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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & DESIGN (SABD) BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) Project 2: Case Study, Analysis and Documentation of Building Services Systems
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Case Study Building: Citta Mall
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TUTOR : Mr. Sivaraman
Group members: Wong Roung-Jang
0303368
Nikki Wong Tyan-Mun
0303281
Tay Ren Siong
0303286
Tie Sing Kiong
304054
Tong Chia Sin
1101A12324
Tan Zhe Shen
0312723
Wong Ai Ling
0303742
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TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Introduction to Building…………………………………………………………….3-4 2.0 Fire Protection System……………………………………………………………5-36 2.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….......5 2.2 Literature Review……………………………………………………………...6 2.3 Case Study………………………………………………………………….7-35 2.3.1 Passive Fire Protection System………………………………7-10 2.3.1.1 Emergency Exit Signage………………………………7-8 2.3.1.2 Fire Emergency Staircase……………………………….8 2.3.1.3 Fire Appliances Access………………………………….9 2.3.1.4 Means of Escape ……………………………………….10 2.3.2
Active Fire Protection System………………………………11-25 2.3.2.1 External Fire Hydrants…………………………………..11 2.3.2.2 Hydrant Tanks………………………………………..12-13 2.3.2.3 Hose Reel System………………………………......14-15 2.3.2.4 Dry Riser……………………………………………...15-16 2.3.2.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers…………………………….16 2.3.2.6 Automatic Sprinkler System………………………..17-19 2.3.2.7 Sprinkler Tank and Pumps………………………….19-22 2.3.2.8 Carbon Dioxide Fire Support System…………… 19-25
2.3.3
Fire Alarm, Detection, Communication and Control………25-35 2.3.3.1 Control Panel Room…………………………………25-26 2.3.3.2 Smoke Detector……………………………………..27-29 2.3.3.3 Triggers…………………………………………………..29 2.3.3.4 Alarm Bell………………………………………………..30 2.3.3.5 Flow Switches……………………………………………31 2.3.3.6 Smoke Absorber…………………………………………32 Findings & Analysis………………………………………….32-35
2.3.4
2.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………..………..36 3.0 Heating, Ventilation & Air-conditioning System …………………….…..…37-47 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..……37 3.2 Literature Review………………………………………………………..37-39 3.2.2 Mechanical Ventilation System…………………………………….....37 3.2.3 Air-conditioning System……………………………………………37-39 3.2.3.1 Split Air- Conditioning System………………………………….39 3.3 Case Study………………………………………………………………..40-46 3.3.1 Mechanical Ventilation System…………………………………...40-42 3.3.2 Air-cooled Split Unit ………………………………………………..42-45 3.3.4 Findings & Analysis………………………………………………….…46 3.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………47
4.0 Electrical Supply………………………………………………………………….48-60 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..…48 4.2 Literature Review……………………………………………...…………49-51 4.2.1 General Distribution ………………………………………….……..…49 4.2.2 Building Electrical Distribution……………………………………..50-51 4.3 Case Study……………………………………………………………..…52-60 4.3.1 TNB Room………………………………………………………………54 4.3.2 Low Voltage Switch Room……………………………………...……..55 4.3.3 Gen-set Room…………………………………………………………..56 4.3.4 MDF Room………………………………………………………………57 4.3.5 Electric Room…………………………………………………….…58-59 4.3.6 Findings & Analysis…………………………………………………….60
5.0 Water Supply………………………………………………………………..……..61-76 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..…….61 5.2 Literature Review………………………………………………..……….62-63 5.2.1 Water Distribution System………………………………….……...62-63 5.2.1.1 Gravity and Pumped Combination System……………………62 5.2.1.2 Cold Water Storage & Distribution……………………………..63 5.3 Case Study…………………………………………………………...…..64.-75 5.3.1 Water Supply System………………………………………………64-69 5.3.2 Water Tank………………………………………………….………69-71 5.3.3 Booster Pump…………………………………………………………..72 5.3.4 Sump Pump…………………………………………………..……..72-73 5.3.5 Water Bulk Meter & Valve…………………………………….……73-74 5.3.6 Findings & Analysis…………………………………………………….75 5.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………76 6.0 Sanitary, Sewerage & Drainage ………………………………….…………... 77-99 6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..……77 6.2 Literature Review………………………………………………………...78-89 6.2.1 Sanitary & Sewerage System……………………………….78-85 6.2.2 Drainage System……………………………………………..86-89 6.3 Case Study………………………………………………………….….…90-99 6.3.1 Sanitary & Sewerage System ………………………….…..91-93 6.3.1.1 Findings & Analysis…………………………….……91-93 6.3.2 Drainage System……………………………………………….94-98 6.3.2.1 Findings & Analysis………………………………….94-98 6.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………..………….99 7.0 Mechanical Transportation System………………………………………...100-119 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………..…………………..100 7.2 Literature Review…………………………………………………….100- 102 7.2.1 Mechanical Transportation System……………………..100-102 7.2.2 Types of Mechanical Transportation System…..………100-102
7.3.2.1 Elevators…………………………………………..……101 7.2.2.2 Moving Walk (inclined)………………………..…101-102 7.2.2.3 Escalator……………………………………….…….…102 7.3 Case Study………………………………………………………….….103-119 7.3.1 Ground Floor Plan of Citta Mall……………………………....103 7.3.2 Elevator Plans………………………………………….…….104-111 7.3.2.1 Geared & Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room…………………………………………………….……….105 7.3.2.2 Function of Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators………………………………………………………...106 7.3.2.3 Arrangement of Elevator Machines, Sheaves and Ropes……………………………………………………….……107 7.3.2.4 Hoisting Machine………………………………………108 7.3.2.5 Motor Generator Set………………………….….108-109 7.3.2.6 Solid State Drive Units Brake Assembly…………….109 7.3.2.7 Rope Break………………………………………….…110 7.3.2.8 Controls for Two or More Cars……………….…110-111 7.3.2.9 Lift Door…………………………………………….…..111 7.3.3 Escalator Plan……………………………………….….…...112-115 7.3.3.1 Schematic Diagram…………………………………..113 7.3.3.2 Arrangement of Escalator: Parallel arrangement…..113 7.3.3.3 Escalators travel heights and inclinations………..…113 7.3.3.4 Step and pallet widths…………………………………114 7.3.3.5 Detail of Escalators……………………………………115 7.3.4 Moving Walk Plan…………………………………………...116-118 7.3.4.1 Schematic Diagram………………………………..…..118 7.3.4.2 Arrangement of moving walks – parallel arrangement……………………………………………………..118 7.3.4.3 Travel heights & inclinations ………….…………..….118 7.3.5 Findings & Analysis…………………………………………….…119 7.4Conclusion. …………………………………………………………………119
8.0 Conclusion……………………………………………………………...……………120 9.0 References………………………………………………………………………121-122 10.0 List of figures………………………………………………………………123-127
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.1 Citta Mall
Location Jalan PJU 1a/48, Pju 1a, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia Year Established 2011 Architect Arkitek LLA Sdn. Bhd. Engineering Consultant Puncakdana Engineering Sdn. Bhd Land Area 8 acre (3.24ha)
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Located in Ara Damansara, Petaling Jaya, CITTA Mall is a relatively new mall with an interesting open-air strip-mall-inspired concept. Citta’s layout was adopted from malls in North America, where retail outlets are arranged in a row in an open-air environment. Citta sits on an 8 acre (3.24ha) site, with an estimated gross floor area of 650,000sq ft. Covering four-and-a-half floors, Citta Mall is owned by ARA Asia Dragon Fund (ADF), the flagship real estate fund of ARA Asset Management Limited (ARA), a real estate fund management company listed on the Singapore Exchange. The objective of this exercise is to introduce the basic principles, process and equipment of some building services systems through a hands-on experiential learning. It promotes the understanding and familiarity on the drawing conventions and standards found in the local context for different building services systems. The systems that will be covered in this report are mechanical ventilation and air conditioning system, electrical supply system, cold water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, mechanical transportation system, and fire protection system.
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2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 2.1 Introduction Active Fire Protection (AFP) is an integral part of fire protection is characterized by items or systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive fire protection. Active system plays the foremost role n fire protection system as it is the first one to react in the event of a fire breakdown. Among the use of sensors and detectors, these have the same objective to provide maximum protection when a fire breaks out. Below are the more common and conventional types of fire protection systems, this report covers these conventional fire protection methods and the more advanced types of fire protections systems. Conventional types of fire protection system: •
Automatic Sprinkler System
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Portable Fire Extinguisher
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Hose Reel
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External Fire Hydrants
Above are what users are able to observe in every building but there are much more complicated and sophisticated fire protection systems hidden behind closed doors throughout the building. This assigment aims to study every single element regarding fire protection system and what is required of it in a large-scale building, such as our case study, Citta Mall.
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2.2 Literature Review Fire Behaviour The manner in which fuels ignite, flames develop is referred to as fire behaviour. For a fire to exist and spread it has 3 fundamental needs: fuel. oxygen and heat. Which fire managers refer to as the fire triangle. The fire triangle demonstrates that oxygen, fuel and heat in proper proportions are all required to create a fire. By removing or weakening any 3 elements of the fire triangle, we can reduce the intensity of, or eliminate the fire altogether.
Figure 2.2.1 Fire triangle
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2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 Passive Fire Protection System 2.3.1.1 Emergency Exit Signage Fire escape doors are indicated with neon green Exit signs above it, and emergency lights are installed within it to give some light if the main electrical supply has been cut off (blackout). Exit emergency signage indicate the way to safety outdoor area or assembly point. It is a clear and effective guidance tool, helping to reduce panic and confusion by providing a clear directional system. These signs are lit 24/7 for emergencies. The letters are written in block letters sufficiently big enough to be seen and bright green to attract attention when lights are out. In Malaysia, the exit signage is written in Malay, the word “KELUAR” means EXIT. Based on the photo, the exit signage is located above the fire doors, directing the occupants towards the fire escape staircases. The signs are located at specific positions with no surrounding disturbance. It is a stand-alone sign.
Figure 2.3.1.1.1: Emergency Exit Signage
UBBL 1984 section 172 1. Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment 2. A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent
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3. Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR� in plainly legible letters not less than 150 metres high with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimeter wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background 4. All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy
2.3.1.2 Fire Emergency Staircase Fire escape staircase allow the occupants of the building to escape from the building to a safer area or assembly point when there is fire event or any emergency event happen. According to the law, the building should not have at least two means of exits consists of separate exits or doors that leads to a corridor or other space giving access to separate exits in different directions.
Figure 2.3.1.2.1: Fire Emergency Staircase
In figure 2.3.1.2, the picture shows the dimension of the thread and rIser of the emergency staircase. For the riser, the dimension is 175mm, the thread dimension is 275mm and the railing dimension is 910mm. According to standard, the riser maximum should be 180mm and the thread should be 255mm.
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2.3.1.3 Fire Appliances Access
Figure 2.3.1.3.1: Fire appliances access plan
Figure 2.3.1.3.2: Fire appliances access dimensions
Access for fire appliance vehicle is located at the each side of the building. According to UBBL, the access roadway should be positioned with its nearest edge a maximum of 2 meters from the face of the building and its furthest edge a minimum of 7.5 meters from the building. This will enable the appliances to operate at its optimum height.
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2.3.1.4 Means of Escape Fire exit and emergency stairs must be located strategically in order to provide shortest route to a place of safety, such as outside the building, or if still within a building, a protected or isolated passageway, stairs or refuge areas which lead to the outside building. According to UBBL, generally commercial building shall have at least 2 means of exit consisting of separated exit doors leading to corridors and providing access in different direction. According to UBBL, a building should provide direct access to the street passage-way or open steps sited to enable the evacuation of persons from the vicinity of a building so that they are safe from fire or smoke.
Figure 2.3.1.4.1: Fire emergency access and emergency stairs location plan
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2.3.2 Active Fire Protection System 2.3.2.1 External Fire Hydrants A fire hydrant is a water source for the fire brigade to exterminate the fire that’s consuming the building. The distance between the hydrants and the building is between 12 to 15 metres. Reason being, so that the space for the fire brigade to enter and station is more than sufficient. According UBBL, the spaces between each hydrant is around 90 metres.
