AN URBAN GEOGRAPHY OF GLOBALISATION UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL CHANGE IN THE AGE OF HYPER-CONNECTIVITY
PART 2 CASE: SAO PAULO
Roberto Rocco Chair Spatial Planning & Strategy Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
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PART 2: How is globalisation impacting the ground? An illustration Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Sao Paulo: a divided global city in a Booming economy
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Please, click for movie
http://www.youtube.com/ watch? v=JXSTvjQTl1A&feature= player_embeddeda
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Sao Paulo
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Sao Paulo
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Puerto Cabezas Bluefields
Maracaibo Barranquilla
Barquisimeto
Caracas Maturin
Valencia
Cucuta
Ciudad Bolivar
San Cristobal
Venezuela
Medellin
Bogota Cali
Guiana
Puerto Ayacucho
French Guiana
Suriname
Apoteri
Colombia
Boa Vista
Mitu
Pasto
Macapa
Quito
Ecuador
Belem
A m a z o n Manaus
Guayaquil
Santarem
Fortaleza
Sao Luis
Iquitos Talara
Teresina
Sullana
A
n
s d e
Peru u n M o
Porto Velho
Rio Branco
Brazil
Cocama Cerro De Pasco
t
Callao
Natal
Recife
Tarauaca
Huanuco
Lima
Imperatriz
B a s i n
Orellana
Ayacucho Cuzco
Salvador
Mato Grosso
a
i n
Maceio Aracaju
Ica
s
Brasilia
Plateau
Bolivia
Puno
Cuiaba
Goiania
La Paz
Arequipa Tacna
Santa Cruz
Atac
Arica
Belo Horizonte
ama Desert
Campo Grande
Iquique
San Salvador De Jujuy Salta
Antofagasta
Pacific Chile
Vitoria Campinas
Paraguay
Tarija
Rio de Janeiro
Concepcion
S達o Paulo
Santos
C. Oviedo
San Miguel De Tucuman
Asuncion
Curitiba
Foz Do Iguacu
Joinville Resistencia
Argentina s
Cordoba
Santiago
SanRafael
Buenos Aires
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Durazno
Montevideo
> than 3 million inh. (metropolis) > than 1 million inh. (big city)
Moun tains
Bahia Blanca
a Neuquen
P
i a
San Carlos de Bariloche
es
Puerto Montt
Uruguay
Paysandu
> than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis)
m
Concepcion
Valdivia
Rosario
a
Mendoza
Tacuarembo
> than 10 million inh. (megalopolis)
p
Valparaiso
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
S達o Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Valdes Penninsula Rawson
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Santa Cruz
Belo Horizont
Campo Grande
Vitoria Campinas
Paraguay
Tarija San Salvador De Jujuy Salta
Rio de Jane
Concepcion
S達o Paulo
Santos
C. Oviedo
San Miguel De Tucuman
Asuncion
Curitiba
Foz Do Iguacu
Joinville Resistencia
rgentina
Porto Alegre Tacuarembo
Rosario
a
s
Cordoba
Florianopolis
Durazno
Montevideo
S達o Paulo > than 18 million inh. > than 10 million inh. (megalopolis)
> than
> than
> than
> than
> than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis)
p
Buenos Aires
Uruguay
Paysandu
S達o Pa
m
> than 3 million inh. (metropolis)
Bahia aWednesday, 27April, 2011
> than 1 million inh. (big city) 8
Density
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Lima Salvador Brasilia Belo Horizonte
Asuncion
Rio Sao Paulo Curitiba Porto Alegre
Santiago
Cordoba
Montevideo
Buenos Aires
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A Global Macrometropolis
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The metropolitan area and the municipality
Population (2010) - Municipality 11.244.369 - Metro 19.672.582 Metropolitan Area: 8.051 km2 Urbanized Area: app.2.000 km2 Core Municipality: 1.500 km2 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Different polycentricities
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But which polycentricity are we talking about?
