July 2020 Outcrop by The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

OUTCROP Newsletter of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

Volume 69 • No. 7 • July 2020

OUTCROP | July 2020

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

1999 Broadway • Suite 730 • Denver, CO 80202 • 800-970-7624 The Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) is a nonprofit organization whose purposes are to promote interest in geology and allied sciences and their practical application, to foster scientific research and to encourage fellowship and cooperation among its members. The Outcrop is a monthly publication of the RMAG.

2020 OFFICERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS PRESIDENT

2nd VICE PRESIDENT-ELECT

Jane Estes-Jackson janeestesjackson@gmail.com

Peter Kubik pkubik@mallardexploration.com

PRESIDENT-ELECT

SECRETARY

Cat Campbell ccampbell@caminoresources.com

Jessica Davey jessica.davey@sproule.com

1st VICE PRESIDENT

TREASURER

Ben Burke bburke@hpres.com

Chris Eisinger chris.eisinger@state.co.us

1st VICE PRESIDENT-ELECT

TREASURER ELECT

Nathan Rogers nathantrogers@gmail.com

Rebecca Johnson Scrable rebecca.johnson@bpx.com

2nd VICE PRESIDENT

COUNSELOR

Dan Bassett dbassett@sm-energy.com

Donna Anderson danderso@rmi.net

RMAG STAFF DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS

Kathy Mitchell-Garton kmitchellgarton@rmag.org DIRECTOR OF MEMBER SERVICES

Debby Watkins dwatkins@rmag.org CO-EDITORS

Courtney Beck clbeck14@gmail.com Nate LaFontaine nlafontaine@sm-energy.com Jesse Melick jesse.melick@bpx.com Wylie Walker wylie.walker@gmail.com

ADVERTISING INFORMATION

DESIGN/LAYOUT

Rates and sizes can be found on page 3. Advertising rates apply to either black and white or color ads. Submit color ads in RGB color to be compatible with web format. Borders are recommended for advertisements that comprise less than one half page. Digital files must be PC compatible submitted in png, jpg, tif, pdf or eps formats at a minimum of 300 dpi. If you have any questions, please call the RMAG office at 800-970-7624.

Nate Silva nate@nate-silva.com

Ad copy, signed contract and payment must be received before advertising insertion. Contact the RMAG office for details. DEADLINES: Ad submissions are the 1st of every month for the following month’s publication. The Outcrop is a monthly publication of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

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WEDNESDAY NOON LUNCHEON RESERVATIONS

RMAG Office: 800-970-7624 Fax: 323-352-0046 staff@rmag.org or www.rmag.org

Outcrop | July 2020 OUTCROP

RMAG 2020 ON THE ROCKS F IE L D T R I P S Registration open for selected trips For COVID-19 Field Trip Guidelines please see website (www.rmag.org/continuinged2/rmag-field-trip-covid-19-guidelines/) Please note that trips may be rescheduled or cancelled based on government guidelines concerning the coronavirus (COVID-19).

Contact the RMAG office to get on wait lists for sold out trips.

June 27-28

September 12

(Date Tentative) Corral Bluffs Fossil Trip: The Rise of the Mammals Colorado Springs, CO Trip limit: 30 Sold out!

Paleozoic Impact Crater Field Douglas, WY Postponed until 2021

July 25

Florissant Fossil Beds & Fossil Dig Florrisant, CO Trip cancelled

September 26-27

Picketwire Dinosaur Trackway La Junta, CO Trip limit: 30

August 8 & 9

Cripple Creek Area Mining Tour Cripple Creek, CO

November 7

Trip modified; no mine tours this year; 1-day trip will run twice, 10 people per day.

Golden Rocks! The Geology and Mining History of Golden, CO Trip limit: 20 Sold out!

Trip limit: 20 (10 each day) (family trip) Registration open email: staff@rmag.org | phone: 800.970.7624 OUTCROP | July 2020

1999 Broadway, Suite 730, Denver CO 80202

fax: 323.352.0046 | web: www.rmag.org

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

follow: @rmagdenver

OUTCROP Newsletter of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists

CONTENTS FEATURES

DEPARTMENTS

10 Lead Story: Edward L. Berthoud— The Real Father of Colorado Geology?

6 RMAG June 2020 Board of Directors Meeting

24 Mineral Of The Quarter: Creedite

8 President’s Letter 18 RMAG Luncheon programs: Neil Bockoven, PhD

ASSOCIATION NEWS

20 Welcome New RMAG Members!

2 RMAG Summit Sponsors

22 In The Pipeline

4 RMAG On The Rocks Field Trips

22 Outcrop Advertising Rates

COVER PHOTO

7 MiT Webinar Series: “How To Roll Your Dough—401k Options After A Layoff”

31 Advertiser Index

Picture of Harry Yount looking north on Berthoud Pass, CO, in 1874. Yount spent seven summers during the 1870s working as a guide, wrangler, and packer for the Hayden Geological Survey, a Rocky Mountains mapping expedition. He later served as the first gamekeeper at Yellowstone National Park.

