AP-Ch10

Chapter

10 The Muscular System PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris

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An Introduction to the Muscular System  The Muscular System  Consists only of skeletal muscles

 Muscle Organization and Function  Muscle organization affects power, range, and speed of muscle movement  Fascicles  Muscle cells (fibers) are organized in bundles (fascicles)

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Fascicle Arrangement  Classification of Skeletal Muscles  By the way fascicles are organized  By relationships of fascicles to tendons

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Fascicle Arrangement  Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers  Four patterns of fascicle organization  Parallel  Convergent  Pennate  Circular

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Fascicle Arrangement  Parallel Muscles  Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle  For example, biceps brachii  Depends on total number of myofibrils  Directly relates to cross section of muscle  1 in.2 (6.45 cm2) of cross section develops 50 lb (23 kg) of tension

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Fascicle Arrangement

[INSERT FIG. 11.1a]

Figure 10–1a Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

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Fascicle Arrangement  Convergent Muscles  A broad area converges on attachment site (tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe)  Muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on stimulation  For example, pectoralis muscles

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Fascicle Arrangement

[INSERT FIG. 11.1b]

Figure 10–1b Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

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Fascicle Arrangement  Pennate Muscles  Form an angle with the tendon  Do not move as far as parallel muscles  Contain more myofibrils than parallel muscles  Develop more tension than parallel muscles

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Fascicle Arrangement  Pennate Muscles  Unipennate  Fibers on one side of tendon  For example, extensor digitorum

 Bipennate  Fibers on both sides of tendon  For example, rectus femoris

 Multipennate  Tendon branches within muscle  For example, deltoid Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fascicle Arrangement

[INSERT FIG. 11.1c, d, e]

Figure 10–1c, d, e Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

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Fascicle Arrangement  Circular Muscles  Also called sphincters  Open and close to guard entrances of body  For example, orbicularis oris muscle of the mouth

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Fascicle Arrangement

Figure 10–1f Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

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Levers  Skeletal Motion  Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion  Type of muscle attachment affects power, range, and speed of muscle movement

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Levers  Levers  Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a rigid, moving structure)  And each joint a fulcrum (a fixed point)

 Muscles provide applied force (AF)  Required to overcome resistance (R)

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Levers  Function of a lever is to change  Direction of an AF  Distance and speed of movement produced by an AF  Effective strength of an AF

 The Three Classes of Levers  Depend on the relationship between applied force, fulcrum, and resistance  First class, second class, and third class Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Levers  First-Class Lever  Seesaw or teeter-totter is an example  Center fulcrum between applied force and resistance  Force and resistance are balanced

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Levers

[INSERT FIG. 11.2a]

Figure 10–2a The Three Classes of Levers.

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Levers  Second-Class Levers  Wheelbarrow is an example  Center resistance between applied force and fulcrum  A small force moves a large weight

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Levers

[INSERT FIG. 11.2b]

Figure 10–2b The Three Classes of Levers.

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Levers  Third-Class Levers  Most common levers in the body  Center applied force between resistance and fulcrum  Greater force moves smaller resistance  Maximizes speed and distance traveled

First, Second, and Third-Class Levers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Levers

[INSERT FIG. 11.2c]

Figure 10–2c The Three Classes of Levers.

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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues  Origins and Insertions  Muscles have one fixed point of attachment (origin) and one moving point of attachment (insertion)  Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton  Origin is usually proximal to insertion

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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues  Actions  Movements produced by muscle contraction  Body movements  For example, flexion, extension, adduction, etc.

 Described in terms of bone, joint, or region

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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues  Muscle Interactions  Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency  Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by larger, primary muscles

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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues  Muscle Terminology Based on Function  Agonist (or prime mover)  Produces a particular movement

 Antagonist  Opposes movement of a particular agonist

 Synergist  A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist  Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator)

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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues  Muscle Opposition  Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:  When one contracts, the other stretches  Such as flexors–extensors, abductors–adductors, etc.

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Naming Skeletal Muscles  Names of Skeletal Muscles  Correct names of muscles include the term muscle  Exceptions  Platysma  Diaphragm

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Naming Skeletal Muscles  Descriptive Names for Skeletal Muscles  Location in the body  Origin and insertion  Fascicle organization  Relative position  Structural characteristics  Action

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Naming Skeletal Muscles  Location in the Body  Identifies body regions  For example, temporalis muscle

 Origin and Insertion  First part of name indicates origin  Second part of name indicates insertion  For example, genioglossus muscle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Naming Skeletal Muscles  Fascicle Organization  Describes fascicle orientation within muscle  i.e., rectus (straight), transversus, oblique

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Naming Skeletal Muscles  Relative Position  Externus (superficialis)  Visible at body surface

