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Ar easoff r equent i nvas i on Vi ki ngS et t l ement s
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F i nnmar k
T heVi ki ng s oci als ys t em cons i s t ed ofT hr al l s ,Kar l sand J ar l s .T heT hr al l swer es l aves ,of t en capt ur edf r om count r i est heVi ki ngshadi nvaded.T heT hr al l swer emadet ododai l ychor es f ort heKar l sandJ ar l sandf orcons t r uct i ngf or t r es s esandf or t i f i cat i ons ;i nf r as t r uct ur es uchas r oadsandcanal s ;andot heri mpor t antas pect soft heVi ki ngs oci et y.T heT hr al l scoul dal s o bet r adedwi t hot hercount r i esf orpr eci ousmet al sandot hergoods .T heybel ongedt ot he Kar l s( t heaver agef ar mi ngpeas ant )andt heJ ar l s( t heVi ki ngar i s t ocr acy) . I n890ADNor waywasuni t edasoneKi ngdom undert her ul eofHar al dHår f agr e( f i nehai r ) . Nor wayr eachedt hehei ghtofi t spoweri n1247buti twass hor tl i vedwhenKi ngHåkonVI di edi n1380.Ki ngHåkonwasmar r i edt oaDani s hPr i nces sandt hei rs on,Ol av,becameKi ng ofDenmar k,af t ert hedeat hofhi sf at her ,Ol avbecameki ngofNor wayt oo,begi nni nga 400yearUni on. However ,Ki ngOl avdi ed8year sl at ermaki nghi smot herqueenofbot hcount r i es .Ass he hadal s oadopt edhernephew,Er i kofPomer ani a,hei rt ot heS wedi s ht hr one,hebecame Ki ngofal lt hr eeS candi navi anCount r i esi n1397.However ,S wedenl ef tt heUni onwhena new Royal Dynas t ywascr eat edi n1523. I n 1536t he Ki ng ofDenmar knamed Nor waya Vas s als t at e ofDenmar k,meani ng t he Nor wegi anscoul dus et hel andofNor waybutt heymus tpayhomage,f eal t yandmi l i t ar y s er vi cet oDenmar k.I twasdi f f i cul tf orNor wayt oas s er ti t s el fasacount r yasmor et hanhal f oft he popul at i onhad beenwi ped outbyt he Bl ackDeat hi nt he 14t hCent ur yand t he
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I twasal s o a des cendentofa Nor wegi an Vi ki ng,L i evEr i ks on ( s on ofEr i kt he Red,who s et t l edi nGr eenl and) ,whoi sat t r i but edt odi s cover i ngAmer i cai n1000AD ands et t i ngup t empor ar ys et t l ement si nwhati snow Newf oundl andi nCanada.
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( f r om “vi k” ,bay)or–nes s( f r om “nes ” ,r ockyheadl and) .T her e ar e al s os ever als ur names us ed wi t hi nBr i t ai nt hatdes cend f r om t he Vi ki ngss uchas :Adams on,Ander s on,Car l s on, Davi ds on,Er i cks on,F r ank,Hal l ,Hol t ,L ang,Ni el s en,Pet er s on,Rober t s onands oon.
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Dani s h had al l owed t he Hans eat i c mer chant sf r om nor t her nGer manyt or ul et het r adi ngl i f ei nNor way,a maj oreconomi cas s etf ort hecount r y. However ,t he r ei gn ofChr i s t i an I V hel ped Nor way es t abl i s hi t s el fagai n.I ndus t r ybegant opi ckupast he f i s hi ng ex panded and t he f or es t r yex por toft i mber became a new r es our ce;t he Hans eat i c mer chant s l ef tal l owi ng Nor wayt ot ake overi t st r adi ng agai n; mi ni ng al s o became a new r es our ce.Ki ng Chr i s t i an al s o es t abl i s hed a new ci t y,Chr i s t i ani a,now cal l ed Os l o. T he Nor wegi ans wer e s oon demandi ng i ndependence f r om Denmar k butt he Napol eoni c warl ed t ot he pas s i ng ofNor way t ot he r ul e of S weden.Denmar ks i ded wi t h Napol eon and t he S wedi s h Cr own Pr i nce pr omi s ed t he al l i esoppos i ng Napol eon t hatwhen Napol eon wasdef eat ed,t he S wedi s h Pr i nce woul d t ake cont r ol of Nor way. Napol eonwasdef eat edi n1813andaf t eraS wedi s h mar chonCopenhagen,Nor waywass ur r ender edt o S wedeni n1814. As ,t he Nor wegi ans oppos ed t hi s new uni on,21 pr omi nentmen i n Nor waycompos ed an as s embl y decl ar i ng t he Dani s h Pr i nce,Chr i s t i an F r eder i k,who wasgover norgener alofNor way,t o be a s ui t abl e candi dat ef ort he Nor wegi anMonar chy.T hi sl ed t o t henat i onal as s embl yatEi ds vol l ,17May1814,wher e
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T oday,t he17t hMayi st hemos ti mpor t antnat i onalhol i dayi nNor way.T her ei sachi l dr en’ spar adei nt hemor ni ng wher et heypl aymus i cali ns t r ument sand wavet he f l ag.Mos tpeopl et ake t ot he s t r eet st o par t y,wear i ng t hei rt r adi t i onaldr es s .I n Os l ot he Ki ng and Queen par t i ci pat e by s t andi ng on t he bal cony oft he Royal Pal ace.T he cur r entmonar chy i sKi ng Har al d V and Queen S onj a.T he Nor wegi ansl ove t hei rmonar chyas t heyar es eenasdownt oear t handcl os et ot hepeopl e. QueenS onj ai sacommoner .