31 Calendar

9 MiT Webinar Series: Upcoming Events 15 RMAG Virtual Trivia Night 17 Sporting Clay Tournament 19 RMAG/Mines Practical Python Short Course

Photo credit: Descriptive Catalog of the Photographs of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, W. H. Jackson, Photographer, Second Edition, Illustrated, 1874 Series, page 66, no. 65: Berthoud Pass, looking north.

27 RMAG Sponsored Content Advertising

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP | July 2020

RMAG JUNE 2020 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING By Jessica Davey, Secretary jessica.davey@sproule.com

OUTCROP | July 2020

you’d like to have featured, please reach out to Debby and Kathy. The Publications Committee is continuing their effort to add DOIs to the Mountain Geologist back issues and announced a full lineup of papers in the upcoming issues of the Mountain Geologist, so get ready for some educational reading time! The On the Rocks Committee has been busy rearranging the field trip schedule and working to accommodate social distancing and virtual field trip options. Please keep an eye on the RMAG website for changes to the field trip schedule and options for the summer. The Educational Outreach Committee reports that with the continued closure of K-12 schools, it has been a difficult time engaging students in the earth sciences. There are hopes for renewed efforts in the fall. The Committee is starting an inventory and index of web-available teacher materials; these materials will provide a much-needed resource for educators. If you’re not able to get outside to enjoy some lovely outcrops, or if you just want a quick lunchtime getaway, Arizona State University has a series of virtual field trips: https://vft.asu.edu/. There is a particular virtual trip on the site that allows the participant to explore the Grand Canyon from the view of the Colorado River, and the comfort of your home sofa! I hope you’re able to enjoy some fun field trips this summer, whether they are virtual or IRL (in real life)!

Happy summer to all my fellow RMAG’ers! Now that some of the COVID pandemic restrictions have been relaxed here in Colorado getting out to see some rocks in their natural habitats is a great way to enjoy the summer weather! The reduced social distancing restrictions have the RMAG Board looking at the option to start hosting some in-person events in the coming months – stay tuned for some fun (and appropriately socially-distanced) events to be announced soon. The RMAG Board of Directors is maintaining the use of online meetings for the time being and met online at 4 pm on June 17th for the June meeting with everyone except Cat Campbell present. Treasurer, Chris Eisinger, and Treasurer-Elect, Rebecca Johnson Scrable, report that despite events not being held, the RMAG 2020 budget is holding strong. The RMAG office is continuing to be run remotely (and very efficiently) by Debby and Kathy. The Continuing Education reported that the attendance for the online luncheon talks continues to be great! The past three talks have averaged over 150 attendees, which would never fit into the Maggianno’s dining room. While we still miss the delicious lunches, it is wonderful that so many RMAG members are able to attend these virtual talks. The Membership Committee has hosted a handful of virtual trivia events, the most recent on June 18th. If you haven’t participated in the trivia events yet, you’re missing out! Stay tuned for additional dates, and if you have some great geo-related trivia questions

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

Webinar Series Members in Transition

Rocky Mountain Members in Transition (MiT) is a joint effort of members of AAPG, SPE, WOGA, COGA, DWLS, and RMAG in the Rocky Mountain region to help association members in the midst of a career transition.

July 16 12pm-1pm

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Robert Single, Financial Advisor (and former geologist)

Rockies MiT Members in Transition

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP | July 2020

PRESIDENT’S LETTER By Jane Estes-Jackson

Fond of Field Work

OUTCROP | July 2020

Smoky Mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina on other undergrad field trips. The culmination of my college career was a six-week field camp in in the Bighorn Basin, which introduced me to my husband as well as the structure and stratigraphy of the northern Rockies. One of the reasons I chose to attend Colorado School of Mines for graduate school was the opportunity to do more field work. During my first semester there, in Dr. John Warme’s stratigraphy class, we went out into the field nearly every Friday afternoon, mostly to outcrops along the Dakota hogback. My Master’s thesis, also under the guidance of Dr. Warme, consisted of measuring stratigraphic sections of Devonian carbonates in southeastern Nevada. It was challenging work, and it was one of my proudest accomplishments once I completed it. Many of us get into geology because we love the outdoors, and many of us also spend much more time than we would like stuck in front of a computer screen, especially recently. Any day that I can get out in the field is a good day. One of the many benefits of living on the Front Range is the proximity to world class outcrops practically in our backyards, and On the Rocks field trips are a great way to reacquaint ourselves with the rocks. This year the On the Rocks Committee had, once again, put together an outstanding schedule of field trips. But as we continue to adapt to the pandemic and the guidelines from the state, they have had to postpone some of them until next year. We remain hopeful that we will be able to run a few of the trips in a modified format. If you, like me, are ready to get outside and look at some rocks then check out the RMAG website for all the latest field trip information.

