Ritika Chirania Visual Communication PGDP Bridge Year 2015-16 Project Facilitator: Yamini Temujin
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many people have helped me to make this diploma project happen directly indirectly, whom I was acquainted with and to whom I was complete stranger. It is due to their generosity that this project is what it is today. I would like to extend my gratitute to the following particularly for their part they played. I would like to thank Yamini Temujin, our project facilitator, for guiding me throughout the progress there by giving me a deeper insight to the design development and understanding of the topic. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Srishti Institute of Design, Art and Technology and Jyoti Hosagrahar, UNESCO Chairprofessor in Culture, Habitat, and Sustainable Development at Srishti. I wish to acknowledge the following persons who managed to spare time and help me in progressing: Anupama Arun, Faculty, Srishti Lakshmi Murthy, Visiting faculty, Srishti Rustam Vania, Project Head, Srishti Hashim, founder, Design Difference Matt, Visiting faculty, Srishti Jayesh Sivan, Faculty, Srishti Shweta Dange, Faculty, Srishti Ksenia, Faculty, Srishti I am grateful to one of my Srishti peer, Pratima Palod, who is also my roommate. She has been with me at all my hard times whenever I got stuck, with a cup of coffee and lots of encouragement. Lastly, to my family and all my friends, without whose morale support this would not have been possible.
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION 2. DESIGN BRIEF 3. STUDIO ACTIVITIES 4. RESEARCH 5. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6. PROTOTYPE AND MOCKUP 7. REFLECTIVE NOTES 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 9. CHALLENGES FACED
1 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Wayfinding is knowing where you are in a surrounding, what your desired location is and how to get from present to desired location. Navigators who know their way are more comfortable, waste less time and develop a rapport with the city much more easily. But, it becomes difficult when one is in a new location with no access to online maps. Also, many people like outsiders, migrants, etc. do not understand the regional language. Broken signage boards and no information on the bus stops add chaos in navigator’s mind. Maps have been used for centuries for easy navigation. Taking this idea, I decided to solve this problem of wayfinding in a locality by focussing on the necessity one can have when they are in a new place. Making aware newcomers of their surroundings as well as it is a tool for local residents to explore their neighborhood. This Know Your Neighborhood Map can be expanded to different areas around the city. It is easily portable and user friendly.
2 DESIGN BRIEF
BRIEF AND DELIVERABLES
The United Nations has proposed 17 Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved in the next 15 years. Among those 17 Sustainable Development Goals, focus on Goal 11 which says‘Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.’ And as a Visual Communicator, promote ‘Awareness’ by visually depicting how Bangalore city and its future can be Safe, Sustainable, Inclusive and Resilient through Visual Communication materials.
ROLE OF UN
The United Nations General Assembly is hosting the UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), and the Conference will held in Quito, Ecuador in October 2016. The objective of Habitat III - is to identify and address new and emerging urban challenges for the establishment of the ‘New Urban Agenda’.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
3 STUDIO ACTIVITIES
UNPACKING OF THE WORD ‘SUSTAINABILITY’
MEANING AND SYNONYM OF SUSTAINABILITY
UNDERSTANDING THE TOPIC
For learning and understanding the topic, as a class, we read and watched the followingMovies: 1. Kakka Mutai 2. Back to the Future Books: 3. Ways of Seeing Secondary data readings: 4. UNESCO Sustainable Goals 5. Urbanisation 6. 25 designs showing Future of Design Youtube videos: 7. How will the world be in 2020 8. Ever Changing World 9. Ten most sustainable cities in the world Also, read about recent natural disasters like the Chennai floods and how they recovered from it. Who are more resilient when natural calamities occur. What is the role of an NGO when there is a disaster and how do they help.
4 RESEARCH
FIELD VISIT 1
How? -Interview Whom? -Local people Where? -Yelahanka New Town What? -What do they understand by the word “Sustainability”? -Is Bangalore sustainable?