Figure 2.3.2.1.1: Fire hydrant located at outdoors
Water Hydrant fire-fighting system consist of hydrants connected to the same pipeline. The other end of the pipelie is attached to the pumps and water supply tank of the fire fighting room. The fire fighting hydrant line is a close loop pipe system to maintain the pressure in the water hyrant. The network of pipes are located underground. The hydrants are used incase of emergency when there is need for more water. The firemen will connect their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, pushing water into the system.
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2.3.2.2 Hydrant Tanks A Fire Fighting System consists of 2 Main Pumps; one is electrically driven while the other is diesel engine driven, with an Auxiliary Jockey Pump connected to Hydrants and Sprinkler system. The main pumps provide supply of Pressurized Water to the Fire Fighting System, which can be initiated either manually or automatically as required. In an automatic system, a sudden drop in pressure causes the main pumps to supply water to the fire fighting system mains. The Main Pumps can only be stopped manually. The system is also known as packaged system.
Figure 2.3.2.2.1: sprinkle pumps and Hydrant Tanks
Figure 2.3.2.2.2: sprinkle pumps set
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The packaged system – 3 hydrant pumps for each fire dedicated hydrant tanks.
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Duty Pump
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Standby Pump
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Jockey Pump
Figure 2.3.2.2.3: sprinkle pumps schematic diagram
A duty pump runs with an electrical motor pump to channel water to the sprinkler system whereas the standby pump runs on a diesel engine. The jockey pump is a small Flow Multistage Pump used to maintain the Fire Fighting System under Pressure as required for the Main Pumps. The Start and Stop of Jockey Pumps needs to be automatically controlled through Pressure Switches.
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2.3.2.3 Hose Reel System The Hose reel System is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire and it comprises of hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. The hose reel system generally serves as an initial fire fighting aid. When the hose reel is brought into use, the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream and the pump check valves will drop below the field adjusting the pressure setting of the pressure switch therefore triggering the pump to operate automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through the hose.
Figure 2.3.2.3.1: Host reel piping schematic
The fire fighting hose reel is the part that us easily accessible. The fire hose reel outlets should be properly housed in glass-fronted cabinet that is secured under lock and key. The hose reel is a fixed type, comprising of a riser to channel water to the system, a sign for identification, a hose reel cabinet, hose reel waterway, hose pipe and a nozzle to complete the installation.
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BEARING HUB
! REEL SPOOL with HUB MOTOR SPRING ASSEMBLY
HOSE CLAMP
Figure 2.3.2.3.2: The assembly parts of a fixed type hose reel system (source: google.com)
2.3.2.4 Dry Riser The dry riser functions as a vacant pipe that will be charged with water when in use while the wet riser is already fully charged with water before use, A dry riser is connected with an inlet connection for the fire brigade to connect their engine pumps and landing valves that is capable of taking full charged water from the fire engine pump.
Figure 2.3.2.4.1 : Dry Riser located at outdoors
A dry riser can be fitted to a building when its highest floor reaches between 18 meters to 40 meters, It pipe size is around 100m to 150mm in diameter. The dry pipe
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is a vertical pipe whereas the lower end has a drain valve and a breech inlet. The inlet point is within 18 meter of an access road that can be used easily by the fire brigade pumping appliance. The higher end of the dry pipe has automatic air valve that discharges collected air from the dry pipe while it is under pressure.
2.3.2.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers A fire extinguisher, flame extinguisher, or simply as extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. Citta mall uses one type of portable fire extinguisher, and that is the dry powder extinguisher. The installation of fire extinguishers mounted on the wall in Citta Mall is 1000mm above ground level.
Figure 2.3.2.5.1: Portable fire extinguisher
UBBL 1984, Section 227: Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
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2.3.2.6 Automatic Sprinkler System A sprinkler system is meant to eliminate or decreases the spread of fire. It’s a requirement to install a sprinkler system when the building exceeds 7000 m3 of volume. Usually placed at the ceiling, a small device that shoots water downwards by a deflector plate that directs the water circular pattern over the fire an on walls of the structure. Each sprinkler has an open compartment that holds a friable heat-sensing quartz buld, containing a colored liquid (usually red) that seals the water inlet. When the heat reaches a certain temperature, the quartz expands and fractures, releasing the water. When the water starts flowing, it’ll detect and start the alarm. The alarm will alert the fire brigade monitoring station. Citta Mall uses a wet pipe fire sprinkler system where the sprinkler’s heads are attached to a piping system that contains water and are connected to a hydrant tank that supplies water so the system is prepared to discharge water when the sprinklers are opened by the heat of the fire. Each of the sprinkler is activated and performed individually when it is heated to a certain temperature. He sprinklers discharge around 20 to 25 gallons per minute but it depends on the design system.
Figure 2.3.2.6.1: Water-based Sprinkler System
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Figure 2.3.2.6.2: Water Based Sprinkler System
Sprinkler head works very efficiently, sprinkler head are usually fitted with a glass filled with glycerin-based liquid which expands at a specific temperature, in room temperature, it is usually of 65 degree Celsius in temperature. Water readily to be disposed when sprinkler head breaks out due to pressure from valve at the rate of about 110L/min. To make sure the building functions its active fire system at its best, each floor from basement floor to mechanical floor is equipped with enough number of sprinklers that are functional.
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Figure 2.3.2.6.3: location of Water Based Sprinkler System
UBBL: Sprinkler Installation means an installation of water supplies, pump, pipes, valves and delivery points, so arranged as to automatically detect a fire and attack it with water, sound an alarm. (UBBL, 1984)
2.3.2.7 Sprinkler Tank and Pumps In Citta Mall, the main sprinkler tank supplies water supply for the sprinkler system located in the basement, beside the Main Fire Pump room .In passive firefighting system, Main Fire Pump room plays an essential part. This is because it is where the duty sprinkler pump, standby pump and jockey pump are located. Sprinkler system will only function with the existence of the respective pumps. The room also holds the wet risers for hose reel located on every floor beside the elevator
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Figure 2.3.2.7.1: Legends on Floor plan
Figure 2.3.2.7.2: Basement floor plan
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Figure 2.3.2.7.3: Arrow Indication from Sprinkler Tank on Basement Floor
Sprinkler alarm is placed in basement to alarm the building that includes the basement level.
Figure 2.3.2.7.4: Sprinkler Alarm and Sprinkler Piping with Indication
Figure 2.3.2.7.5: Duty, Standby and Jockey Pump in Main Fire Pump room
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An enormous rush of water will gush out from the sprinkler when it is activated during a fire occurrence. This creates a fall in water pressure in the pipes. The duty sprinkler pump will start functioning as soon as the water pressure drops below a certain level. The jockey pump functions to sustain the water pressure at a certain high point of pressure to assist in the dispersion of water from sprinklers. Jockey pump will first identify the drop in water pressure when sprinkler system is activated. If a leak exits in the sprinkler network, the jockey pump starts to compensate for the leak. A pressure switch starts the pump at 150-160 psi. Duty pump will start when sprinkler head have been activated after pressure drops below 120 psi. If the duty sprinkler pump could not control the fire, the standby pump comes into action to assist the duty sprinkler pump to attain the right amount of water and pressure during a fire occurrence. The duty or standby pump will not stop automatically; in fact it has to be switched off manually. If a power failure occurs or being cut off, these respective pumps are connected to a generator, which makes sure the pumps still functions.
Figure 2.3.2.7.6: Sprinkler system with assistance of Duty, standby and jockey pump (Source: lasertechfirepro.com)
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Figure 2.2.2.7.7: Duty and Standby Pumps
Figure 2.2.2.7.8: Jockey pump
Non-Water Based System: 2.3.2.8 Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System (Co2) Carbon dioxide in fire protection term, gases that protects electrical equipment from being burnt such as it sectors, transformers and switchgears. Heat or smoke detectors will detect the heat and sound the alarm and Co2 gas will flood te room from high pressure storage cylinders. The gasses are sent via pipes to the ceiling and under floor distributors. Carbon dioxide is lethal to a person’s health so occupants must evacuate swiftly in a limited amount of time. The cylindrical tanks are sored in the corners of rooms. Once detected by the heat triggers, the co2 is
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released, curtain walls go down and when doors are shut, two indicators will show when the gas operation is over. Red means gases are still present and green means it is already clear and safe to go in.
Figure 2.3.2.8.1:CO2 Piping schematic
Figure 2.3.2.8.2: Location of Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System
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Figure 2.3.2.8.3: Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System
2.3.3 Fire alarm, Detection, Communication and Control 2.3.3.1 Control Panel Room A Fire Alarm Control Panel is a main controlling component of a fire alarm system; the function of this control panels is to receive signals from all the detectors and triggers by cause of the presence of smoke or fire. Once the control guards receiving the silent signals, they will command the nearest respective on duty guards to check the area where the signal was sent around that zone. If the fire outbreak is caused by system error signal, it will be deactivated.
“According to UBBL Section 238, every large premises or building exceeding 30.5m in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communicator, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard�
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Figure 2.3.3.1.1: Automatic Control Panel located in main control room
Figure 2.3.3.1.2: Location of Control Panel Room
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2.3.3.2 Smoke Detector
Figure 2.3.3.2.1: Photoelectric smoke detector attached to the ceiling.
When a fire occurs in the building, the first procedure to be taken place in the active fire system is the smoke detectors positioned on the ceiling on every floor. To protect the whole floor area, a few smoke detectors placed everywhere around the particular floor in every level to detect the presence of smoke. The closest smoke detector within where the fire is taken place will detect the smoke and then automatically signals the fire alarm control panel located in the control room on the ground floor.
Figure 2.3.3.2.2: Location of Smoke Detector
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UBBL 153: smoke detectors for lift lobbies 1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors 2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time
Smoke!particle!! Light sensor
Photo0detector! Figure 2.3.3.2.2: How a Photoelectric smoke detector functions (Source: http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/householdsafety/fire/smoke1.htm)
Figure 2.3.3.2.3: Fire detection alarm system (Source: http://firecontrol.com.my/pic/FireDect&AlarmSys.JPG)
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Photoelectric smoke detector is an optical smoke alarm. It operates on the principle of light dispersed from the rise of particles. The particles of smoke reflect light onto the photo-detector when it enters the sensing chamber that then set off of the alarm. Photoelectric smoke detector was used because it is more sensitive to larger smoke particles that rise from a fire occurrence. The signal will automatically sent to the fire alarm control panel.
2.3.3.3 Triggers In case of fire and smoke is not detected by the respective instruments, warning alert still can be activated manually by the occupants through (break glass) and manual pull station by only firemen. Break glass switch will send the warning signal to control panel while fire switch will cut off the electrical power supply. Furthermore, these two instruments are located in different height. Break glass normally located around 1.5m above the floor, whereas fire switch is above human normal height around 2m above the floor in order to avoid vandalism chances. All these instruments can be found along the corridors, emergency staircase, and emergency exit doors.
Figure 2.3.3.3.1: Fire break glass
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2.3.3.4 Alarm Bell According to UBBL Section 237, alarm bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db(A) or +5db(A) above any background noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.
1200mm
Figure 2.3.3.4.1: Alarm Bell and Manual Break Glass Unit
The height of the manual break glass is 1500mm from ground level and is reachable for users that are disabled. The alarm bell is located at about 1200mm from the manual break glass and 2700mm from ground level. When the glass breaks and the alarm is triggered, the person in charge will check via CCTV or send someone to check if the if the fire alarm is real or a false alarm. If it is false, the person will immediately close the valve on the sprinkler system. The manual break glass is placed around the building so that it is easily accessible by people when a fire occurs.
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2.3.3.5 Flow Switches Flow switch are a device installed on a wet riser pipe, which monitor the water that are flowing through the wet riser. It is also use to discharge the water supply that pumped from water tank.
Figure 2.3.3.5.1: flow switch connected to sprinkles and wet riser pipe
2.3.3.6 Smoke Absorber Smoke absorber is functioned to absorb smoke during a fire occurrence and release them into the air outside of the building. It absorbs the smoke from Citta Mall when there is a fire and releases out into the outside, while another huge absorber will absorb clean air from outside and pump it into the inside. This way, it is able to eliminate smoke and ease the occupants to exit quickly without having discomfort in breathing or finding their way out.
Figure 2.3.3.6.1: Smoke absorber for basement
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The smoke absorber only works when it is switched on manually. Once it is activated, a large sum of smoke is absorbed in a high pressure to vents located on every floor on ceiling top and walls. Once the fire is controlled, it is safe to turn off the machine.
Figure 2.3.3.6.2: Smoke absorber on roof
According to UBBL: Section 249, in windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke-venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit. Section 250 (1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level.