One of the many consequences of the COVID 19 pandemic has been the delay (or in some cases cancellation) of field season. Many colleges and universities, including both of my alma maters, have shifted to an online version of field camp. This is unfortunate, because in my mind field work is an integral part of geology. I have always thought that the best geologist is the one who sees the most rocks, or, put another way “the one who sees the most rocks wins”. There really is no good substitute for seeing rocks up close and in person. I grew up in south Louisiana, which (spoiler alert) is not really known for its spectacular outcrops. The most interesting geology there is in the subsurface. I did my undergraduate studies at the University of Louisiana-Lafayette, and we generally had to travel out of state to see actual rocks. My first true field trip, which was part of my freshman Physical Geology course, was to the Ouachita Mountains in central Arkansas. That experience was eye-opening (in more ways than one) for me, and throughout my college career I went on as many field trips as I possibly could. It was a good way to travel cheaply and see a lot of rocks. One trip that really stands out in my mind took place over the semester break my junior year. Our goal was to visit as many national parks as we could in a three-week time frame, the highlight of which included spending Christmas in Yellowstone National Park. We also saw Grand Teton, Arches, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, Bryce Canyon, Zion, Death Valley, Petrified Forest, and Grand Canyon parks on that epic road trip. I also got to see the Llano Uplift in central Texas, Big Bend and the Guadalupe Mountains in west Texas, Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, and the Great

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

Webinar Series Members in Transition

Webinars are free and open to all

All times 12pm-1pm MDT except where noted

June 25, 2020, 4pm-5pm

Industry Recruiter Panel  Pivot Yourself: Recruiters’ Perspective and Insights

July 16, 2020

Robert Single, Financial Advisor  How to Roll Your Dough: 401K Options

July 23, 2020

Rick Fritz, AAPG President  What’s Your Super Position? Jobs for Geologists

August 13, 2020

Cathryn Stewart, Environmental Geologist  Pivoting from Petroleum to Environmental Geology: What to Expect and How to Prepare

Visit our partner website Petroleum Pivoters!

Rockies MiT Members in Transition

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

OUTCROP | July 2020

LEAD STORY

EDWARD L. BERTHOUD

The Real Father of Colorado Geology? BY DONNA S. ANDERSON AND PAUL HASEMAN

OUTCROP | July 2020

lines in the Midwest, he married the love of his life, Helen Ferrell, established a successful business with his in-laws, the Ferrell’s, and began feeling established. But the Pikes Peak Gold Rush and the draw of his in-laws, who had moved to Golden City in 1859, got in his veins. At age 32, he and his wife came to Golden City, arriving on 18 April 1860 and staying with his entrepreneurial father-in-law, John Ferrell, who built Golden’s first hotel on Washington Street, next to his tollbridge over Clear Creek. Berthoud’s best friend, brother-in-law and former fraternity brother, Silas Burt, joined the Ferrell and Berthoud families in May of 1860. Beginning his life-long residence in Golden at age 32, Berthoud quickly went to work. In summer of 1860, he and Burt roamed around Golden and the mountains, observing and mapping the natural history of the area. The two of them wrote a book of their field work results (Figure 1). Among other things, the book

Berthoud Pass. Berthoud, Colorado. Berthoud Hall at Colorado School of Mines. If you live in Colorado, you will recognize the name. Captain Edward L. Berthoud (1828-1908) is a large and perhaps under-appreciated figure in Colorado history (Black, 1988). Born in Switzerland, his family immigrated to the United States when he was two, and as a youth and teen lived in upstate New York right next to a canal and railroad line, which were the big new technologies for transportation and engineering at that time. Fascinated by these new technologies, Berthoud studied science and engineering and graduated with a degree in civil engineering from Union College in Schenectady, New York, in 1849 near the top of his class. Beginning a career as a surveyor, he worked on the early Panama Railroad (1851-1852), an experience that he described as “hell on earth” (Black, 1988). But it was there that he began to cultivate a love of natural history, particularly what we would today call “birding.” Finding his way to Leavenworth, Kansas, after experiences with under-financed railroad

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Sunrise above Berthoud Pass, near Winter Park, Colorado. Photo by Brian Wolski