CATEGORIZING INTO TARGETS
FIELD VISIT 2
How? -Interview Where? -Cubbon Park and M.G. Road What? 1. What is your view on Sustainability? 2. What is your view on Safety? 3. What do you think a good habit is? 4. What good habits do you practice? 5. For how long are you staying in Bangalore? 6. What kind of changes have you experienced in the past years of your stay here? 7. Which are the cities you think is better? 8. What do you think Bangalore needs? 9. Where do you think Bangalore is heading in terms of Sustainability? 10. What comes in your mind, when you listen to these words?- Green, Air, Culture and Bird 11. Why do you live in a city? 12.Rate Bangalore in terms of- Safety and Cleanliness (out of 5)
The following were the responses1. Increase in Air pollution due to excessive use of scooters, motorbikes, cars, etc. and not public transport. 2. If park spaces are used for building houses due to increase in population, it will be a problem especially for children playing outdoors and elderly for walking. 3. No cycling space available for kids near residence. 4. Dumps of waste on the roadside. BBMP not collecting it on regular basis. 5. Burning of waste in residential areas. 6. Have observed a vast change in the weather condition in comparison to past years. 7. Air does not flow freely due to high-rise building. 8. Bangalore has become very diverse due to its diverse population.
GROUP BRAINSTORM EXERCISE AND VISUALISATION
ANALYSIS
After the field visit, the topic was narrowed down to park as an important necessity in everybody’s lives. Some questions that came into my mind while talking about the importance of having a park in a neighbourhood: 1. Who goes to a park? 2. What do they do there? 3. How to make a park inclusive of all? 4. What do you think children will do if there is no park? 5. What kind of games are played in the park? 6. How these days, children are mostly found playing games on their laptops or mobile phones unlike past where they used to play outdoors? Further, after the feedback received by Dr. Jyoti Hosagrahar, the topic broadened to public spaces as a whole and what can be done to make public spaces inclusive.
BRAINSTORM
FIELD VISIT 3
How? -Interview, Observation and photo documentation Where? -Narayanapura Village, near Yelahanka Why? -Exploring public spaces The villagers are mostly indulged in pottery making work like pots, diyas, piggy banks, lamps, god statues, etc. But by interviewing them, following points came across: -The young generation of the village doesn’t want to involve in pottery making because the earning is very low in this work. -The villagers had to search for other jobs as their livlihood could no longer be dependent on pottery because the sale of it has declined since past. -There lived many potters who were teaching the art of pottery in different schools. As safeguarding cultural heritage was also one of the targets of Goal 11, the topic took a touristic approach and tried to make the village a tourist space. The aim was to bring back the lost craft and increase livlihood of the residents.
POTTERY VILLAGE, NARAYANAPURA
ANALYSIS
Further research was done keeping in mind the following things: 1. What are the advantages of cooking and eating in clay pots? - Organic food can be made - Cool water to drink without fridge 2. How does it help in meditation and therapy? 3. Is it helpful to those prone to arthritis in their hands? I was looking at it from a touristic point of view that how to encourage people to visit the village and learn the art of pottery, also making a schedule of how to spend a productive day at Narayanapura and get the essence of village life. But, as Narayanapura village, being a small part of Bangalore did not represent Bangalore city as a whole, I again focussed on Public spaces on a broader sense. Also the touristic approach was not leading to the UN goals.
Next, these were the questions that triggered after a short discussion on public spaces with Aravind Venkatadri: 1. How to make a public space Happy? 2. How can we create Good Memories for people at public spaces? 3. How to make people feel belongingness to the spaces outside their homes? 4. Aren’t roads look beautiful when they belong to people and not just cars?
ANUPAMA’S SESSION
After so much of navigation and trying to understand the meaning of Safe, Sustainable, Inclusive and Resilient in terms of Cities, still there were gaps and the topics chosen were not falling under the UN Goals. It was after Anupama Arun’s session on what a city’s market place is, there was clarity on these words.
Glimpse of what was done by getting into the shoes of market vendors.
FIELD VISIT 4
How? -Observation, I see I think I wonder, Photo documentation and sketches Where? -Chickpet, Malleshwaram, J.P. Nagar and Koramangala for 3 days After getting clarity on words such as inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable we documented the research with a new perspective towards Bangalore city.
INCONVINIENT JOURNEY
Excuze Me!
8:00pm: Where is the bus stop?
8:20pm: Shit! Went to the wrong bus stop!
8:40pm: Is this a bus stop?
9:00: “This bus will not go to Majestic, get down”, Said conductor.
9:15pm: Got down at an anonymous bus stop.
9:30pm: Waiting for the booked taxi.
Illustration of my inconvinient journey from Koramangala to Yelahanka.