 Internus (profundus)  Deep muscles

 Extrinsic  Muscles outside an organ

 Intrinsic  Muscles inside an organ

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Naming Skeletal Muscles  Structural Characteristics  Number of tendons  bi = 2, tri = 3

 Shape  Trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid

 Size  Many terms refer to muscle size

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Naming Skeletal Muscles  Descriptive Terms for Muscle Size  Longus = long  Longissimus = longest  Teres = long and round  Brevis = short  Magnus = large  Major = larger  Maximus = largest  Minor = small  Minimus = smallest Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Naming Skeletal Muscles  Action  Movements  For example, flexor, extensor, retractor

 Occupations or habits  For example, risor = laughter

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Naming Skeletal Muscles

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Naming Skeletal Muscles

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Muscular System Overview  Divisions of the Muscular System  Axial muscles  Position head and spinal column  Move rib cage  60% of skeletal muscles

 Appendicular muscles  Support pectoral and pelvic girdles  Support limbs  40% of skeletal muscles

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Muscular System Overview

Figure 10–3a (Part 1 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.

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Muscular System Overview

Figure 10–3a (Part 2 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.

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Muscular System Overview

Figure 10–3b (Part 1 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.

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Muscular System Overview

Figure 10–3b (Part 2 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.

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Axial Musculature  The Axial Muscles  Divisions based on location and function  Muscles of head and neck  Muscles of vertebral column  Oblique and rectus muscles  Muscles of pelvic floor

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Axial Musculature  Six Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck  Muscles of facial expression  Originate on skull

 Extrinsic eye muscles  Originate on surface of orbit  Control position of eye

 Muscles of mastication  Move the mandible

 Muscles of the tongue  Names end in glossus

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Axial Musculature  Six Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck  Muscles of the pharynx  Begin swallowing process

 Anterior muscles of the neck  Control position of larynx  Depress the mandible  Support tongue and pharynx

3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Head and Neck Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature  Muscles of Facial Expression  Orbicularis oris: constricts the mouth opening  Buccinator: moves food around the cheeks  Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)

Buccinator Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature  Muscles of Facial Expression  Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)  Temporoparietalis  Occipitofrontalis – Frontal and occipital bellies – Separated by epicranial aponeurosis

 Platysma – Covers anterior surface of neck Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature

Figure 10–4a Muscles of Facial Expression.

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Axial Musculature

Figure 10–4b Muscles of Facial Expression.

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature  Six Extrinsic Eye Muscles (Extra ocular)  Inferior rectus  Medial rectus  Superior rectus  Lateral rectus  Inferior oblique  Superior oblique Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature

Figure 10–5a,b Extrinsic Eye Muscles.

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Axial Musculature

Figure 10–5c, d Extrinsic Eye Muscles.

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of Mastication  Masseter  The strongest jaw muscle

 Temporalis  Helps lift the mandible

 Pterygoid muscles  Positions mandible for chewing

Masseter Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temporalis

Axial Musculature

Figure 10–6a Muscles of Mastication.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.6b]

Figure 10–6b Muscles of Mastication.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.4]

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Tongue  Palatoglossus  Originates at palate

 Styloglossus  Originates at styloid process

 Genioglossus  Originates at chin

 Hypoglossus  Originates at hyoid bone Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature

Figure 10–7 Muscles of the Tongue.

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Pharynx  Pharyngeal constrictor muscles  Move food into esophagus

 Laryngeal elevator muscles  Elevate the larynx

 Palatal muscles  Lift the soft palate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature

Figure 10–8 Muscles of the Pharynx.

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature  Anterior Muscles of the Neck  Digastric  From chin to hyoid  And hyoid to mastoid

 Mylohyoid  Floor of the mouth

 Geniohyoid  Between hyoid and chin Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature  Anterior Muscles of the Neck  Stylohyoid  Between hyloid and styloid

 Sternocleidomastoid  From clavicle and sternum to mastoid

 Omohyoid  Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature

Figure 10–9a Muscles of the Anterior Neck.

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Axial Musculature

Figure 10–9b Muscles of the Anterior Neck.