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discussed the geology of the Golden-Denver area, and, of course, birds (Burt and Berthoud, 1861). As part of the effort for the book, Berthoud corresponded with Professor O.C. Marsh at Yale University regarding fossils that he had found in Golden City during his surveys (Yale Peabody Museum, 2020). In May of 1861, he was engaged by the Overland Express Co. to survey a route to Utah, which became a stagecoach route and later U.S. Highway 40. Berthoud is also credited, based on his survey, with recognizing a pass over the Rocky Mountains: Berthoud Pass. But, Berthoud’s, like everyone else’s, work in the Rockies was soon interrupted by the U.S. Civil War. In March 1862 Berthoud (Figure 2) joined the Second Colorado Volunteer Infantry of the Union Army, Company H raised by George West, receiving a commission as a First Lieutenant, and eventually rising to Captain. Mostly confined to the perimeter of the Civil War in the Kansas Territory, he did not see any action until 1864, when he and his men were confronted by the last-ditch attempt of Confederate General Sterling Price to win Missouri by taking Jefferson City (Black, 1988). Berthoud received commendation for his design and quick building of earthworks around Jefferson City, which helped repel the Confederate attack. While in the Army, Berthoud corresponded with W.A.H. Loveland suggesting the concept of a narrow gauge railroad up Clear Creek, which Loveland later successfully pursued with Berthoud’s help after the Civil War. Returning to civilian life in Colorado in 1866, Berthoud resumed his career as a civil engineer and surveyor for the new railroads that were being built to connect the western U.S., surveying one of three alternate routes from Golden to Middle Park (the valley surrounding Fraser, Colorado) for the Union Pacific part of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1866. While up on Rollins Pass in November 1866, a blinding snowstorm engulfed Berthoud and his crew, as well as General Grenville Dodge, chief engineer for the Union Pacific Railroad, and his crew. After escaping bodily harm, Dodge returned to Golden and immediately canceled the mountain route (Black, 1988). Later, as the Chief Engineer of the Colorado

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Central Railroad, Berthoud surveyed the rail route up Clear Creek Canyon from Golden to Black Hawk as well as the routes connecting Golden to Denver and then to Cheyenne, Wyoming. He also surveyed the historic narrow-gauge Georgetown Loop, which still operates today as a tourist train between Georgetown and Silver Plume. In 1870, he employed Arthur Lakes, having met Lakes at the Calvary Episcopal Church on 1320 Arapahoe Street in Golden, to help in the surveying work. He and Lakes became fast friends, even with 16 years difference in their ages. In fact, Berthoud almost certainly was a mentor to Lakes, possibly treating him almost like a son. Berthoud had a strong sense of civic duty, having been elected to the Territorial Legislature after he returned from the Civil War. He also was elected a Jefferson County Commissioner (1868-1871), served as the Jefferson County Surveyor (1875 to 1878), and served as mayor of Golden (1890-1891). Throughout the 1870s, he was the volunteer weather-forecaster for Golden, placing his forecasts on a slip of paper in the post office every morning (Budd, 1930). He was the first instructor of Geology at the then-new School of Mines in 1874, a job that he eventually turned over to Arthur Lakes. He initially served as the first School of Mines Registrar and in 1880 became Secretary of the School of Mines, helping to rehire Arthur Lakes as professor of Geology that same year. In every sense of the term, Berthoud was a Founding Father of Colorado, Golden, and the Colorado School of Mines, but what about geology?

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BERTHOUD’S GEOLOGIC CONTRIBUTIONS Why talk about an engineer as the Father of Colorado Geology? First, civil engineers are often naturally curious about the landscape they work with. For example, William (“Strata”) Smith was an English engineer who used rocks and fossils to predict the locations of important resources and construction of canals, ending up by creating the first geologic map of England, Scotland, and Wales. Second, early on and having established an interest in natural history in his short but memorable time in Panama, Berthoud was interested in fossils and rocks. Berthoud and friend and brother-in-law Silas Burr co-wrote

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LEAD STORY

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the “The Rocky Mountain Gold Regions,” published in 1861 (Figure 1). He corresponded with O.C. Marsh in 1872 (Yale Peabody Museum, 2020) about fossil bones that he found in the Boulder area. In another letter dated 6 December 1873, Berthoud talked about bones he collected in 1867-1868, pre-dating Ferdinand Hayden’s first excursion to Colorado, and about plant fossils that he sent to Professor Leo Lesquereux, a famous botanist and paleontologist of the time. Berthoud was also the person who sent the sketch and “splendid saurian tooth” collected on South Table Mountain by Peter Dotson and Arthur Lakes to O. C. Marsh of Yale University on 21 June 1874 (Figure 3). Berthoud was notoriously bad at sketching, while Arthur Lakes excelled at it, making

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FIGURE 1: (above) Title page first

publication, 1861, mentioning geology by Burt and Berthou FIGURE 2: (left) Civil war-period