10:00pm: Taxi cam late because it was unable to locate.
11:30pm: Reached 1 and half hour late.
ANALYSIS
Locating bus stop
Late arrival of Taxi
Inconvivient jouney
No bus route map available
Fale online information
After this, I wondred if others also face this kind of inconvinience while travelling?
FIELD VISIT 5
The following responses were received:
How? -Interview, Observation, 5W1H, Photo documentation and sketches Where? - Malleshwaram, Yashwantpur Bus Station and Kempagowda Bus Station Whom? -30 people approximately What? -Do you face any kind of inconvinience while travelling
1. 10-12 people of age between 20-40 years said using public transport like bus is inconvenient because many times they do not come on time, traffic and also locating the bus stop is a task 2. 3-4 women of age between 30-50 years have faced trouble while locating toilets in case of emergency 3. 3-4 migrants of age 25 years where concerned regarding the signage to be written in Kannada or English only
Some reponses in the form of scenerios are as follows: Deepak Kumar, Staff, Orion Mall At 11:00 pm, was in his car travelling from Malleshwaram to Hebbal, on his way he saw a man who was severely injured with his bike and was lying in the middle of the road. He tried looking for the nearest hospital or a contact number of any hospital, but could not find one. It was a challenge for him in the middle of the night to contact any hospital. “If information like the nearest hospital or atleast contact number is available, it will be very helpful in case of emergency”, said Deepak Kumar.
Nancy, Employee, Cloth shop She was waiting at J.P. Nagar bus stop after her work at 8:00 pm and was in shortfall of money. She then looked for the nearest ATM, but could not find one. She also asked people standing at the bus stop, but nobody knew where the ATM was. “For me, some direction to the nearest toilet and ATM should be available on the road”, said Nancy. “Signage and direction boards should be in three languages atleast, like the International, National and Regional languages”, said Mrs. Gagan, Hindi teacher at Jain College, Bangalore. “Bus stops are full with advertisements and posters, I think route map and direction boards can be made more attractive, so that it catches people’s eye”, said by a daily bus traveller.
Bus Stop full of political posters
Bus stop full of advertisements
Name of the Bus Stop not written
No proper Bus Stop
Travellers confirming the bus route
Signboards only in Kannada
Signboards only in Kannada
After mapping the primary research through sketches, journey maps and photo documentation, it was analysed that all the problems are falling under ‘‘Wayfinding” in a broader sense. I also inferred that in case of emergency, wayfinding can become a matter of life or death. The importance of wayfinding is not recognised until someone is in a new place and unsure of where to go next. Proper wayfinding improves efficiency, accessibility and safety and decreases the frustration, stress, late arrivals and time spent in looking for directions.
Sketches explaining the situations observed
Breakdown of the observations during primary research
SECONDARY DATA
It is a unique connecting concept that takes into account the needs of the user at every step; a tourist trying to find a hotel, someone with a business appointment, a film-goer on their way to the cinema, a cyclist going to the shops, or an occasional ferry user. People who are confident in the knowledge of their routes and destinations are more comfortable, waste less time and develop a rapport with the city much more quickly. Bristol Legible CityThe Bristol Legible City is a unique concept to improve people’s understanding and experience of the city through the implementation of identity, information and transportation projects. Bristol Legible City projects include direction signs, on street information panels with city and area maps, printed walking maps, visitor information identity and arts projects. These project communicates the city consistently and effectively with visitors and residents alike.
New York CityEven for the most direction-savvy New Yorker, emerging from the dark pit of the subway can be a disorienting experience. New York City streets are bright, they’re loud, often times they’re smelly, and worst of all, maps are virtually non-existent. Or at least that used to be the case. Their goal is to create an informationpacked maps that would orient pedestrians and help them find the gems each NYC neighborhood has to offer.
EXPLORING ILLUSTRATIONS AND MEDIUMS
Scribbles trying to show sustainability, inclusivity, resilience and safety.
ANALYSIS
After the primary and the secondary research, the aim was: 1. To create awareness on how beneficial and effective wayfinding system can be to people who are new to a place, people who travel alone, migrants. 2. To aware people of their neighbourhood. 3. To make travel within the city safe, so that late arrival to their destination is avoided.
Thus, the initial sketches on awareness was done as a comic strip whereby the inconvinience faced while travelling was shown. The target audience for this were the Civic Authorities and Companies involved in CSR activities.