Slide prepared by Renata Parente, MSC3 Spatial Planning & Strategy, TU Delft, 2009 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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S達o Paulo main nodes and centralities
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Some basic starting points • Brazil (and LA as a whole) has entered a new demographic phase. Birth rates are lower, the population is mostly urban (+80%). • Many cities must face historically produced problems, the result of decades of strong demographic pressure, poor governance and lack of effective planning strategies. • Meanwhile, a new economic scenario (globalisation?) is creating new urban form and structures. Human activity is differently distributed over the territory. • Much of the continent is now democratic. This makes an enormous difference on how cities are planned and managed. The ‘right to the city’ has become a central point of many governments agendas. Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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The content of this presentation in simple words 1. What IS São Paulo today 2. Historical origins and growth process 3. Most relevant problems today 4. How are ‘globalizing forces’ impacting the structures and infrastructures of the city Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Nordzee Campinas
Area: 8.313 Km2
Area: 8.051 Km2 c. 2.000 urbanised 50km
Amsterdam
75km Utrecht Den Haag Rotterdam
S Atlantic
SPaulo 0
10
20
Santos
0
10
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S達o Paulo in comparison with the Randstad Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad
Randstad-Holland
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Sao Paulo Metropolitan
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Area and population
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Gross domestic product
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GDP per capita
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Why S達o Paulo is there? The Tordesillas Treaty 1494
In 1494, with the seal of the Pope, Portugal and Spain modestly divided the world amongst themselves. Most of South and North America (then unknown) fell out of the Portuguese share. Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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An Unimportant Colonial City Rubber cycle 1890-1945 Sugarcane cycle c.1530- 1640
Cacao cycle c.1820-1920 Gold Cycle c.1690- 1790 Coffee Cycle 1808-1929 In colonial times, S Paulo had very little importance. First the sugar cane plantations in Pernambuco and then the gold digging in Minas constituted the main colonial activities, until the arrival of coffee plantations to the South East part of the country. Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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An Unimportant Colonial City 1750: Pop 20.000 In 1822, Brazil got independent from Portugal. SP gained some importance when the Brazilian Imperial court chose to place a Law Academy in the city in 1827.
Picture showing Benedictine Monastery and Church and the Faculty of Law in 1860 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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An unimportant colonial city
Eastern central area of the city in 1892 (Largo do Bixiga). Market colonial forms. Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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1850:The Coffee Revolution Sao Paulo Railway Station (1892) is built by English investors.
1880: Pop 31.000
The great coffee plantations commercialise their products in the city. The coffee economy produces the development of urban activities, because it demands a complex organisation of financing, transport, commerce and export. Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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European Immigration 1895 Pop 131.000 1900 Pop 239.820
Workers at Textile Factory around 1910. The factory belonged to Matarazzo family The Black population is small in the city. Freed slaves establish in peripheral areas (later districts of the city) Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Slavery abolished, it was necessary to have paid labour force. European and Japanese immigrants come to the city en masse. 30
European Immigration The population of the city grows enormously: 1895: pop. 130.000 (54%of which were foreigners). 1900: pop. 239.820 (growth of 84% in 5 years!) Almost half of the population speaks Italian. Others: Spanish and Portuguese. 1905: First Syrian and Lebanese (50.000 Lebanese until 1946) 1908: Fist Japanese (500.000 along the XX century) 1920: Armenians, Jewish, Germans, Polish, Russian
Pop in 1920: 579.000 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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New Urban Paradigms Rua Direita. Central Core circa 1860.
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New Urban Paradigms c. 1895 In 1880 the population was 31.000
1915 In 1920 the population was 579.000
The capital generated by coffee was (for the first time in the history of the country) reinvested in the country itself. It meant more and more coffee plantations but also urban transformation.
L. Badaro street and Dr Falcao st 1895 and 1915 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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New Urban Paradigms The model for the new architecture was the French eclectic style. Even the simplest houses tried to emulate its forms. In the central core, new services are offered. European workforce provide the basis for new consumption and architectural patterns.
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Industry and urban change
Economic progress brings changes in urban form, structure and economic bases. Small industry begins to appear in order to tend to the growing agglomeration necessities. Workers in front of textiles factory c. 1900. Note the large number of women and children (although the picture does not let us know whether they were employees of the factory or not). Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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A new elite comes into view
Traditional Boarding School Des Oiseaux, c. 1900 Note Art Nouveau Style. The elite is composed by rich Portuguese landowners and enriched Italian, German and Jewish families Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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A new elite comes into view The construction of a big opera house is a sign of the elite’s search for a more urban and sophisticated life style. Perhaps the biggest sign of change in mentalities.
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1914 Opera House
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A new elite comes into view
AnhangabaĂş Valley in 1915, with Opera House and Hotel Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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The ‘European’ city
Anhangabaú Valley c. 1915 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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The ‘European’ city
Central Cinema, c. 1916
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The ‘European’ city Patriarca square c. 1925
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The ‘European’ city Patriarca square in 1925.
