LO STATO DI MODENA

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Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

V

SOMMARIO GENERALE SALUTI

XVII

RELAZIONI INTRODUTTIVE

ALBANO BIONDI - Tempi e memorie della città GIOVANNI SANTINI - Lo Stato Estense nel quadro degli ordinamenti italiani preunitari GIORGIO BOCCOLARI - Gli Estensi di Modena MARCO CATTINI - Per un profilo dell’economia modenese nei secoli XVII e XVIII ODOARDO ROMBALDI - Dalla Repubblica Cispadana alla Repubblica Cisalpina Giovanni Paradisi e Iacopo Lamberti

3 11 23 45 69

LA CAPITALE

ANNA MARIA MATTEUCCI ARMANDI - Il Palazzo Ducale di Modena e i disegni di Angelo Venturoli GIORDANO BERTUZZI - Rinnovamento edilizio di una capitale ORIANNA BARACCHI - Vie, piazze, canali di Modena capitale ELENA CORRADINI - La zecca ducale di Modena: 1598-1796 ERNESTO MILANO - Vicissitudini della Biblioteca Estense alla Corte di Modena JADRANKA BENTINI - Collezionismo di corte: una sintesi e alcune riflessioni PERICLE DI PIETRO - Rapporti degli Estensi con l’Università di Modena

85 93 105 125 151 181 187

ARTE E CULTURA MATERIALE

ANGELO MAZZA - Pittura “estense” a Modena nei secoli XVII-XVIII. I maestri dell’Accademia di pittura GRAZIELLA MARTINELLI BRAGLIA - La pittura nel Ducato austro-estense MARINELLA PIGOZZI - L’architettura del Pubblico a Modena e a Reggio Emilia al tempo di Francesco III e di Ercole III VINCENZO VANDELLI - “...Pour la beauté de ses bâtiments”: Modena e l’architettura aristocratica LIDIA RIGHI GUERZONI - La scultura a Modena nel Seicento: collezionismo e commissioni ducali UMBERTO NOBILI - Sculture in stucco nel territorio reggiano tra Sei e Settecento MARIA CANOVA - La tradizione artigiana nella Modena ducale PATRIZIA CURTI - Note sull’arredo ducale tra il XVII e il XIX secolo

193 225 255 305 327 345 351 369


VI

Sommario generale

FRANCESCO LIVERANI - La ceramica nello Stato di Modena MASSIMO MUSSINI - La comunicazione grafica negli Stati estensi ELENA CORRADINI – PIER LUIGI CAVANI - “La preziosa Galleria delle Medaglie, e ricco Museo” degli Estensi nel palazzo ducale di Modena CARLO GIOVANNINI - La diffusione dell’arte organaria negli Stati estensi fra Seicento e Ottocento

379 385 413 431

STATI DI CASA D’ESTE

LAURA FEDERZONI - Gli Stati di Casa d’Este nella cartografia GRAZIA BIONDI - Comunità e corte a Modena nel periodo di formazione della Capitale ARMENO FONTANA - Il Frignano nello Stato di Modena GINO BADINI - La città e il Ducato di Reggio nello Stato di Modena (1598-1859) GIULIVO RICCI - La Lunigiana interna e gli Estensi PIER LUIGI RAGGI - La Garfagnana negli Stati estensi GILBERTO ZACCHÈ - La città e il principato di Carpi nello Stato di Modena TULLIO SORRENTINO - La nascita e il perdurare del “mito” dello Stato di Sassuolo ALBERTO GHIDINI - La città e il Principato di Correggio nello Stato di Modena BRUNO ANDREOLLI - Mirandola e i Pico di fronte a Modena e agli Estensi GABRIELE FABBRICI - Riflessioni sulla genesi della Contea gonzaghesca di Novellara OLGA RAFFO - Il Ducato di Massa ed il principato di Carrara nello Stato austro-estense (1829-1859)

451 481 495 513 541 551 571 587 601 617 635 651

II SOCIETÀ

GUIDO GUERZONI - Le corti estensi nella devoluzione del 1598 ALBERTO MENZIANI - L’esercito estense ed austro-estense (1598-1859) GIANCARLO MONTANARI - Il Vescovato poi Arcivescovato di Modena (1598-1859) GIUSEPPE ORLANDI - I religiosi dello Stato di Modena nel Settecento tra riforme e rivoluzione ANDREA ZANARDO - Gli ebrei negli Stati estensi LAURA TURCHI - Matrimoni e memoria genealogica fra tardo medioevo ed età moderna MARIO PECORARO - Massoneria, società segrete e “congiura estense” DANIELA GRANA - Le istituzioni di assistenza e beneficenza di Modena Capitale ANNA GIANNETTI - Viaggiatori stranieri a Modena: alla scoperta di una città CESARE MALAGOLI - Comunità, nobiltà e borghesia nel periodo austroestense

669 699 719 743 783 801 833 847 855 867


Sommario generale

VII

IL DIRITTO E L’ECONOMIA

MARCO CAVINA - Per una storia della cultura giuridica negli Stati estensi: fonti e problemi CARMELO ELIO TAVILLA - La giustizia suprema negli Stati estensi (secc. XV-XIX) GIUSEPPE BEDONI - Il diritto civile negli Stati estensi: dal codice del 1771 al codice del 1851 ANGELO SPAGGIARI - Gli archivi negli Stati estensi LUIGI PUCCI - “Il capitale di traffico”: aspetti e problemi dell’economia modenese del Settecento ALBERTO RINALDI - Il possesso fondiario modenese dal sec. XVIII al 1859 GIORGIO BOCCOLARI - L’economia modenese nel periodo austro-estense

887 905 919 933 951 967 981

LA CULTURA

GIORGIO MONTECCHI - Stampatori e librai nella Modena capitale degli Estensi FABIO MARRI - Muratori, lo Stato di Modena e le relazioni col mondo tedesco ANNA ROSA VENTURI - Girolamo Tiraboschi e le figure dei bibliotecari estensi nella Modena Capitale ALESSANDRA CHIARELLI - La civiltà musicale modenese nel periodo estense (secc. XVII-XIX) MARINA CALORE VECCHI - La vita teatrale a Modena dal Seicento all’Ottocento PAOLA DI PIETRO LOMBARDI - Modena nella storiografia post-unitaria: il contributo dei principali istituti culturali modenesi MARTINO CAPUCCI - Letteratura di una Capitale RENATO BERTACCHINI - Avvenimenti e personaggi politici modenesi nella civiltà letteraria dell’Ottocento

995 1029 1047 1061 1077 1097 1115 1133

MODENA E GLI STATI EUROPEI

HUBERT GASSER - Lo Stato di Modena e l’Impero LUIGI LONDEI – MARINA MORENA - Lo Stato di Modena e la Santa Sede ANNA BELLINAZZI – FRANCESCO MARTELLI - Le relazioni del Granducato di Toscana con lo Stato di Modena nei carteggi politici del principato mediceo MARINA BROGI - Lo Stato di Modena e la Repubblica di Lucca RITA SEVERI - Rapporti tra il ducato di Modena e l’Inghilterra nel ’600. Il sogno di Maria di Modena regina d’Inghilterra UGO COVA - Austria e Modena: archivi, rapporti dinastici, politica commerciale MARIA PARENTE - Lo Stato di Modena e lo Stato di Parma e Piacenza

1151 1159

Bibliografia

1277

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

1321

Indice degli autori

1367

1179 1211 1227 1241 1257


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Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

1279

1295-1900: Bonifica e cavo Parmigiana Moglia nei documenti scelti da Giovanni Ramusani, a cura di G. Badini, Reggio Emilia 1995. aBelson, a.M., Il magistrato del buon governo e l’opposizione contro il dispotismo illuminato nel ducato di Modena (1748-1755), in «AMDSP-Modena», s. X, VI (1971), pp. 53-67. aBelson, a.M., Le strutture amministrative del Ducato di Modena e l’ideale del Buon Governo (17371755), in Rivista Storica Italiana, LXXXI (1969), pp. 501-526. acidini luchinat, c., Una nota sull’iconografia secolare nella committenza estense: Sassuolo, la chiave ritrovata, in Q.B. Sassuolo e la sua storia, 1, 1993, pp. 59-65. adorni, G., Cronaca aullese degli anni 1848-49 in Cronaca e storia di Val di Magra, I, 1972. aGosti, G., L’espulsione dei frati e dei monaci forestieri nel territorio della Confederazione Cispadana, in Il Tricolore dalla Cispadana alla Cisalpina: il triennio giacobino, Modena, 1998, pp. 97-123. Alberico 1° Cybo-Malaspina. Il Principe, la Casa, lo Stato (1553-1623), Atti del Convegno, Massa 1994, Modena 1995. Albo della Società d’incoraggiamento per gli artisti degli Stati Estensi.Triennio 1848-1850, Modena 1851. Albo della Società d’ incoraggiamento per gli artisti degli Stati Estensi.Triennio 1851-1853, Modena 1854. Alessandro Stradella e Modena. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Modena 15-17 dicembre 1983, a cura di c. Gianturco, Modena 1987. aMorth, l. - Boccolari, G. - roli Guidetti, c., Residenze estensi, Modena 1973. aMorth, l., Modena Capitale. Storia di Modena e dei suoi duchi dal 1598 al 1860, Modena 1967 (rist. 1998). anceschi, F. -Fresta, a., La devozione per S. Possidonio al tempo dei Pico (secc. XIV-XVIII), in San Possidonio: un santo, un territorio, Mirandola 1999, pp. 115-133. anceschi, G., Il secolo dei Lumi. Le riforme, in Storia illustrata di Reggio Emilia LX, I, pp. 273-288. andreolli, B., Il Castello e la rocca di San Felice nel basso Medioevo, in La rocca estense di San Felice sul Panaro. Studi e ricerche su un fortilizio dell’area padana dal Medioevo all’età moderna, a cura di M. calzolari ( et al.), San Felice sul Panaro 1994. andreolli, B., Il «castrum« di Finale Emilia nelle cronache medievali dell’Italia settentrionale, in Finale Emilia. Popolo e castello, Modena 1985, pp. 233-246. andreolli, B., Le cacce dei Pico. Pratiche venatorie, paesaggio e società a Mirandola tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna, San Felice sul Panaro (MO) 1988. andreolli, B., Per un profilo sociale del castello dei Pico a Mirandola. Considerazioni preliminari, in «Quaderni della Bassa Modenese. Storia, tradizione, ambiente», III (1989), 2, pp. 9-20. andreolli, B., Signori e contadini nelle terre dei Pico. Potere e società rurale a Mirandola tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna, Modena 1988. Antonio Salieri e Modena. Musica Documenti Immagini, Modena 1983.


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VolPi, G., Note alla Serie cronologica dei parroci di Massa Finalese in Per una storia di Massa Finalese, a cura di c. Frison, Modena 1985, pp. 136-141. Waltherius-Gualtieri. Dal Castrum all’Unità Nazionale, Atti del convegno,Gualtieri 1987, Reggio Emilia 1990. WittKoWer, r., Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Londra 1955. younG, d., The Bride from Modena, London 1978. zaccaria, F.a., Nel solenne aperimento della pubblica ducal libreria di Modena, Modena 1764. zaccaria, F.a., Regolamento per la Ducale Biblioteca, Modena 1765. zacchè, G.- Manenti, e.- Garuti, a., L’Archivio Notarile di Carpi, Roma 1984. zacchè, G., L’Archivio Notarile di Mirandola, in Mirandola e le terre del basso corso del Secchia, a cura di G. Bertuzzi, II, Modena 1984, pp. 345-353. zacchè, G., Patriziato cittadino e amministrazione comunitativa, in Nuove ricerche archivistiche sul principato di Carpi… (in corso di stampa). zacchè, G., Patriziato e comunità a Carpi in epoca estense(1527-1796), in Archivi,territori,poteri in area estense (secc.XVI-XVII) cit., pp. 225-244. zacchè, G., Rassegna degli studi sulla storia urbana di Carpi, in «Storia urbana», 1989, 46, pp. 245-264. zaGhi, c., Gli atti del terzo Congresso Cispadano di Modena, Modena 1935. zanuGG, l., Il Palazzo Ducale di Modena. Il problema della sua costruzione, in «Rivista del Regio Istituto di Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte», IX (1942), I, pp. 212-252 zarri, G., La proprietà ecclesiastica a Carpi fra Quattrocento e Cinquecento, in Società, politica e cultura a Carpi ai tempi di Alberto III Pio, Atti del Convegno, Carpi 1978, Padova 1981, pp. 533 -552. zecchini, a., I principali provvedimenti legislativi nel periodo della Restaurazione di Massa e Carrara (1815-1859) in L’Archivio di Stato di Massa ed il suo patrimonio documentario ad un secolo dalla sua fondazione, Sarzana 1987, pp. 147-164. zerBinati, G.M., Croniche di Ferrara quali comenzano dell’anno 1500 sino al 1527, a cura di M.G. Muzzarelli, Ferrara 1988. * * * Mille (I) volti della Modena Ducale. Memorie presentate all’accademia Nazionale di scienze Lettere e Arti in occasione delle celebrazioni di Modena Capitale, a cura dell’Accademia di Scienze Lettere e Arti di Modena, Modena 2000. Modena 1598. L’invenzione di una capitale, a cura di M. BulGarelli, c. conForti, G. curcio, Milano 1999. Quarto Centenario di Modena Capitale. Contributi, in «AMDSP-Modena», s. XI, XXI (1999), pp. 143-492.


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Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Abadie (d’), *****, maggiore, 703 n. Abamonti, Giuseppe, 75 Abate (Dell’), Nicolò, 193, 862, 863 Abbati, Ercole, 116 Abelson, Michael A., 1109 Abetone (PT), 256, 555 Acciaioli, Filippo, 1024 Achimi, Tomaso, 748 n. Addison, Joseph, 860 Adige, valle, 20 Adriani, Marcello (d. Marcellino), 1197 Adriano VI, papa, 519, 520 Adriatico, mare, 594 Affò, Ireneo, 630, 1052 Agatea, Mario, 435 Agliano (Minucciano) (LU), 558 Agnano (S.Giuliano Terme) (PI), 1248 Agnino (Fivizzano) (MS), 542 Agosti, Giulio, 1086 n. Agosti, Guido, 1109 Agostini, Pier Simone, 1067 Agostino di Duccio, 143 Ala Ponzoni, Filippo, 234 Alai, Antonio, 349 Albareto (Modena), 205 Albergotti, Francesco, 560 Alberguccio di Mocogno, 503 n. Alberti, Giovanni Vincenzo, 744 Alberti, Leandro, 861, 461 n., 1167 n. Alberti delle Pomarance, Andrea, 1196 Albertini, Fabrizio, 681 Alberto da Como, 683 Albiano Magra (Aulla) (MS), 542, 553, 558 Albinea (RE), 312, 517 Albinelli, Andrea, 889 n. Albinelli, Giovanni, 558, 1000 Albinelli, Lodovico, 503 n. Albini, Gentile, 487 n. Albizi, Camillo, 1197 Alboino, re dei Longobardi, 14 Alciato, Andrea, 890 Aldobrandini, Pietro, cardinale, 24, 25, 593, 688, 693-695, 1161 n., 1185, 1200 Alduini, Giovanni, 562 Aleotti, Giacomo, 997, 1001, 1024 Aleotti, Giovanni Battista (d. l’Argenta),

1323

452, 454 n. Alessandro VII, papa, 1165 Alfieri, Vittorio, 611 Alfonso de’ Liguori, santo, 759 n. Algardi, Alessandro, 330, 331, 334, 339 Algeri, Giuseppe, 359 Algeri, Nicola, 164 Alighieri, Dante, 1138, 1140-1143 Allegra, Luciano, 794 Allotti, Lodovico, 1263, 1268 Almagià, Roberto, 454, 459, 461 Aloisi, Bartolomeo, 565 n. Alpi, 638, 857, 1035 Altagnana (MS), 660 Altogradi, Giuseppe, 1223 Alvarez, Emanuel, 1023 Amadei, Gaetano, 239 Amboise (d’) de Chaumont, Charles, 141 n. Ambreville (d’), Anna, 1071 Ambreville (d’), Rosa, 1071 Ambrogio, santo, 720 America, 451, 834, 989 Amici, Giovanni Battista, 362, 364 Amorotto (Domenico Bretti, d.), 503 n., 519, 520 Amorotto (Vitale Bretti, d.), 520 Amorth, Luigi, 95, 1099, 1108 Amsterdam, 865 Ancarani, Pier Giovanni, 889 n. Ancini, Luigi, 540 Ancini, Pietro, 347, 357 Ancona, 107 Andrea da Faenza, fra, 578 Andreini, Francesco, 1077, 1078 Andreini, Giovanni Battista, 1080 n. Andreini, Isabella, v. Canali Andreini, Isabella Andreoli, Aldo, 1110, 1112 Andreoli, Carlo, 539 Andreoli, Giuseppe, 38, 537, 539, 612, 737, 837, 839, 876, 1134, 1139, 1142, 1143, 1145, 1174 Angeli, Bernardo, 358 Angelini, Antonio, 569 Angelini, Francesco Maria, 309 Anguissola Boschetti Scotti, Giovanni, 269,


1324

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Austria (d’) d’Este, Ferdinando Carlo, 233, 260 Austria (d’) d’Este, Francesco IV, duca di Modena, 26, 37, 42, 102, 108, 110, 171173, 175, 176, 185, 232, 242, 360 n., 362, 424, 535, 536, 568-570, 611, 612, 651, 660-664, 666, 705-708, 734, 735, 737739, 746 n., 799, 833, 834, 838-844, 868878, 882, 896, 920, 924, 927, 930, 977, 983, 984, 988, 990, 1072, 1110, 1134, 1135, 1137, 1139-1141, 1145, 1146, 1156, 1172, 1174, 1248, 1274 Austria (d’) d’Este, Francesco V, duca di Modena, 26, 38, 39, 43, 107, 108, 110, 111, 176-178, 233, 242, 373, 374, 424, 538, 540, 570, 614, 663, 665, 666, 707, 708, 718, 721, 736, 738-741, 845, 879, 880, 882, 919, 920, 924, 925, 929, 984, 985, 988-990, 1098, 1108, 1110, 1113, 1134, 1138, 1173, 1175, 1176, 12461248, 1252 Austria (d’) d’Este, Maria Beatrice, 373 Austria (d’) d’Este, Massimiliano, 362, 424, 833, 706 n. Austria (d’), Barbara, duchessa di Ferrara, 678, 805, 810, 815 n., 1194 Austria (d’), Giovanna, granduchessa di Toscana, 1194 Avanzini, Antonio, 333 Avanzini, Bartolomeo, 29, 85, 87-89, 155, 333, 1070 Avignone, 1165 Avila (d’), Verduglio, 555 Avonto, Luigi, 1109 Azeglio (d’) Taparelli, Massimo, 235, 615, 1144 Azzi, Girolamo, 569 Azzolini, Francesco, 1025 Babbi, Francesco, 1192, 1193, 1200 Baccarani, Gaetano, 240 Baccelli, Liberato, 608 Bacchi, Giulio Francesco, 706 n. Bacchi, Igino, 1109 Bacchini, Benedetto, 9, 156-158, 463, 1051-

1053, 1058, 1109, 1110, 1116, 1121, 1126, 1127 Bacciolani, Lotario, 843 Baciocchi, Felice, 568 Badelli, Antonio, 329 Baggiovara (Modena), 204 Bagnacavallo (RA), 25, 1160, 1161 Bagnesi, Clemente, 1048 Bagnesi, Ippolito, 276, 277 Bagni, Ferdinando, 902 n. Bagnolo in Piano (RE), 529, 635-639, 642-644 Bagnone (MS), 546 Baini, Carlo Antonio, 337 Baini, Domenico, 337 n. Baini, Giovanni Martino, 336, 340 n. Baiso (Reggio E.), 517 Balcani, 794 Baldi, Angelo, 348 Baldigiani, Giovanni Maria, 849, 850 Balletti, Andrea, 536, 540, 792, 796, 1109, 1110, 1114 Balletti, Elena (“Flaminia”), 1089 Balugola, Alberto, 455-457, 459, 469 Bandiera, Attilio, 548 Bandiera, Emilio, 548 Baracchi Giovanardi, Orianna, 1112, 1114 Baracchi, Matteo, 910 n. Baraldi, Giuseppe, 152, 171, 414 n., 736, 1097 Baratta, Andrea, 328, 334, 340-342 Baratta, Francesco, 330, 331 n. Baratta, Giacomo, 333 Barattini, Maurizio, 1113 Barberi, Carlo, 434 Barberi, Francesco, 1057 Barberini, Antonio, 1162 n. Barberini, Francesco, 1162 n. Barberini, Lucrezia, duchessa di Modena, 30, 32, 389 n., 723, 823, 849, 850 Barberini, Taddeo, 1162 n. Barbieri, Alberto, 726, 1099 Barbieri, Biagio, 836 n. Barbieri, Francesco, 1103, 1113,1042 n. Barbieri, Giovanni, 694 Barbieri, Giovanni Maria, 8, 1116, 1121 Barbieri, Nicolò, 1080 n.