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F ul li ndependence wasachi eved i n 1905 when t he Pr i meMi ni s t er ,Chr i s t i anMi chel s en,and hi sgover nment r es i gned ast he Ki ng woul d notpas st he Nor wegi an Par l i ament sbi l lont heCons ul arS er vi ce.T heKi ngwoul d notacceptt hi sr es i gnat i on s ayi ng a new gover nment cannotnow bef or med.Mi chel s enus edt hi st omeant he Uni onbet weenNor wayandS wedenwasnow di s s ol ved asaccor di ng t ot he cons t i t ut i on,t he Ki ng mus tf or ma new gover nmenti ft her e was notone i n pl ace.A r ef er endum wasmadeandt heUni onendedpeacef ul l y wi t h368, 208Yesvot est oi ndependence and onl y184 No.
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t he count r yadopt ed t he Nor wegi an Cons t i t ut i on and Chr i s t i anF r eder i kwascr ownedKi ngofanI ndependent Nor way.A warens uedast heS wedi s hKi ngdemanded Nor way r ecogni s et he Uni on bet ween S weden and Nor way,howeverhe r el ent ed,al l owi ng Nor way t hei r cons t i t ut i oni ft heyr ecogni s ehi m asKi ng.
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T her e ar et wo gover nmentr ecogni s ed f or msoft he Nor wegi anL anguage:Bokmåland Nynor s k.Bokmål ( meani ng bookl anguage)i st he mai nl anguage of Nor wayandi sader i vat i onofDani s h( Dani s hwast he of f i ci al l anguageofNor waydur i ngt heUni onbutt he Nor wegi ansdevel oped i ti nt o Bokmålwhi ch i snow qui t e di f f er entf r om Dani s h. )Nynor s k( meani ng new Nor wegi an) i s an amal gamat i on of di f f er ent Nor wegi an di al ect sf r om acr os s Nor way.85% of Nor wegi anss peak Bokmålbuti ti scompul s or y at s choolt ol ear n Nynor s k al s o asi ti scons i der ed a hi s t or i caland of f i ci all anguage.Nynor s ki s mor e s i mi l art oS wedi s ht hanDani s h.
Rømmegr øt
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Br unos t–Br ownchees ewi t has weet ,car amel ki ndof f l avour .Us ual l yeat enonbr ead,t oas torKnekkebr ød ( cr i s pbr ead/ cr acker s ) . Gr avl aks–Dr yand cur ed s al monmar i nat ed i ns al t , s ugarands pi cesandl ef tt of er mentunder gr ound.
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Reker–Nor wegi an s hr i mps ,s er ved on whi t e br ead wi t hs omemayonnai s e,di l l andl emon. Aquavi t–Nor way’ snat i onal dr i nk.As pi r i tmadef r om pot at oesandf l avour edwi t hher bs .
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Kj øt t kaker–Mi nced beefr ol l ed i nt o bal l sand f r i ed, t hi si sus ual l ys er ved wi t h gr avy,mus hy peasand boi l edpot at oes .
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S apmi -Wher et heS ami ’ sl i ve
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t her ewhet hert heyar eS ami orNor wegi an. As t he S amievol ved s epar at el yf r om t he ot her S candi navi an cul t ur es t hey s peak t hei r own l anguages .T her ear e9f or msoft heS ami l anguage,5 oft hem s pokeni nNor way.T hei rcul t ur ehasbecome i nt egr at edwi t ht heNor wegi ancul t ur eandnow t hey have a s hor tdai l y newspr ogr amme i nt he S ami l anguage;chi l dr en’ spr ogr ammesi nt he S amil anguage;adai l ynews paperands omemagaz i nesand t her ei seven s ever alpoet r yand pr os e bookspubl i s hedi nS ami ever yyear . Educat i onofal ls t agesi snow pr ovi ded i nt he S ami l anguage i n Nor way and i ti st aughtatT r oms ø uni ver s i t yasamot hert ongue. Mai nS amiar eas i n Nor way ar eF i nnmar k,Nor d T r øndel ag and T r oms . Kaut okei no i st he cul t ur e capi t al of t he S ami peopl e i n t he whol e of S candi navi a.90% ofpeopl es peakS amit her e.T her e i sa T heat r e,Hi gh S chool ,Rei ndeerHer di ng S chool , S ami Uni ver s i t y Col l ege, Nor di c S ami Res ear ch I ns t i t ut e,S amiL anguageBoar d,Res our ceCent r ef or t heRi ght sofI ndi gi nousPeopl e,I nt er nat i onalCent r e f orRei ndeerHus bandr y,t heAs s unews paperandt he DATPubl i s hi ng Hous e and Recor d Company.T he S eatoft heNor wegi anS ami Par l i amenti si nKar as j ok.
