absence of green pockets, lesser traffic, and absence of electrical elements. Streetscape changed dramatically over the generations

34

Angle of vision: Observed angles were: 76-85 degrees, giving us extreme sense of enclosure.

DRAINAGE: The irregularity in drainage patterns was understood through sections where basic four types are explained: Drain directly going down, Drain covered in faรงade treatment, Drain bent through the varying wall widths and Outward drainage pipes direct on the faรงade.

Images showing the present man holes and drain pipes with the naked facades of street.

35

2.7

S.W.O.T. Strengths:

• • • • •

Balanced growth rate of population.

Its people known for their entrepreneurship and hospitality Rich heritage and various places of tourist importance Occupies prime portion of the area Good measurement of the number of people entering a shop and the area.

Weaknesses: • • • • • • • •

Unplanned commercial development Inadequacies in Infrastructure Inadequate Growth /Land Management leading to constraining accessibility and mobility Lack of focused effort on Heritage Conservation and promotion Disposal of garbage on roads Irregularity of skyline Due to high height density, less amount of sunlight in the street.

Due to tight width of the street, street gives a feeling of over crowdedness

Opportunities: • •

Oldest and the largest gold market of Amritsar Good economic scope for development

Threats: • • •

Area is unplanned Extremely dense zone Present Scenario of commercial development will create more parking problems.

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2.8

• • •

• • • • •

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Through the detailed study of the urban fabric of Guru Bazaar and the Bazaars of Iran, we can enlist some points of similarity we could observe in the Islamic Bazaars of Iran, inspite of the cultural gap and the physical barriers.

Both develop along the ridge or an important spine of the town, while maintaining their linearity.

Primarily the each bazaar comprises of a same occupation shops.

In case of Islamic bazaars they were always in sustenance with a religious structure i.e. mosque, whilst in Amritsar’s context this developed in sustenance with the Golden Temple.

Tangible and Intangible Heritage both are analogous with the Urban Fabric of these Bazaars.

Both sustain as centres of economic, civic, cultural and social growth.

They used to grow and develop in an organic pattern and infiltrate the adjoining streets by spilling onto them also.

While the Punjabi’s had Mohallas, the Iranian counterparts had Mahallat The street patterns being Zig-Zag with multiple branching out and some dead ends.

37

3. ORNAMENTATION This is one of the pivotal sections as it not only provides a thorough information regarding ornaments (motifs, patterns, finite designs and symbols), produced through wood carving but also deals briefly with the perceptive factor regarding patterns. The discussion is carried to the description of traditional elements of wooden dwellings of Amritsar focusing on the types of ornaments employed. (Thakkar, 2015)

3.1

INTRODUCTION The idea of ornamentation germinated from the basic urge of an individual to embellish his surroundings wherein nature and socio-cultural environment played a significant role. In India since ancient times, ornamentation on architecture and interiors as well as on domestic artefacts had been a very common phenomenon strongly associated with physical and metaphysical value system. The evolution of ‘Amritsari ornamentation’ as produced by wood carving was governed by socioreligious principles along with the desires of wealthy ‘Amritsaris’ to decorate their residences and personal belongings.

Three main factors affected the placement of carving on the domestic built form:

•

•

•

The first was the practical consideration; those parts like beams which were bulky and difficult to hoist were generally left uncarved because they could have been damaged in the process of hoisting them.

If some ornamentation was desired, this was applied to the beams in the form of thin carved wooden strips fixed by nails.

The second factor was governed by the need of display. Those parts of the building like the frontage, the courtyard which formed the backdrop to social activities were always ornamented to a greater or a lesser degree.

The third factor revolves around the quantitative and 39

qualitative aspects of ornamentation were based on issues like the socio-economic status of the owner in the society. (Thakkar, 2015)

3.2

JHAROKHAS A balcony, gallery, gokhra and jharoka are structures which project from the upper storey of a house and are all “devices which make it possible for the people to be between the street and the house, to be in the room and yet physically over the street and able to look along it.” All these structures are a part of the street and that of the house at the same time. So, even though they connect the house and the street, simultaneously, the privacy of the house remains undisturbed.

They are open bays which consist of pillars or pilasters supporting the cupola or roof and have jali’s are made in wood or stone. These jali’s perform two functions; firstly, it allows sufficient light and air to enter into the room, secondly, the carvings on it gave it a decorative look from the exterior and also the under surface of the wooden jharokha was painted with beautiful fresco sceneries because it acted as an aesthetic street scape feature for the onlookers. In addition to these primary functions, it also provides shelter to people and travelers from rain and the scorching heat Frescos on the under surface of the sun. In addition to being a part of a of wooden jharokhas residential setting the jharokha’s have also played a significant part in embellishing and enhancing the beauty of palaces, havelis and forts as well.