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

274 Ansaloni, Antonio, 353, 354 n. Ansaloni, Giuseppe, 163 Ansaloni, Liliana, 125 n., 424 n. Antichi, Bartolomeo, 757 Antille, isole, 954 Antognano (Minucciano) (LU), 553 Antolini, Carlo, 675 Antona (Massa) (MS), 660 Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinale, 1176 n. Antonetti, Alfonso, 545 Antonini, Eraldo, 1113 Antonino, vescovo di Modena, 720 Antonio da Faie, 542 Antonio da Genova, 518 Anversa, 167 Apella (Licciana Nardi) (MS), 541-544, 547, 548 Apparuti, Antonio, 351 n., 356, 357 Appennino, 275, 280, 354, 355, 381,465, 466, 519, 543, 554, 589, 660, 662, 666, 716, 717, 856, 857, 861, 953, 1139, 1262 Appiani, Andrea, 226 Aquileia (UD), 15 Aragona (d’), Blasco, 1266 Aragona (d’), Caterina, regina d’Inghilterra, 811 Aragona (d’), Eleonora, duchessa di Ferrara, 805, 806, 809-811 Aragona (d’), Giovanna, regina di Castiglia, 811 Aragona, Antonio, 333 Araldi, Giovanni Battista, 752 n., 769 n., 772 n. Araldi, Michele, 608 Arcagnati (o Arcagiati), Anna (“Rosaura”), 2083, 1084 n. Arceto (Scandiano) (RE), 538 Archinto, Alberico, 1040 Archinto, Giuseppe, 707 Ardingo, ebreo modenese, 783 Aregliari, Teodora (“Vittoria”), 1083 Arezzo, 130 Arienti, Sabatino, 809 Arieri, Agostino, 362, 363 n. Ariosto, Alessandro, 689

1325

Ariosto, Lodovico, 517, 652, 656, 783, 1141 Ariosto, Rinaldo, 1080 Aristotele, 57, 827, 1122 Arlotti, Isabella, 1089 n. Armani, Pietro, 264 Armentano, Lucia, 576 n., 577, 578 Arno, fiume, 15 Arran, Charles Butler, 860 Asburgo (d’), Carlo, arciduca, 1194 Asburgo (d’), Maria Luisa, duchessa di Parma, 568, 927, 1250, 1261, 1262, 1271, 1273 Asburgo-Lorena (d’), Ferdinando, granduca di Toscana, 26, 35-37, 259, 658, 734 n., 833, 1156, 1157, 1168, 1169 n., 1246. 1247, 1261 Asburgo-Lorena (d’), Leopoldo II, granduca di Toscana, 569 Ascani, Pellegrino, 417 Ascari, Tiziano, 1112 Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia, 1032 Asioli, Bonifacio, 614 Asioli, Ferdinando, 614 Asioli, Giuseppe, 404, 1105 Asioli, Luigi, 234, 235, 240, 242, 1105 Asioli, Raffaele, 240, 614 Assereto, Gioacchino, 202 Assia-Darmstadt (d’), Joseph, vescovo, 1041 Assia-Darmstadt (d’), Leopoldo, langravio, 1041, 1270 Asti, 15 Astolfi, Isnardo, 174 Atkin, Paul, 1070 n. Atlantico, oceano, 953 Attila, re degli Unni, 141 n. Attolini, Giampietro, 891 Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, 1057 Auer, Luigi, 360 Augier, Pierre-François, 706 Augsburg, 1035, 1038, 1041, 1041 Augustoni, Girolamo, 892 Aulla (MS), 547, 662, 940 Aurispa, Giovanni, 1050 n. Austria, 22, 70, 373, 562, 739, 1040, 1108, 1135, 1241, 1246, 1249-1252, 1254, 1255 Austria (d’) d’Este, Anna Beatrice Teresa, 26


1326

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Bentivoglio, Cornelio, 521, 580 n. Bentivoglio, Enzo, 689, 1080 Bentivoglio, Guido, 692 Bentivoglio, Ippolito, 521, 553-556, 689, 711, 1215, 1216 n., 1217 Bentivoglio, Matilde, 723 Berchet, Giovanni, 1139 Berceto (PR), 1268 Bergamo, 70, 166, 1048 Bergeijk (Van), Herman, 1112 Berger, Lorenz, 421 Bergiola (c/o Massa), 553 Bergolli, Antonio, 996, 1017 Bergonzini, Renato, 1113 Berlino, 879 Bernacca di Vallico, 553 Bernacchi, Antonio, 1071 Bernardini, Cesare Ignazio, 1223 Bernardini, Damiano, 1214, 1215, 1217 Bernardo da Lugano, 346 Berni, Francesco, 196, 1050 n. Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 30, 86, 155, 328332, 335, 340, 341, 386, 1228 Berry (de), Luisa Maria Teresa, duchessa di Parma, 1262 Bertacchi, Carlo, 561 Bertacchi, Giovanni, 164 Bertacchi, Pellegrino, vescovo di Modena, 721 Bertani, Domenico, 363 n. Bertazzoli, Bartolomeo, 889 n. Bertelli, Sergio, 1031 Berthier, Louis-Alexandre, 73 Bertolani Del Rio, Maria, 1114 Bertoni, Giulio, 1112, 1116 Bertoni, Mario, 801 n. Bertucci, Giovanni, 1222 n. Bertuzzi, Giordano, 315, 317 n., 940, 1100, 1108-1110, 1112 Berutti, Giuseppe, 354 Besenzi, Paolo Emilio, 346 Besini, Giulio, 175, 737, 836 n., 837, 839, 875, 1139, 1143, 1145, 1146, 1148 Besini, Ottavio, 175 Bestor, Jane Fair, 801 n. Bettinelli, Saverio, 761 n., 1055, 1056

Bevilacqua, Bonifacio, cardinale, 684, 693 Bevilacqua, Ercole, 684, 695 Bevilacqua, Ernesto, 689 Bevilacqua, Giovanni Battista, 580 n. Bevilacqua, Onofrio, 580 n. Beza, Paolo, 171 Bezzi, Pietro, 163, 419 Bezzi, Tomaso, 397, 398 n., 1070 Bezzuoli, Giuseppe, 229, 234, 235, 239 Bianchi (de’) (o Lancellotti), Iacopino, 126, 142 Bianchi (de’) (o Lancellotti), Tommasino, 9, 142 Bianchi, Agostino, 757 n. Bianchi, Baldassarre, 1070 Bianchi, Felice Antonio, 267, 271, 274, 315, 728 n., 749 n., 752 n., 767, 768, 1109 Bianchi, Francesco, 849 n. Bianchi, Giovanni Andrea, 497 n. Bianchi, Giuseppe, 742 n. Bianchi, Marco, 465, 466 Bianchi, Nicomede, 537, 1098, 1899 Bianchini Ciarlini, Ippolito, 228 Bianchini, Giovanni, 154 Bianchini, Marco, 1029 Bianconi, Giovanni Lodovico, 1129 Bianello (c/o Quattro Castella) (RE), 521 Bibiena (Il) (Antonio Galli, d.), 312, 347, 348 Bibiena (Il) (Ferdinando Galli, d.), 257, 347, 348 Bibiena (Il) (Francesco Galli, d.), 257, 347, 348 Bibiena (Il) (Giuseppe Galli, d.), 257, 347, 348 Bidelli, Matteo, 432 Bimbi, Angelo, 567 n. Bimbi, Giuseppe, 565, 567 n. Bimbi, Saverio, 567 n. Bini, Mauro, 141 n. Biondi, Albano, 579, 580 Biondo, Flavio, 461 n. Bisi, Ciro, 351 n. Bitossi, Carlo, 1187 n. Blaeu, Willem Janszoon, 461 Boccabadati, Giovanni Battista, 116, 117, 155, 157 n., 305, 461-462, 469, 891 n.,


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Barcellona, 1242 Bardetti, Stanislao, 1113 Bardi (PR), 1260, 1265 Barelli, Dora Anna, 575 n., 1103 Baretti, Giuseppe, 1130 Barga (LU), 505, 1197 Barghini, Andrea, 1112 Barigazzo (Lama Mocogno) (MO), 499 Barili, Tommaso, 1222, 1224 Bariola, Valeria Silvia, 1112 Barlow, Thomas, 1232 Baroni, Domenico,234 Barrili, Anton Giulio, 1144 Bartoli, Cosimo, 454 Bartoli, Flaminio, 402 Baruffaldi, Girolamo, 199, 200 Baruffi, Gaetano, cardinale, 741 n. Barzelli, Marco, 352 Basi, Muzio, 649 Basini, Gian Luigi, 52, 67 Bassano del Grappa (VI), 339 Bassi, Giovanni Battista, 1041 Bassoli, Cesare, 341 Bastardi, Nicodemo, 1090 n. Bastianino (Il)(Sebastiano Filippi, d.), 370 Bastiano da Finale, 1193 Bastiglia (MO), 463, 719, 1003 Battaglia, Francesco Maria, 694 Battilani, Luigi, 925 Battini, Annalisa, 801 n. Baviera (di), Adelgonda, duchessa di Modena, 38, 107, 373, 537, 741, 1110 Bavois (de) de Saussure, George, 713 Bayard de Volo, Nicolò,838 Bayard de Volo, Teodoro, 373, 662, 742 n., 882, 887, 896, 919, 1098, 1113 Bazzani, Margherita, 1113 Bazzano (Neviano degliArduini) (PR), 1273 Bassano, Giovanni, 8 Beaufort (De), *****, capitano, 703 n. Beauharnais, Giuseppina, imperatrice dei Francesi, 310 Bebbi, Paolo, 503 n. Bentini, Jadranka, 309, 385, 1101, 1102 Beccari, Agostino, 1118 Beccari, Nicola, 678

1327

Beccaria, Cesare, 952, 1055, 1117 Beckerhin, Franz, 704, 705 Bedizzano, torrente, 665 Bedoni, Giusepe, 552, 660, 663, 666, 1109, 1110 Beffi, Lodovico, 689 Begarelli, Lodovico, 327 Beger, Lorenzo, 421 Behn, Aphra, 1233, 1234, 1236 Belardinelli, Bianca, 348 n. Belgio, 1136 Bellaia, Alfonso, 682 Bellaria di Mugnano (c/o Modena), 256, 423 Bellei, Meris, 1105 Bellentani, Alessandro, 892 n. Bellerio Sidoli, Giuditta, 538 Bellerio, Andrea, 538 Belli, David Enzo, 549 Bellin, Nicholas, 1227 Bellincini, Ippolito, 497 n., 1081 n. Bellini, Antonio, 575 n. Bellisani, Francesco, 1095 Belmesseri, Angelo, 490, 1268 Belriguardo, “delizia” estense (c/o Voghiera) (FE), 458 Beltrame, Nicolò, 1092 n. Beltrami, Giacomo, 1108 Beltrami, Girolamo, 347 Benassati, Giuseppina, 1062 n. Benassi, Giovanni, 279 Benatti, Argimiro, 580 n. Benatti, Arturo, 580 n. Benavida de Caracena, Luis, 30 Benedelli, Baldassarre, 889 n. Benedetti, Giovanni Maria, 1193 Benedetti, Giuseppe, 401 n. Benedetto XIV, papa, 259, 263, 727, 1036, 1041 Beneventi, Alessandro, 357 Beneventi, Antonio Maria, 357 Beneventi, Giovanni, 357 Benincasa, Francesco, vescovo di Carpi, 574 n. Bentinck, William, lord, 834 Bentivoglio, Annibale, 330 Bentivoglio, Claudio, 882


1328

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Borselli, Orfeo, 331 n. Bortoli Gilli, Aroldo, 1112, 1113 Bortolotti, Pietro, 1112 Boschetti, *****, colonnello, 715 Boschetti, Claudio, 873 Boschetti, Luigi, 872 Boschetti, Paolo, 722 Boselli, Ercole, 139 Bosellini, Carlo, 836, 895, 952 Bosellini, Francesco, 952 Bosellini, Lodovico, 163, 164, 899, 901, 1098, 1134 Botta Adorno, Antonio, 624 Bottignana (Fivizzano)( MS), 546 Bouchardon, Edme, 280 n. Boucher de la Richarderie, Gilles, 861 Bouhours, Dominique, 1088 Boulanger, Jean, 526 n., 858 Bouquoi (de), *****, conte, 770 n. Bourdin, Charles, 864 Bovio, Giambattista, 889 n. Bovio, Giovanni Lodovico, 1202 Bracci, Angela, 1095 n. Braganza (di), Caterina, regina d’Inghilterra, 1220 Braida, Antonio, 357 Brandoli, Bartolomeo, 747 n. Brandoli, Placido, 902 Bratti, Ingramo, 619 Brauneder, Wilhelm, 1153, 1154 Brefort, Adam-Claude (d. il Lorenese), 331 Brescello (RE), 239, 462, 516, 520, 528, 535, 554, 560, 701, 702, 704-708, 711, 940, 1231, 1268, 1269 Brescia, 70, 639, 1145 Bressencourt, Jean-François, 713 Brichieri Colombi, Gian Domenico, 1039 n., 1040 Brici, Sebastiano, 683 Briga, Giovanni, 1078, 1079 Briglia, Baldassarre, 556, 557 Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, 903 Broni (PV), 145 Brosses (de), Charles, 308, 861, 864, 866, 1093 n., 1094 Bruck (de), Carl Ludwig, 1252, 1254, 1255

Brucker, Johann, 1038 Brugnoli, Giuseppe, 920 Brune, Guillaume-Marie-Anne, 73 Brunelli, Gabriele, 339 Brunetti, Carlo, 1002 Bruni, Bruno, 608 Brunswick-Lüneburg (di), Carlotta Felicita, duchessa di Modena, 33, 395, 397, 421, 725 n., 825, 1030, 1152, 1259 Brunswick-Lüneburg (di), Giorgio Lodovico, 421 Brunswick-Lüneburg (di), Guglielmina Amalia, imperatrice, 1152 Brusantini, Paolo, 596, 689 Bruxelles, 370 Bruzen de la Martinière, Antoine-Augu-stin, 857 Bucarest, 840 Budapest, 840 Budrio (Correggio) (RE), 610, 611 Bulgarelli, Girolamo, 1268 Buol-Schauenstein (von), Karl Ferdinand, 1255 Buonarroti, Filippo, 836, 846 Buoni, Giovanni, 358 Buono, Giovanni, 113 Buonvisi, Lorenzo, 1216 Buonvisi, Martino, 1216 Burckhardt, Jacob, 790 Burke, Peter, 1228 Burney, Charles, 1233 Busi, Emilio, 234 Butio, Pompeo, 649 Buzzoleni, Giovanni, 1069 Cà Bianca (Finale E.) (MO), 969 Cabassi, Girolamo, 578 Caccia Dominioni Giorgi di Vistarino, Rosanna, 1109 Caccia, Gaetano, 1083 n. Caciotti, Ugo, 1181 n. Cadè (Reggio E.), 535 Cagnoli, Giampiero, 920 Cagnoli, Luigi, 535, 536 Caiano (Firenze), 376


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

1024, 1051, 1053 Bocchini, Bartolomeo, 1026 Bocchini, Scipione, 1202 Boccia, Lionello, 357 Boccolari, Antonio, 172, 1112 Boccolari, Giorgio, 1109, 1112 Boccolari, Rinaldo, 952 n. Bodoni, Giovanni Battista, 1007 Boiardo, Feltrino, 515 Boiardo, Giulia, 619 Boiardo, Matteo Maria, 517, 518 Bolelli, Lorenza, 317 n. Bologna, 33, 50, 77, 85, 89, 171, 193, 194, 196-198, 200, 201, 206-209, 227, 229, 236, 283, 285, 310, 339, 376, 396, 400, 416, 421, 434-436, 457, 458, 553, 558, 559, 564, 569, 607, 719, 723, 725, 732, 741, 840 , 842, 857, 860, 862, 900, 990, 1018, 1019, 1025, 1026, 1066, 1074, 1077, 1080, 1087, 1092, 1123, 1136, 1155, 1164, 1173, 1176, 1199 Bolognana (Gallicano) (LU), 557 Bolognese, territorio, 504, 505, 511, 618, 955, 1204 Bolognini, Lodovico, 264, 279, 282, 284, 532 Bolognini,Taddeo, 581 n. Bolzoni, Andrea, 399 Bombarda, Pietro, 662 Bomporto (MO), 98, 112, 1003, 1078, 1112, 1113 Bonacini, Pierpaolo, 1111 Bonafini, Caterina, 315 Bonaini, Francesco, 936, 945 Bonald (de), Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, 900 Bonaparte Baciocchi, Elisa, 568 Bonaparte, Carlo Luigi, 843 Bonaparte, Napoleone Luigi, 843 Bonarelli, Guidobaldo, 152, 689 Bonarelli, Pietro, 649 Bonasi, Leonello, 972 n. Bonatti, Franco, 543 Bonaventura da Parma, cappuccino, 1000 Bondanini, Andrea, 454 n. Bondeno (FE), 98, 1162, 1166 Bondì da Barigazzo, 498 n. Bondì Sanguinetti, Angelo, 963

1329

Bondigli, Giuseppe Maria, 18, 920, 1029 Bonelli, Giovanni Battista, 1208 Bonetti, Pietro, 357 Bonfati, Giuseppe, 357 Boni, Egidio, 1144, 1204 Boni, Giuseppe, 178 Bonifacio da Morano, 619 Bonneval (de), Claude, 1166 Bononcini, Antonio Maria, 1071 Bononcini, Giovanni, 1067 Bononcini, Giovanni Maria, 435, 1068 Bononi, Carlo, 184 Bonsanti, Giorgio, 1102 Bontempelli, fratelli, 704 Bonvicini, Bartolomeo, 399 Bonvisi, Martino, 1217 n. Borbone (di), Carlo I, duca di Parma, 1257, 1261 Borbone (di), Carlo II, duca di Parma, 1261, 1262 Borbone (di), Carlo III, duca di Parma, 1262 Borbone (di), Carlo Lodovico, duca di Parma, 1273 Borbone (di), Maria Luisa, duchessa di Lucca, 568 Bordeaux, 11 Borelli, Vincenzo, 737, 844, 876, 877, 1141 Boretto (RE), 516, 521 Borghi, Carlo, 142 n., 176-179, 1111 Borghi, Cristoforo, 188 Borghi, Gian Paolo, 1113 Borgia, Cesare, 518, 1147 Borgia, Lucrezia, duchessa di Ferrara, 518, 519, 809, 810 n. Borgo (Da), Lodovico, 684 Borgognoni, Annibale, 701, 704 Borgo Val di Taro (PR), 1265, 1268 Borromeo, Barbara, 648 Borromeo, Federico, cardinale, 196 Borromini, Francesco, 155 Borroni, Carlo, 70 n. Borsari, Aldo, 125 n., 427 n., 481 n., 1103, 1104 Borsari, Bonifacio, 361 n. Borsari, Giovanni, 359 Borsari, Luigi, 903


1330

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Carletto da Marzio, 498 n. Carli, Carlo, 566, 568 n. Carlo Borromeo, santo, 721 n., 1196 Carlo Emanuele III di Savoia, re di Sardegna, 562 Carlo Felice di Savoia, re di Sardegna, 842 Carlo I d’Asburgo-Lorena, imperatore d’Austria-Ungheria, 1247 Carlo I Stuart, re d’Inghilterra, 1228, 1230 Carlo II d’Asburgo, re di Spagna, 559 Carlo II Stuart, re d’Inghilterra, 332 n., 1230, 1232, 1234-1236 Carlo IV di Lussemburgo, imperatore, 619 Carlo Magno, imperatore, 820, 822 Carlo V d’Asburgo, imperatore, 503 n., 573, 574 n., 645, 1161 Carlo VI d’Asburgo, imperatore, 34, 137, 1040, 1241, 1242, 1246 Carlo VII di Valois, re di Francia, 132 Carlo VIII di Valois, re di Francia, 518, 546 Carloni, Domenico, 339 Carnevali, Domenico, 193 Carpi (MO), 4, 24, 67, 204, 206, 228, 229, 233, 240, 337, 340, 352, 380, 459, 462, 465, 528, 571-573, 575-577, 579-582, 584-588, 590-592, 594, 612, 618, 625, 639, 689, 702, 708, 741, 785, 844, 871, 872, 920-941, 944, 986, 991, 1000, 1004, 1081, 1082, 1086, 1095, 1106, 1116, 1176 Carpineti (RE), 520 Carracci, Agostino, 194, 197 Carracci, Annibale, 182, 194, 197, 198 Carracci, Lodovico, 194, 197, 198 Carrara (MS), 333, 341, 469, 563, 567, 568, 570, 623, 651-653, 655, 657, 659, 661663, 716, 741, 930, 940, 1113, 1139, 1246 Carrara, Vittorio, 1108 Carrarese, territorio, 718 Carrione, torrente, 665 Casa, Emilio, 1262 Casa Gionima, alfiere albanese, 710 Casalgrande (RE), 521, 538 Casalgrandi, Felice, 349, 350 Casalgrandi, Giuseppe, 349, 350

Casali, Luigi, 240 Casalpietra, Maria Teresa, 663 Casamassima, Emanuele, 1057 Casati, Paolo Emilio, 689, 910 n. Cascio (Molazzana) (LU), 466, 556, 557, 1215 Caselgrandi, Giovanni, 164 Caselgrandi, Giuseppe, 354 n. Casella, Francesco, 228, 229 n. Casiglia (c/o Sassuolo), 704 Casinalbo (Formigine) (MO), 144 Casini, Antonio, 356 Casoli, Biagio, 887 Casoli, Pier Biagio, 728, 742 n. Cassano (Polinago) (MO), 719 Cassiani Ingoni, Giuseppe, 887 Cassiani, Andrea, 997, 998, 1003-1006 Cassiani, Giuliano sr., 145, 997, 998, 1001, 1003, 1005, 1011 Cassiani, Paolo, 426 n., 427 n. Cassiani, stampatori, 400 Cassini di Thury, Francesco, 467 Cassini, Gian Domenico, 361 n. Cassoli, Francesco, 1120 Castaldi, Filippo, 891, 892 n. Castel d’Aiano (BO), 759 Castel S.Pietro (BO), 207 Castelfranco Emilia (MO), 309, 618 Castellamonte, Carlo, 29, 707 Castellarano (RE), 306, 527, 893 Castellari, Cesare, 567 n. Castelnovo di Sotto (RE), 516, 520, 521, 535, 938, 1270 Castelnuovo Monti (RE), 514, 522, 560 Castelnuovo di Garfagnana (LU), 19, 546, 555, 556, 558-567, 569, 570, 660, 708, 871, 940, 941, 942, 1151, 1213-1215, 1217, 1221, 1223 Castelnuovo di Tortona, v. Castelnuovo Scrivia Castelnuovo Scrivia (AL), 516 Castelnuovo G., vicarìa, 551 Castelnuovo Rangone (MO), 996 Castelvecchio Pascoli (FI), 546 Castelvetro, Lodovico, 1112, 1117, 1123 Castevoli (Mulazzo) (MS), 1273 Castiglione (Bagnone) (MS), 1194 Castiglione del Terziere, v. Castiglione (Bagnone)


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Calabria, 548 Calcagni, Francesco, 391 n. Calcagnini, Guido, 692, 695, 696 Caldani, Lazzaro, 354 Calefati, Pietro, 1201 Caleffi, Ercole, 701 Caleffi, Adeodato, vescovo di Modena, 737 Calimano, Mosè Jona, 961 n. Callafasi, Giuseppe Maria, 36 Callot, Jacques, 393, 394 Calomini (Vergemoli) (LU), 558 Calore, Marina, 1062 n., 1112 Calori, *****, dona libri alla Biblioteca ducale, 154 Calori, Pomponio, 276 Calvi Parisetti, Carlo, 613 Calvino, Giovanni, 166 Calzolari, Mauro, 1113 Cambray-Digny, Guglielmo, 570 Camerino (MC), 693 Campagnola (RE), 602, 609-611 Campana, Cesare, 574 n. Campani, Angelo, 538 Campani, Silvio, 1098 Campani, Umberto, 360 n. Campanini, Naborre, 1113 Campi, Giuseppe, 375, 1109, 1111, 1131, 1138, 1140-1142 Campione (c/o Fivizzano)(MS), 1205 Campistron (de), Jean-Gualbert, 108, 1087 n. Campogalliano (MO), 240, 314 Camporaghena (Comano) (MS), 546 Camporgiano (LU), 466, 555, 562, 564, 566, 567 Camporgiano, vicarìa, 566 Campori, Cesare, 1098, 1099, 1111 Campori, Giuseppe, 185, 712 n., 882, 1104, 1105, 1010 n., 1110, 1113 Campori, Matteo, 1030, 1110, 1113 Campori Seghizzi, Anna, 228 Camposanto (MO), 1139 Camuccini, Vincenzo, 227 Camurana (Medolla) (MO), 202, 461 Camurani, Angelo, 538 Canai, Giacomo, 1202 Canali Andreini, Isabella, 1077, 1086 n.

1331

Canani, Giulio, vescovo di Modena, 720 Cancellieri, Francesco, 1055 Canevara (Massa C.), 660 Canevazzi, Giovanni, 1109, 1111, 1112 Canigiani, Bernardo, 1194, 1195, 1200 Canobi, Cristoforo, 1068 Canolo (Correggio) (RE), 521, 610-611 Canonici, Roberto, 184 Canosa (di) Capece, Antonio, principe, 242, 841, 842, 1135 Canossa (Ciano d’Enza) (RE), 521 Canova, Antonio, 227 Cantarini, Simone, 202 Cantelli, Giacomo, 155-157, 1051, 1053, 1058, 1113 Cantino, Alberto, 179, 451, 452 Canton Ticino, 333 Cantoni, Abramo, 795 n. Canuti, Domenico Maria, 203 Capelli, Annibale, 683 Capello, Bianca, granduchessa di Toscana, 1195 Capilupi, Geminiano, 433, 1064 Capponi, Antonio, 997, 998, 1027 Capponi, Gino, 1134 Capponi, Luigi, cardinale, 194, 1081 n. Caprigliola (Aulla) (MS), 542 Capua (di) Colonna, Vittoria, 648 Capucci, Martino, 1111 Capurro, Francesco, 201 Caracena (de), marchese, v. Benavida de Caracena, Luis Carandini, Annibale, 49, 481 Carandini, Bartolomeo, 555, 889 n. Carandini, Giuseppe, 468, 878 Carandini, Prospero, 836 Carassiti, Giuseppe, 780 n. Caravaggio (Il) (Michelangelo Merisi, d.), 182, 239 Carbonieri, Luigi, 177, 899, 1111, 1134 Carchini, Filippo, 341 n. Cardi, Giovanni Pietro, 145 Cardoso (Gallicano) (LU), 557 Carignano (TO), 13 Cariola, Antonio, 196 Carissimi, Giacomo, 1070


1332

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Ciano d’Enza (RE), 537, 1276 Ciardi, Federico, 629, 633 Ciardi, Roberto Paolo, 657 Ciarlini, Giovanni Battista, 891 Ciarlini, Ippolito, 892 n. Cibei, Giovanni Antonio, 280 Cicala, Giovanni Battista, 1201 Cifrondi, Antonio, 206 Cignani, Carlo, 206, 207 Cigola, Giovanni Battista, 228 Cimador, Giovanni Andrea (“Finocchio”), 1083 Cimicelli, Giovanni Battista, 560, 561 Ciocchi, Carlo, 164, 166, 168, 171, 1059 Cioffi, Antonio, 1201 Cionini, Natale, 598, 1086, 1112 Cirillo *****, carmelitano scalzo, 768 n. Ciroldi, Sergio, 348 n. Ciroldi, Stefano, 648 Cisa, passo, 20 Cittadella, Luigi Napoleone, 153 Cittadini, Pier Francesco, 235 Civalieri, *****, avvocato milanese, 1218 Cividale (Mirandola) (MO), 625 Cividale del Friuli (UD), 15 Claudia, strada, 1268 Clemente (Il), v. Sogari, Prospero Clemente Maria Hofbauer, santo, 759 n. Clemente VII, papa, 148, 1092 Clemente VIII, papa, 3, 23, 24, 413, 454, 574 n., 593, 680, 688, 1043 n., 1077, 1159, 1160 n., 1162 n. Clemente X, papa, 1229 Clemente XI, papa, 1166 Clemente XIII, papa, 728, 1170, 1173 Clemente XIV, papa, 729, 1174 Cluny, 785 Clüver, Philipp, 859, 861 Coblenza, 1036 Coccapani Imperiali, Lodovico, 882 Coccapani Imperiali, Luigi, 872, 873 Coccapani, Alfonso, 595 Coccapani, Camillo, 188 Coccapani, Ercole, 689 Coccapani, Paolo, vescovo di Reggio E., 184, 402 n.