After getting feedback on this illustration, the project was taken forward as to how a visual designer can bring a change in the society to fulfil the goals.
5 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
IDEATION
As discussed earlier. wayfinding is most difficult when a person is new to a place. Thus, the target audience chosen arePeople who are new or not much familiar to a place and do not have access to online maps. Next, on a casual interaction with people about what do they do when they are in a new area, it was observed that many follows landmarks and orient others too with the help of landmarks. Also, some people have a habit of asking other people on the streets to find their ways. So, with landmarks being an important characteristic in wayfinding, the secondary research started along with ideation on how landmarks of an area can help people find their way.
From the secondary research, it was found thatLandmarks serve two useful purposes. The first is it as an orientation cue. If the navigator knows where a landmark is in relation to his present position, he can say something about where he is, and which way he is facing, in the space he shares with the landmark. A desirable property of a landmark for this use is visibility, the ability to be seen from a large surrounding area. The second use of a landmark is as an especially memorable location. It is these memorable places that can provide instant recognition of one’s location. Landmarks associated with decision points, where the navigator must choose which path of many to follow, are especially useful as they make the location and the associated decision more memorable.
REFERENCE IMAGES
After the understanding of how landmarks are used, visual maps were studied.
CONCEPT BUILDING
Step 1: Illustrating a map with landmarks which can help a person in finding his ways.
Area of the actual map: 1km radius around Dairy Cross, Yelahanka New Town.
This map will be used in relation to landmarks. As discussed in secondary research, landmarks are used to orient in a surrounding.
In this area, there are two main roads which divide the area into four quadrants. So, for the initial sketches of the map, the top-left quadrant area has been explored.
Landmarks also helps when we are returning back from our destination as we can cross check those landmarks which we saw earlier and get confirmed that we are on the correct path.
And this area map could be taken as a reference to illustrate the whole of Bangalore.
Step 2: The area of the map was defined. As the project required further site visits to analyse what all landmarks are there that can be marked in the map, a nearby area was chosen.
Step 3: Target audience- People who are new to Yelahanka New Town or not much familiar with this place and do have access to online maps.
ON SITE MARKING OF LANDMARKS
SITE IMAGES
EXPLORATIONS
First iteration of the map where the main landmarks are marked and illustrated. But, the landmarks were hiding the roads behind.
roYal mart AROMA
BAKERY
Dr. AGARWAL’s EYE HOSPITAL
UDUPI GRAND
Tried to use visual identity of the building by illustrating the front of the building. But the perspective did not came out well.
The intricate details of the buildings were not much clear.
SCRIBBLES
Next exploration was to iconize all the landmarks.
Digitalizing of the hand drawn iicons
MEDIUM EXPLORATION
After the placement of icons on the road map, it was found that those landmarks which actally had visual identity like ATMs and Banks were getting lost and also these icons were not giving clear location of any of them. And, some icons were not actually landmarks as their recognisation was not possible like Srishti Institute in terms of the visibility of the institute building.
EXPLORATIONS To keep the visual identity of icons, these explorations were done. 1. ATM and Banks: As ATMs and Banks have their own visual identity i.e their unique colour and the logo. Thus, these two qualities were used to keep its identity intact. AXIS Bank Logo and Name
This point showing the actual location of the ATM on the map
2. Shops and Restaurants: As these do not have visual identity, the icon has been made taking the colour of the actual board of the shops/restaurants. Colour combination of the board and name of restaurant
This point showing the actual location of it on the map
Glipmse of the pictures of the board for illustrating the icons
Part of th map after placement of the icons
But the drawback in these icons are that if the size of the icons are reduced, the details will no longer be clear. Also, for shops and restaurants, the colour combination of the board is used which are not permanent. The boards can be changed anytime which will make the usability of the map irrelevant.
On the feedback session by Dr. Jyoti, the whole concept was narrated to her and she could relate the Landmark map to Know your neighbourhood map which sounded interesting. After the feedback, the map was taken to Srishti colleagues to check how much it is accepted and how much it lacks in. Explaining the usability through two scenarios:
Scene 1: ( Srishti Institute being removed from the map)
Scene 2: ( Srishti Institute being removed from the map)
Sriram with this map in hand has arrived for the first time in Yelahanka and his destination is Srishti Institute. Presently he is standing at Dairy Cross Junction. He is in contact with one of his friend of Srishti Institute who knows this area well.