40

4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 4.1

PURPOSE AND INTENT: The Design guidelines are intended to provide a design framework for the Guru Bazaar area of the walled city of Amritsar. The goal is to integrate the tangible and intangible urban character of the area to the architectural vocabulary, resulting in distinctive streets with memorable public and private spaces. These guidelines are intended to inform the future developers to create architecture that maintains the tradition, without compromising with the needs of present. Various native architectural elements are listed that can be combined with one another, maintaining the overall character of the street.

4.2

BUILDING DESIGN: MASSING: •

Desirable massing includes:

• • • •

Variation in the wall plane (projecting and recessing elements) Variation in wall height Minimizing the impact of verticality by incorporating features such as horizontal bands, overhangs or other ornamentation, along different levels of the wall surface.

Surface detailing to not substitute for distinctive massing.

•

Maximize architectural interest in walls by:

• • •

Changing colour and texture of wall surface.

Articulating building façade by varying juxtaposition of building elements.

Adding window openings and other fenestrations.

4.2.1 SCALE: Scale is the proportion of one object to another. Human scale incorporates building elements that are modest in size. The individual components bearing a relationship to each other and the building as a whole, which creates the overall scale of the building.

•

•

Building facades to possess high detailing to reduce the scale of the structure.

Building scale can be reduced by articulating the separate floor levels with horizontal bands or by increasing the level of detail on the structure at the street level.

Architectural details and materials on the lower walls that relate to human scale to be utilized.

41

•

Window distribution and shape inform the building scale.

4.2.2 CONTINUITY: Continuity among the individual buildings in the stretch contributes to community identity, levels of pedestrian activity, and economic vitality. Design solution takes in account the physical scale of the adjacent building.

4.2.3 RHYTHM: Rhythm describes the relationship of building components, as well as the relationship of individual buildings to one another. Rhythm is more complex than simply the repetition of one or more elements.

4.2.4 ARTICULATION: • Highest level of articulation to occur on the front façade and façades visible from the street.

• Blank walls to be avoided. Elements like balconies, windows, jharokhas to be incorporated.

• Such details can be used to create light and shadow effect on the street.

• Balconies or jharokhas are encouraged as they can create opportunities for social interaction.

4.2.5 PARAPETS: Parapets to convey a sense of permanence. If the bottom side of parapets is visible, it needs to be supported with brackets.

4.2.6 COLOUR: Appropriateness of any given colour depends upon the architectural style, building material, building features and details, building size and climatic conditions. Well coordinated colour palettes to be used. No more than 3 colours to be used for a single façade. Contrasting colours that accent architectural details are encouraged.

42

3.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

ELEMENTS

STANDARDS

ENHANCEMENTS

Walls to be at different levels to add the massing effect. No more than 3 colours on a single wall.

Window openings’ style to go well with the architectural character of the area.

Projections to house traditional materials.

GI shutters to be used, rolling machines of which to hide behind the advert. board.

Columns to have Sikh Architecture style.

Cornices to be given on the projecting parapets.

Textures added on the walls creates a good contrast and adds to the richness of façade.

A series of windows may replicate a style on a smaller scale. Jharokhas to be used as interactive spaces.

The bottom of projections to be decorated with paintings.

Motifs and other ornamentation painted on the shutters.

WALLS WINDOWS PROJECTIONS SHUTTERS COLUMNS CORNICES

Patterns and motifs added to increase the detailing.

Detailing and ornamentation added to increase the detailing.

5. SOLUTIONAL GUIDELINES TO THE EXISTING PROBLEMS IN THE ACTION AREA: 5.1 PLINTH: HEIGHT: The plinths of the structures to vary from 6” to 12”. No plinth raised more than 1’ to be allowed.

From the area analysis of Guru Bazaar, it is evident that the bazaar is topographically the ridge point of the walled city. Therefore, there have not been many water-logging cases in the area. Therefore, the plinths need not be too high from the road level and in the case study of the street, it was found that out of 170 structures studied, 116 structures had their plinths less than or equal to 1’ from the road level.

WIDTH: The width of the step coming onto the road to be restricted to 4’ in width, no matter how wide the shop front is. Rest of the area to be left vacant. For shops having front equal to or less than 4’, the width of the step to be as much as the shop front.