photo of E.L. Berthoud. Jefferson County Archives, 2020

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LEAD STORY

a good collaboration. Berthoud’s geologic knowledge of Golden was essential to Hayden’s surveys. The 1874 Hayden survey report for Colorado contains a lengthy report by Archibald R. Marvine, who was the 25-year-old assistant geologist for the Middle Park division during the 1873 field season. All the data for Golden in Marvine’s comprehensive report is cited as being generously provided by Berthoud (Marvine, 1874). In reality, Berthoud made the first measured section of rock strata in Golden. He also mapped and measured, in detail, the coal and clay strata in the Laramie Formation. He provided fossil plants and bones to the Hayden survey geologists and paleontologists, and showed them around the outcrops and mines. Berthoud also drew the geologic cross section of Golden that is included in Marvine’s report (Figure 4). Berthoud wrote the “History of Jefferson County” (Berthoud, 1880) with a section on the geology of Jefferson County, drawn from Berthoud’s observations and interactions with O.C. Marsh, his younger friend Arthur Lakes, and associates F.V. Hayden and Archibald Marvine. Plainly, Berthoud was the first professional scientist to focus on and write about the geology of the Golden area. He was surveying in the Front Range when Hayden’s party came to Golden on 14 July 1869 (Colorado Transcript, 1869a; Black, 1988). While they did not meet at that time, Hayden acknowledged Berthoud’s able “knowledge of the resources of your (Jefferson) county” (Colorado Transcript, 1869b). In addition, Marvine, in his 1873 field-season report (Marvine, 1874), shows a very close interaction with Berthoud. While being the first instructor of Geology at Colorado School of Mines, Berthoud also was a mentor to Arthur Lakes, promoting Lakes’ career at Mines. The Geology building at Mines, Berthoud Hall, was dedicated in 1939, in recognition of Berthoud’s contributions to geology and School of Mines. For all these reasons, Edward L. Berthoud can legitimately be considered the Father of Colorado Geology. At the very least, Berthoud was a huge catalyst to understanding the geology of Colorado.

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FIGURE 3: Berthoud’s note showing the first T.

rex tooth found in North America. His initials are at bottom left, but Arthur Lakes made the sketch. (Yale Peabody Museum)

REFERENCES CITED Burt, S.W., and E.L. Berthoud, 1861, The Rocky Mountain gold regions: Facsimile Edition (1962), Old West Pub. Co., Denver, CO, 132 p. Berthoud, E.L, 1880, History of Jefferson County, in History of Clear Creek and Boulder Valleys, Colorado: O.L. Baskin & Co., Chicago, IL. p. 355-378. Black, R.C., III, 1988, Railroad Pathfinder: The Life and times of Edward L. Berthoud: Cordillera Press, Evergreen, CO, 176p. Budd, M.R., 1930, Colorado and its School of Mines, Part 9, from 1870 to 1874: Mines Magazine, v. 20, no. 3, p. 16-19.

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July RMAG

Virtual Trivia Night

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7 / 23 / 20 @ 4:30pm More new questions!

MCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d by RMAG member Chantel Maybach

Winner gets an automatic sign-up to the next RMAG Lunch Talk & a bottle of wine!

email: staff@rmag.org | phone: 800.970.7624 Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org 1999 Broadway, Suite 730, Denver CO 80202

FREE & open to all! Register today! fax: 323.352.0046OUTCROP | web: www.rmag.org | July 2020 follow: @rmagdenver

LEAD STORY

FIGURE 4: Geologic cross section of Golden prepared

Jefferson County Archives, 2020, Edward L. Berthoud, Historic List of Commissioners: https:// www.jeffco.us/3473/Berthoud-Edward-L last accessed 7 Jun 2020.

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by E.L. Berthoud from Plate 4 of Marvine’s field report of 1873, Hayden 1874

Colorado Transcript, 1869a, 21 July. Colorado Transcript, 1869b, 28 July. Galbraith, D., 2008, The Galbraith chronicles: Denman Galbraith’s historical account of Golden, Colorado: Jefferson County Library Foundation. History of Colorado, Den Galbraith, #15, Golden History Museum Marvine, A.R., 1874, Report of Arch. R. Marvine, in F.V. Hayden, [Seventh] Annual Report of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, embracing Colorado, being a report of progress of the exploration for the year 1873: Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p.83-193. Yale Peabody Museum, 2020, Correspondence B03F0106 Berthoud to Marsh 1861 to 1883, Letter #4: https://images.peabody.yale.edu/ocm/ B03F0106.pdf last accessed 8 June 2020.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Donna Anderson is currently Counselor for the RMAG and an Affiliate Faculty in Geology at Colorado School of Mines. She holds a doctorate in Geology from Mines, is a past-President of the RMAG, and is retired from the petroleum industry. Paul Haseman is a former civil engineer with the Army Corps of Engineers with a penchant for geology and history. A USMA grad with two law degrees, he currently serves on the Golden City Council. Donna and Paul are writing a book called “Golden Rocks! The Geology and Mining History of Golden, Colorado,” which is targeted for completion by year-end.

Well Log Digitizing • Petrophysics Petra® Projects • Mud Log Evaluation Bill Donovan

Geologist • Petroleum Engineer • PE

(720) 351-7470 donovan@petroleum-eng.com OUTCROP | July 2020

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G eoloGisTs

n i gC T r l o a p

T he R ocky M ounTain a ssociaTion

8/28 nam

n e

Kiowa Creek Sporting Club | August 28, 2020 • Prizes for individual high score and team 1st, 2nd, & 3rd flights • Includes 1 round of 100 sporting clays, lunch, and door prizes • Does not include ammunition (please bring enough ammo for 100 clays, or you may purchase ammo at Kiowa Creek) • You may rent a gun for $20 onsite

5 person team (member): $425 5 person team (non-member): $500 Individual (member): $85 Individual (non-member): $100

Registration and sponsorship available at www.rmag.org! email: staff@rmag.org | phone: 800.970.7624 Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

1999 Broadway, Suite 730, Denver CO 80202

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follow: @rmagdenver

ONLINE LUNCH TALK

FREE!