Coccapani, Pietro, 505 n. Cocchi, Filippo, 900, 925, 930 Cochin, Charles-Nicolas, 858, 859 Cock, Jérôme, 456 Codebò, Andrea, 711 n., 790, 791 Codebue, Giovanni Battista, 327, 353 Cognento (c/o Correggio) (RE), 610, 611 Cokain, Aston, 1227 Colbert de Croissy, Charles, 1228 Coleman, Edward, 1232 Colfi, Antonio, 374 Collecchia (Fivizzano) (MS), 544 Colognora (Pescaglia) (LU), 552 Colombaro (Formigine) (MO), 719 Colombi, Giuseppe, 435, 1064, 1065, 1068, 1071 Colombi, Luca, 333, 336 Colombini, Leonardo, 1202 Colombo, Cristoforo, 451 Colonge (de) Remaille, Louis, 703 Colonia, 1035, 1036 Colonna, Antonio, 434 Colonna, Ascanio, 105 Colonna, Giovanni Paolo, 435, 1066, 1067 Coltri, Giovanni Battista, 143 n. Comacchio (FE), 24, 50, 623, 693, 955, 10301032, 1035, 1037, 1123, 1151, 1156, 1160, 1164, 1166-1167 Comano (MS), 545 Comini, Giovanni (d. il Trevisano), 339 Compiano (PR), 1260, 1265 Concina, Daniello, 750 n. Concordia sul Secchia (MO), 624, 625, 631 Condillac (De), Étienne-Bonnot, 1117 Confalonieri, Federico, 838 Consalvi, Ercole, cardinale, 833, 1172 Conselice (RA), 25, 1160 Consetti, Antonio, 207, 208, 1105 Consiglio, Bonaventura, 784 Contardo d’Este, santo, 139, 146-148, 334, 419, 819 Contarelli, Francesco, 418 Contarini, Marco, 1069 Conti, Francesco, 737 n., 1145 Contini, Alessandra, 1182 n., 1183, 1187 n. Contri, Giovanni Battista, 510


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Castiglione di Garfagnana (LU), 27, 27, 554, 554-557, 568, 569, 930, 1211, 1214, 1218, 1221 Castiglione di Garfagnana, vicarìa, 551 Castiglione, Baldassarre, 809 Castiglioni, Silvestro, 877 Castro (BG), 1165, 1208 Castro, Paolo, 109 Catelani, Angelo, 179, 1073, 1074, 1112 Catellani, Domenico, 264 Cati, Lodovico, 1201 Cato da Castagneto, 503 n., 520 Cattajo, villa estense (c/o Padova), 173, 464, 841, 1248 Cattaneo, Carlo, 1144 Cattaneo, Gaetano, 748 n. Cattaneo, Giuseppe, 748 Cattaneo, Guglielmo, 1231 Cattaneo, Perseo, 654 Cattani, Alfonso, 681 Cattani, Filippo, vescovo, 539 Cattelani Degani, Franca, 1106 Cattini, Marco, 125 n., 576, 577, 582, 630, 1103, 1113 Caula, Sigismondo, 208, 341, 342 Cavalli, Francesco, 435, 1070, 1233 Cavani, Pierluigi, 125 n. Cavazzi, Alfonso, 1088, 1089 n. Cavazzoli (Reggio E.), 538 Cavazzoni Pederzini, Fortunato, 989 Cavazzuti, Giuseppe, 1109, 1110, 1113 Cavedoni, Bartolomeo, 836 Cavedoni, Celestino, 173, 175, 177, 179, 424, 1097, 1111, 1131, 1140, 1142, 1143 Cavedoni, Giacomo, 194, 1098 Cavedoni, Serafina Teresa Luigia, 762 n. Cavezzi, Fabrizio, 681 Cavezzo (MO), 229 Cavi, Giuseppe Maria, 1018 Cavicchi, Bonifacio, 771 Cavicchioli, Rinaldo, 357 Cavicchioli, Tamara, 125 n., 427 n. Cavour (di) Benso, Camillo, 1255 Cavriago (RE), 358, 516, 521, 535 Cazzola, Franco, 575 Carlo Alberto di Savoia-Carignano, re di

1333

Sardegna, 539, 834, 838, 840, 879 Ceccati, scultori e intagliatori, 355 Ceccati, Francesco Domenico, 355 Cecchi Gattolin, Enrichetta, 1104, 1105 Cecchi, Domenico, 465, 466 Cecchini, Pier Maria (“Fritellino”), 1080 n. Ceccopieri Maruffi, Franco, 1109 Ceccopieri, Felice, 632 Ceccopieri, Pietro, 658 Cecini, Fabrizio, 1181 n. Celeri, Francesco, 567 n. Cella (Della), Guglielmo, 722 n. Cella (Reggio E.), 535 Celli, Beatrice, 1112 Cellini, Benvenuto, 359 Censori, Anchise, 701 Cento (FE), 1160 Ceppelli, Ferdinando, 167 Ceretti, Felice, 362 n., 626, 627, 629 n. Cerreto, passo, 280, 560 Cerreto Alpi (Collagna) (RE), 1269 Cerretti, scultori e intagliatori, 355 Cerretti, Luigi, 658 n., 770 n., 1112, 1120 Cervi, Bernardino, 194-197, 199, 201, 202, 206, 208, 401, 402 n. Cervia (RA), 955, 1162 Cesena (FO), 236, 998 Ceserana (Fosciandora) (LU), 558 Cesi, Bartolomeo, 194 Cesi, Giovanni Battista, 505 n. Cestellino (Il), v. Traeri, Antonio Cesti, Antonio, 1069, 1070 Chambéry, 921 Chiabrera, Gabriello, 1119 Chiappini, Alessandra, 454 n. Chiappini, Luciano, 96, 691, 845 Chiari, Pietro, 1090, 1091 Chierici, Alfonso, 238, 240 Chierici, Gaetano, 538 Chiesa, Girolamo, 1081 n. Chiesi, Luigi, 899 Chiodelli, *****, speziale modenese, 775 n. Chiodini, Tommaso, 752 n. Chiusi (SI), 15 Cialdini, Francesco, 877 Ciampini, Giovanni Giusto, 1127


1334

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Cybo-Malaspina, Alberico I, principe di Massa, 652-54 Cybo-Malaspina, Alberico III, principe di Massa, 654 Cybo-Malaspina, Alderano, duca di Massa, 655, 665 Cybo-Malaspina, Alderano, marchese di Carrara, 653, 654 n. Cybo-Malaspina, Carlo I, principe di Massa, 654 Cybo-Malaspina, Carlo II, principe di Massa, 654 Cybo-Malaspina, Lorenzo, marchese di Massa, 652 Cybo-Malaspina, Maria Teresa, duchessa di Modena, 34-36, 134, 256, 275, 654-658, 665, 708, 1155, 1270

D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 1145 D’India, Sigismondo, 1064 Da Ponte, Oldrado, 890 n. Dal Sole, Giovan Gioseffo, 208 n. Dall’Oca, Carlo, 683 Dall’Olio, Giovanni Battista, 356, 934, 1073 Dall’Orto, Paolo, 684 Dallari, Giovanni, 383 Dallari, Giovanni Maria, 381-83, 963, 965 Dallari, Umberto, 1102, 1110, 111 Dalmazia, 71 Danti, Egnazio, 453 n., 457-459 David, Jacques-Louis, 227 De Amicis, Edmondo, 1144 De Grandis, Francesco, 1066, 1071 De Mauro, Marcello, 1201 De Nobili, Andrea, 1218 De Re, Natale, 395, 397 De Vergottini, Giovanni, 75 Degni, Demetrio, 998, 999 n. Deiana, Antonella, 585 n. Del Giudice, Carlo Alberto, 665 Della Bella, Stefano, 391, 393 Della Palude, Cesare, 708, 712, 714, 1102 Della Porta, Francesco, 1202 Della Porta, Lorenzo, 1267

Della Rena, Orazio, 1183, 1198 Della Rovere, Giulia, 680 Del Medico, *****, capitano, 703 n. Del Monte, Mario, 549 Del Piazzo, Marcello, 1189 Del Rio, Carlo, 538 Del Rio, Ercole, 561 Desani, Pietro, 199 Deseine, François-Jacques, 626, 863 Di Pietro Lombardi, Paola, 1111 Di Pietro, Pericle, 1106, 1107, 1111, 1113, 1114 Dianti, Laura Eustochia, duchessa di Ferrara, 24, 670, 683, 811, 814-817, 1032, 1043 n. Diaz, Furio, 1187 Didot, Firmin, 1007 Dietrichstein (von), Andreas Jacob, 1041 Dinazzano (Casalgrande) (RE), 538 Dinelli, Giulio, 498 n. Discalzi, Sigismondo, 1200 Dolce, Pietro, 834 Dolci, Carlo, 235 Domenichino (Il) (Domenico Zampieri, d.), 239 Domenico da Lugo, 432 Domenico di Cursini di Collecchia, 544 Domiziano, Tito Flavio, imperatore, 130 Donati, Benvenuto, 1111, 1112 Donati, Giovanni Battista, 364 n. Donizone di Canossa, 808 Donzi, Giovanni, 332 n., 387, 415, 417 Doria, Andrea, 1193 Dosso, Battista (B. Luteri), 370 Dosso, Dosso (Giovanni Luteri), 183, 370 Dotti Messori, Gianna, 1103 Dottori (de’), Carlo, 1119 Dover, 1229 Dragoni, Massimiliano, 595 Dresda, 36, 185, 195, 371, 951, 1040, 1102 Drugman, Giuseppe, 235 Dumont, Gabriel-Martin, 257 Duquesnoy, Frans, 329, 332 Düsseldorf, 1039 Du Tillot, Guillaume-Léon, 1271 Eckhart, Johann Georg, 1037


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Cook, James, 954 Cook, Thomas, 865 Coppa, Aurelia, 1083 Coppa, Giuseppe (“Virginio”), 1083, 1084 Copparo (FE), 458 Coppini, Matteo, 436 Cordero, Franco, 949 Cordovero, Moshe, 794 Corfù, 548 Corinaldi, Giuseppe, 107 Coriolano, Bartolomeo, 401 n. Coriolano, Giovanni Battista, 400, 401 Coris, Bernardo, 1082 Corletto (c/o Formigine) (MO), 595 Corlo (Formigine) (MO), 595 Corneille, Pierre, 1087, 1090 n. Corneille, Thomas, 1087 Coronelli, Vincenzo Maria, 860 Corradi, Augusto, 1110, 1113 Corradi, Bernardino, 702 Corradi, Domenico, 700, 703 Corradi, Giulio Cesare, 1093 Corradi d’Austria, Domenico, 463, 464, 700, 703 Corrado II di Franconia, imperatore, 818 Correggese, territorio, 466 Correggio (RE), 4, 54, 67, 234, 343, 349, 453, 461, 465, 521, 524, 526, 528, 535, 555, 562, 586, 601-605, 607-611, 613-615, 622, 702, 708, 712, 920, 938-940, 1086, 1151, 1274 Correggio (da), Gilberto, principe, 606 Correggio (da), Girolamo, cardinale, 649 Correggio (da), Maurizio, principe, 603, 605, 606 Correggio (da), Siro, principe, 139, 602, 603, 605, 622 Correggio (Il) (Antonio Allegri, d.), 386, 526 n., 863-865 Corsi, Lorenzo, 862 Corsini, scultori e intagliatori, 355 Corso, Rinaldo, 890 Corte (da), Giusto, v. Le Court, Just Cortenova (Corte) (c/o Novellara) (RE), 642 Cortese, Diofebo, 836 Cortese, Tiburzio, vescovo di Modena, 731-

1335

736, 763, 772 n., 781 n. Cortile (Carpi) (MO), 229 Cosenza, 548 Costa, *****, capitano, 703 n. Costa, Antonio Maria, 338 Costa, Cesare, 102, 103, 282 Costantini, Costantino (“Gradellino”), 1083 Costantini, Domenica (“Corallina”), 1083 Costes de la Calprenède (de), Gautier, 1001 Cotignola (RA), 25, 1160 Cotte (de), Robert, 863 Covarruvias (de), Carlo, 703 Cozza, Giuseppe, 567 n. Cracovia, 794 Cremasco, territorio, 1222 Cremona, 50, 526, 1152 Cremona Casoli, Antonio, 1109 Crescini, Francesco, 337 n. Crespellani, Arsenio, 360 n., 1098, 1110 Crespolani, Camillo, 235 Creti, Donato, 206 Cricca, Giacomo, 432 Cristiani, Beltrame, 1169 n. Cristina Wasa, regina di Svezia, 1237 n. Crivelli, Camillo, 892 n. Croce, Francesco, 270, 273 Croce, Giulio Cesare, 997 Crocioni, Giovanni, 1086 Crostolo, fiume, 284, 521, 525, 532, 637 Crotti, Giovanni, 890 n. Cuba, 954 Cucchiari, Domenico, 662 Cugini, Amtonio, 257 Cugini, Francesco Emilio, vescovo di Modena, 740,742 Cunegonda (o Cunizza) di Baviera, 818, 821 Cuoghi, Giuseppe, 900 Cuppini, Matteo, 353 Curini, Biagio, 1196 Curtatone (MN), 1133 Curti, Bernardino, 401-403 Curti, Patrizia, 162, 309, 317, 357, 1102 Cusatri, Beltramino, 517 Cybei, Giovanni Antonio, 855 Cybo, Francesco Maria, 339 Cybo, Maria, principessa della Mirandola, 621


1336

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

340 n., 529, 725, 826 n., 1225 n., 1234 Este (d’), Cesare, duca di Modena, 3, 13, 23-28, 40, 50, 53-55, 93, 94, 105, 106, 109, 116, 128-131, 133-135, 137, 141, 144, 145, 151-154, 182, 197, 306, 328, 329 n., 369, 370, 379, 385, 386, 388, 413, 432, 433, 481, 506, 523, 553, 555, 556, 580, 594, 596, 669, 670, 676, 679-684, 688-696, 699, 709, 711, 719-722, 816, 817, 826, 858, 910 n., 911, 921, 935, 1002, 1003, 1032, 1033 n., 1050 n., 1077, 1078, 1081 n., 1109, 1152, 1159-1162, 1164, 1184, 1186, 1191, 1192, 11961198, 1202, 1203, 1209, 1218 Este (d’), di S.Martino, Sigismondo, 620, 672 n., 812 n. Este (d’), Eleonora di Alfonso, 1081 n. Este (d’), Elisabetta, 167 Este (d’), Enrichetta, langravia d’AssiaDarmstadt, 1041, 1110, 1259, 1260, 1265, 1266, 1270 Este (d’), Ercole I, duca di Ferrara, 29, 126, 127, 133, 134, 140, 141, 153, 181, 380, 500, 505 n., 517, 519, 542, 543, 546, 589, 590, 620, 644, 672 n., 786, 804, 806, 812 n., 814, 858, 1050 n., 1051 n., 1223 Este (d’), Ercole II, duca di Ferrara, 130, 133, 137, 153, 370, 502, 520, 572 n., 574 n., 670, 676, 678, 681, 699, 721, 811, 814, 816, 908, 921, 1108, 1110, 1161, 1191 Este (d’), Ercole III, duca di Modena, 26, 34, 36, 42, 78, 89, 99, 100, 119, 134, 136138, 167-170, 171, 173, 209, 274, 275, 280, 285, 288, 310, 315, 383, 419, 426 n., 534, 564, 567, 584, 655, 707, 708, 715, 730-734, 770, 772, 773, 777, 797, 859, 915, 968, 983, 1109, 1155, 1156, 1169, 1172, 1246 Este (d’), Foresto di Borso, 32, 100, 200, 305, 306, 826 n., 1225 n. Este (d’), Foresto di Cesare, 557 Este (d’), Francesco di Alfonso I, 681, 815, 816, 1191 Este (d’), Francesco I, duca di Modena, 6, 18, 26, 29, 30, 41, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 65,

105, 134, 135, 137, 138, 144, 145, 148 n., 155, 181-184, 199, 200, 305, 328, 330, 336, 361 n., 369, 385, 389 n., 392, 414, 416 n., 423, 432, 433, 489, 492, 493 n., 524, 526, 559, 584 n., 594, 595, 603-605, 622, 701, 710, 724, 818-820, 826 n., 862, 912 n., 1004, 1082, 1093, 1117, 1120, 1151, 1162, 1169 n., 1228, 1257, 1258 Este (d’), Francesco II, duca di Modena, 19, 26, 31, 32, 42, 59, 60, 134, 136, 154-157, 160, 185, 328, 331, 332 n., 338, 340 n., 341, 369, 394, 417, 435, 489, 527, 529, 572 n., 702, 712, 725, 758 n., 819, 822, 824, 826 n., 827, 849, 1064, 1066, 1067, 1071 n., 1083, 1084, 1093, 1152, 1165, 1224, 1234, 1258, 1259, 1269 Este (d’), Francesco III, duca di Modena, 19, 26, 34-36, 42, 59, 61, 63, 78, 96, 99, 101 n., 108, 134, 136, 137, 139, 149, 160165, 167, 168, 172, 173, 185, 188, 259, 258, 261, 265, 266, 268, 271, 273-275, 277, 278, 280, 285, 286, 288, 307, 310, 313-315, 328 n., 365, 372, 381, 396, 417, 419, 422, 426, 437, 463, 464, 465 n., 529531, 533, 562, 563, 574 n., 585, 597, 624, 625, 631, 654, 655, 657, 703, 708, 712, 713, 715, 725 n., 726-730, 731 n., 733, 767 n., 770, 772, 773, 794, 851, 852, 855, 856, 866, 911, 919, 920-922, 929, 935, 954, 969 n., 972 n., 978, 982, 1029, 1030 n., 1040, 1041, 1042, 1046-1048, 1053, 1054-1056, 1087 n., 1093 n., 1094, 1095, 1106, 1109-1111, 1128, 1155, 1156, 1169, 1170, 1259, 1261, 1265, 1270 Este (d’), Francesco Maria, vescovo di Reggio E., 736 n., 746 Este (d’), Gian Federico, 397, 1223 Este (d’), Giulia, 1081 n. Este (d’), Ippolito (II), cardinale, 621, 670, 683, 816 Este (d’), Isabella, duchessa di Parma, 31, 1258, 1265 Este (d’), Isabella, marchesa di Mantova, 620, 809 Este (d’), Laura, duchessa della Mirandola, 619, 621, 654


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Emilia, 15, 46, 70, 456, 548-560, 628, 857, 918, 1027 Emilia, via, 20, 35, 96, 97, 99, 102, 106, 111, 115, 227, 262, 268, 314, 457, 460, 522, 528, 998, 1027 Empoli (FI), 1248 Enrico III di Valois, re di Francia, 1195 Enrico IV di Borbone, re di Francia, 24, 593, 700 Enrico VII di Lussemburgo, imperatore, 619 Enrico VII Tudor, re d’Inghilterra, 1227 Enrico VIII Tudor, re d’Inghilterra, 890 n., 1235 Ens, Gaspar, 859 Enza, fiume, 67, 516, 638, 1263, 1267, 1268, 1271, 1273, 1274, 1276 Equicola, Mario, 806, 809 Ercolani, Germanico, 1186 n., 1204, 1205 Ercole, Domenico Antonio, 1235 Erodoto di Alicarnasso, 9 Erri (degli), Benedetto, 141, 327 Erta, Manlio, 549 Este (PD), 24 Este (d’) (“Trotti”), Cesare (o Paolo), 681, 692, 696 Este (d’) , Federico Benedetto, 118 Este (d’) di S. Martino, Carlo Filiberto, 433 Este (d’) di S. Martino, Filippo, 681 Este (d’) di S. Martino, Lucrezia, marchesa di Massa, 652 Este (d’), Alberto Azzo II, 808, 818, 821 Este (d’), Alberto, signore di Ferrara, 784 Este (d’), Aldobrandino di Obizzo II, 818 Este (d’), Aldobrandino I, signore di Ferrara, 145 Este (d’), Aldobrandino III, signore di Ferrara, 905 Este (d’), Alessandro, cardinale, 24, 28, 152, 385, 671, 696, 724 n., 1079 n., 1160 n., 1217 Este (d’), Alfonsino, 681, 814 Este (d’), Alfonso di Alfonso I, 24, 679, 680, 683, 814, 816, 1044, 1152, 1191, 1192, 1195-1197 Este (d’), Alfonso I, duca di Ferrara, 24, 29,

1337

48, 133, 134, 144, 153, 181, 183, 487, 518-520, 546, 574 n., 591, 652, 670, 673 n., 678, 699, 811, 814-817, 823, 1032, 1033, 1043 n., 1153, Este (d’), Alfonso II, duca di Ferrara, 23, 24, 48, 109, 127-129, 131, 133, 134, 153, 157, 181, 182, 328, 380, 413, 432, 453, 455, 458, 504, 521, 572 n., 594, 653, 669, 670, 675-684, 686, 689, 691, 692, 694, 699, 709, 805, 811, 812, 815., 816, 823, 1032, 1077, 1078 n., 1079, 1152, 1160., 1161 n., 1184, 1186, 1191, 1192, 1217 n. Este (d’), Alfonso III, duca di Modena, 17, 25, 28, 29, 41, 48, 146, 155, 160, 195, 385, 493, 524, 556, 558, 594, 670, 693, 722, 723, 724 n., 790, 792, 817, 818, 826 n., 1000, 1109, 1151, 1206, 1225 n. Este (d’), Alfonso IV, duca di Modena, 26, 30, 31, 41, 134, 135, 155, 184, 331, 388, 392 n., 395, 414, 416, 419, 421 n., 433, 526, 527, 702, 711, 724, 819, 822-823, 1004, 1083, 1093 n., 1110, 1120, 1124, 1152, 1165, 1223, 1228, 1267 Este (d’), Almerico, 1110, 1266 Este (d’), Angela Maria Caterina, 824, 826 n., 1234 Este (d’), Anna, 921 Este (d’), Anna Beatrice, 619, 621 Este (d’), Azzo VI, 814 Este (d’), Azzo VIII, signore di Ferrara, 141 n., 483, 818 Este (d’), Beatrice (I), beata, 147, 334, 418, 819 Este (d’), Beatrice (II), beata, 147, 418, 819 Este (d’), Benedetto, 1156 Este (d’), Bianca Maria, 619, 620 Este (d’), Borso di Cesare, 481, 482, 557, 826 Este (d’), Borso, duca di Ferrara, di Modena e di Reggio, 13, 29, 132, 133, 153, 161, 169, 178, 335, 379, 507 n., 516, 517, 543, 551, 644, 807, 818, 907, 909, 913, 1051 n., 1153 n. Este (d’), Carlo Alessandro, 584 n. Este (d’), Cesare Ignazio, 31-33, 200, 332,