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2.3.4 Findings & Analysis According to UBBL: 1. Opening in Emergency Staircase According to UBBL: Section 198, all staircase enclosure shall be ventilated at each floor by either permanent openings or open-able windows to open air having a free area not less than 1 Square meter per floor.” The emergency staircase doesn’t fulfill the requirement of UBBL, they should provide openings for air ventilation.
Figure 2.3.4.1: Emergency Staircase without Opening
2. Pressurization fan or Opening Hatch on the roof top Emergency
staircase
shall
be
provided
with
smoke
absorber
and
automatically open hatch on the rooftop, to ensure the occupants won’t be fainted and exhausted during the evacuation. 3. Hose Reel Location The location of the hose reel should not be blocked by anything. In this case, hose reel box in Citta Mall is placed right behind the parking slots. It’s recommended by the management to don’t let anyone to park right in front of the box. !
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Figure 2.3.4.2: Blocked Hose Reel box
4. Dry Riser System UBBL Section 248 states that, ‘Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fitting hall be painted red with marking.’ As shown in Figure 3.7.5, all dry riser and sprinkler pipes together with fire installations of the building are painted red.
Figure 2.3.4.2 : Blocked Hose Reel box
. 5. Sprinkler system Under the rule of UBBL 1984, it states that, ‘Sprinkler installations means an installation of water supplies, pump, pipes, valves and delivery points, so arranged as to automatically detect fire and attack it with water, sound an alarm.’ Sprinkler installations in Citta Mall are complete as it fulfills the requirement of the law. The system is well approved by the Fire Authority during expectation. 6. CO2 Suppression System
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In UBBL Section 226; pg82 states that, ‘Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in hazardous materials stored handled or for the safety of the occupants.’ Places such as the LV room and the AHU room that are prone to fire and less occupancy or activity going on are equipped with CO2 suppression system to quickly deploy the CO2 gas during a fire occurrence to eliminate oxygen that feeds to fire.
Figure 2.3.4.4: CO2 Fire extinguisher and suppression system readily equipped.
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2.4 Conclusion Fire Protection in Citta Mall is generally approved with proper procedures and installation. The fire protection systems are sufficient for now and there is no specific need for an upgrade for the time being. There is certainly room for improvement, but nothing too major that needs to be fixed or re-consider. All in all, Citta Mall is on-par with the UBBL requirements for fire protection and the building is safe for users in terms of fire protection.
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3.0 HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM 3.1 Introduction Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) is important to provide ‘conditioned’ air to people working inside the building so that they have a comfortable and safe working environment. ‘Conditioned’ air refers to air that is clean and odor-free, the temperature, humidity and movements of the air are within certain comfort ranges. As Malaysia is of a tropical climate, heating systems are not applicable.
3.2 Literature Review 3.2.2 Mechanical ventilation systems Mechanical ventilation is the process of supplying or removing air via mechanical means. It means to expel stale air, draw in outside air and circulate them throughout the building. A basic ventilation system consists of a fan and make up air supply. The fan draws out stale air in high moisture areas. The make–up air supply distributes air around the building.
Figure 3.2.2.1: Components of a local exhaust system (http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ventilation/introduction.html)
The basic six components of an exhaust system include: Hood – Opening that captures Duct – Transport contaminated air into the air cleaner Air cleaner – filters the air from contaminants Fan – moves air through the system and discharges exhaust air outdoors Stack – Discharges exhaust air
3.2.3 Air-conditioning systems Air conditioning is defined as total control of temperature, moisture in the air (humidity), supply of outside air for ventilation, filtration of airborne particles and air
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movement in an occupied space. The utilization of an air conditioning system also depends on factors such as building orientation, building envelope, heat penetration, environment and climate, as well as activities and equipment in the room. Two cycles involved in air-conditioning services are the 1) refrigerant cycle and 2) air cycle. The refrigerant cycle is a process that removes heat from one place to another. Heat inside the room is transferred through the evaporator and removed to the outside air through a condenser. The components in the refrigerant cycle include:
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Evaporator
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Condenser
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Compressor
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Expansion valve
The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas. It is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas. The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressures as it leaves the expansion valve. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas. As a hot lowpressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.
Figure 3.2.3.1: Refrigerant cycle https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm
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The air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be airconditioned. Components in the air cycle: •
Air-handling unit (AHU)
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Blower
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Air filter
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Ductwork & Diffuser
3.2.3.1 Split Air Conditioning System A split system consists of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit.
The
compressor or condenser part of the refrigerant system is separated from the evaporator coil and connected to the refrigerant lines to the air system, which includes the evaporator. There is always at least one indoor unit. The outdoor unit is either bracketed on the wall or sits on the ground. One outdoor unit may be connected to several indoor units, this is known as a multi-split air conditioning system.
Figure 3.2.3.1.1: Components of a split unit system
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3.3 CASE STUDY 3.3.1 Mechanical ventilation systems
Figure 3.3.1.1: Mechanical ventilation ductwork at basement
Citta Mall uses the extract system that has a natural inlet and mechanical extract. It is used in kitchens, internal toilets, and basements. It shares the same main switchboard as the air conditioning system. The switchboard is located at the basement level.
Figure 3.3.1.2: Switchboard for air-conditioning and ventilation services
The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet and this cause air inside the room to move towards the fan and the stale air is displaced by fresh air from outside the
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room. The basement uses axial smoke spill fans. Centrifugal fans are used as toilet and kitchen exhaust fans.
Figure 3.3.1.3: Extract system (http://www.homeventilation.co.uk/images/improverssystem3.gif
Components of a mechanical ventilation system: • • • • •
Fan Filter Ductwork Fire Damper Grille & Diffuser
A fan is device for impelling air through inlet points or ducts. A centrifugal fan (figure) increases the speed of air stream with the use of rotating impellers. It uses the kinetic energy of the impellers to increase the pressure of air stream, which in turn moves them against the resistance caused by other components. They are sturdy and are usually located on a base. In axial flow fans (figure, air passes through the fan in line with the axis of rotation. An axial fan produces more noise and is less efficient than a centrifugal fan. It is suited in moving air against relatively low pressures, hence are frequently used in extract systems.
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Figure 3.3.1.4: Smoke Spill axial fan
Figure 3.3.1.5: Centrifugal fan
(Source: http://www.indiamart.com/krugerventilation-industries/products.html )
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The filter sifts the external air before releasing into the room. It also traps and prevents dust, smoke and bacteria from entering the room. The ductwork channels air from inside to outside. It has a rectangular section and is made of sheet metal. The fire damper avoids the fire from spreading from one room to another. The diffuser is located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is released.
Figure 3.3.1.6: Ductwork
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Figure 3.3.1.7: Diffuser
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3.3.2 Air-cooled Split unit (ACSU)
Figure 3.3.2.1: Location of condensers on roof plan
Due to Citta Mall being an open-air strip mall inspired shopping center, it utilizes the use of an air-cooled split unit system (ducted split system). The ducting is utilized to distribute air-conditioned air. Some of the existing indoor air is recycled and recirculated and mixed with fresh outdoor air. It has a larger capacity compared to a ducted split system. The temperature inside the space can be adjusted according to the thermostat setting.
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Figure 3.2.2.2: Layout plan of ducted split unit system of the kitchen in Citta mall
Figure 3.2.2.3: Ducted split unit system (Source:http://www.coldflow.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ducted-refrigeratedcooling.jpg)
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There are a total of 35 ACSU units throughout Citta Mall. The sizes of the units vary depending on the capacity of the space. The indoor units are installed in the ceiling cavity. The evaporator coil within the indoor unit conditions the air from the room. The fan inside the indoor unit then circulates the conditioned air back into the room. The outdoor unit is installed outside. It is connected to the indoor unit via interconnecting pipework, which carries the refrigerant. The compressor in the outdoor unit circulates the refrigerant between the indoor and outdoor units.
Figure 3.2.2.4: York Ducted Split unit
Figure 3.2.2.5: Condenser
Citta Mall uses the York YSB series for indoor units (fig.) and the MYSS series (fig.) for outdoor units. The condenser is covered with aluminum fins so that heat from the refrigerant can be expelled at a faster rate. The propeller fan draws in air and blows it over the compressor and condenser, thus cooling them. The indoor unit releases cooled air into the room. The blower draws in the warm room air and it passes over the filter and the evaporator which leads to the cooling of air and the process continues.
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3.3.4 Analysis A split unit system produces less noise as the condenser is located outside. It is more low profile and unobtrusive as the indoor unit is located within the ceiling. An air-cooled ducted split unit is advantageous as there is no need for water and sewer connections for air-cooled system. It is more efficient than air-cooled chiller system. The air-cooled split system has no pump and runs at a higher, more efficient suction pressure. However, as there is some distance between the indoor unit and outdoor unit, there is some loss of cooling effect. It produces less of a cooling effect than window air conditioners of the same tonnage. The outdoor unit is placed in an open space so that air can freely flow over the compressor and condenser. It is hung on the external wall instead of the ground so that it is not exposed to hindrances such as flood.
Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) UBBL 41 – Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning 2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. 4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third schedule to these By-Laws, the provisions of these ByLaws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors.
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3.4 Conclusion In general, Citta Mall uses an extract system for mechanical ventilation and aircooled split units (ASCU) as air conditioning. The mechanical ventilation and airconditioning systems are sufficient to provide for Citta Mall. The usage of ASCU fits Citta Mall’s concept of being an eco-friendly mall. However, maintenance is not carried out regularly to ensure efficiency of the systems. It does fits the UBBL requirements and there is no need for amendments for the time being.
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4.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY 4.1 Introduction Electricity is a very convenient way to transfer energy, and it has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses. Electricity holds a major importance for a building as it provides power to operate electrical appliances in it. It distributes not only electric outlets and electric lighting, but also the motive power for ventilation, heating and cooling equipment, traction power for elevators and material transport, plus power for all signal and communications equipment. That’s the reasoning behind the helplessness of a facility during an electric power failure. Although, if accurately calculated, the facility returns to partial functioning by virtue of emergency equipment that provides some part of the facility’s electricity demands for a limited amount of time. Given this complete dependence on electric power for normal functioning, it is apparent that planners must be familiar with normal electric systems. Historically, burning a fossil fuel, such as coal or oil, most often produced usable energy. The resultant heat energy was used directly as heat and light or converted by machines into motion. However, only since the end of the 19th century has this heat been used to create another form of usable energy, electricity. Even the recent partial substitution of nuclear for fossil fuels has affected only the heat production portion of this process. Beyond that point, the heat is utilized in the same manner to drive generators that produce electricity. Therefore, it is well to remember that in terms of natural resources, electricity is an expensive form of energy because the efficiency of the overall heat to electricity conversion, on a commercial scale, rarely exceeds 40 percent. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2.1 General Distribution !
! Figure 4.2.1.1: General Electrical Distribution System
! Figure 4.2.1.1 displays the general distribution of electricity, electricity is usually
generated
by
electro-mechanical generators driven
by steam produced
from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing Centralized power stations allows efficient electrical transmission, electrical power can then be dispatched relatively long distances to where it was needed. The electricity is later transmitted to the Transmission Substation to increase the voltage with a Step-up Transformer. It is because electricity is face resistance when travelling long distance in the Transmission Cables, therefore, the current and voltage needs to be increased to provide sufficient electricity for the consumers. The distribution system begins as the primary circuit leaves the sub-station and ends as the secondary service enters the customer's meter socket by way of a service drop. Conductors for distribution may be carried on Electrical Pylons, or in densely populated areas, buried underground. Urban and suburban distribution is done with three-phase systems to residential, commercial, and industrial loads. Distribution circuits are fed from a transformer located in an electrical substation, where the voltage is reduced from the high values used for power transmission. Only large consumers are fed directly from distribution voltages, most utility customers are connected to a transformer, which reduces the distribution voltage to the relatively low voltage used by lighting and interior wiring systems. The transformer may be pole-mounted or set on the ground in a protective enclosure.
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4.2.2 Building Electrical Distribution
Figure 4.2.2.2: Building Electrical Distribution
Figure 4.2.2.2 & 4.2.2.3 displays a building’s electrical distribution, below shows the following steps how electricity is being transmitted in a building.
•
Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) then enters the TNB Substation which is the High Voltage Room consisting the Switch Gear Room & Transformer Room.