Sriram with this map in hand has arrived for the first time in Yelahanka. He do not have any friend or relative in this area and his destination is Srishti Institute.
So, his friend is guiding him saying that “Take the road opposite to Aroma Bakery. On the left hand side, you will see UCO Bank, come straight on that road and then you will find Med Plus on the right hand side. A little ahead of Med Plus on the left there is a lane called 4th Cross. In that lans, come straight and take third right turn and you will see Srishti Institute.”
Now, he is taking help from people on the streets to reach Srishti Institute. After asking 3-4 people and showing them the map, he reached his destination.
Thus, with the map and his friend’s guidance, he reached Srishti Institute.
Hence, it is clear from the above two situations that this map is helpful only when somebody guides the navigator constantly (when the landmarks marked are not his destinations).
Then, reflections were made on both this kind of maps and connections were built to forward the work. The difference both the map has are as follows:
Landmark Map 1. Landmark map will have some ATMs, Banks, Hospitals, Shops, etc. marked which are landmarks of that place. 2. Navigator has to continuously ask others to reach his destination. 3. Also, in a place like Yelahanka, there are no distinct landmarks, so ATMs, Banks, etc. are treated as landmarks in the map whereas people create their own landmarks while travelling. So, it may differ from people to people.
Know your Neighbourhood Map For know your neighbourhood map1. Catagories needs to be created which will be marked according to the target audience. For example- Catagories selected are Banks and ATMs, Hospitals and Pharmacy, then all the Banks and ATMs will be marked and for each area, atleast one pharmacy and one hospital will be marked, so that it can help people know their surrounding and get help in case of need. 2. Whatever catagories are selected, the location of those will be fully marked. Thus, the navigator will be able to find those locations on his own orienting himself according to the map. 3. This map can also work as a Landmark map but vice versa is not possible.
After reflecting upon the positives and negatives of both these kind of maps, it was noticed that Know your Neighbourhood Map has more advantages over Landmark Map. Also, both these maps had connections between them. Thus, it was decided to extend the project as a Know your Neighbourhood Map and the concept around Know your Neighbourhood Map was built.
FINAL CONCEPT
Target audience: 1. A new family residing at Yelahanka 2. Srishti Community
The needs of the target audience when they are at Yelahanka
Common Needs
Unique to each
1. ATMS 2. Banks 3. Pharmacy 4. Hospital 5. Bus stops 5. Auto Stands 6. Park 7. Milk Shops 8. Grocery Shops 9. Departmental Store 10. Vegetable/ Fruit Store 11. Restaaurant 12. Juice Store 13. Tea/ Coffee Stall 14. Printing Shop 15. Stationery
1. Temples 2. School 3. Flower shops 4. Srishti Campuses 5. Paying Guest 6. Public Toilets
Emergency Contact Nos. 1. Ambulance 2. Hospital 3. Fire Brigade 4. Police Station
Initial selection of locationto be marked: ATMs Banks Pharmacy Hospital Bus stops Auto Stands Park Grocery Departmental Store Restaurant
Fruit Store Vegetable Store Juice Store Printing Shop Stationery Temple Schools Srishti Campuses Paying Guest Public Toilet
ICONS TO BE MARKED
Auto Stand Bus Stand Public Toilet Fruit Store Vegetable Store Eating outlets Juice Store Hospital Pharmacy Grocery Departmental Store Printing Shop Stationery ATMs Bank College School Paying Guest ParkChildren Play Area Open Gym TempleGanesha Temple Hanuman Temple Shiva Temple
LAYOUT OF THE WHOLE MAP
ICON ITERATION 1
Making colour distinct icons was a difficult task because these were resembling a lot.
ICON ITERATION 2
Tints and Shades of these colours are alike and were appearing dull after placement on the map. I was trying to follow a colour palette but then got feedback that there are no standard colours for a map.
ICON ITERATION 3
ATMs, Vegetable stall, Fruit stall, Grocery icons are removed from the list as these locations are easy to spot.