1338

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Farioli, Elisabetta, 228 Farioli, Giacomo, 839 Farnese, Antonio, duca di Parma, 1110, 1259, 1260, 1266, 1270 Farnese, Elisabetta, regina di Spagna, 1259 Farnese, Francesco Maria, duca di Parma, 397 n., 1261 Farnese, Margherita, duchessa di Modena, 32, 725, 827, 1093 n., 1234, 1258, 1259, 1265 Farnese, Maria, duchessa di Modena, 29, 1224, 1257, 1258, 1269 Farnese, Mario, 935 Farnese, Odoardo, duca di Parma, 30, 1162 n., 1163 n., 1259, 1261 Farnese, Ottavio, duca di Parma, 1276 Farnese, Ranuccio I, duca di Parma, 1258, 1263, 1276 Farnese, Ranuccio II, duca di Parma, 31. 1163 n., 1164 n., 1258, 1265 Farnese, Vittoria, duchessa di Modena, 30, 1258 Fasanini, Costanza, 890 n. Fasanini, Iacopo, 890 Fattori, Carlo, 838 Fattori, Giuseppe, 838 Fattori, Sante, 173 Fava Ghislieri, Nicolò, 75 Fava, Domenico, 159, 169, 173, 178, 1111, 1112 Favre de Péroges, Antoine, 921 Fazzano (Reggio E.), 609, 611 Febronio, Giustino, 902 Fedele (Il), informatore di Cesare d’Este, 695 Fedeli, organari ferraresi, 437 Federici, Fortunato, 1141 Federico II di Hohenzollern, re di Prussia, 125, 1039, 1040 Federico II di Svevia, imperatore, 105, 115, 126 Federico III d’Asburgo, imperatore, 132, 551 Federico III, di Schleswig-Holstein, re di Danimarca, 421, 1153 n. Federico Augusto III di Sassonia, re di

Polonia, 36, 64, 258, 422, 1039 Felice, Giovanni, 1201 Fellicarolo (Fanano) (MO), 355 Fenis, Bartolomeo, 393 n., 401 Fenis, Francesco, 393 Ferdinando I d’Asburgo-Lorena, imperatore, 1201, 1249 Ferdinando VI di Borbone, re di Spagna, 657 Fermo (AP), 784 Ferrara, 13, 16, 17, 23, 25, 27, 30, 45, 48, 50, 54, 67, 87, 93, 98, 109, 116, 127, 130132, 134, 140, 151-156, 157, 182, 184, 188, 194, 196, 305, 327, 329, 369, 379, 385, 413, 414, 418, 431, 432, 454, 457, 483, 513, 523, 542, 552, 565, 571, 589591, 593, 594, 619, 623, 636, 640, 641, 643, 644, 646, 647, 653, 669, 679, 683, 688-690, 695, 709, 723, 783, 789, 804, 808, 811, 813, 815, 816, 818, 823, 825, 857, 888, 905, 935, 936, 969, 1033, 1043, 1051, 1064, 1092, 1116, 1118, 1145, 1153, 1160, 1162-1164, 1168, 1172, 1182, 1184, 1185, 1190-1203, 1209, 1257 Ferrarese, territorio, 28, 48, 50, 454, 457, 458, 464, 1169, 1172, 1222 Ferraresi, Baldissera, 771 Ferrari (de’), Orazio, 202 Ferrari, Benedetto, 1091, 1092, 1093 n. Ferrari, Francesco, 142 n. Ferrari, Giacomo, 961 n. Ferrari, Giovanni Andrea, 381 Ferrari, Luigi, vescovo di Modena, 739 n., 740 Ferrari, Nicolò, 505 n. Ferrari, Paolo, 351 n. Ferrari, Paolo (d. il Burrasca), 567 n. Ferrari Moreni, Giorgio, 1010 Ferrari Moreni, Giovanni Francesco, 383, 1111 Ferrarini, Carlo, 535, 537 Ferraroni, Giovanni Maria, 262 Ferrati, Ercole, 340 n. Ferrero, Guglielmo, 71 Ferretti Garsi, Lorenzo, 317 n. Ferretti, Prospero, 892 n.


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Este (d’), Leonello, signore di Ferrara, 132, 153, 516, 507 n., 1051 n. Este (d’), Lucrezia, duchessa di Urbino, 24, 25, 593, 671, 675, 1161 n. Este (d’), Luigi di Borso, 200, 1225 n. Este (d’), Luigi di Cesare, 32, 199, 306, 556, 557 Este (d’), Luigi, cardinale, 671, 677, 678, 681, 683, 684, 695 Este (d’), Marfisa, 653, 654, 681, 1196 Este (d’), Margherita, duchessa di Guastalla, 1001 Este (d’), Maria, duchessa di Parma, 1258, 1265 Este (d’), Maria Beatrice, regina d’Inghilterra, 31, 332 n., 724, 725 n., 824, 1110, 1227-1237, 1267 Este (d’), Maria Beatrice Ricciarda, duchessa di Massa, 26, 35-38, 96, 169, 651, 655, 658-660, 663, 734 n., 833, 924, 1156, 1157, 1168, 1169 n., 1246, 1261 Este (d’), Nicolò (Pietro), 494 n., 1206 Este (d’), Nicolò di Rinaldo Maria, 620 Este (d’), Nicolò I, signore di Ferrara, 618 Este (d’), Nicolò III, signore di Ferrara, 7, 112, 132, 133, 153, 514-516, 541, 588, 589, 636, 637, 805, 906, 1051 n. Este (d’), Obizzo II, signore di Ferrara, 495, 498, 811 Este (d’), Obizzo, vescovo di Modena, 199, 401, 595, 723 Este (d’), Renata, 619 Este (d’), Rinaldo, cardinale (I), 329-331, 335, 401, 723, 724 n. Este (d’), Rinaldo, duca di Modena, 19, 26, 31, 33, 34, 42, 59, 60-62, 134, 136, 137, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149, 156-158, 160, 174, 255, 331, 341, 396, 397, 417, 463, 488, 528-530, 559, 560, 562, 617, 622, 624, 701, 705, 706, 712, 724, 725-727, 820 n., 822-824, 826, 849, 850, 1029, 1040, 1044 n., 1052, 1084, 1087 n., 1088, 1109, 1152, 1155, 1166, 1259, 1269 Este (d’), Rinaldo, signore di Ferrara, 905 Este (d’), Sigismonda, 23, 814 Este (d’), Tedaldo, 1258

1339

Estense-Tassoni, v. Tassoni-Estense Etherege, George, 1231 Eugenio da Alessandria, francescano, 749 n. Europa, 15, 22, 29, 35, 61, 258, 315, 559, 593, 595, 641, 657, 658, 817, 821, 833, 838, 851, 868, 869, 953, 958, 985, 1007, 1042, 1124, 1133, 1135, 1136, 1138, 1241 Evangelista da Gubbio, 683 Evelyn, John, 1232 n. Ezechiele, profeta, 822 Fabbri, *****, capitano, 703 n. Fabbriche di Vallico (LU), 552, 556, 557, 561 Fabbrico (RE), 602, 609-611, 639 Fabriani. Severino, 736 Fabrici, Pellegrino, 656 Fabricius, Johnann Albert, 1037 Fabricius, Rudolph Anton, 1037 Fabrizi, Carlo, 877 Fabrizi, Francesco, 703, 715 Fabrizi, Giuseppe, 1056 Fabrizi, Luigi, 877 Fabrizi, Nicola, 568, 843, 877 Fabrizi, Paolo, 569 Facchetti, Giovanni Battista, 433 Facci, Carlo, 78 Faenza (FO), 25, 381, 384, 593 Falconi, Bernardo, 333, 340 Falletti, Girolamo, 196, n., 812, 816, 821, 1050 Falloppia, Gabriele, 1123 Fanano (MO), 355, 499, 505, 507, 511 Fano (PS), 23 Fantaguzzi, Giuseppe, 228, 1104 Fantin, Benedetto, 579 Fantini, Achille, 909 n. Fantini, Bonifacio, 403 n. Fantoni, Giovanni (d. Labindo), 565 Fantuzzi, Giovanni Battista, 614 Farina, Giuseppe, 1144 Farina, Lucrezia, 1006, 1009 Farina, Salvatore, 1144 Farini, Luigi Carlo, 189, 548, 736 n., 738, 741, 931


1340

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Fosdondo (Correggio) (RE), 609, 611 Fossa (c/o Bibbiano) (RE), 521 Fossalta (Modena), 719 Fossi, Ferdinando, 1190 Foucault, Michel, 851 Fouché, Joseph, 73 Frabetti, Ariodante, 179 Francavilla al Mare (CH), 1144 Francesco da Lugano, 346 Francesco da Porto, 188 Francesco Giuseppe d’Asburgo-Lorena, imperatore d’Austria-Ungheria, 1247, 1249, 1250 Francesco II d’Asburgo-Lorena, imperatore, 1246 Francesco Stefano I di Lorena, imperatore, 1155, 1246 Franchi, Giuseppe, 282 Franchi, Lorenzo, 346 Franchini, Giuseppe, 363 n. Franchini, Sargente, 552 Francia, 7, 53, 61, 70, 73, 309, 467, 519, 559, 593, 677, 701, 740, 845, 849, 861, 920, 921, 962, 985, 987, 1001, 1082, 1108, 1136-1139, 1151, 1152, 1155, 1191, 1194, 1203, 1228, 1253 Francia (di), Renata, duchessa di Ferrara, 27, 670, 675, 810, 811, 823, 921 Francia, Francesco Maria, 396, 397 n., 401 Franciotti, Curzio, 1216 n. Francoforte sul Meno, 167, 1036 Frassoldati, Carlo, 1113 Frassoni, Cesare, 938, 1091 n., 1113 Frassoni, Francesco Nicola, 1090 n. Frassoni, Giacomo, 503 n. Fratta, Domenico Maria, 399, 401 n. Fregoso, Paolo, 649 Freschi, Domenico, 1070 Freto (c/o Modena), 1034 Frezza, Domenico, 396 Frignano, 11, 18, 19, 453, 459, 465, 469, 495501, 503, 505- 507, 509, 510, 551, 556, 563, 618, 716, 740, 842, 905, 920, 939, 941 Frigo, Daniela, 647, 1187 Friuli, 15

Frizzi, Antonio, 152, 690 Frosini, Alessandro, 312 Frugoni, Carlo Innocenzo, 1259 Fuentes (de) de Azevedo, Pedro, 553, 1214, 1215 n., 1217 Fuga, Ferdinando, 264 Gabardi, Gioacchino, 162, 166, 168, 1055 Gabrieli, Vincenzo, 123 Gabrielli, Domenico, 1064, 1067 Gabrielli, Francesco (“Scapino”), 1081 n, Gabrielli, Ippolita, 1083 n. Gadaldino, Paolo, 996 Gaddi, Giuseppe, 404 n. Gaffard, *****, governatore francese in Garfagnana, 561, 562 Gages (de) Dumont, Jean-Bonaventure, 563 Gaggio (Castelfranco E.) (MO), 310 Gagliardi, Scipione, 694 Galaverna (Il), v. Malagoli, Cristoforo Galbiati, Giovanni, 1110, 1112 Galeazzi, Girolamo, 681 Galeno, Claudio, 827 Galiani, Ferdinando, 74 Galilei, Galileo, 18 Galliani Coccapani, Giovanni, 892 n., 1029 Gallicano (LU), 553, 554, 556, 568, 924 Gallicano, vicarìa, 551, 569, 1211 Gallina, Franca, 801 n. Gallo, Agostino, 37 Galloni, Antonio, 264, 537 Galluzzi, Riguccio, 1190 Galvani, Cesare, 175 Galvani, Giovanni, 156, 165, 170-177, 665, 1098 Gambalone, canale, 1276 Gambara, Veronica, 649 Gambatacce, bosco, 1272 Gamberti, Domenico, 392, 394, 395, 401 n., 622, 820, 821-826, 1003-1005, 1012, 1015, 1017, 1093, 1120 Gambi, Lucio, 461 n. Gamorra, Gaetano, 839 Gandini, Alessandro, 1073, 1083 Gandini, Antonio, 1073


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Ferri, Antonio, 626 Ferri, Gaspare, 1068 Ferriani, Daniela, 226 Fiaccadon, Pietro, 142 n. Fiala Narici, Marzia (“Flaminia”), 1093 Fiala, Giuseppe Antonio, 1083 Fiandre, 184 Fiaschi, Angelo, 662 Fiasella, Domenico, 201 Fiattone (Gallicano) (LU), 557 Ficarelli, Angelo, vescovo di Reggio E., 537, 539 Fidenzi, Giacomo Antonio (“Cinzio”), 1082 n. Fieschi, Scipione, 652 Figatelli, Giuseppe Maria, 1025 Filippi, Camillo, 130 Filippo III d’Asburgo, re di Spagna, 135 Filippo IV d’Asburgo, re di Spagna, 137 Filippo V di Borbone, re di Spagna, 528, 1166, 1259 Finale Emilia (MO), 58, 67, 98, 112, 118, 209, 227, 380, 437, 455, 586, 618, 736, 789, 871, 938, 940-942, 1081, 1086, 1095, 1113 Finelli, Giuliano, 331 Finzi, Riccardo, 1109 Fiorano Modenese (MO), 198, 230, 237, 595, 723 Fiordibello, Giroldo, 516 Fiorenzi, Pasquino, 1099 Fiorilli, Silvio, 1080 n. Fiorilli, Tiberio (“Scaramuccia”), 1231 Fiorini, Vittorio, 75 Firenze, 12, 15, 50, 53, 200, 227, 229, 230, 233, 234, 236, 376, 417, 542, 546, 570, 666, 775, 842, 861, 990, 1134, 1135, 1185, 1193, 1195-1197, 1199, 1200, 1203, 1217, 1252 Firmian, Carlo, 1041, 1058 n. Fiumalbo (MO), 239, 499, 505, 507, 736 Fivizzano (MS), 542, 660, 924, 940, 1175, 1192, 1194, 1205, 1206 Flori, Ezio, 657 Florio, Francesco, 684 Florio, Giovanni Battista, 506 n.

1341

Florio, Gismondo, 693 Foà, Beniamino, 775 n. Foà, Mosè Beniamino, 164, 167, 952, 1008, 1014, 1055 Fogazzaro, Antonio, 1145 Foglia, Pietro, 612 Fogliani, Giuseppe Maria, vescovo di Modena, 727, 729, 731, 1019 Fogliani, Lucio, 497 n. Fogliani, Stefano, vescovo di Modena, 726, 727, 728 n. Fogliani Malchiavelli, Guido, 892 n. Fontainebleau, 193, 1227 Fontana, Armeno, 942 n. Fontana, Carlo Camillo, 896, 920 Fontana, Francesco, 393 Fontana, Francesco, 392 n., 393 Fontana, Giacomo, 136 Fontana, Giovanna, 1095 n. Fontana, Giovanni, 401 Fontana, Giovanni Antonio, 1009 Fontana, Giovanni, vescovo di Modena, 24 Fontana, Roberto, vescovo di Modena, 724 Fontanelli, Achille, 843 Fontanelli, Alfonso Maria, 689 Fontanelli, Alfonso Vincenzo, 161, 167, 256 n., 277, 656, 714, 1053, 1090 Fontanelli, Decio, 1083 n. Fontanesi, Giovanni, 238, 240-242, 350 Fontanini, Giusto, 1167 Forlì, 207, 436, 784, 1194 Formiggini, Angelo Fortunato, 799 Formiggini, Bonaventura, 118 Formiggini, Moisè, 798 Formigine (MO), 237, 336, 595, 618, 719, 975, 1113 Forni, Giuseppe, 662, 664, 1176 n. Forni, Paolo, 1110 Forno (Del), Mesino, 620 Fornovalasco (Vergemoli) (LU), 556, 1205, 1209 Forti, Israel, 952 Fortuna, Scipione, 1050 Foschiera Laderchi, Carlo, 1001, 1024 Foschieri Gualenghi, Sigismondo, 972 n. Foscolo, Ugo, 611, 1120 n. Fosdinovo (MS), 542, 658, 660, 662


1342

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Giffoni, Annibale, 352 Giganti, Antonio, 421 Gigli, Lorenzo, 495, 497 n. Giglioli, Alfonso, 684, 693 Giglioli, Francesco, 694 Giglioli, Girolamo, 153 Giglioli, Scipione, 692 Ginetti, Marzio, cardinale, 1163 Ginevra, 593 Gioacchino Murat, re di Napoli, 1248 Gioia, Alfonso, 153, 255, 1050, 1051 Giorgio I di Hannover, re d’Inghilterra, 1031 n., 1039, 1040, 1121 Giorgio II di Hannover, re d’Inghilterra, 1040, 1046 Giovagnoli, Raffaello, 1144 Giovanardi, Gaspare, 1029 Giovanardi, Sante, 353 Giovannetti, Francesco, 1201 Giovanni da Bazzano, 8 Giovanni da Sestola, cappuccino, v. Albinelli, Giovanni Giovanni di Toniolo, 488 Giovanni Guglielmo, conte palatino, v. Zweibrücken-Neuburg (di), Giovanni Guglielmo Giovanni Paolo II, papa, 741 n. Giovanni XXII, papa, 17 Giovannini, Carlo, 356 Giraldi, Giovanni Battista (d.Cinzio), 813, 118 Giraldi, Lelio Gregorio, 813 Giraldi, Orazio, vescovo di Comacchio, 693 Girolamo da Carpi, 370 Giromini, Renzo, 1112 Girouard, Mark, 369 Giulio II, papa, 503, 519, 1160 n. Giulio III, papa, 1192 Giuseppe I d’Asburgo, imperatore, 1152, 1154, 1166, 1241 Giuseppe II d’Asburgo-Lorena, imperatore, 148 n., 770 n., 777, 902, 1036, 1153, 1169 n., 1246 Giusti, Giuseppe, 1139 Giustiniani, Paolo, 787 n. Gnudi, Antonio, 1169 n., 1170 n.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 857, 861 Goldoni, Carlo, 258, 1090, 1091 Goldoni, Carlo (n. 1822), 235, 238, 242 Golinelli, Paolo, 1029, 1100, 1109, 1111 Gonzaga, Curzio, 649 Gonzaga, Giovanni Francesco II, marchese di Mantova, 620, 642 Gonzaga, Margherita, duchessa di Ferrara, 109, 128, 678, 823, 1078 n. Gonzaga, Vincenzo, duca di Mantova, 128 Gonzaga di Guastalla, Ferrante III, duca, 1001 Gonzaga di Novellara, Alessandro I, 645 Gonzaga di Novellara, Alfonso I, 648 Gonzaga di Novellara, Annibale, 645 Gonzaga di Novellara, Camillo I, 648 Gonzaga di Novellara, Feltrino I, 636-638, 642, 646 Gonzaga di Novellara, Feltrino II, 642 Gonzaga di Novellara, Filippo Alfonso, 33 Gonzaga di Novellara, Francesco II,647, 648 Gonzaga di Novellara, Giacomo, 642 Gonzaga di Novellara, Giovanni Pietro, 644, 646 Gonzaga di Novellara, Guido, 636-638 Gonzaga di Novellara, Luigi, 636 Gonzaga di Novellara, Ricciarda, duchessa di Massa, 655 Gorani, Giuseppe, 307, 626, 715, 731 n., 798 Gorfigliano (Minucciano) (LU), 558 Gorini, Giovanni, 128, 130-132 Gozzadini, Giovanni, 519 Gragnola (Fosdinovo) (MS), 542, 546 Gran Bretagna, 1253 Grana, Daniela, 1112 Grandi, Alessandro, 413 Grandi, Taddeo, 920 Granelli, Giovanni, 162, 166, 1056 Granet, François-Marius, 241 Grassaleoni, Nascimbene, 590 Grassetti, Giovanni Antonio, 417 Grassi, Giovanni Battista, 649 Graziani, Girolamo, 490, 724, 1024, 1080 n., 1118, 1228


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Gandolfi, Gaetano, 236 Gandolfi, Mauro, 236 Garbi, Carlo Antonio, 333, 336 Garbieri, Lorenzo, 196 Garfagnana, 11, 18, 27, 28, 34, 36, 46, 48, 256, 453, 458, 459, 461, 465-467, 469, 523, 551-570, 623, 656, 660, 662, 665, 710, 712, 716, 872, 878, 920, 939, 941, 956, 1116, 1186, 1191, 1192, 1194, 1204, 1211, 1213, 1214, 1216-1220 Garimberti, Andrea, 725, 822 Garni, Domenico, 204 Garofali, Francesco, 497 n. Garuti, Alfonso, 197 n., 228, 231, 233, 235, 580 n. Gaspari, Gaetano, 1074 Gaspari, Giovanni Battista, 1040 Gastaldi, Giacomo, 457 Gattatico (RE), 534 Gatti, Bartolomeo, 338 n., 527, 724, 892 n., 1005 Gavasseti, Camillo, 649 Gavasseto (Reggio E.), 517 Gavassini, Cesare, 817 n. Gavazzi, Modesto, vescovo di Alife, 693 Gavignani, Giovanni, 352 Gavioli, Francesco, 1109, 1110 Gavioli, Giacomo, 365 n. Gavioli, Lodovico, 351 n., 365 Gazzadi, Domenico, 1134, 1138, 1139 Gazzata (S. Martino in Rio) (RE), 239 Gazzetti, Pietro, 753, 999 Gazzotti, Eugenio, 374 Gelasio II, papa, 720 Gello (Pescaglia) (LU), 557 Geminiano (I), santo, 125 n., 139, 140, 142145, 147-149, 719, 720, 850, 863, 1062 Geminiano da Montecreto, 498 n. Gemma “Frisio”, Rainer, 454, 464 Generali, Dario, 1044 n. Generali, Luigi, 836, 839 Gennari, Benedetto, 332 Genova, 50, 53, 166, 207, 270, 273, 652, 744, 855, 856, 963, 1048, 1155 Genovesi, Antonio, 74 Gerardo Maiella, santo, 759 n.