•
Electricity is then transmitted to the Low Voltage Room, which is the Main Switch Room; it is a distribution room that consist of the main control switches, circuit breakers and meters.
•
It then continues to the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room consisting signal distribution frames connecting telecommunication wirings.
•
Electrical Risers connects the wirings to the Electrical Rooms in every floor to supply electricity to the upper floors.
•
Electricity is then transmitted to the Distribution Boards for control switches of the electrical appliances.
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Gen-Set Room is connected to the LV Room (Main Switch Room) which has a backup generator in case TNB fails to supply electricity
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Figure 4.2.2.3: Electrical Distribution starting from Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room)
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4.3 CASE STUDY Citta Mall is considered as a medium sized commercial building consisting 5 storeys including the basement car park, it requires more amount of electricity compared to residential buildings. Electricity comes from a main power source, which is the Malaysia’s Electric Utility Company Tenaga National Berhad (TNB). This topic is to give an understanding on how electricity is being generated and how it is being transmitted and distributed throughout the building. Similar to like most shopping malls in Malaysia, the TNB substation is placed in the back of the building (Block B) at the ground floor with a protective enclosure. This is where high voltage is being reduced to low voltage for small electrical distribution throughout the whole building. Figure 3.3 displays the electrical distribution in Citta Mall, starting from: > TNB Substation (High Voltage Room) > Consumer Room (High Voltage Room) > Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room) > Gen-Set Room > MDF Room > Electric Rooms > Distribution Boards ! !
Figure 4.3.1: Electrical Distribution in Citta Mall
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4.3.1 TNB Room (High Voltage Room)
!!! Figure 4.3.1.1: TNB Substation
! Figure 4.3.1.2: Switchgears in TNB Substation
(High Voltage Room)
The TNB Substation (Figure 4.3.1.1) is the direct linkage from the transmission cables receiving large amount of electricity (11KV), the room consist of high voltage Switchgears (Figure 4.3.1.2) which has direct control of the whole building’s electricity. In the case of emergency, this room is to maintain the incoming power from TNB. This TNB Substation is under the power of TNB and no other than TNB authorized personnel may access this room.
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Figure 4.3.1.3: System of step-down transformer
! Figure 4.3.1.4: Step-down Transformer
! Next to the Substation is the Consumer Room, the high voltage from the TNB Substation needs to be reduced to a lower voltage with a Step-down Transformer (Figure 4.3.1.3 & 4.3.1.4) in the Consumer Room for power distribution throughout the whole building. ! !
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4.3.2 Low Voltage Room (Main Switch Room)
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Figure 4.3.2.1: Exterior of Main Switch Room
!!!!!! Figure 4.3.2.2: Interior of Main Switch Room
Figure 4.3.2.1 & 4.3.2.2 displays the Main Switch Room (LV Room) which is located right after the High Voltage Rooms, it houses all the main control panels which consist of main switches for the entire building. The Main Switch Board allows the authorized personnel to shut down the power supply to any floor or the whole building for either maintenance or emergency purposes. Almost all Main Switch Boards nowadays uses a bus bar system, which connects to the other distribution boards. This is because bus bar system experience less current loss. The Main Meters (Figure 4.3.2.3 & Figure 4.3.2.4) – tenant & landlord, are also located in the for TNB personnel to record the electric usage of the building.
Figure 4.3.2.3: Main Meter
Figure 4.3.2.4: Tenant Meter Figure 4.3.2.5: CO2 Safety Tank
Figure 4.3.2.5 shows the CO2 safety tanks in the Main Switch Room, in case if there is a fire incident, the tanks will help control the fire as electricity are major causes of fire. Safety tanks can also be found in the High Voltage Rooms. ! !
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4.3.3 Gen-Set Room The Gen-Set Room is the source of the emergency power system if TNB fails to supply electricity. An emergency power system is an independent reserve source of electric energy. Upon failure or outage of the primary power source, the system automatically provides reliable electric power within a specified time. The emergency power system is intended to operate for a few days.
Figure 4.3.3.1: Fuel Cell Starter of Turbine Generator
Figure 4.3.3.2: Fuel Storage Figure 4.3.3.3: V.E. Pipe
Figure 4.3.3.1 displays the a Diesel Powered Turbine Generator in the Gen-Set Room, it produces steam from fossil fuel combustion and turns it into electricity, it is connected with a starter called Fuel Cell for emergency startup which takes about a few seconds but it can supply continues power for the building which can last for approximately 2 days. The generator requires fuel for combustion; therefore, a Fuel Storage (Figure 4.3.3.2) is required in the Gen-Set Room. The turbine generator produces large amount of steam, therefore, a Ventilation Exhaust Pipe (Figure 4.3.3.3) that connects the generator to the exterior is required to release the heat of out the room. There are a few things that need to be taken into consideration in a Gen-Set Room. Ventilation Fins should be installed next to the generator to allow ventilation. The generator has to lie on flat stable ground and it should not be exposed to snow, water, and sunlight, perishing cold and excessive temperature; and also from harmful substances such as dust, thread, smoke, oil smoke, steam & motor exhaust smoke. A space of 1 meter needs to be provided around the generator and 2-meter space over it to perform cooling, service and maintenance of the generator. If the generator should be placed outside of the building, the generator should be put in a cabin or a room. Moreover, using of cabin during the operation of generator indoors or outdoors is beneficial.
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4.3.4 MDF Room (Main Distribution Frame) The MDF Room (Figure 4.3.4.1) consist of Main Distribution Frames (Figure 4.3.4.2), they are signal distribution frames or cable racks used in telephony to interconnect and manage telecommunication wiring between itself and any number of intermediate distribution frames and cabling from the telephony network it supports.
Figure 4.3.4.1: MDF Room
Figure 4.3.4.2: Main Distribution Frames
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4.3.5 Electric Room
! Figure 4.3.5.1: Distribution of electric rooms
Electric Rooms are located in single every floor of a building. For Citta Mall, there are 3 electrical rooms in each floor as it consists of 3 different blocks; it houses the Sub-Switch Boards and Distribution Boards. Figure 3.3.5.1 displays the power distribution of an electric room starting from the Sub Switch Board.
Figure 4.3.5.2: Interior of E.R Figure 4.3.5.3: Sub-Switch Boards
Figure 4.3.5.4: Distribution B.
! Sub-Switch Board (Figure 4.3.5.2) regulates the electricity that is being supplied by the main switchboard to that level. This is part of a protection and prevention act as if there is any power surge that might causes a trip; only that specific level will be affected. It provides electrical supply for the Distribution Boards and the Air Handling Unit (AHU). Distribution Boards (Figure 4.3.5.3) are smaller panels that have a similar function to a switchboard, but for a distribution board, it is a sub division of electricity from the switchboards that cater for only a specific space or unit. Hence, if one of the office units in that particular floor needs maintenance in any electrical related matter, the other offices unit in that particular floor will not be affect. Within the distribution boards are switches, which again sub-divide the unit into smaller division where electricity is supplied, each switch is fitted usually with a fuse, so if any power surge, the electrical appliances will not be damaged. The Distribution
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Board System is mostly similar throughout the whole building, just the differences is in scale. Figure 4.3.5.5 displays one of the distribution board systems in Citta Mall. Starting from the - Main switch Board (MSB) > Distribution Board (D.B) > 30A TPN MCCB > 100mA ELCB > 10A SPW MCB > Appliances
! Figure 4.3.5.5: Distribution System in Basement
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4.3.6 Findings & Analysis For all the Electrical Rooms in Citta Mall, they apply to the: Electricity Supply Act 1997 Act 447 P.U(A) 38/94 Electricity Regulation 1994 Regulation 15 – Apparatus, conductors, accessory etc. Any conductors or apparatus that is exposed to weather, water, corrosion, under heating or used in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or protect in such a manner to prevent danger. Regulation 16 – Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breakers, contactors, fuse, etc. 3) Any fuse or circuit breakers shall be: a) constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger b) constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger of overheating, arcing or from scattering of hot metal or other substances. ! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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5.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 5.1 Introduction According to the Laws of Malaysia ACT 655, the Water Services Industry Act 2006, page 18, says that the term “water supply system” means ‘The whole of a system incorporating public mains, pipes, chambers, treatment plants, pumping stations, service of balancing reservoirs or any combination thereof and all other structures, installations, buildings, equipment and appurtenances used and the lands where the same are located for the storage, abstraction, collection, conveyance, treatment, distribution and supply of water’. In Malaysia, Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) is the only water supply. JBA distributes water throughout the whole country and in each state, water is received by its on private company. For Selangor, the private corporation that receives the water supply from JBA is Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS). SYABAS then distributes water to the whole of Selangor. As for Citta Mall, the water tank is located at the top of the mall. Water from the water source is pumped to the reservoir by using a pumped distribution system. From there, it uses gravity distribution system to transport water to Citta Mall. Once the water supply has reached the building, it flows into water suction tanks that are located at the basement. It then uses a pump to transport water up to the storage tanks located at the rooftop of the building. Water is then stored and well distributed to the other parts of the building. And due to that, gravity distribution system is introduced.
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5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Water Distribution System The water that is distributed to the consumers has already been treated, and it is really used for activities such as cleaning, washing, and plumbing. However, it still requires little treatment for drinking. A proper water distribution system is needed to ensure a constant flow of water supply. The different types of distribution systems largely depend on the topography of the area. The types of distribution systems are gravity distribution system, pumped distribution system, and gravity and pumped combination system.
5.2.1.1 Gravity and pumped combination distribution system !The gravity and pumped combination system is the most commonly used system. Is has the least operational cost. It uses a pumped system to get the water from the source to the treatment plants and the service reservoir, and then changes to a gravity distribution system.
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! Figure 5.2.1.1.1 Gravity and pump combination (Source: www.spiraxsarco.com)
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5.2.1.2 Cold Water Storage and Distribution There are two types of water distributions – Direct and Indirect distribution system. For direct water system, water distributed to the building is sourced directly from the water main, whereas indirect water system, water is stored in a tank before it is distributed to parts of the building.
Indirect water system!
! Figure 5.2.1.2.1 Indirect Water System (Source: interpart.partsarena.eu)
! The indirect water system has many advantages. Firstly, because of the presence of a storage tank, the supply of water would not be disrupted in the event of a failure at the main water supply. Secondly, water that enters the building fills up the tank slowly, so the pressure at the main is reduced and therefore smaller pipes can be used. Also, there is no risk of back-siphonage.! !
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5.3 CASE STUDY 5.3.1 Water Supply System Water is distributed to Citta Mall through gravity and pumped combination distribution system. The water is supplied by SYABAS and it is transported to Citta Mall, whereby it is stored in suction tanks located at the basement. Electrical booster pump pumps up the water to the water storage tanks on the roof of the building. Stored water is then distributed to various parts of the building.
Figure 5.3.1.1 Diagram showing water distribution (Source: globalsecurity.org)
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Figure 5.3.1.2 Water distribution system diagram (Source : Drawn by RJ Wong)
The water supply from SYABAS is transported to the water mains via communication pipes. The connection pipes end at the bulk meter, where it is then transported into the building via service pipes. It then transfers water and stores water into a suction tank that is located at the basement. From there, electrical booster pump pumps up water in to the storage tank, located on the rooftop and distributed to parts of the building. The following plan drawings shows the location of the bulk meter, sump pump, suction tank, booster pump and water storage tank respectively. Bulk flow meters are there to monitor the large flow of water, especially for commercial buildings.
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Figure 5.3.1.3 Bulk meter indication on Ground floor plan
Figure 5.1.3.4 SYABAS water bulk meter Dimension: 200mm diameter
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Figure 5.1.3.5 Sump Pump located at basement
Figure 5.1.3.6 Sump Pump of Citta Mall Dimension : 1500x1000x1000mm
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Figure 5.1.3.7 Suction Tank located at ground floor
Figure 5.1.3.8 Suction Tank
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The presence of a suction tank is because of the indirect water distribution system is uses. Water that flows into the building is stored in the suction tank before it is stored in the main water storage tank on the rooftop. This is good because it reduces the pressure of the water that comes from the main supply, for water does not need to be at high pressure when it enters the building. The water that comes from the main would only be transported to the suction tank that is in the basement, so it uses gravitational force to transfer the water. This also brings other benefits, as smaller pipes are sufficient to carry the water and resist the pressure, as well as reducing the cost. In every tank is a water tank float valve that stops the inflow of water when the amount of water in the tank has reached its optimum volume. This is explained later in the water tank.