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Vertebral Column  Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles (superficial and deep)  Spinal flexors (transversospinalis)

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Vertebral Column  Superficial Spinal Extensors  Spinalis group  Longissimus group  Iliocostalis group Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Vertebral Column  Deep Spinal Extensors  Semispinalis group  Multifidus muscle  Interspinalis muscles  Intertransversarii muscles  Rotatores muscles

SemispinalisCapitus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.10a]

Figure 10–10a Muscles of the Vertebral Column.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.10c]

Figure 10–10c Muscles of the Vertebral Column.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.8 (top portion)]

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.8 (middle portion)]

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Vertebral Column  Spinal flexors  Neck – Longus capitis and longus colli – Rotate and flex the neck

 Lumbar – Quadratus lumborum muscles – Flex spine and depress ribs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.10b]

Figure 10–10b Muscles of the Vertebral Column.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.10a]

Figure 10–10a Muscles of the Vertebral Column.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.8 (bottom portion)]

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Axial Musculature  Oblique and Rectus Muscles  Lie within the body wall  Oblique muscles  Compress underlying structures  Rotate vertebral column

 Rectus muscles  Flex vertebral column  Oppose erector spinae

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Axial Musculature  Oblique Muscles  Cervical region  Scalene muscles  Flex the neck

 Thoracic region  Intercostal muscles (external and internal) – Respiratory movements of ribs

 Transversus thoracis – Cross inner surface of ribs

Internal Intercostals Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

External Intercostals

Axial Musculature  Oblique Muscles  Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic)  External oblique muscles  Internal oblique muscles

 Transversus abdominis External Obliques Transversus Abdominis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Internal Obliques

Axial Musculature  Rectus Muscles  Rectus abdominis  Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis  Divided longitudinally by linea alba  Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions

 Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm  Divides thoracic and abdominal cavities  Performs respiration Rectus Abdominis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.11a]

Figure 10–11a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.11b]

Figure 10–11b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.11c]

Figure 10–11c Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Pelvic Floor  Functions of pelvic floor muscles  Support organs of pelvic cavity  Flex sacrum and coccyx  Control movement of materials through urethra and anus

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Pelvic Floor  Perineum  Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor, divided into – Anterior urogenital triangle – Posterior anal triangle

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Axial Musculature  Perineum  Urogenital diaphragm  Deep muscular layer between pubic bones – Supports the pelvic floor – And muscles of the urethra

 Superficial muscles of the urogenital triangle – Support external genitalia

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Axial Musculature  Muscles of the Pelvic Floor  Perineum  Pelvic diaphragm – Deep muscular layer extending to pubis » Supports anal triangle

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.12a]

Figure 10–12a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.12b]

Figure 10–12b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.10-please split onto 2 slides if necessary]

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Axial Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.10-please split onto 2 slides if necessary]

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Appendicular Musculature  Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles  Move upper and lower limbs  Divisions of Appendicular Muscles  Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs  Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.13a]

Figure 10–13a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.13b]

Figure 10–13b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs  Position the pectoral girdle  Move the arm  Move the forearm and hand  Move the hand and fingers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle  Trapezius  Superficial  Covers back and neck to base of skull  Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines

Trapezius Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle  Rhomboid and levator scapulae  Deep to trapezius  Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae  Insert on scapular border

Rhomboid Minor Rhomboid Major Levator Scapulae Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.15a]

Figure 10–14a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle  Serratus anterior  On the chest  Originates along ribs  Inserts on anterior scapular margin

Serratus Anterior Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle  Subclavius  Originates on ribs  Inserts on clavicle

 Pectoralis minor  Attaches to scapula

Pectoralis Minor Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.15b]

Figure 10–14b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.11]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Arm  Deltoid  The major abductor

 Supraspinatus  Assists deltoid

Supraspinatus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Arm  Subscapularis and Teres major  Produce medial rotation at shoulder

Subscapularis Teres Major Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–15a Muscles That Move the Arm.

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Arm  Infraspinatus and teres minor  Produce lateral rotation at shoulder

 Coracobrachialis  Attaches to scapula  Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder

Infraspinatus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–15b(Part 1 of 2) Muscles That Move the Arm. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Arm  Pectoralis major  Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus  Produces flexion at shoulder joint

 Latissimus dorsi  Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus  Produces extension at shoulder joint

Pectoralis Major Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Latissimus Dorsi

Appendicular Musculature  The Rotator Cuff  Muscles involved in shoulder rotation  Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor, and their tendons

Teres Minor Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–15a (Part 1 of 2) Muscles That Move the Arm. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–15b Muscles That Move the Arm. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.12]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand  Originate on humerus and insert on forearm  Exceptions  The major flexor (biceps brachii)  The major extensor (triceps brachii)

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand  Extensors  Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm

 Flexors  Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces

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Appendicular Musculature  Flexors of the Elbow  Biceps brachii  Flexes elbow  Stabilizes shoulder joint  Originates on scapula  Inserts on radial tuberosity

 Brachialis and brachioradialis  Flex elbow Biceps Brachii Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.