1343

Germania, 339, 426, 427, 519, 623, 639, 740, 861, 902, 962, 1035, 1036, 1038, 1172, 1194 Gerusalemme, 794 Gescomelli Alberini, Anna Alessandra, 761 n. Gessani, Pietro, 503 n. Gfollner, Johannes Maria, 796 n. Gherardi, Pietro Ercole, 185, 258 n., 1102 Gherardini, scultori e intagliatori, 355 Gherardini, Francesco, 332 n. Gherardini, Maurizio, 417 Gherardo di Zannino, 498 n. Ghibellini, Mario, 1113 Ghidoni, Enzo, 1113 Ghinarduzzi, Giulio, 1268 Ghiraldi, Gaetano, 228, 427 n., 1101 Ghisalberti, Carlo, 38 Ghizzoni, Manuela, 1103 Giacobazzi, Domenico Maria, 18, 148, 381, 921, 922, 1029 Giacobazzi, Luigi, 662 Giacomi, Nicolò (d. Fiorentino), 1202 Giacomo II Stuart, re d’Inghilterra, 31, 332 n., 724, 824, 1030 n., 1110, 1227, 1228, 1234-1237, 1267 Giacomo Trevisano, facchino, 684 Giampaoli, Stefano, 1113 Gianaroli, Daniela, 1044 n. Giannecchini, Giuseppe, 757 Giannettini, Antonio, 435, 436, 1064, 1067, 1068, 1071 Giannone, Pietro jr, 837, 1134, 1138, 1139 Giannotti, Antonio, 1065 Gianoli, Giuseppe Annibale,145 Gianturco, Carolyn, 1104 Giarda, Cristoforo, vescovo di Castro, 1163 n. Giardini, Giovanni Battista, 435, 1024, 1065-1068, 1071 Giardini, Pietro Giovanni, 703 n. Giardini, via, 64, 280, 511, 563 Giarini, Carlo Antonio, 336 Gibbon, Edward, 7, 422, 423, 865, 866 Gibbons, Grinling, 332 Gienietti, Nicolò, 418


1344

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Isachi, Antonio, 402 Ischl, 1271 Isola, Angiola, 1084 n. Istria, 71 Italia, 22, 70, 73, 93, 96, 184, 207, 241, 257, 264, 307, 418, 457, 518, 538, 557, 559, 589, 593, 615, 630, 746, 784, 790, 799, 806, 826, 857, 859, 862, 864, 867, 868, 937, 987, 989, 1000, 1034, 1042, 1044, 1054, 1087-1089, 1134, 1137-1140, 1144, 1153, 1154, 1157, 1165, 1166, 1192, 1199, 1215, 1219, 1237, 1241, 1242, 1247, 1251, 1254 Ivrea (TO), 15 Jacobi, Georg Arnald, 856 Jacoli, Ferdinando, 498 n., 1106 Jena, 1035 Jones, Thomas, 857, 859 Juan de Leon, 1081 n. Kant, Emmanuel, 71 Karcher, Giovanni, 370 Kauffmann, Angelica, 226 Kaunitz-Rietberg (von), Wenzel Anton, 902 Keller, Hagen, 14 Konopiste, castello (c/o Praga), 372 Korrte, Gottlieb, 1038 Kübeck, Carl Friedrich, 1249, 1251 La Binon, *****, commissario d’artiglieria, 700 La Spezia, 549 Laderchi, Giovanni Battista (d. l’Imola), 152, 153, 484, 485, 580, 689, 892, 908 n., 910 n., 1050, 1051, 1109, 1218 Lafayette (de), Marie-Joseph, 840 Lafreri, Antonio, 457 Lago Santo, 1197 Lalande (de), Joseph-Jérôme,165, 307, 419, 423, 860, 866, 1042 Lamberg, Dominik, cardinale, 1041 Lamberti, Giuseppe, 538

Lamberti, Iacopo, 75-77, 538, 895 Lamia, Salvatore, 502 n. Lammennais (de), Félicité-Robert, 900 Lamprecht, Johann, 701 Lana, Lodovico, 139, 144, 199-202, 206, 208, 231, 237, 401, 862 Lancellotti, v. Bianchi (de’) (o Lancellotti) Lancillotti, Carlo, 1026 Landerniani, Luigi, 89 Landi, Elisabetta, 309 Landi, Stefano, 1092 Lanfranco, Giovanni, 203 Langallerie (de) de Gentils, Philippe, 560 Lanzi, Pietro, 775 n. La Platière (de), Jean-Marie-Roland, 855, 857 Lasso (Di), Orlando, 649 Latis, Israele, 836 Lattes, Alessandro, 919 La Vallière (de), Jean-Florent, 701 La Vallière (de), Louise-Françoise, 1236 Lavagnini, Luigi, 1109 Lazio, 504, 1172 Lazzarelli, Mauro Alessandro, 202 Lazzoni, Andrea, 337, 339, 340 Lazzoni, Giovanni, 147, 332, 334, 336, 337, 339, 340 Lazzoni, Tommaso, 337, 339, 340 Lecco, 714 Le Court, Just, 338 Legnago (VR), 236 Legrenzi, Giovanni, 435, 1069, 1070 Lei, Pietro, 382 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 421, 623, 825, 1030, 1031, 1033, 1035, 1037, 1052, 1126, 1156 Lelli, Ercole, 282 Lemasle, Luigi Nicola, 242 Lemizzone (Correggio) (RE), 610, 611, 613 Lemmi, Antonio, 562 Leonardi, Pietro, 664 Leone X, papa, 519, 520 Leone XI, papa, 1203 Leone XII, papa, 1170 n., 1173 n., 1174 Leonelli, Antonino, 725, 1099 Leoni, Pompeo, 130


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Graziani, Giuliano, 1001 Graziosi, Giuliana, 277 n. Greco, Francesco, 314 Greco, Ottavio, 626, 627 Gregorio XIII, papa, 23, 144, 453 n., 458 Gregorio XIV, papa, 23, 682 Gregorio XV, papa, 574 n. Gregorio XVI, papa, 738, 927, 1170 n., 1175 Greppi, Antonio, 658 n. Grifoni, Antonio, 1209 Grifoni, Ugolino, 1186 n. Grigoletti, Michelangelo, 239 Grillenzoni, Carlo Antonio, 1090 n. Grimelli, Geminiano, 902 Grodno, 794 Groppo S.Pietro (c/o Fivizzano) (MS), 542, 545, 546, 1195 Grossi, Giovanni Francesco (“Siface”), 1064, 1068, 1233 Guaitoli, Paolo, 571 n. Gualandelli, Lancillotto, 498 n. Gualandi, Diamante, 1095 n. Gualenghi, Camillo, 692, 695, 696 Gualenghi, Galeazzo, 696 Gualtieri (RE), 516, 521, 524-526, 823, 1268 Gualtieri, Crisostomo, 363, 364 n. Gualtiero, arcivescovo di Ravenna, 720 n. Guandalini, Gabriella, 1112 Guareschi, Francesco, 683 Guarini, Alessandro, 689 Guarini, Giovanni Battista, 1050 n., 1118 Guarini, Guarino, 849 Guarini, Ignazio, 1039, 1040 Guastalla (RE), 54, 452, 453, 465, 521, 528, 529, 534, 536, 539, 741, 926, 940, 948, 1175, 1176, 1276 Guastallese, territorio, 1273, 1274 Guelfo IV, duca di Baviera, 821 Guenzi, Alberto, 573, 576 n. Guercino (Il) (Francesco Barbieri, d.), 184, 200, 203, 402 n. Guerra, Domenico, 772 n. Guerra, Giovanni, 144, 1105 Guerra, Giovanni Battista, 705 Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico, 1144, 1147 Gugli, scultori e intagliatori, 355

1345

Guglielmini, Anna, 1071 Guicciardi, Francesco, 1071 Guicciardi, Luigi, 735 Guicciardini, Francesco, 519, 520 Guicciardini, Francesco jr., 1199 Guicciardini, Lorenzo, 1186 n., 1208 Guidelli, Angelo, 876 Guidi, Domenico, 331, 340 n. Guidi, Giuseppe, 333 Guidoni, Bartolomeo, 1206 Guidoni, Francesco, 116 Guidoni, Giovanni Battista, 502 n. Guidugli, Antonio, 567 n. Guiglia (MO), 711 Guisa (di) Lorena, Claudio, 1191 Guzzaletti, Giovanni Maria, 144 Hackermann, Friedrich August, 1052 Halle, 921 Hameran, Ottone, 148 Hamilton, Gavin, 226 Hannover, 1037, 1039, 1041 Haskell, Francis, 182 Hasse, Adolf, 1040 Hermans, Willem, 434, 435 Hesse-Cassel (zu), Karl, 863 Hinojosa (de la), v. Mendoza (de), Juan Hurtado Hügel (von), Karl, 1252 n. Hyde, Anna, regina d’Inghilterra, 1235 Iddiano (Pavullo n. Frignano) (MO), 499, 505 Imhof (von), Jacob Wilhelm, 1037 Imola (BO), 1194 Ingannati, Rinaldo, 488 n. Inghilterra, 13, 31, 824, 860, 958, 962, 985, 1227, 1230, 1232, 1236, 1237, 1266 Ingone, vescovo di Modena, 783 Ingoni, Giovanni Battista, 193 Innocenzo IX, papa, 23 Innocenzo X, papa, 1163 n., 1164 n. Innocenzo XI, papa, 1232 Innocenzo XII, papa, 33 Ionie, isole, 71


1346

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Luigi XV di Borbone, re di Francia, 280 n. Lulier, Giovanni Lorenzo, 1068 Lunigiana, 36, 280, 469, 541, 542, 546-549, 567, 568, 662, 716, 838, 878, 930, 1186, 1196, 1206, 1272 Luosi, Giuseppe, 632 Lutero, Martino, 166 Luzio, Alessandro, 647, 834 Luzzara (RE), 521, 528, 1276 Mabillon, Jean, 743 n., 1053 n. Mac Donald, Jacques-Étienne, 733 Maccari, Giovanni (d. il Mirandolano), 361 n., 362 n. Macerata, 162, 555 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 71, 637, 959 Madrid, 54, 137, 555 Maestri, Augusto, 1109, 1110 Maestri, Giuseppe, 757 Maffei, Giuseppe, 1141 Maffei, Scipione, 417, 1088 Maggesi, Pietro Paolo, 566, 567 n. Maggi, Carlo Maria, 1038 Magini, Giovanni Antonio, 458-461, 860, 1167 n. Magnani, Enea, 621 Magnani, Teresa, 771 Magnanini, Pellegrino, 503 n. Magnoni, Lodovico, 757 Mainardi, Francesco, 700 Mainardo da Renno, 498 n. Mainoni, Luigi, 1105 Majocchi, Francesco Antonio, 753 n. Malagoli, Cristoforo (d. il Galaverna), 116, 117, 312, 313 Malagoli, Giambattista, 164, 274, 365 Malagoli, Giovanni Andrea, 836 Malaguzzi Valeri, Ippolito jr., 538 Malaguzzi Valeri, Ippolito sr., 1089 n. Malakh, Haym, 794 Malamini, Baldassarre, 434 Malascaja, Squadrone, 517 Malaspina, Alessandro, 855, 859 Malaspina, Alfonso, 694 Malaspina, Annibale, 580 n.

Malaspina Antonio Alberico II, marchese di Massa, 652 Malaspina, Cornelio jr, 581 n. Malaspina, Federico, 581 n. Malaspina, Galeotto, 546 Malaspina, Giovanni Battista, 855 Malaspina, Leonora, 652 Malaspina, Ricciarda, marchesa di Massa, 652 Malaspina di Castel dell’Aquila, Galeotto, 545 Malaspina di Castel dell’Aquila, Leonardo, 545 Malaspina di Olivola, Bernabò, 541 Malaspina di Olivola, Opizzone, 541 Malaspina di Olivola, Raffaele, 541 Malaspina di Suvero, Torquato, 1199, 1200 Malaspina di Treggiana, Francesco, 1185, 1199, 1203 Malaspina Cornelio sr, 694 Malatesta, Adeodato, 225, 229, 231-239, 242, 404 n., 1105, 1112 Malatesta, Massimiliano, 236, 237 Malavolti, *****, capitano, 1208 Malembra, *****, avvocato milanese, 1218 Maligin, Ignazio, 1258 Malmusi, Carlo, 266, 269, 1112-1114 Malmusi, Giuseppe, 740 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 954 Malvasia, Anton Galeazzo, 889 n. Malvasia, Carlo Cesare, 89, 206 Malvasia, Cesare, 285 Malvasia, Cornelio, 361 n., 1093 n. Malvasia, Innocenzo, 57 Malvezzi, Girolamo, 694 Malvezzi, Pirro, 553, 555, 1198, 1215 Mancasale (Reggio E.), 538 Mandosio, Carlo, 1048 Mandrio (Correggio) (RE), 609, 611 Mandriolo (Correggio) (RE), 609, 611 Mandrisi, Cesare, 710 Manelli, Francesco, 1092 Manfredi, Carlo, 398, 39 Manfredi, Leopoldo, 391 n. Manfredini, Francesco,1138 Manganelli, Rosa, 535


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Leopardi, Giacomo, 1120, 1136, 1138 Leopardi, Monaldo, 1116, 1134-1137 Leopoldo I d’Asburgo, imperatore, 822, 1152 Leopoldo II d’Asburgo, imperatore, 909, 1246 Leroy, Jean-François, 264 Lesignana (Modena), 231 Levante, 133, 136 Levatella, canale (c/o Carrara), 665 Levi, Abram Lustro, 148 n. Levi, David, 148 n. Levi, Salomone Abram, 961 n. Levizzani, Ippolito, 873, 878 Levizzani, Orazio, 506 Levizzano Rangone (Castelvetro) (MO), 160, 1142 Licciana Nardi (MS), 546, 547, 549, 662 Liechtenstein (di), Anna Maria, principessa, 1041 Ligonchio (Reggio E.), 520 Ligorio, Pirro, 182, 196, 413, 813 Ligorzano (Serramazzoni) (MO), 362 Liguria, 549, 1172 Linari, strada, 542, 545-547 Linati, Claudio, 840 Linati, Ottavio Lione, 61, 167, 264 Lipsia, 167, 421, 535, 921, 951, 1035-1037 Lirelli, Antonio, 836 n. Lisbona, 178 Litta, Antonio, 562 Litta, Pompeo, 1261 Liverani, Francesco, 1112 Livorno, 238, 283, 583, 990 Locatelli, Francesco, 704 Locke, John, 954 Lodi (MI), 381, 714 Lodi, Giovanni, 205 n. Lodi, Rodolfo, 205 n. Lodoli, Carlo, 287 Loiani, Francesco, 681 Lolli, Eustachio (“Fichetto”), 1082 n. Lolli, Flaminio, 628 Lombardi, Antonio, 154, 157, 159, 163, 167169, 171-176, 334, 1059 Lombardia, 15, 30, 71, 96, 258, 259, 275, 307,

1347

468, 567, 833, 857, 953, 1041, 1047, 1133, 1152, 1155-1158, 1208, 1209, 1215, 1242 Lombardo-Veneto, 927, 990, 991, 1253 Lonati, Ambrogio, 1070 Londra, 31, 32, 167, 309, 332, 359, 583, 840, 841, 990, 1037, 1039, 1083, 1139, 1155, 1227-1229, 1231, 1232, 1235 Longhena, Baldassarre, 338 Longo, Pietro, 498 n. Loraghi, Antonio, 336, 337 Loraghi, Tommaso, 88, 332, 333, 336 Lorena, 1198 Lorena (di), Cristina, granduchessa di To-scana, 1198 Lorena (di), Leopoldo II, granduca di To-scana, 364 n., 570, 879, 1133 Lorena-Mercoeur (di) de Vaudemont, *****, madamigella, 680 Lorena-Mercoeur (di) de Vaudemont, Luigia, regina di Francia, 680 Lorenzini, Carlo (d. Collodi), 1133 Lorenzo da Massenzatico, 196 Loreto (AN), 861 Loschi, Lodovico Antonio, 288, 954 Loschi, Pellegrino Nicolò, 161, 162, 288, 933-935, 937, 938, 940, 1054 Lubiana, 1158 Lucano, Marco Anneo, 1038 Lucca, 15, 27, 337, 566, 568, 1092, 1187, 1193, 1194, 1212, 1214, 1215-1218, 1248, 1262 Lucchesi, Carlo, 1112 Lucchesia, territorio, 505, 567 Lucchesini Francesco, 581 n. Lucchesini, Iacopo, 554 n. Lucchesini, Niccolò, 581 n., 1222 n., 1223 Lucchi, Marta, 1112 Lucenti, Domenico, 97, 267, 273, 311 Lugli, Giuseppe, 887, 900 Lugo (RA), 25, 1160, 1161 Luigi Filippo di Borbone-Orléans, re dei Francesi, 841, 1137 Luigi XIV di Borbone, re di Francia, 146, 147, 148 n., 370, 559, 700, 706, 863, 1165. 1228, 1234


1348

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

1246 Massa, Giovanni, 352 Massalombarda (RA), 25, 816, 1160 Massard, Jacques, 1236 Massari, Giovanni Battista, 99, 276, 311 Massenzatico (Reggio E.), 610 Massese, territorio, 708 Massimiliano I d’Asburgo, imperatore, 645, 646, 1242 n. Massimiliano II d’Asburgo, imperatore, 1201 Matilde di Canossa, 188, 589, 720, 758 n., 807, 813, 817, 818 n. Matteucci, Anna Maria, 307, 311, 317 n. Matteucci, Girolamo, vescovo di Ragusa, 935 Mattia I Corvino, re d’Ungheria, 176 Mattioli Bertacchini, Giacomo, 878 Mattioli, *****, armaiolo modenese, 362 Mattioli, Lodovico, 396 Maturin, Charles-Robert, 1237 n. Mazelli, Marco, 352 Mazza, Angelo, 237 Mazza, Francesco, 710 Mazza, Giuseppe Maria, 348 Mazza Monti, Maria, 1258 Mazzarelli, Andrea, 680 Mazzarino, Giulio, cardinale, 30, 146, 526, 559, 723, 724, 820, 823, 1152, 1165, 1229 Mazzarino, intagliatore, v. Mazzerini, Marc’Antonio Mazzarino, Margherita, 146, 820 Mazzaroli, Giovanni, 701 Mazzerini, Marc’Antonio, 342 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 538, 836, 846 Mazzoli Leazzari, Gherardo, 889 n. Mazzoli, Gherardo, 785 Mazzoni, Giuseppe, 341 n. Mazzoni, Guido (d. il Modanino), 327, 1227 Medebach, Girolamo, 1091 Medici (de’), Antonio, 1204 Medici (de’), Cosimo di Pietro, 1205 Medici (de’), Cosimo I, duca di Toscana, 680, 816, 1182 n., 1183 n., 1184, 1186, 1187 n., 1188 n., 1191-1194, 1196, 1200,

1201 Medici (de’), Cosimo II, granduca di Toscana, 555, 1204 Medici (de’), Eleonora, duchessa di Mantova, 1191 Medici (de’), Ferdinando I, granduca di Toscana, 1187 n., 1200, 1202, 1205 Medici (de’), Francesco, 1204, 1205 Medici (de’), Francesco (Maria) I, granduca di Toscana, 1187 n., 1191, 1195, 1198 Medici (de’), Giovanni, 1080, 1195 Medici (de’), Giulio, 1185, 1205 Medici (de’), Lucrezia, duchessa di Ferrara, 678, 1184, 1191, 1200 Medici (de’), Pietro, 1199, 1200, 1205 Medici (de’), Virginia, duchessa di Modena, 670, 676, 680, 682, 689, 816, 1184, 1192, 1196, 1197, 1204 Medici, Raffaello, 1197, 1198 Mediterraneo, mare, 452 Medolla (MO), 202, 461 Mei, Filippo, 1221 Melani, Alessandro, 1069, 1071 Melani, Iacopo, 1069, 1071 Mellan, Claude, 394 Mellini, Vienna, 1071 Melzi d’Eril, Francesco, 610 Memmingen, 1038 Menafoglio, Emilio, 972 n. Mencke, Carl Otto, 1035, 1037 Mencke, Friedrich Otto, 1035, 1037 Mencke, Johann Burchard, 1035, 1037, 1038 Mencke, Otto, 1035, 1037 Menconi, Pietro, 662 Mendez, Ferdinando, 1201 Mendoza (de) Hurtado, Juan, 556 Menotti, Achille, 1134 Menotti, Celeste, 841 Menotti, Ciro, 13, 21, 38, 547, 704, 737, 836, 837, 839, 841-846, 877, 986, 988, 1099, 1106, 1109, 1133-1136, 1140, 1141 Menotti, Giuseppe, 986, 988 Menotti, Virginia, 845 Menziani, Alberto, 1109 Merano, 1151 Mercati, Angelo, 1112


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Manicardi, Antonella, 1112 Manini, Romualdo, 25 Manley de la Rivière, Mary, 1237 Mannheim, 425 Manni, Graziano, 372 Manodori, Pietro, 539 Manoello, Vitale, 784 Manriquez, Giorgio, 1214 Mantes, Gaio Petronio, 358 Mantova, 50, 54, 65, 177, 373, 459, 523, 569, 593, 622, 624, 625, 636, 638-643, 647, 714, 842, 845, 861, 907, 1155, 1198, 1204, 1206, 1215, 1231, 1276 Mantovani, Francesco, 329, 330 n. Mantovano, territorio, 48, 50, 628 Manuzio, Aldo, 1007 Manzini, Camillo Lodovico, 840, 841 Manzini, Ferdinando, 231, 360 Manzini, Giacomo, 354 Manzini, Giovanni, (s. XV), 542 Manzini, Giovanni, (s. XIX), 351 n. Manzini, Giuseppe, 359 Manzini, Luigi, 229-234, 237, 242, 1105, 1112 Manzini Della Motta, Giovanni, 542 Manzoni, Alessandro, 1120, 1144 Manzotti, Giovanni, 835 Manzuoli, Camillo, 555 Maranesi, Francesco, 836 Maratozzi, Giuseppe, 119 Marazzani, Alessandro, 1266 Marcelli, Umberto, 78, 658, 659 Marche, 50, 784, 1172 Marchelli, Domenico, 350 Marchelli, Giuseppe, 350 Marchelli, Pietro, 350 Marchello, Giuseppe, 205 n. Marchetti, Carlo, 662 Marchetti, Enrico, 1111 Marchetti, Paolo, 329 n. Marchino, garzone reggiano, 522 Marchisio, Filippo Giuseppe, 426, 920 Marcellino, v. Adriani, Marcello Marco da Brescia, 126 Maremma, 509 Mari, *****, corrispondente parmense, 1271 Maria Laura, suora della Visitazione, 1233

1349

Maria Teresa d’Asburgo, imperatrice, 35, 37, 96, 532, 562, 734 n., 777, 1036, 1123, 1155, 1243 n., 1245, 1246 Mariani, Pietro, 1041 Marigliana (c/o Castelnuovo Garf.) (LU), 556 Marigny (de) Poisson, Abel, 858 Marinali, Orazio, 332, 339 Marinelli, Giuseppe, 418 Marini, *****, p., minore osservante, 747 n. Marini, Chiara, 315 Marini, Lino, 27, 922 Marino, Giovanni Battista, 1119, 1121 Mario, Baldassarre, 331 n. Marmiroli, Renato, 1110 Maroncelli, Pietro, 838, 842 Marsiglia, 538, 843 Marsili, Anton Felice, 1117 Marsili, Luigi Ferdinando, 206, 1166 Martelli, Camilla, 680, 1184, 1192, 1196 Martello, Pier Iacopo, 1087, 1089 Martinelli Braglia, Graziella, 164, 1110, 1112 Martinelli, Giuseppe, 893 n. Martinengo, Camillo, 689 Martini, Giovanni Marco, 1065 Martinica, 954 Martino, Giovanni, 337 n. Martinozzi, Laura, duchessa di Modena, 6, 26, 30-32, 41, 146, 155, 331, 337, 395, 414, 419, 433, 435, 526, 527, 724, 802, 819, 822, 824-826, 827, 1065, 1083, 1093 n., 1109, 1110, 1152, 1228, 1229, 1234 Marzari, Francesco, 1201 Mascherpa, Romualdo, 836 n. Maschio, Lattanzio, 146, 333, 335-338, 342, Giuliano, 817 n. Masdoni, Lodovico, vescovo di Modena, 725, 726 Masdoni, Marcello, 396 n. Masdoni, Maurizio, 581 n. Masdoni, Tiburzio, 329 Masi, Giovanni Battista, 1157 Masotti, Angelo, 567 n. Massa, 4, 34, 36, 261, 337, 463, 465, 469, 566-568, 570, 623, 651, 652, 655, 656, 659, 661, 662, 665, 704, 705, 708, 716, 717, 741, 930, 942, 1109, 1113, 1176,