5.3.2 Water Tanks
Figure 5.3.2.1 Water tank location on roof
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Figure 5.3.2.2 Water Tank Dimension: 16000mm x 5000mm x 3000mm (H) Material : Exterior – Galvanized steel Interior – PVC
Citta Mall has 3 water tanks main water tanks and 3 cooling towers (placed next to each other for each block). The services water tank, needing to hold a larger volume of water, has a capacity to hold 360m3 of water while the cooling tower water tank has a capacity of 250m3. Both are made of galvanized steel on the exterior, and have interior PCV linings. The water tanks used are called sectional panel tanks because the outer part of the water tank is made up of identical modular square panels.
Figure 5.3.2.3 Position of ladders which leads up to the inspection holes
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The water tank has several inspection holes that are used for regular inspections of the water. The inspection holes are of 600mm in its opening diameter. They are accessed through ladders from the side of the tanks.
Figure 5.3.2.4 Position of overflow pipe
Besides that, the tank is also fitted with an overflow pipe which directs water out of the tank in case the inward water flow exceeds the water tank capacity. It is located clearly on the outside of the tank.
Figure 5.3.2.5 Position of distribution pipes and valve
From the water tank, several distribution pipes are connected to it. The function is to distribute water to all parts of the building. The inner red highlight square shows the gate valve. Gate valves either permit or prevent completely the flow of water.
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5.3.3 Booster Pump The only function of the booster pumps is to pump water from the suction tank all the way to the water storage tank on the rooftop. The booster pumps are electricity powered and can consume a lot of electricity. There are two booster pumps that effectively work together to pump the water up the building
Figure 5.3.3.1 Booster pump
5.3.4 Sump Pump The function of a sump pump is to remove water when flooding or water pipe bursting or leakage happens. It directs water away and out of the building and sends the water to a drain or a dry well. A sump pump has to be installed in a building with basements. A sump pump is installed in a sump basement or also known as a sump pit. The sump pump is also electricity powered just as the booster pumps. ! Components of a sump pump and its functions Sump cover – As a cover for the pump Check valve – Allows water to flow out of the building into the drain, and prevents backflow of dirty water into the pump. Connected to the discharge pipe where it receives the discharge water Union connection – It is a connection between two pipes, connected by a third piece Power chord – The source of electricity for the pump Poured concrete bottom – Sump pumps are usually fastened and secured to the ground by concrete
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Figure 5.3.4.1: Components of sump pump Source: Pumps-in-stock.com
5.3.5 Water Bulk Meter & Valve
Figure 5.3.5.1 SYABAS Water meter
As mentioned earlier, water meters are used to monitor the large flow of water in especially commercial buildings. As the water travels under high pressure, it has to be continually monitored. The water meter is able to record the volume of water flowing into the commercial building, and it is measured in cubic meters. In any piping system, there has to be valves present. The main function of the valves is to
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regulate the movement of water flow to the building. It allows or completely stops the movement of water by opening, closing, or partially opening its passageways.
Components!of!a!valve!and!functions! 1!Body!–!Outermost)casing,)made)of)cast)iron) 2!Ports)–!Where)the)service)and)communication)pipes)are)connected) 3!Seat!–!Connects)disc)to)form)a)seal) 4!Stem!–!Holds)the)handle,)moves)through)up)and)down)through)the)bonnet) 5!Disc!–)The)moving)part)inside)the)valve)that)prevents)water)flow)when)it)forms)a) seal)in)contact)with)the)seat.)Closed)position)at)11! 6!Handle!–)To)open)or)close)the)valve.)Closed)position)at)12! 7!Bonnet!–!Covers)the)body,)bolted)or)screwed)in) 8!Packing!–!Between)stem)and)bonnet)to)maintain)seal) 9!Gland!Nut!–!Part)of)the)moving)mechanism!
Figure 5.3.5.1 Components of a valve Source: en.wikipedia.org
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5.3.6 Findings & Analysis) Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 UBBL 89 Chases A chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the wall at the back of the chase not less than 100 millimeters thick in external walls and not less than 100 millimeters thick in a party wall and shall not be wider than 200 millimeters. UBBL 123 Pipe and service ducts The enclosure must be sufficient enough to allow accommodation of pipes, stops cocks and permit access for repairs and modifications.
While we were carrying out our site visit, the management kept ensuring us that Citta Mall complies with the regulations of the UBBL. We found this to be true regarding the cold water supply and distribution system. They also adhered to the recommended maintenance regulation set by SYABAS; regulation, inspection and maintenance work to be done every six months. Citta Mall does it every 6 months to a year. Citta Mall made the right decision to use the gravity and pumped combination distribution because the location of the storage tank, which is on the rooftop above 4 storeys high, could generate just the right amount of gravitational force to transport water to every part of the building. The building is a medium rise tower, so the gravitational force will suffice. In relation with that, a medium rise tower would require booster pumps to get the water up to the storage tank on the rooftop. However, the main disadvantage of this system is from the booster pumps itself. The booster pumps are electrically powered, and they consume a lot of electricity to keep it pumping and the water running. A generator has to be in standby in case of a power failure to ensure the booster pumps are kept running and the continuity of water supply to the building. We do not have much to recommend regarding the water supply system, except the fact that the booster pumps consume so much electricity. We recommend that they use less energy consuming pumps, such as hydraulic pumps or pumps powered by high air pressure or compressed air. Because it is only a medium rise tower, it does not require very powerful pumps to transport water to the top of the tower.
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5.4 Conclusion Citta Mall is an average building that is maintained just above average although they have followed the UBBL regulations. In compliance with that, they have also followed the regulations set by SYABAS. Citta Mall has managed to keep up as well as up keep its water supply services without the need for overly sophisticated systems. The management has pointed out that there are buildings around this area that have integrated its systems with the latest technology available, but what Citta Mall is currently using is sufficient for the time being. Also being only a medium high-rise tower, the current systems that they deploy have proven to be efficient up to standard. Not without any shortcomings, nevertheless, Citta Mall has proven to be proficient in its water supply system.
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6.0
SANITARY, SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE
6.1 Introduction
! !!!!!!!!Sanitary and sewerage system is one of the most essential system in every building. Wastewater is produced in large amount and the sewerage system is the answer to it. Wastewater is then separated to black water and grey water. Black water, also known as brown water, is a product from sanitary appliances such as urinal and WC which contain feces; grey water is the wastewater which is generated from domestic activity such as laundry and washing and it can be recycled. The systems can be distinguished into two types, namely the combined sewerage (conventional sewerage) and separate sewerage. Combined sewerage carries both surface run-off and wastewater, while separate sewerage carries surface run-off and wastewater separately. Connected sewerage systems are comprised of a network of underground sewer pipes, pump stations, sewage treatment plants and sludge treatment facilities. Gravity plays a big role in the efficiency of the system. As a result, sewage treatment plants are usually located at drainage catchment outlets so that they can capture all the sewage easily, reducing the reliance pumps. Because they carry so much volume, conventional gravity sewers are only appropriate when a centralized treatment facility able to receive the wastewater is available. Sufficient water needs to be available to carry the waste material in the sewers and therefore such systems are only applicable where enough water is available. There are many advantages to this system. Convenience aside, it has a lower operation and maintenance costs than the separate sewerage systems. Black water, grey water and storm water can be managed at the same time.
We have 3 types of
underground piping which is service line, mainline and access point. Service line is the piping, which connects building sewers, and transport wastewater to the wastewater mainline. Mainline is collection point of wastewater system and transport wastewater to the treatment plant. Access point is connected to wastewater service line, is a cleanout or access point located in the floor. The following subtopics will further discuss how the system works in Citta Mall. The sanitary, sewerage and drainage systems are closely related because of the combined sewerage used. Sanitary Appliances
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Traps
Stacks
Public Sewer
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6.2 Literature Review ! Pipes are an indispensable part in the sanitary, sewerage and drainage systems. Pipe materials should be resistant to chemical and microbial contamination. A high resistance to temperature and abrasion is also required. Moreover, maintenance must be regular to make sure it’s leak-tight to avoid any exfiltration of sewage water into the soil. Materials most commonly used in the piping system nowadays are (Polyvinyl chloride) PVC, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC), Polypropylene (PP) or Polyethylene (PE). These are flexible plastics pipes, which are durable and longlasting. The components for the three systems are varying. !
6.2.1 Sanitary System Primary parts found in Citta Mall’s sanitary system are the Water Closet (WC), Urinal, Basin and Traps. !
a) Water Closet (WC) !
Citta Mall uses the floor-mounted WC with an exposed water tank. It is the most common type found in Malaysia. It is suitable to be used in office and commercial building because it is economic, simple and efficient. Blockage rarely happens. Plastic connectors are commonly used for joining the outlet to the soil branch pipe. The flush pipe joint is usually made with a rubber cone connector, which fits tightly between WC and pipe. Soil waste from WC outlet is connected to the soil stack, which will be further elaborated later.
! 6.2.1.1 Water closet
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b) Urinal Bowl urinals with automatic flushing system to save water consumption. Urinals are washed at intervals by means of an automatic flushing cistern discharging 4.5L of water per bowl.
This system is advantageous as it saves water, and is easily
maintained. This is connected to waste pipe.
! 6.2.1.2 Urinal
c) Basins
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! Figure 6.2.1.3 sinks
! The plumbing lines for the wall-mounted sinks run directly into the wall and are therefore more pleasing to the eyes. Maintenance are easy as the design opens up the space underneath the sink. Whenever the blockage happens, it provides the convenience for repairing.
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i)
Bottle Trap
Traps are devices, which contain a water-seal of about 50mm to 75mm to prevent gases escaping into sanitary fittings like washbasins, water closets, and sinks. This trap is used below washbasin and sinks to prevent entry of foul gases. The advantages of using bottle traps features with long and thin shape and will not take up so much room than the P/S trap. It can be hidden behind a pedestal although proprietary pedestal traps are a little longer.
Bottle!Trap! Connected!to!Sanitary! Pipes! Figure 6.2.1.4 Bottle trap
) ii) Trap water seal: Nearly all sewer pipes and fixtures in a building will have a trap water seal. These seals are very important as they stop the gases, which form in sewer pipes from coming into the building. Fixtures sometimes will have an IO at the base of the water seal pipe, which allows it to be cleaned.
Figure 6.2.1.5 Trap water seal
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a) Floor Traps This trap is provided in the floor to collect waste water from washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom etc. These are available in cast iron or UPVC material and have removable grating (JALI) on the top of the trap. Traps should be convenient for cleaning. A good trap should maintain an efficient water seal under all conditions of flow. The minimum depth of water seal should be 50 mm.
Figure 6.2.1.6 Floor traps
b) Gully Traps These traps are constructed outside the building to carry wastewater discharge from washbasin, sinks, bathroom etc. and are connected to the nearest building drain/sewer so that foul gases from sewer do not come to the house. These are deep seal traps; the depth of water seal should be 50 mm minimum. It also prevents the entry of cockroach and other insects from sewer line to waste pipes carrying wastewater.
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)
) Figure 6.2.1.7 exposed gully underneath the floor slab
c) Grease Trap Citta Mall has a wide array of restaurants. A grease trap, sometimes called a grease interceptor, is an essential piece of restaurant equipment that is required to keep the sewers functional. It acts as a filter to remove fats and oils from water before it enters the municipal waste system. Since fats and oils can clog a sewer system, the use of a trap ensures that the sewer system runs smoothly. In a commercial kitchen, it treats all of the water coming out of the kitchen. A grease trap looks like a large box or barrel spliced into the water drainage line. When the water enters the trap, it cools down, allowing the lighter oil to precipitate out to the top. A series of baffles collect oil and chunks of material while the water sinks to the bottom. An exit pipe at the base of the device allows the treated water to flow out, while the grease remains enclosed on top. In order to function properly, a grease trap and its lines must be regularly cleaned and maintained. Staff can empty it by hand, or a company may be hired to pump out the grease. Some use automatic systems to skim out the grease and dump it into a container, but these still need to be periodically broken down and cleaned. All of the baffles of a grease trap should be scrubbed, and the drainage lines should be scoured to remove accumulated grease.Efficiency will be lost if a grease trap is not cleaned regularly. Ultimately, it can clog, leading to backups of water into the kitchen. A cleaning rotation and log for the trap is usually kept, to ensure that it is kept operating in peak condition. Health inspectors may periodically check it as well, to assure themselves that it is working properly, and that all of the water in the establishment is being treated before draining into the sewer.