F i nnmar k Nor dT r øndel ag T r oms Kaut okei no Kar as j ok
eicandDrama r u t l Cu Mus , t \Ar ami S
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1.S pi r es i t t i ngat opt he3t i r edr oof . 2.Cent r alt ower-dr agon heads on gabl es meantt ocl eans eofevi l s pi r i t s . 3.S mal l Round“wi ndows � 4.T heal t er pi ece 5.Cr os s esofS t .Andr ew 6.Ex t er nal gal l er y. 7.Ent r ance. 8.Wes tdoor . 9.T hegabl esdecor at edwi t hcr os s es . 10. T wel ves t avesi ncent r al par toft henave 11. Mai nr oofcover edi npi nes hi ngl es .
T r adi t i onal T i mberAr chi t ect ur e
Br yggeni nBer gen,wasbui l ti nt he16t hCent ur ywhent heHans eat i c Mer chant sr ul ed t hes hi ppi ngt r adei nNor way.T heAr chi t ect ur ei sami xoft r adi t i onal Nor wegi ant i mberand t r adi t i onal Ger man.
T r ondhei m Whar ves-18t hCent ur y-F or t i f i cat i onandS t or age
S t avangerOl dT own-18t hCent ur y
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Af t ert hecons t i t ut i onwascr eat edandi nt he r un up t oi ndependence,i tbecame mor e i mpor t antf orNor wayt odevel op a nat i onal i dent i t y.T heAr chi t ect schos eneocl as s i ci s m asa s ui t abl es t yl ef ort he new gover nment bui l di ngswhi char emos t l yi ns t one,however , t her ear es omeex ampl esoft i mberbui l di ngs wi t h cl as s i calOr nament .T her e wasal s oa movementatt hi st i met ocr eat ear chi t ect ur e i ns pi r ed by t he S t ave chur ches and t he decor at i ononVi ki ng boat s .T hi swascal l ed Dr ages t i l ( Dr agonS t yl e) . Dr ages t i l
NeoCl as s i cal T i mber-T r ondhei m
Dr ages t i l
T r adi t i onal T i mberAr chi t ect ur e
F r edr i ks t adOl dT owni soneofonl y3f or t i f i ed t ownsi nNor wayandi st heonl yonet hati ss t i l l i nt act .I twasbui l ti nt he17t hCent ur yand i s an ex ampl e ofmany di f f er ent col our ed, s hapedands i z edt i mberbui l di ngsi nas mal l ar ea.T he Ol dT owni sal s os ur r ounded bya s t ars hapedMoat .
Gj er penCat hedr al ,S ki en,T el emar k
Ol dAkerChur ch,Os l o
Mas onr yAr chi t ect ur e
S tMar y’ sChur ch,Ber gen
Aker s husF or t r es s ,Os l o
H책konHal l ,Ber gen
Mas onr yAr chi t ect ur e
Ni dar osCat hedr al ,T r ondhei m
T r ef ol di ghet s ki r ken
Nat i onal T heat r e
Nat i onal Gal l er y
Os l oCat hedr al
Mas onr yAr chi t ect ur e
Br i ckhasal s obeeni nus es i ncet hemi ddl eagesi nNor waywi t ht heOs l oCat hedr albei ng an ex ampl e.Neocl as s i ci s m waschos en ast he s t yl ef ormos toft he new gover nment bui l di ngsandt her ewasal s oar evi val i nbr i ckneogot hi car chi t ect ur e.
Os l oUni ver s i t y
Mas onr yAr chi t ect ur e
Royal Pal ace,Os l o
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e ur t Cul -Or gani s at i onal conceptwi l l bes eenasaf undament al par toft hecompany,s endi ngout acl ear' t hi si show wedot hi ngsher e' : " El ear ni ng maybeoneappr oach.Anot heri dea i st heus eofi nf or mat i ons cr eensi nt he wor kpl ace" -Manypeopl ef i ndi tchal l engi ngt of i ndaj oboncet heyar ei nNor wayi ft heydon’ ts peak t hel anguage,andmos toft heonl i nes er vi cesar ei nNor wegi an,wi t honl yani ncompl et e Engl i s ht r ans l at i on.
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