For people to walk up to a shop, 4’ is sufficient as per anthropometry. With 4’ as the width, at a given point of time, 2 people can consecutively walk up, which is fairly how much is required. This also makes the maintenance convenient.

43

DRAIN CHANNEL: The drain channel running on both edges of the street to be covered. A layer of pavement to be constructed above the channel.

The drain to be covered in order to avoid the acids used by the sarafs during the manufacturing of gold from going into the environment. It was earlier observed that the acid resulted in deteriorating the gold cladded on Harmandir Sahib.

Inspection Chambers to be made at regular interval to facilitate the cleaning of the drain.

DRAIN PIPE: The drain pipe to run down from both the extreme ends of the facades.

The shaft containing the pipes to house 2 pipes (of 2 adjacent buildings). An inspection chamber to be located where drain pipe meets the drain channel.

The drain to be concealed inside the façade to make the facade aesthetically pleasing.

BUILDING HEIGHT: The total building height to be restricted to 42’ from the road level. The height does not include the parapet height.

ADVERTISEMENT BOARD: Advertisement board length to be as per the shop owner’s desire. However, the width of the same to be restricted to 3’. The height of the same is restricted to 9’ +-6”.

TRAFFIC DECONGESTION: To decongest the already narrow street, certain traffic regulations need to be taken into account. No four-wheeler to be allowed to enter the area after 8 am till 9 pm.

SIGNAGE: The area lacks signage facilities. Signage directing to important places need to be put on various spots alongside the road.

44

SHOP NO.

SHOP NAME

SHOP WIDTH

PLINTH SHUTTER ENCROAC TOTAL TOTAL HEIGHT FROM EXT. HMENT FLOORS FLOORS WALL (G+_)

LEFT SIDE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 * 31 32 33

SINDHI ICE CREAM SK TRIDEV JEWELLERS OM JEWELLERS UNNAMED RUMALA SAHIB/ RUBHAYE DI HATTI KULDIP JEWELLERS JAGDISH JEWELLERY HOUSE UNNAMED UNNAMED VISHAL JEWELLERS VIR DI HATTI TILAK RAJ BK JAIN UNNAMED SETH FAKIR CHAND DEWAN JEWELLERS OP TRADERS BHALLA JEWELLERS RAJKUMAR AND SONS JAIN JEWELLERS PARIS JEWELLERS RITIKA BHEEM SAINI LAHORIAN DI HATTI BHAGTAN DI HATTI JUGAL KISHORE AND CO. UNNAMED SARDAR DI HATTI BK JEWELLERS BALA JI JEWELLERS JAIN TARA

12' 5" 9' 10" 8' 11" 7' 9"

10" 8" 6" 3.5"

1' 9" (-) 1' 3" 10' 5" 8"

20" 0 10" 11"

2 2.5 1.5 1

10' 4" 10' 8" 8' 11" 10' 1" 10' 5" 9' 6" 8' 7" 22' 10"

10" 14" 18" 9" 10.5" 10" 11.5" 13" 12" 10" 16" 16" 8" 4" 11" 17" 7" 16" 7" 10" 5.5" 4.5" 4.5" 2.5" 4" 18" 16"

1' 11" (-) 11" (-) 16" 10.5" (-) 19" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (-) 8.5" (-) 6.5" 5" (-) 4" (-) 5" (-) 5.5" (-) 16.5" (-) 4.5" (-) 3.5" 0 5" 4" 12.5" 10.5" 12"

0 0 0 12" 11" 0 11" 10" 19" 0 12" 12" 0 0 0 0 0 0 18" 0 0 0 0 0 0 19" 0

1 3.5 2 3.5 3 3 3 2 2 2 0.5 1 1 2.5 4 4 3 2 4 1 3.5 2 1 1 2 2 2

4.5 3 4.5 4 4 4 3 3 3 1.5 2 2 3.5 5 5 4 3 5 2 4.5 3 2 2 3 3 3

6" 10" 18"

4" 4.5" 0

0 4" 0

2 2 2

3 3 3

14' 8" 6' 8" 8' 8" 6' 10" 7' 2" 10' 10' 2" 10' 5" 9' 9" 14' 7" 11' 11' 8" 9' 2" 11' 1" 8' 5" 5' 11" 5' 9" 5' 1"

GALI

8' 11"

MANINDER JEWELLERS UNNAMED AMAR TARA JEWELLERS

7' 9" 7' 3" 11' 6"

3 3.5 2.5 2 2

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

c KEWAL ORNAMENTS UNNAMED DEEPAK BSK C VIJAY HANDI JEWELLERS KANWAL JEWELLERS RISHABH JEWELLERS UNNAMED MARI RAM MOHINDER SINGH