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The ‘European’ city Anhangabaú Valley, 1927
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The ‘European’ city Anhangabaú Valley c. 1932
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Central Business District
15 Novembro Street, c. 1915 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Central Business District
15 de Novembro Street c. 1906 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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New urban facilities: The Central Market New City Market 1933 AE
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New mentalities: the urban man
In 1940 the pop reached 1.32 million In a country still predominantly agrarian, the surge of a metropolis represented the appearance of a new kind of mentality and life style.
Sao Joao Avenue with Martinelli Building 1937 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
In the picture, the Martinelli building was the first building to reach more than 100 metres in sao paulo (130 metres in 30 floors). It was developed by an Italian immigrant and opened its doors in 1929. 48
The urban man Anhangabau Valley in 1929.
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The urban man
Sao Jose Cinema in 1929 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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The urban man
Central Post Office Offices in 1938
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Urban Problems
Tramway at Cathedral Square in 1937 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Immigration: 2nd WW 1940: Pop 1.32 million In the 40’s, the city population reaches its first million. Thousands of refugees arrive from Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine), Germany (Jews, but also Germans) and Italian.
Wedding at Italian Family in 1940 (Bela Vista) Wednesday, 27April, 2011
After 1950, European immigration decreases. 53
After WW II: reorganisation of world economy New Urban Paradigm The new prominence of the USA in the international arena shifts paradigms. New urban models come from the North. The belief in “progress� and the Fordist model of production asks for new Urban Form and Structure.
Anhangabau Valley in 1949 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Beginning of massive internal migration. 54
After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity 1950 Pop: 2.19 m
Sao Joao Avenue 1951 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity São João Avenue (Rua Líbero Badaró) 1952
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigms The adoption of more and more buses instead of tramways allows the sprawling of the city to distant peripheries.
Tram 55 and bus 74 in Casa Verde District, 1953
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Newly arrived migrants establish themselves in those peripheries.
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigms
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigms
Anhangabau Av Prestes Maia c1950 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigms
Anhangabau Valley and Tiradentes Ave c. 1948
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After WW After WW II: II: New Urban Paradigm New Urban Paradigms
S達o Jo達o Avenue, Down Town, 1960s Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Immigration: 1960’s Major Internal Migrations Rubber cycle 1890-1945
Sugarcane cycle c.1530- 1640
1960 Pop: 3.7 m Cacao cycle c.1820-1920 Gold Cycle c.1690- 1790 Coffee Cycle 1808-1929
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1970 Pop: 5.9 m
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Migration from old colonised areas in the North-East of Brazil Curiously, there are not many images of Nordeste immigrants taken at that time available on the internet. These are artistic representations of immigration. Left: Immigrant family by Candido Portinari.
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Candido Portinari Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Population growth municipality SP 15000000
12857143
10,927,000
10714286
10,000,000 9,640,000 8,490,000
8571429
6428571
5,640,000
4285714
3,670,000
2,190,000
2142857
1,320,000 1,000
0
20,000
1554
21,933
1750
24,000
1808
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31,000
1835
64,934 239,820
1880
1890
579,000
1900
1920
1937
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2005
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SP Urban Growth
Source: Meyer et al. 2004 Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Military Rule (1964-1986) In 1964, while a social democrat was president, a military coup d’etat took place. Elections were abolished. The mayor of the city and all fist echelon staff would be indicated by the Brasilia. Institutions were shattered. Planning the city became a matter of social control.
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Slums
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1930- 1973: Economical Growth through import substitution policies building up an internal market: . Direct public investment in heavy industry and infrastructure (State owned) Unions are strong where industry is. (Workers are weak where old colonial and post colonial structures subsist)
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1973: The oil crisis •Explosion of External Debt
(International Interest Rates Rocket) •Growth is based on increase of debt + low salaries + bad management •Inflation (directly linked to oil prices) •Depression of commodity prices (in Brazil: resulting in accentuation of internal migrations) Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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1979: The Debt crisis
Growth comes to a sudden halt:
-25% industry -20% employment
Fotos 1º de Maio de Luta. Praça da Sé. Por x 01/05/2006 às 22:35 http://www.midiaindependente.org/pt/red/2006/05/352170.shtml
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1980s: The “lost decade”
•Loss of investment capacity by the State
•Recurrence to increasing international DEBT
•Hyper inflation •Chronic unemployment Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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70s and 80s: Bad Management Environmental Decay
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70s and 80s: Bad Management Social polarisation
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70s and 80s: Bad Management Social polarisation
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1970 Pop: 5.94 mi 1980 Pop: 8.49 mi
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80s: congestion The decadence of the centre
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1986: DEMOCRACY is back!