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Figure 6.2.1.8 Grease trap
d) Intercepting Trap ) This trap is provided at the last main hole of building sewerage to prevent entry of foul gases from public sewer to building sewer. It has a deep-water seal of 100 mm. ! ! e) The disconnector trap This is a pipe coming out of the ground which is sealed off with a grate to stop rubbish getting into it.It is a very important pipe as it allows the wastewater to escape if the plumbing system gets blocked. It is always found outside the house, so that any overflow water would be released outside the building.
Figure 6.2.1.9 disconnector trap
f)
Vent Pipes
Vent pipes are a vital part of a plumbing system. Most importantly it cancels out any siphon or vacuum caused by the moving water. Vacuums in the system from improper venting can suck the water right out of your traps causing a bad smell and loud and noisy drain pipes. Vent pipes usually come out of most homes as well by roof and keep all the sewer smell circulating out of the building.
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g) Manhole
Figure 6.2.1.10 manhole
Manholes are structures designed to provide access to a sewer. Access is required for testing, visual inspection of sewers, and placement and maintenance of flow or water quality-monitoring instruments. Manholes are usually provided at heads of runs, at locations where there is changes in direction, changes in gradient; changes in size, at major junctions with other sewers and at every 90 to 200 meter intervals depending on the size of the sewer pipes. The diameter of the manhole will depend on the size of sewer and the orientation and number of inlets. h) Soil Stack Soil stack pipe carries waste from toilet to the house trap and connect to the sewer line, which will convey to the public sewer line. Soil stack pipe is vertical waste pipe, which has larger diameter also the main drain in the building. Soil stack pipe normally extended outdoor to the rooftop. i)
Waste Stack
Waste stack pipe carries typical waste drainage away from sinks, tubs and shower. This type of piping does not carry soil sewage from sanitary fixtures
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j)
Gully Inlets
Figure 6.2.1.11 gully inlets
Gully inlets are inlets where surface water from roads and paved areas are entering the sewer system. Gullies consist of a grating and usually an underlying sump to collect heavy material in the flow. A water seal is incorporated to act as an odour trap for those gullies connected to combined sewers. Gullies are connected to the sewer by lateral pipes. k) Septic Tank The main function of the septic tank is to remove and store the solid material and waste produced from the building. It is constructed of concrete and is resistant to decay. Septic tank should be maintained and pumped in order for the system to function properly. Wastewater from the house usually flows by gravity through the building sewer pipe. Septic tank store the wastewater for a day to discharge it to the disposal field before it proceeds for further treatment. During the time, the waste will discharge and form: - Sludge layer: Heavier sewage solids settle to the bottom - Scum layer: On the top layer formed by lighter solid wastes such as fats, greases and oils - Middle layer: Partially clarified liquid wastewater Septic tank hold sewage long enough for bacteria to break down and for sewage to settle and float. Function for baffle is prevents scum layer from entering the drain field.
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Figure 6.2.1.12 section of septic tank
6.2.2 Drainage System Storm water drainage is the process of draining excess water from streets, sidewalks, roofs, buildings, and other areas. The systems used to drain storm water are often referred to as storm drains, but they are also called storm sewers and drainage wells. Sometimes people confuse storm water drainage systems with sanitation sewers, but storm drains often function separately from sewer systems created for sanitation purposes. Storm water collects because of precipitation. Some of this water soaks into the ground, but without proper drainage, excess water may collect and present dangers to both people and physical property. For example, excess water can lead to flooding, making unsafe conditions for humans and animals and damaging cars and buildings. Also, bacteria may collect and grow in water that is allowed to sit for a long period of time, presenting a health hazard. a) Gutter A rain gutter is a narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system, which collects and diverts rainwater shed by the roof. The main purpose of a rain gutter is to protect a building's foundation by channeling water away from its base. The gutter also helps to reduce erosion, prevents leaks in basements and crawlspaces, protects painted or stained surfaces by reducing exposure to water, and provides a means to collect rainwater for later use. Rain gutters can be made from a variety of materials such as cast iron , lead, zinc, galvanized steel, painted steel, copper, painted aluminium, PVC (and other plastics),concrete, stone, and wood. More information on copper rain gutters is available.
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Water collected by a rain gutter is fed, usually via a downspout or downpipe, from the roof edge to the base of the building where it is either discharged or collected. Water from rain gutters may be collected in a rain barrel.
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Figure 6.2.2.1: Rain gutter
b) Downspout
Figure 6.2.2.2: A typical stormwater drain system
Downspouts are drainage pipes that direct rainwater from the roof to the ground. This is where the rainwater is lead away from the buildings foundation so that no rainwater is able to pool around the building. Downspouts are most commonly seen attached to the corners of home or building. Without perfectly working downspouts, rainwater will fall off the roofs edge and may cause flooding and damage to the building. Rainwater will pass through the cracks in the walls, windows and into the buildings foundation.
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The problem with downspouts is that they clog very easily when leaves, twigs, and other debris accumulate within the downspout itself. This makes it difficult for the rainwater to drain properly throughout the downspout. Any debris that is found in the gutters should be removed. Running a hose through the gutters will reveal if there are any clogs in the downspouts. Downspouts are mostly attached to the house by downspout brackets, which can be easily removed for further cleaning if the downspout becomes highly clogged with debris.
c) Perimeter Drain Perimeter drain is designed to collect and redirect water seepage away from the house. It can be installed either on the interior perimeter of the foundation or along the exterior as a house is being built. Perimeter drain basically consists of a perforated pipe (typically a PVC pipe with weep holes along one side) set in a trench and covered with gravel. Some contractors cover the pipe with a nylon filter sock to prevent the pipe from filling with debris. Usually the water that enters the pipe is then redirected to the sump pump or away from the foundation by gravity flow. Most drain tile systems are designed from the same concept. The differences come in the materials, shape of the pipe, and placement. d) Drain Sump
Figure 6.2.2.3: A typical sump and sump pump setup
https://www.utilitieskingston.com/Wastewater/basementflooding/Sumps.aspx Sumps are the part of a garden drainage installation that collects water from the perimeter drainage systems when the rainwater cannot be drained into the surface
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water system or a soakaway. The sump pit collects the water being drained from saturated ground for pumping away. It's simply a concrete lined hole in which water collects. The water, which collects in the sump, has to be pumped out from time to time and this is where the sump pump comes in as it is needed to pump the water from the garden drainage sump into the surface water drain.
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6.3 Case Study Combined System According maintenance technician of Citta Mall, we know that building uses combined sewerage system. The rain water and waste water from the sanitary appliances are collected at the basement and pumped out of the building to the manhole and sub sequentially the sewerage treatment plant. Methodology Rain water follows the gutter and flow into to the drain water pipe (white). Drain water also fall into this pipe. Wastewater from Sewerage Waste Pipe (orange) will then flow together with the drain water. Both will be collected at the manhole and then sent to the sewer treatment through the main drainage by IWK
Sewerage!Waste!Pipe!
Water)Drainage)Pipe)
Figure 6.3.1 Combined system
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6.3.1 Sanitary and Sewerage System
Figure 6.3.1.1: Schematic Drawing of Sanitary and Sewerage System in Citta Mall
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Figure 6.3.1.2: Basement Floor Plan, showing location of manholes on the site.
There is one centralized manhole on site to collect the waste, after which this leads to the public manhole. Some brown pipes lead directly to the public manhole.
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6.3.1.1 Findings & Analysis According Law 43th noted the minimum dimension of latrines, water-closets and bathrooms. In all buildings, the sizes of latrines, water-closets and bathrooms shall be: (a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5 m by 0.75 m; (b) In the ease of water-closets with fittings other than pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.25 m by 0.75 m; (c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 sqm with a width of not less than 0.75 m; (d) In the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2 sqm with a width of not less than 0. 75 m. According Law 123th noted the requirement of pipes and service ducts: (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be: (a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other controls there 10 enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. (2) The access, openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
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6.3.1.2 Drainage System Stormwater drainage is the process of draining excess water from streets, sidewalks, roofs, buildings, and other areas. The systems used to drain stormwater are often referred to asstorm drains, but they are also called storm sewers and drainage wells. Sometimes people confuse stormwater drainage systems with sanitation sewers, but storm drains often function separately from sewer systems created for sanitation purposes. Stormwater collects because of precipitation. Some of this water soaks into the ground, but without proper drainage, excess water may collect and present dangers to both people and physical property. For example, excess water can lead to flooding, making unsafe conditions for humans and animals and damaging cars and buildings. Also, bacteria may collect and grow in water that is allowed to sit for a long period of time, presenting a health hazard.
6.3.2.1 Findings and Analysis Components of System Gutter
The main purpose of the rain gutter is to protect Citta Mall foundation by channeling water away from its base. The gutter also helps to reduce erosion, prevents leaks in basements and crawlspaces, protects painted or stained surfaces by reducing exposure to water, and provides a means to collect rainwater for later use. The rain gutters in Citta Mall is made from aluminium. Aluminum is the most popular metal used for gutters. It is a low cost and easily maintained. It will not rust and has a life expectancy of approximately 30 years. Water collected by the rain gutter is fed to a downspout, from the roof edge to the base of the building where it is either discharged or collected.
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250Ø uPVC Class C Downpipe
Aluminium Gutter
Figure 6.3.2.1.1: Stormwater flow direction from roof plan
Downpipe
Figure 6.3.2.1.2: Downpipe
Rainwater downpipes play an important role in your gutters system. When it rains run-off flows down the roof, into the gutters and then is channelled down and away from the building’s foundation. The buildings can shift or settle, causing the gutter system to sag and misalign the downspout. Material : nPVC Size : 150Ø mm
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Advanced plastic pipe systems offer major advantages over traditional materials for stormwater applications including corrosion resistance, installation economics, operating efficiencies, and significant reductions in maintenance costs.
Pipe!from! above!
Figure 6.3.2.1.3: Drain Pipe distribution
As can be seen in figure 6.3.2.1.3 , the combination of waste pipe and drain pipe from floor above connect to different size of uPVC class C pipe and distribute to 6 scupper drain sump. UBBL 84. (1) Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the penetration of dampness and moisture into a building (2) Damp proof courses where provide shall comply with BS 743 (materials for horizontal D.P.C)
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Soakaways
! Figure 6.3.2.1.4: Soakway
Soakaways are a traditional way of disposing of surface water from buildings remote from a suitable public sewer or watercourse. A soakaway must have capacity to store immediate run-off from roofs and hard surfaces and the water must then be able to disperse into the surrounding soil quickly enough for the soakaway to be able to cope with the next storm. Soakaways are probably the most common form of surface water disposal and are usually suitable for areas less than 100m². Soakaways are generally formed from square or circular pits, filled with rubble or lined with dry jointed masonry or perforated concrete ring units. Soakaways serving larger areas are generally lined pits, trench type soakaways or constructed from specialist proprietary units. It should be expected that a domestic rubble filled soakaway may need to be renewed about every ten years. UBBL 84. (1) Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the penetration of dampness and moisture into a building
Figure 6.3.2.1.5: Perimeter drain
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Perimeter drains are primarily used to prevent ground and surface water from penetrating or damaging building foundations. Alternatively, French drains may be used to distribute water, such as a septic drain field at the outlet of a typical septic tank sewage treatment system. French drains are also used behind retaining walls to relieve ground water pressure. UBBL 83. (1) All air-wells and open spaces in and around buildings shall be suitable protected against soil erosion. (2) All ground under raised building shall be suitably finished and graded to prevent the accumulation of water or the growth of unwanted vegetation or for the breeding of vermin.
! Figure 6.3.2.1.6: Man Hole
The manhole system is used to collect and remove excessive water from roof situated at basement of Citta Mall. It is cast in polymer concrete units which offer solutions to many applications. UBBL 82. (1) wherever the dampness or position of the site of a building renders it necessary, the subsoil of the site shall be effectively drained or such other steps shall be taken as will effectively protect the building against damage from moisture. 83. (1) All air-wells and open spaces in and around buildings shall be suitable protected against soil erosion.