11' 9" 10' 5" 6' 7" 8' 11" 8' 11" 10' 5" 13' 9" 9' 1" 10' 3" 11' 11" 11' 3" 16' 9"

8" 19" 7.5" 6" 8" 2" 12" 13" 12.5" 8.5" 8" 9"

(-) 4' (-) 7" 0 (-) 4'3" 9.5" 0 (-) 6.5" 0 (-) 7" (-) 8.5" (-) 10.5" (-) 7"

12" 0 13" 0 13" 0 0 15" 11" 0 0 16"

2.5 2 1 1 1.5 4 5 5 3 3 3.5 2

3.5 3 2 2 2.5 5 6 6 4 4 4.5 3

4 3 4 5 3 4 4 2

GALI

7' 7" 7' 9" 7' 11" 8' 8" 8' 11" 9' 9" 11' 1" 11' 2" 5' 2"

3.5" 17" 5.5" 0" 4.5" 11.5" 5" 14"

(-) 3.5" (-) 9" (-) 1" (-) 6" (-) 6" 0 0 0

0 15" 0 0 0 18.5" 0 5.5"

3 2 3 4 2 3 3 1

54 55 56 57 58 59

SOLITAIRE SHREE GANESH PYARA LAL SARAF JEWELLERS PUJI JEWELLERS LAL CHAND PUNJAB JEWELLERS SHAM DI HATTI BAL KISHAN JEWELLERS DEV PRAKASH & SONS JEWELLERS RAM KISHAN DURGA DAS BHAGAT NOTAN WALE SETH SONS VIJAY & SONS BHATIA BROWS

6' 2" 7' 7" 5' 9" 12' 8" 7' 6" 7' 11"

14" 11" 10" 19" 15" 14.5"

15" 0 (-) 5" (-) 10.5" 0 0

12" 0 11" 14" 11" 0

1 2 2 3 2 2

60 61 62 63

SETH JEWELLERS OM PRAKASH AND SONS KHANNA JEWEL CREATION DC JEWELLERS

9' 16' 10" 8' 8' 10"

5" 6" 8" 6.5"

(-) 5.5" (-) 9" 0 0

0 0 1" 2"

2 3 3 2

64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

BALI RAM PADAM KUMAR JAIN NAVEEN JEWELLERS SHIV SHAKTI KAPOOR JEWELLERS JASWANT SINGH BALBIR UNNAMED MANJEET SINGH MS JEWELLERS DISCO MONEY PRAKASH DI HATTI

18' 2" 11' 1" 10' 9" 11' 2" 10' 6" 11' 11" 12' 1" 10' 5" 12' 11" 11' 10" 8'

7" 12" 9.5" 3.5" 12" 11" 15" 14" 7.5" 11" 11.5"

(-) 7" (-) 10" (-) 2" (-) 5" 0 5.5" 0 0 0 (-) 7" 0

4.5" 0 2" 0 0 0 3" 7.5" 12" 15" 28"

3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 4

* 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 4 3 3 5

c RIGHT SIDE 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 * 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 * 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 *

GOLD PALACE JEWELLERS VIR DI HATTI BHATIA SONS KUNDRA JEWELLERS NEELAM SAREE REKHA RAM HATTI SAAJAN JEWELLERS SHREE HARI JEWELLERS AMAR CHAND AND SONS

8' 5" 10' 3" 19' 11' 3" 9' 2" 7' 11" 12' 11" 11' 9" 8' 5"

9.5" 14" 9.5" 15.5" 7" 3.5" 9" 4.5" 4.5"

(-) 12" (-) 5" (-) 11.5" (-) 12" (-) 9" 0 0 (-) 6" (-) 6.5"

0 12" 16" 0 0 0 15" 9" 12"

1.5 1.5 2 1 2.5 2 3 2 2

2.5 2.5 3 2 3.5 3 4 3 3

10' 5" 10'9" 9' 5" 11' 1" 11' 2" 10' 2" 11' 11' 8' 3" 11' 7" 15' 2" 7' 3"

12" 4.5" 11" 6" 0" 5.5" 5.5" 6" 7" 5" 5.5" 2" 11"

(-) 4" (-) 4.3" (-) 6" 0 0 0 0 0 (-) 13" (-) 7.5" (-) 15" 0 0

10" 0 12" 12" 0 0 12.5" 0 0 9" 10" 0 0

4 1.5 3.5 2 4 4 5.5 4 4 4 4 3 3

5 2.5 4.5 3 5 5 6.5 5 5 5 5 4 4

10' 6" 14' 4'" 12' 7" 11' 4"