1350

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Montechiarugolo (PR), 537 Montecreto (MO), 499 Montecuccoli, Alfonso, 580 n. Montecuccoli, Antonio, 713 Montecuccoli, Enea, 689, 580 n. Montecuccoli, Giovanni Battista, 580 n. Montecuccoli, Luigi, 692, 694 Montecuccoli, Massimiliano, 497 n., 552, 581, 694 Montecuccoli, Raimondo, 21, 30 Montecuccoli Laderchi, Raimondo, 361 n. Montecuccolo (Pavullo n. Frignano) (MO), 497, 499, 505, 920 Montefani Caprara, Lodovico Antonio, 1167 n. Montefiorino (MO), 356, 505 Monteforte (c/o Montese) (MO), 499 Montegarullo (c/o Pavullo n. Frignano) (MO), 499 Montegibbio (Sassuolo) (MO), 1113 Montemagni, Desiderio, 1186 n., 1207 Monteperpoli (c/o Castelnuovo Garf.) (LU), 556 Monterotondo (c/o Castelnuovo Garf.) (LU), 556 Montesquieu (de) de Secondat, Charles, 311, 864 Monte Simone, v. Monti (Licciana N.) Montetortore (Zocca) (MO), 760 Montfaucon (de), Bernard, 158, 1053 Monti (Licciana N.) (MS), 542 Monti, Gian Giacomo, 337, 1070 Monti, Paolo, 1018, 1026 Montini, Camillo, 684 Montini, Montino, 680 Montpellier, 921 Monzani, Geminiano, 363 n. Monzone (Pavullo n. Frignano) (MO), 437, 498 Mor, Carlo Guido, 1106, 1111, 1112 Morandi, Giuseppe, 163 Morano (da), Giovanni Antonio, 876 Moreali, Giovanni, 837 Morelli, Lazzaro, 331 Morelli, Pietro, 337 n. Morely, *****, epigono di P. Clüver Moreni, Giacomo, 497 n. Mori, Ferrante, 682 Mori, Giulio, 682 Morigi, Paolo, 1000, 1022

Morini, Mariano, 362 Morretta, Rocco, 1109 Morselli, Alfonso, 1109, 1110, 1113 Mortier, Pierre, 865 Mosti-Estense, Ercole jr, 497 n. Mosti-Estense, Ercole sr, 152, 695 Mosti-Estense, Tommaso, 152 Motrone (Borgo a Mozzano) (LU), 552, 557 Mottet (de), Beat Ludwig, 713 Mozza, Francesco, 1267 Mucciatella (Quattro Castella) (RE), 521 Mugnano, v. S. Martino di Mugnano Mulazzo (MS), 548, 1273 Müller, Teresa, 233 Munari, Pellegrino, 143 n. Munarini, Giovanni Battista, 730, 770 n., 772 n., 773, 852-853, 952, 954, 959, 961 Mundici, Geminiano, 236 Muratori, Lodovico Antonio, 7, 9, 34, 35, 61-63, 156, 158, 160-162, 170, 174, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 266, 272, 275, 278, 284, 286-288, 307, 381, 401, 417, 418, 421, 463, 464 n., 606, 608, 623, 725, 726, 730, 743, 744, 748 n., 769n., 784, 799, 825-827, 857, 894, 935 n., 939, 981, 1029-1041, 1043 n., 1044 n., 1045 n., 1047, 1052-1054, 1056, 1057, 1087, 1088, 1094, 1098, 1107, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1116, 1117, 1121-1127, 1156, 1167, 1186, 1223 Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban, 237 Murray Baillie, Hugh, 370 Museto (di), Guglielmo, 784 Musi, Maria Maddalena, 1069 Mussati, Giovanni, 209 Muzioli, Andrea, 161 Muzioli, Giovanni, 161 Muzzioli, Giuliano, 1029, 1100 Nachtel, François, 748 n. Namias, Angelo, 1098, 1099 Namur, 700 Nannini, Marco Cesare, 1110, 1112, 1113 Napoleone I Bonaparte, imperatore dei Francesi, 26, 69-78, 80, 169, 288, 310,


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Mercatore (Gerhard Kremer, d.), 461 Mercurio, canale (c/o Massa), 665 Mercy (de), Florimonde-Claude, 529 Mesola (FE), 1168, 1169 Messori Roncaglia Mari, Maria Teresa, 1109, 1110, 1112 Metastasio (Pietro Trapassi, d.), 1040 Metra (Minucciano) (LU), 553 Metternich (von), Klemens, 611, 833, 834 n., 841, 879, 1172 n., 1249, 1251 Miari, Aurelio Agostino, 893 n. Michelasi, Antonio, 1000 Michele da Ferrara, 327 Michele da Firenze, 140 Michele Ungaro, 338 Micheletti, Daniele, 694 Michelucci, Massimo, 1109 Michetti, Paolo, 1145 Middleton, Thomas, 1227 Mignoni, Angelo, 242 Milanese, territorio, 6, 723 Milano, 11, 13, 14, 35, 54, 70, 71, 78-80, 96, 119, 123, 158, 165, 167, 255, 259, 273, 274, 282, 314, 315, 354, 376, 404, 522, 553, 554, 556, 557, 567, 640, 644, 710, 713, 714, 720, 732, 740, 838, 857, 907, 916, 918, 920, 925, 954, 957, 959, 960, 961, 963, 1048, 1133, 1152, 1157, 1213, 1215, 1216, 1218, 1242, 1276 Milano, Ermesto, 125 n., 427 n., 1101 Milanti, Bonaventura, 747 n. Milizia, Francesco, 257 n., 273 Minardi, Tommaso, 227, 228, 238 Minari, Fedele, 362, 363 n. Minerbetti, Vittorio, 130 Minghetti, Prospero, 227-229, 238, 241 Minozzo (Villa Minozzo) (RE), 517 Minucciano (LU), 924, 1211 Minucciano, vicarìa, 553, 568 Minutoli, Girolamo, 1223 Mirandola (MO), 4, 50, 54, 67, 230, 313, 453, 459, 461, 465, 563, 576, 586, 617-626, 628-630, 632, 639, 702, 703, 708, 713, 715, 871, 920, 931, 939-941, 957, 963, 986, 1078, 1110, 1115, 1116, 1192 Mirandola, Giulio, 128, 129

1351

Mirandolese, territorio, 48, 466 Mirteto (Massa C.), 660 Mischioso (c/o Frassinoro) (MO), 505 Misley, Enrico, 836, 838-843, 845, 846 Misson, Maximilien, 859-863, 866 Mitelli, Giuseppe Maria, 403 Mittermayer, Karl Josef Anton, 902 Menafoglio, *****, colonnello dei Dragoni, 714 Modena, Baruch, 794 Modenese, territorio, 7, 380, 453, 455, 457, 553, 570, 593, 594, 630, 733, 938, 953, 958, 975, 1205 Modestino Pistoiese, 1201 Molazzana (LU), 553, 558 Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, d.), 539, 1089 n. Molza, Alfonso, 682 Molza, Carlo, vescovo di Modena, 850 Molza, Ettore, vescovo di Modena, 401, 725 Molza, Francesco Maria, 141 n. Molza, Giuseppe, 177 Molza, Nicolò, 1094 Molza, Tarquinia, 722 Monaco di Baviera, 1035 Monanni, Bernardo, 1186 n., 1209 Moncalieri (TO), 376 Moncerrato (Prignano s. Secchia) (MO), 753 Monferrato, 555, 1204 Monge, Gaspar, 169 Moniglia, Giovanni Andrea, 1024 Montagioli, Cassiodoro, 743, 744 Montagnani, Roberto, 1109 Montaltissimo (Molazzana) (LU), 556 Montanara (Curtatone) (MN), 1133 Montanari, Geminiano, 361, 1123 Montanari, Giovanni, 999, 1008, 1014, 1020 Monte Alfonso, forte (c/o Castelnuovo Garf.), 466, 555, 561, 563, 565, 566, 701, 702, 708, 717 Montecassino (Cassino) (FR), 744 Montecatini, Antonio, 152, 692 Montecchi, Giorgio, 141 n., 281, 1111 Montecchio (RE), 520, 537, 594, 816, 938-940, 1276 Montecenere (Lama Mocogno) (MO), 499


1352

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Orsini, Giuseppe, 666 Ortalli, Giuseppe, 658, 660 Ortelio, Abramo, 461 Ortonovo (SP), 660 Ostini (de), Fabrizio, 1248 Ottonelli, Giovanni Domenico, 1081 n. Ottonelli, Giulio, 152, 153 Ottoni, Lorenzo, 341 n. Owen, John, 856 Oxford, 383 Pacchioni, Antonio, 435 Pacchioni, Francesco, 195, 346 Pacchioni, Prospero, 329, 346 Pacciani, Fulvio, 890, 910 n. Pacciaudi, Paolo Maria, 1057 Pacifici, Bonaiuto, 795 n. Padana, valle, 559, 568, 575, 589 Padova, 339, 362, 888, 1044, 1049, 1082, 1123, 1141, 1155, 1195 Paesi Bassi, 1235 Pagani, Gian Filiberto, 202, 310 Pagani, Ippolito, 1200 Paggiari, Domenico, 425-427 Paglia, Giovanni, 264 Palestina, 793 Pallavicini, Stefano Benedetto, 1039 Pallavicino, Carlo, 1069, 1071, 1093 Palleroso (Castelnuovo Garf.) (LU), 553, 556, 1218 Palliot, Jean, 394, 395 n. Palmieri, Antonio, 97, 256, 285, 307 Palmieri, Giuseppe, 74, 308 Palmieri, Vincenzo, 925 Pamphili, Teresa, principessa di Massa, 654 Panacchia di Ceccarello, 498 Panaro, fiume, 20, 36, 111, 112, 284, 313, 456 Pancetti, Andrea, 142 n. Pancetti, Venceslao, 497 n. Pancieri, Giuseppe, 418 Panciroli, Alberto, 890 n. Panciroli, Ercole, 340 Panciroli, Guido, 890 Pandolfini, Domenico, 1186 n., 1209 Panelli, Giovanni Antonio, 1052 n., 1054

Panerverco, Giovanni, 683 Panetti, Battista, 808 Panie, monti, 660 Panini, Franco Cosimo, 1102 Panizzi, Antonio, 846 Pantaleoni, Antonio, 357 Paolo II, papa, 132, 133 Paolo III, papa, 23, 890 n., 1161, 1162 n. Paolo IV, papa, 1196 Paolo da Lignago, 810, 812, 814, 821 Paolozzi Strozzi, Giovanna, 1102 Paolucci, Baldissera, 681 Paolucci, Camillo, 1040 Paolucci, Girolamo, 561 n. Paolucci, Giuseppe Francesco, 625 Papazzoni, Francesca, 762 n. Papotti, Francesco Ignazio, 624, 631 Paradisi, Agostino jr, 35, 165, 258, 277, 288, 530, 533, 608, 894, 952 n., 1045 n., 1047, 1048 n., 1053, 1117, 1120, 1125 Paradisi, Agostino sr, 1045 n. Paradisi, Giovanni, 69, 71-74, 80, 81, 284, 288, 533 Paradisi, Taddeo Agostino, 894 Paraguay, 853 Parente, Giovanni Maria, 141, 143, 1058 Parenti, Giovanni, 332 n., 338 Parenti, Luigi Serafino, 747 n. Parenti, Marc’Antonio, 742 n., 887, 900, 1131 Pariana (Massa C.), 660 Parigi, 11, 15, 31, 169, 172, 242, 309, 468, 560, 582, 840-842, 855, 857, 921, 1036, 1059, 1127, 1139, 1155, 1157, 1228, 1229, 1234, 1243, 1249 Parigi, Giulio, 613 Parisetti, Leone, 1086 n. Parisi, Ottavio, 1113 Parisini, Giuseppe, 363 n. Parma, 31, 54, 65, 194, 196, 197, 208, 235, 274, 308, 339, 403, 456, 514, 521, 528, 534, 539, 607, 623, 641, 700, 723, 842, 855, 857, 859, 862, 865, 926-28, 991, 1000, 1004, 1019, 1057, 1119, 1127, 1136, 1137, 1192, 1298, 1218, 1234, 1252-1254, 1259-1263, 1266, 1267,


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

423, 534, 535, 564, 566-568, 587, 731, 732, 733 n., 734, 738 n., 779, 833, 868870, 900, 979, 990, 1171 n., 1246 Napoleone III Bonaparte, imperatore dei Francesi, 842 Napoli, 14, 15, 53, 201, 272-274, 837, 1073, 1206, 1213, 1242, 1252, 1267 Narbona, 713 Nardi, Anacarsi, 548 Nardi, Biagio, 549, 844 n. Nardi, Emilio, 374, 548 Nardi, Gregorio, 547 Nardini, Leonardo, 569 Narici, Bernardo (“Sergio”), 1083 Natan di Gaza, 793 Naviglio (di Modena), canale, 37, 110-112, 117, 118, 308, 463, 625 Naviglio (di Reggio), canale, 643, 792 Nazzano, canale (c/o Carrara), 665 Nazzari, Francesco, 1127 Nelli, Angiola, 1082 n. Nelli, Ercole, 1082 Nerone, Lucio Domizio, imperatore, 131 Nesi, Giuliano, 568 n. Neuberg (di), Dorotea Sofia, duchessa di Parma, 397 n., 1261, 1270 Nicciano (Piazza al Sechio) (LU), 557, 562 Niccoli, Ottavia, 801 n. Niccolini, Angelo, cardinale, 1201 Niccolini, Giovanni, 1200 Nicola (Ortonovo) (SP), 660 Nicola di Antonio Pino, 544 Nicola I Romanov, zar di Russia, 834, 840 Nicolò V, papa, 551 Nicolò Tedesco, 451 Nieri, Paolo, 1215, 1216 Nirano (Fiorano M.) (MO), 198, 595 Niviano (Rivergaro) (PC), 1269 Nizza, 921 Nizzola, torrente, 996, 1002 Nobili, Baldassarre, 543, 544 Nobili, Leopoldo, 364, 538 Nobili, Pellegrino, 538, 567 Noceti di Bagnone, Pier Francesco, 546 Nollet, Jean-Antoine, 362 Nonantola (MO), 30, 235, 238, 456, 720, 755,

1353

871, 938, 948, 972, 974, 978, 1003 Nonsuch, 1227 Norimberga, 1037 Norsa, Nataniele, 795 n. Notari, Pietro, 565, 566 Novara, 570, 1048 Novella (c/o Minucciano) (LU), 533 Novellara (RE), 67, 193, 235, 346, 348, 465, 529, 535, 536, 610-611, 635-639, 641, 643-647, 655, 938 Novi di Modena (MO), 201, 639 Nugent, Laval, 171 Oates, Titus, 1232 Obelerio, Antenoreo, 824 Oberziner, Lodovico, 1158 Obizzi (degli), Pio Enea II, 1082 Obizzi, Roberto, 689 Obizzi, Tommaso, 173 Olanda, 958 Olivari, Modesto, 362, 363 n. Olivieri, Gian Domenico, 657 Olìvola (Aulla) (MS), 542 Olmütz, 1041 Oltrepò mantovano, 623 Omobono, santo, 139, 147 Onorio, Flavio, imperatore, 720 Opprandino da Iddiano, 498 n. Orange (d’), Guglielmo III, statholder d’Olanda, 700, 1230, 1234 Orazio, Quinto Flacco, 1119, 1120, 1122 Oretti, Marcello, 310 Orlandi, Francesco, 537 Orlandi, Giuseppe, 1083 Orlandi, Giuseppe p., 726, 1107-1109, 1111 Orlandini, Umberto, 434 Orléans (d’), Carlotta Aglae, duchessa di Modena, 33, 307-309, 398, 531-533, 1030 n., 1089, 1155, 1259, 1270 Orléans (d’), Philippe (II), 531, 1270 Orsati, Orsato, 132 Orsi, Giovan Gioseffo, 1087-1089 Orsi, Giuseppe, 9 Orsi, Lelio, 193, 649 Orsi, Moisè Leone, 961 n.


1354

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Pietro Giovanni di S. Lorenzo, 517 Pieve di Cento (BO), 1160 Pieve Fosciana (LU), 556, 557, 565, 569, 1214, 1221 Pieve Modolena (Reggio E.), 349 Pieve S.Lorenzo (Minucciano) (LU), 553 Pievepelago (MO), 505, 507, 1113 Piganti, Giulio, 152 Pigna, Giovanni Battista, 196, 813, 816, 889 n. Pilla, Giovanni Battista, 195 Pillio da Medicina, 187, 1106 Pinerolo (TO), 13 Pio IV, papa, 1201 Pio V, papa, 23, 24, 51, 760, 1194 Pio VI, papa, 574 n., 729, 732, 733 n., 1169 n., 1170 Pio VII, papa, 734, 738 n., 1114 Pio VIII, papa, 1174 Pio IX, papa, 177, 539, 740, 741 n., 742, 879, 1173, 1176 n., 1251 Piò, Angelo, 350 Pio, Enea, 520, 692 Pio, Galasso, signore di Carpi, 580 n. Pio, Guido, 618 Pio, Manfredo, signore di Carpi, 618 Pio di Savoia, Alberto III, signore di Carpi, 459 n., 520, 573, 574 n., Pio di Savoia, Enea, 487 n. Pio di Savoia, Giberto, signore di Sassuolo, 589, 590 Pio di Savoia, Marco III, signore di Sassuolo, 26, 592 Pio di Savoia, Rodolfo, cardinale, 182 Pioppi, *****, brigadiere dei Dragoni, 844 Pirandello, Luigi, 838 Pirani, Giuseppe, 404 n. Pirondi, Prospero, 840 Pisa, 888, 1165, 1176 Piso, Wilelm, 416 n. Pistoia, 207, 234, 256, 861, 1271 Pistoni, Antonio, 894 n. Pistoni, Giuseppe, 1109, 1112 Pizzighettone (CR), 714 Placidi, Giovanni, 1193 Plantin, Christophe,1007 Plauti, Camillo, 1201

Plinio, Caio Secondo sr, 1038 Po, fiume, 15, 48, 118, 275, 452, 456, 460, 464, 528, 576, 637, 638, 645, 704, 706, 714, 857, 1162, 1172, 1253, 1272, 1276 Poerio, Alessandro, 836 Poggi, Alfonso, 1157 Poggi, Camillo, 277 Poggi, Enrico, 902 Poggi, Geminiano, 335 Poggio a Caiano (Carmignano) (FI), 376 Polesella (RO), 620 Polesine, 458, 1049 Poletti, Luigi, 1112 Polinago (MO), 719 Pollastri. Antonio, 356 Polonia,1040, 1136, 1266 Pomarance, v. Alberti delle Pomarance, An-drea Pomata, Gianna, 802 Pomay, François-Antoine, 1023 Pompadour (de) Poisson, Jeanne-Antoinette, 858 Pomposa (Codigoro) (FE), 1162, 1166 Poni, Carlo, 67 Pontecosi (Pieve Fosciana) (LU), 556 Ponticelli, Alfonso, 561 Pontiroli, Giorgio, 997, 1011 Pontremoli (MS), 541 Pontremolese, territorio, 1273 Ponzoni, Antonio, 875 Porcari (LU), 557 Porcia (di), Giovanni Artico, 1124 Porro Lambertenghi, Luigi, 277 Porro, Camillo, 1201 Portocarrero, Francesco, 703 Portogallo, 787 Possidonio, Orazio, 893 n. Poviglio (RE), 534, 1263, 1268, 1270 Pozzetti, Pompilio, 168, 171, 608 Pozzuoli, Giovanni, 352 Praga, 794 Prampolini, Alessandro, 240 Pratofontana (Reggio E.), 610-611 Preti, Mattia, 202 Previdelli, Girolamo, 888, 890, 1227 Prisciani, Pellegrino, 153, 452, 807, 808 n.,


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

1270, 1271 Parmense, territorio, 560, 1263, 1268, 1269 Pasi, Marco Antonio, 452, 453 n., 454 n., 455, 457, 458 Pasinelli, Lorenzo, 206 Pasquale II, papa, 720 Pasquali, Andrea, 1191 Pasqualino, Cesare, 1086 n. Pasquin, Antoine-Claude, 175 Pasquini, Bernardo, 1066-1068 Passau, 1041 Passerini, Paolo, 417 Passerotti, Bartolomeo, 194 Passerotti, Tiburzio, 194 Pasti, Santo, 689 Pavia, 145, 555, 713, 888, 1123 Pavullo (MO), 507, 871, 940, 941 Pedretti, *****, fabbricante di cannoni, 701 Pedretti, Carlo, 853, 954 Pegolotti, Gabriele, 581 n. Pegolotti, Ippolito, 710 Pelizzi, Domenico, 238, 533 Pellicciari, Lazzaro, vescovo di Modena, 721 Pellico, Silvio, 838 Pepoli, Ercole, 28 Pepys, Evelyn, 1233 Perani, Mauro, 796 Peri, Ercole, 683 Périer, Casimir-Pierre, 1137 Perillo Lancillotti, Teresa, 1025 Perlhefter, Baer, 794 Perondoli, Giulio, 682 Perpoli (Gallicano) (LU), 557 Perrault, Claude, 864 Personali, Achille, 889 n. Personali, Carlo Antonio, 749 n. Personali, Francesco, 889 n. Perti, Giacomo Antonio, 1066, 1067 Perugia, 792 Pesari, Giambattista, 201 Pesaro, 382, 998, 1128 Pescarola (Prignano s.Secchia) (MO), 381 Peterborough, Heny Mordaunt, 1228 Petrarca, Francesco, 156, 658, 1122, 1138 Petrozzani, Giuseppe, 659, 661, 663 Petrucci, Armando, 802 n.