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Appendicular Musculature  Extensors of the Elbow  Triceps brachii  Extends elbow  Originates on scapula  Inserts on olecranon

 Anconeus  Opposes brachialis

Triceps Brachii Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.13 top portion]

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Appendicular Musculature  Flexors of the Wrist  Palmaris longus  Superficial  Flexes wrist

 Flexor carpi ulnaris  Superficial  Flexes wrist  Adducts wrist

 Flexor carpi radialis  Superficial  Flexes wrist  Abducts wrist Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature  Extensors of the Wrist  Extensor carpi radialis  Superficial  Extends wrist  Abducts wrist

 Extensor carpi ulnaris  Superficial  Extends wrist  Adducts wrist

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.13 bottom portion]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand  Pronation and supination  Pronator teres and supinator – Originate on humerus and ulna – Rotate radius

 Pronator quadratus – Originates on ulna – Assists pronator teres

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.17a]

Figure 10–16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.13 middle portion]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers  Also called extrinsic muscles of the hand  Lie entirely within forearm  Only tendons cross wrist (in synovial tendon sheaths)

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers  Tendon sheaths  Extensor retinaculum – Wide band of connective tissue – Posterior surface of wrist – Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles

 Flexor retinaculum:  Anterior surface of wrist  Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.18a]

Figure 10–17a Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–17b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.18c]

Figure 10–17c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.18d]

Figure 10–17d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.14]

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Appendicular Musculature  The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand  Muscles that move the metacarpals and phalanges and originate and insert only on those bones

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–18a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–18b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.

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Appendicular Musculature

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs  Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton  Permits little movement  Has few muscles

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Position the Lower Limbs  Muscles that move the thigh  Muscles that move the leg  Muscles that move the foot and toes

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Thigh  Gluteal muscles  Lateral rotators  Adductors  Iliopsoas

3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Thigh Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–19a Muscles That Move the Thigh.

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Thigh: Gluteal Muscles  Cover lateral surfaces of ilia  Gluteus maximus  Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle  Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip

 Tensor fasciae latae  Works with gluteus maximus  Stabilizes iliotibial tract

 Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus  Originate anterior to gluteus maximus  Insert on trochanter Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.20b]

Figure 10–19b Muscles That Move the Thigh.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.16 top portion]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Thigh  Lateral rotators  Group of six muscles, including – Piriformis – Obturator

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.20c]

Figure 10–19c Muscles That Move the Thigh.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.16 2nd section]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Thigh: Adductors  Adductor magnus  Produces adduction, extension, and flexion

 Adductor brevis  Hip flexion and adduction

 Adductor longus  Hip flexion and adduction

 Pectineus  Hip flexion and adduction

 Gracilis  Hip flexion and adduction Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.21b]

Figure 10–20b Muscles That Move the Leg. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.20d]

Figure 10–19d Muscles That Move the Thigh.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.16 3rd section]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Thigh: Iliopsoas  Two hip flexors insert on the same tendon  Psoas major  Iliacus

Iliopsoas Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.20d]

Figure 10–19d Muscles That Move the Thigh.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.16 bottom]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Leg  Flexors of the knee  Originate on the pelvic girdle

 Extensors of the knee  Originate on the femoral surface  Insert on the patella

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Appendicular Musculature  Flexors of the Knee  Hamstrings  Biceps femoris  Semimembranosus  Semitendinosus

 Sartorius  Originates superior to the acetabulum

 Popliteus  Rotates the tibia to unlock the knee Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–20a Muscles That Move the Leg. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.17 top portion]

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Leg  Extensors of the knee  Four muscles of the quadriceps femoris – Three vastus muscles – Rectus femoris muscle

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.21b]

Figure 10–20b Muscles That Move the Leg. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.17 bottom]

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–20c Muscles That Move the Leg. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes  Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include  Muscles that produce extension at the ankle  Muscles that produce flexion at the ankle  Muscles that produce extension at the toes  Muscles that produce flexion at the toes

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Appendicular Musculature  Four Muscles That Produce Extension (plantar flexion) at the Ankle  Gastrocnemius  Soleus  Fibularis (group)  Tibialis posterior

3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Leg and Foot Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.22b]

Figure 10–21b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes  The Achilles Tendon  The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) – Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Produce Flexion (Dorsiflexsion) at the Ankle  Tibialis anterior  Opposes the gastrocnemius

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Produce Extension at the Toes  Extensor digitorum longum  Extensor hallucis longus  Extensor retinacula: fibrous sheaths hold tendons of toes as they cross the ankle

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.22b]

Figure 10–21b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.22d]

Figure 10–21d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.

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Appendicular Musculature  Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes  Flexor digitorum longum  Flexor hallucis longus  Oppose the extensors

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–21c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.18]

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.18]

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Appendicular Musculature  The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot  Muscles that move the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges and originate and insert only on those bones

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Appendicular Musculature

Figure 10–22a Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.23b]

Figure 10–22b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT FIG. 11.23c]

Figure 10–22c Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.

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Appendicular Musculature

[INSERT Table. 11.19]

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