Speaker: Neil Bockoven, PhD July 8, 2020 | 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm

BERS MEM Y ONL

Three Paleo Human Mysteries By Neil Bockoven, PhD humans, 3) Competition for food and resources, 4) Our larger population absorbed their smaller one, and 5) Climate change brought on by the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption.

MYSTERY ONE Did we mate with Neanderthals and have viable offspring? If so, what genetics did we get from them? Yes, we interbred, but apparently, only male Homo sapien-female Neanderthal pairings survived or were fertile. From the Neanderthal genes we got enhanced viral immunity, but also predispositions for ailments such as lupus, Crohn’s disease, type 2 diabetes, actinic keratosis, and depression.

MYSTERY THREE Why is an Australian aborigine genetically more similar to a Scandinavian than an African tribesman is to a member of a different African tribe? A small subset of the African population (with their relative lack of genetic diversity) left Africa about 70,000 years ago, and they populated the rest of the world. In addition to answering these and other intriguing questions, we’ll discuss the huge breakthroughs coming from ancient DNA analysis, and the different information we get from the three types of DNA.

MYSTERY TWO Neanderthals lived in Europe for more than 250,000 years. When we (Homo sapiens) arrived on the scene about 45,000 years ago, they disappeared quicky—forever. What happened? Five major factors played a role in the Neanderthal demise: 1) Homicide by modern humans, 2) Disease brought by modern

NEIL BOCKOVEN is an award-winning PhD geologist and journalist with 35 years of experience in industry. He has been featured in: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Virginia Journal of Science and many other scientific publications. Neil is a member of the Archaeological Institute of America, the Archaeological Conservancy, the Leakey Foundation, and is an Impact Member of the Center for Study of the First Americans. Neil attended The College of William and Mary, where he was a member of the state champion swim team and received a Bachelor of Arts. He went on to The University of Texas at Austin, OUTCROP | July 2020

earning a masters and doctorate in geoscience. He has published articles on topics as diverse as the geology of huge volcanic calderas of the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains of Mexico to sexual dimorphism in Astarte clams. His current interests center on the interaction between Early Modern Humans and Neanderthals during the Paleolithic Age, and the amazing related discoveries being made through archaeology and ancient DNA analysis. In addition to Moctu and the Mammoth People, Neil has also published a related children’s book titled When We Met Neanderthals. For more about Neil Bockoven visit his Facebook page at www.facebook.com/authorneilbockoven/ or his web site at www.neilbockoven.com. Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

RMAG/Mines Partnership Short Course

Practical Python for Earth Scientists Date: October 1, 2020 Location: Catalyst Health Tech Center (3513 Brighton Blvd, Denver, CO 80216) Instructors: Matthew Bauer, P.G., with breakout sessions from Zane Jobe & Thomas Martin Registration: csmspace.com/events/ practicalpython/registration.cpes Please note: Registration will be handled by Colorado School of Mines’ Continuing Education & Professional Development Department. Contact Learn@mines.edu with questions.

Oct. 1, 2020 SOLD OUT!

Contact Mines CPES to get on waitlist

Who is this course for? This course is tailored for geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, petroleum engineers, production engineers, landmen, and anyone else that would like to gain skills in practical python programming, data mining, and machine learning. While this course will use examples from the petroleum industry, any earth scientist will benefit from learning about geospatial and subsurface data analysis. Course Goals: •

Introduce the python programing language for the geoscientist.

•

Introduce python libraries that allow integration into other software programs through reading, manipulating, and writing LAS well logs and shapefiles.

•

Provide hands on examples of the application of Data Mining, Machine Learning, and Data Analytics to solve problems faced by a petroleum geologist.

•

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER By Ronald L. Parker Senior Geologist, Senior Geologist, Borehole Image Specialists, P. O. Box 221724, Denver CO 80222 | ron@bhigeo.com

CREEDITE A Rare Fluorinated Sulfate

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BELOW: Spherical radiating aggregate of lustrous, transparent, colorless creedite euhedra grading into orange colored crystals toward the center. Mina Navidad, NW of Abasolo, Durango, Mexico. 5 cm in largest dimension. Photo with permission from John Betts Fine Minerals. OUTCROP | July 2020

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: CREEDITE

Transparent creedite euhedral crystals, some coated with goethite/hematite microcrystals. From Rodeo, Durango, Mexico. Longest dimension is 1.7 cm. Photo with permission from John Betts Fine Minerals.