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6.4 Conclusion Citta Mall may consider the use of separate sewerage systems. In a two-pipe separated sewer system, storm water can be collected through storm drains. Despite the initial high cost, separating storm water from wastewater is much more advantageous because it helps to eliminate combined sewer overflow and prevents flooding by increasing the capacity. In terms of sustainability, it will enable storm water to be used as a resource, perhaps to be collected and use for toilet cleaning and flushing purpose. Citta Mall, for several cases to do follow the accordance of the UBBL. However, presently it does not face any issues regarding its drainage and sewerage system. This situation might not last. It would therefore be better if a separate sewerage system is implemented, increasing the efficiency of out the building’s handling of waste output. In the long run, it would help in saving cost as a separate system would mean rainwater can be recycled. Maintenance is easier as pipes are separated and can be individually repaired and fixed.
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7.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 7.1 Introduction This research discuss about the mechanical transportation system in Citta Mall. It starts with a literature review, explaining the type of mechanical transportation, and elaborates on the type of mechanical transportation, Elevator, Moving walk, and Escalator. Example of mechanical transportation type will covered for the case study. The case study compiled with the details on mechanical transportation at Citta Mall, referencing conformance to UBBL Mechanical Transportation System Requirements. The research concludes with an analysis and recommendations for improvements to mechanical transportation system at Citta Mall.
7.2 Literature Review 7.2.1 Mechanical Transportation System Forms of mechanical transportation may be found within, around and in general association with modern buildings and developments. Among all this decision that must be made by the designer of a multi-story building, probably none is more important than the selection of the vertical transportation equipment - that is the passenger, service, and freight elevators and the escalators. These items represent a major building expense; for a 25-story office building as much as 10% of the construction cost. The quality of elevator service is also an important factor in a tenant’s choice of space in competing buildings. Helping persons move around the building is the primary function of the transportation infrastructure. There are several difficult requirements that have to be satisfied by any passenger transportation system, but the first one is safety. Potential dangers to passengers in buildings involve falling, crushing, getting trapped, and many other possibilities. People must be protected not only from equipment malfunctions and other accidents with external causes, but also from the unintended consequences of their own actions, whether due to carelessness, or deliberate misuse.
7.2.2 Type of Mechanical Transportation System Transportation in Citta Mall:
(1) Elevator - panoramic elevator (2) Moving Walk (3) Escalator !
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7.2.2.1 Elevator – Panoramic Elevator Elevators, also called lifts in commonwealth countries, were the mainstay when it came to transporting people up or down between floors in high rise buildings and apartments. Till today, in offices and hotels, elevators serve this purpose very well. These are cabins or cages that move up or down at high speeds inside vertical shafts. These cabins or cages move up or down using counterweights or traction cables. Currently, with high rise apartments and office located in upper floors of tall buildings, it has become imperative to get installed elevators as people cannot be expected to climb so many stairs every time. Panoramic elevators are elevators with any kind of transparent walls offering views of the surrounding area from inside the cabins. Views from panoramic elevators can be inside or outside the building, or both. In Citta Mall, panoramic elevators can be one of the main features to attract people. There are 3 main types of elevators commonly used in the high-rise building. 1.
Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room
2.
Hydraulic Elevators
3.
Machine-Room-Less Elevators
One of the lifts was found in Citta Mall malls more for public access to the shopping mall, which is geared, and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room. 7.2.2 Moving Walk (Inclined) Moving walkways can be found in sporting arenas, shopping centers, exhibition auditoriums, and, most significantly, major transportation facilities such as airports and train/metro stations. Moving walkways are a mode of people transport that fall into the category of continuous people movers, as they continuously provide transport capacity during operation. There is no waiting time for passengers who wish to use them. The speed of these walkways is determined by the need for safety upon entry and exit, which generally limits it to approximately half normal walking speed, or 30–40m/min. The slow speed of the walkway causes impatience, and passengers often walk on the walkway itself or on the adjacent floor rather use the slower walkway. Moving walkways are building one of two basic styles:
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(1) Inclined moving walkway (2) Horizontal moving walkway One of the lifts was found in Citta Mall malls more for public access to the shopping mall, which is geared, and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room.
7.2.3 Escalator An escalator is a mechanized moving stairway, common in places with a lot of foot traffic or where a conventional staircase would be very long and tiring to climb. Escalators can often be seen in shopping malls, museums, multi-story parking garages, and subway stations, for example. Escalators are often installed in pairs, with an up escalator and a down escalator adjacent to each other, while a single escalator may be changed to go up or down according to the direction of heavier traffic at different times of the day.
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7.3 Case Study 7.3.1 Ground Floor Plan of Citta Mall
Figure 7.3.1.1 Location of mechanical transportations
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7.3.2 Elevator Plans
Figure 7.3.2.1: Citta Mall elevator Plan
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Figure 7.3.2.2: Citta Mall Elevator
Figure 7.3.2.3: Citta Mall Elevator Section
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7.3.2.1 Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room The Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room can be seeing in Citta Mall. The most popular elevator design is the roped elevator. In roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes rather than pushed from below. Electric lifts are exclusively driven by traction machines, geared or gearless, depending on car speed. The designation “traction� means that the power from an electric motor is transmitted to the multiple rope suspension of the car and a counterweight by friction between the specially shaped grooves of the driving or traction sheave of the machine and the ropes.
Figure 7.3.2.1.1: Axonometric of Elevators and annotation. (http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-xvi/construction/tools-equipment-andmaterials/item/44-elevators-escalators-and-hoists?tmpl=component&print=1)
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7.3.2.2 Function of Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around a sheave. A sheave is just a pulley with grooves around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when you rotate the sheave, the ropes move too (Harris T, N.A.). The sheave is connected to an electric motor (2). When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the elevator. In gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly. In geared elevators, the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave. Typically, the sheave, the motor and the control system (1) are all housed in a machine room above the elevator shaft (Harris T, N.A.).
Figure 7.3.2.2.1: Citta Mall Detail drawing of Elevators motor
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7.3.2.3 Arrangement of Elevator Machines, Sheaves and Ropes Single wrap 1:1 is the most economical and efficient of roping systems but is limited in use to small capacity cars.
Figure 7.3.2.3.1: Single Wrap! (http://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Building%20Services%20 Engineering%20(5th%20Edition)/Chapter%2017%20Mechani cal%20Transportation.pdf)!
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7.3.2.4 Hoisting Machine The hoist motor is located on a geared or geared winding drum elevator. It couples with the brake drum and operates the spiral worm gear that meshes with the machines ring gear that turns the elevator drive sheave. Prior to the late 1980′s these motors were DC for elevators traveling over 200 feet per minute, and were primarily AC on the slower elevators. DC power provided a smoother and more controllable elevator at the higher speeds. Since the late 1980′s advances in the use of AC Permanent Magnet Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) drives has made AC more controllable at the higher speeds, so most geared elevators installed today now have AC hoist motors. When considering a modernization the hoist motor both AC and DC is typically replaced with a modern AC motor and its related new AC VVVF drive.
Figure 7.3.2.4.1: Single Wrap (http://www.stanleyelevator.com/traction-elevatormodernization/)
7.3.2.5 Motor Generator Set Elevators built according to today’s standards commonly no longer use elevator motor generators. Many, however, built before the late 1980s still use elevator motor generators. An elevator motor generator creates DC power by turning a DC generator with an AC motor. Before more modern elevators were developed starting in the late 1980s, DC power provided a smoother and more controllable elevator. These generators have carbon brushes, which dust, heavily in the machine room causing a considerable maintenance issue. Now with the introduction of AC PM and VVVF motor controls the generator is no longer needed and rarely is ever retained when modernizing. The existence of the M-G set is actually a primary reason to consider modernization. Parts for them are growing obsolete and harder to obtain
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Figure 7.3.2.5.1: Motor Generator Set (http://www.stanleyelevator.com/traction-elevatormodernization/)
7.3.2.6 Solid State Drive Units Brake Assembly The brake is a spring loaded clamping device that prevents the elevator from moving when the car is at rest and no power is applied to the hoist way motor. When considering a modernization and the hoist machine warrants retention, then the brake type and condition should be assessed for refurbishment. Refurbishment normally includes new coil, pins, core, sleeve, pads, and springs, and a thorough cleaning, painting and testing. If it is does not warrant retention a new replacement brake can be added to the existing machine. Resurfacing or replacement of the drum can be required also. If a new machine is being installed, it is most cost effective to purchase a new brake as part of the new machine assembly which is installed and test at the factory prior to delivery.
Figure 7.3.2.6.1: Solid State Drive Units Brake Assembly (http://www.stanleyelevator.com/traction-elevator-modernization/)
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7.3.2.7 Rope Break In recent years, safety codes have introduced a need for protection against injuries caused by elevator cars leaving the floor with the doors open and overspeeding in the up direction. The rope Brake is a device used to grab elevator suspension ropes to stop the elevator in the event of a mechanical or electrical failure. It activates if an ascending elevator over-speeds in the up direction and also if the elevator leaves the floor with the doors opened. Though not required in all locations, it is common to consider adding a rope brake device when modernizing your elevators. Special fit considerations are required before a brake can be added to an existing machine. We will assess conditions and advise on the feasibility of adding a rope brake as part of our modernization survey for you.
Figure 7.3.2.7.1: Rope Break (http://www.stanleyelevator.com/traction-elevator-modernization/)
7.3.2.8 Controls for Two or More Cars Two cars may be coordinated by a central processor to optimize efficiency of the lifts. Each car operates individually on a full or down collective control system. When the cars are at rest, one is stationed at the main entrance lobby and the other, which has call priority. At a mid-point within the building or at another convenient floor level. The priority car will answer landing calls from any floor except the entrance lobby. If the priority is unable to answer all call demands within a specific time, the other car if available will respond. A similar system may also apply to three cars, with two stationary at the entrance lobby and one available at mid-point or the top floor.
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With the supervisory control system, each car operates on full collective control and will respond to calls within a dedicated zone. A micro-processor determines traffic demand and located cars accordingly to each operating zone.
7.3.2.9 Lift Door Door operation is by an electric motor through a speed reduction unit. Clutch drive and connecting mechanism. The types of entrance and floors form a vital part of the lift installation. The average lift car will spend more time at a floor during passenger transfer time than it will during travel. For general passenger service, either side opening, two –speed or even triple-speed side-opening doors are preferred. The most efficient in terms of passenger handling is the two-speed center opening. The clear opening may be grater and usable clear space becomes more rapidly available to the passengers. Vertical centre-bi-parting doors are suitable for very wide openings, typical of industrial applications.
Figure 7.3.2.9.1: Citta Mall elevator plan
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7.3.3 Escalator Plan
Figure 7.3.3.1: Citta Mall escalator elevation
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Figure 7.3.3.2: Citta Mall escalator Plan
Figure 7.3.3.3: Citta Mall escalator
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7.3.3.1 Schematic Diagram
Figure 7.3.3.1.1: Schematic Diagram of Escalator
7.3.3.2 Arrangement of Escalator: Parallel arrangement Escalators for both directions of travel: This arrangement is characterized by increased travel comfort for the customers, since escalators are available for the upward and downward direction. The promotional areas on both sides of the escalators are given greater attention.
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Figure 7.3.3.1.1: Schematic Diagram of Escalator
7.3.3.3 Escalators travel heights and inclinations
With a rise of only 6'-0" (1829), an escalator can considerably improve access to the building for the visitor. Furthermore, ThyssenKrupp Elevator has designed escalators to reach a rise of 164'-0" (50 m). Code limits the inclination angle to 30째 in the US and Canada. 7.3.3.4 Step and pallet widths
An optimum choice needs to be made here: Neither excessively wide nor narrow steps or pallets represent a balanced ratio between the space required and the transport capacity, between travel comfort and cost. Based on the cross-sections, you can see the required space of your escalators and moving walks. A clearance of 1 1/4" (30mm) for installation must be added to the dimensions on either side of the escalator or moving walk. The standard escalator step width for the North American market is 40" (1000 mm).
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7.3.3.5 Detail of Escalators
Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following behind the first set. An escalator is a mechanized moving stairway, common in places with a lot of foot traffic or where a conventional staircase would be very long and tiring to climb. Escalators can often be seen in shopping malls, museums, multi-story parking garages, and subway stations, for example. Escalators are often installed in pairs, with an up escalator and a down escalator adjacent to each other, while a single escalator may be changed to go up or down according to the direction of heavier traffic at different times of the day.
Figure 7.3.3.5.1: Axonometric of escalators and annotation
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7.3.4 Moving Walk Plan
Figure 7.3.4.1 Citta Mall Moving walk
Figure 7.3.4.2: Citta Mall Moving walk section
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Figure!7.3.4.3:!Citta!Mall!Moving!walk! Front!view!