MAP ITERATION
Map traced with the help of Google Maps and Field Maps. Size of the paper is 16 inch by 16 inch. Fire different icons are marked in the base. But, colours are getting mixed with the base map
Layer 1: OHP sheet is used here. OHP/ Gateway sheet with these icons printed on it is placed on the base map and right side of this paper is sticked to the base map. This kind of paper is used because there are too many icons and it will look cluttered if placed on same sheet.
Layer 2: OHP/ Gateway is used here too where these icons are printed and left side is sticked to the base.
Bus Stand
Auto Stand
Kid’s Section
Open Gym
Public Toilet
FORM EXPLORATION
OHP/ Gateway sheets as layers on top of the base which is big in size, was making it difficult for the user. Also, maps are supposed to be cheaper so that everybody can afford it. So, by printing on OHP sheets, the cost will be increase a lot.
ICON ITERATION 4
To retain the visual identity of the banks, logos are used in the icons. Similar purpose icons were made into catagories, so that the colours for each catagory is different from the other..
UCO
Syndicate
Catholic Syrian
Vijaya
Canara
Corporation
ICON ITERATION 5
Some icons and colour of it were not visible in the fourth iteration.
FINAL ICON SET
From secondary research, I found that there are do’s and don’t of using any logo which are mentioned in the brand manual. So, I could not retain the visual identity of bank logos as it cannot fit in all icons in a circular form. Thus, bank logo is also iconized.
Auto Stand
Bank
Bus Stand
College
Public Toilet
School
Eating Outlets
Paying Guest
Juice Store
Children Play Area
Hospital
Open Gym Area
Pharmacy
Ganesha Temple
Departmental Store
Hanuman Temple
Printing Shop
Shiva Temple
Stationery
MAP ITERATIONS
FONT EXPLORATION
Yelahanka New Town
Med Plus
(Actual Map: 1km radius around Dairy Cross)
Med Plus
Yelahanka New Town
Med Plus
(Actual Map: 1km radius around Dairy Cross)
Yelahanka New Town
(Actual Map: 1km radius around Dairy Cross)
Yelahanka New Town (Actual Map: 1km radius around Dairy Cross)
Yelahanka New Town (Actual Map: 1km radius around Dairy Cross)
Med Plus
FINAL MAP
FINAL FORM
R
VE
CO
A2
A5
2nd LEAF on other side
EAF
L 1st
K
BAC
R
VE
CO
A5
RAM
IG ALL
C
MAP on the other side
COVER ITERATIONS
BACK
FRONT
FINAL COVER
FIRST LEAF AND SECOND LEAF
CALLIGRAM ITERATIONS
6 PROTOTYPE AND MOCKUP
PROTOTYPES
MOCKUPS
These maps can be printed on paper carry bags and be available at retail stores.
These maps can also be there at the bus stops so that it can help the travellers and passerbys.
7 CHALLENGES FACED
The challenge faced while doing this project wereFirstly, onsite marking of spots, secondly, deciding the size of the sheet of map because my aim was to make a portable map which can be carried by the user without any difficulty. But as the map needs to have clarity for proper understanding of routes, A2 size is chosen. Also, in digital printing, both side printing on a large sheet like A2 is not possible. Thirdly, the cost of printing the whole map is approximately Rs. 300. But maps are supposed to be cheaper so that it can be affordable by all. So, after doing a thorough research, I want to propose that this map should be printed in offset printing press, as the cost becomes very low when it is bulk printed. Also, in offset printing, both side printing can be done like in newspapers.
8 REFLECTIVE NOTES
This journey of four months of this project taught me that without a proper process, nothing is possible. Brainstorming, scribbling and making iterations helped me in opening my design thinking process. I learnt the technicality of getting things printed. This time, I completed my final output in digital medium, but for my next project, I surely want to try handmade medium, which is one of my fear. It taught me to work in crisis, with sleepless nights and work without food.
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Reference images were taken from: www.etsy.com https://goo.gl/cXxc3s https://goo.gl/M39uYv https://goo.gl/g1KKJS https://goo.gl/ZdlIx1
2. Secondary Data was collected from: http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infoarch/publications/mfoltzthesis/node8.html http://content.tfl.gov.uk/ll-yellow-book.pdf
3. Brand manual of BANK LOGO: http://www.bracbank.com/download/BRAC_Bank_Brand_ Identity_Manual.pdf https://www.cbtky.com/files/Citizens_Bank_Logo_Usage_ Guidelines.pdf