Creedite, Ca3Al2F8(OH)2(SO4)•2H2O is a rare hydrated calcium aluminum fluoride-sulfate named for the location of the first discovery near the center of the Creede, Colorado, topographic map. Creedite is monoclinic and is often observed as aesthetically-pleasing translucent, elongate, radiating prisms. Creedite appears as clear, white, or pale-purple crystals that are sometimes discolored by trace elements or coatings that impart an orange or black coloration. Some reddish-brown colored creedite crystals have Fe3+ substituting for Al3+ (Frost et. al, 2013). Creedite has a specific gravity of 2.71, a vitreous to greasy luster and a hardness of ~4. Creedite is monoclinic with 2/m symmetry. The β angle (between the c- and a- crystallographic axes) is 94.4°, which makes the inclined nature of crystals sometimes difficult to resolve. Prismatic crystals are dominantly bladelike or acicular forms of {001},

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

commonly decorated by other forms {110}, {111}, {bar111} and {001}. Creedite can form as a coating of reticulated needles or as massive encrustations or cements, although these habits are rare. Creedite displays perfect cleavage on {100} with conchoidal fracture in other orientations (Cook, 2008). Some creedite specimens exhibit a brilliant light blue fluorescence under shortwave and yellowish-white fluorescence under longwave ultraviolet (UV) illumination (Jones, 1964; Database of Luminescent Minerals, 2020), although not all creedites fluoresce. As a monoclinic crystal, creedite is optically biaxial (negative). Other physical properties of note: creedite is both pyroelectric and piezoelectric (Helman, 2016). Pyroelectricity is a consequence of a permanent electrical dipole moment of the crystal unit cell resulting in spontaneous electrical polarization.

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: CREEDITE materials are piezoelectric – although the opposite is not true – (Whatmore, 1991), creedite is also a piezoelectric mineral. Piezoelectric materials generate an electrical potential when the crystal lattice is subjected to applied mechanical stress. In reverse, an applied electrical potential causes the piezoelectric material to deform – the principle that makes the synthetic quartz in my watch keep the correct time. Currently, there are no practical uses for these properties from rarely encountered creedite.

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Temperature changes applied to the crystal (heating or cooling) result in a polarization differential that generates an electrical charge on crystal faces (Klapper and Hahn, 2005). Pyroelectricity stems from disruptions to lattice symmetry. In the case of creedite, this disruption may stem from a reduction in the symmetry of the SO42- by coordination with water bonded to Al3+ in the crystal lattice (Frost et. al., 2013; Helman 2016). Because all pyroelectric

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Creedite crystals with iron oxide coating from Colquiri Mine, Inquisivi Province, La Paz, Bolivia. Crystal euhedra display prismatic elongation parallel to the c-axis with angled terminations. Crystals are 1.6 cm long. Photo with permission from John Betts Fine Minerals. OUTCROP | July 2020

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: CREEDITE

Lustrous, lilac-purple creedite crystals from Santa Eulalia district, Aquiles Serdan, Chihuahua, Mexico. Approximately 3 cm across. Photo with permission from John Betts Fine Minerals

Creedite was discovered in 1915 by USGS Geologist Esper S. Larsen from a mine dump sourced from the upper workings of a fluorspar mine. The mine was opened into a fluorite-barite vein observed to be cutting through hot springs near Wagon Wheel Gap SSE of Creede, Colorado. This same vein was “hastily examined” by Larsen in 1912. Subsequent to Larsen’s first visit, the fluorspar mine was rapidly developed and had yielded a considerable amount of fluorite. At the same time Larsen discovered creedite, the mine was discovered to contain another weird, rare alumino-fluoride mineral: gearksutite [CaAl(OH)F4 • H2O] (Larsen and Wells, 1916; Eckel et. al., 1997).

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The Larsen and Wells (1916) paper, which is available on the internet (see references), is a marvelous look into the careful observational and analytical techniques of the early 20th century. Wagon Wheel Gap is a location near the headwaters of the Rio Grande River “…where the rocks close in and form a gateway through which there is scarcely room for the river, the railroad and the road to pass.” (COGenWeb, 2020). Rather than being named for the historic Colorado mining town (Creede), or the man who first discovered a rich silver lode – the Holy Moses - in 1889 north of that town (Nicholas C. Creede), the mineral was so named because it was