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Avenida Paulista: The new centrality
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Avenida Paulista in the beginning of the 20th century and now Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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SLUMS (8.7%of total pop. in 2000)
Favelas are build on invaded land. Shacks are built by each family with improvised materials. The State was absent from the space of the ‘favela’. With time, inhabitants conquered rights. They start improving their shacks and soon the houses are built with bricks and are connected (legally or illegally) to electricity and water supply. There is usually no sewage system. There are special programmes of empowerment for the inhabitants. Some of them focus on the land rights and other on the infrastructure and services available.
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Cortiรงo (tenement houses) (8.5%of total pop. in 2000)
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“Auto Construcao” Informal self-help (28.5%of total pop. in 2000)
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Irregular occupation ast
North
North-West
East 2 Centre
East 1
South-West
South-East
The Clandestine City
South
Illegal or unregulated land occupation c. 338 sq. km (22,5%) Population living in sub-standard dwellings (favelas, slums, tenement houses): c. 1.8 million (2000) 17% of total population (source: Amaral & Pereira, 2003)
N
0
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20km
Population: c. 10.5 million (estimated 2000)
Population Percentage
Area covered by irregular occupations is 338,8 km2 (2000), or 22,5% of the total area of the municipality (1500 km2), with c. 17% of the population.
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Average income (2000)
Average household income (2000) (in US$ in december 2000) from 230 to 343 (relative poverty) from 347 to 448 (low income) from 452 to 616 (low middle income) from 628 to 933 (middle-income) above 1096 (high-income) Source: IBGE Census 2000, EMPLASA.
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Race and space Blacks
Whites
15 11 8 4 0 2003
% of unemployed persons among blacks and whites Source: Seade, 2003
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Perus
Tremembe
Anhanguera Jaragua Cachoeirinha
Brasilandia
Jacana Tucuruvi
Mandaqui Pirituba
Vila Medeiros
Freguesia do O
S. Domingos
Limao
Casa Verde
Barra Funda
Lapa
Perdizes Alto de Pinheiros
Vila Guilherme
Jaguare
Pinheiros Butanta
Rio Pequeno
Raposo Tavares
Morumbi Vila Sonia
Bela Vista
Itaim Paulista Vila Curuca
Penha Pari Belem
Centre
Jardim Paulista
Artur Alvim
Vila Matilde
Tatuape
Bras
Itaquera
Lajeado
Carrao
Cambuci
Guaianases
Mooca Vila Agua Rasa Formosa
Liberdade
Vila Mariana Itaim Bibi
Vila Jacui Ponte Rasa
Vila Maria
Bom
Santa Retiro Cecilia Republica Se Consolacao
Sao Miguel
Cangaiba
Santana
Jaguare Vila Leopoldina
Jardim Helena
Ermelino Matarazzo
Ipiranga
Moema
Vila Prudente
Cidade Lider Aricanduva
Jose Bonifacio Parque do Carmo
1990s Emigration: Centre looses almost 20% of pop.
Cidade Tiradentes
Sao Lucas opemba emba Sapop
Sao Mateus Iguatemi
Saude Campo Belo
Vila Andrade
Sao Rafael
Cursino
Santo Amaro
Campo Limpo
Capao Redondo
Sacoma
Jabaquara Jardim Sao Luis Campo Grande
Cidade Ademar
Socorro
Pedreira
Population Growth per District in the period1991-2000
Cidade Dutra
Jardim Angela
> 7.87% Grajau
< 7.87% Parelheiros
Lost population Source: IBGE 1991 and 2000
Pop. 1991: 9.646.185 Pop. 2000: 10.405.867 Growth: 7.87 %
Marsilac
Centre Lost 19.73% of its inhabitants Pari District lost 31.82%
N
0
20km
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Causes: 1. Low birth rate (national trend) 2. Deconcentration of industrial production 3. Disappointment with lifestyle/housing/ economic opportunities 4. Cost of life (plots are cheaper in outside municipalities) 89
Social Vulnerability Scale % of the wealth of the poorest 50% in relation to the richest 50%
No serious vulnerability Low vulnerability Middle vulnerability High vulnerability Very high vulnerability Parks, green areas, dams and inhabited places
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Empirical Research
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GaWC 100 List of Global Enterprises
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100 largest APS operating in Brazil
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Main Areas for for office development in Sao Paulo (2005)
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Old Centre (1554-1955)
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Derelict buildings
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Architectural heritage
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The Centre moves: Avenida Paulista (1955-1990)
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Avenida Paulista
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The centre moves again: Avenida Faria Lima (1985-2005)
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The centre moves again: Marginal Pinheiros (1990-...)