16" 0" 6" 16"

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

1 0 3.5 1.5

2 1 4.5 2.5

11' 10"

4.5"

(-) 18"

0

3.5

11' 11" 10' 6" 12' 9" 11' 11" 10' 3" 10' 4" 14'

10" 7" 5" 10" 2" 11" 10"

(-) 12" (-) 8" (-) 7" (-) 2" (-) 7" (-) 4'2 (-) 6"

7" 15" 30" 20" 0 0 12"

2 3 2 3 3 1 3

GALI S. KANWAL JEWELLERS B. MADAN LAL SARAF RV NISCHAL JEWELLERS FANCY SONA JEWELLERS LAHORIYAAN DI HATTI DESIGNER SAGAR JEWELLERS KAMAL JEWELLERS AMRITSARI ORIENTAL HOUSE SANT RAM JEWELLERS ALANKAR JEWELLERS UNNAMED NARINDER KUMAR & SONS GALI UNNAMED UNNAMED SK JEWELLERS BHARATA JI DI HATTI JARI WALA MAHESH DAS & SONS MOHINDER SINGH AJIT SINGH JEWELLERS SWARN JEWELLERS SANT JEWELLERS RAJ SONS JEWELLERS MEHRA SON JEWELLERS UNNAMED WESTERN UNION GALI

4.5 3 4 3 4 4 2 4

138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147

UNNAMED JAIPUR GEMS DIAMOND PLAZA JAIN SON COLLECTION ASHOKA JEWELLERS TEMPLE BABBAR JEWELLERS UNNAMED PALAK UNNAMED

5' 4.5" 9' 5" 13' 4" 10' 12" 8' 8" 9' 8" 7' 3" 9' 2" 7' 5" 10' 9"

17" 9" 14" 15.5" 9.5" 16" 6" 1" 10" 3"

0 0 0 0 0 12" 6.5" (-) 13" 0 0

0 6" 5" 16" 20" 17" 18" 0 26" 0

2 2 2 2 0 3 1 1 4 2

148 149 150 151 152 153 153 154 155

BISHAN DAS KALIA SARAF & KG KHANDELWAL & SONS KANCHAN JEWELLERS JAIN SONS JEWELLERS APSARA DARSHAN KUMAR KALI CHARAN JEWELLERS JEWELLERS

20" 5" 16" 3" 12" 9" 19" 8.5" 7.5"

0 0 0 0

0 0 22" 0 12" 8" 0 0 5"

3 2 4 3 4 3 2 5 3

156 157 158 159

PRINCE JEWELLERS AMARNATH KHANNA JEWELLERS BC JEWELLERS DC JEWELLERS KL SONS JEWELLERS

12' 4" 11' 4" 12' 5" 10' 7" 11' 8" 11' 3" 7' 10" 14' 3" 9' 6' 10" 7' 9" 11' 6" 10' 11"

4.5" 6" 10" 9"

0 3" 7" 8.5"

1 1 4 3

160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167

BANWARI AND MOHINDER LAL BABBAR JEWELLERS UNNAMED MANOHAR LAL SUBHASH CHANDER KHANNA SARAF UNNAMED TEMPLE

12' 4" 11' 4" 8' 9" 6' 10" 6' 10" 8' 8" 7' 9" 13' 7"

7" 4" 7" 10" 15" 20.5" 9" 25"

0 0 5.5" 0 7" 10" 0 11.5"

1 4 1 1 1 2 0 3

168 HUKAM CHAND SUSHIL CHAND 169 RAM SARAN DAS CHAURASTI ATTARI 170 GURUDWARA

11' 9" 11' 8"

11" 9"

0 0

2 2

34"

3'4"

1

3 3 3 3 1 4 2 2 5 3 4 3 5 4 5 4 3 6 4 2 2 5 4 2 5 2 2 2 3 1 4 3 3 2

Bibliography C.R.C.I. Pvt. Ltd. (2016). City HRIDAY Plan . Amritsar.

Khan, S. M. (n.d.). A Tale of Bazaars: The Impact of Cultural Change on.

Singh, B. (2012). TANGIBLE & INTANGIBLE HERITAGE OF THE SIKHS:.

TAHERI, F. H. (1980). URBAN ELEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC CITIES. Thakkar, J. (2015). Naqsh. Ahmedabad. https://www.hridayindia.in/downloads/chp/amritsar/CHP_for_Amritsar_Volume_I.pdf

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