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: CREEDITE

discovered near the center of the Creede quadrangle of the United States Geological Survey (Larsen and Wells, 1916; Rosemeyer, 2010; Jacobson, 2018). Creedite is an uncommon mineral that has been identified from several geologically unusual settings. These include: the weathering rind of pyroxene-granite skarns and in association with Mo-W mineralization surrounding granites in Kazakhstan; in vugs and as cement in fault-brecciated quartzite, shale and sulfides truncating a Sn mine in Colquiri, Bolivia; in the oxidized zone of a fluorite-quartz-gold vein in California and several other, mostly oxidized hydrothermal, situations (Bailey, 1979). The list of minerals associated with creedite is large, reflecting the diverse and unusual settings of its occurrence. Among the more common mineral associates are: fluorite, barite, gypsum, galena, pyrite, kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, gearksutite, cryolite, and iron oxides and oxyhydroxides (Bailey, 1979; Mineral Data Publishing, 2005). Creedite has no commercial value as an ore mineral, but has a (more recent) history of being prized by mineral collectors. Peter MeGaw spins a yarn in “Tales from Mexico, Part 1” where he recounts miners discovering creedite in a Mexican silver mine. “The miners began hitting creedite; they were in some kind of structural zone that kept producing pocket after pocket. At first some of the miners didn’t know it was creedite, and several early flats were sold as amethyst, but the miners soon learned that people would come down from El Paso and pay stupid amounts of money for large amounts of creedite. So what became known as creedite fever was touched off, and the mining company was probably the last to know… (Smith and Smith, 1999, p. 33). Creedite is also a darling of crystal healing enthusiasts who indicate that it has powerful metaphysical properties and a strong spiritual nature. Due to its high crystal energy, creedite is purported to initiate an expansion within your higher chakras, lifting your overall vibration, bringing blissful feelings, joy, happiness, and a deep inner peace which may chase away depression and stress (Healing Crystals for You, 2020). I’ll be on the lookout for more creedite at the next Denver Gem and Mineral show – let’s hope

Vol. 69, No. 7 | www.rmag.org

it is still a go in spite of the COVID-19 pandemic. Important localities for creedite include the Potosi mine and other mines in Santa Eulalia district of Mexico, Colquiri, La Paz, Bolivia, Guizhou, China and the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. Other reported localities for creedite include South Africa, Greece, Sardinia, Kazakhstan, Russia and France (Bailey, 1979; Cook, 2008). In the United States, creedite is found at the type locality at Wagon Wheel Gap, as well as in Teller and Clear Creek Counties, Colorado, and near Tonopah, Nye County, Nevada, from the Darwin district, Inyo County, California and Graham county, Arizona (Cook, 2008). Creedite! Keep an eye open for it at your next Rock and Mineral show!

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ONLINE REFERENCES

• http://www.minerals.net/mineral/tetrahedrite. aspx • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creedite • https://www.mindat.org/min-1151.html • http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/ creedite.pdf • http://www.webmineral.com/data/Creedite.shtml#.Xu7kf2hKiHs • https://www.healing-crystals-for-you.com/creedite.html • http://www.cogenweb.com/mineral/wagonwheelgap.htm • https://www.fluomin.org/uk/fiche.php?id=306

REFERENCES

Bailey, J.C., 1979, Formation of Cryolite and Other Aluminofluorides: A Petrologic Review, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 29:1-45. COGenWeb, 2020, History of Wagon Wheel Gap website, http://www.cogenweb.com/mineral/ wagonwheelgap.htm, accessed 6/22/20202. Cook, Robert B., 2008, Creedite: Cresson Mine, Cripple Creek, Teller County, Colorado, Rocks & Minerals, 83(5): 422-427. Eckel, Edwin B., Robert R. Cobban, Donley S. Collins, Eugene E. Foord, Daniel E. Like, Peter J. Modreski and Jack A. Murphy, 1997, The Minerals of Colorado, Revised and Updated. Golden,

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MINERAL OF THE QUARTER: CREEDITE

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Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. 665 pp. Frost, Ray L., Yunfei Xi and Ricardo Scholz, 2013), Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of the Sulphate Mineral Creedite – Ca3Al2SO4(F,OH) • 2H2O – and in Comparison with the Alums, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 109: 201-205. Helman, Daniel S., 2016, Symmetry-Based Electricity in Minerals and Rocks: A Review with Examples of Centrosymmetric Minerals that Exhibit Pyro- and Piezoelectricity, Periodico di Mineralogia, 85: 201-248. Jacobson, Mark Ivan, 2018, The Where of Mineral Names: Creedite, Colorado Fluorspar Company Mine, Wagon Wheel Gap, Mineral County, Colorado, Rocks & Minerals, 93(4): 369-372. Jones, Robert W. Jr., 1964, Collecting Fluorescent Minerals, Rocks & Minerals, 39(3-4): 172. Klapper, H., and Thomas Hahn, 2005, Point Groups in Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics, ed. By Franco Bassani, Gerald L. Liedl and Peter Wyder, Academic Press, pp. 323-334. Larsen, Esper S. and Roger C. Wells, 1916, Some Minerals from the Fluorite-Barite Vein near Wagon Wheel Gap, Colorado, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2(7):360-365. https://rruff.info/uploads/PNAS2_360.pdf Mineral Data Publishing, 2005, Creedite, http:// www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/creedite. pdf accessed 6/3/2020. Rosemeyer, Tom, 2010, Creede: The Last Wild West Silver Mining Camp in Colorado, Rocks & Minerals, 85(5): 396-413. Smith, Bill and Carol Smith, 1999, Tales from Mexico, Part 1, Rocks & Minerals, 74(1): 30-38. Whatmore, R. W., (1991) Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials and Their Applications, in Electronic Materials, ed. by L.S. Miller and J.B. Mullin, Springer: Boston, Ma.pp. 283-

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