1355

Piacentino, territorio, 460 Piacenza, 20, 50, 65, 457, 514, 623, 700, 723, 857, 926, 954, 1092, 1269 Pianaccio (c/o Castelnuovo Garf.) (LU), 556 Pianoro (BO), 1198 Piattoli, Scipione, 772 n. Piazza al Serchio (LU), 567 Piazza, Carlo Francesco, 338, 342 Piazzola sul Brenta (PD), 1069 Picchena, Curzio, 694, 1185, 1200 Piccinini, Guglielmo, 1109 Piccolomini, Alfonso, 1198, 1199 Piccolomini, Sallustio, 1193 Picenardi, Ottavio, vescovo di Reggio E., 528 Pico, Alessandro I, duca della Mirandola, 617, 619, 621, 630 Pico, Alessandro II, duca della Mirandola, 617, 619, 681 Pico, Federico (I), 620 Pico, Francesco Maria, duca della Mirandola, 623 n., 624 Pico, Fulvia, principessa di Massa, 654 Pico, Galeotto (IV), 621 Pico, Galeotto I, signore della Mirandola, 619, 620 Pico, Galeotto II, signore della Mirandola, 620 Pico, Giovanni Francesco I, signore della Mirandola, 619, 620 Pico, Lodovico I, signore della Mirandola, 620 Pico, Lodovico II, signore della Mirandola, 619 Pico, Maria, 621 Piemonte, 13, 15, 920, 921, 924, 925, 962, 1134, 1140, 1254, 1272 Pieracchi, Luigi, 565 Pieracchi, Pietro, 561 Pierelli, Francesco, 1118 Pieroni, Paolo, 565 n., 567 Pierotti, Ermete, 569 Pietrasanta (LU), 1194 Pietro da Modena (p.), v. Gianoli, Giuseppe Annibale Pietro da Taponecco, 545


1356

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Rennes, 11 Renno (Pavullo n.Frignano) (MO), 499 Reschigna, Pier Maria, 664 Revere (MN), 624 Rho, Giovanni, 1258 Riccardi, Pietro, 1106, 1113 Ricchetti, Marzia, 125 n., 427 n. Ricchiari, “Vittoria”, 1083 n. Ricchiari, Luca, 1083 Ricci, Carlo, 878 Ricci, Claudio, 705 Ricci, Giuliano, 1135 Ricci, Giulivo, 549 Ricci, Giuseppe, 878 Ricci, Lodovico, 74, 274, 282, 284, 288, 582, 608, 730, 770, 771 n., 772 n., 797, 853, 894, 957, 959, 967, 968, 974, 1117 Ricci, Michelangelo, cardinale, 1127 Ricci, Milena, 801 n. Riccini, Girolamo, 735 n., 737, 842, 1174, 1175 Riccioli, Pietro, 375 Riccò, Amelia, 360 n. Riccò, Annibale, 360 n. Riccò, Felice, 351 n., 360, 361 Ricco, Gregorio, 1215 Riccoboni, Antonio (“Pantalone”), 1083, 1084 Riccoboni, Luigi Andrea (“Lelio”), 1084, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1090 Riccomini. Eugenio, 335 Richecourt (de), Dieudonné-Emmanuel, 744 Richetti, Sergio, 487 n. Richilda, beata, 820, 822 Ridolfi, Cosimo, 1133 Righi, Luigi, 351 n. Rigoso (Monchio delle Corti) (PR), 545 Riminaldi, Florinda, 682 Rimini, 20, 460, 538 Rinaldi, Pellegrino, 503 n. Rinaldi, Tommaso, 359, 360 n. Rinaldi, Ugo, 1206, 1207, 1209 Rinaldo da Verica, 498 n. Rio Saliceto (Reggio E.), 609, 611 Riolunato (MO), 355, 505

Ripola (c/o Tavernelle) (Licciana N.) (MS), 541, 542, 547 Riva, Giuseppe, 1039 Rivalta (Reggio E.), 34, 256, 309, 422, 534 Rivi, Luciano, 1105 Rizzi, Carlo, 206 Rizzini, Gaspare, 1229 Roberti, Giovanni Battista, 1071 Rocca Frigida (c/o Massa) (MS), 660 Rocca Michele, 1199 Rocca, Giuseppe, 359 Roccapelago (Pievepelago) (MO), 505 Rococciola, Domenico, 141 Rodolfo II d’Asburgo, imperatore, 24, 594 Roether, Federico, 1073 Rogissart (de), *****, 865 Roito, Aurelio, 680 Rolando da Monteforte, 498 n. Rölker, Roland, 1108 Rolo (RE), 610, 925 Roma, 6, 20, 32, 53, 88, 132, 143, 148, 166, 182, 193, 201, 207, 209, 227, 233, 238, 239, 241, 270, 329-331, 334, 337, 339, 341, 377, 457, 520, 579, 683, 704, 727, 729, 740, 797, 824, 842, 861, 883, 1055, 1057, 1066, 1087, 1117, 1123, 1127, 1146, 1162, 1164-1167, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1194, 1198, 1200, 1234, 1252 Romagna, 48, 70, 78, 381, 388, 396, 413, 492, 842, 843, 1077, 1160, 1199 Romani, Giuseppe, 204, 206 Romano, Giulio, 346 Rombaldi, Odoardo, 66, 67, 723, 975 n., 1108-1110 Roncaglia, Carlo, 469, 983, 984, 988, 989 Roncagliana (c/o S.Pellegrino) (LU), 1213 Ronchi, Giuseppe, 1001 Ronchi, Lodovico, 1086 n. Ronciglione (VT), 1165 Rondinelli, Antonio, 502 Rondinelli, Camillo, 689 Rondinelli, Ercole, 525, 689 Rosa, Mario, 1036 Rosa, Michele, 279 Rosaccio, Michele, 1003 Rosati, Ferdinando, 1068


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

811, 812, 814-816, 821, 1049-1051 Procaccini, Camillo, 194, 195 Prouhon, Pierre-Joseph, 903 Prussia, 902, 920, 922, 921, 1154, 1255 Pucci, Luigi, 67, 1113 Puccini, Niccolò, 234 Puglia, 50 Pugliano (Minucciano) (LU), 553 Puliatti, Pietro, 1107, 1111 Pulini, Chiara, 1103 Purcell, Henry (II), 1233 Puscini, Antonio, 758 Puttini, Pietro, 97 Quarantoli (Mirandola) (MO), 619 Quattro Castella (RE), 521 Querini Tommaso (Pietro), 787 n. Querini, Stefano, 353 Quesnay, François, 954 Rabetti, Arturo, 1099 Racconigi (CN), 376 Racine, Jean, 1085, 1087 n., 1089 n. Radcliffe, Ann, 856 Raffaele *****, mercante reggiano di cappelli, 757 m. Raffaelli, Francesco, 567 n. Raffaelli, Nicolao, 567 Raffaello Sanzio, 183, 239, 415, 421, 864 Raffo, Isidoro, 664-666 Raggi, Ercole Antonio, 332, 335, 340 n. Raggi, Pierluigi, 1215 n. Raimondi, Ezio, 3 Ramaggini, Giovanni Giuseppe, 1041 Ramazzini, Bernardino, 798, 998, 1007, 1014, 1016, 1123 Rancidoro (c/o Polinago) (MO), 505 Rango d’Aragona, Paolo, 314 Rangoni Lotario Alfonso, 310, 972 n. Rangoni, Alessandro, vescovo di Modena, 721 Rangoni, Bonifacio jr, 174, 310, 713, 771 Rangoni, Bonifacio sr, 580 n. Rangoni, Claudio, vescovo di Piacenza, 146 n.

1357

Rangoni, Emilia, 764 n. Rangoni, Francesco, 876 Rangoni, Gherardo jr, 35, 730, 956 n., 957 n., 972 n., 1053 Rangoni, Gherardo sr, 1077 Rangoni, Giovanni, 309 Rangoni, Giovanni Claudio, 1084 n., 1089 Rangoni, Giuseppe, 873, 878 Rangoni, Guido, 710 Ranuzzi, Annibale, 375 Ranzani, Cherubino, 403 Raselli, Odoardo, 1113 Rathruil, *****, principe tedesco, 339 Ravarino (MO), 969 Ravenna, 21, 519, 719, 720 Razzoli, Anna Maria, 1110, 1113 Re, Antonio, 535, 536, 872, 873 Recke (von der), Elisa, 626 Redù (Nonantola) (MO), 235, 238 Reggianini, Luigi, vescovo di Modena, 735, 736 n., 739 Reggiano, territorio, 7, 48, 518, 524, 525, 528, 529, 553, 594, 618, 711, 716, 939, 1117, 1194, 1274 Reggio Emilia, 4, 11, 18, 24, 54-58, 60, 78, 126, 133, 139, 175, 184, 193, 195, 196, 203-206, 227, 228, 238, 240, 241, 257, 261, 263, 264, 266, 268, 277, 280, 282284, 286, 288, 343, 345, 346, 349, 350, 401, 459, 465, 469, 513-520, 522-524, 526-531, 533, 535, 537-540, 560, 562, 564, 565, 567, 576, 588, 597, 602, 609, 610, 613, 619, 625, 636-638, 642, 643, 660, 702, 708, 712, 715-718, 741, 745, 746, 753, 759, 760, 762, 764, 766, 771, 773, 777, 780, 792, 793, 838, 853, 856, 857, 859, 860, 862, 863, 865, 866, 872, 896, 907, 916, 917, 920, 927, 930, 931, 937-942, 944, 946-963, 987, 1019, 1044, 1069, 1078, 1081, 1082, 1086, 1092, 1094, 1109, 1113, 1114, 1161, 1176, 1196, 1198, 1199, 1266, 1270 Reggiolo (RE), 643, 1276 Regnard, Jean-François, 1089 n. Remondini, Giuseppe, 1019 Reni, Guido, 184, 194-201, 203, 239, 349


1358

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Salvatori, Antonio, 309 Salvemini, Gaetano, 20 Salvi, Francesco, 348 Salvioli, Giuseppe, 1110 Sandonnini, Tommaso, 1110, 1113 Sandoz de Noiraigue, *****, colonnello, 414 n. Sangiovanni, Dario, 1065, 1066 Sanguinetti, Benedetto, 836 Sanminiati, Nicolò, 1213, 1216, 1218 Sant’Agata sul Santerno (RA), 25, 1160 Sant’Ambrogio (S.Cesario s. Panaro) (MO), 284 San Biagio (Correggio) (RE), 609, 611 San Cataldo (Modena), 1034 San Cesario sul Panaro (MO), 1004 San Donnino Nizzola (Modena), 436 San Felice Circeo (Terracina), 240 San Felice sul Panaro (Modena), 618, 630, 712, 871, 920, 938, 975 San Giacomo Roncole (Modena), 625 San Giovanni della Fossa (Reggio E.), 644 Sant’Iago di Compostela, 145 Sant’Ilario d’Enza (RE), 535, 835, 1269 Santa Maria della Fossa (Reggio E.), 644 San Martino di Vallata (Modena), 233 San Martino di Mugnano (Modena), 356, 369, 423, 425, 963 San Martino in Rio (Reggio E.), 23, 306, 314, 433, 521, 609, 611, 938 San Martino in Spino (Modena), 624, 625 San Martino Secchia (Modena), 462 San Michele della Fossa (Reggio E.), 610, 611 San Pellegrino, passo, 560, 561 San Polo d’Enza (Reggio E.), 521 San Possidonio (Modena), 382, 619, 625 San Prospero (Modena), 207, 461 San Prospero (Reggio E.), 609, 611 San Tomaso della Fossa (Reggio E.), 642, 644 Santachiara, Umberto, 735 n. Santagata, Pierpaolo, 1109 Santhià (VC), 30, 155, 723 Santi, Giovanni, 1106 Santi, Giovanni Antonio, 567 n. Santi, Pellegrino, 567 n. Santi, Venceslao, 95, 1110, 1113 Santini, Giovanni, 1106

Santini, Paolo, 1224 Saracchi, Battista, 152 Sarajevo, 1247 Sardegna,1242 Sardi, Alessandro, 813 Sardi, Gaspare, 196, 813-815 Sarti, Domenico, 333 Sarzana (SP), 544, 660 Sassalbo (Fivizzano)(MS), 546 Sassi, Alfonso, 1268 Sassi Negrelli, Annibale, 972 n. Sassi Negrelli, Giacomo, 972 n. Sassi Negrelli, Silvio, 972 n. Sassolese, territorio, 965 Sassonia, 808, 1136 Sassonia (di), Federico Cristiano, principe elettore, 1039, 1041 Sassonia (di), Giovanni Giorgio, duca,339 Sassorosso (Villa Colemandina) (LU), 566 Sassuolo (MO), 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 58, 59, 88, 199, 205, 256, 328, 333-336, 340, 341, 345, 349, 369, 380, 383, 417, 422, 586592, 594-598, 704, 714, 722, 725, 858, 861, 871, 938, 940, 957, 963, 986, 1112, 1139, 1203 Savi, Giovanni, 393 Savioni, Mario, 1071 Savoia, 921 Savoia (di), Eugenio, 21, 528, 560, 654 Savoia (di), Amedeo VI, conte, 784 Savoia (di), Carlo Emanuele I, duca,28 Savoia (di), Emanuele Filiberto, duca, 13 Savoia (di), Isabella, duchessa di Modena, 28, 195, 693, 792 Savoia (di), Margherita Violante, duchessa di Parma, 1258 Savoia (di), Maria Beatrice, duchessa di Modena, 232, 833, 838 Savoia di Carignano (di), Emanuele Filiberto, 824, 1234 Savona, 380 Scaccia, Giuseppe, 1069 Scala, Flaminio, 1080 n., 1081 n. Scandiano (RE), 306, 345, 349, 362, 516, 535, 536, 920, 940, 1140 Scannaroli, Giambattista, 893 n.


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Rosati, Franco, 465 Rosi, Michele, 835 Rospigliosi, Giulio, v. Clemente VII, papa Rosselli, Camillo, 628 Rosselli Genesini, Giovanni Battista, 1064, 1067 Rossena (Ciano d’Enza) (RE), 521 Rossetti, Alessandro, 497 n. Rossetti, Biagio, 106 Rossetti, Gabriele, 1143 Rossi di Tavernelle, Pietro, 541 Rossi, Battista, 684 Rossi, Bernardino, 229, 230, 237, 238, 242 Rossi, Fortunato, 836 n. Rossi, Francesco, 757 n. Rossi, Guido, 568 n. Rossi, Nunzio, 201 Rossi, Pellegrino, 143 Rossini, Gioacchino, 1073, 1074 Rota, Filippo, 744 Röther, Feredico, 1073 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 952, 898 Rovatti, Antonio, 4, 8, 118, 732, 1104 Rovere (Della), Giulia, 24, 816 Roverella, Guidobaldo, 689 Rovereto sul Secchia (Novi di Modena) (MO), 201 Rovighi, Cesare, 1134 Rovigo, 24 Rovigo, Abram, 793 Rovigo, Leone, 794 Rovio (Canton Ticino), 333 Rubbiani, Antonio, 384 Rubbiani, Carlo, 384 Rubbiani, Giovanni Maria, 384 Rubbiani, Giuseppe Maria, 747 n. Rubbiano (Montefiorino) (MO), 757 Rubiera (RE), 284, 462, 515, 516, 537, 538, 702, 717, 835, 1139, 1145, 1148, 1161 Rucellai, Giovanni, 862 Rucellai, Giulio, 744 Ruer, Thomas, 339 Ruffini, Anna, 840 Ruffini, Guido, 1109 Ruffini, Maria Francesca, 840 Ruffini, Paolo, 189, 1106, 1113 Ruga, Giovanni Antonio, 958

1359

Ruggi, Francesco Veronico, 757 n. Ruggi, Giovanni Andrea, 567 n. Ruini, Carlo, 888, 890 Rusca, Giovanni Battista, 566 Russia, 1135 Russo, Giuseppe, 1112, 1114 Sabadini, Bernardo, 1071 Sabbatini, Alessandro, 1169 n. Sabbatini, Giovanni, 1134 Sabbatini, Giuliano, vescovo di Modena, 727, 1039 Saccani, Giovanni, 1113 Sacchi, Alfonso, 893 Sacchi, Antonio, 836 Sacchi, Gennaro (“Coviello”), 1084 n. Saccozzi, Agostino, 612, 716 n., 717 Sacerdoti, Emanuele, 1014 Sacrati, Francesco, 580 n. Sacrati, Francesco, cardinale, 684, 693 Sacrati, Francesco Paolo, 1092 Sacrati, Giulio, 761 n. Sacrati, Orazio, 689 Sacrati, Scipione, 1267 Sacrobosco, Giovanni, 451 Sade (de), Donatien, 859 Saffi, Aurelio, 836 Saint-Frémont (de), *****, generale francese, 561, 562 n. Saint-Peter (de), *****, maresciallo di campo del re di Francia, 561 Sala, Erio, 899 Salerno, Giulio, 1202 Saliceta, bosco, 1113 Saliceto Panaro (Modena), 201, 783, 988 Saliceto S.Giuliano (Modena), 985, 987 Salicoli, Angela, 1069 Salicoli, Margherita, 1069 Salieri, Antonio, 1104 Salimbeni, Filippo, 877 Salimbeni, Valerio, 883 Salis, Giovanni, 735 n. Salisburgo, 1041 Salito, Carlo, 336 Salò (BS), 1040


1360

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Soliani, Domenico Maria, 893 n. Soliani, Girolamo, 1006 Soliani, stampatori, 5, 398 Soliani, Viviano, 999, 1001, 1002, 1005, 1006, 1009, 1011, 1013, 1017, 1024 Soliani Raschini, *****, conte, 375 Sommariva, Giuseppe, vescovo di Modena, 737 Sommi, Leone, 649 Sommocolonia (Barga) (LU), 546, 558 Soragna (PR), 348 Sorbara (Bomporto) (MO), 1003 Sorbelli, Albano, 498 n. Sorbelli, Tommaso, 1108, 1109, 1111 Sorgato, Ferruccio, 285 n. Sormani Moretti, Luigi, 989 Sossaj, Francesco, 8 Soufflot, Jacques-Germain, 264 Southwark, 1229 Sozzi, Antonio, 207 Sozzi, Giuseppe, 263 Spaccini, Giovanni Battista, 8, 52, 94, 144, 196, 305, 691, 694, 789, 858, 1077, 1078, 1085 Spada, Leonello, 195 Spadolini, Giovanni, 838, 844 Spaggiari, Angelo, 427 n., 549, 574, 653, 655, 1102, 1108, 1111, 1180 Spaggiari, Giovanni, 351 n., 354, 355 Spagna, 53, 54, 61, 557, 1242, 1246, 1266 Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 1047, 1123, 1048 n. Spezzani, Giovanni Paolo, 315, 770 n. Spezzano (Modena), 595, 861 Spilamberto (Modena), 204, 342, 711, 1004 Spinelli, Alessandro Giuseppe, 1112 Spinola, Brigida, principessa di Massa, 654 Spinoza, Baruch, 1237 n. Stacchini, Antonio, 502 n., 503 n. Stadano (Aulla) (MS), 542 Staffetti, Luigi, 665 Staggia (S. Prospero) (MO), 207 Stanislao da Campagnola p., v. Santachiara, Umberto Stanzani, Antonio, 282 Stanzani, Giuseppe, 843 Starkey, David, 369

Stazzema (LU), 1205 Stefanini, Giovanni Battista, 1064 Stefano da Carpi, 347 Stendhal (Henry Beyle), 953 Stiano (c/o Corneto) (Toano) (RE), 355 Stigliani, Tommaso, 1119 Stoccarda, 421 Stolberg-Stolberg (zu), Friedrich Leopold, 860 Stradella, Alessandro, 1066, 1070, 1104, 1112 Stringa, Francesco, 145, 146, 147, 202-204, 206, 208, 339, 340 n., 354 n., 392 n., 393 n., 394, 395, 419, 1070 Strozzi, Anna Laura, 125 n., 424 n. Strozzi, Giulio, 1092 Strozzi, Pietro, 1193 Strucchi, Gherardo, 540 Stuart, Maria I, regina d’Inghilterra, 1230 Suarez, Ferdinando, 1206, 1209 Susani, Giovanni, 235 Susari, Alessandro, 681 Susari, Antonio Maria, 712 Susari, Nicolò, 820 Susini, Paolo, 1113 Susio, Giambattista, 889 n. Svizzera, 1136, 1253

Tacconi, Giuseppe, 351 n. Tacoli, Achille, 382, 625 Tacoli Canacci, Alfonso, 86, 87 Tadolini, Francesco Maria, 279 Tadolini, Petronio, 350 Tagliavini, Lodovico, 154, 820, 1005, 1051 Tagliazucchi, scultori e intagliatori, 355 Tagliazucchi, Domenico, 353 Tamagni, Giovanni, 1259 Tambura, strada, 34, 256, 656 Tamigi, fiume, 1229 Tampellini, Antonio, 877 Tampellini, Gaetano, 877 Tampellini, Giulio Cesare, 877 Taponecco (Licciana N.) (MS), 541-547, 1194 Tarabino, *****, cavalcatore modenese, 678


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Scannelli, Francesco, 183 Scapinelli, Marc’Antonio, 129 Scarabelli Chiavenna, Giuseppe, 465 Scarabelli Pedocca, Angelo, 278, 362 n., 703 Scaramuccia, Luigi, 183, 200, 201 Scaramuzza, Francesco, 238, 533 Scarlatti, Alessandro, 1067, 1068 Scarlattini, Giulio, 888, 890 Scarpa, Antonio, 278 Schedoni, Bartolomeo, 142 n., 194, 197 Schelhorn, Johann Sigismund, 1038 Schenck, Pieter, 1235 Schenetti, Matteo, 588 n., 1110 Schiassi, Antonio, 349, 350 Schiavoni, Natale, 242 Scholem, Gershom, 793, 794 Schott, Franciscus, 856, 862 Schwarzenberg (von), Felix, 1252 n. Scodobio, Bernardino, 889 n. Scotto, saltimbanco, 1079 Scozia, 7 Scozia, Rinaldo, 38, 740 Scurani, Prospero, 348 Scurano (Neviano d. Arduini) (PR), 1273 Scutellari Paolucci, Paola, 972 n. Secchia, fiume, 20, 36, 111, 284, 313, 456, 462, 516, 521, 589, 631, 638, 1034 Secchiari, Giulio, 196 Seghizzi, Agostino, 392 n. Seghizzi, Andrea, 257 Seghizzi, Paolo, 205 n. Segneri, Paolo jr, 726 Segni, Beatrice, 682 Segni, Violante, 681 Seidenari, Giuliano, 97 Selvatico, Alfonso, 129 Selvatico, Antonio, 129 Selvatico, Lodovico, 129-131, 135, 138 Selvatico, Paolo, 116 Senofonte, 56 Serafini, Serafino, 140 Serchio, fiume, 546, 564 Sermezzana (c. Minucciano) (LU), 557 Serrazzone (Fanano) (MO), 758 Sestola (MO), 497, 501, 502, 504, 505, 562, 629, 701, 702, 708, 715, 940-941, 1000,

1361

1041, 1197 Settevecchi, Lodovico, 813 Seuter, Matteo, 860 Sfondrati, Paolo, 23, 682 Sforza, Giovanni, 1112 Sforza, Muzio Attendolo, 514, 515 Sgarbi, Antonio, 363 n. Sgarbi, Giuseppe, 363 Shearman, John, 181 Sicilia, 15, 739, 1242 Sidoli, Giovanni, 538 Siena, 504, 1145, 1192, 1193 Sigonio, Carlo, 9, 18, 170, 174, 188, 1112, 1117 Silingardi, Gaspare, vescovo di Modena, 434, 481, 719, 720 Silingardi, Giancarlo, 1099 Silingardi, Luca, 317 n. Sillano (LU), 560 Sillicagnana (S. Romano in Garf.) (LU), 566 Silva, Cristoforo, 710 Silvester, Guglielmo, 403, 419, 859 Silvestro, Filippo, 238 Simeoni, Luigi, 26, 34, 1109 Simonazzi, Antonio, 236 Simone di Trento, 785 Simonetti, Francesco, 569 Simonetti, Giuseppe, 1111, 1113 Sirotti, Elisabetta, 317 n. Sisto V, papa, 23, 144 Siviglia, 787 Skippon, Philip, 416 Smeraldi, Smeraldo, 1263, 1268 Smith, Adam, 954, 956 Socii, Giuseppe, 97 Sogari, Prospero (d. il Clemente), 345, 346 Solerti, Angelo, 653 Soli, Giuseppe Maria, 89, 100, 101, 209, 226, 278, 281, 282, 285 Soli, Teobaldo, 103 Soli Muratori, Francesco, 161 Soliani, Angelo, 356 Soliani, Bartolomeo jr, 399, 818, 995, 996, 1000, 1007, 1009 n., 1018 Soliani, Bartolomeo sr, 394 n., 999, 1000, 1002-1006, 1011, 1012, 1024


1362

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Tossici, Nicolò, 1050 Tournon (de), François, cardinale, 1192 Traeri, Agostino, 432 Traeri, Antonio (d. “Cestellino”), 327, 342, 448, 353, 436 Traeri, Domenico, 436 Traiano, Ulpio, imperatore, 131 Trapani (Da), Agostino, 363 n. Trapani (Da), Vincenzo, 363 n. Trassilico (Gallicano) (LU), 466, 558, 567 Trassilico, vicarìa, 552 Trecchi, Giuseppe, 581 n. Trenti, Giuseppe, 125 n., 427 n., 1030, 1108 Trentino (Fanano) (MO), 505 Trento, 207 Treppignana (Fosciandora) (LU), 558 Tresana (MS), 662 Treschietto (Bagnone) (MS), 1273 Trevisi, Pellegrino, 433 Treviso, 37 Trieste, 1254, 1271 Trivelli, tessitori reggiani, 530 Trivulzio, Francesca, 620 Trivulzio, Giovanni Giacomo, 620 Troili, Domenico, 162, 166, 1055 Trotti, Diana, 681 Trotti, Alfonso, 1079 Trotti, Carlo, vescovo di Bagnorea, 693 Trotti, Cesare, v. Este (d’) “Trotti”, Cesare Trotti, Ercole, 694 Trotti, Ferrante, 692 Trotti, Giacomo, 681 Trouvé, Claude-Joseph, 73 Trovabene, Giordana, 1105 Troyer (von), Ferdinand Julius, cardinale, 1041 Tucci Ruffini, Vittoria, 1109 Turcato, Stefano, 125 n., 427 n. Turchetto Candiotto, castellano estense, 680 Turchi, Adeodato, vescovo di Parma, 747 n. Turchi, Alfonso, 692, 695 Turchi, Laura, 574 Turci, Angelo, 752 n. Turigliano, canale (c/o Carrara), 665 Turri, Giuseppe, 567 n. Turrite, fiume, 552