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7.3.4.1 Schematic Diagram
Figure 7.3.4.1.1: Schematic Diagram for Moving Walk
7.3.4.2 Arrangement of Moving walks: Parallel arrangement Escalators for both directions of travel: This arrangement is characterized by increased travel comfort for the customers, since escalators are available for the upward and downward direction. The promotional areas on both sides of the escalators are given greater attention. 7.3.4.3 Travel heights and inclinations: Moving walk Inclined moving walks typically used in shopping center and retail applications are permitted a maximum angle of 12째. For extended travel distances, e.g. trade fairs and airports; horizontal moving walks which enable the use of wider pallets are the most efficient option.
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7.3.5 Findings & Analysis Requirements of UBBL: 1. For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stores above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. 2. Lift door should provide a clear opening of not less than 1000mm 3. Lift sensing devices should be provided to ensure that lift car and landing doors will not close while the opening is obstructed, subject to the nudging provisions which operate if the door is held open for more than 20 second 4. Where escalators are installed, lifts or ramps should be available as an alternative. 5. To alert people with visual impairment that they are approaching escalators, a strip of suitable guiding blocks (refer to Clause 12) of not less than 900 mm long should be laid on the floor leading to the embarking end of the escalators. 6. The treads of escalators shall be easily distinguished from the floor and landing levels by contrasting colors, brightness and texture. Their surfaces shall be slipresistant.
7.4 Conclusion This case study shows that Citta Mall have so far followed all the necessary requirements set the by governments for operating a building in terms of standard height of Lift, the size of the lift, the level of the escalator, and the point is the safety of every transportation in Citta Mall.
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8.0CONCLUSION Overall, the architects and engineers of Citta Mall have taken careful considerations to ensure that the mechanical and engineering services in the building comply with the UBBL. Despite having flaws, each system functions suitably to suit the purpose of the building. Through this assignment, we have gained more knowledge regarding building services and this will no doubt aid us in our future careers as architects.
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9.0 References . (n.d.). . Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://www.aaceiatlanta.com/2010%20AIA%20Presentation%20%20Elevator%20101.pdf . (n.d.). . Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Building%20Services%20Engineering%20( 5th%20Edition)/Chapter%2017%20Mechanical%20Transportation.pdf
Design Point. Retrieved on 11 October 2012 from www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com Indah Water. Sewage (2012). Retrieved on 11 October 2012 from www.iwk.com
Hall F.& Greeno R. Building Services Handbook 4th Edition (2007). Unknown.
Harris, T. (2002, February 12). How Elevators Work. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/enginesequipment/elevator3.htm Khemani, H. (2009). Split air conditioner system. Retrieved from: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/904-split-air-conditioner-system/
McAlpine & Co. Ltd. Resealing Bottle Traps. Retrieved on 11 October 2012 from www.mcalpineplumbing.com
Stein, B., Reynolds, John. S., Grondzik, W. T. & Kwok, A.G. (2006). Mechanical & electrical equipment for buildings. NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
The Value of Traction Elevator Modernization. (n.d.). Stanley Elevator. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://www.stanleyelevator.com/traction-elevator-modernization/
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Transportation Systems In Buildings. (n.d.). Transportation Systems In Buildings. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://www.slideshare.net/arkam_slideshare/transportation-systems-inbuildings
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 [G.N. 5178.1984]. (2010). KL: Penerbitan Akta (M) Sdn. Bhd. Victorian Plumbing. Short Article on All about Bathrooms. Retrieved on 11 October 2012 from www.victorianplumbing.co.uk Rickard Heating Pty. Ltd. Geelong (n.d.) Cooling options – Ducted split systems. Retrieved from: http://www.rickardheating.com/cooling_ducted-splitsystems.html
Zahurul.M. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/ME415/ME415_elevators.pdf
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10. LIST OF FIGURES Fire Protection System Figure 2.2.1 Fire triangle Figure 2.3.1.1.1: Emergency Exit Signage Figure 2.3.1.2.1: Fire Emergency Staircase Figure 2.3.1.3.1: Fire appliances access plan Figure 2.3.1.3.2: Fire appliances access dimensions Figure 2.3.1.4.1: Fire emergency access and emergency stairs location plan Figure 2.3.2.1.1: Fire hydrant located at outdoors Figure 2.3.2.2.1: sprinkle pumps and Hydrant Tanks Figure 2.3.2.2.2: sprinkle pumps set Figure 2.3.2.2.3: sprinkle pumps schematic diagram Figure 2.3.2.3.1: Host reel piping schematic Figure 2.3.2.3.2: The assembly parts of a fixed type hose reel system Figure 2.3.2.4.1 : Dry Riser located at outdoors Figure 2.3.2.5.1: Portable fire extinguisher Figure 2.3.2.6.1: Water-based Sprinkler System Figure 2.3.2.6.2: Water Based Sprinkler System Figure 2.3.2.6.3: location of Water Based Sprinkler System Figure 2.3.2.7.2: Basement floor plan Figure 2.3.2.7.1: Legends on Floor plan Figure 2.3.2.7.3: Arrow Indication from Sprinkler Tank on Basement Floor Figure 2.3.2.7.4: Sprinkler Alarm and Sprinkler Piping with Indication Figure 2.3.2.7.5: Duty, Standby and Jockey Pump in Main Fire Pump room Figure 2.3.2.7.6: Sprinkler system with assistance of duty, standby and jockey pump Figure 2.2.2.7.7: Duty and Standby Pumps Figure 2.2.2.7.8: Jockey pump Figure 2.3.2.8.1:CO2 Piping schematic Figure 2.3.2.8.2: Location of Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System Figure 2.3.2.8.3: Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System Figure 2.3.3.1.1: Automatic Control Panel located in main control room Figure 2.3.3.1.2: Location of Control Panel Room Figure 2.3.3.2.1: Photoelectric smoke detector attached to the ceiling. Figure 2.3.3.2.2: Location of Smoke Detector Figure 2.3.3.2.2: How a Photoelectric smoke detector functions
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Figure 2.3.3.2.3: Fire detection alarm system Figure 2.3.3.3.1: Fire break glass Figure 2.3.3.4.1: Alarm Bell and Manual Break Glass Unit Figure 2.3.3.5.1: flow switch connected to sprinkles and wet riser pipe Figure 2.3.3.6.1: Smoke absorber for basement Figure 2.3.3.6.2: Smoke absorber on roof Figure 2.3.4.1: Emergency Staircase without Opening Figure 2.3.4.2: Blocked Hose Reel box Figure 2.3.4.2: Blocked Hose Reel box Figure 2.3.4.4: CO2 Fire extinguisher and suppression system readily equipped.
3.0 Heating, ventilation & air-conditioning system Figure 3.2.2.1: Components of a local exhaust system Figure 3.2.3.1: Refrigerant cycle Figure 3.2.3.1.1: Components of a split unit system Figure 3.3.1.1: Mechanical ventilation ductwork at basement Figure 3.3.1.2: Switchboard for air-conditioning and ventilation services Figure 3.3.1.3: Extract system Figure 3.3.1.4: Smoke Spill axial fan Figure 3.3.1.5: Centrifugal fan Figure 3.3.1.6: Ductwork Figure 3.3.1.7: Diffuser Figure 3.3.2.1: Location of condensers on roof plan Figure 3.2.2.2: Layout plan of ducted split unit system of the kitchen in Citta mall Figure 3.2.2.3: Ducted split unit system Figure 3.2.2.4: York Ducted Split unit Figure 3.2.2.5: Condenser
4.0 Electrical Supply Figure 4.2.1.1: General Electrical Distribution System Figure 4.2.2.2: Building Electrical Distribution Figure 4.2.2.3: Electrical Distribution starting from Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room) Figure 4.3.1: Electrical Distribution in Citta Mall Figure 4.3.1.1: TNB Substation Figure 4.3.1.2: Switchgears in TNB Substation (High Voltage Room)
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Figure 4.3.1.3: System of step-down transformer Figure 4.3.1.4: Step-down Transformer Figure 4.3.2.1: Exterior of Main Switch Room Figure 4.3.2.2: Interior of Main Switch Room Figure 4.3.2.3: Main Meter Figure 4.3.2.4: Tenant Meter Figure 4.3.2.5: CO2 Safety Tank Figure 4.3.3.1: Fuel Cell Starter of Turbine Generator Figure 4.3.3.2: Fuel Storage Figure 4.3.3.3: V.E. Pipe Figure 4.3.4.1: MDF Room Figure 4.3.4.2: Main Distribution Frames Figure 4.3.5.1: Distribution of electric rooms Figure 4.3.5.2: Interior of E.R Figure 4.3.5.3: Sub-Switch Boards Figure 4.3.5.4: Distribution B. Figure 4.3.5.5: Distribution System in Basement
5.0 Water Supply System Figure 5.2.1.1.1 Gravity and pump combination Figure 5.2.1.2.1 Indirect Water System Figure 5.3.1.1 Diagram showing water distribution Figure 5.3.1.2 Water distribution system diagram Figure 5.3.1.3 Bulk meter indication on Ground floor plan Figure 5.1.3.4 SYABAS water bulk meter Figure 5.1.3.5 Sump Pump located at basement Figure 5.1.3.6 Sump Pump of Citta Mall Figure 5.1.3.7 Suction Tank located at ground floor Figure 5.1.3.8 Suction Tank located at ground floor Figure 5.3.2.1 Water tank location on roof Figure 5.3.2.2 Water Tank Figure 5.3.2.3 Position of ladders which leads up to the inspection holes Figure 5.3.2.4 Position of overflow pipe Figure 5.3.2.5 Position of distribution pipes and valve Figure 5.3.3.1 Booster pump Figure 5.3.4.1: Components of sump pump Figure 5.3.5.1 SYABAS Water meter
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Figure 5.3.5.1 Components of a valve
6.0 Sanitary, Sewerage & Drainage Figure 6.2.1.1 Water closet Figure 6.2.1.2 Urinal Figure 6.2.1.3 sink Figure 6.2.1.4 Bottle trap Figure 6.2.1.5 Trap water seal Figure 6.2.1.6 Floor traps Figure 6.2.1.7 Exposed gully underneath floor slab Figure 6.2.1.8 Grease trap Figure 6.2.1.9 Disconnetcor trap Figure Figure 6.2.1.10 Man Hole Figure 6.2.1.11 gully inlets Figure 6.2.1.12 section of septic tank Figure 6.2.2.1: Rain gutter Figure 6.2.2.2: A typical stormwater drain system Figure 6.2.2.3: A typical sump and sump pump setup Figure 6.3.1 Combined system Figure 6.3.1.1: Schematic Drawing of Sanitary and Sewerage System in Citta Mall Figure 6.3.1.2: Basement Floor Plan, showing location of manholes on the site. Figure 6.3.2.1.1: Stormwater flow direction from roof plan Figure 6.3.2.1.2: Downpipe Figure 6.3.2.1.3: Drain Pipe distribution Figure 6.3.2.1.4: Soakway Figure 6.3.2.1.5: Perimeter drain Figure 6.3.2.1.6: Man Hole MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION Figure 7.3.1.1 Location of mechanical transportations Figure 7.3.2.1: Citta Mall elevator Plan Figure 7.3.2.2: Citta Mall Elevator Figure 7.3.2.3: Citta Mall Elevator Section Figure 7.3.2.1.1: Axonometric of Elevators and annotation. Figure 7.3.2.2.1: Citta Mall Detail drawing of Elevators motor
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Figure 7.3.2.3.1: Single Wrap Figure 7.3.2.4.1: Single Wrap Figure 7.3.2.5.1: Motor Generator Set Figure 7.3.2.6.1: Solid State Drive Units Brake Assembly Figure 7.3.2.7.1: Rope Break Figure 7.3.2.9.1: Citta Mall elevator plan Figure 7.3.3.1: Citta Mall escalator elevation Figure 7.3.3.2: Citta Mall escalator Plan Figure 7.3.3.3: Citta Mall escalator Figure 7.3.3.1.1: Schematic Diagram of Escalator Figure 7.3.3.1.1: Schematic Diagram of Escalator Figure 7.3.3.5.1: Axonometric of escalators and annotation Figure 7.3.4.1 Citta Mall Moving walk Figure 7.3.4.2: Citta Mall Moving walk section Figure 7.3.4.3: Citta Mall Moving walk Front view Figure 7.3.4.1.1: Schematic Diagram for Moving Walk
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