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Marginal pinheiros
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Social contrast
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Location of Insurance and banks major firms
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major firms that invested more in ICT (2007)
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50 largest advertising firms Source: IBOPE, 2007
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Largest firms all sectors
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Origin of firms per region
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Investment and land value increase
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Large Urban Projects Agua Branca OP
Espraiadas OP
Centro OP
Faria Lima OP Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Urban Operation Faria Lima
Total Area: 450 hectars (4,500,000 m2.) Cost: US$ 150 million (1995) US$ 120 mi for land expropriation, necessary to cut through consolidated neighbourhoods Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Avenida Faria Lima
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The New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
The New Corporate Axis does not have all functions typical to central areas. Its form is linear, an axis along the Pinheiros River, including some important transversal avenues. It concentrates command functions of the highest level, but especially computing and communication companies, as well as advertising. Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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The New Corporate Axis
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New Corporate Axis
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New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
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New Corporate Axis
The ‘New City’
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The New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
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Old Centre Revitalisation
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Meanwhile in the Old Centre: Central Area Revitalisation
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Central Core Revitalisation
Revalorization of patrimony The map shows the major historical monuments that have suffered some intervention in the last decade
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1990s : Revitalization
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Downtown Revitalisation
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Luz Train Station
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Pinacoteca
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Sala Sao Paulo
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Sala S達o Paulo
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Sala S達o Paulo
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Conclusions
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The industrial city
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The post-industrial city
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Increasing Polycentricity 1. 2. 3. 4.
Generalisation of Technical Urban Networks Suburbanisation City core degradation/ inelasticity Movement of firms towards new developments located in non-central areas close to ring roads in search for better interconnectivity
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The Networked City
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Open Urban Systems
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New nodal organisations
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Convergences The location of the business nodes over a main ring road, ensuring easy access to other business and consumption , as well as services in other areas of the metropolis Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Convergences The close proximity of a large airport, serving a large business hinterland (North-Western Europe in the Dutch case, the vast Brazilian hinterland and part of the MERCOSUR Economic Community in the Brazilian case) Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Convergences The existence of a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ensuring optimal digital connectivity
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Convergences The interest of national pension funds, who invested heavily in real estate in the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
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Convergences The relevance of the local government as a promoter of large infrastructural works, especially related to the road and transportation systems
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Convergences The social composition of the surrounding areas, where high skilled workers dwell and therefore can have easy access to work
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Convergences The existence of facilities and services related to an international life style (international schools, hotels and luxury shops, for example)
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Convergences The movement towards a better connection with the old centralities (Amsterdam Centrum and S達o Paulo Centro and Avenida Paulista), ensuring synergies with the traditional business and cultural nodes Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Trends Easy access to other nodes in various networks (the ring factor)
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Trends Easy access to large transportation nodes (the airport factor)
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Trends Clear connection to old centralities where consumer services and producer services are concentrated (the urban â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;buzzâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;)
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Trends Image is a crucial factor. Corporate image is not only associated to buildings, but to the image created by modern, daring and innovative urban milieus. Wednesday, 27April, 2011
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Thanks for listening Any questions?
r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl Roberto Rocco Chair of Urban Planning and Strategy, Department of Urbanism Delft University of Technology TU Delft October 2008
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references CALDEIRA, T. P. D. R. 2000. City of walls : crime, segregation, and citizenship in Sao Paulo, Berkeley, University of California Press. DEÁK, C. 2001. São Paulo. In: CARMONA, M. & BURGESS, R. (eds.) Strategic planning & urban projects/ Responses to globalization from 15 cities Delft: Delft University Press. FIX, M. 2001. Parceiros da exclusão : duas histórias da construção de uma "nova cidade" em São Paulo : Faria Lima e Agua Espraiada, São Paulo, SP, Boitempo Editorial. ROCCO, R. 2003. New Legal Framework and the Return of the Large Urban Projects: Urban Operation Faria Lima, Sao Paulo. In: CARMONA, M., SCHOONRAAD, M. & TUNAS, D. (eds.) Globalization, Urban Form & Governance. Delft: Delft University Press. SEGBERS, K. 2007. Global Politics and the Making of Global City Regions. In: SEGBERS, K. (ed.) The Making of Global City Regions: Johannesburg, Mumbai/Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai. Baltimore: JHU Press. ROCCO, R. 2008. An Urban Geography of Globalisation: New Urban Structures in the Age of Hyper-connectivity, Delft, IFoU.
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