Tuti, Giuseppe, 1193 Uccellini, Marco, 1068 Ughelli, Ferdinando, 1167 n. Ugolini, Bartolomeo, 1186 n., 1207, 1209 Ugolini, Giuseppe, 240 Umbria, 1172 Urbani, Orazio, 1195-1197 UrbanoVIII, papa, 30, 723, 1162 n., 1163 n., 1165 n., 1186 Urbino, 53, 182, 1215 Vaccari, Francesco, 1003 Vaccari, Riccardo, 801 n. Vacchi, Francesco, 621 Vagli (LU), 558 Vaglio (Lama Mocogno) (MO), 505 Valdrighi, Bartolomeo, 19, 35, 277, 288, 920, 951, 952, 961 n., 1054 Valdrighi, Luigi, 288, 565, 566, 895, 925 Valdrighi, Luigi Francesco, 8, 356, 783, 1073, 1113 Valdrighi, Mario, 177, 179 Valeggio sul Mincio (VR), 1271 Valenti, Filippo, 162, 935, 1102, 1103, 1108, 1111, 1180 Valentini, Giacomo, 487 n. Valesio, Gian Luigi, 402 Valestri, Pietro, 1258 Vallico (Fabbriche di Vallico) (LU), 552, 553, 556-558, 1215 Valli dei Cavalieri, 1269 Vallini, Luigi, 549 Vallisneri, Antonio jr, 1044 n., 1045 n. Vallisneri, Antonio sr, 167, 861, 1034, 1044, 1045 n. Vallotta, Gaudenzio, 763 n., 772 Valtellina, 1206 Valverde (c/o Rubiera) (RE), 524 Vandelli, Domenico, 151, 154, 156, 157 n., 160, 413, 418, 463-465, 467, 469, 631, 860 Vandelli, Eugenio, 282 Vandelli, Francesco, 102, 103, 160, 162, 359,


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Tarabusi, Andrea, 100, 262, 269, 273, 279, 311 Tardini, Giuseppe, 1113 Tarello, Camillo, 57 Tascher de la Pagerie, Marie-Josèphe-Rose, v. Bonaparte, Giuseppina Tasso, Torquato, 814, 1118, 1196 Tassoni, *****, marchesa, 689 Tassoni, Alessandro, 399, 855, 997, 1020, 1043 n., 1117, 1118, 1122, 1123 Tassoni, Ercole, 684 Tassoni-Estense, Ercole, 689, 1081 n., 1086 n. Tassoni-Estense, Ferrante, 689 Tassoni-Estense, Galeazzo, 689, 692 Tassoni-Estense, Ottavio, 684, 693 Tatini, Daniela, 1190 n. Tavernelle (Massa C.), 541, 542, 545-547 Tenerani, Francesco, 662 Termanini, Pietro, 97-100, 163, 174, 267, 269, 270, 273, 275, 285, 311, 314, 354 n., 356, 418 Terrachini, Paolo, 1113 Terrachini, Pier Giacinto, 538 Terre Nuove, vicarìa, 551 Terzi, Ottobono, 514, 515 Terzi, Terzo, 705 Teseo, Gioseffo, 139 Testi, Costantino, 401 Testi, Fulvio, 200, 329, 723, 997, 1001, 1024, 1051, 1080 n.,1109, 1119, 1121 Thiene, Antonio, 621 Thiene, Giulio, 689, 692 Thiene, Ippolito, 621 Thornton, Peter, 369 Thouin, André, 582 Tiberio, Claudio Nerone, imperatore, 131 Tiburtini Magnani, Teresa, 771 Tinè, Concetto, 1109 Tinti, Lorenzo, 392 n., 393, 395, 401 Tintoretto (Il)(Iacopo Robusti, d.), 239 Tiraboschi, Girolamo, 6, 7, 9, 112, 136, 162, 166-168, 207, 285, 457 n., 498 n., 572 n., 601, 608, 761 n., 1047, 1048, 1052, 1053, 1055-1058, 1097, 1098, 1101, 1111, 1112, 1115, 1121, 1129

1363

Tirelli, Antonio, 613 Tirelli, Pietro Paolo, 359 Tirreno, mare, 594, 655 Tisi, Giovanni Battista, 353 Tivoli (Roma), 282 Tiziano Vecellio, 183 Tizzano Val Parma (PR), 514 Tocci, Giovanni, 573, 575, 578 Todeschi, Francesco, 203 Todeschini, Giacomo Francesco, 206 Tognone da Camporgiano, 562 Tolomei, Cesare Lelio, 27, 1203 Tolomeo, Claudio, 452 Tolone, 713 Tolosa, 11 Tommasi, Anna Chiara, 237 Tommaso di Savoia, re di Sardegna, 1081 n. Tondelli, Leone, 1112 Tonelli, Domenico, 1194 Tonelli, Giovanni Matteo, 502 n. Tonge, Israel, 1232 Tonini, Carlo Antonio, 758 n. Tordino da Montecuccolo, 498 n. Torello, Salinguerra, 569, 662 Tori, Giulio Cesare, 1082 Torino, 13, 15, 21, 241, 270, 282, 374-376, 404, 538, 562, 1213, 1252 Torm, Tesme, 1201 Tornioli, Nicolò, 201 Torreggiani, Alfonso, 263, 311-312 Torreggiani, Andrea, 836 n. Torri, Anna Maria (“Lavinia”), 1083 n. Torri, Flaminio, 202, 309, 311 Torri, Francesco, 342, 1008 Torri, Giulio Cesare, 1082, 1083 Torriani, Orazio, 88 Torti, Francesco, 114 Tortorici, Giuseppe (“Scaramuccia”), 1082 n. Toscana, 6, 20, 35, 64, 258, 280, 504, 509, 511, 532, 558, 559, 563, 567, 570, 660, 843, 862, 925, 927, 953, 991, 1134, 1135, 1155, 1186, 1190, 1199, 1201, 1215, 1248, 1266 Toschi, Alfonso, 900, 925 Toschi, Domenico, cardinale, 893 Toschi, Lorenzo, 278


1364

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Vignaroli, Michele, 355 Vignola (MO), 155, 711, 861, 871, 1101 Vigona (c/o Mirandola) (MO), 625 Villa Cadè, v. Cadè Villa Gazzata, v. Gazzata Villafranca in Lunigiana (MS), 548, 1273 Villani, Alessandro, 1109 Villani, Francesco Antonio, 1202 Villanova (Modena), 1034 Villars, Frances, 1231 Vinacciara (c/o Minucciano) (LU), 553 Vincenzi, Alfonso, 682 Vincenzi, Geminiano, 226-230, 232, 358 n. Vincenzi, Giacomo, 258, 259 Vinta, Francesco, 1200 Violi, Ttito, 375 Virgiglio da Castagneto, 520 Virgilio Marone, Publio, 1023, 1038 Vischi, Luigi, 1034, 1113 Viscomti, Bernabò, signore di Milano, 636638, 642 Visconti, Caterina, 638 Visconti, Caterina, duchessa di Milano, 514 Visconti, Filippo Maria, duca di Milano, 516 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, duca di Milano, 514 Visconti, Giovanni Maria, duca di Milano, 514 Visdomini, Sisto, vescovo di Modena, 720 Vismara, *****, affiliato alla Massoneria, 836 n. Visuntino, *****, avvocato milanese, 1218 Vitali, Giovanni Battista, 435, 1064, 1065, 1067, 1068, 1234 Vitali, Pier Paolo, 772 n. Vitaliani, Antonio, 1068 Vitelli, Alessandro, 1192 Vitriola (Montefiorino) (MO), 355 Vittorio Amedeo II, re di Sardegna, 922 Vittorio Emanuele I, re di Sardegna, 838 Vittorio Emanuele II, re d’Italia, 742 Vives, Juan Luis, 1023 Vivi, Giovanni Battista, 415 Volkmann, Johann, 861 Volpigliano (c/o Massa) (MS), 663 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet, d.), 258,

952, 956, 1089, 1117, 1147 Vrieu, *****, certosino francese, 749 Waller, Edmund, 1230 Waterloo, 423 Watt, James, 362 Wattenhofer, Giovanni Battista, 943, 948 n. Wenzel, Joseph, principe di Liechtenstein, 1041 Werth (de), Jacques, 649 Westerhout (von), Arnold, 1235 Wippels, *****, studioso di K.J.A. Mittermaier, 902 Wisard, Antonio, 715 Worm, Ole, 421 Worning, Andreas, 360 Würzburg, 1037 Young, Arthur, 630 Zaccagni, Lorenzo, 1167 Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio, 162-167, 1019, 1054-1057, 1128, 1129 Zaccheri, Girolamo, 269, 270 Zagabria, 178 Zaghi, Carlo, 79 Zamboni, Francesco, 357 Zambotti, Bernardino, 620 Zanardi, Teresa, 761 n. Zanasi, Margherita, 1103 Zanelli, Nicolò, 504 n. Zanfi, Giacomo, 356 Zanichelli, Nicola, 1134 Zannini, Giovanni Francesco, 100, 277, 279 Zanoni, Giacomo, 416, 421 n. Zanotti Cavazzoni, Giovanni Andrea, 1082, 1087 n. Zanotti, Giovanni Pietro, 206 Zapata, Francesco, 1267 Zatta, Antonio, 1008 Zattera, Giuseppe, 236, Zatti, Carlo, 238-240, 242 Zeno, Apostolo, 397


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

1053 Vandelli, Giovanni Battista, 361, 363 n. Vandelli, Luigi, 359 Vandelli, Tommaso, 920, 958 Vandelli, via, 34, 64, 256, 280, 656, 1112 Vandelli, Vincenzo, 88, 273, 414 n. Vanelli, Iacopo Antonio, 662 Vanucci, Girolamo, 342 Vanulli, Girolamo, 209 Varano (Licciana N.) (MS), 541-543, 545-547, 940, 1194, 1195, 1205 Varese, 35, 96, 730 Vari, Isidoro, 610 Varignana (Castel S.Pietro T.) (BO), 208 Varion, Jean-Pierre, 382 Vasari, Giorgio, 130 Vaudemont (de), v. Lorena-Mercoeur (di) Vaudemont Vecchi, Alberto, 750, 1112 Vecchi, Angiola Celeste, 762 n. Vecchi, Giovanni, 1134, 1138-1140 Vecchi, Giuseppe, 762 n. Vecchi, Orazio, 432, 433, 788, 1064, 1079 Vecchi, Teresa Fortunata, 762 n. Vedriani, Lodovico, 5, 6, 129, 203, 327, 401, 456, 1005, 1006, 1025, 1097 Velazquez, Diego, 30, 184, 386 Vellani, Francesco, 208, 231, 313, 399 Velli, G****, attore veronese, 836 n. Venali, Martino, 999 Veneto, 970, 1172 Venezia, 37, 50, 53, 54, 60, 67, 71, 118, 169, 207, 236, 239, 274, 282, 287, 331, 333, 338, 339, 388, 397, 413, 417, 423, 432, 435, 464, 517, 522, 732, 740, 775, 838, 856, 953, 1011, 1023, 1033, 1036, 1049, 1057, 1091, 1128, 1139, 1157, 1186, 1195, 1196, 1198, 1208 Venturelli, Paolo Antonio, 567 Venturi, Adolfo, 242, 341, 354, 373, 376, 385 Venturi, Anna Rosa, 125, 427 n., 1111 Venturi, Franco, 894, 1036 Venturi, Giovanni Battista, 174, 362, 363 n., 427 n., 1048 Venturini, Ascanio, 581 n.

1365

Venturini, Salvatore, 35, 956 n., 957, 963, 965, 1008 Venturoli, Angelo, 85, 89, 311 Veratti, Bartolomeo, 742 n., 887, 900, 901, 1131 Veratti, Giovanni Battista, 899 Veratti, Giovanni Flaminio, 756 n. Veratti, Orazio, 415 Vercellesi, Sebastiano, 196 Vercelli, 723 Verdi, Giovanni Maria, 995-997, 1003, 1013, 1017 Verga, Giovanni, 1144 Vergalli, Nicolò, 538 Veri, Giulio, 1192 Verica (Pavullo n. Frignano) (MO), 499 Verona, 50, 338-340, 522, 639, 663, 1142, 1142 Veronesi, Giovanni, 624, 633 Veroni, Francesca, 1029 Verri, Gabriele, 16, 20 Verri, Pietro, 959 Verrucole (S.Romano in Garf.) (LU), 466, 546, 561, 562, 702, 708 Versailles, 34, 532, 1228 Versilia, 556 Verstappen, Martin, 241 Vespasiano, Tito Flavio, imperatore, 131 Vezzano sul Crostolo (RE), 238, 354, 380, 535 Viani, Girolamo, 1204 Viani, Luigi, 887, 896, 899 Vicini, Antonio, 229 Vicini, Emilio Paolo, 1099, 1109, 1111, 1112 Vicini, Giovanni Battista, 1091 Vico, Enea, 182, 413 Vienna, 13, 14, 35, 70, 172, 175, 207, 226, 242, 360, 372, 468, 529, 557, 559, 605, 606, 660, 735, 773, 840, 841, 868, 879, 951, 1031,1040, 1109, 1155-1158, 1168, 1169, 1222, 1242-1245, 1248, 1249, 1253, 1271 Vieusseux, Giovanni Pietro, 1134, 1135 Vigarani, Carlo, 1092 n. Vigarani, Gaspare, 88, 90, 155, 285, 347, 863, 1070, 1228 Vignaroli, Giovanni, Marcellino, 1103


1366

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

Zerbini, Antonio, 423, 426 Zerbini, Pietro jr, 902 Zerbini, Pietro sr, 387 n., 418, 423 Ziani, Marc’Antonio, 1069 Ziani, Pietro Andrea, 1069 Zini, Luigi, 741, 931, 1134, 1143-1146 Zinzani, Carlo, 418 Zoboli, Cesare, 363 n. Zoboli, Giacomo, 399 Zoboli, Giuseppe, 362

Zoboli, Ottavio, 1263, 1268 Zuccardi, Francesco, 601, 604 Zuccardi, Ubertino, 890 Zucchi, Carlo, 538, 836 n., 843 Zucchi, Vincenzo, 716 Zuccoli, Ilario, 566 Zweibrücken-Neuberg, Giovanni Guglielmo, conte palatino, 1039


,1',&( '(*/, $8725,


1369

andreolli Bruno, Mirandola e i Pico di fronte a Modena e agli Estensi Badini Gino, La Città ed il Ducato di Reggio nello Stato di Modena (1598-1859) Baracchi orianna, Vie, piazze, canali di Modena capitale Bedoni GiusePPe, Il diritto civile negli Stati estensi: dal codice del 1771 al codice del 1851 Bellina anna - Martelli Francesco, Le relazioni del Granducato di Toscana con lo Stato di Modena nei carteggi politici del Principato mediceo Bentini JadranKa, Collezionismo di corte: una sintesi e alcune riflessioni Bertacchini renato, Avvenimenti e personaggi politici modenesi nella civiltà letteraria dell’ottocento Bertuzzi Giordano, Rinnovamento edilizio di una capitale Biondi alBano, Tempi e memorie della città Biondi Grazia, Comunità e Corte a Modena nel periodo di formazione della capitale Bitossi carlo, Lo Stato di Modena e Genova Boccolari GiorGio, Gli Estensi di Modena Boccolari GiorGio, L’economia modenese nel periodo austro-estense Brizzi Gian Paolo, L’istruzione nello Stato di Modena BroGi Marina, Lo Stato di Modena e la Repubblica di Lucca calore Vecchi Marina, La vita teatrale a Modena dal Seicento all’Ottocento canoVa Maria, La tradizione artigiana nella Modena ducale caPucci Martino, Letteratura di una Capitale cattini Marco, Per un profilo dell’economia modenese nei secoli XVII e XVIII caVani Pier luiGi, v. Corradini Elena caVina Marco, Per una storia della cultura giuridica negli stati estensi: fonti e problemi chiarelli alessandra, La civiltà musicale modenese nel periodo estense (secc. XVII-XIX) corradini elena - caVani Pier luiGi, “La preziosa galleria delle medaglie e ricco Museo” degli Estensi nel palazzo Ducale di Modena

617 513 105 919 1179 181 1133 93 3 481 23 981 1211 1077 351 1115 45 887 1061 413 125


Indice degli autori

1370

Modena Montanari Gian carlo, Il Vescovato poi Arcivescovato di Modena (1598-1859) Montecchi GiorGio, Stampatori e librai nella Modena capitale degli Estensi Morena Marina, v. Londei Luigi Mussini MassiMo, La comunicazione grafica negli Stati estensi noBili uMBerto, Sculture in stucco nel territorio reggiano tra Sei e Settecento orlandi GiusePPe, I religiosi dello Stato di Modena nel Settecento tra riforme e rivoluzione Parente Maria, Lo Stato di Modena e lo Stato di Parma e Piacenza

1241 369 187 1097 635 451 495 1151 601

Pecoraro Mario, Massoneria, società segrete e “congiura estense” 855 PiGozzi Marinella, L’architettura del Pubblico a Modena e a Reggio Emilia al tempo di Francesco III e di Ercole III Pucci luiGi, “Il capitale di traffico”: aspetti e problemi dell’economia modenese del Settecento raFFo olGa, Il Ducato di Massa ed il Principato di Carrara nello Stato austro-estense raGGi Pier luiGi, La Garfagnana negli Stati Estensi ricci GiuliVo, La Lunigiana interna e gli Estensi riGhi Guerzoni lidia, La scultura a Modena nel Seicento: collezionismo e commissioni ducali rinaldi alBerto, Il possesso fondiario modenese dal sec. XVIII al 1859 roMBaldi odoardo, Dalla Repubblica Cispadana alla Repubblica Cisalpina. Giovanni Paradisi e Jacopo Lamberti santini GioVanni, Lo Stato Estense nel quadro degli ordinamenti italiani preunitari selMi Paolo, Lo Stato di Modena e Venezia seVeri rita, Rapporti tra il ducato di Modena e l’Inghilterra nel ’600. Il sogno di Maria di Modena regina d’Inghilterra sorrentino tullio, La nascita e il perdurare del “mito” dello Stato di Sassuolo sPaGGiari anGelo, Gli archivi negli Stati estensi

431 847 669 379 1159 867 1029 225 85 193 699 151


Indice degli autori

corradini elena, La zecca ducale di Modena: 1598-1796 coVa uGo, Austria e Modena: archivi, rapporti dinastici, politica commerciale curti Patrizia, Note sull’arredo ducale tra il XVIIe XIX secolo di Pietro Pericle, Rapporti degli Estensi con l’Università di Modena di Pietro loMBardi Paola, Modena nella storiografia post-unitaria: il contributo dei principali istituti culturali modenesi FaBBrici GaBriele, Riflessioni sulla genesi della Contea gonzaghesca di Novellara Federzoni laura, Gli Stati di Casa d’Este nella cartografia Fontana arMeno, Il Frignano nello Stato di Modena Gasser huBert, Lo Stato di Modena e l’Impero Ghidini alBerto, La Città ed il Principato di Correggio nello Stato di Modena Giannetti anna, Viaggiatori stranieri a Modena: alla scoperta di una città GioVannini carlo, La diffusione dell’arte organaria negli Stati estensi fra Seicento e Ottocento Grana daniela, Le istituzioni di assistenza e beneficenza di Modena capitale Guerzoni Guido, Le corti estensi nella devoluzione del 1598 liVerani Francesco, La ceramica nello Stato di Modena londei luiGi - Morena Marina, Lo Stato di Modena e la Santa Sede MalaGoli cesare, Comunità, nobiltà e borghesia nel periodo austroestense Marri FaBio, Muratori, Lo Stato di Modena e le relazioni col mondo tedesco Martelli Francesco, v. Bellinazzi Anna Martinelli BraGlia Graziella, La pittura nel Ducato austroestense Matteucci arMandi anna Maria, Il Palazzo Ducale di Modena e i disegni di Angelo Venturoli Mazza anGelo, Pittura “estense”" a Modena nei secoli XVII-XVIII. I maestri dell’Accademia di pittura Menziani alBerto, L’esercito estense ed austro-estense (1598- 1859) Milano ernesto, Vicissitudini della Biblioteca Estense alla Corte di

1371

719 995 385 345 743 1275 833 255 951 651 551 541 327 967 69 11 1227 587 933 905


1372

Indice degli autori

taVilla carMelo elio, La giustizia suprema negli Stati Estensi (secc. XV-XIX) turchi laura, Matrimoni e memoria genealogica fra tardo medioevo ed età moderna (genealogie estensi secc. XV-XVII) Vandelli Vincenzo, “...pour la beauté de ses bâtiments”: Modena e l’architettura aristocratica Venturi anna rosa, Girolamo Tiraboschi e le figure dei bibliotecari estensi nella Modena capitale zacchè GilBerto, La Città e il Principato di Carpi nello Stato di Modena. Istituzioni, economia e società (secc. XVI-XVII) zanardo andrea, Gli ebrei negli Stati estensi

801 305 1047 571 783


Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

1373

INDICE SOCIETÀ Guido Guerzoni - Le corti estensi nella devoluzione del 1598 alBerto Menziani - L’esercito estense ed austro-estense (1598-1859) Giancarlo Montanari - Il Vescovato poi Arcivescovato di Modena (1598-1859) GiusePPe orlandi - I religiosi dello Stato di Modena nel Settecento tra riforme e rivoluzione andrea zanardo - Gli ebrei negli Stati estensi laura turchi - Matrimoni e memoria genealogica fra tardo medioevo ed età moderna Mario Pecoraro - Massoneria, società segrete e “congiura estense” daniela Grana - Le istituzioni di assistenza e beneficenza di Modena Capitale anna Giannetti - Viaggiatori stranieri a Modena: alla scoperta di una città cesare MalaGoli - Comunità, nobiltà e borghesia nel periodo austroestense

669 699 719 743 783 801 833 847 855 867

IL DIRITTO E L’ECONOMIA Marco caVina - Per una storia della cultura giuridica negli Stati estensi: fonti e problemi carMelo elio taVilla - La giustizia suprema negli Stati estensi (secc. XV-XIX) GiusePPe Bedoni - Il diritto civile negli Stati estensi: dal codice del 1771 al codice del 1851 anGelo sPaGGiari - Gli archivi negli Stati estensi luiGi Pucci - “Il capitale di traffico”: aspetti e problemi dell’economia modenese del Settecento alBerto rinaldi - Il possesso fondiario modenese dal sec. XVIII al 1859 GiorGio Boccolari - L’economia modenese nel periodo austro-estense

887 905 919 933 951 967 981

LA CULTURA GiorGio Montecchi - Stampatori e librai nella Modena capitale degli Estensi FaBio Marri - Muratori, lo Stato di Modena e le relazioni col mondo tedesco anna rosa Venturi - Girolamo Tiraboschi e le figure dei bibliotecari estensi nella Modena Capitale alessandra chiarelli - La civiltà musicale modenese nel periodo estense (secc. XVII-XIX) Marina calore Vecchi - La vita teatrale a Modena dal Seicento all’Ottocento Paola di Pietro loMBardi - Modena nella storiografia post-unitaria: il contributo dei principali istituti culturali modenesi Martino caPucci - Letteratura di una Capitale renato Bertacchini - Avvenimenti e personaggi politici modenesi nella civiltà letteraria dell’Ottocento

995 1029 1047 1061 1077 1097 1115 1133


1374

Indice

MODENA E GLI STATI EUROPEI huBert Gasser - Lo Stato di Modena e l’Impero luiGi londei – Marina Morena - Lo Stato di Modena e la Santa Sede anna Bellinazzi – Francesco Martelli - Le relazioni del Granducato di Toscana con lo Stato di Modena nei carteggi politici del principato mediceo Marina BroGi - Lo Stato di Modena e la Repubblica di Lucca rita seVeri - Rapporti tra il ducato di Modena e l’Inghilterra nel ’600. Il sogno di Mariadi Modena regina d’Inghilterra uGo coVa - Austria e Modena: archivi, rapporti dinastici, politica commerciale Maria Parente - Lo Stato di Modena e lo Stato di Parma e Piacenza

1227 1241 1257

Bibliografia

1277

Indice dei nomi di persona e di luogo

1321

Indice degli autori

1367

1151 1159 1179 1211


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